Let me click this. All right, welcome, everyone, to today's Webmaster Office Hours Hangouts. My name is John Mueller. I'm a webmaster trends analyst here at Google in Switzerland. And part of what we do are these Office Hours Hangouts. And some people coming from the middle of the night, more or less, what can I do to help you? Sure. So I work for a product manager for a large website provider and digital advertising platform in the automotive space. And we're seeing some ancient things with cross canonicals and cross caching with our websites. Pardon me. So an example is I do a site call and search for one of our domains. Some of the results that are showing up show data from a different website on our platform. And then when we check these pages in Search Console, it's saying that Google chose a different canonical than the user. When I check the Google cache of those pages, it's showing the other website that it's pulling the data from. In many cases, there are the contents completely different. So for example, I have a page where the staff members are all filled out. They have staff members and pictures and phone numbers by department. Google is saying, nope, this is not the canonical. This page over here is, and it's for a completely different dealership in a different country. This one is across Canada and the United States. And the page that Google is selecting as a canonical is blank. There's no staff members on it. There's no other dealerships not even using that page. So we've been trying to chase this down and figure out why this is happening and what we can do to resolve it. And I'm just coming up blank. And here I am at 3 AM trying to get some help from you. So that's my situation that I'm hoping you can dive into. I did put a post on the product forums detailing this. So I'd need to take a look to see the specific URL. So if you can send me the link to the forum post, I think that would be really helpful. OK, I can let me drop it right in here. Sure. In general, what could be happening here is that we're trying to recognize duplicate content in different stages of our pipeline. On the one hand, we try to do that when we look at the content. That's kind of like after indexing, we've seen that these two pages are the same or almost the same and we can fold them together. But we also do that essentially before crawling, where we look at the URLs that we see and based on the infusion that we have from the past, we think, well, probably these URLs could end up being the same and then we'll fold them together. That usually makes sense when we can recognize clear patterns, especially within a website where we can see, well, everything in this subdirectory here is the same thing as in this subdomain because of the way that the hosting is set up. So we can just kind of blindly assume that these URLs are the same without actually looking at them. And when you're looking at kind of a website provider or platform type situation where you have one kind of hosting set up and you have different websites on the same hosting set up that are often kind of set up in similar ways. So I don't know about your site. There's certainly similar architecture across the, we have a lot of sites with, obviously, with automotive, there's a franchise model. So some of these manufacturers require that the dealer has a website with a certain provider and that those websites follow the exact same templates and such like that. So it's not even happening with the same, it's happening across different templates and it just doesn't seem to really make sense, particularly from a Google user perspective. If I'm searching for a service page for Chrysler in Toronto, but that service page doesn't rank because Google chose a canonical for a Toyota dealership in Florida, that means that that user has to get to the home page and then click to the service page instead of going directly to the service page. So I think what might be happening here is that we're seeing this pattern from some URLs and based on that, we're kind of extrapolating that it works for the other URLs as well. And that's probably something that we could fix on our side. So usually that's something where when I take these examples to the team, they'll see, go, OK, I think our systems pick that up incorrectly, we can fix that. Sometimes it's due to things like using shared IDs across different websites. So I don't know, you go to one newspaper website, you look at article, I don't know, 1, 2, 3, 4, kind of like with the ID. And you take that same ID and you can use that on different websites as well, and it brings up the same article. So that's something where our systems will look at that and say, well, this article ID is essentially shared across all of these websites, so we can just pick one and index that. And I suspect. Well, that makes sense. But so we have clients, too, that have two websites with us. And they do that because they want to get around the restrictions of having an OEM style. They want to be able to design everything themselves. And I can understand making the canonical decision between those two sites because it's for the same business. But when we're talking about totally unrelated businesses and different parts of the country, it just got me a little bit crazy. Yeah, I think this is something we can probably help with. I'll take a look at the forum thread and pass that on to the team here so that they can see what exactly is happening. And you have the URLs in the forum thread, I guess. Yeah, there's samples in there. OK, cool. Sure. Awesome. Well, thank you for taking my question. I really appreciate it. And I look forward to a follow-up. Sure. I'll see if I can post something in the forum and definitely pass that on to the team. OK, great. Thank you very much. Thanks for joining in the middle of the night. All right. Any other? It's hard to say. So in general, when we see a site move from HTTP to HTTPS and it's a clean move, then we can pass everything on to the new version. And that should be pretty straightforward. It should be within a couple of days. It should be essentially the same status afterwards as before. However, we do sometimes see sites make mistakes with HTTPS moves or with site moves in general. Things like changing the way that the robots text file is set up, changing things around no indexing, maybe missing redirects or not setting up redirects properly. All of these things, they give us a signal saying that, actually, this is not a one-to-one site move. This is something kind of unique. And we need to look at this in more detail. And then our systems generally tend to be a bit more cautious and generally tend to process these things a little bit slower. So we have to kind of relearn your website in a case like that. And that's something that we've seen is pretty common. We're looking into also setting up messages through Search Console where we send people explicit messages and say, hey, we see you're doing a site move to HTTPS, but you're missing something. You need to make sure that you're really doing everything correct. It's something also when I talk with SEO externally, some of them will say, well, my HTTPS moves are like, oh, completely pain-free and smooth. And others say, well, I work with sites that can't set up redirects properly or completely or change some things along the way. And then the site moves take a lot longer. So that's, I think, one thing. The other with regards to the indexed URLs, it's important in Search Console that you look at the correct version. So if you have an HTTP and HTTPS verified, you need to look at the version where the URLs are currently indexed. Because if you look at the old version, you'll see, oh, the index count is going down.  And actually, if you look at the new version, you'll see, oh, it's actually going up there. So it's kind of just shifting from one to the other. So that's one thing to kind of keep in mind there. We're also looking in Search Console at ways that we can reduce this kind of confusion. Because it feels like, I don't know, a theoretical limitation almost where we say, well, HTTP and HTTPS are theoretically different sites. Therefore, we will force this theoretical difference upon all of the webmasters who think, well, this is all the same site. So we're looking at ways that we can fold those together and say, well, all of these are essentially the same site. If you have one verified, you have them all verified, you don't need to track them separately. We'll combine that for you, because that's kind of what you're trying to figure out anyway. OK. Because one thing I want to add is where if we see that the move is really clean site move, then it's a lot easier for us. But if there are any kind of small technical mistakes along the way, that makes it much trickier. Thank you. Thank you, John. Sure. There's a question in the chat. I have a question. I have known Google has a concept of beneficial purpose to the quality writer guidelines. Can you clarify the concept of beneficial purpose? I don't actually know. I haven't actually looked at those updated quality writer guidelines. I think it's also important to keep in mind that these quality writer guidelines are used by the teams that kind of rate the search results when it comes to reviewing different algorithms. And it's important for those quality writers to have the bigger picture in mind and to try to think past just this query and this page, but kind of look at the bigger picture to see are we really providing relevant results to users for queries like this. And it's not so much that they would go through and say, well, this website has this thing bad, therefore it will rank badly. It's more that they'll look at the algorithms that we give them and say, well, this algorithm is presenting more relevant results than maybe the other one. But I haven't actually looked at the details of what's going on in the new version. All right, let me run through some of the submitted questions. So we don't forget those. We moved from HTTP to HTTPS almost a year ago. And our ratings are worse. I think this is very similar to before, kind of to your question. So essentially that's kind of like your situation. So usually when we see changes like this, this is something where it's either due to just general issues with the site move. So like I mentioned before, in this case, it also kind of suggests that we moved a long time ago and now our rankings are much worse. If this is something that's more of a long term thing, then usually the technical change that you made there with moving to HTTPS would not be related to that. That's something where the long term rankings are probably more related to the website itself, to changes in our search algorithms in general. So for something like that, if it's been a long time since you moved to HTTPS and you're seeing bad results in search, then probably that's just our normal search rankings and not specific to that move that you did back then. The question goes on with regards to English queries in non-English or with non-English websites. So in particular, if you search for Game of Thrones and you have a check website that has information about Game of Thrones, how do you make sure that that can rank? How would Google handle that kind of language switch? So in general, we do recommend that you have one primary language on a page, but we can deal with multiple languages on a page. And sometimes that's natural as well. So like in this situation where you have Game of Thrones as a title, and the content might be in non-English. Another really common scenario is if you have something like a vacation website where you have vacation homes in Spain, and your website is in English, but it's about these cities in Spain, for example. Then obviously, all of the cities in Spain, they will have Spanish names, Spanish street names, and maybe Spanish restaurant names and things like that on there. So when we look at that page with our algorithms, we'll see there's a lot of English content here. There's also a little bit of Spanish content here, but it's not that we'd have to say, well, this is definitely a Spanish page. We shouldn't show it for any English queries, or it's definitely an English page. We should never show it for any Spanish queries. We do try to take into account those different languages that we find on a page. So in practice, it's not something that's impossible to rank for. I could imagine that our algorithms try to find the right balance there over time, where they try to figure out how much of this should rank for English queries and how much of it should rank for Spanish queries in a case like that. But that's generally something where we try to figure out the relevance of a page anyway. So in the case of the question here with a Czech website about an English TV show, I don't see anything by design that would prevent this website from ranking for those kind of queries. So that's something where I continue working on it. I think that's a good thing to do, to kind of bring different aspects together. And, Aaron, I think you shared something regarding also a site move kind of type situation where one subdomain is planning to move to a subdirectory and currently they have a no index. So this kind of goes into a similar situation with site moves, except that it's probably even a little bit trickier. On the one hand, if you have a no index set up at the moment and you want to redirect those later, then that's like another level of complexity that's added there with regards to moving. Because first we process the no index and we think, oh, there's nothing here to index. Usually what happens then is we reduce crawling of that content a little bit because we think, well, if we can't index it, we don't have to crawl it that often. So if you start setting up redirects at that point, then it's going to take a little bit longer for us to actually process all of those redirects and to move things over. The other complexity here is that you're moving from a subdomain to a subdirectory. I think it's a main domain, but the subdirectory. But I think it's like a subdomain to the main domain, a subdirectory on the main domain. Correct. Yeah. One site just got folded into a larger website and it was added as a section on the larger website, essentially. Yeah. So I think that's perfectly fine to do. I can see why that might make sense. What would happen there, though, is that we wouldn't see that as a site move. We would essentially process those URL moves individually. So that means, again, it's something that takes a little bit longer because we have to process all of those URLs individually. Things you could do to help us about with that is maybe set up a site map file for the old URLs and for the new ones so that we can recrawl the old ones a little bit faster with maybe a new change date in the site map file. And essentially, you wait until everything settles down. If the old part is indexable again, then usually that's less of a critical situation because we can either index the old version or the new version. And during this migration from one part to the other, it'll still be visible. If you have to no index it in the meantime, then I guess it's I'm going to quickly interrupt real quick. Those are two separate issues with one site. And I understand that now. The other site, that was a rebrand. And that was two years ago. And I'm sure it's been re-indexed completely over a year ago. And so whatever's happened with that one, it's just floundered. So it's not really waiting, I think, at this point because two years is quite a bit of time. Yeah. OK. But were you able to look at that one quickly? Or how do you mean? See if there were any problems with it. Any problems with it? I didn't look into the URLs of cell usually. So this is something that it has already migrated over? Is that correct? Or? Correct, two years ago. OK. I missed that. OK. And you're just seeing that the new URLs are not being indexed as well as they should be? Or not ranking as well as they should be? The site traffic has just basically been dropping off for a couple of years, and a lot of work put into good content and whatnot. So. OK. It dropped maybe a quarter of what it was before the move, and that doesn't, you know, and it's never kind of changed since then, and that's. OK. So at least we know it's going to be next time around, but. So usually if this is something that happened like a couple of years ago, then that would, shouldn't be associated with the site moving more. And that's essentially kind of the new normal situation for the site. But I can take a look at some of the details there. OK. That'd be good. Cool. OK. In that case, I misunderstood your question. All right. Cool. I'll do that. Let's see. Recommendations about lazy loading images while at the same time making sure the images can be crawled and indexed. Do image type maps resolve all potential issues? So the current recommendation we have for lazy loaded images is to put an image tag in a NoScript element below the kind of the lazy loaded element the way that you have it. That way we can definitely understand which images belong where they should be shown and we can process those and index those normally. That's essentially the current recommendation. I think we talked about this at Google I.O. earlier this year, but we need to write up the details as well so that it's a little bit easier to follow along what we actually mean there. And image site map can help us a little bit, but it doesn't solve the problem of giving us context around the image. So with the image site map, you can tell us that these images are within this page and we can associate those images with that landing page, but they don't give us more information about those images. So in particular, with images, you can give us an alt text with the alt attribute to give us a description of the image. You can have titles above the image or captions below the image, text around the image in general on the page, and all of that helps us to better understand how this image fits in. So those are all things that we would lose if we only had the image in the image site map file. So in particular, if there's something within those that you want to have found in search, in Google Images, then I'd make sure that you can give us as much of that additional context around that image as possible. Please help us to improve our search presence for our website. So for general questions like this, I would recommend going to the Webmaster Help Forum and getting some tips from the general Webmaster community to see what they come up with when they look at your website. Because looking at a website and just generally thinking about what can you do to improve it, it's such a big area. There are so many different directions that you can go into. And it's not something that you can just follow a checklist and say, well, I'll do these five things, and then you're done. The nice part about search is that we use so many different factors for crawling, indexing, and ranking. You don't have to get them all right. You don't have to do exactly the same as your competitors. So you can be a bit creative and try something else. And all of these things are things that people might be able to give you some tips on that you can look into and try out. Is there a risk for rankings if we place above the fold in the above the fold area on all of our articles on our website a standard message for users? The message is a call to action for subscriptions. So this sounds a lot like an interstitial or kind of a pop-up thing, so I'd be kind of cautious about that. In general, when it comes to search, we do expect to find some of the kind of critical content on a page in the above the fold area so that we know that when a user goes to this page from the search results that they feel like they've reached a place that is relevant for them, where they feel that the search results that we gave them actually help them to solve whatever problem they're looking for. Whereas if they go to the page and all they see is this big interstitial essentially saying, hey, you should subscribe to our newsletter, then unless they were explicitly looking for newsletters to sign up for, probably they feel that Google sent them to the wrong place. Is there a comment on the newer web designs? Yeah, I think it's something that is definitely worth looking into. So it's something I imagine from purely SEO point of view, the effect is fairly small that we can kind of ignore things that are in the boilerplate. But from a usability point of view, from a conversion point of view, these are all things where you're getting in the way of users actually using your website for what you primarily want them to do. And probably you're not selling subscriptions to the newsletter, for example, but rather you're trying to offer a service or you're trying to build a community of people who come to your site that look at your content, maybe click on your ads or buy something from you.  I can't submit URL to the Google Submit URL tool. So I think we mentioned this on Twitter recently. We removed, I believe, the public, non-signed inversions of the Submit URL tool. We've just been seeing some problems with those tools recently, and we decided that the best approach here is just to be direct and say, well, this tool within Search Console is a way that you can do that. And that's what we can take your trusted submissions and process them in a cleaner way. So I'd recommend really going through Search Console and doing it with the Fetch as Google tool and the Submit to Index feature there. If you haven't verified your website in Search Console, that's a good reason to do that. If you can't verify your website in Search Console because of maybe your hosting setup, then I'd definitely talk with your host there to see what they can do to make that possible to actually get that verified in Search Console. We have a number of ways to do verification in Search Console. So if you can't, for example, add a meta tag to your page, maybe there's something you can do with the DNS settings. Maybe there's something you can do with that file that you can copy there. It might be worth looking into different options there. The media attribute for mobile alternate tags should contain max width 640 pixels. What happens if this is a different value? So from our point of view, we use this to try to recognize the mobile alternate URLs associated with the website. So we try to use this to figure out on a mobile device what content would be shown to the user there. And that's primarily something that we would process with the smartphone Googlebot when we crawl the page with the smartphone Googlebot. So if you're changing the values there, I would double check to make sure that with Fetch as Google and the mobile friendly testing tool that the smartphone Googlebot still gets a version that's mobile friendly. And if that's the case, then you should be all set. It's not, I believe it's not the situation where we explicitly look for that exact number and say, well, 640 pixels is mobile friendly. 641 is not mobile friendly. But rather, we look at it how a user with smartphone Googlebot type device would see it. Does Google differentiate strong and bold tags? Does it get more weight to strong or bold or ignore both? What about the EM tag? I think this came up really long time ago. And we looked at it back then. And back then, there was a slight difference. But in the meantime, all of these are essentially the same. So if you're highlighting content within a page and saying, this is particularly important, using kind of the normal semantic markup that you would do, then that's something that we would be able to pick up and say, well, OK, it looks like you're telling us this. I don't know, these couple of words here are really important. Then we can probably trust you with that. And that's similar with headings on a page where we can see, well, this is the main heading of this page here, or main subheading on a page, and there's some text below it, and probably that belongs together. All of these things give us a little bit of extra information about the content on the page. So I wouldn't worry too much about which of these tags you use to emphasize content on a page. Some people underline, some people use bold. It's kind of up to you. Um, how to remove the site name appearing in the title of a web page in, like, site, colon, example.com, queries. Not really sure exactly how you mean that. In general, one thing that sometimes throws people off is that we do have algorithms that try to recognize when it makes sense to rewrite a title on a page, not on a page, but in the search results, kind of the link that we have to your website to rewrite that. And that's generally based on things where we think that maybe the title that's specified on the page is not really clear. Maybe the title that's specified on the page is more like a list of keywords or perhaps a title on the page is really, really long, and we have to shorten it in some way or another. All of these could be reasons for us to say, well, we need to generate a title of our own that we can show people that when they're searching, they can recognize this is actually a really relevant page that I need to go visit. So that's something that is done algorithmically. There's no way that you can force Google not to do that in the sense of maybe using a meta tag or specifying like, this is really, really the title I want to have shown. The best approach that you can do here is really just to make better titles on your pages, which is sometimes tricky, especially if you have a really large website for your algorithmically generating titles yourself, maybe based on products or from a system on products or from a CMS that you use. That can be tricky. But the better you have really short descriptive titles, the more likely you will be able to use those directly. Sure. Yeah. Yeah. When I search for site code. Next. If that makes sense. I think the new search console indexing report I forgot what it's called. That's pretty much in that direction. So that lets you see things that are indexed normally. I think there is like a sample cutoff at some point. But that really goes into that direction where you can see, well, this is actually what is indexed. And these are things that are indexed normally. These are things that are indexed in maybe slightly different URLs that you have specified. I think that kind of grows in that direction. But yeah. Let's see. Is there any connection with the slow mobile speed ranking factor and the statistics in Google Search Console across stats? Generally, no. So when it comes to the mobile speed ranking change, we look at a number of different factors. Some are computed based on what we can determine on your web pages. And some are based on actual measurements that we've seen. So that's something that kind of comes together. In general, the crawl stats that you see in Search Console, those are purely based on crawling individual URLs. Whereas the mobile speed things are based on rendering the whole page. So all of the embedded URLs as well. So those are kind of two different things. That said, it sounds like from the question that you're seeing slow numbers or bad numbers in the crawl stats area, and you're kind of worried that these slow or kind of bad numbers in the crawl stats could have an effect on how Google sees the speed of your website in general. For the most part, that's not something that you need to worry about. However, having kind of slow crawl numbers there can affect how quickly we crawl and index content from your website. So for example, if you're seeing things like a couple of thousand milliseconds to crawl individual URLs from your website in the crawl stats area, then that to me suggests that something kind of weird is happening with your website or something really slow is happening with your website. And it would probably result in us not being able to crawl as quickly as we could otherwise. So if your website has a lot of new and updated content that comes out frequently and we can't crawl with that quickly, then we might miss some of that new and updated content. So that's something that, from my point of view, definitely worth looking at. Usually, that's completely separate from the ranking side, from the way that users perceive your website. But of course, if your website is so slow for crawling, then it might be that it's also slow for users as well. So that's, from my point of view, if you're seeing really bad numbers in the crawl stats area, I would definitely take a look at that and see what you can do to improve that. Even if your hosting is on the other side of the planet, we should be able to crawl pages fairly quickly. All right, another site migration question. Wow, I think we need to write up some more stuff about this. Sounds like. Let's see. A site is needing to be migrated in a subdirectory. And therefore, the site move tool is not available. Yeah, so that kind of goes into the previous questions as well. If we can recognize a clear site move from one domain to another or from HTTP to HTTPS, then that makes it a lot easier for us, because you can use the site move tool in Search Console. And if we can recognize that everything is really cleanly set up, then we process that fairly quickly. Whereas if you're doing things across subdirectories or subdomains, like mixing things together within a website, then essentially, it just takes a lot longer for us to process all of this. So you really need to set up the redirects properly. Really need to set up the redirects properly. You need to make sure that you're telling us about the old and the new URLs, maybe with a sitemap file. We have a bunch of information on site moves in general in the Help Center. So I would definitely go through that and kind of create a checklist and make sure that you're covering as much of that as possible. There are also some really fantastic checklists from other people out there. If you ask on Twitter, I'm sure we can dig up a bunch of really good checklists to go through there. But kind of with any site move, the cleaner you can make this happen, the faster it'll be processed, the easier it'll kind of transition from one stage to the new state. What's the most important thing to focus on when developing Angular 5 websites? Yeah, I think this focuses more on the development side. So I mean, things like having good content is probably taken for granted here. But that's definitely also something worth looking at. In general, when it comes to making a JavaScript framework based website, it's important to keep in mind how Googlebot can actually crawl and index that. So in particular, Googlebot can render JavaScript pages. So we can, for a large part, process these things. But you must check these themselves as well. So you should use things like the mobile-friendly test to check how we can render those pages. Within Search Console, there are different tools as well that you can use. In the mobile-friendly test, you also have the JavaScript console to see where things are getting stuck. If you're seeing an empty page there, that's worth looking at. With modern JavaScript frameworks, it's important to keep in mind that we don't process ES6. So we use, I believe, Chrome 41 for rendering, which supports ES5 but not ES6. And if your framework generates ES6 code, then we might not be able to process that. So that's one thing to keep in mind. The other things to keep in mind is that rendering is something that happens separately from crawling and indexing at the moment on Google's side. So if you give us a lot of content that needs rendering to be indexed properly, then that's something that can take a bit longer to actually be processed. So that's one thing to keep in mind. And if that's a problem for you, so in particular, if it's a news website, if it's a website that's generating a lot of really new and updated content, then you probably want to look into things like server-side rendering, dynamic rendering. We call it where you serve the pre-rendered content to Googlebot and other search engines. And users see essentially the JavaScript version. There is also a kind of a hybrid rendering approach that you can take, especially with Angular. I believe it's what is it, Angular Universal, where you can set it up that the initial page load is statically rendered. And then afterwards, it switches to the JavaScript version. So lots of technical details to keep in mind. We did a video at Google I.O. about JavaScript sites in Search. I would definitely take a look at that. That covers pretty much everything that I talked about in a little bit more detail. And that's something, from my point of view, it's not impossible to make a really good JavaScript framework-based website that works well on Search. But usually, it's a little bit harder. So it's something where you have, on the one hand, all of the advantages of using this fancy JavaScript framework. But you have a little bit more work when it comes to SEO, when it comes to Search, to actually making sure that this works well together. So that's definitely worth keeping in mind. I would also recommend, if you're a pure front-end developer working on a website like this, to also get some help from someone who is more traditional SEO, who can give you input on the basic things that front-end developers sometimes takes for granted. So things like URLs and internal links and the way that you structure content on a page. These are all things where traditionally, maybe a front-end developer says, oh, well, I can deal with this myself. But an SEO might look at that and say, oh, that will never work, or that will cause so many more problems down the road. And getting that input really early on can make it a lot easier to get on the right path. And be successful with a site that uses a fancy JavaScript framework. The next question I think kind of goes in the same direction. So also Angular website, I see a bunch of URLs indexed with a site colon query. But depending on the way I search, I see different site colon query results. So what I would also say here is, don't use a site colon query as a way of diagnosing the status of your website. Instead, use Search Console. In Search Console, you have a lot more information on the indexing, how many URLs are indexed, all that. So I would strongly recommend using that instead of the site colon results. Ooh, let's see if we can run through the rest of the questions in the remaining time. Question about mobile-first indexing, a question about mobile-first indexing, our desktop navigation has a lot of categories. And due to technical difficulties, our mobile version doesn't have as many, I think. Is it possible that we'll lose some rankings when we switch to mobile-first indexing? Yes, theoretically, it's possible. So if you have really a separate mobile website, so not just a responsive design where you have the same content just visible differently, but if it's really a separate mobile website and the internal linking is worse than your desktop website and we switch to mobile-first indexing for that website, we will use that mobile internal linking for your website in general. So if that mobile internal linking is worse, if there's really fewer connections, if we can't figure out the context properly, then theoretically, that could negatively affect the way that we index and rank your pages when we switch to mobile-first indexing. We do try to look into the internal linking on a website before switching a site to mobile-first indexing. But obviously, there are limitations to what we can do. And it's normal for all sites to have slightly different navigation on mobile. But if you really have significant differences there, then that's something I would double check. A lot of the tools to crawl your website also support mobile user agents now. So probably things like deep crawl and screaming frog, they will all let you double check what your site looks like when crawled with mobile versus what is crawled when it's crawled from desktop. And those are, I think, some really important tools, especially if you're aware of potential disconnects here. So I'd really try to clean that up as much as possible. We notice every time we make a change to our website, our SEO is affected. So I think that's kind of normal. That first part is like you make a change to your website, then obviously search will take a bit of time to kind of adjust to that. It goes on, says it takes a couple of days to pick up again, but we don't like these drops. The developer mentioned every time we make CSS changes, it also drops. I think these are all kind of normal situations in that if you make a change to your website, then that can affect your SEO. And that's something that a lot of people use to their advantage as well.  So I see kind of like making changes and seeing that reflected in search as something that's kind of natural and should be connected. Do internal links matter? For example, one site has 5 million pages, and the other site only has 50,000 pages. Would the other site be stronger or rank better automatically? I think it's pretty much impossible to take a look at two sites like that in isolation, because one site with 5 million pages will be very different than a site that has 50,000 pages. So I don't think that's something that you can easily compare. On the other hand, if you take a site that has 50,000 pages and you just blow it up to kind of split all of these pages into separate pages and you make 5 million pages out of it, then obviously you're diluting the value of those individual pages, and they'll have a tougher time in search. So that's something where personally what I would recommend doing is trying to make sure that you're only splitting things up when you absolutely need to do that, when you have really different purposes on those pages, and as much as possible, kind of combine things together so that you have stronger pages. But sometimes you need to have different pages, and you need to keep them. So if you have news website and you have an old archive that has lots and lots of articles, then that's not something where you would gain value by deleting all of that, because then people wouldn't be able to find those articles either. The addition of irrelevant content, boilerplate for marketing purpose in the main content. Does Googlebot ignore that? Yes, this kind of goes into the question of the four, where yes, in general, we try to ignore that. We do try to see what content is above the fold, though. So if you're kind of shoving, moving everything down on a page through this irrelevant marketing content, then that could have an effect. Probably you'll see a stronger effect from the user's point of view, though, with regards to conversions, with regards to people coming back to your pages. Last German office hour, as you told me, there are some quality issues with my site. At the moment, I can see Googlebot crawling two times the same URL with the same user agent, sometimes a few seconds later with a different IP address. Can you tell me why? I don't know why. We have a lot of different IP addresses, and Googlebot crawls from variety of IP addresses. And I don't think there's any particular reason why we would crawl the same URLs repeatedly with different IP addresses, but it's completely normal to see different IP addresses used by Googlebot. Could you describe how to rank for a two-word combination like Mexico flag if the page is focused on and good at buying Mexican flag? When will Google show the page for more broader keywords? So this is something that kind of organically happens over time. It's not the case that there is something magical that you need to do on your pages to reach the broader queries. It's something that we learn over time, something that we learn over time, where we see, well, this page is actually pretty relevant for not just this specific query, but also some kind of broader queries as well. So that's something where if you continue to work on those pages and make them stronger, then that should just kind of happen on its own. This SEO is an SEO effect if heading tags like H1 and inline CSS is used to reduce the text size. So I think this goes into text versus code, ratio, and that's not something that we really worry about. So if you have a lot of HTML on your pages or a lot of JavaScript or inline CSS on your pages, that's not something that we would hold against you. The one limitation that I'm aware of is that there's a maximum, I think, page size that we use for search. So if you have, I don't know, hundreds of megabytes of CSS on your page before you actually show any of the content, then on the one hand, it probably doesn't make much sense anyway. On the other hand, it might be that our systems at some point say, well, we've indexed, I don't know what the limit is, 200 megabytes of content from this page. And we still haven't found any visible text that would be shown to a user. We're not sure if it's actually worthwhile to request more and more content from this web page to actually get some text. So that might be a limit worth looking at there. I don't know what the current limit is, but last time I checked, it was pretty reasonable in that as a developer, when you look at that, you say, why would anyone make an HTML page this large? If you're just inlining a little bit of CSS here and there, that's perfectly fine. That's not something I would worry about. I have a directory on a cctld for Australia. For example, example.school.edu.au, can I use hreflang to target different countries, like Canada? So yes, you can use hreflang to tell us which pages are relevant for Canada, but you can't geotarget those pages to Canada. So if that content is on a cctld that we recognize, like.au for Australia, then you can't geotarget content there for other countries. So with geotargeting, what generally happens is we promote that content slightly in the search results for that country when we can tell that someone is looking for something local. With hreflang, we don't change the ranking at all. We just switch out the URLs for the more relevant local versions. So those are subtle differences there. But from my point of view, it's something that you can kind of handle both ways. So if you feel that using your country code top level domain is what you really need to do, which I can imagine a situation like a school would probably make sense because you really want to show you're in Australia, you're in EDU. So you probably want to keep that. Then using hreflang alone is probably a good alternative, at least. It's not exactly the same geotargeting, but it can help to get those pages to the right users. So when you say localized, a good example might be on their school page is they're talking about this college and it talks about where it is. And then you would typically say, oh, this is in Canada, this campus. And that's kind of how that would work, typically. So I guess if the campus is in Canada, then that seems like a tricky situation. If you have an Australian domain name and you're saying, well, we're local in Canada, I could imagine that might be a situation where you say, maybe it's worth figuring out how to geotarget. But usually with hreflang, for example, what would make sense here is if you have content in maybe Australian English and in US English, like slightly different words, and you want to make sure that the right version is shown to the US users, then that's where you could use the hreflang link to say, this is US English, this is Australian English. And then we would swap out the URLs if someone is searching for the college name and we could show the right version. It could be similar across other languages, too. So if you have maybe a Spanish page about the college that you have in Australia, then if someone is searching just for the college name from that query alone, we might not know are they looking for Spanish content or English content. Where if you have the hreflang setup and we see that your browser or your search is set up to Spanish, then with the hreflang, we can see, oh, well, the English page would rank, but we have an alternate Spanish page, so we'll swap that out for the user. All right, let me double check to see what I've been missing in the chat here, so much happening. I mentioned e-news paper, so I have a reasonable need to close the website and redirect the URL to a new newsletter. Can you tell me if that violates the principle of Google? I don't understand the question exactly, so I think if you have different episodes or different versions of a newsletter like that, what I would do is generally have one general URL for this event, for this newsletter, and move the older versions into an archive. So instead of redirecting between the different versions, I would keep a more general landing page, and then as a new version comes out, then moving that to an archive and keeping that separate. I don't know if that goes into your specific question, but that's something that's really common, for example, with yearly events, where some people will go and say, well, conference2018.com, and then the next year they'll have conference2019.com, and that makes it really hard for us to understand which of these pages is relevant for just that conference. So if you have a generic conference name landing page, and from there you put the current version in there, and from next year you put the current version into an archive, and you put the new current version in there, that makes it a lot easier. I could imagine a situation with a newsletter-type website where you would do something similar. It's essentially the same as how it happens on a blog, where you put the new blog post on the main URL for the blog, and over time those blog posts, they move back into categories to enter the archive sections of the website. Yeah, I think we pretty much covered everything. Cool. All right, so I will be out the next two weeks, so we won't have one, won't have a set of Hangouts, I think next time, but I'll set them up for when I'm back. So if anything comes up in the meantime, feel free to drop it in there. Also, if you need faster help, I would definitely recommend going to the Webmaster Help Forum. There are lots of really helpful and smart people there who can help you with different issues, and, of course, there are other Webmaster forums as well with smart and helpful people, so I hope this was useful, and if you have any feedback, please let me know, and hopefully we'll see each other again in one of their next Hangouts. Bye, everyone. Thank you. Have a good weekend. You too.


Hey there, and welcome to Learn WordPress. Today you're going to learn about a handy plug-in in the WordPress plug-in repository that will streamline your block theme development called Create Block Theme. After a short introduction to Create Block Theme, we will cover how to install it on your WordPress site and go over the main features that the Create Block Theme plugin provides. Create Block Theme works in conjunction with the site editor to allow you to create and edit block themes right from the WordPress dashboard. Whether you're developing your new theme on top of a base theme or starting a brand new block theme from scratch, you will find Create Block Theme very useful. Once installed, Create Block Theme provides a series of features that streamline your block theme development process, from creating a blank theme all the way to exporting the current theme to an installable zip file. Additionally, Create Block Theme also allows you to add Google Fonts or Local Fonts to your theme. We will cover this in a separate tutorial. You can install Create Block Theme through the plugins page of your WordPress installation. First, navigate to the list of plugins. Then, click on the Add New button. In this search box on the top right, search for Create Block Theme. This will search the WordPress.org plugins repository. Once the plugin is found, click on Install Now to install it. After it's installed, click Activate it to activate it in your WordPress install. Once activated, the Create Block Theme submenu will appear under the Appearance menu in the dashboard. Alternatively, you can also search for Create Block Theme in the WordPress plugins directory at WordPress.org slash plugins. To install it, download the plugin zip file and install it manually through the Add New plugins screen. Create Block Theme gives you the following options for block theme development. First, we will look at creating a blank theme. This option allows you to start a new block theme from scratch. When you select this option, you will be prompted to add the following details about the new theme. The theme name, the theme description, the theme URI, the theme author and the author URI. Of these fields, only the theme name is required to create a blank theme as it's needed to create the theme directory. Once you add the relevant details and click Generate, the new theme will be created. You can then navigate over to the themes list to view your new theme, see its details or activate it. Once it's activated, you can edit it in the Site Editor and make the changes you need for your new theme development project. If you take a look at the theme directory in a file, browser or a code editor, you'll see it's created the required style.css and an index.html template. It also contains a theme JSON to manage global styles, a readme.txt file that's used for the WordPress.org theme repository and header and footer template parts. During development, it's often useful to make small changes in the Site Editor and then store those changes in the theme file system. One reason for this could be that you want to save these incremental changes to a revision control system like Git or Subversion. This is where the overwrite theme option becomes handy. For example, let's say you've created a blank theme and added a single template to the template list. The template itself just contains the header and footer parts, a post title, post featured image and post content. Then you decide to change the global styles of the theme. Changing the background color, text color and color of the links to create a dark theme effect. In this case, you're using the following colors, a dark color for the background and a light green color and light purple color for the text and links. When these changes are saved, they will be stored to the database for the site. However, you would prefer to write these changes to the theme files. You can now use the overwrite option of create block theme by selecting it and clicking generate. This option will take all the changes saved in the database and write them to theme files. In this case, it will create the single HTML template in the templates directory and update the theme JSON with the color changes. Here we can see the single template and if we look at the theme JSON, the background, text and link color has been applied. Sometimes you might want to create a clone of the currently active theme to test something out. This is where the clone theme option is handy. For example, let's say instead of writing the dark theme colors to the current theme, you wanted to create a separate copy of the theme with the changes saved to the database. Using the clone option of create block theme will ask the same questions as when creating a new theme. However, once you enter the new values, it will create a copy of the active theme, including all the changes you've saved in the editor. This clone will be exported as an installable theme zip file, which you can install either on your local site or on another WordPress site. The option to create a child theme is handy when you're building a site using an existing block theme from the WordPress.org theme repository, but you only need to apply a few small customizations. Just like a child theme for a classic theme, adding your customizations to the child theme means you preserve the parent theme's look and functionality while also allowing for the parent theme to be updated without losing your customizations. When using the create block theme child theme option, you enter the same details to generate the theme, but only the changes you apply in the site editor are written to the child theme. For example, let's say you've installed the block based theme, but you applied the same dark theme colors to it. Now you use the create child theme option, enter the relevant details and click generate. Again, this will create an installable zip file that you can install on your local site or on an existing site. A recent addition to create block theme is the ability to create a style variation. This is useful if you want to create multiple style variations for the same theme. Having global style variations gives your users the ability to switch between predefined styles from the global styles interface. For example, let's say you're creating a new theme and you wanted to ship the default style and the dark theme style as two different variations the user can choose from. So you set up your dark theme colors in the site editor and save them as before. However, this time you select the create a style variation option and give the variation a name. Then click generate. The variation is created in the styles directory of your active theme. Now when you edit the theme in the site editor, the theme has been reset to the default style. However, you can apply the dark theme variation by opening the global styles interface, clicking browse styles, and you can then select between the default and the dark theme. If you look at the code for your theme, you'll see the dark theme variation has been created in the styles directory. Finally, the export option is when you're ready to package your theme, either to be installed on another site or to add to somewhere like the WordPress themes repository. Using this option will take the active theme and any user changes saved to the database and write everything to an installable zip file. You can save this file anywhere on your local computer. Once you have the zip file, it can be uploaded to a WordPress site via appearance themes and clicking on the add new button. And that wraps up this tutorial on using create block theme. For more information on block theme development, as well as the use of create block theme, why not try part one of the developer's guide to block themes on learn.wordpress.org. Happy coding!


You've probably heard me talk about the Daily Dozen many times now. It's a checklist of all the healthiest of healthy things. I encourage people to fit into their daily routine. This video is an overview, and if you'd like to track your own Daily Dozen progress, you can download the free app linked in the doctor's note. In my book How Not To Die, I suggest we try to center our diets around whole plant foods, but some plants are healthier than others. For example, you can apparently live extended periods, eating practically nothing but white potatoes. That would by definition be a whole plant-based diet, but not a very healthy one. All plant foods are not created equal. The more I researched over the years, the more I've come to realize that healthy foods are not necessarily interchangeable. Some foods and food groups have special nutrients not found in abundance elsewhere. For example, sulforaphane, the amazing liver enzyme detox boosting compound, is derived nearly exclusively from cruciferous vegetables. You could eat tons of other kinds of greens and vegetables on a given day and get no appreciable sulforaphane if you didn't eat something cruciferous. It's the same with flax seeds and the anti-cancer lignan compounds. Flax may average 100 times more lignans than other foods. And mushrooms aren't even plants at all. They belong to an entirely different biological classification and may contain nutrients like ergothionine, not made anywhere in the plant kingdom. So, technically, maybe I should be referring to a whole food plant and fungus-based diet, but that just sounds kind of gross. It seems like every time I come home from the medical library buzzing with some exciting new data, my family rolls their eyes and asks, what can't we eat now? Or they'll say, wait a second, why does everything seem to have parsley in it all of a sudden or something? They're very tolerant. As the list of foods I try to fit into my daily diet grew, I made a checklist and had it up on a little dry erase board on the fridge and we'd make a game out of ticking off the boxes. This evolved into my daily dozen, the checklist of all the things I try to fit into my daily routine. By beans, I mean legumes, which also include split peas, chickpeas, and lentils. You know, while eating a bowl of pea soup or dipping carrots into hummus may not seem like eating beans, it certainly counts. We're just trying to get three servings a day. Serving is defined as a quarter of cup of hummus or bean dip, half cup of cooked beans, split peas, lentils, tofu, or tempeh, or a full cup of fresh peas or sprouted lentils. Though peanuts are technically legumes, nutritionally I've grouped them in the nuts category, just as I would shunt green beans, snap peas, and string beans into the other vegetables category. A serving of berries is a half cup fresher frozen, or quarter cup dried. While biologically speaking, avocados, bananas, and even watermelons are technically berries, I'm using the colloquial term for any small edible fruit, which is why I include kumquats and grapes and raisins as well as fruits that are typically thought of as berries, but actually technically in orange, such as blackberries, cherries, mulberries, raspberries, and strawberries. For other fruits, a serving is a medium-sized fruit, a cup of cut-up fruit, or a quarter cup of dried fruit. Again, I'm using the colloquial rather than the botanical definition, so I place tomatoes in the other vegetables group. Common cruciferous vegetables include broccoli, cabbage collards, and kale. I recommend at least one serving a day, typically a half cup, and at least two additional servings of greens a day, of course, or otherwise. Serving sizes for other greens and vegetables are a cup for raw leafy vegetables, a half cup for other raw or cooked non-leafy vegetables, and a quarter cup for dried mushrooms. Everyone should try to incorporate one tablespoon of ground flax seeds into their daily diet, in addition to a serving of nuts or other seeds. A quarter cup of nuts is considered a serving, or two tablespoons of nut or seed butters, including peanut butter. Nutnuts and coconuts, though, don't nutritionally count as nuts. I also recommend one quarter teaspoon a day of the spice turmeric, along with any other salt-free herbs and spices you may enjoy. A serving of whole greens can be considered a half cup of hot cereal, such as oatmeal, cooked whole grains, or so-called pseudo grains, like amaranth, buckwheat, and quinoa, or a half cup of cooked pasta, or corn kernels, a cup of ready-to-eat cold cereal, one tortilla or slice of bread, half a bagel, or English muffin, or three cups of air-popped popcorn. The serving size in the beverage category is one glass, 12 ounces, and the recommended five glasses a day is in addition to the water you get naturally from the foods in your diet. I explain my rationale in my video, How Many Glasses of Water Should We Drink a Day? Finally, I advise one daily serving of exercise, which can be split up over the day. I recommend 90 minutes of moderate intensity activity each day, such as brisk 4 mph walking, or 40 minutes of vigorous activity, such as jogging or active sports each day. I explain my reasoning for that in my video, How Much Should You Exercise? This may all sound like a lot of boxes to check, but it's easy to knock off a bunch at a time. In one simple peanut butter banana sandwich, and you just checked our four boxes, or imagine sitting down to a big salad, two cups of spinach, a handful of arugula, a handful of walnuts, a half cup of chickpeas, a half cup of red bell pepper, and a small tomato, you just knocked out seven boxes in one dish. Sprinkle on your flax at a handful of goji berries and enjoy it with a glass of water and fruit for dessert, and you just wiped out nearly half your daily check boxes in a single meal.  Do I check off each glass of water I drink? No. In fact, I don't even use the checklist anymore. I just used it initially as a tool to get me into a routine. You know, whenever I was sitting down to a meal, I would ask myself, could I add greens to this? Could I add beans to this? I mean, I always have an open can of beans in the fridge. Can I sprinkle on some flags or pumpkin seeds or maybe some dried fruit? The checklist just got me into the habit of thinking, how can I make this meal even healthier? I also found the checklist helped with grocery shopping, although I always keep bags of frozen berries and greens in the freezer. In fact, I'm at the store and want to buy fresh produce for the week. It helps me figure out how much kale or blueberries I need. The checklist also helps me picture what a meal might look like. I mean, looking over the checklist, you see that there are three servings each of beans, fruits, and whole grains, and about twice as many vegetables in total than any other component. So glancing at my plate, I can imagine one quarter of it filled with grains, one quarter with legumes, and a half of the plate filled with vegetables, along with maybe a side salad and fruit for dessert. I happen to like one bowl meals where everything's mixed together, but the checklist still helps me to visualize. Instead of a big bowl of spaghetti with some veggies and lentils on top, I think of a big bowl of vegetables with some pasta and lentils mixed in. Instead of a big plate of quinoa with some stir-fried vegetables on top, I picture a meal that's mostly vegetables, and, oh, look, there are some quinoa and beans in there, too. But there's no need to be obsessive about the daily dozen.   To help track your progress, volunteers created Dr. Gregor's Daily Dozen Apps for both iPhone and Android. You can download and use them both for free, no ads, no cost. My hope is that the checklist will just serve as a helpful reminder to try to eat a variety of some of the healthiest foods every day.


Live from San Francisco, it's theCUBE, covering RSA Conference 2020 San Francisco, brought to you by SiliconANGLE Media. Hey, welcome back everyone. It's Cube's coverage here in San Francisco, the Moscone Center for RSA Conference 2020. I'm John Furrier, your host. As cybersecurity goes to the next generation, as the new cloud scale, cyber threats are out there. The real impact to companies, business and society will be determined by the industry, this technology and the people. Got a Cube alumni here, General Jaffer, SVP, Senior Vice President, Strategy and Corporate Development for IronNet, welcome back. Thanks, John, good to be here. Thanks for having us. So it's IronNet, I see General Keith Alexander, and you got a new CEO over there. Phil Walsh, capacity scaler and duo. Knows how to scale up a company. That's right. IronNet's doing really well, the Iron Dome, the vision of collaboration and signaling. Congratulations on your success, what's the quick update? Well look, I mean we have now built the capability to share information across multiple companies, multiple industries with the government in real time at machine speed, really bringing people together, not just creating collective security or collective defense, but also collaborating in real time to defend one another. So you're able to divide and conquer, go after the enemy the same way they come after you and beat them at their own game. So this is the classic case of offense, defense. Most corporations are playing defense, whack a mole, redundant, not a lot of efficiency, a lot of burnout. Exactly. And not a lot of collaboration, but everyone's talking about the who the attackers are and collaborating like a team, right? And you guys talk about this mission. Exactly. This is really the new way to do it, that's the only way to work. It is, and you know you see kids doing it out there when they're playing Fortnite, right? They're collaborating in real time across networks to play a game, right? You can imagine that same construct when it comes to cyber defense, right? There's no reason why one big company and a second big company and a small company can't work together to identify all the threats, see that common threat landscape and then take action on it, trusting one another to take down the pieces they have to focus on and ultimately winning the battle. There's no other way a single company is going to be able to defend itself against a huge nation state that has virtually unlimited resources and virtually unlimited human capital. You've got to come together, defend the cross multiple industries collectively and collaboratively. You know we talked about this last time and I want to revisit this. I think it's super important. I think it's the most important story that's not really being talked about in the industry and that is that we were talking last time about the government protects businesses if someone dropped troops on the ground in your neighborhood, the government would protect you. Digitally that's not happening so there's really no protection for businesses. Do they build their own militia? Do they build their own army? Who's going to be their heat shield? So this is a big conversation and it brings the question, the role of the government, we're going to need a digital air force. We're going to need a digital army, navy, navy seals. We need to have that force and this is going to be a policy issue but in the short term, businesses and individuals are sitting out there being attacked by sophisticated, mission-based teams of hackers and nation-states. Either camouflaging or hiding but attacking still. This is a huge issue. What's going on? Are people talking about this in DC? Well John, look, not enough people are talking about it, right? And forget DC. We need to be talking about out here in the Silicon Valley with all these companies here at the RSA floor and bring up the things that you're bringing up because this is a real problem we're facing as a nation. The Russians aren't coming after one company, one state. They're coming after our entire election infrastructure. They're coming after us as a nation. The Chinese may be coming after one company at a time but their goal is to take our national properties as a nation, repurpose it back home and win the economic game, right? The Iranians, the North Koreans, they're not focused on individual actors but they are coming after individual actors. We can't defend against those things. One man, one woman, one company on an island, one agency, one state. We've got to come together collectively, right? Work state with other states, right? If we're going to defend against the Russians, California might be really good at it. Rhode Island, small states could be real hard to defend against the Russians but if California and Rhode Island come together, here's the threats I see, here's the threats you see, share information, that's great. Then we collaborate on the defense. We work together. You take these threats, I'll take those threats and now we're working as a team, like you said earlier, like those kids do when they're playing Fortnite and now we're changing the game. Now we're really fighting the real fight. When I hear General Keith Alexander talking about his vision with Iron Net and what you guys are doing, I'm inspired because it's simply put, we have a mission to protect our nation, our people and our businesses and he puts it in kind of military terms but in reality it's a simple concept. We're being attacked, defend and attack back. Just basic stuff but to make it work is the sharing. So I got to ask you, first of all, I love his vision, I love what you guys are doing. How real are we? What's the progression? Where are we on the progress bar of that vision? Well, you know, a lot's changed to the last year and a half alone, right? The threat's gotten a lot more real to everybody, right? Used to be that industry would say to us, yeah, we want to share with the government but we want something back for, right? We want them to show us some signal too. Today, industry is like, look, the Chinese are crushing us out there, right? We can beat them at some level but we really need the government to go do its job too. So we'll give you the information we have on an anonymized basis. You do your thing, we're going to keep defending ourselves and if you can give us something back, that's great. So we've now stood up in real time with DHS. We're sharing with them huge amounts of data about what we're seeing across six of the top 10 energy companies, some of the biggest banks, some of the biggest healthcare companies in the country, right, in real time with DHS and more to come on that, more to come with other government agencies and more to come with some more partners across the globe, right? Partners like those in Japan, Singapore, Eastern Europe, right? Our allies in the Middle East, they're all on the front lines of this threat. We can bring them better capability. They can help us see what's coming at us in the future because as those enemies out there are testing their weapons in those local areas. I want to get your thoughts on the capital markets because obviously financing is critical and you're seeing successful venture capital formulas like ForgePoint, C5, really specialized funds on cyber but not classic industry formation sectors. Like it's not just security industry, they're taking a much more broader view because there's a policy implication. There's an organizational behavior. There's technology up and down the stack. So it's a much broad investment thesis. What's your view of that? Because do you see that as the formula? And if so, what is this new aperture, this new lens of investing to be successful in funding companies? Well, look, it's really important what companies like ForgePoint are doing venture capital funds, right? Don Dixon, Albertiapaz, Will Linn, they're really innovating here. They've created a largest cybersecurity focused fund. They just closed it recently in the world, right? And so they're really focused on this industry. Partners like C5, Kleiner, Perkins, Ted Schlein, Andre Pinar doing really great work at this area. Also, really important capital formation, right? And let's not forget other funds, Ron Gula, right, the founder of Tenable, starting his own fund out there in DC in the DMV area. There's a lot of innovation happening in this country and the funding on it's critical. Now look, the reality is the easy money is not going to be here forever, right? So the question is what comes when that inevitable step back? We don't, nobody likes to talk about it. The guy who bets on the other side of the craps game in Vegas, right? You don't want to be that guy, but let's be real. I mean, that day will eventually come. And the question is how do you bring some of these things together, right? Bring these various pieces together to really create long term strategies, right? And that's, I think, what's really innovative about what Don and Albert are doing is they're building portfolio companies across a range of areas to create sort of an end to end capability, right? Andre's doing things like that, Ted's doing stuff like that. It's a, that's really innovation, the VC market, right? And we're seeing increased collaboration, VC to PE. It's looking a lot more similar, right? And now we're seeing innovative vehicles, like SPACs that are taking companies public in sort of the reverse manner, right? There's a lot of interesting stuff happening there with Hank Thomas and the guys at Chief Cyber Ventures. So a lot of really cool stuff going on in the financing world. Opportunities for young, smart entrepreneurs to really move out in this field and to do it now when money's still, still relatively easy to come by. So there's innovation on the capital market side, which is awesome. Let's talk about the ecosystem. Every single market sector that I've been over my 30 year career has been about a successful entrepreneurship, check capital to formation of partnerships. Okay, you're in the iron net front line as part of that ecosystem. How do you see the ecosystem formula developing? Is it the same kind of model? Is it a little bit different? What's your vision of the ecosystem? Look, I mean, partnerships channel, it's critical to every cybersecurity company. You can't scale on your own. You've got to do it through others, right? I was at a crowd strike event the other day, 91% of the revenue comes from the channel. That's an amazing number. You think about that, right? And so you look at who we're trying to talk about partnering with. We're talking about some of the big cloud players like Amazon, Microsoft, Google, right? On the vendor side, pardon me, Splunk, crowd strike. Some of these big players, right? We want to build with them, right? We want to work with them because there's a story to tell here, right? When we work together, the ecosystem itself is defended stronger. There's no anonymity here, right?  At the end of the day, it's all about protecting the ecosystem. What about the big cloud player? Because there's two big megatrends. Obviously cloud computing at scale, multi-cloud on the horizon, hybrid's kind of the bridge between single public cloud and multi-cloud. And then AI, you got the big things that are generate, will be multiple generations of innovation and value creation. What's your vision on the impact of the big waves that are coming? Well, look, I mean, cloud computing is the right change in the world, right? Today, you can deploy capability and have a super computer at your fingertips in minutes, right? You can also secure that in minutes because you can update it in real time as the machine is functioning.  These are amazing innovations that are creating more and more capability out there in the industry. It's game-changing. We're happy, we're glad to be part of that. We're glad to be helping defend that new amazing ecosystem, partnering with companies like Microsoft and AWS.  You got a good grasp of the industry, but also you're really strong on the societal impact, policy formulation side of government and business. So I want to get your thoughts for the young kids out there that are going to school, trying to make sense of the chaos that's going on in the world, whether it's DC political theater or the tech theater, big tech, and in general, all the things with coronavirus, all this stuff going on. It's a pretty crazy time, but a lot of work has to start getting done that are new problems. What is your advice of someone who's been through the multiple waves to the young kids who have to figure out what path to take? What problems are out there? What things can people get their arms around to work on, to specialize in? What's your thoughts and expertise on that? Well John, thanks for the question. What I really like about that question is, we're talking about what the future looks like, and here's what I think the future looks like. It's all about taking risk. Talking about a lot of these young kids out there today, they're worried about how the world looks, right? Will America still be strong? Can we get through this hard time of going through in DC with the world challenging us? And what I could say is, this country has never been stronger. We may have our own troubles internally, but we are risk takers, and we always win, no matter how hard it gets, no matter how bad it gets, right? Risk taking is something that's built in the American blood. It's our founders came here, taking a risk leaving England to come here, and we've succeeded the last 200 years. There is no question in my mind that trend will continue. So the young people out there, I don't know what the future has to hold. I don't know what the new technology is going to be, but you're going to invent it, and if you don't take the risks, we're not succeed as a nation, and that's what I think is key. Most people worry that if they take too many risks, they might not succeed, right? But the reality is most people you see around here at this convention, they all took risks to be here, and even when they had trouble, they got up, they dust themselves off, and they won. And I believe that everybody in this country, that's what's amazing about this nation is, we had this opportunity to try, if we fail, to get up again and succeed. So fail fast, fail often, and crush it. You know, some of the best innovations have come from times where you had the Cold War, you had times where the hippie revolution spawned the computer revolution. So you have the culture of America, which is not about regulation and stunt and growth, you had risk taking, you had entrepreneurship, but yet enough freedom for business to operate to solve new challenges. And to me, the biggest imperative in my mind is, this next generation has to solve a lot of those new questions. What side of the street does the self-driving cars go on? I see bike lanes in San Francisco, more congestion, more cry, all the stuff's going on. AI could be a great enabler for that. Cyber security, a direct threat to our country and global geopolitical landscape. These are big problems. State and local governments, they're not really tech savvy, you don't really have a lot of IT. So what do they do? How do they serve their constituents? You know, John, these are really important and hard questions, but what we know, what has made technology so successful in America? What's made it large, successful is the government has stayed out of the way, right? Industry and innovators have had a chance to work together and do stuff and change the world, right? You look at California, you know, one of the reasons California is so successful and Silicon Valley is so dynamic, you can move between jobs and we don't enforce non-compete agreements, right? Because you can switch jobs and you can go to that next higher value target, right? That shows the value of innovation, creating innovation. Now, there's a real tendency to say when we're faced with challenges, well, the government ought to step in and solve that problem, right? The Silicon Valley and what California's done, what technology's done, is a story about the government staying out and let innovators innovate and that's a real opportunity for this nation. We got to keep on down that path, even when it seems like the easier answer is, come on in DC, come on in Sacramento, fix this problem for us. We have demonstrated as a country that Americans and individuals are good at solving these problems. We should allow them to do that and innovate. Yeah, one of my passions is to kind of use technology and media and communities to get to the truth faster. A lot of access to smart minds out there.  But one of the things that's changing is the dark arts of smear campaigns. This is a story at Bloomberg today. Oracle reveals funding for dark money group fighting big tech, internet accountability project, and so the classic astroturfing, you got the Jedi contract, Google lawsuit with Java. So Oracle's in the middle of all this, but using them as an illustrative point. The lawyers seem to be running the kingdom right now. I know you're an attorney, so I don't want to be covering you. I'm a recovery lawyer, John McLean, recovery lawyer. I don't want to be offensive, but entrepreneurship cannot be stifled by regulation. Sarbanes Oxley slowed down a lot of the IPO, shifts to the later stage capital, so regulation is never a good thing. But also, some of these little tactics out in the shadows are going to be revealed. What's the new way to get this straightened out in your mind? Well, look, in my view, the best solution for problematic speech or problematic people is more speech, right? Let's shine a light on it, right? If there are people doing shady stuff, let's talk about it, let's out it, let's have it out in the open, let's fight it out. At the end of the day, what America's really about is smart ideas winning. And so let's get the ideas out there. You know, we spent a lot of time right now, we're under attack by the Russians when it comes to our elections, right? We spent a lot of time carping at one another, one party versus another party, the president versus that person, this person at the intelligence committee versus that person at the intelligence committee. It's crazy when the real threat is from the outside. We need to get past all that noise, right? And really get to the next thing, which is we're fighting a foreign enemy on this front.  And turn the lights on, I'm a big believer of if something can be exposed, you can talk about it, why is it happening, and then this consequences with that, reputation, et cetera. You got it. Jim Hill, thanks for coming on the queue, really appreciate your insight. I want to just ask you one final question. As you look at the industry right now, what is the most important story that people are talking about, and what is the most important story that people should be talking about? Yeah, well look, I think the one story that's out there a lot, right, is what's going on in our politics, what's going on in our elections. You know, Chris Krebs at DHS has been out here this week talking a lot about the threat that our elections face and the importance about states working with one another and states working with the federal government to defend the nation when it comes to these elections in November, right? We need to get ahead of that, right? The reality is it's been four years since 2016, we need to do more, that's a key issue. Going forward, what are the Iranians and North Koreans think about next? They haven't hit us recently, we know it's coming, we got to get ahead of that, we got to come together as nation and make us that threat too. Jameel, great to have you on the queue as always, great insight, thanks for coming on and sharing your perspective. I'm John Furrier here at RSA in San Francisco for the CUBE coverage, thanks for watching.


Well, I saw the breakfast in Plus TV Africa. We're excited to have Dr. Eugene Itwa, who is a sustainability expert, as well as an environmental specialist. Dr. Eugene, it's good to have you join us. Good morning. Good morning to you. Well, a bit of it. President Mohammed Buhari has charged the National Council on Climate Change to formulate an appropriate policy towards achieving green growth and sustainable economic development for Nigeria. The president, in a statement by presidential spokesman Femi Adesina, said that development marked the commencement of the Implementation of Climate Change Act of 2021 and a new chapter on the renewed response to climate change in the country. He also, that's the president, directed the attorney general and the minister of justice in conjunction with the minister of environment to initiate appropriate amendment of noticeable implementation challenges inherent in the act, highlighting the losses and damages caused by the recent increasing floods in several parts of the country, as well as in Pakistan, Bangladesh and other parts of east and southern Africa. He described climate change as one of the biggest challenges facing humanity. Now, these inauguration and all of this is actually a response of government to the global climate challenges. Dr. Eugene, what are your thoughts on this? Thank you very much. And I think the president is quite apt in what he had actually said through the spokesman. And I will say this is a watershed. And we at the critical point and the president is taking the decisive step through this miss. And also it's quite appreciated for me is a good one. And we must all support it. Looking at talking about before now, we've had proposals for getting, I mean, in terms of preparing bills at the National Assembly to get the climate change ads on, but we never succeeded in previous assemblies. But now we've had this and the president endorses last year. Also, we are happy. And it's actually coming right on time, looking at the various challenges that we're having. As we prepare for COP 27, one of the critical element of following up giving attention to should be a loss of damage aspect. And the president in his remark has indeed highlighted that. So for me, it is quite a very is a good one. And so I'm happy to see that the government or the president has inaugurated the council. Long before now, we actually had expected that the council would be inaugurated. But unfortunately, there was a bit of delay. But now we have it's inaugurated earlier. We had the director general, who is the secretary to the council that was appointed by the president. And so we are happy for this to see all of this happening at this very critical time. Now, just before we get to the, you know, the crux really of the conversation.  One of the issues I was mentioned is the issue of flooding. And we know the flooding has been very critical for the Nigerian states or the nation if you want to talk about across different parts of the country. Flooding is an issue. But if you juxtapose of flooding in Nigeria, in other parts of the country, would you say that flooding for Nigeria is a natural disaster or is man made? Flooding, general, everywhere is flooded, simply people. It's just where is it in the world that is not flooded or that will not receive its own dose of flooding. Everywhere in the world, it is not just about an issue of Nigeria. Interestingly, we are aware that the IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change earlier has said a whole lot of things about this, especially for the African continent forested. There are the issues of intensity of rain, rainfall. There is, you have intensity of rainfall everywhere. And then dry spurs is some other locations where the rains are not coming. And now we will have rains coming in areas that we are here to have the logout dry spurs. So for, for, for, it's not just about Nigeria. It's not that our issues appear to be a bit peculiar for the fact that we do not prepare to manage these emergencies. We granted that we have even early warning system from the regulatory authorities. Do we actually respect to that? We don't until it's right on us before we start taking measures after the act. I think that's where this, it seems to be overwhelming. And the, the intensity of rainfall we cannot, it's not, it's not man-made. But of course, if you say it's man-made, it already needs to all tie, tie lead to the issues of climate change. Yes. But generally, we know that all mankind's activity has indeed intensifying rainfall, extremes of temperature, extremes of rainfall, just limits. They are all here upon us. So for us, as far as we're concerned in Nigeria, it's not just about being a peculiar situation. That's where it would develop toward, at one time, what you had, how they are on those of these challenges, or is the management that we seem to be lacking, preparing for them and then managing all of this. I think that is where we seem to be overwhelmed. Well, so, so it definitely means that you are agreeing with the school of thought that says that, you know, the flooding that we experience in Nigeria, when you juxtapose that with the entire globe, we're not saying that climate change is not imminent, but we're saying that what we experience in our country is actually man-made, is induced, because number one, I would tell you that you have a country where most parts lack of drainage system, and water by its nature will always find its way. It's a force. It cannot wait for the government or the people to adhere or respect it. And so lack of drainage or in situations where you have the drainage system, the drainage system is clogged. That's due to human interaction. Toss things in a drainage system. You want to call them the gutters or the waterways. And that's really it. So I want to know where you stand in all of this. Yeah, you recall, I talked about management. I talked about even when you have regulatory authorities announcing that the amount of rainfall for a certain period will be more than usual. What are we supposed to do? It's part of the element of management that I talked about. I didn't want to go into those specifics of, say, the drainage lines are clogged or we do not. Recall, I'll give you an example. Lagos, for instance. In those days when they had what they call gang, the officers that would come around before the rain forces, the drainage lines are cleared. And so when the rain is calm, they follow the channels, except those that have their homes across the water channels or close to the water channels that will have the areas overwhelmed. Otherwise, it's known it's given. So there is no need to repeat it. But again, for the sake of awareness, for the sake of reminding us, if you are looking at it from that angle, yes, it is part of the entire challenges. But it is not, if we clear, if we have enough drain lines, unfortunately, we don't have enough drain lines in a number of locations in a number across the country. So we first and foremost need to be able to put drain lines where they should assist. And then the drain lines, of course, should not be clogged, like you have already pointed out. But again, just to let you know that when the rain is calm, when the banks of the rivers are over flooded, this leads you really can't do. Other than to allow this rain when they come, they have a channel to go to follow through. It plays like a platu state.  Because when the rains come, there are channels because of the landscape, the water terribly goes away. Well, as we have, we have a plain land. You don't have channels. The water cannot go, it remains there. So not on, this is part of your mind. Let's progress through other issues. Dr. Eugene, let's look at all the issues. I like the fact that, you know, the president has made reference to the Climate Change Act of 2021. The act provides a framework for Nigeria. I mean, this committee doesn't agree that, I mean, we're big on saying let's implement whatever it is. And so the Climate Change Act of 2021, the act provides a framework for Nigeria to achieve a low greenhouse gas immersion through inclusive greenhouse or green growth and sustainable economic development and implementation of Nigerian's commitment to meet zero immersion declared at the time. We're talking about that Paris agreement that, we're part of this agreement. But my question is, do you think that this is rational for a country that is highly dependent on oil, you know, gas? We're talking about oil now for earnings. So do you think it's rational that as a country in Africa, we're getting into such an agreement, where we know that we're highly dependent on the oil economy for earnings? So what becomes of us? How much have we even emitting, I mean, emitting at the end of the day, if we talk about immersion, when you juxtapose that with countries of the world in the south. So you're talking about the north and the south now. Do you think it's rational that we are getting into this agreement as a country? I'm not even talking about Africa as a continent. Maybe I should separate the arts from the Paris agreement that you talked about. That agreement, of course, we signed it in a number of countries also had and endorsed it. And so it's operational. Just to let you know, as we're looking at the issues of emissions, we're also looking at issues of beauty, resilient society, adaptation elements. So the floor that you talked about just relates to that aspect of building a resilient society. So that agreement also talked about this. The challenge perhaps you want to take from that is, oh, we continue to talk about emissions like you have just mentioned. But again, it's not just all about emissions. No matter how small it is, we contribute. But going beyond that, what is it that the agreement said, a other element that I just talked about, that will not be our focus. For instance, not too long ago, I am aware that some world leaders met in Netherlands on the platform Global Center for Adaptation, looking at the common focus for the African continent as we build up towards COP 27. And the issue there is what can support the African continent, what can support Nigeria? Yes, it is said that the African continent, for instance, the emission from it is about two to three percent. I think that is what is said here and there. But no matter how small it is, we admit. So how do we all move together? That is what you're talking about now. We should all move together. But then we should emphasize our own molecular challenges. If they are saying, oh, we do this to bring our emission, we should also be able to emphasize over and over to say that, look, the one that touches us is this. Let's also emphasize the issues of adaptation. Let's also emphasize the issues of building climate resilience in our community so that even when we have the flood, we're able to deal with it. Let's talk about the issues of loss and damage so that we can adequately take account and prepare for all of that and manage them effectively and reduce the impacts. So it is, like I have said, it is not so too with the climate change arts. A climate change arts, like based on what we even just said, talked about the issue of resilience. Yes, we have a carbon budget to meet. Yes, we have issues of decarbonization even right in the arts. Dr. Eugene, just to let you know, as much as it sounds like as a country, because I don't think that we're being honest with ourselves as a country and a continent. If you juxtapose it, it's not fair. We're talking about a country where there's equity, justice, and what's the essence of having countries come together for national prosperity or global prosperity. When nations come together, they should be looking at the interest. You know that our mission, I mean, look at the statistics, 6.692% is what Nigeria has emitted in July at a certain time. Can it be juxtaposed with other emissions from other parts of the country? Why should we be getting into this kind of agreement? Should we be following it? Because the world is saying, oh, we need to reduce, we need to protect the environment, which is very valid. I understand the world is a global village, but how much of the toxic are we contributing to the environment or to the globe as a country and as a continent? We'll leave it at that. Thank you so much for being part of the breakfast this morning. Dr. Eugene Utu. Well, that is it. Thank you. Just to quickly, just to make a final remark that yes, issues of climate justice, I certainly agree with you. But if we are not there, we cannot pursue it. If we are outside the bus, you say inside the bus? Yes, we can also make our voice count. That's why we need to sign and be part of it and indeed we have signed. Thank you very much. Well, that's it. I totally appreciate your time. Dr. Eugene Utu, thank you for being part of the breakfast this morning. He is an environmental specialist as well as a consultant. We have been talking about the plan to inaugurate the committee and also ensure the implementation of the climate change act 2021. That's it on the breakfast. If you missed that on any part of the show, we'll be all right to follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram and do subscribe to YouTube channel where plus TV Africa and plus TV Africa lifestyle. You can also follow us on Lymex at www.lymex.tv and glow TV app anywhere in the world. My name is Messi. Have a great day.