sometimes on stage. Also, this is very humbling and intimidating, but I walked out of my comfort zone at some point and then lost it and I don't know where it is. So we'll just give this a go. So this is hopefully a little less, maybe a little less intense, not hopefully, but I work for companies that do open source. I've been doing that for a while. I work for a company called Pivotal and we make a lot of open source. But I do have feelings about that and about the success of the open source community and making it work for everyone. So let's explore that journey a little bit. So I do have a content warning. Mostly this is about like hashtag my life, but isolation and abandonment and religious context is something that we might discuss. And also online harassment, which exists in the world, unfortunately. Also, I might discuss corporations as if they were people, which they are definitely not. Lauren already gave this joke. I did not know that was coming, but that's cool. You know, whatever. So hello, friends. I'm Casey, which was already mentioned. And I have feelings about these humans. The smaller ones are my children. One girl and two boys, Evelina, Casey, and David. And this is my opportunity to express to you why I care about open source and why I have feelings about it. So we're going to dive a little bit into my past. I've been doing open source work for 15 or 16 years now. Much to my surprise, a couple of folks came to this conference that I've known that entire time. I got started back in the Perl community very, very long time ago. And it's really been fortunate for me that I've had some friends for that long in open source. But when I also got into open source, I was also a part of a very insular, isolated religious group. I had grown up in that organization. Everybody looked like me and had similar characteristics as me. And it was what I knew. And then I got into programming, and then I discovered the Internet and Usenet and started meeting people who are very different from me. And I don't know, you know, I obviously don't know where everyone comes from, but there is a technical term for, in particular, something that might be described as a religious cult. It's when your friends, your family, your job, and your faith are all among the same group of people. And that was a situation that I found myself in. And that was the situation that I was in when these three people were born. And, you know, I thought it was okay and normal. And that was a situation that I was comfortable with. The reason that I became uncomfortable with it is because of my exposure to the open source community. Stockholm syndrome is when, you know, you're in prison, but the door is open and you can walk out at any time. The door wasn't open for me until I started to learn about people in the open source community. People who are different from me and interact with them and realize, I like these folks. And they're good and loving and caring. And, you know, that's not everyone. And I was fortunate to find people who fit that description. And so when these folks got older, my children, I realized through my exposure in the open source community to many people who are very different from me, that I could not raise them in a situation where that was normal and okay for them to be isolated and to think differently and perhaps poorly of people that didn't just look like them and have similar characteristics. So it matters to me that open source works and works for everyone. Not for myself, but, you know, for my children and for you. I got a tremendous benefit. The benefit was when it came time to abandon that isolating group that was not healthy, I could do it because I had one aspect of my life that wasn't fully owned by this isolated institution and that was my friends who quickly became my family. Just to sort of finish up the story, when I did choose to leave, my wife at the time and I just chose to leave with my children, we did actually lose all of our friends from that group, all of our family, certainly our faith. And I didn't, I lost one aspect of my job, but that's a little bit inconsequential. The only family or the only friends that I didn't lose were in the open source community, and they were my lifeline to hang on and to get through a very hard time. So I want everyone to be able to experience that if ever you need it. I hope that you don't, but if you do, I want that to work. How does that dovetail into corporations and open source? Let's find out. I don't know. So the scope of this is actually open source as a corporate strategy. So not necessarily, you know, you as an individual programmer working in a company and also doing open source. That's awesome and interesting, but there are corporations where open source is a strategy. Pivotal happens to be one of them. I'm not going to really talk a huge amount about my company. You could characterize Docker as a company like that. So there have to be bi-directional benefits. The company derives a lot of potential benefits from operating their software as open source software. And there are a lot of upsides for a company. They have a lot more privilege, not the least of which is money, but certainly a large amount of resources on almost every spectrum. And when you choose to open source your software and a community begins to engage with you, the community has to derive benefit as well. And that has to be a conscious and deliberate choice on the part of the corporation to make sure that the company or the community also derives benefit. So some ways that this works are that if you do your software development out in the open and truly make it open source, there are recruiting benefits. As a programmer I can see how you actually operate your software delivery lifecycle. How do you do your development? I want to know that stuff before I join a company. I can also get to know potentially the people actually who are already there and whether or not they're the sorts of folks that I might want to work with. But on the other hand, you know, the individuals both in the company and potentially out in the community can also derive career advancement benefits. You can certainly get better at what you do. That's really good for you. You can get recognition. And you should get recognition out in the wider community. We'll talk, we'll take that a little bit further in a moment. Open development and trust from customers. So this is one that folks don't think about a whole lot I think. If your software is open source and you're doing open development out in a community, the advancement of your software is an open and known thing. If you've ever had an enterprise level vendor where you desperately wish that they were implementing a feature that you wanted or needed and you had no idea when it would happen and you had no guarantees from them, you might understand the frustration of a very close system. I think it's important to have an open system, especially if you're doing open source, but there's a great benefit in that your customers can actually have insight into the growth and advancement of the software that they depend on. So that's a good thing for a company. And open development is, I think, good for the community as well. So how do we do this? That's a good question. So I wanted to draw a couple of distinctions. Uploading your source code to the internet is not the same as having an open source project. Making GitHub a dumping ground and hoping that that just magically creates a community, that isn't how that works. I mentioned earlier that you have to be deliberate and you're going to see potentially a theme for me that being deliberate about the decisions that you make are very important. And also, open source software doesn't magically generate a community. Once again, you need to be deliberate about growing a community, going out and reaching the community. Your community should be comprised of the people or organizations whose problems you're solving, whose pain are you relieving? If you're building software and you're putting it out there in the world, hopefully it's relieving a problem, it's relieving a pain. And your community will probably be comprised of the people for whom their pain is fixed based on your software. So healthy community is cultivated. You have to be deliberate. So I wanted to talk about a few strategies for corporate participation. I'm going to try to focus in the slides on positive strategies that I think advance, being a good corporate citizen out in open source land. But we should probably also talk about the anti-patterns and the things that are the other side. So one is establishing independent governance. If you're a company and you've built something that is important and you want it to be open source, and that's part of your strategy, it should probably the intellectual property and the governance around the way the project works should not be owned by you. You're at this point a member of the community. It's not your community. And if you establish independent governance, and, you know, I should make this joke, like, everybody look under your chairs, you have a foundation. I put a foundation there. Everybody gets a foundation. It's funny, it's funny because it seems like it's, well, it is happening all the time. But a foundation is actually a pretty reasonable approach. If you're a company and you've built open source, establishing independent governance is something that a foundation satisfies. The Apache Software Foundation accepts software contributions and inclusion, and then that is actually independent governance. That's another way that you could go. This builds trust in the community, then the community knows that they are an entity that actually owns this thing and can manage it and make decisions about it. Again, it can't be your show. It has to be the community show. You should plan for long term support. And what this actually, this goes back to not being a dumping ground. As a corporation, as Lauren said, your job is to make as much money as possible. The software that you think is going to help you achieve that result today was probably not the software that's going to help you achieve that result in two years. You may get bored with your project. The unfortunate bit is that there may be a whole community and ecosystem built around the need for that project. You should plan for your retirement as a company. As a company, you should expect that you're not going to be there the whole time, and that's okay. But you need to figure out who's going to maintain this software and have all of the privileges and the rights and responsibilities for it if it's an important thing for a larger community. She engaged in meaningful collaboration. Another anti-pattern is having a one way stream that you create this open source ecosystem. And the only way that it gets any additional benefit is by you giving a gift to the community over and over again through continued releases that are completely controlled by you. But you're just so benevolent. You're just giving it away. Aren't you so wonderful? That's not collaboration. And that's not community. That's users. And if you want community, you actually have to participate fully. There are a couple of ways that you can do this. But this is where I think it's particularly important to understand the cost of setting up an open source community, especially if you're trying to extract it from a corporate as a benefactor or as a starting place. There are a couple of scenarios that I've seen that work particularly well. I've seen a company that runs a bootcamp that is of no cost. But if you want to understand how to hack on their software, you can join their team and actually work on the software with their engineers to be part of the team. You don't have to pay for that. And you just come into the office and join some sprints. That's a good way to learn. It's really hands on. Chances are if you do really well and you wanted to switch jobs, you might be able to get a job there. And that's good. Ideally, well, I should say you have to be able to invest that time. And not everyone has that. But it is nice to offer that. Another thing that you need that you can be aware of is that community management and responding to pull requests and responding to ideas for the direction of the software takes real effort. And you should build that into the time for your software engineers. If they're going to be supporting and working with a larger community, then they need to be active with that community out in the open. Responding to pull requests, working on documentation, having meetings with members of the community about a feature or the direction of a sprint. But it takes real effort. And it's certainly not necessarily in the best interest of the company from a financial perspective. But if community is your goal, if open source and it successes your goal, you need to spend time on it. Invest in the contributors for their benefit. There's been a lot of talk about this. It's actually kind of nice, the convergence that we've had at this conference. I think that a lot of the points I wanted to make have been made by others already. But if you have contributors who are investing themselves in software that you're driving some financial benefit for, as has been stated a number of times here, you should actually provide some sort of compensation for that. The most obvious one is actual dollars. And I think the reason that dollars work best is because it gives complete freedom and autonomy to the individual to decide how best to use those dollars for their own benefit. There are certainly other things that you can do. You can pay for their trips to go to conferences and speak about this project. You can pay for their hotel rooms. You can sing their praises far and wide and make sure that they get as much recognition as possible. And spend your actual marketing and PR dollars on lifting up your individual contributors' reputations on the community. And this one I think is the most important is you need to be prepared to fight harassment. If you're a company that's building open source software, that means that most of your paid engineering staff are probably actually doing work out in the open, in open source, and are subject to harassment.  This is an unfortunate reality. This is where I will highlight a specific example because it was good. Recently an engineer at Docker came out about a great deal of harassment she was encountering out in the community. And their CEO made it completely clear that law enforcement was involved and that the company would spare no expense in legal expenses to ensure that if they could find the people responsible for that harassment, they would be prosecuted. And I think it's important to know that you need to be prepared to put up real money, real time, and real effort to fight harassment, no matter who's being harassed. So this is sort of a rundown establishing independent governance, planning for long-term support, engaging meaningful collaboration, investing in your contributors, and aggressively fighting harassment. So that's me. So, right, let me see how much time I have. Let's see about seven minutes. Okay. So this is where things get a little fuzzy. I have a couple of other things that I'm hoping that we can all talk about. So this says, Dear Majority, Be Deliberate. I want to kind of tie back to one of the things that I see in the open source community that I'd like to make a call to action for people who feel that they belong to majority groups. I feel that I belong to a majority group, at least one majority group. And I made it, I just want to tell the story. I made a decision early on. I've been going to software conferences since about 2001. And one of the decisions that I made as I realized just how vast the differences are among people and out in the world and how interesting that was was that when I went to conferences I of course and naturally saw people that superficially were very, very much like me. And one of the decisions that I made out of my own curiosity was to never join a social group where everyone was the same. So I'd like to ask, and here you know among this group, I imagine that that we all probably do a pretty good job of this, but maybe for you know the folks watching the stream later, never join a social group that where everyone looks just like you. At software conferences what this means for me. This summer I went to one to a conference it was pretty big and at lunchtime I had to walk past seven, seven tables of people who look just like me until I found a table that had at least one person. It happened to be three people who were not just like me. And I sat down and I had an excellent conversation at lunch and it was really wonderful. I've had some benefits so you know if you're worried like you know what does this do for me. My professional network is I'm happy to say like profession it's wonderfully diverse. It's when I go to conferences the people that I meet that are my friends that I've met before most of them don't look like me. They don't have the same background as I do. They don't come from the same country as I do you know whatever it is. So I'd like to request again that majority folks be more deliberate about the decisions about who you're spending your time with and what sort of experiences you're getting when you're out and participating in the technical community. We have a choice and we could we could make very specific choices not just for our benefit but for everyone's. I shared this idea with a few folks here and I was reminded constantly and it's totally true that every every group that I join I I bring down the diversity numbers. I don't have a choice it just is. So just quantifiably if I'd have to if I'd like to have the lowest negative impact on diversity numbers then I should join the most diverse group if they'll have me right. If they'll have me. And so I'd like to I'd like to encourage everybody to do that. I think it I think it's a good a good thing it's worked out well for me. Survival is not mandatory. So Deming is a is an economist and statistician Edward Deming and he says survival is not mandatory change is optional. So when whether it's a corporation that's trying to participate in open source and do a good job or not do a good job or whether it's an individual who's trying to make make conscious and careful to sort decisions about about how we participate in open source. You know evolutionarily we have to be opening we have to be open and we have to embrace diversity and actually take action to make it better. It's an evolutionary problem as far as I can tell that you just you just can't avoid it like if you don't change you know you'll be this little dinosaur here. So I think that you know it's it is an inevitability hopefully happening faster than than not that and as an open source community the experiences that I've had that I've been fortunate enough enough to have that have made a big impact on my life that everyone will be able to have those and thanks to a lot of the work of everyone here. It would not be hyperbolic to suggest that the open source community in my experience saved my life and so with that I do want to say thank you and I want to thank you for your time and if anyone wants to talk by the way about the religious stuff I'd be happy to do that I'm not triggered by that anymore but sometimes I find that people need to talk about things because it it's familiar to them as well I'd be happy to make time for anyone this evening if you needed it and with that I think I'm finished and I have time for one more thing okay thank you all we have like four talks right now I'm doing a an ignite talk at velocity next week or the week after and I'm talking about changing changing the way we talk about culture fit I think a lot of people talk about this I believe that we need to derive a distinction between the rituals that we enjoy doing with other people and the values that we hold and that we care about with the way that we we work with others so this is kind of my my pitch at velocity but I don't want to only represent my voice so we don't we can't have everyone call out but if you would be willing to my DMs are open so you could you could DM me or you could just throw it out on Twitter I would love to know a ritual that you enjoy about your the place that you work and also a value that you hold dear and to give you some examples pivotal loves ping pong that's a ritual I like coffee a lot and I also like craft beer those are rituals that I enjoy but they have absolutely nothing to do with what I value in my co-workers and my collaborators and the people that I'm creating with I value I value continuous learning and empathy and a sharing culture sharing everything from success to failure so if those are some examples and I don't know if anyone wants to do this but if you do I'd love to highlight things that you hold you hold dear as values about work and collaboration and how we do things together and also rituals that you enjoy but I'd like to start drawing the distinction because we should we should hire not just not for culture fit but for value fit that's that's my that's my pet so thank you for for hearing me out


So the first exercise has to do with looking at gene expression. So SPI-1 is a transcription factor that's involved in blood cell development. So we can use screen to look at the gene expression for this gene. So we can enter it in the search box and search in human. And here we can look at the gene expression. So once again, this is from RNA-seq experiments. These are polyA selected RNA-seq. So here we can see that we have high expression in blood cell lines. So this is a blood cancer cell line as well as, for example, spleen tissue and other blood cell lines going down here. We also have high rampage expression. So rampage captures the 5' end of RNA transcripts. You can actually get transcript level quantification on not just gene level. So we can see here that the transcripts for this gene have really high expression in different spleen tissue. We can actually look to see how many transcripts there are for this gene here. There's actually four of them. If you look at different transcription start sites, you can actually see there's different expression levels. So this one's actually much higher than the previous one. And they continue to go up. So that we answered the transcript question. In general, it's all expressed in blood cells and spleen tissue. The next step was to find the CREs that overlapped the gene, which ones were active in B cells. So if we go to our CRE search results, we can see that you can display different regions around the gene. The default is all the ones that overlap the gene body. We want to just pick the CREs that are active in B cells. We can actually search for B cell in this box here. And there's actually different types of B cells, depending on what assays have been done on different people. We do have one sample that has all four assays. So this would be the best one, probably, to use to investigate. So now we've mirrored our list down to just three CREs that are active in B cells. The next step was to filter those that have a H3K27ACZ score greater than two. You can use this using these slider bars here, so you can either slide it or you can directly enter it into the box. And here you can see it's narrowed down your search result to two. There was a couple questions about what is a good Z score. By default, we use a Z score of 1.64, which is the 95th percentile, but there may be situations where you want a more stringent or more lax Z score. So for example, some of my analysis, I use a Z score minimum of two. And sometimes I can clean up some of your results. So the next step was actually selecting one of these CREs. This is a promoter-like CRE, and looking and analyzing its activity. So if we select this CRE, we can see it has really high H3K4M3 and H327ACZ scores in all the different blood cells, particularly B cells, also high DNAs. You'll notice that you do have different cell and tissue types, depending on the assay. And this is just because we're limited. For example, DNAs is performed in some cell types, but not performed in others. So for example, if you see one in one table, but not the other, you can make sure you can even search, for example, to see if you have it or not. So the next step was looking to see the CRE overlapping peaks. We can look at the TF-HISMA and intersection for this. And so you can actually look to see that it overlaps polymerase 2. If you click on the bar, and we bring up all the experiments and the links to the ENCODE project to actually look at the experiments. And you can see all these are done in lymphoblastoid cell lines, once again keeping in the theme of it's all blood related. And finally, we have the orthologous mouse CRE. We can look at the tab here and click on the CRE. This will bring us to the orthologous one and mouse, which is near the orthologous gene. So that's an overview for the first part. The second part is using the GWAS app. So this was from the Landmark paper in 2014 that looked at a really large cohort of patients with schizophrenia. So this is one of the studies that we've preloaded into screen. If we click on this study here, we can look for enrichments in certain tissues. And as you can see here, all the top ones are all from brain, particularly the temporal lobe, the midfrontal area. So the top enriched one here is the temporal lobe. If we click it, it will be all the CREs that have high signal in the temporal lobe as well as the SNPs that overlap them. So then the next part was about sorting the table and selecting the CRE at the top. So once again, all of these columns are sortable. We can sort, for example, by just gene. If we click this one on the top here, which we then will bring to this table here. So even though this CRE overlaps the SNP, like with schizophrenia, we can see it's actually active in a lot of these immune cell types, which is interesting because we saw enrichment in brain. Instead, if we actually look at the nearby linked genes, we see that there's actually a polymerase 2-CHIAPET connection between the CRE and the gene BCL11B. So it's different than the nearest gene. It's instead linked to its nearest protein coding gene. We can look at the ethylgous mouse CREs as well. And here once again, here it doesn't have the non-coding gene in the mouse genome. Instead, the closest gene is BCL11B. If we click on this CRE, it's actually a very different activity pattern. We see that it's active across brain tissues instead. So even though in adult humans, it's active in a lot of these blood cell lines in mouse, it seems to be active during brain development. And then finally, I think we've looked at the differential gene expression app. So we can retrieve this by going to the CRE results page. And from now, as you'll notice, we have all these delta symbols. Just a quick look at the gene expression first. We can see that it's really highly expressed in both developing thymus and forebrain tissue. So it makes sense that the CRE would be active in brain, since the gene's also expressed in brain. But then there's also that immune component as well with high expression in the thymus.  We can pick what cell types we're interested in. So for example, high in, let's say pick forebrain. We can see that this gene here, BCL11B, it's much higher expressed at later time points of brain development. And it's actually quite correlated with all these enhancer-like CREs as well. So once again, so the theme here is that you can use screen and use the data in the encode encyclopedia to try to develop hypotheses, try to narrow down your data. A lot of you have these large lists of genes or SNPs that you're interested in. And so you can use this data to try to narrow down your focus and figure out what you want to experimentally validate.


So, from last Friday through this Friday, a one week period in time, I honestly think this might be one of the most exciting weeks for Nintendo Switch, maybe since launch of the Switch back in 2017. Now, I understand if there are individual game launches that matter more to you than any of the games I'm about to talk about, obviously Breath of the Wild at launch was something special for me, other people, maybe it was Mario Odyssey or Smash Bros or Splatoon or Arms or something like that. Obviously on an individual game level, I'm not here to tell you that the three games I'm about to talk about should matter to you more than any individual one game. But I think this collection of games, releasing in a one week span here in the middle of July or really the end of July 2019 is significant and shows just how far the Switch has come. Because if you guys remember, Nintendo has been having issues with consistently releasing high quality games for quite some time, pre-dating Switch, Wii U had lots of droughts, 3DS had some droughts early in its life and we obviously know that we had droughts towards the end of its life cycle and I mean come on, the droughts have just been going on seemingly forever. And even Switch in 2018 seemed to go through a period of droughts. Now we're not talking about a period of oh my gosh, there's absolutely no games coming out but the AAA variety, whether it was third party, whether it was Nintendo, there seemed to be huge gaps in 2018 and even the beginning of this year, let's just be honest, yeah we got Nintendo, Labo VR, yeah we got Yoshi, but neither one of those felt like a AAA type of experience, did it? I mean maybe Yoshi's Craft of World could be argued it is a AAA game, it's just a different type and I certainly bought it and really enjoyed it but that doesn't, if that's one game in six months that's not doing very well, granted you say six months, technically Mario Maker 2 came out at the very end of June so that would be part of the mix but still two games, you know, even if three, it just feels off in comparison to other platforms but here we are this entire week period from last Friday through this upcoming Friday and I can't help but feel great about where Switch is at. Last Friday, obviously we're talking about Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3, it is currently the number one selling game on the Nintendo Switch eShop, it is also the number one selling game on Amazon in the United States and it is just an interesting watching that game continue to hold its spots since Friday and I'm sure it was helped thanks to Marvel's thing at Comic Con and announcing, you know, all these future movies in the cinematic universe and all that exciting news coming out about Marvel probably is helping the sales of a brand new Marvel, you know, collection of character game right now, especially one that is, by all respects, a pretty good game. It might not be, you know, game of the year material but it's pretty good, it's a solid entry and it's sales, at least according to Benji sales and we reported on this in Prime News this morning, are doing very well. Now I currently don't own it, I do plan to purchase it in the future but I have gone hands-on with it at E3 and I was really impressed by Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3.  Now that's just one game and it's an important game and it's gonna be interesting to see if it continues to sell really really well as it's currently the third best selling game in the US or something on Switch this year. But guys, we all know Fire Emblems coming right?  I mean there's no doubt here, Fire Emblem is a huge deal, it's a top seller on 3DS, you know, you're talking four or five million sales, possibility here maybe even higher, who knows, who really knows that the ceiling is for Fire Emblem three houses and it's a game I am incredibly excited for and trying my best to avoid spoilers with the game now being leaked and I think Nintendo is maybe releasing a little bit too much information about the game. Then again, I say that this game has multiple endings, decisions that make differences along the way, characters dying or not dying or whatever, like in a traditional Fire Emblem and in the end I say it's going to be, you know, that they're giving us too much information but I think Nintendo is really just scratching the surface and they know what they're doing. But obviously the leak is leading to a lot of information out there and Fire Emblem is a big deal. It's going to be a huge seller. I don't know if it's going to be a bigger seller than Mario Maker 2 but it's going to be a big deal and there's no doubt there and you can actually pick out other times throughout this year where there is arguably just as good of a one-two punch. I'll give you an example here. There's Daemon X Makina and then the Legend of the Link's Awakening. Okay, okay, maybe that's not good enough for you. Well how about this? Link's Awakening followed up by Dragon Quest 11S a week later. It's a pretty good one-two punch there is it not? How about this one? Pokemon Sword and Shield and Mario and Sonic at the Tokyo Olympic Games. Those are going to be one week apart as well. Now granted obviously Sword and Shield is carrying the brunt of the excitement there but hey some people really love those Mario and Sonic games. But see what actually makes this week special isn't just a Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3 and Fire Emblem 3 houses both with 3 in the title I just realized might be some people's most anticipated games of this year. Of course it's all personal preference. That's not it. Wolfenstein Youngblood comes out this Friday. Not sure you have been paying much attention to that. Maybe because it's digital only and I can understand that that might frustrate some people but Wolfenstein Youngblood is a $40 AAA experience that's kind of like a standalone expansion like New Super Luigi U. A standalone expansion for Wolfenstein the New Colossus which was utterly fantastic on Switch last year. I came out on other platforms a year before and Wolfenstein Youngblood's coming day and date with all the versions and I did play Wolfenstein Youngblood at E3 and I came away highly impressed although I noted that all of the gameplay took place in a level that was only you know enclosed off corridors not out in the open world where Wolfenstein New Colossus tend to have its worst performance issues that conveniently didn't show us that area on Switch. But either way we have you know panic button you know working miracles apparently to get Wolfenstein Youngblood on Switch and that launches this Friday to me that's a big deal that's a three game slate unlike any other time this year and if that's not enough for you Killa Kill comes out this Friday this Friday alone is jam-packed with three major releases and then you go back one week and you get Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3 and in a seven-day period you are jam-packed with four major titles that all hit on extremely different genres right like Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3 is more of a beat-em-up game it's more of a beat-em-up hack and slash kind of game right fire among three houses tactical strategy RPG like that's a mouthful right there tactical strategy RPG Wolfenstein Youngblood first-person shooter like single-player focused I think more co-op focused first-person shooter and then Killa Kill granted I don't know a ton about Killa Kill so probably not the best person to talk about it I know it's like a rated M game I believe but I mean at least it's being categorized as an action fighting multiplayer game I get four very different games four major titles coming out within a week of each other three of them on the same day I can't remember a time like this in Nintendo history and I'm sure someone will what will dig up and find a maybe I don't know maybe a system launch or something that was like this but this to me is crazy there is I'd argue almost something for everyone in terms of if you like more than one genre of gaming they came out you know from last Friday through the through the upcoming Friday it's an incredible time to be a switch owner I think is the general takeaway from that lineup and like we're just getting started like this is really you start with Super Mario Maker 2 and from there on forward I mean we are just gonna be getting slammed with games you know next month is incredible astral chain anybody that game is getting previews out today and looks absolutely downright nasty in terms of how amazing that game is going to be now you might talk about well the rest of August doesn't look that great yeah I guess I think there's like Friday the 13th or something coming out is like a quote-unquote major title but you know that's like a port ultimate addition type of thing you can maybe maybe you're excited for the Bubsy game that comes out the day before astral chain or maybe Yu-Gi-Oh! maybe Yu-Gi-Oh! is your type of thing but yeah August is a little bit light but doesn't it have to be after this week with Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3, Fire Emblem Three Houses, Kill Like Kill and Wolfenstein Youngblood you don't paint anything else the rest of August until Astral Chain you've got there's no way in hell you're gonna be done with those four games like in the next week if you bought all four of those games there's no way in hell I mean even if it's just my Fire Emblem say you're only interested in Fire Emblem you're not gonna be you're gonna need the month of August just to beat the game so it's like Nintendo strategically said hey look after those four major titles gamers need a break they need a break think about that that's all that's like 200 and what 20 oh I'm seeing well yeah 220 dollars assuming you didn't buy the expansion passes as well 220 dollars 360 dollar games 140 dollar game 220 dollars spent in just a week if you bought all four of those games that's crazy of course there's nothing coming out really at August of import until Astral Chain so just when you're starting to get ready for a new game Astral Chain lands in your lap and then you get to it's September and September September's just filthy just filthy with three major titles first off you have the standalone physical version of Tetris 99 can't forget about that that comes at the very beginning you might not care about that cuz it's free but hey you know what it's kind of cool but Damon X Makina right that game is looking a lot better a lot better and then you look forward to a week from that that was on the 13th to the 20th and you end up with Link's Awakening you have the Contra dropping four days after that Dragon Quest 11 on the 27th are you kidding me that's three major titles and then they give you a break again right you get those three huge titles and it's like okay cool what do we play in October well the Witches Mansion 3 how about that and they give you a two-week break after that nail you a Pokemon Sword and Shield you know give you about a week hit you with with Mario and Sonic of the Atheism of Games and then finally you get kind of that holiday respite right there's still gonna be other games coming out two weeks here you know run factory 4 specials coming out somewhere in there untitled Goose game hope you can the Kentucky Road zero pandemic King of Hat there's gonna be a Catan universe Killer Queen Black there's gonna be a bunch of indie games filling in any of the gaps that potentially exist out there if that is something you guys are interested in partaking I mean Rad is supposed to come out at some point Blood Roots I mean the list goes on and on and on if you're looking at Pine 2S and all that's supposed to come on next month I think there's just a lot of amazing indie games to and we're not even getting into all of them because there's just so many amazing triple-a games not granted you're not hearing Call of Duty right you're not hearing about Modern Morpher coming over or or Destranium which is PlayStation exclusive and I get it there's gonna be games years of life years of War 5 like games to play on other platforms as well that they should be excited about but I'm not hearing lineups like this just in this week there's almost more exclusive games coming up for Switch than there is for Xbox the rest of the year and that might be a bit of hyperbolic so I can't remember if there's anything actually coming after Gears of War 5 this year but man man oh man oh man and heck if you own those other platforms all the time young blood comes up reminder hello pick it up I'm just incredibly excited about Switch moving forward for us and I think that's really the reason this video exists is not just a gush about the three games that come out this week but just the whole year a whole rest of this year anyway Switch is just killing it we spend a lot of times talking about issues with Switch and Joy-Con drift and you know the Pokemon Sword and Shield and Game Freak people potentially lying about remaking models and I felt like we've been a really negative I guess lately so I wanted to make a video about the things that matter the most and that's the games right yeah switch lights exciting yeah the new model of switches exciting and we can keep speculated on a potential switch pro or we could keep doing this or we can keep doing that but ultimately none of it matters without the games and I think there's one thing we can say the rest of 2019 we are getting the games and this week we get three major games on one day counting more ultimate alliance last week that's four in a week guys now's the time if you don't own a switch now's the time now maybe you don't want to buy it now maybe you want to wait for the switchlight you know launch it on the 20th in a couple months I hear you fine wait for that that version maybe you want to wait for the revision the revised switch next year so you get that extended battery life I hear you it's fine you know wait you know you can wait but when you pick up that switch not only are you gonna have an incredible back catalog from 2017 and 2018 you are going to have an amazing new games coming out right now it is it's such a great time to be a switch owner it really is setting aside any any drift issues you have or screen scratching or warping or whatever the heck issues and you may or may not be dealing with guys this is what we've been waiting for we have been waiting for a week like this we've been waiting for a you know a six-month period like this where we're just getting the goods this is the dream like realized of all of Nintendo's games being on a single platform this is what we were hoping life would be like as a switch owner way back when it was announced as you know a hybrid I know Nintendo's never called it a hybrid it's always been a home console but let's just be honest this is what we've been waiting for is it not what I've been waiting for I've been waiting for the fruits of the concept of everything being on one platform now we're getting it fire emblem hasn't been coming home consoles for a while this would be a 3ds game but we're getting it our ultimate alliance used to be in other platforms Nintendo bought it and put it on put it on switch you know where it would kill the kill something we might not even imagine becoming in the platform it's here well the sign young blood something that not even like a dream of that coming to Wii U here it is why because of switch Pokemon Sword and Shield coming because a switch Pokemon Sword and Shields on the same damn system as Breath of the Wild and super freaking Mario Odyssey you've got to be kidding me guys this is what we've been waiting for so I'm pumped I'm excited there's so many amazing games coming I wish I had a budget of thousands to buy everything get all the collector's editions and expansion packs and I mean we didn't even get to the Smash DLC I mean you know Banjo-Kazooie is coming this year right Banjo-Kazooie is being added a smash something I've been waiting for since the end 64 days is happening like guys I may possibly have never been more excited for a period of time than I am right now for for video gaming on a Nintendo platform so thank you guys for tuning in I hope you enjoyed this you know what are some of your favorite games coming out the rest of this year of the four major games coming this week do you plan to purchase any of them multiple games and why when in which games are you maybe thinking about getting later when they go on sale or a discount you know I I'm very curious to hear your thoughts on that stuff hey and hey did you guys play one time the new classes last year are you thinking about picking on young blood I don't know I let just let me know your thoughts on all these games that we brought up because I'm man oh man I'm I'm like literally drooling over here at the amount of quality content we're getting on switch right now this is an incredible time to be alive all right folks I thank you so much for tuning in and I'll catch you in the next video


I ask my own chief job to keep everyone to time, can we begin. It's my great pleasure to thank you to the IEA for inviting me to chair this panel and it's my pleasure to welcome these guests. I won't waste any more time because we want to hear from them. So I'll just introduce them briefly from my right is Kingasouly, he's from the head of our education sector in DG of the European Commission. I mean Professor I'm Gislea McGee, who is Innovation and Education Policy on behalf of IVEC, and Jim Miley, who is the Director General of the IUA. So we start with Kinga. There will be time at the end for questions. My first slide is just a recapitulative of what the EU is doing on education on higher education. It's a national competence education, so as it said in the treaties, the EU's role is to support states in their higher education policy. There are three main things we are doing in this support role. We are building evidence-based agendas, prepare recommendations for the member states collecting data to have the relevant knowledge to build these policies on. We also organize policy cooperation and support peer learning activities among member states and stakeholder organizations, also to help member states to learn from each other when they are building their education policy. And of course we have some financial means, program funding for individuals and also for organizations. The Erasmus Plus program, I'm sure it's well known everywhere. The Horizon 2020 program for supporting research and also the European structural investment funds. It's a very important source of development for higher education, especially in the Eastern member states. So if we speak about policy setting or agenda setting for policy making, this is just a snapshot of our new initiative, the building of the European education area, with the main key points, what we are suggesting, mutual recognition of diplomas, the creation of European universities and the creation of an EU student card. All these initiatives target greater mobility and this is just what we recently finalized, a council recommendation on mutual recognition of diplomas. So the negotiations will now start in the European Council about that. We have the renewed agenda for higher education with our four key initiatives on excellence and skills development, inclusive and connected systems, higher education innovation and effective and efficient higher education system. For example, we are now in the process of managing a pilot European Graduate Survey. Right now only in eight member states in the EU, but the plan is to extend it and have a European-vised Graduate Survey where it's clear what are the added value of higher education in the different member states. We have the Bologna process and with this I would like to turn to the data collection and the comparative statistics we are providing to help member states setting their agenda. There was the ministerial conference in May, less than a month ago in Paris. There we published the implementation report on the Bologna key commitment. This is the first chart I selected. This is a comparative statistics of funding of higher education in the 48 Bologna countries. It's quite small, unfortunately. Ireland is on the lower part of the scale. So it's circled in red. I don't know if it's visible. So it's clear that most of the Bologna member countries spend more on higher education than Ireland. As I heard also from the previous speakers, funding is a real challenge for the Irish education system. The European University Association in their funding observatory calls it an aggravating decline of the Irish higher education funding. It's also quite visible that why there was recently some increase in funding for teaching or stuff. The level of funding for infrastructure is not declining. There is a decrease of funding for research. It's also shown here that the upper part of the graph is the annual expenditure on research, on non-research-related funding for higher education, and the lower part is the R&D-related funding. If we turn to the student perspective, I show you data from another very recent publication, which is the Euro student survey. It's done in all Erasmus member countries, so in 33 countries. I selected this graph because it's quite interesting to see that in terms of student expenditures, Ireland has the lowest amount what students need to spend on housing, food and communications, so the basic needs. While if we go for student expenses related to education, it's the other end. Ireland is on the other end. With 35% of the student total expenditure, it's the most. But if we add up the two, it's about 70% what students in Ireland spend on living and fees. So the free income of students, what they can spend on other non-necessarily expenditure is around 20%. With that, Ireland is relatively expensive for students. It's comparable to France or some other expensive countries. While in Netherlands, for example, or in Finland, the free income of students, what they can spend is around 30-32%. This is again a comparative study, which is on working students. On average, 51% of students are working during studies, and there is no big difference between the different member states. So there are countries where it's about 10% higher from lower. Ireland is around the average. But if we look at the amount of time students spend on working, Ireland, with 25 hours average, is on the lower end. While in the Eastern European states, work is much more important for students. And it's very relevant for the general perspective of students themselves. Because those who are primarily working, they don't consider themselves students. They consider themselves as employees, and they just work, they just study as a secondary activity. The next slide is just so that we prepare figures for education institutions. These are the working groups we are organizing. I also wanted to show you the Education Monitor 2017 figures very quickly. The tertiary education attainment is amazingly high in Ireland, much higher than the average, which is 39%, while it is 52%. The only figure where Ireland is below the average is adult participation in learning. I skipped because of time, and finally I wanted to show you the financial means that you offer. It's a brand new paper that came out, the new financial perspectives, the commission is preparing. We propose to double the budget for the Erasmus Plus programme, and triple the number of students who can participate in mobility for the next period from 2021 to 2027. We also propose a high increase for the research funds. It will be called Horizon Europe, not Horizon 2020, about 100 billion euros for the next perspective. We would like also to boost the invest EU funding through the European Investment Bank, which offers loans, guarantees and other innovative financial means also for higher education. Around 4 billion euros that are set for social investment under that paper. This is just what I wanted to quickly show you. If there are any questions, of course, I'm happy to open them up. Thank you very much, and it's a pleasure to be here this afternoon to talk a little bit about how we might move towards a sustainable funding model for higher education in Ireland. I think there are a number of points that are generally agreed. The first of those would be that the reason that we need to re-look at the funding of higher education is because the massification of higher education over the last 50 years. Peter made a reference to that in his talk. Within 50 years, participation has moved from approximately 5% of the population to, as we've seen from the slide here, more than 50%. That's a huge increase and dramatically affects the economies of how universities and higher education in general can be funded. We've seen over a period of time then a need for countries to reassess how they fund higher education. That need hasn't been so critical in the US because traditionally much more of that education was privately funded and so consequently the system was much more scalable. I think the other thing that's generally agreed is that higher education brings both a public benefit and a private benefit. There are numerous studies that attempt to quantify that. One can take issue with individual studies, but all of that research points to there being a significant public benefit and a significant private benefit. In terms of the Irish system, the report that Peter's group did was an extraordinary piece of work. I say that as being a sceptic when Rory originally set up that group. I was questioning where the expert bit fitted in to the members of that group with no insult intended to those members because the report that was done was an extraordinary piece of work. It genuinely looked around the world at how this problem was being addressed. It looked at the Irish system and came out with a very reasonable quantification of what additional funding was needed. I have not heard one person take issue with the figures within that report or with the range of options that are presented in the report. Congratulations, Peter. It was an extraordinary piece of work. The question is then how we can advance from there. I thought in terms of my own talk since Peter has basically covered all of that, it would be useful to reflect. I'm probably the only person in this room and perhaps in Ireland that has been through this debate now three times. Once in Australia over 30 years ago, where the income contingent loan scheme was born, then about six or seven years ago in the UK, and now we've been participating in this debate for the last almost five years. I thought it would be worthwhile from that point of view to reflect on what I'd seen there. The Australian experience was one where the higher education system had been free, totally free, with the exception that you had to pay your student union dues before they would let you enroll. I vividly remember that the cost of those fees was $270, which in those days was a lot of money for a student. If you were a conscientious objector and you didn't want to fund the student union, you had to give the $270 to charity before they would let you enroll in the university, but there was no fees associated with your enrollment. That system as the massification came and the number of people participating in higher education in Australia increased, became unfundable by the Australian government and they had to move to a new system. The system that they came up with was the system that was called a higher education contribution scheme. As you'd be aware, the Australians are very keen on fair play. In Australia everything has to be fair. Having decided that there was a public benefit and a private benefit to higher education, then a report was done in Australia which split the courses into a number of broad bans, so engineering, law, science, education, arts and humanities, etc. Then a piece of work was done to work out what was the private benefit for each of those courses and how much did the course cost to deliver. For each of those banded subjects, a decision was made in terms of how much of the cost of delivery should be borne by the state and how much should be borne by the individual. For example, law is a relatively cheap course to deliver, but the returns to the individuals, particularly in Australia, were very high. To get a law degree in Australia, you would then pay a significant component as a private contribution, whereas for engineering it was a high cost subject. The returns were somewhat more modest than the lawyers, and I say this as an engineer. There was a more balanced sharing of the cost of the course between the individual and the state. With that piece of work done, the system was rolled out with what has now been called an income contingent loan scheme. The advantage of that was that Australia went from this situation of it was totally free to go to university to it was still free at point of entry, so no one was disadvantaged through that scheme. There was some initial resistance, but what I found at the time as an academic was it really focused the minds of the students when they came in in first year. So they had made a decision that they really wanted to be at university. They realised they'd have a debt to pay at the end of it, and they focused much more on their studies than they did before that. Now I'm sure that's not the case in Ireland, but it's worth saying that that was the case in Australia. Now in the Australian system, the financial aid to the students is not part of that income contingent loan scheme. It's fully means tested if you qualify for financial aid, then you are given financial aid and there is no expectation of that being paid back. So it means that everyone that graduates from law in Australia graduates with the same student debt as it's now called to pay back, the same contribution to pay back, and we know that they'll all get jobs which will have basically the same private benefit. That's a fair scheme. Now fast forward to my experience in the UK. When the UK government considered a change to the system there, which the Conservatives thought, well the Australian system is all very well, but wouldn't it be even better if the students paid for everything? And of course that's not a suggestion that's made in Peter's report, but that was exactly how the debate panned out in the UK. And it wasn't a debate because the UK government, shock horror, did not consult with anyone within the sector in terms of what their proposals would be, to the extent that they told us that we were to set our fees between £6,000 and £9,000 a year, and we were to not to consult with each other in setting those fees. And then they financed their loan system on the basis the average fee would be £7,500, because obviously if you set the bottom at 6 and the top at 9, that would be the average fee. Now when each university individually decided what their fee would be, as you would recall, of 136 universities in the UK, 134 came with an answer of £9,000 and two mugs came with an answer of £7,500. I won't name those universities, they quickly changed their view the next year. So it shows you what happens if you don't consult with the sector. The other part of the UK system which I found entirely unfair was that then they lumped the student financial aid onto the loan system. So now students from disadvantaged backgrounds graduated from the same programs as their classmates, but with higher loans to pay back. So there were a whole range of things that were wrong in the UK system that in an Irish system we could get right. So I think that those are some observations, but the common thing about both systems was that a courageous political decision was made to make a change. So the problem was recognised, a courageous decision was made to make a change, and then those changes will work through relatively quickly. After a couple of years in Australia it kind of drifted in the background and became the norm. We've seen for a range of reasons in the UK basically because it was a very poorly constructed system to start with that hasn't quite happened. But the main message that I'd have is it takes political courage, it takes someone with vision and the willingness to make it happen. Thank you Laura, and I suppose I just want to add to the comments to Peter and your expert group with the report, because from an IBEC perspective we would agree that it's perhaps the most authoritative and balanced document that we can enable a discussion around the future funding of higher education. And I also just want to kind of commend the Institute and the Higher Education Authority for bringing that back onto the table now. And really the perspective I want to give with you today is since the publication of the report and in light of last week's QS rankings is talking about what has happened from that perspective from a business environment. And I'm going to talk around kind of the international reputation that the business environment in Ireland is working with them. So a couple of things have really happened since 2016 since that report was published. We are under intense pressure around our competitiveness and around that international reputation. Ireland in that period of time has failed to deliver on a couple of key infrastructural projects be that the development of data centres in the west of the country, the National Children's Hospital and further and higher education is just another one of those failures to invest. And as a result it's having an impact on our international competitiveness. And recent publications through the National Competitive Council and the refresh of Enterprise 2025 has highlighted this stark, I suppose, lens in which we now need to look at and how Ireland is actually losing momentum in our ability to actually foster and develop a talent pipeline for business to actively attract foreign direct investment and to stimulate innovation within our indigenous sector. So the talent crisis is not just acute in Ireland. It's a global crisis. And we are, the companies who are based here in Ireland are hiring internationally. So all eyes are on this. It's a shared global phenomenon. And how we respond to this will matter. And the world is watching in terms of who's doing most to address this challenge. And mobile investment is chasing down where that investment is moving to. So we know that research and investment is incredibly mobile. And the ability to deliver talented people and well rounded people. So companies are moving to where they can get staff, not necessarily where those natural resources traditionally used to lie. So that's that international competitive dynamic that I wanted to highlight. Companies, as I mentioned, are moving, they're relocating in that. So they're looking at competitiveness through a new lens. We know that our tax attractiveness, we're losing ground on that one. So therefore the companies who are embedded into our economy here are now looking at competitiveness through the talent, as I mentioned, the potential to develop intellectual property in Ireland and also through innovation. And interestingly enough, higher education is at the nexus of all three of those. So again, another strong rationale to fund that. So who really is getting their act together? Do we have a plan? I think we don't have a shortage of ambition in this country. We don't have a shortage of strategy. But what we lack is a detailed and resource implementation to get us to our ambition. Be that to be the innovation leader and be that to have the best education over the next decade. So how do we develop that plan with committed resources? And to Andrew's comments, that takes political will, it takes cross party political will, and it takes a collaborative partnership approach from all of us around that. The way in which I suppose the education sector must fundraise a present in terms of targeting, be it the department deeper, or be it through the Department of Education and Skills, on an annual basis to get incremental funding year on year, does not enable strategic planning for the sector. It does not enable the sector to respond appropriately to the challenges of the future of work, to the future of our society, and in many of those grand challenges that we face, both in Ireland and internationally. So we need to start moving towards this multi-annual nature of funding. Similar to how we actually plan for other national strategic investments of critical importance. So I was very glad to hear Peter reiterate the point that we do not want to see just a bandage approach to fix the current problem that we actually need to push beyond that boundary and think about the future because again, back to how can Ireland be prepared to adapt and to create those, the global citizens and well-rounded and flexible learners for the future that both higher education, further education and industry can all work together. I just very quickly, and I suppose to enable a bit of Q&A afterwards, what we need to make sure as well is around business, the role of business in all of this, I think it goes without saying business currently contributes quite substantially to higher education. Be that through the National Training Fund and we saw the increase in that levy. So in 2017, business through that fund is about 450 million, 2018 it's going to look like 550 million. So there's a significant amount of cash going into that, not only through research and innovation projects, through employers being actually active within the classroom, through program review, through in cash and in kind contributions, through philanthropy and equally around work placement and we know that there is a strategic goal there to increase the work placement. So taking students actually out of the classroom bringing them in into the business environment again is where enterprise are very much committed to delivering on our national ambitions. So maybe my closing points is international reputation matters. The rankings, while they're crude and they have limitations, they matter. They're a metric in which it's used, not necessarily by us but against us and we need to be able to respond appropriately to that. So my last question is, do we have a plan on what is that plan going to be and how can we resource an action upon that plan? Thank you, Chair. And like others, I'd like to commend Peter and his group for the excellent analysis. Usually when you start out trying to solve a problem, you're trying to look at the root causes and the analysis and looking at the solutions. And one of the benefits we have in this scenario is there is a very clear analysis as good as you could get on any problem in any sector and some very clear and succinct options for solving it. One of the challenges with the problem is, I guess, is the fact that this is a crisis but it's not immediately seen to be a crisis. I describe it as a rotting bridge. It's not a burning bridge but it's a wooden bridge that is slowly rotting. And it's a Claire's point. We get to a point somewhere along the way where the bridge begins to collapse and the quality that we've spent over 100 years or in certain of our institutions, hundreds of years building up a reputation in higher level education could quite quickly evaporate and I think that's the scale of the problem. Kinga referenced some European League tables and I'd recommend you should Google... The European University Association have been tracking funding in university systems across 34 systems across Europe, broader Europe. So if you Google EUA funding observatory, you can download their latest report. And it interestingly groups countries into five categories. There are those with signs of recovery and this is kind of tracking it over 10 years. There are those who are making what they describe as cautious steps forward. There are those with a continuing commitment to investment and no surprise that has Austria, Germany and Luxembourg in there. And then there's a small group who are described as in aggravating decline. And that's the group we're in. And it's us and it's Spain and it's a very small number of countries in the Balkans. You know, not the kind of place you want to be in any kind of league table. Then there's some other special cases in a fifth grouping. So, you know, when we look at this crisis, we need to look at it in this context. You know, we are benchmarked, whether we like it or not, international students of whom there are 10,000 or 15% of our total student population now, sorry, way more than 10,000 in our system. They're looking at rankings, they're looking at our reputation in coming here and there are some cases that Claire has spoken about are very much looking at our reputation and our capacity in higher level education. So we've got this challenge and we've, you know, I would describe, there's a challenge of bridging the gap in funding that Peter has very clearly laid out. And then we have, I think there's a three-dimensional challenge to follow that. We know, and this is a fact, we will have to teach more students in more flexible ways in the next decade and more. We have 40,000 coming into the system by 2030. On current trend, 25,000 of those will go to the universities. But even if that balance changes, you know, that's the order of it. We know that we need to increase the scale and scope of our investment in research and innovation and that's a key part of what we need to do for the economy. And we know that we need to expand access for students and increase our engagement with communities and with industry. I mean, they are the given facts. So the funding challenge has to be set in that context. I think the issues around funding has been well articulated, so I won't go over that again. I do want to come back to another dimension of the challenge that Peter laid out before us. And that this is the solution here rests in an integrated approach. And that does mean that we need change within the system as well and the system very well recognizes that. But we also need to have change in how the system is run. So Peter referenced the fact that at the moment 64, 65% of the money going into third level comes from the state. But actually there are individual institutions, some represented in this room, where only about a third of their money is currently coming from the state. But, and here's the big but, there is 100% state control on whole aspects of what they do. So no university or institute of technology can hire or fire or pay people what they want. They are subject to the employment control framework. They have no flexibility and no capacity. So Peter's point about the need for flexibility and nimblness in the system is an absolute given for the future. But in the current structure that flexibility and nimblness simply isn't there. So we need the structures and the overall framework within which third level education is run. This isn't a linear system like having three and a half thousand secondary schools, all of which do largely the same thing and have a fixed curriculum. All of the institutions are completely different. They are on the opposite end of the spectrum to that. And all of the international evidence tells us that the most flexible and nimble institutions are the ones that do best. And I think the solution that we have to find here is not, I won't say not just, because primarily it is about getting more funding into the system. But alongside that we need to have a structure that the system operates in that allows us to perform to its best. And I think if we approach it in that way then I think we have a meaningful chance of success. But that does require a change in thinking. Universities can't be regarded just as another part of the public service. They are much more akin to semi-state type institutions. And certainly they can and should have public funding into the future. We do not want to go the American system or to do the about turn that the UK did. We should have a blended system but that does require a change, a change in thinking at government level in terms of how the system is run. The last point I want to make is I suppose about the political difficulty of this. And we are in a log jam. We have the solutions all on the table but nobody is prepared to embrace them because there is perceived to be a major political challenge about taking on fees or loans or anything like that. So let's reflect on that for a moment. How big is that challenge? As a country we have just done the most difficult thing politically that you could think of. We have repealed an amendment relating to abortion. And we did it with by and large political consensus. We went through a difficult but a very controlled process and we reached a decision at the end of it. Now if as a country and if as a political system and this isn't just about government it's about the entire political system and the decision makers within it. If we have a capacity to take on and deal with an issue such as abortion then surely we can sort of higher level education before breakfast. So I'll just ask you please to hold your questions for a moment. We're going to give the first response to I suppose the most important stakeholder which is our students so I welcome Michael Kerrigan, president of the UCI. The perspective of the union of students in Ireland in regards to future funding of higher education is not something that will surprise many people in this room. When it comes to the castles report UCI and students are in favour of option one a public funded system for higher education. Back in October we held a demonstration with thousands of students marching from the custom house to the department of the teacher. I gave a speech there but before I did I was looking at what to say and what I would talk about. I said I'd have a look at the countries across Europe and across the world that offered fully publicly funded higher education. The countries you'd expect to see there were all there Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark, Austria and Germany. We had also seen Estonia, Czech Republic, Greece, Turkey and Argentina but the country offering publicly funded education without fees that I came up on most web searches that really surprised me was Ireland. At 3,000 euro Ireland is the 8th highest fees in the world second highest in the EU and after Brexit will have the highest third level fees in the European Union. And yet we still advertise as having free fees and free education. We have a grant scheme that has been mentioned that covers this for 46% of students. But who are that other 54%? There are students who refuse a grant because their parents had just gone over the low threshold in the grant scheme. There are the students who refuse a grant because they worked in their part time job last year. There are the students who refuse a grant because of their parents income without any consideration of whether they would receive support from their parents. There are the students who refuse a grant because they did not have a utility bill in their name. There are the students who have become estranged or independent from their parents but are still refused because they are under 23 years of age. Since 2008 we have seen a 375% increase in the student contribution. And what have we gotten in return? Falling university rankings, the majority of institutes of technology in financial difficulty, staff and students who are teaching, who are overpaid or underpaid and overworked, and facilities that are not fit for purpose. As a percentage of GDP, Ireland invests the second least in education in the OECD. 1.2% of GDP in higher education compared to the 1.6% of the OECD average. To suggest that the only way to fix this is with an income contingent loan is dangerous. A student loan scheme would cost this country 10 billion over the next 12 years. It's estimated it would take at least 17 years for it to become self-financing and we'd lose 13 million a year in debt written off from graduates who have emigrated. But we have no idea what the cost of losing our most talented and highly educated young people will be. An Iraqis Library report from last November suggests that international evidence suggests that the ultimate success of an ICL is linked to the level of default in the system. Of particular relevance is the means by which repayments should be collected from immigrant graduates. Two thirds of those immigrating from Ireland are graduates. The OECD estimates that Australia has a 3% of high skilled immigration rate. The UK is 11% and Ireland is 21%. It's likely that Ireland will have a much higher cost by writing off debt from immigrants. What will be the economic cost of our young people further delaying life milestones? In New Zealand student loans have directly caused students and graduates being rejected mortgages and has led to a huge increase in the number of people in their late 20s and early 30s living at home. A student loan scheme will mean the student contribution raising to a minimum of four or five thousand euro and I say minimum because in every country that has implemented this scheme has followed. In the UK in 1998 loan schemes were implemented at 1,000 pounds per year. Since then that has increased to 9,250 per year and has also resulted in maintenance grants being turned in to loans for the most vulnerable. They also have seen a 40% decline in part-time mature students. Australia having considerably lower number of students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds attending third level than Ireland and the HGA national access plan committed to promoting access from underrepresented groups and all evidence shows loan schemes will work against this. A student loan scheme will mean that if you have 20,000 euro that's how much you'll pay for your education. If you don't have 20,000 euro you'll pay a lot more. It means that those who do not do the best financially with their degrees will pay less than those who do not. Mature students do not have an equal access to the labour market. Students with disabilities do not have an equal access to the labour market. Students who are loan parents do not have an equal access to the labour market. We still have a gender pay gap that sees women earn 12% less than men. An income contingent loan will mean that mature students, students with disabilities, loan parents and women will pay the most for their education and the wealthy will pay the least. We are a generation that has already taken on one lifetime of debt and we're not taking another one. Higher education is a public good and should be treated as an investment rather than a cost. For every euro invested in higher education there is a return of investment for four euro to the economy. There are significant social dividends coming from investing in higher education in terms of strengthening democracy, improving social inclusion and political stability, reducing crime rates and enhancing public welfare. But free education has always been resisted in Ireland. When the idea of free second level education was being debated in the 60s, transition from primary to second level was at 16%, yet this is what came from the report from the Council of Education. The qualified scheme of secondary education for all would be both financially impractical and educationally unsound. Only minority would be capable of benefiting from such an education and standards would fall. 50 years later we are being told the same story. In budget 2011 and 2012 the student grant was cut significantly through payments, thresholds and adjacency rates. Since then we have seen a drastic increase in the cost of going to college, especially the cost of student accommodation which is spiralling out of control. We have long distances and missing lectures to be able to take public transport home. We have heard hundreds of students sleeping in overcrowded accommodation, staying at hostels and sleeping on floors. We have heard from a student in Cork who would stay in college until the building closed would sleep under a bridge until it reopened in the morning.  We are sick of seeing students homeless and living in poverty. Earlier today we launched a position paper which is down in the back of the room on the future funding of higher education for publicly funded higher education. The coalition is made up of the union students in Ireland, the Irish second level students union, the teachers union of Ireland, the Irish Federation of University teachers, the force of trade union and SIP2. The six unions involved in this coalition represent students at second level and third level, academic staff, professional management and support staff and are united in the belief that not only is public funded higher education desirable, it's achievable if the political will is there. A change in thinking and approaches acquired away from viewing higher education as a mere line of spending to that of public investment which yields a guaranteed long term return. This is necessary if we are to properly recognise the importance of higher education as a social good that enhances the civic and social life of this state. Thank you.


In this video I want to show you how to revert maybe you don't want it to be part of your project and you accidentally had committed it so you want to take it out but still leave everything else intact. So I'm going to have a small project so I'll open up a folder right here and then I'm going to drop it in my editor. So let's say we are writing our HTML and we're doing very well and we decide this is something that we want to commit to Git and we want to just git initialize so I'm going to hit git init right in here so I'll increase my editor so that you can be able to see. So I'm going to hit git init I'll press enter and that will allow me to track. So I'm going to git add and then I'll stage that and then I'm going to go to git commit dash m to add my message and then I'll say initial HTML and that will be something that I do. So maybe I changed my title and then I'll say this is home page and save this. Of course Git is going to tell me that this is something that's new because when I hit git status that will show me that something has changed so I can hit git add and add all of them then I'll commit this by saying changed the title. So that is added. Now if I look at my Git log in here you'll see that I have a number of commit messages that I have my initial HTML and after changing the title I have this here. You can actually see right here that I have two commits. I have this commit and then I have this commit. So let's say I want to revert this change the title into what we previously had. So I'm going to select this commit number and then I'll come here in my terminal and say git revert and then I'll press the ID of that commit when I hit enter you're going to see that it brings this new message which is saying revert change title. All I'm going to do is press my full colon and letter Q and then I'll hit enter and you're going to see that it's going to take us back and now we have our title of document in here. So if I just do a Git log here you'll see that we reverted this change and we still have everything that we had originally. So that's how sometimes you can fix some of those messages you had before. So if you enjoyed this video don't forget to check out all the other Git videos that I have. Maybe if you learned something new let me know in the comment how you deal with such scenarios in your own workflow. Otherwise don't forget to share and hit subscribe and hit that notification bell for any new videos.


To keep a mother and her family healthy and happy, there are three families of foods that should be eaten every day. The first family can be thought of as building foods. These are foods that are high in protein and they help our bodies to grow and repair themselves. The second important family of foods are the energy foods or carbohydrates. These foods give us the energy we need to move, to think, to be active, and to feel good. The last important family of food can be thought of as the protecting foods. These are our good friends, fruits and vegetables, and these foods help us fight off infections, protect us from many other diseases, and make our bodies feel strong and healthy. In this video, we'll talk about the first group, building foods or protein. Protein helps keep our bones, muscles, and teeth strong, and protein-rich foods help babies to grow all of these necessary body parts as well. Proteins have many, many different jobs in the body, so it's important to eat foods that give the body the tools it needs to build and repair. Examples of foods that are rich in protein are chicken, fish, meat, milk, yogurt, eggs and dry beans, split peas, and soy products like tofu and lentils. You can see that protein can be found in a lot of different foods. Foods that come from animals like eggs, meat, fish, and chicken are very high in protein. Eggs are also inexpensive and they can be eaten often if they're available. Meat, chicken, and fish are usually more expensive, so they can be eaten less often. There are many foods that come from plants, which are also good sources of protein. Examples of these are dry beans, split peas, soy products like tofu, lentils, and all kinds of legumes. These foods are generally less expensive sources of protein, and they can be eaten every day to help keep families strong and healthy. For a pregnant mother, it's especially important to eat the right amount of protein. Protein-rich foods will help the baby to grow strong inside her mother, and these foods will also help the mother's body to recover and repair itself more quickly after she gives birth. When a mother is breastfeeding, her milk is high in protein, so it's important that she eats enough of the protein-rich foods when she's breastfeeding. Eating foods that are high in protein can help keep a mother, her baby, and the whole family strong and healthy.