Welcome to Free Thoughts from Libertarianism.org and the Cato Institute. I'm Aaron Powell. And I'm Trevor Burrus. And today we are guestless instead. Guest list? Guest list. Guest list, yes. Less. So on today's episode, what we're going to do instead is talk with my co-host Trevor Burrus a bit because Trevor, like many of us, is working on a book. The book is based on a lecture that he's given a few times at least. Many times. Probably 50 at this point or something like that. In many countries too. It's a good lecture. And so, we're going to talk about that. We're going to talk about the subject of the lecture. We're going to talk about the subject of the upcoming book, which he calls the statrix. Got it. Always going to come up with a name for something and then you can own it. So your lecture begins, so many do, with griping about your experience on the metro, the public transportation system here in Washington, D.C. Yeah. It's actually how I came up with the lecture because when I was a poor intern in a big part of the lecture is how this thing I call the statrix affects poor people. But when I was a poor intern, I was waiting for the metro on Sunday morning and I didn't have enough money really to actually take a cab. And that morning, the metro is what's called single tracking. It's a dreaded thing that happens in D.C. And I'm sitting there and what should have been a 20 minute trip turned into a three hour trip, which happens a lot if you take the metro on the weekends in Washington, D.C. And as I was sitting there, I was saying how great it is that the government designed this thing for me as a poor person, implemented it with taxation, and then reorganized the world around this thing and crowded out other alternatives to compete against it. And then after they did that, they collude to make sure it doesn't go away. And then after you're stuck in the thing, they fail to run it in adequately. And on top of that, they start prohibiting things like Uber or trying to prohibit Uber or prohibiting things like JD-CAP services that could help people get out of the system that has been created around them. And I realize that right there, those were like the seven steps of the government ruining your life. So an alternate title of this could be the process of government, but that's a pretty boring one. And interestingly, now that the D.C. Metro is on fire, yeah, I mean just go to IsTheMetroOnFire.com and it can tell you whether or not it is. And we're going through some crazy track work over the next year for people who are in D.C. You already know I'm sure this is going to happen. And I ended up being a profit because I said many times that this metro is going to crash and burn. I thought it was going to have a huge crash, which would create the problems because the D.C. Metro, which underscores my point. Well, it did have a huge crash. A month after I started at Cato, trains collided and killed. Yeah, it would kill a couple people and hurt a bunch. But I was expecting something even bigger that would make people shut it down because it is built with two tracks. It's the largest metros for 5 million or whatever people in D.C. area has two tracks that run. And so that means, and things about metro, as soon as you build one, they start falling apart because of water tables and pressures from the earth. So you have to run constant maintenance.  That's what single tracking is. And because that's so disruptive, they've actually not done maintenance at the level that they should have for a very long time, which goes to point step six of the process, which is inadequacy. Okay, well, let me just before we go through the steps of how the government ruins your life, the metro seems like an interesting example to use because your argument broadly is that government takes over something or offers a solution and then excludes other solutions. And then the government solution gets worse and worse for a whole bunch of reasons and it continues to prop itself up and forces to use it. And bad things happen. But the metro is potentially not an example of that because this seems like the kind of thing that's on its face is something maybe only the government could do. Because yeah, I mean, Uber can put cars on the streets, but cars are not the same thing as subway trains that require digging enormous tunnels under a major city, which is probably not something that, I mean, I know that startup founders are pretty keen on their own abilities, but bootstrapping a major subway system is probably out of the reach of most small companies and even big ones. So we would potentially need the government and it's not immediately clear how you would compete with metro because you can't dig. Even if the government allowed it, again, it would be a problem to try to dig competing tunnels and so on and so forth. So is it really the kind of thing that we can talk about easily within this framework in the first place? Yeah, it is absolutely the kind of thing because in order to do a proper critique and understanding of the nature of government and of the alternative that we're trying to propose as a freer system, you have to be able to have a deep understanding of how the government, whatever program it is, not every program, but so many of the programs change how the world looks in a fundamental way. Now, first of all, you have to, if you're to say, what is the metro needed and this comes up in New York, for example, which is the closest metro to breaking even because the metro is heavily subsidized here too. So people aren't paying the full price for it and actually trying to come up with what are the costs of having this metro? Well, some of it is sprawl and things like this. People have reorganized their life around the metro. So if someone asks the question, and this sort of just highlights my basic point when we get into things that are not transportation things, but someone says, well, if the New York subway didn't exist, how would people from South Brooklyn get to Manhattan to work? And the answer to that question is New York City would look fundamentally different than it does now. And there are many ways that people decide where to live based on the availability of transportation options. And what's actually competing against the metro are Ubers and Jitney cabs and other things that could exist that the human imagination can come up with or people just not actually living someplace because there's no way to get into the downtown or having two different city centers where there could be different commuters going as opposed to one different city center and Denver, they have the tech center, which is south before they put in their light rail system. So you have to look at it in a much more complex way to figure out how this government thumb on the scale is the way I describe it. Sometimes it's just a thumb on the scale. Sometimes it's a massive transportation project. How it has changed how the world looks. And that's why I call this thing the statrix. So is the statrix a riff on the matrix or on dominatrix? I like that second one. We could come up with some sort. No, it's a riff on the matrix, a combination of the state and matrix. And that's sort of what I tried to do with these seven steps, which is to give the blue pill or the red pill, sorry, it's the red pill that gets you out of the matrix when he offers the two pills to Neo.  And so my hope is after you read my book or listen to this podcast or hear me speak that you have a better, you're more like Neo at the end of the matrix where he can suddenly see the code around him. All those times are like, why is this this way? There's so many things in the world that we just accept as being normal, but they are fundamentally not normal.  So what's step one? So step one is just the basic conceptual step. And I said, this is a rubric to put many things into. The metro is a particularly useful one. But the question is, what is the thing being built for? Because the big part of this is the people who are most trapped in the statrix are poor people, generally speaking. And so many of these things that are conceptualized as help to the poor end up being things that the poor people are actually trapped in. It's rich people who can get out of these things, which is why the kind of social justice, the egalitarianism that's part of libertarianism, I think rightly conceived, needs to make this critique, especially about poor people.  So when you think of something like Medicare or Medicaid or you think of something like a subsidized metro system or things like this, they're generally proposed to help poor people or people of lesser means that are often proposed in these situations and even things like Obamacare and public school systems, they're proposed to help people of lower means. Now as a scientist, like I said, when I came up with this idea, I was a poor intern at the Cato Institute and what trapped me in the metro and had to deal with the three hour wait as opposed to walking outside and at that point Uber was just coming online, but what trapped me there was my poverty. And as a scientist, we haven't mentioned this yet, but one of the things that came to me when I was coming up with this idea is that there is a great song by the Kingston Trio that some of you might know called MTA, which is a covering of an old campaign song about from a Boston mayoral campaign where one of the proposals of one of the candidates was to raise the price of getting off the metro five cents. And so one of the candidates who opposed this guy had the song written that postulated a guy who couldn't afford the five cents to get off of the Boston metro.  I suggest looking it up, but that guy who can't afford to pay five cents to get off the metro is in the song is Charlie is stuck on the MTA and poor people are stuck on these things that are conceptualized usually for them in some way. Is stuck the right way to talk about it though because the impetus behind these things, behind say Medicare or public transportation if we're framing it around helping the poor is that the poor are not being provided with a service right now. And or the services that are out there are too expensive for them to afford. So healthcare is too expensive or transportation is too expensive. So what we're going to do is provide them with a cheaper alternative. And so now that cheaper alternative may not be great. Medicare is not great. The metro is not great. But to say that they're then stuck in it doesn't seem quite right because it's not like they had all these alternatives and then we shoved them into this one but rather they couldn't get the better alternatives. They still can't get the better alternatives but at least they now have a non-zero one. They have access to. Well it depends on where you're starting, where you're thinking about your starting point. First of all, when you talk about things like access to medical care and things like this when it came to pre-Medicare, pre-Medicaid there was systems for that to happen and there are ways that you could have proposed regulatory changes that would have made it better and easier for a flourishing market to exist for poor people to have access to these things. Now again, in terms of the metro sometimes the point of it is to create a new system around like to actually redesign the city when they do city planning and all these things and give them access. Now they maybe weren't getting into the middle of the city before they were working on the outside of the city and that's one choice that they made and now they're giving them an option to get into the city but again the point is this doesn't always mean that the critique of these things means that they're bad. This is a deep way of understanding how the world is reorganized in such a way because the trapped element of it comes in on the later steps because it becomes the only option and when it becomes the only option for these poor people then I would say that they're trapped especially when that thing starts to run down because of the nature of government programs to become worse and more expensive over time and then I think the right term is trapped and but the most important part of this is that it's eliminating these state tricks things whether it's Obamacare, Medicare, Medicaid, Metro, public schools, or anything else we can name what they do is they eliminate other possibilities and the most horrible part about the state tricks and the reason I use this sort of matrix word is that when it looks like Medicare is the only thing around and it is the only thing around because it's crowded out of other possibilities we think that the world before Medicare was just the world as it is now but without Medicare but that's not the case and the worst thing that we lose when the state tricks is in full operation is imagination. We lose the ability to imagine how things could alternately be or have entrepreneurs out there trying to make ways to get access for poor people to have medical care because you can't compete against the government if that gets into the further steps. Okay, so after we've come up with a concept of how to improve the lives of a given set of Americans and then we move on to implementing it. Yes, and the most important thing about implementation is that it's done through taxation. Now, aside from whether or not taxation is theft or whatever, it's a coercive non-voluntary payment and one thing we know about governments is that they basically can build anything. I mean, with some democratic checks but they can build anything with coercive non-voluntary payments. This is a basic rule we use when we think about free markets. If it's a voluntary transaction, that something exists is a demonstration at least initially that people wanted. So this is true of even things like Nickelback. I mean, the very existence of Nickelback or the New York Chets and your existence. Well, the continued existence. The continued existence, yes. So the initial they can try this out. Things can come through existence and people don't want them and then they go away. But Nickelback has made the same album for whatever 1500 years. However long they've been around. But since they're not a state-sponsored band, I presume that they're Nickelback fans out there. I presume that there are people who shop at edible arrangements. I've never shopped at edible arrangements. I have no idea who shops there. But because it exists, I presume it's done through voluntary transactions. Now, with the government using taxation, this is important for the step on the statrix level is that, again, going back to transportation questions, you could put, so right now they're putting this high-speed rail line in California and it's supposed to go from Los Angeles to San Francisco and it doesn't actually really go from Los Angeles. It doesn't really go to San Francisco. It's way outside Los Angeles to way outside San Francisco. But nevertheless, they're put this thing in and it doesn't matter that people may not want to pay the full price of what it would actually cost to have a high speed because they're gonna have to subsidize the ticket. They can put this in. If they wanted to put a high-speed rail line from Minot, North Dakota to Pueblo, Colorado, that could exist. Even though no one actually wants to go from Minot, North Dakota to Pueblo, Colorado, they could put that in with taxation. But to put it on a different sense, imagine here in D.C. they put a metro line from here to say Lancaster, Pennsylvania. No one really wants to commute from Lancaster, Pennsylvania to D.C. at the cost that it would actually, with a non-subsidized cost. But if they put that in there, they could do it with taxation and then you would get steps, you get steps three through seven after that if you just created an artificial commuting community in Lancaster, Pennsylvania that people aren't paying the actual price of because taxation is being used to implement it. When you say they don't want it, do you mean they don't want it now or they wouldn't want it in retrospect? Because you can say like, so a lot of say our major urban centers exist because some piece of infrastructure was there like say a port. So people didn't say, hey, I want the city of Baltimore. There was a port and then it grew up around it. So maybe of course we don't want, there's not a lot of people clamoring for a transportation or would pay the full cost right now for a transportation system between this city and that city. But maybe that's because we as consumers have a lack of imagination. And so you need a planner, a policy analyst, a congressman, a lobbyist to step in and say, I have a vision. And if you can, you the state can coercively fund this thing, you're all gonna thank me later when we have these major hubs and we've built up commerce and there's all this thriving vibrancy that wasn't there before. That's a really great question. And again, like I said, the observation that something is a statrix piece is not a complete condemnation of it. It's a way of analyzing it. It could be possible for city planners to predict the next place people want to go. But like they also wouldn't necessarily be predicting, they also be influencing that. And if you listen to our episode with Randall O'Toole, they usually don't do a very good job of predicting this stuff or they impose a vision on the city with 50 year city plans that end up being a perfect example of the statrix if they actually try to implement it. I did one see, and I think I said this in the Randall O'Toole episode, I did one see in Denver the city plan that was written in 1952 for Denver in 2020, which is amazingly, an amazing conceit to think that, without even being able to predict the technology of the future or like what people would want or anything, you could actually plan a city for that long in advance. Right, I just, I think it's, we need to be careful to not, we often say like markets, we hear people say like markets give you what you want. And then government is giving you these things that you wouldn't want or don't want. But of course, one of the critiques of markets that you hear from our friends on the left is that it makes us want things that we don't really want. Like consumerism is about this kind of false consumer consciousness. When in fact, that's a benefit of markets is we didn't, I had no idea I wanted this thing and someone came along and created it and told me I wanted it. And it turned out, yeah, now that I know about it, I actually did. But if you had pulled me like, if we ran markets by having consumers check off or fill in the blanks on like, which products would you like to see over the course of the next year? Our markets would look very different and much more impoverished than they do right now. And so we want to be sure that we're not... Saying the government can't do a similar thing. Right. Yeah, that's a really great point. And that would get to a point that we'll talk about on my eighth step or it's not really a step of the statrix, but the circumvention point, which is what entrepreneurs are supposed to be doing, like the value of entrepreneurs in a market situation where they have the ability to fail. It's the ability to fail that keeps markets from generally creating the statrix kind of situation aside from monopolies or we won't get into that. But like that ability to fail, it's the inability to fail that makes the government very different in this way or at least easily fail. So yes, governments, any libertarian who says, governments can't provide things that are either good or people want is overselling the point. They absolutely can. The question is one that they usually do, whether they can do in comparison. And also remember that one of the most uninteresting things that can never be said about government is that they give you something that you like. I mean, I was talking with a guy the other day about bike share, which has become a big thing here in D.C. And his main argument for why it's a good idea is that he really likes it. And I said, just like, okay, so the government takes taxes, puts a bunch of bikes on the street and you like it. This is not a theory of government. This is a theory of stuff for you. So yes, if someone gets a computer metro oil from Lancaster, they may like it, especially if they don't have to pay the full price, which they assuredly wouldn't. The question is whether or not that's something government should be doing. So we come up with a concept, then we implement it with taxes, and then this is when we start seeing, I think that the metaphor can come into being, which is when we start reorganizing around it. Yes, and that's when you start building the state trick. So I already mentioned what would happen if you built a Lancaster commuting line. And again, you gotta have the deep critique. If we did put a commuter line from D.C. to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and it was subsidized, there'd become a commuter community there. And then 50 years later, we say, why are people what we need to take that away? And then someone says, if we take that away, then how are people gonna get from Lancaster to D.C.? It's like, well, you created this problem and you reorganize the world around it by doing this. And so it clearly happens in transportation situations. It happened in the transportation hubs in large physically immobile stations, reorganized cities constantly. And in fact, Megan McArdle wrote a piece a while back about the D.C. streetcar, which is a huge boondoggle that people are now saying, just scrap it, it's never gonna work. It goes up and down this H.T.R. corridor and it's overrunning cost and it's overrunning time. I'm not even sure. It is working now, or do you know? Anyway. I don't know. I don't ever go to H.T.R. because I don't go to bars. Yes. And so if you live in D.C., it's interesting, you say they take a lane of traffic, and my brother, I was just in Sydney, Australia, and he says they're doing this in Sydney, too. You take a lane of traffic and you take it out by putting tracks in it. And so you make the traffic worse on the street to put this nice fancy new thing in place back and forth. And that thing is now immobile. Like it has to run that course and have these stops that are gonna be those stops. Whereas the most efficient thing that you can run as a basic public transportation thing and it has less statrix effects is just a city bus system because it doesn't have to destroy a lane of traffic. It's actually, you can move it to the people as opposed to having the people move to the transportation hub. And Megan McCartle said, well, maybe one of the reasons that politicians would like these large, expensive, immovable transportation projects is because it gives them a better opportunity for graft, basically.  All these businesses are gonna be held by this where you say we might change a bus line and move it somewhere else. But that's, again, that's part of how the reorganization works. People move there, businesses move around those things. And after that, people forget what the city used to look like and they think that's what the city naturally looks like and that's where you have the reorganization. But of course, it's not just transportation. It's a really good example of the state tricks. If you're American, this is, if you listen to Free Thoughts Lot, you probably know the answer to this question, but why do we get insurance through our jobs? Is this basic question? And it's so normal here that you probably haven't thought how just non-normal that is. It makes no sense that you would have insurance through your jobs. It wouldn't be something. Health insurance, we're all quite used to getting all sorts of kinds of insurance without our jobs. We don't get auto insurance or homeowners insurance. Yes, I'm in health insurance. So it makes little to no sense why that'd be the case.  You probably maybe had never thought that it doesn't make sense, which is, again, the state tricks part. And then you say, well, what happened? And the answer to that question of why we get insurance through our jobs generally has to do with the tax break. I mean, it went into the tax code in the early 1950s after the post-war, in the post-war world, there were some wage and price, there were some wage ceilings for people coming back. So they said, you're not allowed to give people, say, more than 10,000, I can't remember what the exact ceiling was, it was like more than $10,000 in take-home wages. And so when you put a wage ceiling in, people who are worth more than $10,000 are gonna get paid in a different way. So some companies sort of paying them with benefits, health benefits. And so those benefits were themselves not taxed and not part of that wage ceiling. And then in the early 50s, Congress put that into the tax code and that means that you can decline your health insurance through your job and take your taxed wages and then go buy health insurance on the market. But that's sort of a silly thing to do because the benefits themselves are not taxed according to tax code.  So first of all, the insurance companies reorganize around this tax plan. They reorganize their business plans around selling to large employers more than having a competitive individual buying market. So that's part of the reorganization. And then everyone starts falling into the state tricks and they think that this is normal and then we get to the quote unquote crisis of the uninsured when Obamacare was first being discussed in 2009, which is really just a crisis of the unemployed or the underemployed insofar as it was a crisis. And of course the obvious answer to that was to look back in time and try and figure out where the reorganization took place but that's not something that policymakers generally do.  But that's another type of reorganization. As you say this though, the question that comes to mind is any change in our environment is going to cause reorganization. So no matter what government does or what a market actor does or what individuals do, it's going to change the environment and then the rest of us are going to adapt to that in some way. And then that adaptation, especially if it's larger scale or longer term is going to become sticky such that we could always say, look, yes, we could go back and say that this was the thing that caused it but that doesn't change the fact that then dumping that influence on the market will be often painful or require abrupt re-adaptation. So are you describing something that is unique to the way the state operates versus just the state is relatively big and so big things have bigger effects. But so did the, most of us have reorganized our lives in often positive but often negative ways around the introduction of the smart phone. And are we existing in a smart phone statrix as well? Again, step two is implementation. It is the unique ability of the state to do its reorganization in the way it can do it without voluntary transactions. You could do it now. I mean, if via entire voluntary transactions someone put a shopping mall now, those usually involve some sorts of tax credits too but just put a shopping mall then yes, that also reorganizes stuff but the preference here is for voluntary interaction and interaction that is the presence of voluntary interaction, interaction that meets the needs of people as they're perceived at the time and then things that can go away easily if they fail. That's one of the biggest things that commends the market over government is its ability to fail effectively and then to deal with those problems quickly as opposed to having them persist. So and the funny thing is, is that yes, the government is big so it has big reorganization effects but the story I told about health insurance or your jobs, that was a very small effect based in step two, implementation through the tax code to just a little adjustment of that, of their ability to how much they're gonna take from your wages or not, can reorganize the world in a drastic way. So it still is that unique taxing ability that makes their reorganization different but that's an excellent question. And so then they move on, we've reorganized but that reorganization doesn't just change the way that we interact with this particular thing but it changes the way we interact or can't interact with other things via crowding out. Yeah, step four is crowding out. So the story so far, they come up with something to help genuinely poor people, they implement a taxation, the world starts to reorganize around us slowly and then after it's been more and more reorganized, step four is a crowding out of other possibilities. Now the best example of this is public schools but most things in the government, I mean, especially if they are for helping poor people, they're subsidized in some way, many things. There's many things the government does, the kind of things we're talking about here. Public schools are really a good example and this goes back to the point I made at the beginning. The most important thing about that should take away from what I'm saying here is the imagination point because here we start to get the statrics because first the world looks differently and people forget why the world looks differently but then other things go away and people think that there are no other options and the thing that libertarians are really, I think the hardest thing that we have to fight against is a lack of imagination. And if you've ever had a conversation where you try to convince maybe a friend of yours that private schools can work and their first answer was, oh yeah, because everyone can just go to those rich private school, Catholic schools like Groton in Massachusetts where FDR went and your reaction has to be, are you that lacking in imagination that you don't understand that if public schools either went away or we voucherized or did many other things with tax credits, whatever, the world would look fundamentally different. There are no schools that are competing for low-income kids, there's no one creating those schools here, which is why books like James Tule is a Beautiful Tree which was published by the Cato Institute is really valuable where he talks about how the poorest people in the world are educating their kids privately because you need examples. And when those examples go away, the statrics infect the brain and you think that, oh, well, the world would look the same in the absence of the public school system. Is this lack of imagination because non-libertarian groups have quite a bit less of the demographic density of sci-fi nerds that libertarianism does? It's funny, because I gave a little talk on sci-fi in Australia at this conference I was speaking at and that's one point I brought up. I think one thing that sci-fi, one reason for the libertarian sci-fi is some, I mean, one of them is you think about other ways of doing things and you're better at not getting caught up that this is the only way of doing things. So yes, the crowding out is important. And of course, crowding out happens in healthcare. It happens in transportation. The metro, no one in DC or really probably no one anywhere, don't quote me on that, it's not my expertise, but Randall O'Toole once told me, I think that the New York City metro comes the closest to breaking even, but every metro is subsidized to some degree. The DC metro, so if you're paying the full cost, you're much more expensive than it is. Well, I believe I've heard the DC metro has that the consumer bears a larger chunk of its overall costs than is typical. I think that's true because they don't get as much money from the local governments, but so you're paying a subsidized rate. Now, competing against a subsidized rate at all on anything is very difficult for someone who wanted to start a voluntary organization to transport people around that doesn't enjoy the benefit of step two taxation. If you wanted to create a Jitney cab company, which is sort of a little neighborhood taxi, somewhere between a bus and a van, what we can talk about those in a few steps too, you have to charge full price to cover your costs and then some profit, and competing against a government that doesn't do that means that those things don't exist, and this is the very slow and subtle way that people start to think that the state tricks is real and the only possibility because they say, well, where are the private schools? That's the thing that we have to constantly show them. And the other thing about the crowding out and the imagination point, which I'll come back to a few more times, it's a very important point, is when they always can point to something like the existing public school system. What we want is that thing to go away so that these state tricks affections can be eliminated, and then for a thousand flowers to bloom of different types of schools out there. So what does your private school system look like? You say, well, like I don't know. I'm not an educator, like I believe in people, and I believe that people want to educate their kids, and I believe that they will figure out many different ways that I can even conceive of of how to do that. And I'm sure it's probably better than a Prussian model of education system designed in 1890 that hasn't changed at all. So it's hard to point to what a private education system would look like as they get more and more eliminated. And when those things go away entirely, our job as advocates for liberty becomes very difficult to even say, look at this schooling system in Nairobi, Kenya, or look at the schooling system over here. If the state church takes over, people will lose the ability to imagine other possibilities almost entirely, and it will make our job almost impossible. I think one of the pernicious effects also of the subsidizing that props up the government systems, whether it's public schools, or public transportation, or Medicare Medicaid, is that it gives consumers, so it doesn't just crowd out competitors in the sense that they can't make as much money. They can't compete on price, but that it anchors a certain price in the mind of the consumer as what this thing should cost that is a highly misleading. So they say these private schools they're just like education should not cost that much. Education should cost the next to nothing I pay out of my pocket to send my daughter to a public school. And it should be getting cheaper and better. But what's hidden there is the actual costs that I'm paying. So it's not like private schools are actually more expensive than public schools because in many cases they're not. In fact, Kato, we've put out studies on the actual like how much per student are we paying for say this public school system, how much money is the school spending per student? And you get things like the DC public schools cost roughly as much per year per student as the tuition you and I paid for the private law school that we attended. It's about $27,000 a year, I think for DC, which is the lowest. Which is substantially more than private schools cost the same with public transportation. We get to thinking that it ought to cost a buck 25 to get across town and therefore when someone wants to charge $8 to get across town, we're like, no, that's just, that's outside of the reasonable range. But in fact, we're paying at least that amount in actual costs or our copays on health insurance that we think these procedures ought to cost the $10 copay and we don't see the hidden costs. That's a great point. And again, if you have the ability to get out of the public school system and this is again going back to the metro thing, me being poor as an intern, my story of the MTA song from the Kingston Trio with Charlie being stuck on the metro, but the people who are stuck in the public school system are poor people. And they don't have, it's like, just like Charlie doesn't have five cents to get off the metro, they don't have even 500 bucks to get out of the public school system, which is now crowded out other possibilities. And of course, that's just one example. And because they're paid for via taxes, they're subsidized via taxes, getting out doesn't actually mean really getting out. It just means continuing to pay for while not using. Yes, exactly. So this is when it gets very pernicious. It gets mostly onto poor people. Okay, so then one of the interesting things that happens, which is the next step, is that we have, so far we've been talking about the state and we've been talking about the state does something, the state pays for something, the state then pushes other market participants out. But at some point when these programs or services or goods become entrenched enough, it kind of draws the market actors back in, but in not a good way, but in a collusive way. Yeah, and collusion is very subtle.  It's subtler than that because individual people can have a huge interest in continuation of a government program that maybe shouldn't exist or shouldn't have existed in the first place. So to return to my hypothetical metro line to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, like everyone who then purchased a house around there, which is now worth a ton more money or probably a significant more money because of that line. If they ever came in and said, let's remove this line, those people are gonna be voting for not doing that. If it's a voting initiative or they're gonna actualize their preferences in some other way. And those people, you could be the biggest libertarian ever and still be like, I don't wanna lose half the value of my house that I bought expecting this metro stop to be here. And so this is one of the stupidest things that Romney said when he was running in 2012 was this 47% concept. And a lot of people have pointed out that you talk about the direct payments to people in the form of welfare checks, the kind of people that Romney was talking about. And this is just so wrong headed in terms of the kind of people who are actually sucking on the government teeth. And so I use this example, one example I use is agricultural policy. If you know anything about US agricultural policy, it was designed by, evidently, I always say it was designed after a White House Christmas party on the back of a cocktail napkin in about 1935 because it's that crazy.  It's a cartel system that's socialized and collectivized in a huge degree. And this means that you have things like the Raisin Administrative Committee, which is something that I wrote a couple briefs for in a Supreme Court case. And the Supreme Court recently said, struck down part of the Raisin Administrative Committee's powers, but let's go back. There is a Raisin Administrative Committee. I mean, this is not a Randian dystopic novel. There's a thing that exists. There's also a, there's also a Spearman Oil Administrative Committee. There's all these other things, but the Raisin Administrative Committee itself was brought into being in 1949. And they have the power to control the price of raisins by taking raisins from farmers. Now at the Supreme Court, the farmer who was challenging it had many briefs on his side. And there was only one brief on the side of the Raisin Administrative Committee. Would you like to guess who wrote that brief? Raisin industry. Yeah, Sunmaid raisins, which controls 23 seats, I think, on the 47-person Raisin Administrative Committee. Now, Sunmaid doesn't need the government to protect itself. This is a really good example of how much business is for your competition. Or just anything that you put in place, they're going to be like, well, we need to continue this thing to exist. The Raisin Administrative Committee is something that has to continue to exist because it has existed and it must continue to exist. So this is another type of collusion. If you think about it, you could do almost anything. You could, if you passed a law that said every blue thing had to be launched 25 feet in the air before it's sold, it'd probably be like a New Deal make work law. And then they're launching blue things in the air. They're launching blue cars up in the air and all this stuff. And then selling them. And then 40 years later, someone says, why are we launching blue cars in the air? And they're going to go, my daddy launched blue cars in the air. This industry has been launching blue things in the air. It's good enough for my daddy. And if it was unionized, forget about it. It was like, that's why the statrix comes in and the collusion is very subtle. And again, you take industries like alcohol is a really good example too. So we have a three-tiered monopoly system in alcohol distribution in the United States because of the hangover from prohibition. And again, this is the reason why. So most of your big beer and alcohol people kind of support this because it's what they've always known. And so there's wholesalers and retailers, producers and wholesalers and retailers. And so this is why you have a patchwork like I can't get Odell's just mailed to my house.  I mean, it's not much better than that. It's definitely not much better than the Reagan administrative committee. So you have this system with alcohol. And alcohol is a really good example because that's a statrix thing on a local level, on a national level. But again, you have to look at this thing like I had said about when you see something weird, like why is insurance through my job? Or you see something like, why can I not purchase beer from the brewery in Colorado that I really like and have it mailed to my house in Virginia? Like why is that not a thing? And we've become very accustomed to, well, of course you can't do that. No, I mean, that's a thing. Does the complaint, of course, of course. Like it should be a thing that you can do. And the reason it isn't a thing is because of this three-tier monopoly. And we can get to it in step sort of step eight, but like you think about it, there are people trying to drop a burritos from the sky via drones that you call to your place via the phone, burrito drones, it's a real thing. The FAA, of course, made that a problem, but there are people trying to come up with this business and I cannot order a beer to my house in Virginia from the brewery in Colorado. So again, that kind of collusion, it's very subtle, it happens on the property level, it happens for insurance companies and the healthcare level. Pretty much almost anything you can imagine that the government does where there's a tax break or a property program creates some sort of people who prefer it and wanna keep it in place no matter how silly it is. So your next step, all of these steps where I have this outline of your talk that you gave me in front of me and all of the steps have sub points and examples listed except for this next step, which is inadequacy, which was that intentional? I mean, it just sort of speaks for itself. But again, remember my story at the Metro, they put this thing in for me, it's implemented the taxation, they reorganize the world around it, they crowd out other alternatives, they collude to make sure it never goes away in the Metro, so you have the Metro operators and the union and everything. And then after you're stuck in it because there aren't any competitive pressures and because the government and because steps one through five, that's one of the reasons there also aren't any competitive pressures, they fail to run it adequately. And then the joke is really on you, like especially Mr. Poorperson. And obviously the public schools are probably the best example of this in terms of what's doing the most damage to our society, but you could take anything from healthcare, you could almost name any one of them because the tendency of government programs is to become worse over time and more expensive. And it's very, very, very not funny. I mean, you can watch like VEAP or something like this, some comedic show where we make fun of government inadequacy, but it's incredibly not funny, especially to the poorest people who are trying to use something that they put into place that is just simply not doing the job. So we've come up with a plan to fix things. We've implemented with taxes, we've reorganized our lives in large part or at least in small part around it. We've crowded out alternatives. Outside people have begun to collude with this thing, then it either didn't work very well to begin with or at least after a while, it certainly isn't working very well. And so then our final step as administers of the statrics is to keep it all going by prohibiting anyone from escaping or offering methods to escape. Yes, exactly. And I mean, it can be as simple as people who are fighting against voucher programs or private school programs, different things that are trying to emerge up, tax credit programs, there are people out there fighting against that because they wanna keep these people in these schools. I mean, they have their own theory that keeping people in these schools was the only way to make the schools better and things like that, they are trying to prohibit getting out of the system. You have the fighting against Uber. And again, this is the most important thing, Uber, which we'll get to in the next step or the final sort of hope that I have. It's not really part of the statrics, but Uber is a really good example of the statrics sort of things that can help destroy it because before Uber, most people did not know there was a taxicab cartel or they kind of knew if they kind of knew that. But they probably didn't. And Uber is a really good example of this thing that is so simple, it's so should have existed. The taxis should have been the one to do it to have been the first movers on it, but of course they weren't because they had no incentive. This is actually, it's an interesting one as a highlight of your lack of imagination that ends up playing into this because I noticed in some of the things that I've been reading recently, so I've been listening to a couple of, I bounce between reading chiefly crime fiction and reading sci-fi and I am on a sci-fi kick. And so I recently, I've been listening to a couple of sci-fi novels and I've also been rereading Warren Ellis's great comic series, Trans Metropolitan. And I noticed something that shows up a fair amount which is these sci-fi authors make incredibly out there predictions about what the future will look like. And we have all sorts of strange technologies and all sorts of disruptive technologies in the Silicon Valley speak. But one of the things that seems to remain constant, A is the war on drugs. There's always like the plots of these always end up having these, there's some new fangled drug with a really like cringe-worthy name that we have to stop, the Robocop movies. That they, we seem to not be able to imagine that the war on drugs will probably not be around in a few hundred years. But the other one is hailing a yellow tax cab. Like no matter how advanced society is, there still are the scenes where they run after a cab or talk about a cab or have to look for the suspect got into a cab and we have to... Precisely. And even these sci-fi authors, you can imagine ships battling in interstellar combat, can't, never seem to be like Uber. Wow, this is a crazy idea. And I remember the first time I got into Uber.  So we can talk about that a little bit more in a sec. But at first I said, okay, so a guy's gonna pick me up in a car, like his car, I was like, so like, what's the catch?   And that is the statures. I mean, that right there was me getting a little bit of a red pill of being like, these are the possibilities you could have. But nevertheless, as you're talking about with step seven here, people are trying to prohibit these things most recently in Austin, which has reverted to, you know, 1990s situation or early 2000s situation without any good form of transportation when they prohibited Uber. And it becomes a real problem. Now you can do it, many countries prohibit private, some countries prohibit privately paying for medical costs. Not many do that. Canada had a Supreme Court ruling that made that, Canada, Quebec had a ruling that made it unconstitutional to prohibit getting healthcare outside the system. But there are people out there who are so devoted to the statutory system, they believe, and that they think that the, as I said, like the public schools that they need to get everyone inside of it in order to approve it as opposed to trying to think outside the box and be like, look, Uber is an amazing thing. Airbnb is an amazing thing. Prohibiting these things is silly. Jitney Cavs have been prohibited in New York. The little bus things I was talking about. Licensing is a prohibition scheme which works within the statrix. People are getting prohibited from just paying the agreed upon price for a person to cut their hair without a license. These are ways that they try to prop up the statrix. And in prohibition, it works with the crowding out and everything where if they do fully prohibit something, then you get the statrix effect again, which is people forget that there is another way of doing things. And this is the true harm of the statrix is that you forget that there is another way of doing things. So the best solution to all of this would be to not get started on it in the first place.  Be aware that things that seem like a small thing like a tax break for insurance can create a statrix that creates bigger problems than not having done it in the first place. But once it's here, and it's here in multiple overlapping ways, can we circumvent it? Yeah, and that is the last sort of step of my talk, which is my real hope for the best case for liberty that can be made right now, which is not coming out of Kato or Libertarianism.org or this podcast. We have so many people listen to us. We can only have so many people read our papers or things like this. For me- But all of you can tell your friends. But yes, all of you can tell your friends, but- I encourage you to do so. But the entrepreneurship of what so-called disruptive technologies right now is to me the most hopeful thing for living in a freer world in the future. And I used Uber as a small example, but we could write 1,000 papers on how there's a taxicab cartel, but it would never be as effective as a simple person who uses Uber realizes how much better it is than a taxicab cartel and then writes their congressman or tweets or fights for it or just becomes a person who understands there's a better way of doing things than the same old government inadequate mediocre way. And so Uber's one of these, Bitcoin is another one. I mean, we talked with George Seljan. It's been a couple of year and a half or so like that, but a really good example of a state trick thing is a lot of people don't know that the US government didn't print money until the Civil War really. And so there was private money issued by banks, issued by states in different ways for a very long time. And we simply can't imagine how that could work. And if you go back and listen to our episode with George, I'm trying to ask him like, how does this even work? And that's an example, because I've been living in the state tricks and I forgot how these things can work. But we have these disruptive technologies coming in and they're starting to show people the seams of the state tricks. And they're starting to show people that there's a way of doing things. And they're incredibly important. These are very important to the case for liberty because they're doing things through entrepreneurship to solve problems that used to be claimed to be only solved by the state. So why did we license taxi cabs in the first place? Aside from pure graft and pure public choice, we thought that people needed to be assured that they have a safe ride. Well, that's one way of trying to ensure people have a safe ride. Another way of doing it is with the more market-oriented solution where you have a rating system, a reputation system. You have very quick information that moves back and forth so you can get people off of that. If they have a problem, that's another way of doing it and that's proving to be better and more effective in an entrepreneurial solution. All these things that we had for rating your dock and all these things that could come up for Airbnb in the way that they actually address the problems that people think we needed a hotel licensing board for. We needed guarantees of cleanliness and things like this. Airbnb can do it without any of this stuff and with a robust rating system and a robust feedback system and an ability to fail very quickly and to fix the problem immediately. These things are incredibly important and they're starting to disrupt the world and I hope they can continue to disrupt the world because most things have an entrepreneurial solution to them in some way. The one that I want to point you to if you want to get an idea of the state tricks, especially if you're American, is to go to a website called newcare.net, N-E-U-C-A-R-E dot net and it's a website of a concierge medicine doctor. Concierge medicine is a system where you don't take Medicare, Medicaid, or private insurance and by not doing that you avoid all the red tape that the government puts on those, you run a cash transaction business as a doctor or credit transaction, you can go on installment plans, things like this. If you look at that website, you'll see things like you pay $30 a month for $29 and under and you get unlimited emails to your doctor, you get yearly vaccination, you get certain wellness checkups that are free for all that stuff. There's a whole list of stuff that you get and then there's a family plan and then there's a price list for how much an x-ray costs or how much an MRI costs and everything that's included. And if you're looking at that and you say, okay, this is a price list in medicine, that's crazy. 24 or seven access email to my doctor, I mean that's nuts. I mean that's like sci-fi, like that is a sci-fi level of bizarreness for American medicine but you can see that there and if you look at that, you have two reactions.  And if you understand that, then you understand the statrix because it's your fascination by having never seen this before that the statrix created and then the circumvention that this guy, the guy who runs these concierges and there's a few other ones too, the circumvention creates a situation where we can see other possibilities but the thing to be truly terrified of is if that even becomes prohibited and I guarantee there are people who want to prohibit even concierge medicine because of whatever sort of collectivist reason they have, if that goes away and I can even point you to go to this website and see that there are other possibilities, then people will lack the imagination more and more people will not even have an idea of how government, how doctors could even have priceless or they will just say well of course your doctor can't be responsive for email because they think that's normal and then that again will put us back in the statrix so the imagination of those things can create and they need to be preserved and we need to create more of them through more entrepreneurship and more disruptive technology so we can live in a freer and a better world. Thank you for listening. Free Thoughts is produced by Evan Banks and Mark McDaniel. To learn more, find us on the web at www.libertarianism.org.


Hey, my name's Ty. Let's look at a sign language video from the Daily Moth. You should subscribe to this channel There are deaf news website and what I'm gonna do is my best to Translate literally the signs that are being said you'll be able to follow along with the English captions at the bottom of the video And what I'm doing is just trying to highlight some really cool stylistic choices that are being used by different people who speak Sign language or sign sign language. Anyway, so last Friday, right? I Saw or I noticed I was looking at Old Navy, right? Store they had on the internet, you know, basically Nothing dude. There was nothing there on that store T-shirts You know like baby stuff and Like basically anything you can wear or all the materials that you would you know wear or You know like nothing, dude. What was there or nothing was there with? Drawings of The V-shaped symbol or the double V-shaped symbol Hands I think he's saying signs there hand signs that look like this with Messages or words that said love One another yeah, it was said love one another over there So let me quick pause sir. So he's basically saying hey man I was looking at Old Navy. They didn't have any t-shirts like since last Friday. I didn't have any t-shirts baby clothes or any sort of like materials that had The hand shapes of these two things next to each other with the words that said love one another and the reason Why is because this means intercourse in sign language? Think of it as like two bunnies bouncing off of each other, right? Right, you know, I like how we say you know bunnies like multiply That's the representation by doing this and so Old Navy once upon a time Pretty pretty recently had a sign that had like a black Doing this which in my opinion is cute as hell and supportive, but of like, you know, love one another I feel it feels like one of those things that isn't like I entirely ironic. I'm not here to editorialize though Let's go back to Simon which though, but I feel like someone knew what that meant and tried to like sneak it under the rug Anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, let's just move forward. So love One another yeah, okay, so love everybody or one another. Yeah, yeah, yeah All right, so that oh by the way good stylistic choice So when I do that I like do like that if I mean like this like this is very emphatic But if I'm using it like in the sentence Structure sort of like as a conjunction sort of a way that works really well What he's saying is like that you know like this this this one thing at a time at is like that But that works like this. So he's just like that that that that that You'll see that a lot that HS hand sign specifically looks a lot like the sign for F you I Like how he goes like F you and then he's like that that that that that that that that so on so on and so on that's so great Okay, anyway that You know that blew up it went all over the place in deaf Messaging deaf internet messaging that blew up For deaf Internet messaging so deaf internet messages all over the place last week And I want to I want to highlight that again. So this means week week week Two weeks three weeks Last week is how we sing it last week is how we say it So let me just back up so you can see how he says last week Which I think is a really cool way of saying last week And I think internet messages is like social media and it says social media there cool Last week last week end of the week like end of the week the weekend last week anyway, so one person on Twitter This is the sign for Twitter It's like a bird tweeting so one person on Twitter that person told Me or told somebody told Who man, I'm gonna have to back up a little bit so so one person on Twitter She or her We'll call it a she she said that person told Was told who was by a worker and Worker at worker Old Navy. Yeah, that person was told Okay, what does that sentence mean? I think it means like that person was told on Twitter by another person who was An old Navy worker. Yeah, I think that's what they're saying Okay, so that person one person was on Twitter She said or that person was told by another person who worked at Old Navy and That person this person worked at Old Navy told the Daily Month, which is them That last Friday oh Friday morning last Friday morning that last or past Friday morning, right? That person the one who worked at Old Navy, man, they went through a whole bunch of stuff They got this Message they were told they were told this message or they got informed that They were PUL L PUL L They got the message that They would for everything that was there they would PUL L Gather up all the taboo stuff and put them away or plus put them away and Here's the classic all I asked my favorite version of all gather up all Gather up all Look how you shakes it like a dice roll gather up all I Know I've done this explosion so many times on this channel, but a l l all And then becomes more fancy all all all so that's what that sign means. It's all a l l all gather up all the Units gather up all the units that Have the the screwing sign Get them all up Put them away and that person who works At Old Navy She said, you know, everybody at top, you know at Old Navy The message that they're handing down specifically With reason No reason why none no reason why let me see let me make sure I understand that sentence All the people at Old Navy You know Informed specific Reason why no did not give a reason why did not give a reason why specifically About what they're doing. Oh, what's they're doing? But she knew That's a sassy way of being like but she knew she knew she knew like I know that though It's like I know that that's how you sign is like I know that it's like, do you know this? I was like, you know Like you sure you know this was like I know this I know this right so It's a sassy way of saying she knew and this is like what's going on. She knew what was going on I like that if it wasn't she it is a she okay good Okay, so Old Navy didn't give that person a specific reason about what they were doing this pulling down But this person she was like, uh-huh. Yeah, I know What's going on here? Because this person Has a co-worker a co-worker And that person showed That the sign That had the screwing message, you know that that That's the end of the sentence in in science are in English. It may doesn't see it seems like it hung itself But in ASL it's like she knew because her co-workers showed her right? That's how you would say that in English too. So how did they translate that in captions? She showed her the sign She showed her the sign that that that yeah She showed her the sign because she knew what was going on because her co-worker showed her the sign Yeah, that's exactly what's on it. These captions are so good So basically An old Navy made a weird t-shirt that deaf people thought was funny Then suddenly old Navy took down the shirts and they didn't really give a reason why they were just telling the employees Take them all down and the employee was like You didn't give us a reason why to do this But I know why because I have a co-worker who showed me why you guys do it. So I know what's going on Okay, so now She showed I will show you I will show you that's what he said I will ooh, it's very very fast. Let's see. Let's see Now I will yeah, so so now I so these are his signs slow and and paced out now I will show you two and the most like you'll say pictures, but we'll see But there's the will you see the will show the will show that very very quick will Let's see if we can pause the frame on that Anyway that that so Now I Look for the will there it is. Oh, oh comes up so fast. Do you see it? Do you see it? Did you see it? Okay? One more time now I will this is the hand that's doing the will sign and Then you'll translate directly into show. Yeah, or transition directly into show. So now I will show you Not show me but show you right one last time and then we'll move forward now I will show you show you to pictures pictures that Old Navy and he's spelling it out old Navy. Oh LD and a v y right It on the web on the internet store. I'll show you two pictures from old Navy's internet store the first picture the first picture right that Words the store can Give internet last week Earlier than available Last week pictures where those things where the clothes were available from last week and then the second picture that They were all taken down Freight light on last Friday and here you can see him right now going ahead and see him He has a very intense stare so here's that first picture where they're available and you can see them if you were searching for a love one another but now They skipping ahead just a little bit now when you type in love one another you get this where it says We couldn't find a match for one love one another. Please try another search so Looks like we go into an ad and we've already done this ad Translation so now we'll just go straight back into the main story man. What an intense stare anyway. I I Reached out I Reached out so it's not internet. This is internet by the way. It's not internet He's he's directing for like I'm reaching out. I'm reaching out to people. So I'm I'm reaching out to contact So make sense It's the it's a directional sign. So I reached out. Yeah, or sort of like I met I I met with someone I reached out with someone or I made a connection or I made a point with Either way, it's fine. So I Reached out Them GAP with the gap and an old Navy. Yeah, I reached out to gap an old Navy last Friday. Yeah And I was like, hey guys, what's going on and There's some signs and I sell that are not like Standard textbook signs and they're more like Come on. What are you talking about? What are you doing? Right? So like I reached out to GAP and I don't think he said and but He's but if he did is there's a pause old Navy and was like, what's going on, right? And they and that's how he's and that's basically how the signs are Are Translated in terms of like what they mean. So like it's not like every sign has a one direct word in English Sometimes there's gestures that mean a bunch of different things and I think they fall into the class of signs and sign language called Non-manual signs, which is sort of just like hey in the context of this, you know what I'm trying to say. So this is like You know what's going on. So this like I know I know like knowledge or I know But I know that I know that I know what's going on, right? It's like, you know what I know I'm saying more than I know what's going on You know, I mean like why are you even telling me that because I figured this out already That's like the context behind it. So like this this little what sign that it gives doesn't mean like what it's more of like Hey, man, what's going on?  This is crazy, right? That's why there's so many words that with that just one sign. So like Old Navy and Last Friday look at the facials pretty good. I'm like, what's going on here? Like okay, so the facials have to convey the context of what sign to anyway And so they were like yep. Yep. Yep. Yep. Yep or confirm. Yep. Yep. Yep. They Were done They've removed all that stuff They all of it. Oh They removed they removed all that stuff there They took it all down they took it all down It's probably the better way to say it and then he does this which is the old-school version of all or the textbook version of All so this is all and there's another way of saying all so he does both versions of it. That's cool He's chose to do the formal version of all when he's talking about how Old Navy is responding to this Request for information whereas when he's talking about just himself. He's like all of this stuff Got taken down but when I talked to Old Navy, they said all of it was taken down very professional And there's another sign here that he's doing for products Which is a very professional way of saying products or stuff because before in the earlier video He was like they took all the stuff down, right? And now he's saying Old Navy says they took all the products down So it's like he's speaking on behalf of these larger companies and a much more professional tone It was very which is a very cool stylistic difference in in signing okay, so all The products Products sometimes see products like this. You can see products the other way to product. I'm sorry. I was not paying attention products From the store Plus Internet Stuff or internet sites. Yeah websites internet sites Okay, so last week Those guys Came and said more or less said that the drawing The drawing of the two hands next to each other, you know that was intended To be peace that was supposed to be the peace sign or intended to be peace And with two hands it was supposed to be like this. That's what it should have been. That's what it should have been Let me back up. So They said or so they all try to say to us that the original intention was that This was supposed to be the peace sign and so with two hands it was supposed to be the peace sign That's what it should have been. That's what it should have been. That's what this sign means should could must ought to that's your your go-to Should have sign or could have sign or must have or intended to sign And so by doing this at the end of a sentence He's just like peace two hands with peace. That's what that's what they were saying It should have been that's what they were saying. It should have been that's a very interesting way to use that sign, right? Let's back up and do it one more time just real quick so It was supposed to be or it looked like double-hand peace. That's what it was supposed to be That's what it should have been but You know it ended up not hearing Back up button should have been but it It's done Now that they've heard or they hear Feedback, yeah, I'm not sure if I got the all the gist of that sentence. I'm sorry for going back guys Let me see if I can start this at the beginning Not the very very beginning but like that graphic Hmm of those two hands being put together The intention the intended was for peace like double-handed peace That's what it should have been but that that done now that we've heard or Now that is done now that we've heard feedback. I'm adding some extra words in here now Work on Verifying All of that stuff the process listings that we have Making sure That all Notice how he goes back to all again now that he's He's he's not doing the formal version. I think he's doing more of a summary Maybe I'm looking to more into it But anyway, he was like he was like all like rolling the dice at the beginning of the video like I got it all Right and now he's doing the formal all when it's like my old Navy and now he does this open for it all When he's still, you know, I think winding back to his normal cadence, but anyway making sure That all Graphics With hands or hands should be checked checked Doubted doubted or verified vetted that counts to by working or Or Consultants, okay, so we'll do a quick breakdown of the sentence from the deaf community Yeah, consultants are from the deaf community moving forward to avoid Again saying again UN Intended unintended meaning Nothing else I can say I don't know how to translate that Okay, yeah unintended meanings blah, so we'll go again from the From let's just do it again from the V's. All right, so So now that they've heard Feedback feedback by the way is like this is like this feedback because FB FB right feedback FB feedback feedback feedback So double feedback on top of each other feedback feedback. That's why you have that so feedback feedback now now Working now they're working on You know looking at everything Or checking everything that they got the process that they have The listings for the things that they're selling on the sites. They want to make sure Make sure make sure that all the graphics that they have right with hands you know hands should You know be looked at looked at vetted verified vetted from workers or I'm sorry or or Consultants let me pause at consultants consulting to consult someone is like this. Hey consult consult Consult, how do you say consult an ASL? It's like this is like hey I'm tapping your hand to tell you what you got to do consult right or I need help And so he's doing consult like this with a C just to emphasize that it's not consult and in the general Like hey, I need your attention sort of way. It's more of like consulting person. So it's an employee Work-work person, but he's saying a Worker right so like an employee would be like boom boom a working person, right? But he's saying like a worker a shorthand for an employee, right? I think they say employee in the in the in the captions, but he's not saying work person He's just saying like worker as a shorthand. So working or a consultant so an employee or a consultant From the deaf community, right moving forward to avoid To avoid is like this to avoid and he already has his hand out from moving forward So this hand this hand is already sort of dedicated to the moving forward sign and he's saying avoid to avoid So normally if you're just saying avoided look like avoid right, but he's already committed to the moving forward and to avoid the signs are sort of Fusing together in really interesting ways is what I'm trying to say and so you know how in English You have contractions. It's like hey, do you want to go to the store today? It's like what does want to mean? What is do you want to like do you want to what does that mean? It's like do you want to go to the store? It's like speak clearly do you want to go to the store today? That's how you would probably say it if you're reading it from like a textbook or like someone way back in the 1950s But now we sort of just meshed words together in very interesting ways that are characteristics Characteristic of the communities that we come from and represent and so a lot of the signs that he's using especially with like the different forms of all right and Like the signs that he's combining together to say some interesting things like hey moving forward to avoid XYZ The way how he's signing sometimes where he has like his hand pointing that sometimes where he'll he'll change his dominant hands You know like hand signs sometimes he's a shorthand to say things sometimes he'll combine old with finger spelling, right? Right like he will use a lot of different mix of the tools of ASL and how he's choosing the Tools and when he's choosing the tools dictates sort of like his particular accent and I think that's very cool It's very very cool. So so what else is he saying deaf community? to avoid from doing it again on intended meanings Yeah Not so without a doubt the he's gone from you know Just how I talk to how old babies is is saying what they're saying in their press message to kind of going back to how he normally talks to Jeff I'm back to regular me. That's it. Anyway, I love it Okay, and that's it. So you several so several deaf people on Twitter them you know seven few deaf people on Twitter, yeah, I got that right.  Wow, okay, they took it down now Those guys those clothes That were taboo there that were there now They want all of them. They want to gather them all up R-A-R-E they're rare Culture cultural a R-T-I-F-A-C-T artifacts They're not cultural artifacts rare cultural artifacts. I Want a shirt. I want a shirt that says Anyway, that's the end of the video. I hope you guys had a good time Okay, so like I said three minute video 30 minute translation. That's not bad for me I'll probably post more of these in the future The main take away from this is a lot of different ways to sign and I think that's a very interesting thing and Signing is very much like English or even like music where it's like you have different potential ways of expressing yourself and It's the notes that you choose and the notes that you don't hit sort of like the The colors that you decide to use the palette that you have an option to pick or not pick that dictate how you Choose to express yourself and in that shows a reflection of the community that you came from and that's something that we should take with us when Whether we're listening to someone talk or hearing someone sing or watching someone sign that they are very much products of the environment that they are from when that Infuses the way how they communicate and it should be something that you should be aware of about you communicate And so what we really are are just people Representing, you know our upbringing the the places we're born at the friends that we have When we communicate with each other and the more and the benefit of this is the more people we communicate with the more Worldly our ability to communicate with people becomes and that means we can make better connections with people Regardless if we don't necessarily agree on the same things We can just by virtue of the fact that we've gone out and talk to people You know, I know with COVID it's that the big deal But like we used to do that and we will do it'll do that again But if I can find a connection with someone because we have you know a similar shared interest or a similar upbringing in some capacity that makes the the communication beyond words easier and so What better way to show communication beyond words then with these deaf channels and the and the fact that even the people who sign Do so in different ways, and I think that's just a beautiful thing. All right That's enough. I'll do more of these in the future along with some My waxing poetic at the end I just think communication is an interesting thing it's a bizarrely bizarrely beautiful thing that we're capable of doing and What greater opportunity than we have now as human beings who can understand this and to just sit back and appreciate the fact that we Can't talk to each other about anything and isn't that a wonderful thing? Let's go chat sometime. See you guys


Hello and welcome to this session. This is Professor Farhad in which we would look at the rise of electronic trading. This topic is covered in essentials or principles of investments. As always, I would like to remind you to connect with me on LinkedIn. If you haven't done so, YouTube is where you would need to subscribe. I have 1,700 plus accounting, auditing, tax, finance as well as Excel tutorial. If you like my lectures, please like them, share them, put them in playlists. If they benefit you, it means they might benefit other people, share it with other and connect with me on Instagram. On my website, farhadlectures.com, you will find additional lectures and resources for your finance as well as your accounting courses, CPA exam as well as CFA exam. So the purpose of today's session is to take you through a brief overview about electronic trading over the years and which regulation influenced that electronic trading. First thing we're gonna start in 1969. This is where we had the first ECN, electronic communication network called Instanet. And basically what are the ECNs and now they are pretty famous in common. So basically it's a computerized network that facilitate the trading of financial product outside the traditional stock market exchanges. So simply put, it's a network. It's a network that you could trade stocks on. You don't have to go through an actual exchange.  In 1971, we started to have what's called the National Association of Securities Dealer introduced the automated quotation system or known as NASDAQ. It linked the brokers and dealers in a computer network. Basically the same thing, however, at that point NASDAQ was only designed for price quotes. So they could display and revise quotes. Today the NASDAQ has over 3,000 shares on it and thousands of dealers involved with it but it all started just basically a system. Think of it as a screen telling you what the prices are. Now, if you wanted to buy or sell stocks, you would have to call that broker that's showing that price and you will have to negotiate with them. Now over the years, the NASDAQ became more of a stock market by adding trade, volume reporting and automated trading system. Now NASDAQ would allow you to execute trades. Actually most of the trades are executed on the NASDAQ. By 1981 NASDAQ traded 37% of US securities which is total of 21 billion shares. 10 years later, it's went up to 46%. So notice it was taken over and it's still taken over. But really what started to change things is in 1975, the fixed commission on the NYSE was eliminated and this freed broker to compete for business by lowering your fees. When the fee is the same, you cannot compete. Once the exchange said, well, you could basically charge any fee that you want to, then the brokers can compete in lower their fees if they want to. So Congress amended the Securities Exchange Act to create a national that's also in 1975 to create what's called a national market system to centralize trading. Now by that time, by 1975, it was not all centralized but the point of it is to centralize trading across exchanges and enhance competition among different market makers. Simply put, all these ECNs try to kind of integrate them into one system. So it gives traders a broader view of trading opportunities across market. It doesn't mean by that time they achieved that goal but that was the goal is to go there where you have a centralized system. In 1994, there was a scandal at the NASDAQ and basically the scandal was about the bid ask spread. Dealers were found to be colluding to maintain a wide bid and ask spread. What is bid and ask? Basically bid is what the dealer is willing to buy the stock at and ask is what's the dealer is willing to sell the stock at. For example, here let's assume a dealer was willing to buy a 30 sell at $30 and a half and 50 cent. So simply put, the dealer is making half a dollar or 50 cent because of the spread. So what's wrong with this? For one thing, for now, this spread is pretty wide but the problem with that is trades from other dealers that had a lower spread like they're willing to buy a 30 and one eighth, which is better than 30 and they're willing to sell at 30 and three eighth which is better than selling at $3 and 50 cents were not made available to the public. So as a result, what happened is the public was paying a higher for buying stocks because the spread was wide. Spread was wide. It means more profit in the pocket of the dealer of the NASDAQ dealer. When these practices came to light, obviously the government intervened and anti-trust lawsuit was brought against the NASDAQ. In response to these scandals, also the SEC instituted new order handling rules. Now, for example, published order quotes now had to reflect limit order of customers. In this way, other dealers, they can capture the trade as well. So you have to let them know what limit orders do you have. So if I can fill that limit order, I will fill it for you and other dealers. Also, the new rule integrate quotes from ECN, the electronic communication network into public display. Now remember those kind of, you have to have access. Now you could see those enabling the electronic exchange to also compete for trade. Simply put, more competition means lower bid-ask spread. Lower bid-ask spread means lower expense for people who are buying and selling stocks. So shortly after the settlement, the SEC adopted regulation ATS, which is the alternative trading system, given ECN's right to register as a stock exchanges. And as a result, what happened is they captured an ever larger market because what you want mean, if you want to trade quickly, you want the computers to be doing so, not the human because computers can match the order much, much faster. And in the wake of this new competition, the bid-ask spread narrowed. Of course it's gonna narrow. Also in 1997, the SEC allowed the minimum tick size to fall from one eighth to one sixteenth. And I still remember I was studying for my series 99, either late 99, early 2000, I believe, and I had to learn all about the one sixteenth. So before it was one eighth, now it was one sixteenth, which is they reduce the bid-ask. Then eventually after I passed my series seven, and I hated studying for those, is in 2001 they allow the decimalization for the tick size to fall even one pennies. So for example, now prices are quoted and for example, $30.25 for the bid, we'll buy it for that much and we'll sell it to you for $30.28. So it's by pennies, but the similization rather than the one eighth. And notice what happened as a result for the bid-ask price. Notice it went down eventually and now it's down to almost three pennies and even less for highly-traded stocks. It's few pennies, the bid-size ask. In 2005 the SEC adopted a regulation called the National Market System and this is when they really tried to integrate everything which was fully implemented in 2007 and this is where they link all the exchanges electronically creating in effect one integrated electronic market. So which is really good. So now require exchanges at this point to honor quotes of other exchanges when they could execute automatically. So it's no longer basically you have different ECNs. Now all the ECNs, all the market are all integrated together in one system and any exchange that could not handle a quote electronically would be labeled as a slow market under this regulation and could be ignored by other market participant. So if you really want to stay as part of the market you have to honor the prices and execute them fairly quickly. So this way it's in the best interest of everyone. Also the NYSE who was still devoted to the specialist system were particularly at risk of being passed over because look you cannot compete with the computer because the computer can execute at a faster pace and a higher volume than a person. In response to this pressure it moves aggressively toward automated executions of trade as well. So basically it lost its effective monopoly in trading. Okay its own listed stocks and by the end of 2010 its share of trading fell from 75 to 25 of its own stock stocks that are listed on the NYSE. Now they are traded electronically. Today most of the trades are done electronically at least for stocks, bonds are still traded primarily in the dealers and the dealers market. Next session we would look at new trading strategies. Please if you like this recording please like it, share it, put it in playlist and don't forget to visit my website farhatlectures.com if you want the supplement or compliment whether you're finance courses or your accounting education. Good luck, stay safe and study.


Hello and welcome to the Grand Line Review, your source for everything one piece, except for today, because we are going to have a brief discussion about the future of the channel itself. Firstly, just to alleviate any fears, this is nothing bad. If anything, this is something to be very potentially excited about. Basically, I am going to outline my admittedly ambitious plans for the future of the Grand Line Review. Here is the format of the Grand Line Review as it currently stands. I upload four times a week with single day gaps at most. But eventually, I want the channel to look more like this. And if uploading daily wasn't ambitious enough in the near future, I would also like to start a sister channel that applies the Grand Line Review formula to any number of other anime and manga series. Unfortunately, this reality is a long way off at the moment. But we are looking to make our first big step towards realizing it with the announcement of the Grand Line Review Patreon. To some of you, that might be a dirty word. I mean, ugh, Patreon. However, in the interest of full disclosure, I would like to reveal that I currently make a grand total of zero units of money from YouTube. I submitted an application for monetization in January of this year. And despite YouTube saying that most decisions are made within a week, it is now almost July.  Sadly, I don't think that this is incompetence. On the contrary, I believe that this is a purposeful strategy to quell smaller creators. But thankfully, we live in a world with other options forward. Patreon being one of them. And to those of you who still aren't interested, that's cool. Content on this channel will continue to be just as free, just as frequent. And I want to thank you for supporting the channel in the form of views, likes, comments, and or a subscription. But for those of you still here, I will now go on to explain my Patreon model, as well as its wonderful goals and rewards. Essentially, I am going for a monthly donation system with five different tiers for your perusal. The most basic of which is the Grand Fleet Recruit. In addition to being bloody amazing and propelling this channel into the future, you will also receive Patreon exclusive content, as well as selected early release videos that will end up on YouTube eventually. For example, at the moment for patrons, there is a new episode of One Piece 101 on Devil Fruits, as well as a long rambling of how I originally got into One Piece, and my journey with the series over the course of the last decade.  All of which will be made available on YouTube eventually, but for now, they're here as a little thank you for patrons. But more importantly, becoming a patron at this or any other tier will give you the ability to vote in patron polls. And that probably sounds a bit underwhelming at first, but let me tell you, this very first poll is a huge one. At the moment, there is a live poll on my Patreon that is asking you to vote for which series other than One Piece you would like to see me cover in the future. Because to tell you the truth, I have already started a sister channel to the Grand Line Review, called the New World Review, and it is currently empty but itching for some content. So I will begin producing videos for the winning series on that channel, not as frequently as the Grand Line Review, but enough to get us going. And of course, there will also be a frequent series of polls asking patrons to vote for things like characters to examine for One Piece 101, a particular kind of top five list, or when the Arc Review series is coming to a close in the next few months, I'm going to ask you all to vote for the next series to replace it. So I feel like that's quite a fair amount of power for $1 a month of your hard-earned money, but let's examine the next tier. For $3 a month, you become a Grand Fleet Lieutenant, which will result in all of the rewards from the previous tier, plus lieutenants and above will also receive the special roll of Celestial Dragon on the Grand Line Review Discord server, and will have access to the Marijua Channel, where once a month a reverie will be held for all Celestial Dragons, where I will be present in voice chat to answer any questions you may have, or just to hang out in general. Moving on, the next rank is the Grand Fleet Captain, the selection of which will result in all of the rewards from the previous tiers. However, you will also receive a producer credit that will show up at the end of all future Grand Line Review videos. Then we have the tier of Grand Fleet Vice Admiral. This comes with everything we've mentioned thus far, being exclusive videos, voting in extraordinarily important polls, the roll of Celestial Dragon on the Discord server, and an invitation to the monthly reverie session, but it does come with one important distinction, and that is that Vice Admiral's will be credited as executive producers at the end of each future Grand Line Review video. Now, very fancy. But finally, let's have a look at my favorite tier by far, and that is the Grand Fleet Admiral. This gives you everything I've mentioned previously, but it comes with one exceptionally important perk, and that is the ability to invoke a Buster Call. When a Buster Call is activated, an Admiral can task me with making a video on a topic of their choosing.  Actually, the video doesn't have to even be related to One Piece at all, or fit into any of my current formats. That is how great the power of the Buster Call is. And that does it for the reward tiers, but we're not done quite yet. The Grand Line Review Patreon also has a sequence of goals to reach, and general rewards to be unlocked upon achievement of said goals. The first of which will be my wife reacting on camera to a selection of One Piece scenes to be chosen by Patrons. So that's another one of these situations where voting in polls is super important. After this initial goal has been reached, further goals will be spread out over $50 intervals, with the ultimate end game to have raised $400 a month, which will be the trigger to commence a new weekly Grand Line Review series. To be chosen, of course, by Patrons. And that really is the point of all this. This is essentially a big drive to support the expansion of the Grand Line Review in order to continue making more and more amazing content for all of you. But that's kind of it for that. If you aren't in a position to become a Patron or simply don't want to, I completely understand. And thank you once again for supporting the Grand Line Review with your views. But if you are in a position to support independent creators, and you want to see a lot more of what I have to offer going forward, then I strongly encourage you to visit my Patreon, the link to which is in the description below. This has been the Grand Line Review, and I hope to see a lot more of you in the future.