Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education, I am Dr. Reshmi Singh, Assistant Professor Department of Education, Assistant Khanna Girls Rugi College, University of Palahapad and we are nowadays we are discussing over various types of correlation, correlation coefficient in which I have already discussed with you the spearmen's rank correlation coefficient and product moment correlation coefficient and this time I am going to discuss bi-serial and point bi-serial correlation okay and the lecture will be in bilingual mode and it must be useful for all of us hmm I have already told you that this name, this technical name, this terminology, do not worry for its Hindi, you are bi-serial correlation, point bi-serial correlation, product moment correlation coefficient, spearmen's rank correlation coefficient as it is, you can understand the concept in Hindi, you can use the whole language in Hindi but you can use it in terminology in English because their Hindi name is difficult to take, it is easier to read in English, okay, the first thing, the second thing is that we are talking about correlation and all of them are completely crumbly, it is not that you will be discussed before the correlation, then variability, then position and then results of central tendency, all of them and who are all these, who are all these and who are describing it, it is a part of descriptive statistics, what is descriptive statistics that help in the description of the eyes, and the second thing is inferential which helps in prediction, descriptive statistics do not help in prediction or inferrence, it is just telling us how the eyes are, what is their body, what is their physical condition, what is their body, and how much deviation is there from their body, they have two variables, so if they are correlated or not, then you will have to study the prediction and regression. So there is correlation in that, it just tells you that they are both connected to each other or they are getting closer to each other or they are getting closer to each other and getting closer to each other, but it does not tell you who is causing and who is effect, it means who is the reason how, which one is better, you don't know from the correlation. Then we will read one more step, prediction and regression. Regression and prediction, we will get to know who is the cause, which variable is responsible for its cause, and which variable is it, it is dependent and independent variable. So, everything is exactly the same. If you understand it in this way, if you are connected to each other, then you will understand things better. So, we will tell you one more special thing, that the numerical in your course, MEM edge, comes up to the product-moment correlation. That is, if you ask the correlation, then either you will have to remove the rank-correlation coefficient or you will have to remove the product-moment. Bi-serial, point-bi-serial, tetra-corrigan-phia, which are 4 children, theoretical questions are not asked from them, what is the relationship between them, what is the difference between them, or right-shot notes on bi-serial and point-bi-serial correlation, or what is the difference between point-bi-serial and bi-serial correlation, or what is the difference between tetra-corrigan-phia, what is the relationship between tetra-corrigan-phia, in this way. So, the question is not asked based on this. So, do not worry about numerical. Just understand the concept. If you are asked, then you will be asked. And if not, then you will not be asked. Because there are many questions to be asked, whether it is mean or median, whether it is a quartile deviation or standard deviation. Okay. Now, your t-test is over and your non-parametric test is left. In which there is chi-square, median test and sine test. Okay. So, let's start by what bi-serial correlation is. In educational or psychological studies, we often come across situations where both the variables correlated are continuously miserable, while one of them is artificially reduced to dichotomy. Now, see what are the words, artificially reduced to dichotomy, continuously miserable. So, when you do not know what the variable is, who is the continuous variable, who is the dichotomy, who is the artificially reduced dichotomy, then you will not be able to understand. So, the concept is to be understood. So, the concept is to be understood. It is said that there are many times that we get very different variables. That is, both the charges are continuously miserable. That is, we will go to the level, right? And one of them will be artificially reduced to dichotomy. Dichotomy means die, that is, two, right? That is, we have reduced it. That is, it is not natural dichotomy. Natural dichotomy means natural nature. It is divided into two parts in two ways. But we have divided it artificially according to ourselves. We have divided it into two parts. How? In such a situation, when we try to compute correlation between a continuous variable and a variable reduced to artificial dichotomy, we always compute the coefficient of bi-serial correlation. See, your question of competitive examination will be asked to you very simply. When one variable is a continuous variable and the other variable is artificially reduced to two, then which coefficient of correlation will be removed? Tetra, Coret 5, bi-serial, point bi-serial. So, you will take the bi-serial correlation there. So, you should know that this bi-serial correlation is a special thing that one variable should be continuous and the other should be artificially dichotomy. Now, let's talk about artificial dichotomy. What is it? At this point, the artificial one is from the Krithrim root. Dichotomy means we have divided it into two parts. Seriously. At this point, the question arises to what do we mean by a dichotomy and also by an artificial and a natural dichotomy? He is saying that now we have to understand what is dichotomy and what is artificial and natural dichotomy? So, he is saying that the term dichotomy means cut into two parts or divided into two categories. Dichotomy means that we have divided any part into two parts or divided into two categories. This reduction into two categories may be the consequence of the nature of the data obtained. And whose result is divided into two parts? The nature of the data is divided into two parts. How? For example, in a study to find out whether or not a student passes or fails, look, there is no space between A and student, spaces, passes, and others. Whether or not a student passes or fails a certain standard, we place the crucial point dividing pass and fail students anywhere we please. He is saying that in a quiz study, we have to decide whether a student has passed or failed an exam. Let's put a criteria somewhere. This is not a natural criteria. We have set it artificially that if a 100 is 34, then it is 5 and if it is 33, then it is a fail. We divided all the data into two parts. Pass students, fail students, and divided into two parts, we have made this dichotomy according to our knowledge. This is not natural. This is an artificial dichotomy. Hence, measurement in the variable is reduced to two categories. So, whatever we got, it was divided into two parts. In two categories, pass categories and fail categories. This reduction into two categories, however, is not natural. Why is it not natural? Because we have applied it from our knowledge. If there is a second exam, we will not be able to say, if there is a 50, then it is a fail. So, this is artificial. We set this point according to our knowledge that from where we will divide it into two categories. So, if there are two steps like this, in which there is one structure and we have divided the other step in two categories, then we always have to apply bi-serial correlation. Okay. In conclusion, we made term a dichotomy in the region of a variable into two categories, an artificial dichotomy when we do not have any clear-cut crucial point or criteria for such a division. That is, we did not know any clear-cut point. We fixed the dividing point according to our own convenience. According to our own convenience, we divided it into two categories. Hence, the basic assumption in using bi-serial correlation as an estimate of the relationship between a continuous variable and a dichotomous variable is that the variable underlying the dichotomies is continuous and normal. He is saying that the basic assumption that the main ghost believes in is that the correlation as an estimate of the relationship between one variable is continuous and the other is dichotomous and that too such a dichotomous which we have to divide artificially in two categories. This implies that it should be an artificial dichotomous variable rather than a natural dichotomous variable. Hence, you will always have to see that the dichotomy is applied according to our own convenience. This is not a natural dichotomy. It is not a natural dichotomy like a male-female, isn't it? Like this. Okay. The question is not that simple but you can still see its formula. Computation of bi-serial coefficient of correlation formula. This is the general formula of bi-serial coefficient of correlation, R-bis. But what is the bi-serial of bis? And what is R? It is for the coefficient, it is for the correlation. So, R-bis is equal to M-capital M, which is P-capital MQ upon sigma 1 into small p into small q upon small y. Now, let us see what is small p? Proportion of cases in one of the categories of dichotomous variables. That is, how many variables and how many factors have become two categories. Then, Q-proportion of cases in the lower group 1-p, M-p mean of the values of the higher group. We will have to form two groups. We will have to form two groups as soon as you have dichotomy. So, it is said that the higher group's mean is how much, the lower group's mean is how much, the standard deviation of the whole group is how much, and y is equal to the height of the ordinate of the normal curve separating the portion p and q. When we talk about x-axis, y-axis, when we talk about graphs, it is about the ordinates. So, yes, that was it. The question will not be asked. But still, since the bi-serial coefficient of correlation is talked about, the formula is at least the formula is better than the formula in front of you. You will not remember it. Okay. Now, let's talk about the point bi-serial. Oh, one line has gone down. It's okay. Now, let's talk about the point bi-serial correlation. It is a little higher. Okay, no problem. What is the point bi-serial correlation? Everyone has to see the difference between bi-serial and point bi-serial. What is bi-serial? When one variable is continuous and the other variable is artificially dichotomous. In this, it is also said that some variables are dichotomous. Some are dichotomous. The dichotomous variable is the one that can be divided into sharply distinguished and mutually exclusive categories. He is saying that you will call that variable dichotomous out of which two of you are looking at different ways. Like, male-female. I told you, this is natural dichotomy. Male-female. You didn't artificially do anything about it. Then what else could be dichotomous? Rural, urban, Indian, American, diagnosed with illness and not diagnosed with illness. I mean, those who have that disease and those who don't have it. Two categories like this. Two categories of the city, the city, the state, or two categories of America. These are the truly dichotomous variables for which no underlying continuous distribution can be assumed. He is saying that these examples are naturally dichotomous. Now if we want to correlate these variables, then applying Pearson's formula has problems because of lack of continuity. He is saying that you can understand that point-by-serial-by-serial-period product-moment-correlation-coefficient So why? Because Pearson's correlation requires continuous variable, that is why we are correlating gender and male will be given a score of 0 and females will be given a score of 1 or vice versa. Indeed you can give a score of 5 to me and score of 11 to female and it won't make any difference for the correlation coefficient. So it says that if we are talking about product moment correlation coefficient, it needs continuous variable, i.e. if there is a natural dichotomy, then male, female, rural, urban, Indian, American, these are not continuous variables. So, which no underlying continuous distribution can be assumed, that is why you can't put a Pearson formula in it. So what formula will you put in it? You will put point-by-serial. So what happened? And what does it mean here? It means that your natural dichotomy is male-female. So it doesn't matter if you give a zero number to a male, i.e. you give a score of 5 to a female, it doesn't make any difference to a female. So what is point-by-serial correlation? This is also a kind of Pearson product moment correlation in which there is between one truly dichotomous variable. One variable is truly dichotomous, natural dichotomy. And the other variable is continuous. I.e. when both the variables are continuous, what will you think? Pearson product. When one variable is continuous and the other will be natural dichotomous, what will you think? Point-by-serial. When one variable is continuous and the other will be artificially dichotomous, what will you think? By-serial. Remember this. And what is point-by-serial? It is Pearson's product moment correlation between one truly dichotomous and another continuous variable. The same thing happened yesterday. Algebraically, i.e. in the term of algebras, so rpb is equal to r. i.e. in the term of beads, you can say that point-by-serial correlation coefficient is only product moment correlation coefficient. In this, there are four factors. In Pearson product, what happens in point-by-serial? One is truly dichotomous. i.e. in the form of truth, it is also involved in two-four factors. And when do we apply by-serial? When one is continuous and the other is artificially dichotomous. Okay. We resort to the computation of point-by-serial coefficient for estimating the relationship between two variables when one variable is in a continuous state and another is in a state of a natural or genuine dichotomy. i.e. actually it is also involved in two variables. If we are sure that the dichotomized variable does not belong to the category of artificial dichotomy, then we should try to compute point-by-serial correlation coefficient. When we feel that it is really natural dichotomy, not artificial, then you should apply point-by-serial. And if it is artificial dichotomy, then you should apply by-serial. Look at its formula as well. Its formula is that rp-bis. P-bis means point-by-serial. If it was just bis, then it was by-serial. mp-mq upon sigma1 is equal to into under root pq. And this is all its formula. Similarly, mp means mq, mt, q, th is for this one. Okay. So, if you don't want to ask this question, then you just know its formula. Okay. So, what do you think is the main concept? Conceptual understanding. Conceptual understanding is that Pearson product moment correlation coefficient is applied. When we are discussing two steps, and both are by-serial. Then, it is no problem for you to use a Pearson product. But, as soon as the second step is not by-serial, then we need to apply by-serial or point-by-serial. When will we apply by-serial when there is artificial dichotomy? When will we apply by-serial when there is natural dichotomy? What happens in artificial dichotomy? Where we also run, depending on our own, how many children are there, how many are there. But naturally, it is genuine. I think you must have understood something, if the statistical background of people is not educational or numerical, they are a little afraid or there is no such science background, they will understand it again and again, and when they understand it, they will remember it for a long time. This is also special, mathematical equations, numericals, and when they start to come, when they start to solve the question, they are very happy. And most importantly, if you have opted for numericals and you have done the whole number, you have done the whole formula, the answer, then you will get no number, you will not get the whole number in any theoretical question, no matter how good you will be. So, this is plus point for this, right?  So, thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe to my channel, Explore Education, I have done from my side.


So, this brings us to a new kind of detector which I will describe to you known as position sensitive detectors or PSTs. What do you mean by position sensitive? You can see here I have shown you that this is an incident beam and these are the scattered beams. Now, this position sensitive detector not only detects the neutron, it can tell us at which position is detected. So, that means I can get the information about the momentum transfer from the position information on this detector. What I mean to say, so I have a detector here and there is a central wire, if I can find out where the neutron has entered with some uncertainty certainly we cannot find out exactly but with some resolution if I can find this out then I know this is the direct beam if I know this distance if I know this distance then from this I can calculate out the angle and from there the Q value which is 4 pi by lambda sin theta where lambda is the incident neutron energy because if you remember what was my target was to find out intensity as a function of Q in our experiment and this is the experiment where we can find out structure and I know that IQ is related to the G of R the pair correlation function which is structured at in very different way you can say structure G of R the average picture so I can calculate if I can calculate theta because I know at what position the neutron has struck so from the theta I can find out Q so I can get information on a very large range of Q when I come to actual experiments I will show you how we get so basically a large range of Q can be covered in a PhD so it will save us time so let me just show you once again I showed it to earlier so the neutron scattered I am showing on a circle but this circle basically part of a sphere actually it is going in all four pi directions and for every direction I can calculate a Q out and then I am moving earlier this we used to move the detector the way I am showing you from of course I showed you negative side but generally from zero to positive side I can move the detector I can collect information but now if I have let us say I have shown some angular range if I have two PhDs I can cover this entire range using two PhD at this at the same time so it is something like parallel processing my signal so not only I am counting neutrons I am also counting neutrons at certain positions I will show you the actual counts how they look like and with that given the incident direction and energy I am considering an elastic experiment I can find out the outgoing direction and a direction and then the Q vector and the intensity as a function of Q so how we do it so typically this is how position sensitive detector looks like this is again a gas detector and you can see there is a wire the central anode wire which is a resistive anode typically around 10 to 25 micron diameter and this shows schematic just which I showed that the there are the sample scatters at various angles and the PhD not only counts the neutron also gives me the position which I convert to angles knowing the sample to detector distance so how do you find out the position is something interesting there are several ways but I will tell you the way it is done in our group in BIRC so this is a called a charge division position encoding so we have the neutron charge cloud so so what I mean to say that there is a resistive wire here there is a central anode wire which is micron diameter now the neutron got converted into charged particles and with some uncertainty the shower is arrested here this this is position X if the total length is L total length is L for the anode wire typically these are these are around 1 meter long our detectors are around 1 meter long but this length can vary but typically 1 meter long when we use a 1 meter long detector then that the whatever charges are produced they move in this direction and travel in this direction and they give rise to voltage pulse at the end we are proportional to this length so if the total length is L and from left if this is X then it travels a distance of X and L minus X when it goes in two directions and then the voltage is proportional to X and proportionate L minus X at the two edges so now you see now at the both ends we have preamplifiers then spectroscopic amplifiers then a circuit which does this job this algebra so let us talk about the voltage in this end and voltage in this end and what is the Z Z is the input impedance of the preamplifier so voltage is proportional to resistance per unit length of this wire central area of the position sense with detector into L minus X into plus the input impedance of the preamplifier that's what we get here and the other end we get which is proportional to F this is V B and this is VA the way we have written it here because this distance is this distance is L minus X and this distance is X at a VA is proportional to rho into L minus X and added to it the input impedance of the preamplifier these two and on the other side it is V B is proportional to rho X rho is the resistance per unit length so it's a resistive wire into X the distance it travels plus Z the input impedance of the preamplifier now you can see that VA plus VB is rho L plus 2 Z and if I divide VB upon VA plus VB we get X upon L for input impedance being much much less than this value so that means the voltage at the two ends are proportional to the distance it traveled and once I can do something called a ratio I take which is VA upon VA plus VB upon VB upon VA plus VB from these things this circuit does the job of finding out the position and then it can send to a multi-challenge analyzer so ratio output can be obtained from analog or digital ratio circuit we use a digital ratio circuit here so rho is the specific resistance of the anode wire per unit length and L is the total length of the ratio so that is how we figure out where the neutron has struck so there are some uncertainties because neutron has not struck the anode wire neutron has a heat a helium 3 atom that has produced tritium and proton this tritium and proton has been collected through a charge multiplication process on the central anode wire but those lengths in which they are absorbed and the charge cloud is produced are much smaller compared to the total length and the length resolution we get is of the order 3 to 4 millimeter that happens in within micron lengths so they are small and zero and we can consider neutron as a point being detected on the central anode wire once I get this information I can start recording in my multi-challenge analyzer position versus intensity so this position versus intensity is nothing but it is collection of IQ data at all cues at the same time so I show you data taken by our detector group head Dr. Sratat Desai at BRC so this is the PhD what we do actually we prepare a neutron beam which is very narrow to going through a slit and we either we put the detector across the beam or move the direct neutron beam generally move the detector across the beam in a shielding box you can see as the position is changing you can see the source beam counts a changing position as a function of channel you can see and almost same everywhere so we move by 10 centimeters and check and this is how a position sensitive detector is sort of clarity is calibrated and also tested so for one minute all this is connected collected and peak width with plus minus one channel it looks like this so this position sensitive detector can now go for use in a spectrometer so this is how the test facility will test the neutron detector for its position sensitivity so now I show you some specific example I will discuss this spectrometer later this is a liquid and amorphous refractometer photograph I just wanted to show you the photograph along with the schematic to give you a idea of the scale of the thing there they there is a human size so you can see it's a huge shielding but inside the shielding box you can see there is a sample the neutron beam is coming from a monochromator here goes to the sample and then sample can scatter the neutron there are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 so there is the five position sensitive detectors covering a range of angles which is 2 degree to 140 degree and these are helium 3 base detector so we have got 10 atmospheric pressure of helium 3 and 2 bars of krypton krypton is used as a quenching gas that I will not get into right now but basically helium 3 detects the neutrons in this large inside the large shielding material and this is the monochromator drum the at the center of which the monochromator is there and then the monochromator brings sense it to this detector sample position and the sample scatters into the large angle because this is a liquid and amorphous spectrometer I will come to it later when I actually discuss the principle of these spectrometers and because it is a liquid and amorphous spectrometer we need to cover a large Q range to get the pair correlation function in this case also I let me show you another example of reducing time by using multiple collection at the same time this is a small angle scattering instrument this also I will discuss it a multiple psd base the earlier days I come to this earlier days that there was a sample which was reflecting we had one detector one detector so let me so now when there is one detector this scattering is like a debaucher or a cone so from here from a sample a cone goes out a cone goes out but this detector just cuts one segment of the cone rest of the cone is not detected so you do get in information about angles as you go from the direct beam to larger angles but you don't cut the entire debaucher or cone because you are using a single psd now it has been improved to the extent now that you can see here we have used one two three four five six seven sorry so we have got we have made one two three four five six seven eight eight detectors over here and so we can cut we can now if it is a debaucher or cone then I can have detector I have had I have taken detectors over here now instead of one detector if I have multiple detectors then with respect to the sample position I have got this circle which is showing and there are detectors like this detectors like this so this debaucher or cone which is there cut for the same angle theta if I consider this angle as theta I have got now number of detectors counting neutrons so I have got a multiplicity of eight multiplication of eight in intensity for the same time of counting so I just show you here and this is a data collected this is a central beam and these are the scattered beams that you can measure on these detectors and similarly the psd position and it's shown with respect to the sounds data of a CTAP micellar system all these things I will discuss later now I am just showing you the advantage of using position sensitive detectors detectors that use one after another that means not all the angles at the same time earlier you were using detectors rotating from one position to another now we don't move the detectors the detector collects data over the entire queue range in this case and the whole data is converted into counts versus channel number and later counts versus Q which is important for structural determination so now I will come back to so this I will further add to it that now so far I have been talking about cylindrical detector but there are also in the world nowadays two dimensional detectors so there actually you have a square chamber in which you have wires like this wires going like this like this coming out this can be the anode wire and the cathode wire another one can be going like this like this and that's signals are taken out the electrical signals go out from these points so when I have this then the charge produced in this lattice somewhere can be immediately converted into X and Y components and then can be converted from the distance from the sample if I consider it kept at a distance from the sample like this from the sample if the charge is detected here immediately I can convert it into Q information but now not one not multiple but you are covering almost entire device error circle or the diffraction circle using a single detector these are two dimensional detector and this is also used in major neutron sources like PSI and other places we have we are working on it right now and we have made the prototype two dimensional detector in our Dhruva also so where you collect the entire Q space value in one shot so it's a very big advantage in time with respect to time because neutrons are low intense sources are ping again and again and that's why we need to improve the data collection efficiency and two dimensional detectors one step ahead of one dimensional detector where we can collect the entire scattering cone at one go now let me get back to what do I mean by monitor detector this most of us who have done X ray scattering might not have experienced this reason being neutron experiments takes longer hour experiments take longer time hours to even days because neutron intensity is low and we need longer time to count and the reactor is a very big setup so the reactor power may fluctuate so if the power fluctuates then for a particular setting as I showed you that the react suddenly something happens reactor power might go down after sometime they might restore back to the higher power it might again go down due to some problem because reactor operation is a is a technically involved job and they need to keep the reactor operating safely so everywhere these powers it is not a planned fluctuation but it might be stable for some time then it might go down then might come up so then if I do a serial counting or if serial counting means one setting of detector then another setting after that one setting how do I do it because the time if I fix there is a 10 seconds I will count for 10 seconds in my first 10 seconds the reactor power may be high in my next 10 seconds the reactor power may be low so I am not counting for let us say for a peak two positions in the peak for the same time it will cause errors so here instead of time we normalize with respect to a monitor count so what is a monitor counter so I have just showing you a schematic now I just show you that it is again from the side of the side so you can see before the sample there is something called a monitor counter and then of course there can be point detector there can be one DPS there can also be two DPS depending on what you have caught with you so but there's a monitor counter now the monitor counter what does it do so a monitor counter is a low efficiency counter it is placed in the incident beam before the beam is incident on your sample so here I show a solar collimator and I put the monitor counter in front of the solar collimator now what I do here I don't count for time but I count for a fixed monitor count and not with respect to time how it helps you can see I have just shown you in a simple diagram if I am counting neutrons for a fixed monitor count suppose a reactor power goes down when the reactor power goes down less number of neutrons are coming from the source from my reactor so it will take longer time so monitor count will the same count let's say I have fixed it for 30,000 counts so 30,000 counts will take longer time again if the reactor power goes up I have shown it goes up then the same 30,000 counts will take shorter time so the monitor adjusts with respect to the reactor power and at every point I'm counting for 30,000 monitor count so I have written the fact that the reactor power can fluctuate I am doing it for a fixed monitor count so slight fluctuations in reactor power are automatically nullified by monitor count by taking it longer and lesser time and because I'm counting for fixed monitor count my two points in my data they remain equivalent but this monitor count has to be low efficiency because it is put in the incident beam so we make low efficiency monitor counters and then put it for the serial counting system mostly in elastic neutrons spectrums we have to put them in the beam path and my counting setup is such that my counting setup works I have to set the number of monitor counts for which each point will be counted and then the counting goes on so this is a photograph I am thankful to Dr. Sardar Desai for giving me this photograph these are the various neutron detectors that we have developed at the Solicited Fields Division of BRC and they are these are the one meter long position sensitive detectors there are monitor counters and we also make extra counters so one DPSDs are there and also curvilinear PhDs have also been made so these are photograph of various kinds of detectors that we make similarly there are monitor counters and now let me come to the part of scintillation detectors I haven't discussed it so far because these are mostly used in spallation neutron sources and here I show you a scintillation process some of you may be familiar with it so there is an incident particle inside the beam medium what the medium is it's basically and which causes scintillation that means it absorbs the incident particle produces photons so and these photons they are through a electron with a window gets inside a photo multiplier this is basically they multiply photon they are multiple first converted into electrons and they multiplied out these are called dynodes these electrodes are called dynodes they're all negative with one this one is negative with respect to this so the photon comes and maybe gives you few electrons this electron they move to this dynode then this dynode further multiplies it sends them toward this dynode and this process goes on and finally you get an electron shower on my electrode so and then we can count the particle so here again the neutron enters the neutron has to enter the medium and produce photons so how does it do so neutrons to charge particles to photons the process is like this so I'm just copying it from ICS detector room so you see they are discussing about a prototype detector for Polaris instrument is a scintillation detector scintillation that we use that zinc sulfide scintillator zinc sulfide scintillator the zinc sulfide is mixed with lithium fluoride so as I told you earlier that lithium-6 it is enriched with lithium-6 with neutron it gives me proton and triton these are charged particles they are absorbed by zinc sulfide zinc sulfide produces photon so there are very few in the actual two so here it is lithium in this link layer in alpha particle and triton particles sorry this is generated they go through the zinc sulfide lattice causing ionization so now these charged particles cause ionization and when the ionization they come back and combine back they give up a light flash and so each neutron is converted to light flash and then the light flash is taken into a as I showed you to this through these dynodes and then finally they're counted so there's a photomultiplier tube which creates so let me just so this is neutrons to charge to ionization in the medium and when they recombine recombine the ions in the solid medium mine they give rise to photons these photons travel through the zinc sulfide matrix and enter this photomultiplier tube and their counter this is an example of a scintillation detector I've given the reference if you want some of you are interested for more knowledge you can get it from there so this is as opposed to gas detector this is a scintillation detector and this is used for final detection and not as a monitor so I just wanted to show you a photograph this is a huge detector bank in which this ZNS impregnated with lithium fluoride are placed in this polarized diffractometer so how do I find out Q values for this these are medium it's a it's a diffractometer so it is done because now this huge detector bank huge detector bank they are having a matrix of this I'm just showing it in a simplistic manner matrix of these matrix of these detectors and it's a long travel path so you can say for one particular element here the angles are fixed so once they're detected then these light signal is taken by a photomultiplier out I mean optical fiber they're taken out and converted into electron power electronic signals voltage pulses and that's how you know the position from the detector one detector in the matrix one matrix detectors in the matrix they provide the information on the Q value so you collect on a very large Q value that you can see because the you can see this is the people standing so you can see the scale of things but this is a detector for polarized diffractometer and this detector bank it's in the there's a spallation neutron source and these simulating glasses glass detectors they collect the final signal and give you the Q information so I think I have more or less completed of what I wanted to say regarding the neutron detectors in this talk we'll next go over to a kind of spectroscopies that you can do with neutron and then we'll really enter the actual field of neutron diffraction as well as neutron elastic sketch thank you


As noted in one's previous record upon the subject, the early fifth legion were effectively a legion in name only. Given far lower priority in recruitment than others and thus limited manpower, they were habitually assigned to reconnaissance and outrider roles in the hosts of unity-era armies. Here, the survival culture of the Thulian Basin nomad tribes they were derived from found a natural home, with small legion forces of often less than a dozen operating in enemy territory for weeks, months, or even years, with no backup, support, or supply. These theatres necessitated an independence from broader command structures that was itself in turn enhanced by the aforementioned character of the legion itself, as the legacy of the tribes of Thul brooked allegiance to none but those who earned the fifth's respect. Each of these factors, the isolation, the independent streak, and the nature of their operations combined to influence the fifth legion's very early divergence from the structural tenets of the Principia Bellicosa, far earlier than their cousins in other legions, most of whom would only develop their own idiosyncrasies subsequent to terra unification or the solar reclamation. Even preliminary adherents during the days of the smaller tactical level engagements were effectively nominal, as while a squad of 10-15 Estartes was indeed part of a larger company or chapter, if they had to operate separate from that company in every capacity for months at a time, the connection was essentially ephemeral, especially for a legion so practical in its character. The largest divergence came with the earliest expeditions to leave the light of Sol, one that would come to define the legion for much of its early history. The Pioneer Company. Fifth legion pioneer companies were a formation completely unique to the legion during the Great Crusade, and can be seen as an effective scaling up of its Terran operations to match both the grander scope of the crusade and to better utilize the legion's new manpower, raised to full legion strength as it was by the conclusion of the Unification Wars. Each functioned in a fashion that could best be described as an augmented line company, comprising of up to 1,000 legionaries in an incredibly varied array of specialized detachments and equipment. Again, far more well equipped at the outset of their campaigns than similarly sized formations within other legions. This was not because the fifth were better supplied than their cousins, quite the opposite. The legion utilized their rits of supply and requisition far less frequently than others, for while initially well supplied, the pioneer companies ranged so far ahead of the front lines of the crusade and into space so uncharted that they simply could not expect to ever be resupplied. This also had the effect over time of radically altering the composition of each company, both in terms of material capabilities and overall fighting strength, with cultural difference similarly exacerbated by the distance each company had from others of their legion. The fifth was a legion in name only during this period is essentially undeniable. Other companies would routinely have more in common with other legion as a startes forces they had shared campaigns with than they could have ever had with their other brothers in the fifth, removed by distance incomparably vast. Recruitment, again an exigency of the diffused nature of the legion, was garnered from whatever source possible, with supply lines of aspirants from Terra remaining open but incredibly inconsistent. In fact this was taken to such an extent that several pioneer companies were formally rebuked by other legions for encroaching upon their recruitment fives, with Ferris Manus of the 10th legion Iron Hands being notably irate at this practice. Records place the number of 5th legion pioneer companies at as many as 800 by 800 M30, just over two decades into the great crusade. At this particular point in history the legion numbered at approximately 8,000 warriors, leading to the natural supposition that such pioneer companies contained 1,000 startes each. This is something of a fallacy as the pioneer companies ranged from as little as 200 startes to as many as 2,000. By the arrival of Jagatai Khan 65 years later, overall legion numbers had dropped to 70,000, a worrying indication that, had the legion not been reunited with its Primarch, it would have eventually been bled dry by the demands of the crusade, especially during that particular era circa the advent of the Rangdan Xenocides. Jagatai, the newfound Kagan of Chogoris and new Master of the 5th, implemented a series of sweeping reforms to his legion, formally ending the practice of pioneer companies by summoning every single one of them to a muster at Chogoris to be subdivided into new hordes of the now renamed White Scars. The division of the old 5th legion Star Hunters was deemed, albeit privately, of incredible import to the Khan, as each had developed a culture unique unto itself, ensuring the unity of his new legion, and usurping the old Star Hunters' cultures, was deemed, albeit privately, to be of incredible import to the Kagan, as each pioneer company had developed a culture unique unto itself, and unification was paramount in crafting a unified force from what was effectively 800 separate Demi legions. Jagatai was aided in this task by two things. The genetic predisposition of all Astartes possessed to obey their Primarch's wishes, and the sheer strength and primacy given to his own Chogorian culture within this newly recast legion. All the old veterans would soon find themselves in mixed units of newly ascended Chogorian legionaries, and former Star Hunters, whose pioneer companies had taken them in completely opposite directions. All acclimating to this strange cultural mix, all learning from each other's experiences over cooked meat and stumbling attempts at both Khorchin and Imperial Gothic. The process of reorganization was to take a solar decade, as many of the pioneer companies were so far flung across the galaxy, to such an extent that it would be decades after this, that some would formally be able to return. During this time, command structure of the new legion was formalized, after a fashion. The original Hordes of the White Scars are recorded to have numbered five in total, with the disparity in numbers of five thousand in the smallest to over twenty thousand in the largest. This is not a comment on either strategic speciality or recruitment preference, it is simply tied to the will and whims of the Hordes leader, the Noyan Khan. In keeping with one of the largest commonalities between the legionaries of the Old Fifth and the New, a fiercely independent character, the dispositions of each Horde were fluid, with warriors being reassigned with ease and the promotion of a new Noyan Khan, often heralding a large shift in manpower, should the newly appointed Khan wish it so. The subtle approached command hierarchies benefited the character of the legion greatly, and allowed them to maintain a tactical flexibility few others possessed. But did often have the effect of jarring badly with other forces in the Crusade, especially those more accustomed to, or embedded in, the broader imperial chains of command. It caused logistical headaches, beyond that instigated by any legion, save the twentieth legion-alpha legion, as divisio-militaris and departmento-immunitorium officials would often find it simply impossible to gauge white-scar numbers for the purposes of assignment and supply, often under or over supplying them based on what they assumed were standardized as Starty's organizational practices. This occasionally had tragic consequences, such as during the Theoran Secundus compliance. A force from the thirteenth legion ultramarines, in heavy conflict with the Fraal Xenos, requested backup, and, mistaking a nearby white-scar's horde for a force of much larger disposition, the divisio-militaris complied, assigning the fifth legion to aid their brothers in the thirteenth. While the white-scar's comported themselves with their customary ferocity and fully aided in the deliverance of victory, their smaller than anticipated numbers caused the ultramarines to endure far higher than acceptable casualties for such a campaign. The error in logistics was, in retrospect, understandable, but caused great consternation among the command of the ultramarines, who judged any deviation from the Principia Bellicosa harshly and as an inherent flaw of character. This view was obviously not shared by the white-scar's, who, in their customary self-confidence, considered the victory a well-fought and well-earned one, and spoke very highly and warmly of their comrades in the thirteenth legion, despite the implied snubs from the latter. The only other command-structure of note within the white-scar's is that of the brotherhood. But nominally under its banner, a brotherhood constituted no fixed number, and again its manpower appears to be entirely at the discretion of the Khan in command. Where they differed from the larger horde, however, is that some brotherhoods tended to favor much more specific modes of combat, and often possessed to starties of common experience in one field of warfare or another. The brotherhoods were almost always fully mechanized, although specialized divisions did exist to prosecute armored or siege warfare. It must, however, be clearly stated that these were in the extreme minority of the legion, and usually composed of Terran or general star-hunter veterans, as protracted sieges, or slow-paced tank warfare, were completely opposed to the well-accepted and well-ordered Chogorian hit-and-run doctrines of war that permeated the entire legion. The white-scar's excelled beyond any of their brothers in a highly mobile and fluid method of warfare that devolved significant tactical flexibility to individual Khans and squads. Battle was to be fought wherever possible at the highest speed possible, and mounted atop the fastest machines available. Typically, this took the form of jet-bike squadrons that formed the core of the vast majority of brotherhoods. Star-tees on foot were always to be transported alongside their mounted brothers in armored personnel carriers or attack speeders, or to be deployed from above by transport flyers. Heat of assault was to be maintained at all costs, as amongst the core doctrines of the legion was a primacy placed on denying the foe any chance to regroup and acclimate to the assault the scars place them under. Keep moving, hit-and-run, harry, flank and deny, be as the wind, punishing but ephemeral, an almost invisible force that could hit with the force of a hurricane. The weaponry of the Fifth reflected this, with notable preferences displayed for support weaponry that allowed for greater mobility, such as flamer or melter armaments. This is not to say that the legion did not possess, for example, static heavy weaponry. The Kagan was not one to deny his legion the value these armaments would bring during battle, but squads bearing them were always in the minority. Interestingly enough, these Astartes were not exiles from their mounted brethren, but instead honoured for the sacrifice they would make in denying themselves the exalted thrill of mounted combat in order to provide their brothers with heavy covering fire. The few pariahs the Fifth did possess were, however, to be assigned to destroyer squads, formations in great crusade-era legions who utilized prescribed radiological and toxicological weapons of annihilation. The customs as the scars were to the pristine plains of Chogoris, and due to the value they would ever place on the unblemished horizons of new worlds, the wanton devastation these squads would cause was seen as the ultimate of necessary evils, formations of last resort only. Named Karo Dlanlar, or Dark Sons of Death in Imperial Gothic, they were only to be deployed under the direct order of Jagatai himself, and only subsequent to the Primarch's consultations from the Omans derived by the Stormseer Council. This latter institution marks perhaps the greatest deviation the White Scars possessed from their fellow legions, and indeed from the Imperial norm in general. Uncharitably dubbed weather witches by those same Imperials who would refer to the scars as savages, the Zadian Arga, to give them their Chogorian name, were effectively the legions librarians, a formation of psychically empowered astartes that served the legion both in battle and in realms of the knowledge arcane. For the Ordu, however, the connection went deeper than that of their fellow legions, as the Stormseers embodied a Chogorian tradition that stretched back, apparently, into the planet's prehistory. On the plains of that world, the Psyker children of the tribes were quickly identified by older Zadian Arga, and carefully trained in the use of their fledgling powers, always bending them toward skills focused on telepathy, future scrying, and localized climate manipulation, the latter being the source of their common Gothic cognomen, or, to put it more accurately, slur. Despite how the disciplines of the tribes managed to avoid the hideous dangers of insane Psykers is unknown, and should the scars be aware, they would not say. To them, it was a talent, a craft like any other, only one rarer and worthy of a higher degree of nurturing from the wisest amongst them. The Stormseers of the legion were fonts for the legions' traditions more so than any other of their ranks, and even upon a Stardew's ascension, the Zadian Arga would apply the same rigours to the training of psychic aspirants as their tribal forefathers had done for centuries. When not doing so, they moved amongst their legion brothers, dispensing counsel, scrying possible futures, nurturing and overseeing the rituals, superstitions, and ceremonies of the Ordu. To outsiders, this was immediately taken on site as almost unspeakably primitive, redolent as it was of the barbaric shamans proselytizing mad pagan religions. Should any have cared to learn, they would have seen a rich tradition millennia old, and observed the incredibly valuable service the Zadian Arga provided as counselors and advisers to all, even the Primarch himself. On the battlefield, while imagery of this period is replete with white armour distartes conjuring blunt bolts of lightning, many white scars' combat record speaks of the Stormseers bending their aetheric power to subtler means, with cunning applications of it spoken as having carried the day on numerous occasions. But as with the scars themselves, the Zadian Arga were too often judged by their appearance, and the sight of shamanic figures, the decked in animal fetishes and bone trinkets conjuring the raw power of the warp, alarmed many within the Imperium for being far too redolent of the darkest days of the Age of Strife, and the unspeakable psychic horrors humans unleashed in that thankfully past epoch. Where this would ultimately lead is, however, a discussion for another record entirely. The white scars possessed other specialised formations, although they were often much smaller and less visible than the Zadian Arga. The Karo-Dlanlar destroyer cadres are a good example, as are their mirror opposites in the Echo-Dlanlar, the Legion's medical corps. Ritually opposed to the devastation of their brothers, this formation was not as organised, but served an expanded role beyond the standard Legion medicaid, responsible for the preservation not only of the bodies of their brothers, but their personal histories too. They were diffused amongst the various brotherhoods due to the understandable tactical necessities of their position, but would occasionally gather for the most obscure Chogorian rituals. Beyond this, the Karash was a title given to a less formal order, or a temporary formation, to be compiled under specific strategic circumstances, namely those that called for the employment of a shock assault or diversionary force. Quixotically, this could be both honour or punishment for 5th Legionist artis, depending upon the theatre of war, or the commanding Khan or Noyan Khan in question. Finally, there lies over all of this the grim spectre of the Wuhan Solban. It has incorrectly been stated in previous Imperial histories by less scrupulous chroniclers that the White Scars did not employ Dreadnaughts. This is simply untrue, although a perhaps not unforgivable lapse, given the position such war machines did in fact occupy within the Legion. The fate of Astartes, interred within the Dreadnaught sarcophagus, held to the 5th Legion in a special horror. To be denied the thrill of battle at speed, the wind on one's hair and the air beating upon one's face was surely the worst fate imaginable. They were in this regard, similar to their cousins in the 6th Legion, but unlike the Vilka Finrika, they did not regard the warriors who had fallen to this fate with revulsion. Their name, Wuhan Solban, is a clue to their purpose. As transliterated into Gothic, it is typically rendered as the Guardians of the Morning and Evening Stars. 5th Legion Dreadnaughts were assigned as tireless guardians of the Legion's gene-seed repositories on Terra and Chogoris. To safeguard in this way both the legacy of their brothers that had fallen, and ensure that the future of the Legion remained bright. Similar to the White Scars who bore the Legion's heavy weaponry in combat, they were honored for this sacrifice in allowing their brethren to feel the combat joy they craved, but were also avoided for the grim reminder of the fate they represented. The rare times these Dreadnaughts would be employed in open battle was almost always at their own request, as in the fevered dreams of their amniotic sleep they would seemingly divine portents or omens that called them to war once more. There was rarely a Khan that would deny such a request, even if the very presence of the Wuhan Solban in their horde was often whispered as a sign of an especially bloody or painful battle to come. By the outbreak of the Horus Heresy, it is estimated that, largely thanks to departmental immunatorium records provided by General Ilia Ravallion, that the White Scars possessed a disposition of approximately 95,000 Astartes, that they had fallen to perhaps 70,000 prior to the return of the Kagan, and fought through some of the bloodiest campaigns in the Crusade, is a testament to both the skill of Jagatai as a leader and the stability of their gene seed, as recruitment for the Legion was born from Chogoris alone. This did, however, render the fifth as one of the smallest legions amongst the surviving 18, eclipsing only the 18th Legion Salamanders and 19th Legion Ravenguard in size. They were also the most diffused at many points, they were also, at many points of the Crusade, the most diffused, with the old Starhunter inclinations to range ahead of the armies of the Crusade merged with a similar Chogorian wanderlust. A muster of sorts had seen the majority of the Legion concentrated at Ullinor at the behest of the soon-to-be Warmaster Horus Lupacal, and this force was subsequently assigned, for reasons to be later elaborated upon, to the Chondax campaign. As with the initial muster at Chogoris, the Khan had summoned his Legion's full body to this commitment, but scattered as they were by the sheer size of the galaxy, three full horus remain effectively unaccounted for in the earliest years of the Horus heresy. While the movements of the scars is difficult to discern during this period, recently uncovered records in a sequestered archival stack reference a betrayal at Chondax involving the 20th Legion, and this will be committed to record with all possible haste. Until that time, Ave Imperator, Gloria in Excelsis Terra. This video and this channel are made possible through the incredibly kind contributions of my Patreon subscribers. If you'd like to help support the channel, head on over to patreon.com forward slash Oculus Imperia. And if you're looking to keep in touch with the channel, get regular updates, you can follow me on Twitter, at buttstuffkaiju, or check us out on Discord, a link will be in the description and on the channel page.


I have had interactions with several women and they will pat me on the back for being promoted to this level and they're so proud of me.  It's because of them that I am where I am. It's a teamwork. And as we get more females involved, we'll have more shoulders to stand on. Not just the men, not just the women, but everyone will have more shoulders to stand on. And so I'm excited for that down the road, maybe not my generation, maybe not even the next generation, but we continue to grow and we've become more integrated and become a very critical part of the service. Being in the military as a woman, it's an achievement. As a woman, to work in a male-dominated unit, it tends to be a challenge. Some people will tell you to stop. Don't go for it. But you need to strive and have that passion. Tell it dedicated. Look to what you want and prove to them that anything can happen and it's possible for a lady to work in a unit of men. It's possible. I believe that it's going to be successful. Women have power.


Welcome back to another one. If you are new to the channel, I am Gold Pony, a new car truck SUV reviews on YouTube. And today, you guys probably already know, I just recently got done reviewing the brand new 2022 Kia Carnival. Also, a couple months before that, I did have the opportunity to review the new 2022 Honda Odyssey as well. And so I thought it only appropriate to do a proper comparison between these two. So when it comes to these two minivans, they are very similar in many ways, but very, very different as well. So if you're considering one of these two, I am going to lay out the 10 key differences between these two options here. Hopefully this will better help you make a decision at the end of it. And so I'm going to start with number 10, working my way to number one with a clear winner at the very end of this video. But having said that, what do you guys say? Let's just go ahead and start with number 10 on my list being the price. So when it comes to the MSRP for the Kia Carnival, that pricing is going to start at $32,100. On the other hand, when it comes to the new 2022 Odyssey, that one is going to start at $32,290. So although they are nearly identical for the sake of my friendly little competition here, Carnival is going to be $190 less. Therefore, Carnival is in the lead, one to nothing. Next, moving on to number nine, I am going to compare the power differences between these two and actually quite similar, believe it or not. Kia Carnival is powered by a 3.5 liter direct injected V6, putting out 290 horsepower at 6400 RPM, 262 pound feet of torque coming in at 5000 RPM, 0 to 60 time for that one comes in at 7.5 seconds. And some of you may be wondering, what is it that matters 0 to 60 time for a minivan? If you have to merge into traffic on a busy highway, you definitely want to make sure you're merging into anybody where you're going to get rear ended. So it is important still that a minivan is plenty quick. But on the other side of things, 2022 Odyssey once again is powered by a 3.5 liter direct injected V6. This one puts out 280 horsepower at 6000 RPM, identical torque, 262 pound feet of torque coming in at 4700 RPM. But thanks to the transmission and gearing for that one, 0 to 60 time comes in at 6.9 seconds. So pretty substantially quicker actually when you compare those two. So therefore, Odyssey is going to take the win here, putting us at a one to one tie. Next let's go ahead and move on to number eight. And that is going to be the braking comparison. And so this is important if you have to come to a quick stop, you do want to make sure you can come to the quickest stop possible so you don't end up rear ending the person in front of you. And so when it comes to the Kia carnival upfront, you're going to find 12.8 inch ventilated front discs in the back, 12.8 inch solid rear discs. When it comes to that 60 zero stopping distance that is going to come in at 118 feet, which I gotta say, very, very respectable. A lot of the SUVs that I drive, they'll come in mid to upper 120 some of them even in the 130s, even 139 feet. I know for the Volkswagen Atlas, so 118 feet is dang good if I'm being honest. But anyways, 2022 Odyssey upfront, you're going to find 12.6 inch ventilated front discs in the back, 13 inch solid rear discs as far as that 60 to zero stopping distance goes. Plenty respectable coming in at 124 feet, but six feet shorter from 60 is going to be the key of carnival. So therefore, carnival is going to come to a quicker stop, putting us at a score of two to one carnival is in the lead. Next on my list, I'm going to compare the cargo space, also very important comparison when it comes to owning a minivan. When it comes to the Kia carnival behind that third row, that is going to come in at 40.2 cubic feet. However, total cargo space is going to come in at 145.1 cubic feet. For comparison's sake, most SUVs, let's say the Kia Telluride or the Honda Pilot, they're going to come in at mid to upper 80s. So like 84 to 87 cubic feet. So 145.1 in these vans is going to be pretty substantial when it comes to the difference there. If you were comparing a minivan to a SUV, for example, but on the other hand, the Honda Odyssey behind that third row comes in at 32.8 cubic feet. So substantially less there, but total cargo space comes in at 144.9 cubic feet. So carnival barely takes the win here when it comes to total cargo space. So once again, for friendly competition purposes, although it's really not much of a difference when you take into account that total cargo space, carnival is going to win this one again, putting us at a score of three to one carnival is in the lead. Next on my comparison list here is going to be the rear leg room. Very important in minivans because obviously you are more than likely going to have rear passengers. So when it comes to the key or carnival in the third row, that is going to come in at 35.6 inches of rear leg room for a reference. I am in even six feet tall. This is how much space I have back there. Then when it comes to the second row, substantially more of course, coming in at 40.5 inches. Again, I am in even six feet tall, plenty of space back there. Then when it comes to the other side of things, the 2022 Odyssey and the third row coming in at 38.1 inches is substantially more than the carnival in the third row. Again, this is how much space I had. And in the second row, actually the Odyssey does come in slightly more at 40.9 inches. So therefore, Odyssey is going to win this particular comparison, putting us at a score three to two now. Kia carnival barely in the lead. Next on my comparison list is going to be the warranty. This is very important.  You'd rather use it, I'm sure, for spoiling your kids. But anyways, when it comes to Kia's warranty, of course, they do give you America's best warranty, which is going to be five year, 60,000 mile bumper to bumper, 10 years, 100,000 miles on the power turn, which includes things like the engine, transmission, drive shaft, things like that. So that is a heck of a warranty. If I'm being honest, then on the other hand, Honda's warranty is going to give you three year, 36,000 mile bumper to bumper, five year, 60,000 miles on the power train, which puts us at a score four to two carnival is in the lead. And I know what some people are thinking at this point, well, which one's more reliable? That actually leads us into my number four comparison being the reliability. So when it comes to reliability, the only legitimate source I can give credit to out there is consumer reports, because they do not take any money from any outside sources, including these automotive manufacturers. They do purchase all of their vehicles themselves to test out these reliability ratings. But when it comes to the carnival, they did rate it at an average reliability. And so at this point, you're thinking, wait a second, the carnival is brand new. How are they even able to give an average reliability rating? Well, let me tell you guys carnival has been around across the world for quite some time now, just not here in the US. And a lot of these parts are carried over from the previous Sedona, which was Kia's previous minivan. So a lot of it is based on that reliability as well. And for example, the Kia Sedona in 2020 did score an average reliability as well, which had been out for quite a long time there at that point. But then on the other hand of things, the 2022 Odyssey, they did score a below average reliability. And what I've noticed, because I do buy all of those consumer reports magazines actually, Honda is kind of trending in the downside when it comes to reliability. And of course, Toyota is still absolutely killing it. If you are looking for the very most reliability when it comes to minivans, the Toyota Sienna is going to be the one you're looking at. But still, we are not doing that comparison. But that doesn't mean the carnival is going to win this reliability comparison, putting us at a score of five to two carnival is in the lead. Next on my list though is going to be the tech. And this is a huge comparison because believe it or not, both minivans do quite well here. And so when it comes to the Kia carnival, it actually gives you a 12.3 inch digital gauge cluster that is available for this one. I love this thing and completely changes to look when you change the driving modes. So many different ways you can customize it. I absolutely love that digital gauge cluster. Also, a 12.3 inch color touchscreen infotainment display, tons of stuff up there you can play around with as well. And dual rear entertainment screens on the top trim level, of course, but with those dual rear entertainment screens, there is actually a kids app or a kids section within those screens that give you things like the baby shark app, YouTube kids and also Netflix as well, which I thought was pretty cool. So definitely a ton of tech there with the carnival. But then on the other side of things with the 2022 Odyssey, you do not get a full digital gauge cluster with the Honda Odyssey. Unfortunately, when it comes to the infotainment screen that is an eight inch color touchscreen display still has plenty available on it though, we'll say that. And then when it comes to the rear entertainment screen, it is actually a 10.2 inch single rear entertainment screen, but it does come with Bluetooth connectivity and you can stream some apps on there if you wanted to actually also play blue rays back there then as well. So all in all, larger screens with the carnival, you do get digital gauges with the carnival as well and dual rear entertainment screens as opposed to one. So if you have two kids, they don't have to fight over what show they want to watch. So I do like that. So carnival is going to win the tech comparison, putting us at a score of six to two carnival is in the lead. Next on my comparison list here, making our way to number two is going to be interior quality. And so when it comes to the Kia carnival, the thing that surprised me the most honestly is the lounge sheets in the second row with the footrest that extended. Now I will say for my six foot self, I might not be able to fully take advantage of this because it was still a little bit snug for me, but for a kid, they are going to be able to take advantage of this quite nicely and definitely be quite comfortable back there. Also heated and ventilated second row is available with the carnival as well, which I found was pretty cool. 3D embossed accent trim in the front, which kind of ties in together with the exterior trim on the carnival as well. And you actually get dual power moonroof. So one for the front passengers and then also one for the rear passengers as well. So all of that contributed to very nice interior quality for the carnival. I will say that. And then taking a look at the Honda Odyssey, you do get tri-zoom climate control like the carnival. I will say that so both of them get that. That's pretty cool. No lounge sheets unfortunately, however, the thing with the Odyssey that the carnival also did have though, I do like that the seats can move both forward and back and from side to side as well. So that is definitely very nice. I was a big fan of that. No heated or ventilated rear seats for the Odyssey, unfortunately. And single moonroof is the only option available. So there's no rear moonroof for the Odyssey either. So all in all, from being quite honest, every single reviewer I can guarantee you is going to give you the same answer. This is not subjective. This is very objective, if anything. The carnival is almost Mercedes-like, believe it or not. He has come such a long way from where they used to be.  So it's a very good interior quality, needless to say for the carnival. So carnival is obviously going to win this one, putting us at a score of 7-2 carnival is in the lead. And I know what you're thinking, obviously carnival is going to win. But when it comes to picking a minivan, I did save the best for last and the most important for last being safety. And so when it comes to safety, you're obviously going to have very precious cargo in the second and third rows, being your children more than likely. When it comes to the Kia carnival is not yet tested by IIHS. So we'll see that is typically what I use, because they're very reputable when it comes to crash test ratings and things like that. Standard safety though does include a blind spot monitoring system with rear cross traffic alert, which you usually don't get standard for all trim levels. I like that rear parking sensors also coming standard and high beam assist just to name a few. Then on the other hand, with the Honda Odyssey and is an IIHS top safety pick plus, which pretty much says it all right there, that is the very highest designation given by IIHS. So I love that. Honda's sensing suite is going to come available with a ton of different safety features there. Automatic high beams, like I was just mentioning for the carnival, no blind spot monitor or three across traffic alert available for the bottom trim level. But if you jump up simply just one trim level to the EX Odyssey, that is going to give it to you of course higher trim levels than that as well. So since the Odyssey has a perfect rating with the IIHS and carnival hasn't yet been tested, I'm going to easily give this one to the Odyssey. So overall, 73 carnival is going to win my comparison. And so overall, when it comes to my final thoughts of these two, I do like both of these minivans quite a lot.  I do prefer the carnival's tech and the warranty and a lot of other stuff as well. But I do prefer the Odyssey steering feel. I will say the Kia carnival did have quite a loose steering feel as opposed to the Honda Odyssey, which had kind of a heavier weight to it. So if you're into more driving dynamics, perhaps the Honda Odyssey might be the better choice for you possibly. One thing both of them are missing though that the Sienna and the Pacifica believe do have at least available as an option is all wheel drive, which was very important because I did find myself spinning a couple times in the carnival as well as the Odyssey actually. So all wheel drive is very important, especially if you live in Pennsylvania here like I do. Overall, though, the new carnival did win my comparison, but it doesn't mean that it's necessarily the best pick for you because everybody's situation, of course, is different. So doesn't necessarily mean that that is the best pick for you. But having said that, let me know which you guys would pick in the comment section below. That is about it for this one, you guys. Thank you so much for watching. Feel free to follow me on social media at the bottom of the screen there. If you like, be sure to hit the subscribe and the bell notification button. If you're in a new car reviews, that is what we do here on this channel after all. Do appreciate you guys watching more than you know, and I will see you guys all in the next video. Stay Gold.


Steve does all the barbecuing at our house and all of the cooking actually when it comes right down to it and he won't cook a big piece of meat without using his meter, M-E-A-T-E-R and this is a set of temperature probes that are Bluetooth enabled, tie to your phone, help come out with the perfect meat. And I'm here with Kai Chen who's going to talk to us about the existing products maybe and the newest products you've got here today. Yeah, well first Steve thank you and thank you as well Allison for being such a support us a meter we truly are appreciative because we're big fans big fans that's so great because we were a small Kickstarter campaign so anytime I meet someone that's a fan it truly means a lot to me anyway we can get into the product so I think what you guys have currently is meter block built-in Wi-Fi has four probes in it the newest product that we have is called meter two plus so we just came out with this November 6th so just two months ago maybe two days ago so happy two month birthday to meter two plus and what's different is you'll notice that the new probe completely redesigned more robust you'll notice that the ambient end is not ceramic anymore it's actually stainless steel so what that means it's more durable so now you can take the probe to higher temperatures up to 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit yeah super excited that's important Steve just to finish telling Kai about how he got grease stripped on one and it got over 550 degrees and it was like save me but it actually did survive so these probes that that Kai has in his hand or what maybe five inches long four and a half inches long something like that just a solid piece of metal has a little a little ceramic band this is actually a zirconia ceramic super durable I just learned this actually pretty recently from the UK devs it's not you know adamantium or vibranium but it is very strong okay so this is this is one unit and the advantage is that it's it can go up to much higher temperatures yes much higher temperatures and because it's also more durable you can actually deep fry with it previously we weren't saying we weren't suggesting deep frying but now we say hey you can deep fry it you can you know sous vide with it if you like air frying is obviously okay oh wow yeah okay so the cool thing about the meter is it's connectivity you've got the application open we're going to describe it hopefully in detail here yeah why don't we go through it so essentially you take the probe stick it into whatever meat you want to cook tap the big blue button to start it and then what do we want to cook today it's asking beef pork poultry lamb fish or other while I'm going beef tonight of course beef every night and then what would you like to cook okay we've got sirloin we're by flank t-bone what do you think a t-bone I'm going with the t-bone let's go t-bone and then how do you like it oh I'd like medium rare correct all right I'm gonna tap on medium rare now it says 135 is that's our goal temperature it is but you can also if you know the specific temperatures you like you can obviously adjust it to to your liking I like 132.6 yeah exactly one 30 we haven't gone to tenths of a degree for the target but you know what you'll notice though I'm so glad you brought that up because you can actually this is one of the new features you can actually see the two tenths of a degree for the internal temperature so this is internal temperature 75.2 we got a ways to go our targets 132 ambient temperature 69 degrees in the room right now exactly all right and that's gonna tell that's then gonna estimate our cooking time yep once it collects enough data then you'll know how long it takes for it to cook so it'll say 30 minutes left now you can go make some sides or grab a drink kind of let me do the work let me see if I've got this right one of the problems we had with the previous system was that if Steve got too far away from it he couldn't keep track of what was going on right but this is now this is what has to be near what does it sense what sensor needs to be near the meat near you got it got it got it so meter two plus uses the latest in bluetooth technology uses bluetooth 5 coated 5 long range mode so it's a lot of technical jargon but we like that yeah it means better connectivity more reliable connection and the way it works is probe bluetooth pairs to the charger this is stronger because of the higher bluetooth and the charger pairs to your phone and this is also strong so that so the probe and the charger need to be relatively close but you can walk away with the phone because you're over Wi-Fi or this is still bluetooth still blue two okay but if you have a second phone or tablet you can get on to Wi-Fi okay so your first phone can act as a Bluetooth to Wi-Fi bridge oh that's got it yeah I've never heard him complain about having to far away from the meat so that seems to work out okay that's very cool so how much does one meter plus cost one nineteen ninety five okay they're not inexpensive but I'm telling you we've been using him for how many years four or five years I think now four years and like we said he lit it on fire last week and and it's still working strong and it's a reliable device so really really impressive people want to learn more about the meter two plus where would they go meter dot com M E A T E R dot com very good thank you okay awesome thank you so much for visiting


Welcome back to our lecture series Math 1210, Calculus I for students at Southern Intel University. As usual, I'll be a professor today, Dr. Andrew Misaline. What I want to do in the subsequent videos for Chapter 3 here, so 27 and the next couple, is focus really on why we're so interested in computing derivatives in the first place. It's great that we can compute them effectively, but what's the whole point of derivative calculations in the first place? We saw a little bit of this back in Chapter 2, when we first were exposed to the derivative. We saw that the derivative can be interpreted as the slope of a tangent line, and how this has to do with physical problems about motion, velocity, and acceleration. Let me remind you of a little bit of notation, just to make sure we're all on the same page right now. Imagine we have some type of function, y equals f of x. At the moment, I don't want to attach any interpretation to the function. At the moment, it's just an algebraic function, y equals f of x. When we start attaching interpretations to the function, that'll then also attach interpretations to the derivative. We'll do that in just a second. If our function y equals f of x is given, then remember the derivative d y over d x, which we sometimes abbreviate that as f prime of x. The derivative d y over d x, that should be interpreted as the rate of change of the quantity y with respect to the quantity x. As x is changing, how does that relate to the change of y? The derivative measures this rate of change. We're going to see in this video and other videos for lecture 27, is how does this interpretation of the derivative relate to things like, say, in physics, or chemistry, or economics, or some of the other sciences that one would see. I often like to think of calculus very much in the same way as the princess Rapunzel, her experience in the movie Tangled, because for her, she was trapped in a tower her whole life, and when she finally escaped, went to the kingdom, she found this insignia of the royal family, it was this son, and it looks, I could try to draw it, but it looks something like, this is some little star insignia, right? It had some great significance to her, but she didn't know why it was. She didn't yet know that she was the lost princess or anything like that. And so she sees this star, this son, excuse me, and she realizes it's important, but she doesn't know why it's important. Then when she returns to her tower, she looks around her tower and, my goodness, that son is everywhere. She sort of subconsciously had been painting this son over and over and over again. The thing that the, the signia was there the whole time, she just didn't realize the significance of it until she returned to her home. Calculus, in particular in this video, the derivative has a very similar take, right? The derivative is everywhere in the sciences. We just might not realize it until we start looking for it. And so lecture 27 really wants to give us that opportunity to look for the derivative in the sciences. So continuing with our review of notation here, if we talk about a change of X, that means we have two different measurements of X. There's some X1 over here, some X2 over there. The change of X would then be their difference. X2 minus X1 would be the change. How are they different? And that could be a positive change or a negative change. It would be a positive change if you increase from X1 to X2. It would be a negative change if you decrease from X1 to X2. We can do the same thing for Y, where the change of Y, delta Y here, remember that triangle represents the Greek letter delta, d-d-d-d-d-d-difference is what it's measuring there. Delta Y would be the change of the Y coordinates. And since Y is given by this function relationship Y equals F of X, then the Y coordinate attached to X1 would be F of X1. And the Y coordinate attached to X2 would be F of X2. So delta X represents a change of the horizontal, what we often refer to as the run. And delta Y represents a change of the Y coordinate we often refer to as the rise. So when you look at the quotient delta Y over delta X, this has the formula F of X2 minus F of X1, that's the delta Y, over X2 minus X1, that's the delta X. And so you put that together, this looks like your rise over run, which is the typical mnemonic device for remembering the slope. And that's because the average rate of change, that's what this formula is, the delta Y over delta X, the average rate of change, how is Y on average changing as X changes on the interval X1 to X2? This measures the slope of a secant line. Now, we're very much interested, not, I mean, average rate of change is important, but more important is the idea of instantaneous rate of change. How is this quantity changing at this moment of time? Why is it changing, right? How quickly is it changing? How rapidly is it changing? Well, so to compute the instantaneous rate of change, we need to consider what happens, take the limit as the change of X goes to zero. So as the X numbers are closer and closer to closer, almost touching, how does that affect the change? So if you take the limit as delta X approaches zero of delta Y over delta X, then this forms what we call the derivative, the DY over DX. So whenever the function Y equals F of X has a specific interpretation in one of the sciences, and this could be physics, chemistry, biology, whatever, it's derivative that is DY over DX, will have a specific interpretation as the rate of change of that function value. For example, we have talked a lot in this lecture series about a very specific example from physics. In physics, we have already studied the so-called velocity problem. So if S equals F of T, this is the motion function, the motion function of some particle or object, so it's moving, so F of T keeps track of where it's located at any given moment of time. We've seen already that the derivative of position, the derivative of motion with respect to time, this delta S, excuse me, S prime of T, this is gonna equal the so-called velocity function. Velocity being the rate in which position is changing over time. Velocity speed is the first derivative of this function. It's also valuable to consider the second derivative, why is there two S's there, the second derivative, S double prime of T, the so-called acceleration function. These derivatives with acceleration being the rate in which velocity is changing with time, these derivatives have important interpretations with respect to the original question about motion. And in fact, Sir Isaac Newton, one of the founders of our modern notion of calculus, essentially discovered the notion, well, I should say he discovered the fundamental theory of calculus, which is something we'll talk about later on in this, studying these problems with motion. So he's concerned with things like motion, velocity, acceleration, force, a lot of these physical functions that are related to each other by calculus. And so we wanna explore these in this section. And so we'll see some of these in subsequent videos, but just some other topics I wanna throw out there that we're not gonna do concrete examples on. But I just want to be aware that rates of change occur all over in the sciences, physical sciences, life sciences, financial sciences, computer sciences, they're all there, right? For example, a geologist is interested in knowing the rate in which an intruded body of molten rock cools by conduction of heat into surrounding rock. Sounds kinda complicated, right? But it involves calculus. An engineer wants to know the rate in which water flows into or out of a reservoir, the rate in which the water is rising or falling, that's a derivative. Maybe an urban geographer is interested in the rate of change of the population density in a city as the distance from the city center increases, right? So you have some city, right? The far that you get away from downtown area, how does the population density change, right? So think of the variables in play here. You have density, which is a variable, but also distance from the center, which is also a variable. How are those things related to each other? Well, rates of change measure exactly that, it's derivatives. A meteorologist might be concerned with the rate of change of astronomical pressure with respect to height. If you're on planet Earth, I know this horrible drawing now turns into a plant. It's no longer a picture of a city, it's a picture of the Earth, right? As you go higher into the altitude, the pressure changes, right? Is it a linear change? Is it a quadratic change? Maybe it's a logistic, you know, who knows? There's lots of different ways of describing that potentially. A meteorologist would be very interested in as you climb up the atmosphere, how does pressure change with respect to altitude? But these are all examples coming from physical science. I guess the urban geographer, I guess that's more of like a civil science. They're social science. So yeah, let's talk about social science. In psychology, psychologists might be interested in learning theory. That is the so-called learning curve, which if you were to graph it, like how does learning increase with training time? So if you have like your graph here, maybe some initial training has like a big explosion in learning, but eventually there might be a point where, you know, there might be this point where increased time dedicated to learning might not have really great benefits whatsoever. So yeah, that might be encouraged by this. You know, that point would be discovered using the derivative. In sociology, differential calculus is used in analyzing the spread of rumors or fads or fashions. The same thing can also be used for in biology, like the spread of infectious diseases. The rate at which a disease, you know, like the coronavirus is spreading is a derivative of that function with respect to time. How quickly is it spreading? And so this is just an illustration of a few examples that show that as a fact, calculus is more than just some abstract thing. Calculus has real ramifications to everyday life, to everyday science. And so a single abstract mathematical concept such as the derivative can have different interpretations in each of these different scientific settings. And so when we develop the properties of the mathematical concept once and for all, like with the derivative, like the power rule, the product rule, these can be used in every interpretation of the derivative. We can then turn around and apply these results to all of those sciences. Everything we learn about, about derivatives affects what we know about psychology, affects what we know about physics and chemistry and geology and medicine. Just again, to name a few examples, economics included. And for this reason why it's worth diverting away from some of the more mathematical abstract notions of the derivative and focusing in the next couple of lecture videos on specific concrete examples of derivatives in the sciences.