The best way to think about that might be to actually create the invoice. So I'll just, we did this last time in the credit memo. So I won't, I'll do it slow, like not as fast. So we got the accounts receivable goes up with the invoice. The sales went up with the invoice. The sales tax payable went up with the invoice. Cost of goods sold went up and inventory went down. So we're not doing a credit memo, but we're doing in essence, the same thing, except we're returning the money now. So if I think about what happened from a journal entry standpoint, I'm not going to reverse the accounts receivable because we've already received the payment. Like the next thing that happened, journal entry number two was that we got cash of the full amount of the 1,080 and then we've got a decrease to the accounts receivable of the 1,080 in essence.


Everybody Matt here for late in sports cards ripping 2022 Panini 3 and 2 first off the line and Chronicles baseball hobby 8 box mixer number 5 random teams Here we go 28 names 28 spots. All right We'll randomize seven times That's one two three four five six and seven that's Brandon D down to Chris s and Seven times on the teams one two three four five Six and seven reds down to white socks. All right. We have Brandon D reds Mets Joseph P Rangers Kevin R. Padres Carl E. Cardinals Shinichi s Rays Tim B. Marlins Trey H. Rockies twins Tim B pirates Ryan S. Yankees Chris S. Brays Carl P. D. Bax Shinichi s Nationals Mallory M. Astros Jeremy H. Dodgers Tim B. Red Sox Giants Jim J. Phillies Ryan S. A's Brewers Timothy M Tigers Joseph P. Blue Jays H M Angels HG Orioles Bowie S. Guardians Tim B. Royals Chris S. Cubs Mariners and White Sox All right, I'll post those results to the website drop a link in the chat and we'll get this going Results are posted. There's a link to the results All right, here we go Start off with Chronicles. Thank you everybody for filling up these breaks today. Just two breaks left to fill Certified football divisions has one to go origins football full case divisions has five to go. There's Ohtani Williams And it is Jeremy Pena rookie Bobby Whit jr. Magnitude rookie O'Neal Cruz contenders optic This is Royals rookie Jersey one of 99 Bobby Whit jr.  I agree on the card big time There's CJ Abrams specter rookie silver Jose Ramirez Kevin Smith Wander rookie Titan that is green crusade rookie Otto Lopez 75 this is Marlins That is Otto jazz Chisholm Bill Marlins Alex Bregman obsidian Seya Suzuki certified rookie. This is Orioles origins rookie Otto 10 of 10 Mike Balman Bill Baltimore, Josiah Gray obsidian rookie Joe Ryan Zenith rookie Gil this is a clearly Donnerous rated rookie Nicoladolo overshad Matt Manning first off the line has an exclusive parallel in the base pack and then the hits are numbered to believe eight or less Brian Dela Cruz Jake McCarthy certified rookie. This is Reds rookie origins Otto Alejo Lopez tell Marta 16 boxes I think it's five cards per box something like that Spencer Torkelson on origins There's Mike trout recon Nicoladolo Drew Ellis Salvador Perez. Yeah, you're looking for the RPA's RPA's are one per box. It's Krause There's Hunter green certified rookie. This is Reds America's pastime rookie Otto to 99 TJ Friedel Brandon Marsh obsidian rookie. Yeah Yeah, those America's pastime autos always trick me. I always think it's gonna be a specter RPA Suzuki Mason Thompson certified rookie to 199. This is Astros Jersey Jordan Alvarez What's the name of the Ashby guy that we just pulled? Aaron Ashby. Yeah, I think my dad might know his dad. Oh Really? I think his name is Chris Ashby This is Bobby Whit Jr certified rookie Bruhan Curtis Terry and White Sox to 199 that's rookie Jersey Otto Gavin sheets And we will send an empty box and wrapper if you want to open a claim saw one of these yesterday, too Just a lift on that outer layer there. It's pretty noticeable What sucks say Joe Ryan city and rookie Santian showtime elite. There's Logan Webb silver O'Neill cruise rookie to 99 skill Gavin sheets This is Royals rookie ticket contenders optic Otto Silver Jackson Co are You go KC every time about first box of chronicles I was on this crazy Otani heater I pulled for Otani rookie autos for myself and No, just in general, okay, and there's O'Neill cruise Lopez There's Kevin Smith crusade rookie gold to 10 nice one A's There's Spencer Torkelson spectra rookie nice silver rookie Aaron judge So there was one guy in the shop that I always went to and he I've been chasing Otani all year. So when I walked in on Chronicles release day, he's like nope. Nope. Nope I've been ripping boxes all day, man. You're not doing it. I grabbed one box Started laughing because I saw there's no Tony Otto Like the car shop owner got it mag and everything handed it back to me. I was like, oh, hey I think there's Bobby Whit jr. Rookie. This is Jose Siri Hyper Titan rookie or Titan hyper rookie that is cubs certified rookie Otto say a Suzuki nice one cubs There you go, Chicago. Congrats Freddie Freeman Yeah, I was on such an insane Otani heater ripped one box of heritage high number and got a Otani chrome refractor numbered to like 567 or something like that. Oh The hypers numbered this year Or I say this year in this yeah, it's a 299 on the hyper. Thank you Andrew. It was Louis Gill That was coming down pretty good But yeah, it was numbered 17 Jersey number Gavin sheets Come on Wander Titan rookie O'Neill Cruz contenders optic rookie and Redemption nice that is Astros rookie recon auto Jeremy Pena There you go Houston looks like we dropped off there for just a second and it looks like we're dropping off again on the internet connection Grants Astros so even though the internet went out our Video here that you're probably watching right now Will be Uploaded in its entirety Cut out for a minute There's a Stephen Kwan Jarenda ran rookie to 49 Jayrod clearly Donner's rated rookie. This is Cardinals Jersey Albert Pujols Yeah, here I'll just I'll send a quick message. It's Josh Lowe There's Hans Krause Say us a zoo key Clearly Donner's rated rookie Brandon Crawford Alonzo This is Nationals rookie elite auto Lucius Fox Hans Krause so Tony and this is Royals origins rookie auto on Hell's Zerpa There's O'Neill Cruz obsidian rookie On Hell's Zerpa was sad this morning when I hit a home run off of him Morgan John Heasley And Braves Jersey Ozzy Alby's Bobby Whit Jr. Rookie Classics Andre Jackson rookie to 99 Javier Baez Neil Cruz Marquis Odelo, this is Padres rookie origins auto to 25 Reese Nair There's Aaron Ashby. Yeah, last pack is gigantic Say us a zoo key certified rookie Drew Ellis, that is rookie Phoenix Green 75 the backs Mike Trout obsidian All right, big pack tea and soda.  We have two half cases of Penini black football Up after this and then we have certified football random divisions It has one spot left and origins football random divisions has five spots left Cedric Mullins to 99 Is he killed Iran prospects three of six and Bobby Whit Jr. Swag insert there you go Royals That is our that's the first swag. I have pulled KC big card. Congrats. Really? That is awesome So super short printed. Yeah, Tim B with the Royals Congrats on the swag wit rookie That's awesome There you go KC. We'll mag that one for you That's rangers prospect dual relic Dustin Harris. That's not a case hit I'm telling you I've ripped a lot of three and two and I have not pulled one Or I don't I don't think it is anyway. I haven't personally pulled one Patch and tag there that is uh five of six Sporting a mullet a mustache and the poise of a veteran all-star Wits suited up for his big league debut on april 7. That's awesome. That's cool. And look at this Angels logo patch auto joe dell Case is scuffed up the mag is the card looks fine. Wow. That's badly scuffed up Three of three on that.  Nice hynie This internet protested me saying nice hynie like the internet dropped off right as I was saying it Again, uh internet's gone in and out a couple times. There's pretty heavy storm moving through here Um, there's mani machado to 150 all hands team So if the internet does go out um The recording itself is not affected by the internet. So once it uploads Uh, they're recording for each break then it'll upload in its entirety This is mariners rookie jumbo patch cal rolly That is two of eight Dodgers that is superstar auto tray turner Nice tray. That is one of six nice ice tray.   Yeah Because I don't want to hate him swag insert has the same like foiling as the downtown inserts in basketball Yeah, that's awesome. That's really cool. There's seth beer to 99 And seth beer rookie one of six It's first off the line exclusive This is mike trout to 150 future first ballads This is metz five-way relic tom siever two patches three jerseys five of six And blake's gonna like this one.  Congrats tigers on the riley green Nike swoosh. Dang that is so cool patch auto. Oh my gosh. I'm putting that on my story for sure Timothy m congrats. There's a nick alan rookie three of three Nick alan you should check out his first bowman He looks like an 11 year old kid Okay, jackson joe prospect red five of six Nice one tigers And spencer torkelson to 150 tigers are on a roll. You're having a break Hey tigers, let's do it again. That is dual relic jackson joe patch and tag. Wow Two of six Wow There you go. Timothy crushing it. This next one's my type of card too. Holy cow On the back red socks patch auto two of three rafael devers What an insane break that was that was like one of the coolest breaks I've ever seen Awesome break that does it. Uh, give me just a minute here And we'll do a hit recap.  It had some, uh Manufacturing damage on the back there. So we're going to send you an empty box white socks Reds rookie auto to 99 tj freadle Reds rookie auto alejo lopez orials rookie auto to 10 mike bellman Um marlins auto jazz chism And we had tigers dual relic jackson joe six yeah Mets five-way relic tom siever That was the six Mariners rookie jumbo patch cow rally to eight And rangers prospect dual relic dustin harris to six We had red socks patch auto to three rafael devours Dodgers auto trade turner That was the six Angels logo patch auto joe dell That is to three And then tigers Nike swoosh patch auto riley green three of three Nice one tigers and royals swag bobby witt jr Awesome break that does it for baseball today. Thank you everybody appreciate it. We have football coming up next


Hi, Jennifer Seuss, precinct three, also a member of the election modernization committee on whose behalf I'm presenting this article. Article 12, the consolidation of time meeting member elections is a home rule petition. It was reported out favorably by the select board. So under our current situation, when there's a midterm vacancy, so someone can't fulfill the entire three years. That vacancy is put onto next year's ballot. So next year, there would be the usual four slots for a three-year term, and then an additional slot for a one or two-year term. That can be fairly confusing to new potential candidates. It also introduces opportunities for gainsmanship. Under current practice, you can lose a contest for a three-year term with more votes than someone who wins for a one or two-year term, or vice versa, which is undemocratic and doesn't reflect the will of the voters. So let's look at an example. Under this example, there are five people running for a three-year term, Raj, Kim, Keisha, Bob, and Curtis, and one person running for a three-year term, Tracy. And here's the vote count, and here's how it comes out. Raj, Kim, Keisha, and Bob, who are the highest vote-getters for the three-year contest, get on to town meeting, and Tracy, who's uncontested, gets on for the one-year slot, even though she has 30 fewer votes than Curtis. Maybe she's especially controversial, or maybe there's some other reason. So under this proposal, all open seats are elected to a single contest. So there'd be five slots, and the top four vote-getters are elected to a three-year term, next to any available two-year terms, and so forth. So let's go back to our example. Here's the final vote tally, and here's the result. So Raj, Kim, Keisha, and Bob, who are the top four vote-getters, get a three-year term, and Curtis, who is the fifth highest vote-getter, gets a one-year term, and Tracy does not get on to town meeting. So just some additional thoughts. We already do this process when we redistrict, if we redraw the district lines every 10 years. Everyone runs for town meeting again, and the top four vote-getters get off the three-year terms, the next four for the two-year terms, and so forth. So that this is not an unusual way to do things, there are other town meeting elections that work this way, including our neighboring Lexington. We think it's more democratic, it better reflects the will of the voters, it's less confusing, and it reduces opportunities for games and chip. So that is it. Thank you.


Hey everybody it's Gary back to here and in this video I'm going to show you how to dodge and burn in Photoshop. All right let's get started. Okay so there's a couple of different ways that you can do dodge and burn we've just duplicated our background layer here. I'm going to show you two different methods I'm going to show you the one I prefer but sometimes I use both. All right so let's start with working non-destructively so we've already made a copy of our background layer. Next thing we're going to do is we're going to create a dodge and burn layer and so one way to do that is if you come down here to the bottom here by the garbage can you see this little thing here if you hold down on the option key on the Mac alt on the PC if you click here it'll open up the dialog box called new layer we can call this one dodge. Now go down to mode so this is your blend mode and choose soft light. Now once you've done that check the box that says fill with soft light neutral color 50 gray then say okay. Now you'll see a layer here called dodge. Now what we can do is we can hit command j on the Mac or control j on the PC we can duplicate that layer we'll call this one burn that's the easiest way to do that. So now we have a dodge and burn layer and we could also put this in a group so if we click on one and then hold the shift key click on the other and say command g or control g on the PC now we have them in a group and we can call this just we'll just say db so now we have a dodge and burn layer that we can toggle on and off so we're going to start by dodging first and I'll show you the areas of the phase to dodge and burn. Now we're going to use the brush so B is the shortcut for the brush and I'll show you the settings that I like to use if you go up to the top here look at your opacity I like to use an opacity of 100 and a really low flow for this I like to use a flow between one and two percent and build up gradually. Now to dodge we want the white to be our foreground color so you can see we're on white now let's just pick another color for example say you're in photoshopping you'll look left here and you see that it's red and black if you hit the x key that toggles the foreground and background but to get white if you hit the d key now you see black and white if you hit the x key now white is the foreground color so you'll be dodging with white all right so we're on the dodge layer here make sure that's enabled make sure you're white make sure your opacity is 100 your flows only 1% to 2% all right let's start dodging so I'm going to show you I'm going to create a new layer and I'm going to show you the areas to dodge and burn I'm just going to bring this up to the top and then we'll delete that when we're done so I'm going to choose a red color to show you right here the dodge areas all right so the areas that you normally dodge and I'll just make this flow a little bit higher so you can see and I'll make my brush smaller I'm just using the bracket key so you normally would dodge in this area here this area here this area here under the eyes sometimes up under this area too here sometimes right under the eyebrow and then usually on the chin so that's when you're working on the face now those are normally areas of dodging so brightening so I'll just delete this layer just make it easier and I'll make a new one here and the areas of burning those are going to be areas that you darken I would normally darken around the hairline I would add a little contour so you can see she already has a bit of shadow and a bit of contouring with her makeup there and then you can also contour on the outside of the nose and sometimes here depending I don't always do it there but that'll give you some contouring so it's best to work slowly and build up because you can go overboard and then flatten someone's face or really make them look unattractive but we can also use the opacity slider to lessen the effect of what we're doing as well so I'm going to delete that layer all right so now when I do dodging and burning I like to do two different methods so I like to really zoom in and get the smaller fine details and then I like to do more of a broader scope so let's start with the fine details so one thing that I find really helps is if you come down here and you choose a black and white layer and if you drag the red slider let's just say to about minus 60 drag this down to about minus 50 you could see that the image becomes very dark but now we can focus on areas of lightness and darkness so we're going to go to the dodge zoom in command plus is the shortcut on the Mac and you should do your skin cleanup first so any types of blemishes that you may have I suggest use the healing brush get rid of any of those blemishes and then this will help to refine it and this is where I go in really close and just try to clean up some of the darker areas and then I do a broader dodge and burn and I'll show you the second method for that just so you get to see two ways to do this all right so we've got that black and white and now it allows us to see slightly darker areas so again hit the B key the brush key you see we have red and white over there if I hit the D key it becomes black and white at the X key white is on the foreground I'm on the dodge layer so I'm dodging and then I just want to look for a area of darkness so again opacity 100 flow of one and I'm just going to do small areas so I'm going to zoom in I'm at about 500% there and I'm just going to look for little areas that are slightly darker and what I'll do is I'll probably speed this up a little bit because you'll get the idea of how this works but basically I'm just looking for areas of darkness and I'm trying to get them to blend in surrounding areas now this is another way to remove blemishes in a sense because anything that's raised is going to be brighter so if you have a bump in the skin the top of the bump is going to be brighter than the lower portion so I'm just really trying to even out some of the lighting that's created by just bumps on the skin so areas that are higher are going to be brighter and areas that are lower are going to be darker and so by lightening the darker areas I'm smoothing out the surface of the skin so that's basically how this works now you can also get really small here and then you can refine some of the lines under the eyes because I don't think it's a good idea to totally blur out people's skin so the idea of this is just to lighten some of the creases under the eye and again we're going to do a larger dodge and burn after this and you'll see how that works but this is just sort of a fine dodging and burning technique that I like to do just to sort of get the fine lines a little bit lighter and like I said I'm just at a flow of about one percent here you could bump that up to about two percent but I like to just keep it really low so that I don't go overboard and I'm really just focusing on darker areas and what I'll do is I'll do the eyes a different method I'll have another video for eyes and this is basically just what I'm doing so I think what I'll do is I'll speed this up and then we'll get to the second part of the dodge and burn technique all right I'm just going to fast forward through some of this micro dodging now I also have other videos on skin retouching I'll put them down below this video in the description box I also have a link to the behind the scenes of the lighting of the shot that you're looking at right now I'll put that below in the description box too all right so we're back now I just want to show you this I'm going to take this black and white layer I'm going to get rid of this and we didn't use this burn layer in this that's just how I do it I usually do dodge and one layer burn in this layer but at this stage I don't do any burning I save that for the second stage so here we are I'm just going to toggle this group on and off and really it's so small you probably wouldn't even notice these differences but I think in the whole it all comes together a little bit better so I'm just going to toggle this on and off so this is with it off and so just look at areas here in the forehead around the nose and under the eyes now this is just very subtle and you could see that it just slightly lightens so with this first step is just really the fine details really going in and blessing some of those lines under the eyes any little dark spots and then we're going to do more of a global overall dodge and burn now you can skip this step if you want this is just if you want to get really granular with it so now we're just going to close this group now another way of doing dodge and burn it's come down here and you can create a curves layer now to dodge you would just boost everything up and to burn you would just take everything down now so let's just do another example of dodging here so what's good about this technique is you could never get brighter than what you set your curves layer to again of course you can always lower the opacity with the other method same as this but at least this way you know that you're never going to get this bright if you set it this bright for example so once you've got that curves layer you can toggle that on and off you want to create a mask so what you can do is just hit command i or control i in your keyboard when you're clicked on that mask and now the mask will only appear when we paint in white so again we're painting with a brush in white I like to keep my flow around one to two percent same thing here now the only difference is now is we're just going to do a more of a global so a larger dodge and burn so I'm just going to make my brush a little bit bigger now a couple of shortcuts too if you right click you could see there's the dimensions and things like that but also too if you hold the option key and the control key on the Mac if I go left my brush gets smaller if I go right it gets bigger if I go up it gets softer if I drag down it gets harder so I'm on a tablet so I'm going to drag up for maximum softness and then again I can hold those keys and go left and so what I'll do is with the dodging is I'll start with a slightly larger brush and then I'll make the brush smaller so a couple strokes there and then I can make my brush smaller and then a couple more strokes and then smaller again and so I'm really making that highlight a little brighter in the center and it's just sort of a graduation of the size of the brush so hopefully that makes sense now again here we're going to add a little bit of brightness I'm just going to do that because the nose is smaller I don't necessarily need it to be bigger but again you can do that same technique like that and if you ever feel like you went too far you can lower the brightness by the opacity or just dragging that down and again I always just start out with gradual adjustments and then I work up to it and then if I think I went too far then I can always adjust that so again we're kind of working in this area we're working right here on the bridge of the nose under the eyes here and these are the patterns that I showed you earlier and you don't want to go too crazy with this because you can really flatten out someone's skin so I'm just going to toggle that on and off and you can see that it's starting to improve those areas if you think you went too far you can always just adjust the opacity slider now we can use the same method to do dodging and burning like I said now one thing I like to do too with the curves layer is go to the blend mode and if you choose luminosity then it only affects the brightness so it doesn't affect the color so when you push up on a curves layer sometimes it adjusts the colors as well make sure if you're using curves to dodge and burn that you use the luminosity blend mode so let's do that again so we're going to create another curves layer we're going to click on curves this time we're going to burn so we're going to bring it down and then we're going to change the blend mode to luminosity all right and then the mask you click on command eye so now we paint in white over the mask just like we were doing with the dodging except we're going to emphasize certain areas so sometimes I like to take the eyebrows down a little bit so I'll work on the eyebrows here sometimes the hairline sometimes if there's a part in the hair it's nice to darken that area then we'll go a little bigger here and then we're just going to bring in a little bit of burning and contouring in this area here and then again what we can do is we can refine the edges of the nose so just sort of refine the contour of the nose and then you can see there's a natural shadow under her nose we shot this with butterfly lighting and we're using a mola set I have a behind the scenes of this shoot so I'll put a link below in the description if you want to check out the behind the scenes of how we lit this shot and then again there's some contouring here on the cheeks and then I just bring things in gradually and then again like I said it's on its own layer and so this is the technique really that's the curves layer I showed you the other method before that and it's just a matter of building this up slowly and then toggling it on and off so this is the burning and you can see we're just building up really slowly with this also to anywhere where there's makeup that's dark you can also emphasize that a little bit more too if you want it to so you can burn in these areas here as well as well as the pupil and then what I'll do is I'll brighten the catch light in the eyes as well as also brighten the eyes that's going to be in another video so I just go around and just sort of build up slowly I don't like to rush it and it's up to you really if you want to do this quickly you can just increase your flow and you can do it as fast as you'd like so I hope you enjoyed this video that's my two techniques for dodging and burning in photoshop and if you have any questions or comments you can post them down below also if you're not already a subscriber hit that subscribe button give me a thumbs up hit that thumbs up that like button also click on share and feel free to share this on facebook photography groups forums twitter wherever you'd like all right thanks again it's great back to here and I'll see you in the next video


Small business accounts for more than 95% of all Australian businesses and are responsible for the health and safety of approximately 4.8 million workers. For most small businesses, a workers' compensation claim may only occur once every several years. For many employers, they pay their premium annually and have no further contact or relationship with their insurer. One of the most challenging elements of workers' compensation schemes is the number of stakeholders involved and the various relationships that exist between these stakeholders. At the immediate level, you have the relationship between the employer and the worker. As the claim progresses, you then have the claims manager or claims agent, the insurer and the treating doctor involved. You may also have other allied health professionals, such as the VOC rehab providers. And finally, the regulator may become involved, although not always. So managing these relationships is understandably challenging. In addition to this, our employer members also report difficulties with the lack of scheme experience, poor understanding of roles and responsibilities, limited training options for their staff in understanding these workers' compensation duties and responsibilities, an increase in stress claims, poor understanding of and support of claims management and return to work in general. The Australian Chamber is a member of Safe Work Australia and represents employers on both work health and safety and workers' compensation matters. Over the past year, Safe Work Australia has had an increased focus in workers' compensation with a number of active projects addressing common issues such as the role of the GP, best practice management of psychological claims and a focus and look into return to work data and improvements there. The presentation today is a partnership between the Australian Chamber, Is Better Together program, Safe Work Australia and Smart Company, aimed at providing audience members and viewers with first-hand information from multiple stakeholders within the scheme, information on resources and clarification of roles and responsibilities. We're lucky and fortunate enough to have three different perspectives on the workers' compensation process today. Our goal today is to guide small businesses on the workers' compensation journey and process. So Liz, if we can start with you for the first question, what are the top three concerns that employers have when it comes to workers' compensation? Well, the Chamber recently conducted a survey and there are quite a few common themes that came out. But the overarching principle was the need to understand the employer's business and how a claim affects the workplace. But in terms of the three top items, I guess the importance of consultation and communication, that's very important. Effective return to work outcomes is also very important, as is premiums not being too volatile and having enough notice in advance so they can structure their cash flow accordingly. I guess the underpinning driver is a communication and consultation. That's the most important thing. And basically talking to the employer. So what is the role of the injured worker when the injury occurred? What happened? What are suitable duties? And how do we get everyone back on track? And so what about small business in particular? Do they have the same concerns or do they differ considering that they're less resourced? They have the same concerns. They just have additional concerns because they are less resourced. And as Jen said that often they don't have much experience with claims. It tends to be the larger employers that have more experience with claims and claims management. So obviously once you've had one or two under your belt you're a bit more familiar with the process. So I guess it's the awareness of what to do and when to do it, how to do it, who can I call on and from a resourcing aspect I think it's not just money. We tend to forget it's time poor as well as not having enough money to spend on things adapting the workplace and also especially with small business they're under resourced in terms of labour. So they can't just pick up the phone and hire someone else. Often you've got the remaining employees there so if someone's off work then it's basically everyone's shoulder to the wheel and try and cover all the bases until that person gets back to work and things can go back to normal. Data shows that most small businesses have one claim every 15 years so as Liz said they don't have the resources or it falls under the HR manager or somebody else whose main job has nothing to do with safety or return to work or anything like that. So scheme agents in the past and eye care in the future will perhaps look at providing or have provided return to work courses and information around that to support employers especially small employers but I guess to Liz's point earlier communications key whether it's eye care or email or Jio moving forward that contact with the employer to help that return to work process from day one is absolutely key to a successful outcome. If I can just pick up on the HR manager many small businesses don't have an HR manager so we do need to keep in mind that small businesses aren't big businesses shrunk small businesses start that and they grow organically with one person or a couple of people so you really need to keep in mind where small businesses come from in terms of the communication one one positive thing that came out was the experience with insurance brokers so we found those employers who had insurance brokers overall had a much better experience with claims management and return to work because I just found that person was the go-between and that person understood their business well and understood the system well and it actually helped them navigate the system so that extra layer of support yes so clearly insurance is an issue of concern of perhaps a bugbear for businesses and we all know that insurance can vary greatly so when it comes to workers compensation what's the insurers role the insurance role in support in supporting employers yeah I think the insurance role begins as a protection mechanism particularly for small employers so it's it's a statutory purchase not not all the purchases of workers compensation necessarily want to buy it but it's it's a statutory purchase that all employers must by virtually all employees of our few few exceptions to that but really what it's doing is it's providing that protection mechanism to the employers and I think that's particularly relevant with small employers if you have one significant incident within your workplace and you're a small employer that could effectively you know be the end of your business and in terms of financial consequences to that incident so the provision of insurance in the first place is that protection that's before the event once the event occurs then and again relative to small employers that's where the insurance role really kicks in and actually providing support at the time that it's needed so there's the there's that sort of hard-line financial support so by buying a policy what the employers effectively doing is it's what the insurance effectively doing saying I will discharge a financial liabilities associated with the injury so I will pay the benefits that are payable such as a weekly benefits to the worker the medical expenses that sort of thing but the role is much broader than that and the insurer can help in terms of orchestrating the rehabilitation and the injury management for the worker following the injury so that happens on a number of levels really it happens quite on a high level from an organisational perspective so all insurers should have a an injury management program in place which just articulates their processes and procedures that they're going to adopt in order to support their their employers but more specifically on a case-by-case basis where there's a significant injury for a worker and our definition of significant injuries where it involves an absence of seven days from work or more then there's a requirement for an injury management plan and that is basically the insurer sitting down talking to all of the stakeholders and saying what do we need to do in order to get this worker back to health back to work so they're talking to the doctor they're talking to the work themselves obviously they're talking to the employer and they're saying these are the things that we can put into place so you've got a soft tissue injury we can put some physiotherapy in place we have a psychological injury we can look at bringing a psychologist into provide some support we can make those payments of weekly payments to the worker so that the workers not financially disadvantaged whilst they're going through this process and we can actually get everybody's mind set on what it is we're here to do which is actually achieve return to health return to work what should an employer expect from an insurer in terms of support Liz touched on earlier it's been to has as well for us we need to understand our customers it's the first time in 30 years that we've actually had face-to-face communications with our customers in the past it's been through scheme agents there's always been a third party there and for us to sort of just come into the scheme and say that we know everybody would be remiss of us we absolutely need to understand the inherent risks of businesses we need to have conversations with them understand what it is that you do day in and day out and then if you do have an injury understand what you've got in place to help you navigate that injury and and what support you need to promote recovery work for us that's the first key thing the other thing and part of the reason why we made the changes we made was to provide a system that's easy to navigate and easy to understand even if it's as simple as turning an eight page renewal document into a four page renewal document with a couple of nice graphics on there that show you how you're performing what your premiums doing what your wages have done we will move towards early next year a portal where small employers can go in and pretty much manage their workers compensation without talking to us if they don't want to think Spencer and Liz both touched on the fact that for a lot of small employers you pay your workers insurance because you have to it's a statutory class then you don't need to talk to us for another 12 months until you pay it again so for us it was understanding customers wanted to have a simple online process if they can and the key thing for me around those 4,700 new businesses we put on place is about 80% of that has been done online so again we listen to our customers and another good thing for me is about 15 to 20% of that was actually done on weekends or outside of business hours so again small employers they've got enough on their plate just managing their business without having to deal with insurance or anything like that so we're listening to our customers we're not there yet no we're near where we want to be as far as providing an insurance product that meets the needs of our customers we'll continue to reach out to peak bodies like the business chamber associations industries and have those conversations just that we get a better understanding of what's happening and what impacts on you whether you're a small employer or medium or a large employer and what we can do to support you. I think I just support that and elaborate a little bit on what Peter was saying about the explaining to employers what it's all about. I think that's true from an underwriting perspective what am I actually buying because not all employers know what they're actually buying and also a post incident the workers compensation legislation is really quite complex so understanding what a worker is entitled to from either a worker's or an employer's perspective is a pretty tricky thing. I've been knocking around for a few years and I'm still struggling with it myself sometimes so I think that we probably have a joint responsibility as the insurer and as the regulator to actually try and impact that as much as we can. I know you've been doing work on your website we've been doing work on ours as well to actually try and cut through some of that complication of the legislation and actually impact for workers and for employers what it's all about and what they're buying and what entitlements are happening at the end of the day. So it's important to the clarification process is important? I think clarification is very important. It's as well as being a statutory scheme it's compulsory so you know let's not skirt around it it's compulsory. It is convoluted the legislation the two pieces of legislation and what I would like to see as well is not only assistance post claim but understanding who is covered and when they need to take our cover because a worker is not just an employee who's on wages a worker includes particular types of contractors subcontractors and also working directors so you can have a director who's taken out key man insurance and yet strictly speaking should be or should be looking at whether or not they should have workers comp instead of that so they think they're covered. So I think education is quite key and I personally would like to see a little bit more than just masses of information stuck on a website. I think it needs to be more helping employers along the way and understanding what they have to do and when they have to do it. The panel tells us a little bit about how occupational rehabilitation fits in with the scheme and whether or not rehabilitation providers are being utilised as much as they could be when it comes to supporting the worker or employer. I think in general terms the use of rehabilitation providers is on the increase within the NSW scheme at the moment certainly the statistical data supports that conclusion. I think that they're potentially a very useful resource within a case so an insurer and an employer an insurer will engage a rehab provider essentially on behalf of the employer and it's really it's their job to come in and bring the stakeholders together and talk about well what does work look like what does a return to work look like how do we take what the GP is telling us in terms of what this worker has capacity to do and translate that into some meaningful work for that individual in there with their employer ideally or with an alternative employer if that's not possible and what what are the things that are stopping that from happening and how can we circumnavigate those issues. It's it's quite it's probably more of an art than a science I think and it's really it's just about cutting through and getting back to the basics that we keep talking about which is keep talking keep the communication going. And so generally how do employers engage with the real rehabilitation provider is that the role of the employer or is that the role of the insurer. Spencer said it's generally the insurer that will instigate that contact and it can be a number of reasons it can be that the worker is struggling to get to get back to work the communication is broken down between the employer and the employer the worker the treating doctors probably not where we want them to be in regards to the return to work process. So generally it's the insurer but there's other stakeholders in in the relationship that can that have relationships with rehab providers that might recommend it whether it's the insurance broker. Some employers retain rehab providers to do the return to work process for them. So it provides that level of support that they don't have and you know at a cost but that provides the detail around suitable duties or how they might manage a particular situation for that particular claim or injured worker. So primarily it's the insurer but certainly there's no reason why an employer can't can't open dialogue with a rehab provider and or their insurance broker if they use a broker. So Liz what sort of support do you think employers would like to receive a part of as part of this process from insurance through to rehabilitation and then eventually and hopefully the outcome of returning back to work. Well I think it depends on the profile of the employer. So if the employer hasn't had any claims or many claims then I think it's more of an awareness education piece and it's it's what do I do. How do I do it. When do I have to do it. By who do I talk to. So it's it's really basic stuff. Very simple straightforward. If they understand the process from go to woe and what's required of them and and when they need to do it and how to do it. That is the very minimal level of support. Then I guess the next level is once you've got the claim you've got the administrative side of things and managing the claim. So employers what what is the effect that this claim has on the employer's workplace. So you one person down who's going to cover that. You don't just ring up a labor hire agency and pull them in. They might not be able to afford that. So you know what's the effect of that claim on that workplace. As well as the physical sort of labor and as I touched on before getting those who are able bodied to cover off on that type of work. You've also got the morale. You know there's a fair bit of a morale aspect involved from from the employer's perspective and keeping the whole team happy and things going along quite well. Especially in a small business. Especially. Yes. Definitely. And the admin side of things. You know I've heard that even though with the weekly the calculation of the weekly payments is an absolute nightmare. First the calculation of it and then secondly having it fit into their own payroll system. It often means that employers have to create their own manual system for their workers on workers com and have that totally outside their normal payroll system. And then there are some employers who have told me that it's just too hard to sort out for now. So they just keep paying the normal amount of wage and then they work it out later and then ask for a refund. But not all employers can do that. Not all employers have the cash flow to do that. So it's it's very much the practical hands on how do the employers actually figure out what to do in amongst their normal business activities. I think there are also other supports that are available and at risk of preempting a future question that address some of the the issues that you raise. So for example we have vocational rehab programs which CIRA provides and ensures can access and they cover a range of different scenarios and probably the most pertinent one to this audience is our return to work assist for micro employers. So this is talking about when an employer has five or fewer employees and you have an injury and the employer is absent from work. If they have some capacity to come back into work but not capacity to fulfill their pre-injury duties then what micro assist does is it says well the insurer can continue to pay the weekly benefits the wages for that person whilst they come back into the working environment which means that the small employer is not disadvantaged so that they can actually go to an external contractor and get somebody else in to to to fulfill the substantive part of that role. So it's almost allowing the worker to come back on a supernumerary basis which is good for the worker you know getting out of the house back into the working environment is fundamentally good for you and it builds their capacity and it builds their capability whilst at the same time not disadvantaged in the employer. There are other things that the vocational rehab programs can do as well such as work trials. So where a worker has some capacity but there's no suitable duties within their employer then they can go to a host employer and that host employer again doesn't pay their wages but helps to build their capacity and their capability whilst they're recovering and then they can return to their pre-injury employer. We have a job cover placement program which financially incentivises employers to take on a worker with a previous injury. So there's a financial incentive there for the employer to take that on and then there are a range of sort of more bespoke solutions such as retraining for the for the worker to enable them to pick up new skills, workplace modifications, so things like we've paid in the past for modifications to a I was going to say pick up truck, that's English, to a utility truck and put a sort of a crane type device on the back so that it would enable the worker to fulfil their role and if you get creative and you can use some of these things and again this is really where the insurer can add some value for the employer and say these things are available let's talk to you about them and my advice to employers would be always to come back to the insurer and say what else can you do, what else can you do, what else can you do and actually promote those conversations as well. Because there are resources. There are resources available, yeah. I think probably small businesses' perspective on workers' compensation is that it is a one-size-fits-all and I think what we've got out of this conversation today that it can be a collaborative process and there are supports in place and readily accessible and there's a lot of information there to support very specific cases as well as quite generic ones as well. The other thing that employers can do is obviously they can visit our websites or they can call 131050 for which is our call centre line and there's information available so you can speak to a real person and say I've got a question about whether I need to buy insurance or I've got a problem with my claim or whatever the case may be so there is always a resource there as well.


Hi everyone I'm Ali and I'll be presenting our work which we are still it's underway here in a Linux and as you can see many of the team members you might already know some are from Red Hat some from Boston University there's Uli we have Richard Jones from Red Hat Larry Woodman and also Daniel joined us very recently so I'll start off with why we're doing this what's the motivation and I'll share some updates what we've gotten so far and what we're trying to do now so as you already know operating systems have been designed in a way that they multiplex resources between different applications between different users and they're doing a different really good job of of doing that but things are changing now for example application design goals you know many of the applications are being deployed as single application virtual machines and even distributed systems where we have one application deployed across many single purpose virtual machines things like that so deployment deployment models are changing we don't really need the in some cases not in all cases in some cases we don't really need the operating system to multiplex resources between different application different users all that logic that it has to multiplex these resources we don't need that and we see that some of the applications are now being re-implemented to bypass the kernel with app libraries such as DPDK and SPDK because kernel is now just in the way for some of the workloads so researchers have been trying to figure out a solution to this issue and one of the solutions that they've come up with is a unicorn so let's start what is a unicorn so this is how things normally run you have different privilege levels the kernel runs in ring zero you have shared libraries and different processes in a unicorn there's just one single application and all the functionality that it needs so there's flat address space there's no separation between the kernel space and address space because there's just one application and all the functionality that you need from the shared libraries and operating systems is then statically combined into one single binary which is which is small and lightweight as compared to the normal kernels and you can do lots of optimizations on it because the important thing is that this is statically linked together you can do link time optimizations you can do profile driven optimizations things like that once you have the final binary so researchers have shown in many different unicorns that a lot of different optimizations are possible for example abarty which Jim and Tommy here work on it has shown more than two times improved memory performance on 99% tail late 99% tail latency as compared to Linux and there are many other examples of any kind of outperforming the traditional operating systems so let's discuss why have these different research unique I was not being adopted in in production and the reason for that lies in how these are developed so some researchers take the clean slate approach they develop all the code from scratch and the other approaches that you take an already existing kernel for example that BST and strip it down to create a unique and which is the romp run and both of these cases so the unique and that are created as we saw earlier have great optimizations but as with any operating system approach it will take years to build a community around these you know which can support and which can keep updating these unique and in the meantime there's no real adoption of these in in in production so we asked ourselves a question and mostly it was only and my advisor run asking each of the questions and they said that okay why can't we do this with Linux we didn't know the answer can we make a unique and will be a stone Linux so if it was possible and if it could live an up streamable target which if in the this is extremely important because if it is an up streamable target which means that the entire community can maintain it can support it things like that we don't just want another huge code base sitting on the side which we have to maintain if this is possible it will have the better tested code that Linux has and the large community that I already mentioned and it will also have different performance advantages that Unicernals have now we didn't know how much some Unicernals as I said have shown great performance advantages will be able to be with this Linux Unicernal able to get those performance advantages will be able to get close to them things like that and what different optimizations are possible so with these questions in mind we decided to give it a shot our requirements from the very start were simple we had to run unmodified applications and libraries minimal changes in Linux and glipsies because if changes were huge there's no chance these can get accepted upstream so minimal changes and from the get go we had to demonstrate some performance benefits to have any interest from the community and the most obvious ways of doing that were eliminating the ring transition overheads because we don't have different rings different address spaces so we can just have functions calls in place of system calls and since everything's statically linked together we can have cross layer optimizations there are different approaches we try to intermix kernel and application code for example user mode Linux but it does not give you that single address space there's still that separation between the kernel and the application you cannot do those optimizations Linux kernel library which is a very stripped down version of the kernel which runs in user space and Libos which is right now just the network stack as a library in user space they don't run unmodified applications and libraries and as I said extremely stripped down versions of the Linux so that's those still don't meet our goals other approaches include why don't we just implement applications as Linux kernel modules again huge changes in applications everything will have to be ported to the kernel code and kernel module next which allows the application to run in ring zero but still that separation between the kernel and the application you cannot do the cross layer optimizations so we decided to build the unikernel Linux and I'll tell you the high level architecture overview so this is how things normally run the kernel comes up it does the first exact we call and brings up the user space and the user space has applications and the shared libraries things like that applications make functions call into the glibc normally and then glibc makes system calls into the kernel this is how things normally run but in our case as I said there's no separation between the different address spaces so we don't need these system calls instead when the kernel comes comes up it calls assemble came in which is defined in the application so a function call application makes function call to glibc now for glibc to make function call into the kernel we just had a very small stub library which we call the uk library all it does is is calls the required functionality from within the kernel so instead of glibc making the right sys call it will make a uk right function call so you can write function call into the uk library which has stubs for the functionality which then calls the functionality into the kernel and all of this is statically linked together this this is the high-level artistic architecture overview I'll talk about our current build process so normally when the kernel builds it has different archives built in dot is in different folders different the different directories and some archives of libraries which are then linked together into VM linux and as many of you already know this linking stage is basically a few scripts which link everything together now we have more things which need to be linked together for example the application the glibc uk library and if you're using some other libraries as well we'll all have different archives and object files so what we did right now we change the kernel linking stage to not just include these archives to include all of this and now what we do is we just do a kernel make and the entire thing becomes a unicorn what we want to do in the future is that you can use your existing make files for example if you're trying to build some application as a unicorn you just have you just do make make and select the compiler target as uk lg cc or something like that and your application can be built into a unicorn that's where we want to go this is what we're currently doing so I'll talk briefly about different challenges that we faced in building this in a kernel and after that I'll share what are what is the status right now and what are the results that we got so as you know conflicting trend models kernel has k threads and applications run p threads so how do we make sure that we have one consistent trend model without changing a lot yeah so why can't we just you know simply use these as is because p threads as you know use a large set of registers k threads don't they all have their own idiosyncrasies for example p threads use a register for thread local storage that the kernel uses some register for its own per CPU context storage things like that so the question is how do we merge these two conflicting thread models should be implement everything as p threads but that would mean a huge rewrite of the entire Linux kernel we don't want that should be implement all traders k threads but that would mean and that all the performance optimized optimizations that glibc does because of the large register set we don't have that so we don't want that can we just keep switching between these two training models we don't want extra stack switches so in the end after spending a lot of time on it in the end we found out that actually merging these two thread models is is simple and most of that is based on luck for example kernel uses the gs register for per CPU storage and glibc uses fs register for thread local storage things like that if that were not the case we would have to do something else but right now everything works fine I'll let you know how so the kernel comes up it's running as a k thread the k thread basically actually becomes a p thread it runs the application code but for this first primordial thread to run application code we have to set it up in a way that in a way glibc expects the first thread to be for example the thread local storage is properly set up right next to it is the thread control block that's properly set up things like that all these initialization functions that glibc has so what we do is after the kernel comes up instead of doing the first exact we call we go into glibc initialization functions we modified them a bit just so that they can work together and when I say modified modified the number of arguments a function takes things like that nothing major so the first primordial thread sets up we set up everything it starts running the code and after that all threads just run because p thread create takes p thread create takes care of all the other threads and these threads when we go into the kernel we can execute kernel thread we can execute applications and glibc code so things like that so this all worked and in the end it turned out to be easy but took a lot of investigation and the interesting thing here is that we didn't change k threads in any way so all the background final tasks they still run as k threads no changes there yes there wasn't the question how to get all different p thread functions to work for example p thread create things like that so I'll give you an example of the clone call clone is a special call as you know because there are it returns twice so we need separate stacks which are handled by entry syscall normally the thing is what we did was instead of going into the clone call and when we normally go into the clone call the entry syscall function that is which is it takes care of everything it goes on to work as you know on a temporary stack it creates a new thread goes on to another temporary stack and then it returns and when you return you have everything set up properly but now since we're not doing that we're not actually doing the syscall thing we had to slightly modify these things for example now we make the function call it goes into the into of into our own function in the same same file which all it does is mimics what the kernel does instead of doing it on temporary stacks we do it on the same stacks and then the new thread returns its stack is properly set up the original thread that works just fine so clone also just work we have to introduce a new clone flag called ukl because of of the changes that we made we didn't want to it to affect the normal functionality of do for functions to think like that okay so yes this is what we were looking at recently how do we switch between different p threads now thing is scheduling normally occurs on user the kernel boundary once you do a syscall you give up the control to the kernel the kernel does all these housekeeping tasks it might switch different tasks around since we don't have that boundary the p threads were not being scheduled properly if the thread runs it runs because that's what happens in a non-preemptible kernel so what we did was we just use the preemptible kernel everything works also Daniel Olivera who recently joined our team he works at Red Hat he was interested in the project so he started contributing to it he's written a patch which does which mimics this kernel user boundary because we have the ukl library so that is a very clean point where we have we know we're going into the kernel code so he mimics that and now it works for a non-preemptible kernel as well memory management as you all know that application normally lives in the lower range of the memory and of the address space and kernel lives in the upper range applications text data live here the kernel and then there's the m-map area the kernels text and data live in the in the higher range and all of these different range has ranges have their own memory management primitives now since everything is linked together statically applications text and data also live along with the current now what do we do about a map how do we do what do we do about malloc actually so the question is should we just map malloc to the malloc but that would mean that as Larry always mentions it would break a lot of applications which rely on that on on bit arithmetic so what the last bit is things like that and we want to use the general purpose performance optimized functionality of glibc's malloc we just don't want to use simple vmalloc what about m-map where do we have where do we do the m-map which range do we select for m-map things like that now the problem that that we face was that the first k thread memory management structs are not set up properly for it to use the lower end of memory the user end of memory so what we did was that first k thread which becomes the p-thread along with doing the glibc initializations before that we do a memory struct initializations as well so we initialize everything perfectly now the thread knows that okay we have access to this lower end of memory as well so as soon as as soon as it goes into glibc glibc does malloc mallocs does m-map we start getting memory from the lower range so everything works like it should and it also helps us with future optimizations for example if you have in the future if we allocate a buffer for example network buffer in the kernel address space we can just instead of doing copy to user copy from user things like that we can just move that pointer to that buffer all long and we can do zero copy networking and finally when it's time to free that buffer we can just have a check over where does it work where does this buffer lie in the user range in the kernel range and just free it accordingly so we'll talk about that another issue we faced was namespace issues glibc internal have routines which have the same names for example mem move memset how do we fix these do we rename them do we keep the kernel versions only again as I said we don't want to get rid of the performance optimized glibc versions of these things should we just keep glibc versions that would mean some things a lot of things in the kernel would break and you would have to fix that things like that so earlier what we did was we just suppressed glibc's version and use the kernel version but now what we're doing is we're partially linking glibc the application of all the libraries separately and linking the kernel separately and then we do a final linking step so everything resolves correctly a little bit about the implementation we added a Linux config option so that all the changes that we made to the Linux kernel are nicely separated in if diffs so if you just turn off that flag you know you unique on a Linux flag off what you build is a normal Linux kernel as I said we changed the Linux kernel linker strips so now because now we have segments which are not usually present in the kernel for example threat TLS thread local storage segments things like that so we had to change that a bit we're using the latest kernel I forgot to update it which is now it is 5.3 we're using that now and now we have around 500 lines which we have modified in the kernel this is a highly bloated number because a lot of this is just the clone call which is a lot of assembly language things like that but mostly it's just a couple of hundred lines which we've changed and most of it is just simple if diffs and changing the syscall name to a function call name for example write do you kill right things like that very minimal non-basic changes glibc wherever in the glibc code base where we have a syscall we just instead of that we are doing we're rewriting it as a function call and all those changes are being done in a separate directory separate sub folder so the rest of it is nicely separated from the rest of glibc code things like that so this basically fulfills our earlier goal of minimal changes in Linux and glibc so that when we are ready when this things ready we have some higher chance of getting accepted upstream people who work with the Linux community a lot for example Larry they think that these changes are minimal enough non-invasive I actually have don't have no experience so I'm just going with what they say so what we did for the initial evaluation we did a simple tcp echo server we deployed a simple c code as a normal application in user space on Linux kernel running on in QMU and then we took the same c code built it as in a kernel and deployed that on top of inside QMU so same code it was single threaded and this is the result for the normal case where the application is running as another tcp echo server is running in the application on a normal kernel and this is what we got with the single with the same code running as a unit kernel where you can see less than half the average latency and 41% lower 99% tail but we don't know where these numbers are coming from what is the thing driving these this performance gains what is it just the system call over that we're getting rid of is there something else that we're doing so now we have interns who are working on getting perf to run inside the unit kernel as a simple k thread and doing perf krem from outside to just see what is actually going on and so as Quran says all the time that we should not look at these numbers the main interesting result of what we did is that we have an existence proof that it works we don't know where the numbers are coming from and we'll probably do more experiments later on do performance evaluation and we then we know okay where where are these numbers actually coming from so I'll tell you a bit about current status now as I said we have p-threads working so we have multi-threaded support we have multi-threaded dcp server running as well and all things multi-threaded altering all things simple multi-threaded now what we're doing is we're trying to run memcache the unit kernel which is I feel very close to completion we have different when we run it we have different threads spawning we have things like that it is right now it is failing with somewhere in the code there's a sis call which we have not changed yet so things like that so it's very close to completion the very cool thing that I felt was that memcache d compared to a simple tcp server is a bigger code base so we had memcache d lib event glibc and the linux kernel all linked together perfectly the kernel boots up and goes into the memcache decode and everything runs that was I felt very cool soon when we have memcache d working we'll we'll update our git repo and how you can test it and build it things like that so experiences we feel that we spent a lot of time investigating different things and in the end the changes that we had to make to get that thing to work was just a couple of line changes things like that and that happened all the time so in a way it feels like this is something which is meant to be that you know it's there's a huge problem a couple of fine changes done limitations as you all know fork doesn't work which means that you can have as many threads as you want but you can't have different processes running because as you know it's a unique kernel we have a few development tasks as I told you we're working on memcache d we're working on getting to a point where you can just use your own make files and just type make then when we have everything mature enough then we'll think about how to package it in a way that we can send it upstream or just begin a discussion upstream and after that all the fun part begins we can do all sorts of optimizations what can we do we can can we do link time optimizations can we do profile given optimizations how much performance benefit does that give us and can we show performance close enough to what different research unicorns have shown things like that so just to conclude research unicorns have shown that there are advantages to be had and Linux has always integrated new ideas into its codebase we feel that unicorns can be the next natural step for Linux and our prototype and the work we've done so far has given us some confidence that there are performance benefits and that we can get with modest changes thank you questions is this x86 64 only yes right now is are there any plans for anyone else to work on other architectures if people want to join us changes are minimal I'm wondering like what what sort of changes would be required for something like power okay thank you yeah and if some architecture uses the same register for trade local storage and perceived storage then we might have to do something fancy right have you looked at all yet actually deploying these in a platform like cube you tried running any of these like in kubernetes well the one of the ideas obviously behind this one of the motivations is to make a function as a service faster so one of the targets which we're going to look at after you on something to get scripting languages like no tightness on up and running into that then we'll do the measurements of Tommy talk yesterday about caching remember any start-up time so on we can do this with this as well so we can bring up partly bring up the interpret of something that have the nanosecond start-up time so function as a service we have so this is really great work I followed it ever since you guys published the paper and I've liked it or you kind of preempted something that I was going to ask about though you talked about interpreters so I was wondering what happens when something wants basically like a file system or to load things from file systems things like that is that going to be difficult with the interpreter model or what what are your thinking thoughts there so one of the things and let me answer this now because this is something which I've been thinking about for a long time I just have time because by the way I mean the rule are doing the work so the rest of us are just cheering inside so but one of the start-up start-up mechanisms which we have been thinking about which I want them to implement is basically that you need the equivalent of the init scripts in there as well and we will have this kind of part of the build system so that instead of having scripts we will generate basically have a kind of a compiler for this kind of things which translates the description of what your init is supposed to look like into code which is then linked in or executed before we jump into painting so with that you can mount any arbitrary class system then the same functionality is there it's an anomaly kind of function like we had the network all set up from the network you have it now hard-coded in some way or form so this is the very good version of this kind of thing this actually happens before we get the painting this just has to be generalized so by structuring this as a target does this make it incompatible with other targets such as like user mode linux well I guess my question is would it be possible to essentially build a user mode linux unicolonial I haven't thought about this I very much doubt that it would be me if you were and given the lack of interest in about the new mail to some extent it might linger around for a while before someone does the work so in theory it could work yes but we're we're literally today's ARC U.M. as a target and so we are introducing ARC into the 60k so it will be some restructuring I guess thank you any more questions thank you


Congress President Sonia Gandhi, members of the Congress Working Committee, PCC presidents and CLP leaders, AICC office bearers, delegates of the Shivir friends, I'd like to welcome all of you here today. We have been having discussions now for the last few days and everybody, the leadership of the Congress Party has been taking part in these discussions. I was involved in some of the discussions, I went to all the rooms and while I was listening to the discussions, all of you and of course those discussions were held in closed rooms so the people of our country don't know the level of conversation that was taking place, the type of conversation that was taking place, the intelligence of the conversation that was taking place, but I got to see it. And while I was watching this, I was asking myself the question, which other political party in this country would allow this type of a conversation. A conversation where the senior most leadership is bluntly told without holding back, without any hesitation is bluntly told what the Congress Party feels. I was thinking to myself, certainly the RSS and the BJP would never allow such a thing. In fact, many of our leaders, Aryaji is here, many of our leaders who have come back have said to me exactly what the BJP allows them to say and doesn't allow them to say. Aryaji himself told me that as a Dalit in the BJP, he had no place. As a Dalit in the BJP, he was humiliated every single day. These are his words and there are other parties, regional parties and with all respect, even the regional parties would not tolerate the type of conversation that we have just had. And this conversation, this is not something new in the Congress. This didn't happen just yesterday or day before. We are attacked for it. Every day in the media, we are attacked because we allow conversation inside our party. Every day, we are attacked. But there is a reason. There is a reason we allow conversation. This party's DNA is a conversation between the people of this country. Doesn't matter where they come from, doesn't matter whether they are rich or poor, what community they are from, Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Christian, anybody. This party has always provided a platform for a conversation, a platform where people can speak without fear, without worry. And that is what this party continues to do. Unfortunately, this is not how the politics of the country is progressing. The politics of the country now does not entail a conversation. It does not entail the expression of views. It does not entail the expression of feelings. Some days back in Parliament, I made a speech where I said, India, Bharat, is a union of states. That is the line that is written in our constitution. India is not described as a nation. It is described as a union of states. Meaning, the states of India, the people of India, have come together to form the union. They have come together to form the union. And it is critical for the union of this country that the states and the people are allowed to have a conversation. Because the only alternative, and I say this with full responsibility, the only alternative to a conversation between the people of India is violence between the people of India. You can either choose to have a conversation between the people of India or then you can choose to have violence between the people of India. And this conversation that takes place between the people of India, between the states of India, the instruments of this conversation, the mechanism of this conversation are the institutions that the Congress party, that your great leaders, Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Patel, Azadji, Ambedkarji, have helped us create. These institutions do not belong to any one individual. They do not belong to a political party. They belong to the union of India. They belong to every single person in this union. And today what we are seeing is the systematic destruction, the systematic destruction of the institutions that help the states of India speak to each other. We see it, those of us who are in parliament, we see it in parliament house.  Members are thrown out of the house. Conversations are not allowed. We see it when the judiciary is pressurized. We see it when the arms of the election commission are twisted. We see it when the media is muzzled. And we say, OK, we lightly say that the conversation is being muzzled. But what we do not understand is the consequence of this muzzling. India does not understand it yet. Most people in this country do not understand it because the day these countries' institutions stop working, the day this country stops speaking to itself, the day this country does not communicate with itself effectively is the day that we will all be in very serious trouble. And you can already see, you can already see the tension. It is there for everybody to see. You speak to the press people, they will tell you that we are muzzled. You speak to the political class, speak to the leaders. Every single politician knows the word Pegasus. Then a single politician in this country who does not know what Pegasus is, Pegasus is not a software. Pegasus is the method of silencing the political class of this country. It is not simply a software. It is the way to strangle, it is the way to strangle the political discussion in this country. And so this is what we are seeing. Now the question is, how does the Congress party respond to this? It's a question on all your minds. We see economic collapse. Some days back, the Prime Minister said, we are going to be exporting wheat. And then suddenly, a few days later, we are not going to be exporting wheat. We put a ban on the export of wheat. My friends from Punjab and the rest of the country know the impact of the farm laws. You know what the farm laws were designed to do. And you know the devastation and the pain that the farm laws caused to the people of Punjab. And had they not been stopped, what would have happened to Punjab? And you know, you spoke to me yesterday, you know what is happening in Punjab today and the feelings that are rampant in Punjab today. Which is our youth. Today, the youth of India cannot get employment. Mr. Narendra Modi talked about giving employment to 2 crore youths. Today, unemployment has never been more than today. And these are their roots, not our roots. Why? Because the roots of the wheat that the employment creates, Mr. Narendra Modi has broken the roots of the wheat that BJP has broken and their thoughts have broken. They have signed the GST, they have signed the GST and they have completely benefited. After giving 2-3 big jobs, the government has destroyed the future of the youth of India. And you will get to see the coming times. The youth of India will not be able to get employment. On the one hand, unemployment, on the other hand, the cost. The fight has taken place in Ukraine. In the coming times, inflation will increase in a great way. And what we called as demographic dividend, it is dangerous that demographic dividend changes into demographic disaster. Who is responsible for this? The Congress Party is not responsible. The BJP is responsible, the government is responsible. But we too are responsible. Our responsibility is to fight the struggle of the poor and to stand with the people. Our complaint is that our complete discussion, our entire discussion, is in our internal matters. Who is getting the post? Our internal focus remains. And in today's time, our internal focus is not going to work. Our focus, our focus has to be an external focus. We will have to look towards the people. We will have to go to the people. And not just for us, but for the country. The whole discussion in the press is about the positions of the Congress Party. We should think without thinking. Whether we are senior leaders, or junior leaders, we should work. We should go and sit in the middle of the people without thinking. Those who have issues, they should understand. And those who had a connection with the people before us, those who have a connection with the people, we will have to accept it. We will have to make that connection again. And the people want, the people understand that the Congress Party can do this. The people understand that the Congress Party can take the country forward. This is our responsibility. And by listening to me, the Congress Party has decided, October has decided, that the whole Congress Party will go in the middle of the people, will travel, and the relationship with the people of the Congress Party, and will strengthen it once again. This is the way for us. And this is not going to happen from the shortcut. I am telling you, who thinks, that by doing the shortcut, this work can be done, this work cannot be done from the shortcut. This work will be done with patience, without patience. And you can do it. You have the power, we all have the power, and this is our DNA. We were born from the people. This association has come out of the people. So we have to go in the middle of the people once again. About the Congress Party, many things have been discussed, about our economic policies, about our political positions, about youngsters, the future of India's youth, the weaker sections, farmers, we had all these discussions. And we have prepared papers that give us a clear direction on where we have to go. But I do feel that there are some things which are already in those papers, which I would like to repeat here, which the Congress Party must think very seriously about doing. I've said that we must have a mass contact program where all of us, regardless of our age, our position, where all of us go to the people of India and spend not one day, two days, but months with the people of India. Understand what the people of India want and what the people of India are saying. Understand what the farmers want, what the laborers want. This to me is the first step. The second step is transforming the nature of the Congress Party. Not the nature in terms of its thinking, not the nature in terms of its ideology, but its nature in terms of the way we do our work. The 21st century is about communication. And if there is one area where our opponents outdo us, it is in communication. They have much more money than us and they are better at communication than we are. So we must think about communication, completely reform our communication systems and communicate with the people of India, with the youngsters in a new way. This is a recommendation that has already been made. I'm just repeating it. I think the idea that certain positions, certain numbers of positions should be for younger people is a very important idea. I am not saying that there should be no older people, but I am saying that when it comes to BCCs, when it comes to BCCs, when it comes to our leadership, we should have a healthy mix of youngsters and seniors. And I think the time has come where we aggressively do this, where we aggressively put new BCCs, new BCCs. There are DCCs who have been there for 15, 20 years. We aggressively change these DCCs and BCCs and make them the pivot of the party and make sure that they are young, dynamic and fully trained in the ideas and the ideology of the Congress party so they can take on the vicious propaganda and the divisive politics of the RSS. I also feel, and that has also been stated, that we must ensure the idea that one person per family should get a ticket. I know Venugopal has made a caveat to that, but I do think that it is very important that we limit the number of family members that are involved in our organization. Let them work, let them develop and then let them join the organization. But we must not have a situation where five or six or seven members of a family are in the organization. So I think these things are of importance. From my perspective, I am your family. You are my family. I don't see you. And I am not just talking about you. You are my family. And I am not just talking about you. There are 500 or 600 people here. But I am talking about the leaders of every Congress. I am talking about working. This is a family. And I am your family. My fight is the RSS and BJP's ideology which is a danger in front of the country. My fight is with that ideology which spreads hatred and violence. I fight against it and I want to fight. This is a fight of my life for me. I am not ready to believe that in my beloved country, in our beloved country so much hatred, so much anger and violence can spread. I am not ready to believe that. There are great powers against us. The RSS, BJP's organization. Nowadays, all the institutions of India don't think that we are fighting with a political party. We are not fighting with a political party. A political party is just a part of it. We are fighting with every institution of India. We are fighting against the biggest capitalists of India. Truth. But I want to say the work of every Congress. And I want to say the leader of the Congress. You don't need to be afraid. You don't need to be afraid. Because this country believes in truth. This country is the country of truth. And this country is understanding. This country is watching. The state of the country is understanding the country.  And I am going to fight this fight with you. I am not afraid of these powers. I don't care.  I don't want to be afraid. I don't want to be afraid. I haven't taken any money from my mother India. And I am not afraid of speaking the truth.  This is the fight of all of us. We are all involved in this fight. I am involved with you. We are all senior leaders. We are all Congress presidents. We will all unite and defeat BJP and RSS. Sometimes our senior leaders are depressed. It is normal. Because it is not easy to fight. Don't think that it is easy to fight. This fight cannot be fought by the regional party. Because it is a fight of thoughts. You have seen a thought of RSS. A thought of Congress. BJP will talk about Congress. It will talk about Congress's leaders. It will talk about Congress's workers. But it will not talk about the regional party. Because they know that the regional party is their place. But they cannot defeat BJP. Because they do not have a thought of Congress. They have different approaches. One is our centralized approach. And the other is our thought of Congress. So it is not an easy fight. And it is not a political fight. It is a fight of the future of the country. And it is a fight to save the country. And you will see. Now this fight has started. You will see in the coming time. It will be a fire in India. I talked about COVID. Remember. I am telling you. The more we break these institutions. The more we break these institutions. We will end the conversation between religions and caste. We will suppress it. It will be a fire in India. I am telling you clearly. And the work of the Congress Party. It is to start that conversation again. The work of the Congress Party. It is to protect the institutions. It is our job. No regional party will do it. The BJP will not do it. The RSS will not do it. The Congress Party will do it. We have never attacked the institutions of India. We have never hidden the work of the Congress Party. We have never put it in the institutions of India. RSS and BJP are doing this. Not only in the institutions. But everywhere they are putting their people in it. And the conversation between the people is over. On the one hand, unemployment. Young people are not able to see the way. It is expensive. And on the other hand, you are breaking the institutional structure of India. The conversation between the people in India is closing. It is our responsibility to stop the fire. It is our responsibility. It is our responsibility to go between the people. And tell the people that it is being divided. It is being broken. And the country is not strong. The country is weak. It will not benefit us. It will be a loss. It is our responsibility. It is our responsibility to do our work. It is our responsibility to our politicians. And this work can only be done by the people of the Congress Party. Because the Congress Party is the party of everyone. In this country, there is no such caste, no such religion, no such person who can say that the Congress Party has closed its doors for me. There is no one in this country. Regional parties are of some caste. They are not of everyone. This is the same party that is the party of the whole country. So I wanted to tell you that there is no need to worry. We will go down on the road. We will go down on the road. And from the perspective of BJP RSS, like when the Congresses fight, we will fight with all our strength. All of you came here and showed us the way forward. You gave us a direction. Leaders, senior leaders showed us, told us where we should go. And I think there is a lot of clarity in terms of where the Congress Party has to go in terms of policy, in terms of thinking, what our positions should be, what our political positions should be. I think there is tremendous clarity that has come out of this discussion. In fact, you yourselves have told me that there is a lot of clarity that has come out of this discussion. I think that these discussions are very useful. And I think we should have these discussions much more often, much more systematically. It allows the Congress Party to come together. It allows us to feel like a family. It allows us to talk to each other. And I think it helps us move forward with a strong, in a strong and dynamic way. So I'd like to thank all of you for coming here today. Namaskar. Jai Hind.


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