Gaffa half way in the tie, victory tonight. Must be pleased with where we're at currently? Yeah, we're pleased to be obviously going to the second leg with our noses in front. Still got a lot of work to do and won't be easy. Obviously a hostile crowd that we'll have to deal with but I was really pleased with what we produced today. It was difficult in the second half, obviously you know they're going to come back and they bypassed the midfield somewhat and we had to deal with longer balls from the keeper and diagonals on to Brad and difficult to deal with, things that will drop down and we've got to be the guys that pick them up and for the most part that's what we did. On occasions they pick up the second balls and then they have the opportunity to put it into the area but overall I thought it was evenly contested as it has been in all the games we've played Carlow but I just thought we showed more in that first half and deserved to get the goal which obviously was the winner and I felt our first half performance was arguably some of the best that we've played. Huge crowd once again, what an atmosphere tonight and I just really enjoyed the night. I thought it was a great occasion, great average for lead two football and we're in the lead and we're pleased with that. That was the order of the day before we started. Despite being a little bit scrappy it seems to be a performance one of them where every single player at each other's backs all fighting for each other and obviously like you mentioned the crowd really behind them, that's what you need in games. That's a better minimum requirement they need in these games. It's not easy sometimes obviously when they're going from back to front like they did for the majority of the game it's difficult to get any pressure on the ball to stop those balls going into the areas of danger and on occasions you've got to ride your luck a little bit because it's a hopeful ball they're hoping for a mistake in the key area of the field and for the most part we didn't do any tonight so I'm pleased with that. It'll be another difficult game that we face. It's certainly not over, we have to obviously match their efforts again and if we do that then I think we've still got the quality to causing problems and we'll look to be positive and hopefully get another go. Important perhaps psychologically tonight as well, our record against Carl Isle this season, first victory over them, will that help us heading into next week? Yeah quite probably, I think honestly we should have won the game here in the league I thought we were the better team on that occasion really in the second half really took the game to them and they were hanging on it was quite the same tonight but still felt we were a team that will cause some problems they set up in a certain way and we wanted to test them in certain areas felt we did that and I'm pleased obviously we've won the game that was clearly what we're after and we've been able to do that so let's hopefully finish the job now. You touched on the crowd over 20,000 here for the third time this season there really was that big game that was fair about it wasn't it? Yeah fantastic, it was a real crackle in the crowd I've experienced obviously big crowds throughout my career but that was up there with the best of them it's just a real sense of occasion tonight so really proud of everybody connected to Braver I just thought it was a real occasion tonight.


Made it so easy This beautiful view here to be unaware about the rise of semi-fascism in the United States. I mean you on guard The rise of semi-fascism Right now in the United States as we look towards Sydney Central Business District. Here's Jonathan Shade how to make a semi-fascist. How did a semi-fascist party? semi-fascist I mean come on that's The tad strong isn't it? Fascism was a particular movement of a particular time and place and in between World War one or World War two in in Europe and It's quaint quintessential expression was in Italy Whether or not Germany was fascist Germany was racist and fascism isn't racist so Italian fascism wasn't anti-Semitic until Until the Germans took over and made it so Written by Jonathan Shade for New York magazine. Do you realize how easy it can be? Attend to the National Conservatism Conference in Miami Will Republican politicians right-wing thought leaders and various party operatics had gathered to articulate their vision? of the conservative movement's future The National Conservatives are only one faction vying to define the Republican agenda But in a short period of time they have sharpened their focus and expanded their influence and the conference gave them a form to Display the dominant position their ideas have achieved on the right Kevin Roberts the president of the Heritage Foundation and one of the conference's speakers Recognize their triumph when he announced from the stage. I come not to invite National Conservatives to join our conservative movement But to acknowledge the plain truth that heritage is already part of yours What exactly the okay, so this idea that if you're concerned about heritage, it's somehow that makes you semi-fascist He's absurd All right, Judaism is concerned about heritage I'm sure that Islam is concerned about heritage parts Christianity. They're concerned about heritage. I Mean what what national group now what form of nationalism is not concerned about heritage? Israel I would suspect is concerned about heritage like how exactly Is that fascist? Men and tales has been the subject of a long-running debate largely obscured by the figure of Donald Trump When Joe Biden warned in August of the rise of semi-fascist ideas on the right Even many Trump critics suggested that the president had gotten carried away Now there is an equivalent to this among Republicans they're always talking about Not always some of them are talking about you know the communists the work communists have taken power we have to resist the rise of work communists so That's a hyperbolic rhetoric on both sides CNN's John Avalon said this rhetoric was not befitting a president Larry Hogan among the most staunchly anti-Trump Republicans left in the GOP scolded Biden for his divisive rhetoric The implication was that it was a miscategorization of Trump and a smear of his followers to suggest that his anti-democratic behavior in any way resembled an ideology let alone the fascist regimes of the 20th century And it is true. So this is Sydney Harbor Park Absolutely gorgeous. We're looking there towards CBD Sydney Harbor National Park Nielsen Park so I was just looking up There are things to do and see in Sydney With a strong healthy preference for that which is free And this was in the top 20 list


Hey guys, it's Nate, AKA the Foot Accountant. Welcome back to the channel. It's a big day today. Thursday of team of the year, the full team is in packs. We got the defenders on Wednesday. Those guys are in packs as it shows on my screen right now for 17 more hours, which is basically going to be up when the 6 p.m. content rolls around on Thursday, which is just after Weekend League Awards. It's a crazy day on FIFA, Weekend League Awards. The full team of the year is in packs. We're probably going to have more SBCs coming out. And the biggest thing is, again, the full team of the year is going to be in packs. So people that have saved packs, people that have spammed upgrade SBCs like I'm doing, and people that plan to spam lightning rounds are going to plan to start to do that today, tomorrow, Saturday, and Sunday. That is the time for when the full team of the year is in packs and when the most of those packs in this game are open, which between the two days, Thursday and Friday, I think that's the day when most of the packs are opened on this game. Obviously Thursday night, there's going to be a lot of people getting on, ripping out their saved packs, saved their Weekend League Awards for multiple weeks, even their Weekend League Awards from this week. Like I've got Weekend League Awards today, Gold 3. I am very excited because that means that I get a 50K pack from Gold 3, I think. Gold 3, 50,000 coin pack. And team of your cards are in packs. So that's the big, big thing today that the full team of the year is in packs. And how does that go into effect? The market, and what we see happening today on this game of FIFA 20. So look at these prices right now. I can guarantee you right now that if you're watching this video after the lightning rounds today, basically the next three to four hours after the lightning rounds drop on Thursday today, these guys will not even be within all of them, will not even be close to what the prices are at right now. Robertson, the defenders came out today, to be honest, and the defenders are always a little bit cheaper, right? And by the way, EA did a fantastic job, I think, with these cards.  Honestly, just a fantastic card, plus 11 physical, 8 defense, 17 dribble, 21 passing, 10 pace. I mean, honestly, this card is ridiculous, 3.9 million coins. I would not be surprised that this guy gets down towards the lower to mid 3 million coin range, but this is the best center back on FIFA Ultimate Team and there's going to be so many people vying for this card, vying for Trent, the best right back, Robertson, even Delictman. And I'm going to talk about Delict and even Allison and some of these other team of the year cards and talk about how their prices are going to affect the rest of the market today and tomorrow and Friday. I'm going to talk about that a little bit, but you guys are going to see these cards drop a really decent amount of price because this is something that we see when the full team of the year comes out in packs every year, right? Now, obviously, these cards have been in packs, each section, the attackers, the midfielders, and the defense has each been in packs for one day and one day only and they've kind of maintained and held this price. Messi's dropped back down a little bit and Bapé is still high, Mane has dropped back down. Kante is kind of floating on the same range, but these guys are going to start trending downwards because people know that all these packs are going to be open to today and Friday that is going to make their prices drop on this market. And you're like, yo, these cards are so rare to pack. How is it possible that their prices are going to drop? It just happens due to the sheer amount of freaking packs that are opened on this game during this promotion. That's literally what does it, just the sheer amount of packs in this game. And Bapé has one page of supply right now, crazy. Only one page of supply at 3.9 mil for this card right here and it makes sense because he is probably, I mean, I think this might be the best setter back in the game but it might also be, and you can kind of come at me with this in the comments, but this might be the best setter back of all time in FIFA. I mean, I've only been playing since FIFA 15 but this is probably one of, up there, it's one of the best setter backs of all time in FIFA all the time. So I think there's a lot of people that are going to pay big bucks for this card, Virgil Van Dyke. The rest of the team of the year, obviously, is cards that people want too. So you're going to see a lot of these cards rise up, I think, a little bit, not a ton. I do think you're going to see some of these cards rise up out of packs into the end of the weekend a little bit, but the biggest thing is they're going to drop a bunch today and tomorrow. So if you have any of these in your team, I would recommend getting them out, even if you're taking a little bit of a loss. Maybe like you got a Mane, around 2.8 million coins. I would highly encourage you to take the coins on that card and take the coins and just leave it be there because a lot of people are going to be packing these cards again today. It just, with the sheer amount of packs that are opened, that's going to be what's going to be happening today. A lot of these cards are going to be packs and we're going to be, if you want to buy one of these cards in the near future, if you're looking to buy a team of the year, your buy time for some of these is coming very, very soon, I think, because I think you want to buy them when they're in packs. I don't really know if it's going to be panic selling on these cards this year, like there was last year for Future Stars. We know that it's coming. You might see some people sell beforehand, but that's just kind of dumb, right? With some of the boost that these cards have this year, it's just crazy that people would want to panic sell for that promotion, especially since they know that it could be coming. And we don't even know if it is coming, but since we have a heads up this year, unlike last year when we were blindsided, then I don't think we're going to see too much of a dip heading into Future Stars, but that's just my opinion. But we didn't need to talk about that yet because we got plenty of time before that promo is coming. I want to look at this week's team of the week as well, which is, it's a decent team of the week. And there's going to be a lot of stuff that we're going to talk about with investing in this team of the week, with the upgrade packs that we got today, and stuff that's going to make this team, this team of the week, just have tons and tons of supply on this game that you're probably going to want to stay away from. But this team of the week is going to cause some market movements because of that supply that it's going to have on this game as well. Verran, Gabriel Jesus, Pepe, Gomez, and Imobla are probably the headliners. Other than that, it's actually a pretty, it's not that great of a team of the week to be completely honest with you. It's a pretty bad team of the week. It's just, it's just average. There's a lot more prem players in here than I would have expected. We did not get Ronaldo, so a lot of people are thinking that that means Cristiano Ronaldo is going to win the 12th, the 12th man award basically for team of the year and get himself a team of the year card. Some people have asked me, what's a team of the year Ronaldo going to cost if he has put onto this game? I would expect that a team of the year Ronaldo would cost somewhere around the realm of like four to five mil, I think. I mean, that's a pretty big gap. Four to five mil, it's a million coins of a range, but seeing a Cristiano Ronaldo team of the year card under that price would be ridiculous.  We'll just make a lot of people when he uses his card in game. So I do think somewhere around the four to five mil range, maybe closer to five than four, but maybe like four and a half is where I would see the Cristiano Ronaldo team of the year card if he does get in. So that's something that we can see later this week. Now today, we did not get an SBC, like a player SBC, excuse me, we did not get a player SBC which I thought was a little bit interesting, but they kind of front loaded the first day, right? Where they had the Flashback Iniesta and the Flashback Neuer. Then we got Flashback Dava Louise day two and then day three today or Wednesday. We didn't get anything except for the upgrades and another very interesting thing that the EA did today was they, instead of, they changed this tab on the top here for the league SBC, they named it Players which we still really don't know why they did that. I guess they thought maybe people would get confused with having these league upgrades and people thought that they would have to go into the league tab, I don't know. But I also don't know why they didn't keep the team of the year tab because it would be nice to have these cards under that team of the year tab or these SBCs under that tab. But we did get all these upgrade SBCs today for all the leagues, the major leagues, Bundesliga, LaLiga, Ligue 1, Serie A and Prem. If you're doing Bundesliga upgrade SBCs, I don't really understand what you're doing because there's like nobody from the Bundesliga in team of the week and there's nobody from Bundesliga in team of the year. So not sure why you do that one, but LaLiga, Ligue 1 and Prem with Prem being the most popular, I do think are gonna be SBCs that you guys wanna go out and do. I'm going to be doing a ton of these. I've got a bunch of them built up already. I had over 1100 cards in my unassigned, all rare goals from the Prem. I was anticipating this SBC requiring Premier League golds, but honestly, I mean, there was a lot of people that were very happy today on Twitter. I was one of those people because upgrade SBCs during team of the year promo, you know, it's a smart move from EA. They get to suck a lot of coins from all the packs that are being opened, clear clubs and it helps them make money because people drain their clubs and they open more FIFA points to get more cards in their club and to have coins, right? But for us as the hardcore users of this game and the grinders that just wanna try to get a chance at packing a team of the year, for us that are, you know, have a decent amount of coins that we can put towards these SBCs, this was absolutely perfect. This, the way they put these challenges, they gave us the packs from last year and I actually tweeted out today because I tweeted this out earlier this week. I tweeted out earlier this week that I said, I would like to formally request the League of Great SBCs for the top five leagues during team of the year and basically what I said was, I'm one of the same ones as last year and what do they do? They gave us the same ones as last year. So we asked NYFC boys and we got the SBCs. I was very, very happy that we got these today and the, basically this is like a 9.5 out of 10 SBC. The only issue is that 45 chemistry, we make that 35 or 30, that'd be the only thing that would make it better but I'll do an extra little bit of chemistry just for how good these SBCs are. So that was awesome from EA today. If you're interested in those SBCs, I'm sure that you're happy as well.  I'm gonna be honest, I might not even play Weekend League because this is gonna be way more fun than trying to play Weekend League this weekend. I'm gonna be doing upgrade packs and probably not playing Weekend League. I'm gonna be totally honest with you on that one. So if you're somebody who is not really interested in these packs as well, just do a couple of them. The chances of you packing a team of the year is very slim but there's a lot of Premier League things that are decent value in here and that's the other thing I wanna talk about is these packs right here, if you're somebody who likes to, what they used to call last year, iconcraft, these SBCs for what you have to turn in and what you have be able to get out of them are fantastic or icon crafting, which is now, we don't have any icon SBCs, you can craft Player of the Months, craft these flashbacks and I think that is what EA knew they were doing when they made this flashback Davos Louise SBC available for 20 days on his release yesterday. So this SBC is out for 19 days, so many people have done it already but if you're wanting to do it, again, I said this earlier, please wait because you're gonna have a time to do that which is now where you can do some of those upgrade SBCs, maybe pack yourself some 86, 87 rated players, some SBC fodder, you know, maybe a Yoris, maybe a Fernandinho, stuff like that and that would help you do some of these SBCs or cheaper. I myself, I'm probably gonna be putting around 1.5 to 2 million coins into these upgrade packs. I'm probably gonna do Suarez, I would like to do Davos Louise but I'm honestly gonna wait and see what comes out a little bit later, right? I might do, I might kinda work my way towards an icon upgrade, that's another SBC you could craft, the base icon upgrade, I might actually start working my way towards one of those but Premier League Player of the Month, KDB could be coming later this week as well as a couple other player SBCs like maybe a Marcello, maybe a Flashback, Ibrahimovic. So some of those SBCs could be coming later this week so if you're looking to craft some of those SBCs with upgrade packs and using what you get from those to make SBCs cheaper then that could be something that you really look forward to in the next couple of days as well. So that was the content for today, the upgrade SBCs I think kept a lot of people happy on this game. Again, the defenders on the market are interestingly cheap, especially this guy right here because I know I mentioned it a little bit earlier but GG's again to EA for the stat boosts and for everything that they have done with the team of the air players in this promo, especially the defenders. The boost that they gave this Delik hard was honestly fantastic, 91 sprint speed, they gave him over that 85 pace, 77 acceleration, you're probably gonna need to put a chem style in there to boost that up. But 96 defense, 96 physical, fantastic looking card and this card right here, I think this Delik's card is going to hurt a decent amount of icons on the game and I wanted to show you this as a possible market movement from last year as well. I wanna look at a couple of icon cards last year because what happens is today and tomorrow, as I mentioned, we're gonna switch back into like market mode again and talk about market stuff. Last year when all these team of the years came back into packs and you had people opening their saved packs and stuff like that on Thursday and Friday, you saw some of these icons, icon center backs especially because a lot of the center backs got cheap, right? Ramos was around like 15 or 16, maybe even 17 somewhere in there and Veron was like 1.1 or 1.2 mil for team of the year center backs with statistics that are significantly better than some of these prime icons that were in that range. So this prime kind of viral last year, look at his price. Right before team of the year, he was 1.1, basically after foot miss, 1.1 million during foot miss. In the team of the year, he gets dropped a little bit, people see the cards and then boom, what happens to his card when the defenders come out? He goes from 1 million coins and then on Thursday and Friday, it shows 899 and 908k. I can tell you for a fact, I remember watching this card last year, I remember that Nick was trying to buy this card last year and it was like 850k or lower. It was like somewhere in the 850s or lower for a few hours on Thursday and Friday. It was that Thursday. So if you're looking for any of the center backs that are prime center backs from this year's game, like maybe a Desai or a Blanc or maybe a Canavaro, those guys I think are gonna get panicked sold a lot today. A lot of those guys and especially some of the upper tier prime icons as well. I think you're gonna see cards like Ronaldinho, possibly Hulet, possibly Vieira, take a hit in price today, even the middle versions of some of those cards because people are gonna realize how cheap these team of the years are getting. So we looked at Canavaro's graph, we saw him drop off. It could just be a one-off difference, right? No, it's not a one-off thing. Look at Blanc. Blanc was 1-5 at the end of December, gets panicked sold in a team of the year from Wednesday to Thursday. The man goes from 1.3 to 1 under 1.2 mil. Probably seeing a lowest in there, like 1.15 or maybe even closer to 1.1. And then boom, look what happens after the weekend. Basically he goes from 1.1, 1.2 million coins on Thursday to next Tuesday being back almost to 1.4 million coins. So again, it's kind of like Black Friday and that's what I've been talking about this whole time with the inflation of the market. It has a Black Friday-esque feel to it in that you're gonna see so many of these icons and so many of the meta-special cards rising after team of the year just because of the, you know, the issue is people have a lot more coins on this game and yeah, they might not be able to go out and buy a team of the year card or they don't want to go buy a team of the year card but they can go out and buy these icons. You know, we have guys in swaps and stuff like that. Even though the swaps are kind of like dead right now with how it kind of looks, which is interesting but it is what it is. And yeah, so basically that's what I wanted to talk about in today's video was just looking at these icons, looking at the price fluctuations and movements. Again, you probably have some more coins that if you're not like broke from doing upgrade packs like me, watch the market move today because you're gonna see some icons get panic sold again. Let's look at the index icon graph for a minute here. We'll look at the daily graph first. On the daily graph, this graph hit a low of like 53 points. It doesn't show it here on the daily but this graph hit a low of 53 points on Monday and it's been rising up ever since. Today, there was not really a lot of panic at all for the defenders. Some of them went down earlier in the morning but there wasn't that much of a rise later as well.  So they're gonna be the easier ones for people to put in their teams and for people to try out, I guess. And that's another reason why you see some of those prime icon centerbacks take a hit in price because you have to shell out three million coins for a team of your money card right now but you only have to shell out 1.1 mil if you wanna try one of the best centerbacks in the game, team of your delict. So there's something to that as well, I think. But I do think you're gonna see this icon graph and the overall icon market take a dip today on Thursday. Again, just because of all the packs that are opened. And I heard a few people making pretty good points today about some of the baby icons in this game, especially if they're very valuable and they're very just desired by people in this game. These cards are out of packs so they have no more supply, right? And some of them have gotten a little bit more rare on the market than we maybe would have guessed before, right? So this Carlos Alberto was like 690 last night but he's out of packs and a ton of people like to use that card. He's not super rare but there are some other ones in this game and I don't really have specific examples but you're gonna find them if you watch the cards a ton if you are familiar with their supply and with their prices, these are baby icons, right? They've had an SBC out for people to sell the tradable version to go get the untradable version. And yet some of them are still getting kind of rare on the market. It depends kind of on a card by card basis a little bit. Maybe what's baby Blanc at? 85 Blanc, how is he? What's his supply like? This is a very used card in this game, baby Blanc. He's had a decent amount of supply before. Okay, he's got like two pages which I've seen him before. I've seen one person on this game own a page full of Blancs before. So some of the supply for these cards is down a decent amount. And this is a card that I could possibly see rising after the week. Just because, again, of the rarity and stuff like that. So watch the baby icons, especially if they're really meta, really usable for a little bit of a rise. Keep your eyes on those. But again, other special cards on this game, if we go take a quick scroll through some of the team of the weeks. If it's in the lower range, like I've been talking about for Thursday Flip. So some of you guys might have right now. If it's in the lower range of that price threshold, you know, like this Firmino card for this Nabri, Nabri's already up a little bit. Werner's already risen up this week. Neymar is up. You might see some of those lower cards though. Maintain rising prices through the end of the week because somebody who's buying that Firmino is not somebody that's going to be buying a team of the year, most likely. Just because if they're paying 100, whatever K for Firmino, they're probably not gonna be able to pay over a million coins for a lot of those other cards in this team. So again, I think you'll see more of a rise in the lower tier end of the market quicker today. And then in the upper tier and the icon tier of cards, I do think you will see some panic selling and some undercutting. And if you're looking to buy one of those cards for your teams, I do think that is gonna be a great shout and a great opportunity for you to pick up some of those cards there. Last thing I wanna talk about. Sorry, I keep switching back and forth between foot bin and the game and stuff. But tomorrow, if you have not done a club stock and we're gonna be talking about club stocks here very, very soon. If you haven't club stocked yet and if you have the coins and you want to do it, I would say that now is a decent time to do a club stock. You could maybe even do it before 6 p.m. U.K. tomorrow. There's gonna be a lot of packs opened and I think you might be able to pick up some people who open their packs before 6 p.m. U.K. when the full team of the year should be in packs. They might open their rewards early for whatever reason. Some people just open their rewards early every week. Maybe try to get on some of the bids for the 86s, the 85s, 84s, do a club stock, put one of each in your club because all it takes is one big SBC card. I know there's gonna be lighting rounds. I know there's gonna be a lot of stuff in packs and a lot of packs available, saved up packs especially, coming out of the game. But I do think these cards, all it takes is one huge Pogba SBC to require an 87, an 88, and an 89 rated squad for a super juiced Pogba or maybe an 85, 86, 87 squad for a super juiced Marcello or something. I mean, those might be a little bit inflated prices for those SBCs, but all it takes is one SBC that is quote, unquote, good value and all these guys could take a hit up in price even with all that pack supply. If that SBC is good enough and so many people wanna go do it, you will see some of these prices rise and especially we're gonna talk about doing a club stock and getting some of these higher ratings in your club as we head out of the team of the year promo and as we head into next week because there's gonna be SBCs that will still be in the store that it wouldn't have expired yet because they're not expiring with team of the year, they're expiring after which you could see some rise in the SBC fodder after team of the year. So that's kind of an after team of the year investment that we're gonna be looking at in the next few days but let everything on the market get panic sold in terms of the icons. You're gonna see the biggest dip there. Let the rest of the market rise last year, Thursday and Friday for like out of packs, in forms and for some of that stuff was, it was phenomenal.  I bought Alexander's Inform last year. That was a huge money maker for me, his first Inform I think. And obviously, it's, Sander's card is up today because of the delict card because that's one of the ways you can link him but that was just an example. A lot of those special cards, I do think you will see them rise up in price today pretty nicely. And the only one thing I wanna talk about the icons is the panic, again, I wanna revisit this just shortly. The panic on some of the guys like a Desai or a Blanc or a Meta used card in this game, I think the panic is going to be shorter and it's gonna be less. You're not gonna see a huge drop like you did last year, like a 200 or 300K drop in a lot of these cards. A lot of them have dropped already because people were prepared for this, people knew it was coming and they were just kind of ready. The market was already so low on a lot of these cards that can't really go that much lower. So if you see this Desai around a million coins flat, even like 1,050K, I would say is not a bad price for this, probably somewhere around 1,000 though, on the lighting rounds today or tomorrow, that would be a fantastic price. Same for Blanc, Blanc under a million coins for his prime center-back card would be fantastic. If you're looking for either of these cards for your team, definitely you could look for some of those. I do think the center-backs and the outside-backs, maybe like a 90 Carlos Alberto too, might take the most of the hit. He's probably already pretty low, like 700K. Yeah, so he's just around 700,000 coins, but this might be a card that you see take a hit a little bit tomorrow as well, if that Trent Alexander Arnold card takes a dip, because I think Trent is like the team of the year right back that you wanna use for your team, right? So there's still gonna be people that wanna use this Carlos Alberto, but Trent's at 1.5 if Trent drops down to a mil, especially for the prime Carlos Alberto, maybe you see this card drop a decent amount of tomorrow because this card has been pretty, this card has kinda stood the test of time with it hasn't really dropped that much, and I do think the extra supply of this card being in packs tomorrow or today and Alexander Arnold dropping in price to maybe around like 1.1 or 1.2 million coins, maybe even a mil, you could see a card like this drop a decent amount as well. Again, the thing that I can't stress enough to you guys today is just the sheer amount of packs that are going to be open, upgrade packs, saved packs. Some people have like 500 packs saved for a team of the year. It doesn't take them like all day or even two days to rip some of these packs that they have saved up.  The pack way it's gonna be atrocious. I'm gonna be honest with you, it's gonna be atrocious, but that's just the way of team of the season and that's how it is. If you guys enjoyed this video, smash the thumbs up on it, comment down below if you have any questions, and of course subscribe to the channel if you are new. It's been Nate, The Foot Accountant, catch you guys later, peace out.


And now, the steel river prison break starring Bartlett Robinson, a tale well calculated to keep you in. Suspense. It was set for Friday, and I mean set. We thought of everything. Cronin would be waiting in a speedboat under the wall. We'd make it during the recreation period. Some of the boys had started a rhubarb in the far corner of the yard, and we'd be up and over and in the river before the gods missed us. And Tuesday night, the radio changed everything. Did you hear that on the radio? Yeah, yeah, I heard it. So it's raining outside. Yeah, and it's raining up the river, and it's raining in the mountains. You and we're mighty lucky to be nice and warm in a comfy little old print and sale. We gotta move up the timetable. Huh? What are you talking about? We walk out of here tomorrow night, Thursday morning latest. Hell come. Cronin won't be here first till Friday afternoon. Listen, by midnight tomorrow, this prison will be an island surrounded by the biggest flood since 1886. Very interesting. I don't know much about these things. We don't ever get much water on the real brand. Well, I know. I was born half a mile from here. I know the floods. I was raised on them. Flooded out twice a year when I was a kid, every fall and every spring. By tomorrow night, this cell block will be a swimming pool. That'll be a change. Tomorrow night, we go. But what about Cronin? Cronin ain't gonna get here in this flood. I don't think we ought to risk it, Bragg. There ain't any risk. You don't know how it is when there's a flood. People go crazy. We get out of here. We act like any other character is trying to get to high ground. Only we head for my house, get a change of clothes, and we're on our way. We'll be at Cronin's joining Youngstown before he could ever get started. I don't know, Bragg. If you're going with me, you'll go when I say so. And I say tomorrow. But, Bragg. What, Runt? I can't swim. We already had a gun. Don't matter how, Cronin got it into me. It's hid behind the tubes in my radio. I got this radio in myself because I've been such a model prisoner. Me. And this was one program I didn't want to miss a word of. Any way you couldn't get anything else. All the rest of that day, all night, the next morning. Holy. That's four feet of a foot. Holy. That's four feet of a foot stage. Here we go. Huh? Brownsville. That's what they call a neighborhood radio. Hey, March. Yeah, Bragg? Are you getting this? Every word. It won't be long now. Bragg, look. What? The floor. It's the end of the sail block. Water. Trickle of water. I told you that means this is a foot and a half or two feet out in the yard. And the lights went out. Conestoga County Jail in the drum tank on the fourth floor. You forgot. No, I didn't. Ain't you going to tape it to your leg? It goes into my belt. We're going to need it in less than three minutes. Now, stick close to me. All right, now, line up. Patty by the gate. I'll take him from behind. You get his gun. Right. All right, let's go, man. Make it snappy. You get lefty. I'll get Riley. He would have on me. Run. Shoot straighter. Just keep with me. All right, come on, boys. We've got all night now. Snap it up. Come on. Get the lead out. You got the gun run. Get behind me. Run filthy. Go on. Shoot lefty. Patty makes a good chest protect. You might not get hurt. Drop the hand drive and you're done. I just might drop you, lefty.  But what's the difference? One guard or two guards. It's the same hot seat. We've got to move, Frank. Every screw in a place will be down here now. Yeah. Let's go, boys. With the second back of Suspense. Memo Won Medals. Interesting information about our military awards and decorations. Campaign medals were authorized by Congress in 1905 for all officers and men engaged in specified wars and military action, including such widely divergent battles as the Civil War in the United States and the Boxer Rebellion in China. The Navy and Marine Corps have a special Manila Bay medal for members of the United States Asiatic Squadron under command of Commodore George Dewey in May of 1898. The Haitian Campaign of 1915 is commemorated with a medal as is the Santo Domingo Expedition which suppressed revolt in that country and preserved order during elections in 1916. The Army has its Mexican service medal for those involved in any of several expeditions or engagements from April 12, 1911 through June 16, 1919. There is also the Army of Cuban Pacification Medal for United States troops who from October of 1906 to April of 1909 helped establish a stable government in that island nation. The Victory Medal was initially awarded to all United States service personnel in World War I Expeditionary Forces including for the first time women serving in the military units. There is a story behind every American medal, a proud story of devotion to country and unselfish service to keep it strong and free. And now, starring Bartlett Robinson, act two of the Steel River prison break. We splashed up Ohio Street and there wasn't anyone following us. The screws were too busy getting the other cons into the buses. They couldn't have found us anyway because we lost ourselves behind the swinging doors of Fairleigh Heath Saloon where I used to rush the growler for my old man. We were in pretty good shape. I hadn't used my own gun yet and Runt had three rounds left in the guards' gun. So we just stood there in the dock with the water lapping around our knees and watched the buses loaded with stir birds pull out one by one for the Conestoga County Jail. We had it made. We got it made, boys. Yeah, so far. What do we do now? Swim? I told you I can't swim. We ain't gonna walk, that's for sure. My mom's house is ten blocks closer to the river. This water's going up, not down. And it stinks. Sure, it stinks. Flood's always stink. You should smell what it's like when the water drops. Only we won't be here to smell it. Hey, listen. Hey, where's our radio coming from? That's a rescue boat. Maybe you'll rescue us. That's what I'm counting on, Runt. You let me handle it.  Hey, Mac, over this way. Where? Duck, he's using the switchlight. Just stay behind the swinging doors. Over here at Hurley Heath. It took the last guy out of here a half hour ago. Yeah, we was in the back room with a picture of Bear. We wasn't ready to leave yet. You're lucky I cut through this way. Now that the cons are out of the pen, this entire area's been cleared. You guys might have drowned. Yeah, I guess we might. Yeah, take my hand. Up you go. Master. Boy, never saw so much rain in all my life. All aboard? Yep. Yeah, then let's... Hey, what kind of suit is that?  That's right, buddy. All right, take off his gun and make a run. Huh? Script him. I want to cover this number on my back. Oh, yeah, sure. Give me a hand, boss. There you are, Bray. Good. Over the side with him. Huh? You ain't gonna... No, I ain't gonna. You are. Over the side. Bray, that's murder. Look who's talking. We shot a guard ten minutes ago. What was that? Target practice? Over the side. Okay, Bray. Okay, you two. Hit the deck out of sight. Here we go. Hey, where we going, Bray? My mom's house. We're on Ohio Street now. We turn left onto Liberty. And eight blocks from here, we're home. Oh, turn off that radio. Now, here's Liberty Street now. Hang on, boys. Hey, take it easy, Bray. Watch out, Bray. There's a boatload of people here. Get down, Bray, get down. You run down that boat? Yeah, I know. There were women on it. It's kids. That's that stuff, Bray. We gotta go back. We can't go back. Hey, where's Run? Huh? Run. Run! Hey, where are you? Get down, Moish. Now, stay out of sight. But he ain't here. He must have fell out when we hit that boat. We gotta go back for him. We can't, Moish. He's got the gun. He had the guard's gun. I've still got mine with a full clip. You have a frag. He can't swim. I know. Maybe. Maybe the water ain't deep there, huh? Maybe you can walk. Are you kidding? Look at those store fronts. There's 15 feet of water under us. We tied up to the front porch roof of Ma's house. It didn't take long to rip the radio and the battery out of that launch.  We needed the radio. I wanted to know whether the boys were looking for us or for flood victims. They were looking for flood victims. The people drowning and typhoid threatening and the water supply cut off and the phone lines out and the National Guard and Army called in. No one was thinking much about three escapees. I mean two. Ma wasn't home match. She was an old hand of floods. When that water hits 35 feet at the Ohio Avenue Bridge, Ma always lights out for ant carries in Mount Austin and sits it out. But everything was snuck on the second floor and my room was just like I'd left it. But Moish and I hit the sack hoping the water wouldn't come any higher. Hey Moish. Well come on, come on, rise and shine, wake up. Hey. What do you do to myself?  Where am I? You're in my Ma's house, remember? We ain't stirring no longer. Yeah, yeah.  Look out the window. I'm hungry. Oh, who ain't? Look at that. Ah, why? It stopped raining. The water's dropping. You can see the parlor windows on the house across the street. So? So, by this afternoon we can move. Well, you're going to be hungrier. Ma's kitchen will be three inches deep and muck. Hey, you know when this water drops, they'll be looking for us. And we won't be here. By midnight tonight we'll be in Cronin's joint in Youngstown. Oh. You're here, ain't you? Yeah. And don't ask how. Just take my word for it. We'll be there. By five o'clock that afternoon we were plenty hungry. But we could stand a little more of that because the water had drained out of the street and the people were beginning to drift back to their homes. Picking their way through the ankle deep muck. It was time for us to move. Motion I put on a couple of my best suits while the radio droned on and on. Sweetheart, we're in business.  The cops over in Ohio will be so busy they'll never see the all-points flash about us. And Mudd's going to ruin you pretty fast. Turn up the cops and let's go. Hey, they turned my old schoolhouse into a morgue, listen. That's my ma. With the third act of suspense. We have together ample capacity in freedom to defend freedom. This is NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. NATO possesses a shield of well-equipped, highly trained land and sea forces plus tactical air support and special units. The NATO shield extends from north of Norway to the eastern mountains of Antolia in Asian Turkey. Complete disposition of forces is covered by a radar warning system plus a perfected network of telecommunications enabling this supreme commander to direct operations with extreme rapidity over a 2,000-mile front. The United States of America is a part of NATO. You should be aware of and alert to the programs and objectives of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. And now, starring Bartlett Robinson, Act 3 of the Steel River Prison Break. Maybe it was a mistake. It wouldn't be the first time they'd made mistakes like that. Or maybe it was a trick. Maybe the warden put out that flash to trap me. But maybe it was on the level. I had to know if my mother was dead. I had to be sure. So, Moish and I slowed through the mud up to our ankles but not out on the Youngstown Road. I was headed for the schoolhouse. And Moish, well, he's a good kid. He'd come along. They were stretched out in the assembly hall. Row on row on cots covered with sheets. In the assembly hall, where us kids used to pledge allegiance to the flag and sing America the beautiful. If they got her here, maybe to drop. I gotta be sure. I gotta see her. Yeah. I know. If you want to get out, you go. It's okay with me. Oh, no, no. I'm sticking, but you keep your eyes open. What's the tag on that one? Empanoi. He was unidentified. Lee Roy, Sarah Jean, at the school with her father. Turn down the sheet, will you, Moish? Huh? Yeah, yeah, sure. Moish. All right, Frank, put your hands up. Frank, let's do the head down behind his car. Double for these people who haven't had enough. I didn't get this part to give myself up in no lousy mark. So, behind his car, let's go by the high-diving board. Look, I'll follow you. Okay, Moish, come on. We gotta get out through here. Say goodbye to my mom before I... How did it happen, Lefty? How did she drown? Didn't you read her tag? No. Seems a rescue boat she was in was capsized by an unidentified launch at the corner of Ohio on Liberty Street last night. You're lying. That's what the tag says. It's sort of a hit-and-run pilot. You're lying. I was running that launch. Oh, you were.  It's the same hot seat, ain't it? Which Bartlett Robinson starred in the Steel River prison break written, produced, and directed by William M. Robeson. Supporting Bartlett Robinson in the Steel River prison break were Barney Phillips, Jerry Hausner, Jack Moyles, Sam Pierce, Eddie Firestone, and Norm Alden. Listen. Listen again next week when we return with The Voice of Company A. Another tale well calculated to keep you in. Suspensive.


Let's focus shortly on the main terms with operating systems, what are the main components of operating system? The basic ones, the basic bricks are the tasks or threads, those are the mini-programs run in endless loop, which are performed by some particular actions, so those are the main components of operating system. To manage the tasks, to manage the switching between the tasks, we need a scheduler, so this is the heart of the operating system and it is managing the operation of the tasks under components. To pass the information among the tasks, we can use queues, so queues are the components which allow us to pass the information from one task to the other, or between the interrupt and the task. Some special version of the queue is a semaphore. We can call it as a queue with one component of type on-off, and again it can be used between the tasks or between the tasks and the interrupt. And again, some special version of semaphore is a mutex. Mutex is a semaphore, we can tell that mutex is a semaphore with a token. And last but not least, software timers, which allow us to extend the existing hardware timers group, which we've got within the MCU, and those software timers help us to manage the task execution in some particular moments. This list is not full, there are more components which we will describe more further within this training session, but those are the main ones visible almost all of the application based on 3R2S. What is a task? A task or threat is a C function which should be run with an infinite loop, like we see it on the screen. We can call it as a mini main function already known from classical C coding. We will describe it more in details later on within this presentation. Each task has its own stack and its priority. In fact, it has its stack area and so-called tcb task control block, which contains its main configuration and parameters like current state, priority, connection to other OS components. Each task can be in one of four states. Ready to be executed, it is a default state after task creation, run state, so currently executed, block state, waiting for some event or delay to be run, and suspended state when the task is not active but still present in memory. To create and delete the task, we need to call a dedicated APE function. We can create or delete the task before we start the scheduler or during its work. What is the scheduler? The scheduler is an algorithm determining which task should be executed. The selection is done from ready to be executed task list in 3R2S around robin scheduling algorithm is implemented. All the tasks are executed one by one from the ready to be executed list. Round robin can be configured either in preemptive or cooperative multitasking mode. Preemptive means that the task with higher priority can preempt, can interrupt currently executed task while cooperative mode means that the task cannot be interrupted by or preempted by the other task with even with the higher priority. In most of the cases, the preemptive mode is used and this setting is configured by default in the configuration of the operating system. Operating system heap is a memory area within a RAM where all variables related to operating system and its components are stored. In majority of the cases, it is an area separated from MCU stack and heap which is used to service interrupts and store some global variables. The creation of and release memory areas within this region is done by special functions which are booking the memory space for each operating system component during its creation. Most of operating system components like tasks, queues, semaphores, mutexes needs two memory areas. The first one, so-called control block, contains main settings of given component like its name, size, other OS components it is connected to. The second one is a stack area used to store temporary variables. We will discuss it more in details in one of the next sections of this training. Thank you for watching this video.


So, this is a presentation on the imaging in cellar and supracellar lesions. I will begin with embryology followed by normal anatomy, a few anatomical variants and then we will talk about cellar and supracellar masses including solid as well as cystic lesions. This is by no means a comprehensive overview but more of a case-based review of a few interesting cases which would help us to see that the problems we face in day-to-day the whole thing. So, starting with embryology, the pituitary gland lies in the cellar, it has two parts, the anterior pituitary or the adenohypophysis and the posterior pituitary. Both these parts of the pituitary gland arise from the ectoderm but they have different origins. The adenohypophysis is formed from the erathcase pouch which is a superior imagination from the primitive oral cavity. This is ectodermal obviously and the posterior pituitary arises from the neuro ectoderm as you can see. So, the anterior pituitary wraps around the optic chiasm and the buroepophysis comes from the neuro ectoderm. This pituitary gland lies in the cellar, here we see the cellar which is a bony concave cavity. Anteriorly here we see the tuberculum cellae, posteriorly we see the dorsum cellae. The cellar is very closely related to the sphenoid sinus. So, any abnormality in this sphenoid sinus for example sinusitis or in mucosilin in this sphenoid sinus should be reported in our reporting of the cellar pathologies. This is the pituitary gland where we see the adenohypophysis which has a superiorly concave order normally. When we note the height of the adenohypophysis, the height may be increased in physiological conditions like puberty or pregnancy or immediate postpartum period. Posterior to the adenohypophysis we see a hyperintensity even on non-contrast even weighted sequences. So, this hyperintensity is the posterior pituitary bright spot. Superior to the adenohypophysis we see the infundibulum at the top of the infundibulum is the tuberosinidium. Where we see the optic chiasm, superior to the optic chiasm is the chiasmatic recess and the lamina terminalis of the corpus callusin. In the infundibulum is the infundibular recess, superiorly we see the region of the mammillary body, the hypothalamus which lies in relation to the mammillary body and the interpedicular system posteriorly to the cellar. Posteriorly the cellar is also related to the cliasis. So, the first we will talk about the cellar. The size of the cellar, any enlargement or erosion is typically seen on CT. Previously it used to be seen on X-rays but now very few of us actually see hardly any X-rays of the skull are being done. So, on the sagittal X-ray of the skull we can see and on the sagittal tomogram of the CT also we can see the cellar and we can note the size whether it is small or whether it is enlarged and there is there any erosion in the cellar. Nowadays with multi-planar CT being available with multiple slices 128 to 56 slice CTs being available for that matter even with a 16 slice CT we can reformat the axial CT images we can take thin sections and reformat it into sagittal to see the size of the cellar as I will be showing in one of the cases. Okay, so the cellar this is the normal size of the cellar please note it down for future difference. The cellar can be small as a congenital variant or it can be seen small cellar can be seen in dystopia maritonica or if the patient has received radiotherapy previously enlarged cellar can be seen in patients with for example normal variant like double cellar floor or if there is destruction of the anterior clientoid process or if there is any erosion of the cellar itself the cellar may be enlarged in patients with cellar masses or in patients who are having raised intracranial pressure for example any other intracranial mass or long-standing intracranial mass can be laid to raise dystopia or even idiopathic intracranial hypertension may lead to slight enlargement of the cellar. The normal height of the idino-hypophysis is typically measured on the coronal images here we are seeing the superiorly concave order of the idino-hypophysis which is the normal variant. The Elster's rule is very well known in infants and children the height should not be more than 6 millimeters in men and post-menopausal women it should be 8 millimeters in women it is slightly larger up to 10 millimeters and in late pregnancy and in the immediate postpartum period may be still further enlarged physiologically that can be up to 12 millimeters in height. Here we have a 7 year old girl with early puberty and hyper cortisolism MRI was performed to rule out any cellar mass so here we saw the superior convex border of the idino-hypophysis and the height was increased for a 7 year old the height should not be more than 6 millimeters but the height here measured 8 millimeters and it was unchanged over the next on a follow up scan it was suspected to be a pituitary adenoma but this is actually just a pituitary hyperplasia. Another variant that is seen is the hyperintensity of the idino-hypophysis in neonates. Here is a 5 day old infant which shows hyperintensity even on the non-contrast sequence in the idino-hypophysis as well as the posterior pituitary bright spot and this hyperintensity in the idino-hypophysis resolves over time this is a normal 4 month old pituitary idino-hypophysis which shows the normal signal like the rest of the brain. And the posterior pituitary bright spot is still seen. So how do we approach the differential diagnosis first we identify the cellar and the pituitary both the idino-hypophysis and the anterior pituitary bright spot so this is the cellar and the idino-hypophysis then we determine the epicenter of the lesion is it in above below or lateral to the pituitary and whether the lesion is solid cystic or mixed solid cystic heterogeneous is there any calcification are there any flow voids in the lesion. So here we have the pituitary gland and the lesions are predominantly in the cellar or in the pituitary gland and the differentials of pituitary idino-hypophysis or radkis cleft cyst or cranioferringioma may be considered this is these are lesions which are centered in the cellar lesions may be centered in the supra cellar lesion or may be involving the pituitary stop these lesions are typically germinomas, eosinophary granulomas, metastasis, lymphomas, etc. Superior to the infundibulum we see the optic chiasm on the coronal images it looks like an like the figure of 8 appearance which is laying on its side so this is the optic chiasm and we see that the signal intensity of the optic chiasm is just like the normal white matter if the optic chiasm is hyper intense or bulky then the differentials of demyelination or glioma should be considered or if the lesion is centered in the region of the optic chiasm or in the supra cellar system then these differentials should be considered. Superior to the optic chiasm we will see the region of the hypothalamus lesions involving the hypothalamus are the optic chiasmatic or the hypothalamus gliomas, hamartomas, germinomas, eosinophary granulomas etc. Lateral to the cellar we see the paracellar region in the paracellar region we see the cavernous sinuses and we see the flow void of the cavernous ICA. As we note in this patient for example the left cavernous ICA flow void is very much enlarged as compared with the right cavernous ICA so the differentials of aneurysm ectasia of the ICA or carotidocavernous pistula should be considered in this setting. So just to recap again if we are having cellar supra cellar masses they can be like typical masses itself which are microidonomas, macroidonomas, merengiomas, cranioferringiomas or invasion by any skull based tumours or metastasis. These are the most commonly seen cellar masses, cellar supra cellar masses. Any mass-like lesion in the pituitary may also be non-neoplastic for example a pituitary hyperplasia, apoplexy, pituitary abscess aneurysms, ratcase cleft cyst or infundibular non-neoplastic thickening by eosendiferic granuloma LCH or sarcoidosis. So this is just a quick recap. So patient comes for evaluation for pituitary microidonoma. Typical is that clinical profile will read as amenorrhea or galactoria and often we will see in the history that you have provided only one line, elevated prolactin but we don't know how much it has been elevated. Is it just like 30, 40, 50 or is it very high? So sometimes prolactin may be slightly elevated and this can be because of involvement of his talk or medications but if the prolactin is elevated more than 200 then we have to strongly suspect microidonoma and look for a microidonoma. Sometimes in 20 to 30% of the patients who undergo dedicated imaging of the pituitary lesion, we may see incidental microidonomas in the adenohypophysis. So when we are imaging for a microidonoma, we have to look for any asymmetry in the gland if there is any slight bulkiness or bumpiness on one side. If there is any shift in the stock for example if we are suspecting a microidonoma on the right side, the shift should be towards the left side, should be on the contralateral side because of slight mass effect. We have to also evaluate carefully the dynamic post contrast sequence which is a very important sequence when we are evaluating for a pituitary microidonoma. So why is this dynamic sequence so important? The pituitary gland does not have a blood-brain barrier like the rest of the brain. So if we inject contrast, the pituitary gland will enhance brilliantly. So any small tumor in it like a microidonoma which is less than 1 cm in height may be missed on routine delayed post-frontar scan. But in the early phase of the enhancement, while the pituitary gland will enhance brilliantly immediately, the adenoma will take some time to enhance and will tend to enhance later in time than the normal pituitary parenchyma. Hence we may be able to pick up the delayed enhancing adenoma on the dynamic imaging much better than the delayed post contrast scan when the entire gland including the adenoma will enhance uniformly. Hence dynamic post contrast sequence which is typically a spinico sequence is performed in all patients in whom microidonoma is performed. Just to note, this dynamic sequence is not required if we are having a very large, obviously bulky cellar, supracellar mass and we want to say, is it an adenoma? Is it a craniopharyngeoma? Is it LCH or is it something else? We don't need to do this dynamic sequence for any other lesions. Only if we are suspecting a pituitary mass and the scan looks relatively normal and we want to rule out a microidonoma which will not be seen on other sequences then we do this spinico sequence. Contrast is injected in the rapid bolus preferably using a pressure injector if available and then multiple sequences are acquired to get this time intensity curve. So we are seeing this multiple acquisitions. This is the pre-contrast sequence and as contrast is injected we see how contrast initially enhances the impendable and the central part of the gland and then the contrast enhancements press to the peripheral part of the gland as time passes. Alright? So I will show the same thing in a video. Great. So it played. We can see the enhancement of the pituitary gland on the delayed sequence. Okay? I have replayed it. Just to note the resolution of this sequence is good. This is a very thin sequence but the signal to noise ratio may not be good. So this is very good for looking for some small microidonomials that are missed on the routine post-contrast sequences. We can hardly make it out now that we know that it is there on the dynamic sequence. We can see some differential enhancement on this. Otherwise, we would have very easily missed it on the routine T1 coronal images. The signal to noise ratio is much better on the routine T1 coronal images but resolution is same on both these sequences. We need thin sequences evaluation of the pituitary whether it is for a micro or a microidonoma, two or three millimeter thick sequences. So this same microidonoma again I have shown on the dynamic sequence that this enhancement is seen and I have marked out the size also around four millimeters in diameter and it is hardly seen on the T2 weighted sequence. Here we have another patient, a 27 year old female with a tiny microidonoma on the left side of the adenohyepophysis. Then we have a 51 year old lady with a headache. Here we see that the cell is mildly enlarged and the adenohyepophysis is bulky measuring more than one centimeter in height. So this is a macro adenoma and for this patient we really don't need the dynamic sequence. The mass is well seen. Anything that is more than one centimeter in height actually for a post menopausal woman anything more than eight millimeters in height will be classified as a micro adenoma. This lesion is just a button B optic chiasm. Here we have another patient with a large homogenous lesion with post contrast enhancement and binding of the cellar seen on the CT. And on MRI again we can see the snowman or the figure of eight appearance of the cellar. There is not much involvement of the paracellar regions. The lesion is not extending into the cavernous sinuses nor is it encasing the ICA more than 180 degrees on the left side. On the right side there is some invasion into the cavernous sinus and we can see almost 270 degrees involvement of the cavernous ICA. So this suggests that there is extension into the paracellar region. All these findings are important when the surgeon is planning to operate this patient. Also we note that the cellar is enlarged and the lesion is extending towards the phenoid sinus. So maybe even trans phenoidal approach may be used for this surgery of this patient. When we are reporting this cellar, supracelar lesions, especially macro adenomas which are probably going to be treated by surgery, diffusion sequence and DTI sequence plays a very important role because in the DTI sequence we will see the anisotropy of the lesion and this will show how hard the lesion actually is and how easy it will be. Is it succable,cusable and on surgery or will it be a large hard unyielding lesion that will be very difficult to remove on surgery. So this is the role of diffusion tensor imaging in patients with macro adenomas. Here we have another patient of 43 year old with a sudden onset headache and decreased vision. So we see a cellar, supracelar mass which is hyper intense on T2 weighted images and note that even on T1 weighted images it is mildly hyper intense. On flare also it is hyper intense and we can see a slight fluid level on T2 weighted and flare images. I hope you can appreciate it. So this is a patient with a macro adenoma, macro adenoma with pituitary apoplexy. Here we have another patient, a 7 year old girl who presented with precocious puberty and primary hypothyroidism. Her TSH was elevated, it was 156. So that's very high. Patient had precocious puberty with thalarki and menarki and she had short stature. When we did imaging of the cellar of the pituitary gland, we saw that the pituitary gland was grossly enlarged and showed intense homogeneous enhancement. Initially we thought it was a pituitary macro adenoma. On follow up scan with treatment, TSH normalized. We can see TSH came back to 15 and the pituitary gland also reduced in size with medical management. So this was not a macro adenoma. A macro adenoma will not resolve the treatment of the hypothyroidism and so this patient actually had a just a pituitary hyperplasia and not a macro adenoma in this condition with juvenile hypothyroidism with isosexual precocious puberty. Also delayed bone age, this patient had delayed bone age and high TSH and multi-cystic ovaries is known as one with grim back syndrome. So any patient with hypothyroidism and precocious puberty, we should not think of a macro adenoma. These patients can have pituitary hyperplasia which will resolve a treatment. This is one with grim back syndrome. This patient also had multi-cystic ovaries. We can see the multiple system the ovaries and bulky ovaries. Here we have another pediatric patient, another pediatric case, two-month-old child with a failure to thrive and hyperbillirubinidia. We can see how yellow the kid is. Images are used with permission of the patient. Bera should severe hearing loss. Here we are seeing that the cochlea are grossly enlarged in size and with cystic dilatation. The pituitary gland is also hyperplastic. I don't know, hypoporosis is very small. Hypoplasia of the anterior pituitary which is well seen on the blown-up images. So this was basically, this patient is having jaundice, this typical faces with a hook-like nose, failure to thrive. Also there was pancreatic lipomythosis, hypoplastic adenomyopysis and enlarged cochlea. So this is another esoteric syndrome, joints and blizzards syndrome. No radiology presentation is complete without a couple of these esoteric syndromes. So I couldn't resist putting these cases, but they are very rare. So that's all right just for clinical interest. All right, coming back to the more commonly seen pathologies. So here we have a patient with a T2 hypo intense and a T1 hypo intense lesion between the adenomyopysis and the posterior pituitary, not enhancing.  So we should distinguish a rat cases from a cystic adenoma. If the patient is having any endocrine dysfunction like increased prolactin levels or hyperpartisalism or off midline location, we'll think of a cystic adenoma. Rat case cleft cysts are typically in the midline and hypo intense on T2 weighted images. These are characteristic features of a rat case cleft cyst or a pass-intermediate cyst. Often they can have T2 hypo intensity with T1 hyper intensity. On T2 sequence, if this is just slightly big, we can see as intracystic nodule. Honestly, I have never noticed this intracystic T2 hypo intense module. And the rat cases may also vary in size without treatment. So that's the interesting part. Coming back to a paracellar extension of the pituitary tumors. So here we have a patient with a macro adenoma. We are seeing it as abutting those optic chiasm. So this is what needs to be reported. And also the cavernous ICA is encased by more than 270 degrees. Here it is encased by around 180 degrees. So on the right side, there is no cavernous extension. But on the left side, there is extension into the cavernous sinus. So there is paracellar extension. And there is almost complete encasement of the cavernous ICA. Point to be noted, the flow void of the cavernous ICA is maintained. It is not compressed. And for example, had it been a para cavernous meninjuma or any other para cavernous lymphoma or any other para cavernous mass, the ICA flow void would also have reduced in size because of the mass effect. But typically because pituitary tumors or pituitary macro adenomas are not very, very hard lesions, they will encase the pituitary, but the flow void will be well maintained. Another sign is the tentorial enhancement of the pituitary. Here we can see there is some slight enhancement of the tentorium, which is a sign of cavernous sinus involvement. Very well seen on the actual images. Another differential is a supracellar cavernous ICA or a supraclinoid ICA aneurysm, which can be mistaken for an adenoma. On MRI, it is very difficult. I mean, we can see that this is a flow void. Obviously, this is an aneurysm. But especially a non-contrast CT, when the flow void is looking slightly hyper dense, it can be missed out from the non-contrast CT. So, always, always, always rule out an aneurysm. If we miss this diagnosis, if we miss a supracellar aneurysm and report it as an adenoma, it will be a disaster. Okay. From the mass lesions, they are going to a reality cellar syndrome. Cellar is mildly enlarged, but there is hardly any pituitary parent schema seen. Okay. Coming to supracellar non-pituitary masses. Macro adenomas are very common, but if we are seeing a pituitary gland adeno-hypophysis, which is separate from the supracellar tumor, then this is not a macro adenoma. This is something else. Now, what is it? We will see the differentials. Always, always, always, if it is not a macro adenoma, we will see the differential enhancement of the adeno-hypophysis or some slight differential signal on T2 weighted sequences. So, here we see a supracellar cystic lesion, which is hyper intense on T1 weighted images and which shows slight blooming on gradient sequence. This is a 65-year-old lady with headache and loss of vision. So, we are seeing a supracellar cystic lesion with T1 hyper intensity. This is a cranioferringioma. Cranioferringioma can also show multiple tiny cysts with heterogeneous enhancement. And we can see calcification, tiny specks of calcification in the cellar supracellar region. Cranioferringioma is sometimes associated with other pathologies. Here, we had a patient in Shri Chitra. This is a patient with Radke's cleft cyst, who also had an associated cranioferringioma. And we can see this fluid level vary well on the sagittal images. Coming back to the case we saw previously, this is a child adenuropophysicine separately from the supracellar heterogeneous solid cystic lesion. What is this? Is it a cranioferringioma? No. This is an optico-chiasmatic glioma. Another patient with an optico-chiasmatic glioma, in which we show that the optic chiasm is enhancing with a paracellar solid cystic mass lesion. So, this is another optico-chiasmatic glioma. Another patient with a supracellar lesion with blooming, extensive blooming on gradient sequence. So, is it calcium? Is it blood? It is hyper intense on T1 weighted images also. This is actually a supracellar mass with hemorrhage within. This patient is a patient pylomexoid astrocytoma with URAF mutation positive. Another supracellar mass is a hypothalamic hamartoma, apart from a hypothalamic and optico-chiasmatic glioma. Okay, here is a quiz question. A 55-year-old patient came with headache. We did a CT. CT was normal except for enlargement of the cellar. This enlargement of the cellar was well seen on the coronal reformatted image. Enlargement and slight erosion of the cellar. So, we performed an MRI which shows this mass. So, is it a macro adenoma? This was thought to be a macro adenoma, but no. Here we see that the adenomyopoiesis is enhancing separately from this mass. And the slight differential signal intensity is also seen on the P2 sagittal images. Here again we see that the adenomyopoiesis is enhancing differentially from this mass on post contrast images. So, this was not an adenoma. This was actually a meningeoma, cellar meningeoma. This patient was biopsied through the transfenoid approach. Here is another supracellar meningeoma. The adenomyopoiesis is separate and we are seeing the supracellar meningeoma with a classic dual tail.  This is a supracellar dermoid. And we know that this has pre-contrast images itself. We are seeing it is hyper intense and we are seeing hyper intensities along the cell side. This gives us a clue that this dermoid is actually ruptured.  So, this could be a lipoma or a tiny dermoid. CSF intensity supracellar lesion is a supracellar arachnoid cyst which shows no enhancement. What about this lesion? Supracellar and paracellar lesion. This is rhododermin disease. Okay, coming to children with short stature. Typically, children with short stature come for imaging. We will see ectopic posterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary should actually lie behind the, I don't know, hypophysis. So, here we see that the posterior pituitary is ectopic and the anterior pituitary is also hypoplastic. Other findings that we can see in these patients can be septuoptic dysplasia or corpus callosal agenesis or single central incisor. Then we have another patient with short stature. We see the anterior pituitary is hypoplastic but posterior pituitary is in correct location. Then we have a patient with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in which the olfactory bulbs are not visualized. This is colman syndrome. Here we have a patient with a single central incisor well seen on the actual images. The anterior pituitary is small with a tiny cyst within. The clivus is also hypoplastic. This is a spectrum of imaging findings that we may see in patients with short stature. Here we have another patient with short stature. I don't know, hypophysis is hypoplastic. And we also see that the right optic tract is not myelinated as compared with the left optic tract which is well myelinated, which is well seen on the DTI images also. There is differential intensity of the both the optic tracts, the right optic tract and radiation is different in signal intensity. Here we have a patient with diabetes and it is supposed to be a pituitary right spot may not be seen or they can show intense enhancement of the infundibulum in patients with hypophysitis. This is an interesting paper from KEM Hospital in the pituitary journal on the different imaging spectrum of hypophysitis. On T2 weighted images, we can see T2 is a hypo intense signal in the periphery in autoimmune hypophysitis. Here we have another patient with LCH, Langer and Cells Histrocytosis with a child with signal abnormality in the cerebellum. The pituitary gland looks fine but there is slight thickening of the infundibulum. It measured 4 millimeters in size. It should not be more than 3 millimeters. Other differentials apart from these supracelon masses are non-neoplastic pathologies like abscesses, infective etiologies and other tumors like unusual tumors like granular cell tumors. To conclude, these pituitary masses are quite commonly seen. We have to localize the lesion. Is it in the cellar or is it paracelar, supracelar, what is the center of the lesion and then describe the lesion which will give us a good differential diagnosis. Clinical profile is a very important role. Dynamic sequence especially for patients with microidinoma will play an important role and if you have to remember only one thing remember this. If you can see the idonohycophisis it is not a pituitary idonoma it is some other lesion.