Hey, I just want to thank and welcome all of you. I know that this, you know, right in the middle of a week, in the middle of one of the seasons of church life that is really focused around growing and working towards things like Easter and that kind of thing. I know that this is a busy time of year, but I really have an expectation that what you are going to receive over the next few days here is going to be life changing. And I don't say that lightly. I really believe that. I know that all of the worship ministry here at Radiant and our creative teams and all that are involved in this have been praying for this for some for years, but very intensely over the last several months. And I know that what they have in store is just going to be life changing. And I want you to know that it's a privilege for me to share with all of you. I know that you come from a lot of different backgrounds. Some of you are musicians, worship leaders. Some of you are graphic designers. Some of you are cinematographers. Some of you, there's a few pastors that are in the room. Some of you are involved in fine arts and all kinds of different expressions of creativity. And I want you to know that as a pastor and as a leader, it is a high privilege for me to come and to speak life and hopefully deposit something into you tonight that's going to set the stage for what God has on his agenda for you, okay? So I'm a pastor, so I'm a preacher. That's what I do. So you know I want you to turn in your Bibles if you brought one to John chapter nine. If you didn't, that's fine. This is where I'm going to start tonight. And I want to share something tonight that I really believe is vital to the body of Christ that we understand. It's vital for the hour that we live in that we grasp what I'm about to share with us because it has so much to do with our identity. I don't know if you've noticed, but we live in a generation and in a culture where a hot topic is identity, but there is no more confusion and no more searching than in the subject of identity. People are looking for identity. And tonight I want to share a message with you called sent seers. And John chapter nine, I'm going to read to you just the first seven verses tonight. And it's an encounter that Jesus has with a blind man in verse number one. It says, as he passed by Jesus, he saw a blind man from birth. And his disciples asked him, Rabbi, who sinned? This man or his parents, so that he was born blind. And Jesus answered. It was not this man's who sinned or his parents, but so that the works of God might be displayed in him. We must work the works of him who sent me while it is day. Night is coming when no one can work. And as long as I am in the world, I am the light of the world. Having said these things, he spit on the ground. He made mud with the saliva and then he anointed the man's eyes with the mud. And he said to him, go wash in the pool of Siloam, which meant sent. And so he went, he washed, and he came back seeing.  I want you to imagine with me what it would be like to be born never seeing. I want you to imagine with me what it would be like if the only site that you had was the site that you experienced through your other four senses.  I'm talking about having never seen. What scientists tell us is that people that are born blind have heightened senses in the other areas such as smell, hearing, taste, touch. And they actually develop high levels of instinct and spatial recognition, but they don't see. They have no concept of color, of shape. They have no grid for distance or perspective. But all of your life imagine that you felt your way along. When you were growing up and learning how to walk, you couldn't see where you were going. So you learned how to tell the distance of something from you by the sound and the echo. And you felt your way along the coffee table in your mom and dad's living room. And as you got older, you began to count the number of steps from the living room to your bedroom. And as you ventured out into school, you were able to identify people's voices and recognize people's emotions by the speed of their steps, by the tone of their voice. And I want you to imagine being able to tell different fabrics, different textures, being much more sensitive to cold and hot, recognizing smells and tastes. All of these things, that's your world. You've never ever seen.  He had been blind from birth. And it's ironic, you may miss it, but the statement that John makes in verse number one is ironic and powerful. It says, Jesus saw a blind man. The blind man didn't see Jesus, but Jesus saw the blind man. And it says when he saw him, his disciples asked all of these questions, what went wrong, what happened? How did he end up in this situation? Asking all the wrong questions. And Jesus immediately directed them back and he said, this is for the glory of God. And then Jesus goes about healing this man. He, Jesus reaches down and he takes the dirt and he spits in it and he forms a little patty, a little ball of mud and he puts it on the man's face and anoints his eye, tells him to go and wash in the pool of Siloam, which means scent, the scent one. He sends this man to the pool and he goes, he obeys, he washes, and as he's going, he sees again. It's an amazing miracle. It's a creative miracle that Jesus performs. And what I want to say to you tonight is that I believe that what Jesus did in this blind man's life is exactly what God wants to do over the next few days in your life. He wants it to be an intersection between the stuff of heaven and the things of earth. He wants it to be an intersection where we meet Jesus and no matter how much you think you know about Jesus, no matter how proficient you are at what you do in the kingdom, no matter how familiar you are with a lot of the stories and a lot of maybe the nuts and bolts techniques and the philosophies and those types of things, I want you to realize that today, tonight, Jesus sees you a whole lot more clearly than you see Jesus. But I believe that his desire is that as you leave, as you leave Kalamazoo, Michigan and you go back to wherever God has positioned you in the kingdom of God, that you just like this man will go away seeing in a different way than you came, that you'll go seeing because you will become a sent seer. Let me share with you real quickly why this, not only this next couple of days is important to me, but why I resonate with so much of what is gonna be said in the creative community. When I was a little boy, there were two things that were absolute constants in my life, that as I look back on growing up, I was a child in a single mother home until I was about seven or eight years old and then grew up in a step family, moved multiple different times. And as I look back on my childhood, there are two things that I'm fully aware of that I was fully aware of then, even as a small child as early as I can remember, one was the presence of God. If you had asked me as a six year old kid, I wouldn't have said, oh, I sense the presence of God. I just always knew that God was there and I always knew he was with me. Just have always known that. I know that's not true for everybody, but it was true for me. I just had this innate sense that God was with me. And the other thing that I had that was a constant in my life is that I was an artist. I mean, the earliest memory I have is drawing in all of my mom's very important books. I would go to her bookshelf and I would take it off and I would draw pictures, crayons. I would paint murals on the kitchen wall. My mom would buy me art kits.  I had art books, drawing books, and journals, and different things. And so as I became a middle school student, even in elementary school, but more so in middle school, my art teachers began to take a pretty good eye at the things that I was developing. All the different mediums, watercolor, oil paints. My medium of choice, though, was ink and charcoal and pencils. And they began to put my work in different contests and I would win awards. As I came into high school, I was not good at math and science, I don't know if anybody can relate to that, but I was kind of, I was like, I'll take pre-algebra and I'm gonna have to cheat my way through this, but I took every art class that I could take and my teacher's name was Mrs. Bolx. And Mrs. Bolx noticed that I had a gift. And so I would draw, I would take on projects, I would illustrate yearbooks, I would do all kinds of different things. And it was still something that was very intimate to me. I would spend hours by myself with a journal, with a notebook, with pencils, and I would draw. That was how I was able to express and articulate what was going on. At 12 years old, I encountered the Lord in a very dramatic way and experienced a call to ministry. And so throughout my teen years, I was involved in a incredible church, an incredible youth ministry. We didn't use this language, but we were in the midst of at least a regional revival. We were seeing young people saved in a mass. Our church was packed, overflowing. The presence of God was so strong and I was a part of that and I came up throughout my teen years in that type of an environment. And so I knew that I was called in the ministry. When it came time for me to graduate high school in my senior year, my art teacher, Mrs. Bulks, kind of set me aside and asked me, I really, she said, I really think that you have a future in art and in design. And so at that time I'd already taken some Kendall School design classes in Grand Rapids. And my art teacher was like, I think you can get a scholarship to just about any school that you want to. And I think you've got incredible talent. And I've shown some of your work to different people. And all that, it was very flattering. But yet on the inside I had this, I knew that I knew that I knew that I was called in the ministry. And for the life of me, I could not figure out how the two would ever work together. There was like this tension that was on the inside of me because I loved art. I loved everything about it. I loved the expression. It was healing for me. It was a way that I could express myself. It was a way that I could experience God. But yet I felt like I was called to be a pastor. I was called in the ministry. And I graduated high school in 1989. And in 1989 I had absolutely no grid for how a creative young person could use that in the framework of ministry. I thought, if I was going to be a pastor, I got to go to Bible college. I got to get my theology degree. I got to get it all nailed down. I got to go buy a pair of rock ports where pleaded dockers get my pocket protector and watch the John Ankerberg show. I mean, I thought that's what being a pastor was. And I set the creative side of me aside. And at 25, my wife, Jane, who's here tonight, we planted Radiant Church. And in those early years, there were some difficult times. There were some really hard times. But I kept feeling it was almost like if you've ever seen asphalt that they put over a parking lot, but then the weeds keep finding their way up through the asphalt. I kept finding creativity was coming up. And I tried to suppress it and I tried to push it down because in my mind and from my experience, there had been no place for creativity in ministry. And so it was a wrestling match with this tension which through the goodness of God, I began to realize was not a tension that God had created. It was actually a tension that I had assumed and it was a tension that was in place because the church had missed out on about 50% of who God is. See, we spend a lot of time on God's words and God's teaching and in Bible college, it's all theology and it's systematic and it's analytical. And that's a whole lot of who God is. And I'm giving percentages. They may not be accurate, but it's at least my perspective. But what we fail to realize is that 50% of the Bible is words and content and teaching and doctrine and 50% of what we find out about God in the Bible has everything to do with creativity. The very first verse in the Bible says in the beginning, God, you wanna talk about finding your identity, God identifies who he is, that he is creative. And so the tension that we experience in the body of Christ and I'll just say it, I'm a pastor and I talk with pastors, I lead churches, all those kinds of things. Oftentimes there is a mentality that creatives are something we add kind of like a spice to our soup in order to make ministry good, but we don't really recognize the significance of the anointing on the artisan and on the craftsman and on the songwriter that we do on the preacher and the theologian and the prophet. And what we don't realize is they're not separate spirits, it's one and the same Holy Spirit. And it is one in the same body and we desperately need all of those. And so over the years, as God has been so gracious as a father, I'd begun to embrace more and more the creative side of who I am. Because it's not exchanging that for this and it's not sacrificing that, it's not sinful, it's actually embracing it. And what I'm finding out now more than ever is that God loves to take things and he loves to partner things that have tension in order to create something beautiful. I want you to know what Jesus did. I want you to recognize what Jesus did in this miracle with this blind man. It says that he reached down and he took mud and he spit in it. Try that in your next prayer service. Somebody comes up for prayer, you'll really figure out quickly who wants prayer. It's like, hold on. And Jesus put the saliva in the mud and it says, this is an interesting word. It says that Jesus anointed the man's eye with the mud. Why is this miracle, this creative miracle of Jesus so significant to you and I? Well, because mud or dirt represents things of this earth that have decomposed, that have broken down, that have died. Saliva is what is the carrier of DNA. How many of you have done one of those DNA genetic testing? So far you've done 23andme or ancestry.com. I did it, my family, there was this rumor that we were Native American, Shawnee Indian.  There's absolutely no Indian in us whatsoever. I am Irish, I am English and 3% Jewish, which, come on baby, I'ma claim that all day long. And I was like, oh, I love that, Shalom. I mean, I'm in the tribe. But when you take that test, the way that they measure your DNA is they don't ask you for skin, they don't ask you for a hair sample, they ask you to spit. Why, because spit is one of the purest carriers of genetic information. So when Jesus leans down and he takes dirt, he's taking things of earth that have decomposed that at one time had structure. And he added to it the spit, the saliva, the genetic information of heaven. Jesus is the word made flesh. He's the son of the living God. The DNA of God in heaven mixed with the broken decomposed elements of earth, as Rich Mullins would say, the stuff of heaven, the things of earth. And he mixed them together to form an anointing that when applied to a blind spot in a blind man's life gave him the capacity to see when he had never seen before. What he did was he gave this man the gift of revelation. The word revelation is a word that you find all throughout the scripture. It's the Greek word apocalypto and it literally means to lift the veil, to pull back and to expose something, to give sight to something that has previously been hidden.  He has heightened senses in everything else. He's established a norm. But then Jesus takes broken decomposed matter, mixes it with his saliva, which is heavenly genetic information, mixes them together and anoints his eye and immediately he sees when he's never seen before. And what is the first thing that this man sees? He sees Jesus. The first thing that he, how many would imagine that that's a pretty good start to your seeing future? When you open your eyes and you see Jesus. You see, he had never known what he was missing until he saw for the first moment. That's what revelation is, apocalypto, which means to pull back the veil so somebody can see that they have never seen before. Here's what I want to tell you tonight, that as a creative, as an artisan, as a musician, as a solmist, as a dancer, as a designer, you serve a God who has an artisan anointing. And the same way that Jesus took the decomposed matter of earth and added the heavenly genetic code to it, that's exactly what you do on a day in and day out basis. It is a spirit of revelation because what you do is you take broken things of this earth culture, skills, artistic abilities, design, logos, themes, dance moves, melodies, notes, musical styles, and you know, the church does not have a lock on music. How many know that? There are amazing musicians that are in the secular marketplace that are writing fantastic music and they are filling stadiums and arenas. And for far too long, the church has been in their wake trying to kind of follow along and steal their style, counterfeit it and imitate it because we're in their wake. And as long as there's only one element, which is this broken world and this broken system, and we're following them, we're always going to be, we're always going to be about two years, about five years behind them. But listen, even though there are amazing musicians out there, all they have is the broken stuff of this earth. All they have is the broken styles and skills and new thoughts and new ideas and playing off of most creativity, most revelation comes out of a place of pain. And so they take their pain and they translate it and it becomes decomposed dirt and they make things with it. What you do in the kingdom of God that is so miraculous in all that you do as an artist and as a creative is you do the very same things that artists in the world do except you add the genetic code of heaven, the saliva of God, the word as you speak the saliva comes, the genetic code of the Holy Spirit's anointing that is on the inside of you, which is a spirit of revelation in the knowledge of him. And you add it to the things of this earth and you apply it to a generation's blind spots and give them the ability to see Jesus in a way that they've never seen him before. That's what you do.  See, we need you in the church because God's, in the kingdom of God, let me say it like this, in the kingdom of God there is no tension between leadership and creativity. And I just want to say this as a pastor for all the times, it may not happen all the time, you may come from a place that champions creativity, champions musicians, champions worship, but all the times that senior pastors or leaders or people in the body of Christ have ridiculed or made fun of or belittled creatives, musicians, worship leaders and artists in the body of Christ, I apologize for that because we absolutely need you. We need you to give expression because if we don't have you then all we're dealing with is dirt. We've got the Word of God, we've got the promises of God, we have the presence of God, but we have no way of presenting it in a way that lifts the veil completely because we need both. Listen, we need visionary leaders in the church. I'm a visionary leader, I see stuff all the time. I mean, I have a journal up here and this is my vision journal, I'm constantly writing and drawing all kinds of ideas. If you want to know where we are today I could take you 14 pages back and I started drawing it about two and a half years ago and I started writing it and journaling it and drawing it and here we're here today. We need visionary leaders in the church but let me tell you something as a visionary leader. As visionary leaders we also need people who have the anointing of revelation, the artisan spirit on them to help bring shape to it. Let me give you some things about revelation that you need to know because this is a key word. Revelation is different than knowledge. We live in a generation that right now has more knowledge than any other generation has ever had access to. I joke around and I say this that when I was in high school, that's a long time ago, 30 years ago, if I wanted to write a term paper I had to go to the library and use something called an encyclopedia. My kids, my youngest is 21 today, this is her birthday and she's in college in Florida, she's a very smart girl, grew up in Michigan so I'm going to college in Florida and when she wants information, she just takes her phone out and she has way more access to information, knowledge, than I ever had. But in spite of the fact that we have access to more knowledge, I believe we have a generation that is overrun by too much knowledge and not enough revelation because let me tell you what happens in the presence of too much knowledge. In the presence of too much knowledge, there is a spirit of insecurity that is developed because what if I miss out? What if I'm not in the right place at the right time? What if I don't keep up? What if I don't stand out? And knowledge is, we say this phrase, knowledge is power. Knowledge can be powerful, but knowledge is different than revelation because let me tell you what knowledge does. The Bible says that knowledge puffs up, but revelation builds up. Revelation builds up. Knowledge is discovered, revelation is disclosed. You see, revelation comes out of intimacy. Creativity is born out of intimacy. You can get knowledge without relationship. You can search it, you can discover it, you can research it and you hold it in your hands but it's not connected to anything. Revelation doesn't come out of discovery, it comes out of disclosure. God discloses who he is and his purpose and his desire and that revelation is not going to produce insecurity in our lives because it's rooted in intimacy and relationship and it's different. We are a generation that doesn't need more knowledge, we need more revelation and why we need more revelation or how we're going to gain that level of revelation is by saying no to all of the voices that seemingly offer us the cheap pathway to get what we want and shutting those down, putting mute on them and digging deep into relationship and going after God in the place of intimacy. Just like Paul wrote in Ephesians chapter one when he says, I pray that the eyes of your heart would be open, prior to that he says that you would receive a spirit of revelation, listen, in the knowledge of him. Revelation comes out of the knowledge of him. Paul was a man with a lot of knowledge. I think we can all acknowledge that in Philippians. He lays out his resume. It's an impressive resume. He grew up in Tarsus, if you don't know anything about Tarsus, Tarsus was one of the most metropolitan cities in Asia and had had the second largest library in the known world. It was probably the third or the fourth largest city in the world at that time. And if you were a citizen of Tarsus, it was kind of like living in New York City or Paris or London. Paul grew up in that city, but he was also Jewish and he was trained in Jerusalem by the leading scholar and theologian of his day named Gavin Leal. So he came from a prominent family and a prominent city was trained by a prominent scholar. He was probably very young as he was admitted as a mentee in the Sanhedrin Council. He had probably memorized the first five books of the Old Testament in three distinct languages. He knew the Mishnah, he knew Tolman, he knew all the major commentaries of his day. He had been trained as a scholar and we know that he was greatly trusted by the religious establishment of his day because they gave him permission to travel 700 miles and arrest anybody he thought was worthy of being brought up on heresy charges. I mean, this guy knew his stuff. He was sharp, he would have been on the cover of Forbes and Charisma in the same month. And on his way to Damascus, Syria, he encounters Jesus. Imagine what it must have been like for Paul. As he thinks he's encountering an angel, he's probably falling off of his horse thinking, this is God showing up just like he did in the burning bush to Moses. And he says, who are you? Imagine his shock when he heard these words. I am Jesus, the very one he hated the most. Do you know that Paul went blind? But before he went blind, he saw, he saw Jesus. In Philippians chapter three then Paul goes on this whole thing that kind of did all his loss so that I might know Christ. You flip over into Galatians chapter one and Paul begins to lay out the gospel and the defense of the gospel. And he says, this is the gospel that I preached to you. I did not receive from any man, but I received it by revelation. See what Paul did was he went from the road to Damascus to Arabia and he camped out there for an extended period of time where Jesus personally gave him revelation and understanding of the gospel. So much so that Paul says, I didn't go Jerusalem. I didn't learn it from Peter and John. I didn't go to any teacher or educator to get the gospel that I have. I received the gospel that I preached to you from Jesus himself in a cave in Arabia. And what's interesting is the cave he probably went to was the same cave that God gave the Ten Commandments to Moses and the same cave that Elijah went to when he was running from Jezebel. Paul was such an Old Testament expert. He's probably figuring everything I thought was right was wrong. I need to download from God. Let's see, where did Moses go? Where did Elijah go? By the way, the only two people who appeared with Jesus on the Mount of Transfiguration, he says, if it was good enough for them, I'm going to where they went to. And he went there and Jesus changed and transformed his way of thinking by revelation. But how many know that cave had to be very painful to have everything stripped down that he knew so that he could encounter the Jesus that he didn't know. But he came out of that cave, not bound by the fear of man, not insecure, not finding his identity in his past achievements, defending the gospel and solid in who he was. It's a spirit of revelation. And oftentimes when we talk about this kind of revelation, we think about pastors, prophets, evangelists, teachers, those type of people are the ones who, they get that kind of download. You know, I'm just an artist. I'm over here in my creative department.  You know, we need a really cool graphic on that. Can you put that together for Easter? Fantastic.   And if we're going to do this because we've got an image to present here. And I know that it's like the real important stuff happens over in the corner office, but the creative, the worship leader, those kind of guys, it's kind of like you just, you're the spice in the sauce. But can I tell you, you're just as important and it's just as necessary to what God is doing in this hour that you are operating not out of a spirit of self skill or of self knowledge or worldly knowledge. We need the saliva of heaven to connect with the practical stuff of earth and we need it to happen in you. We need you to take that mixture and to partner with the visionary leadership of where God has placed you in order to communicate the greatest message that the world has ever heard. And in some cases, the greatest message that the world hasn't heard. I want you to turn one other place with me. I want you to turn with me over to Exodus, if you would, chapter 31. Exodus chapter 31. I wanna show you something that I think is really profound when it comes to the creative spirit in the church. So going backwards in Exodus, we know the story of how God raised up Moses to be a deliverer. And if there's ever been a visionary leader, it's Moses. Moses is a visionary leader. God speaks to him out of a burning bush. Moses goes into Egypt. He overthrows the most powerful empire the world has ever seen, signs and wonders, parts of the Red Sea, leads the children of Israel through. They get on the other side, Pharaoh's armies get just trounced by the walls of water that come in and drown them all. Miriam turns Pentecostal. It's the first tambourine ministry that happens in the church. She takes the tambourine, the horse and the rider are thrown into the sea. She begins to lure a boom-chak-boom-chak-boom-chak-boom-chak-boom-chak song. And they have church. God had given Moses an assignment, bring them out of Egypt. But I don't want you to just bring them out. I want you to actually bring them in. And before you bring them into the promised land, I want you to bring them to the base of the mountain of the Lord, because I wanna speak to my people. So Moses brings them to the base of the mountain. God gives them the 10 commandments. And then Moses goes up on the mountain. He spends 40 days in the presence of God. Imagine what it must have been like for 40 days in the presence of God. I have no grid for that. I mean, he didn't eat for 40 days. We do a 21-day fast around here, and it is the longest 21 days of my life. And that's with me, like eating fruits and vegetables. I mean, I dream about Chick-fil-A almost all the time. I mean, right? Moses is in the presence of the Lord for 40 days. And it just seems like a moment. And he's on the top of the mountain, and God has descended, literally the throne room of heaven has manifested itself in physical form, in fiery glory shrouded by a thunderstorm, residing on top of a mountain. And Moses steps up into that. He sees the glassy sea, and he beholds the glory of God. And he speaks with God like a friend speaks to a friend. Part of what God assigns to Moses on this mountain is the law. And part of what he assigns to Moses is to build him a house. I want you to build me a physical address on earth. And I want you to build it in a very specific way. Several chapters in the book of Exodus from that point on, chapter 25, chapter 26, chapter 27, chapter 28, chapter 29, are nothing but God's building plans for exactly the way he wants the tabernacle to be built. And the instruments, and the fabric, and the design, and the size, and the scope of all of it. And Moses comes down off of the mountain. And I don't know, here's what I know. If Moses is anything like me, I would have come down off the mountain and said, that was an amazing experience. I have no clue how to build that. Because, I mean, some people just are expert builders. I mean, we have a guy on our staff, his name is Martin, and Martin can just build stuff.  It's like, hey, Martin, I want this. He's like, okay, and then he builds it. I don't know how that happens. Because I struggle with Ikea furniture. Anybody else relate to that? Like, I struggle with all furniture. I struggle with all building projects. I have two tools, a screwdriver and a hammer. That's it. And I don't know which one I use for which.  It's just not working. There are some people who just are very skilled at building things. I would have come down off of the mountain and said, that was amazing. I know exactly what you want, God. I just don't know how to translate that. I think Moses was kind of like that because what happens is he comes down off the mountain and after God gives him all of these details, in Exodus chapter 31, in verse number one, it says in the Lord said to Moses, See, I have called by name Bezalel, the son of Yuri, son of her of the tribe of Judah. And I have filled him with the spirit of God with the ability and intelligence, with knowledge and all craftsmanship to devise artistic designs. I love this next part. He says to work in gold and silver and bronze and cutting stone for setting and carving wood in every single craft. It's the first time anywhere in the Bible, God says a man was filled with the Holy Spirit is an artist. It's the first time. And his name was Bezalel. So here's this man who's in the company of millions, possibly of Israelites at the base of the mountain. Moses comes down. He's got the blueprints for what God wants built. He has no idea how to do it. And God says, don't worry, Moe, I got it. I got a guy named Bezalel who I've put my spirit in and the spirit is upon him in such a way that he knows every single skill. He's got knowledge, he's got craft, he's an artisan and he can do anything that you want him to do. And he's going to actually build the house under the power of my Holy Spirit. The name Bezalel means this. The one who lives in the shadow of God. The one who lives in the shadow of God. We don't know anything more about Bezalel. He just shows up. And Moses, God speaks to Moses in Exodus chapter 25 when he's about ready to come down off of the mountain and God tells Moses this. He says, Moses, make sure that when you build the tabernacle you build it exactly according to the pattern that I showed you on the mountain. I wanted exactly according to the pattern that I showed you on the mountain. And now God has put his spirit for the first time on a man who has knowledge, skill and artistic creative abilities who can do everything that's necessary in the natural. He's got the natural skill and he's got the spirit of God within him and upon him which is the anointing of God. And his name happens to be the one who lives in the shadow of God. We don't know anything about Bezalel's life. We don't know anything other than his skill set and his anointing. But what I can tell you from his name is long before he ever showed up in the pages of scripture, he was building a personal history in the presence of God. He was living in the shadow. You see, a lot of times creatives live in shadows. They live in the shadows of other people. They live in the shadows of obscurity. They live in the shadows of pain and of disappointment and frustration. They live in the shadows of perfectionism. They live in the shadows of comparison and looking at other people's highlight reels on social media or wondering when you'll get enough followers or when somebody's gonna discover you. But can I tell you the only shadow that you need to live in is the shadow of the Almighty. Because when you live your life in the shadow of God, it just takes one moment for him to link you in partnership up with a visionary leader who comes out of the presence of God and says, God has spoken to me about our city. God has spoken to me about our generation. God has spoken to me about our church. I've got a word. I just don't know what to do with it. I've got a message that's burning in my heart. I don't know how to communicate. I see God moving in our church. I see God moving in our prayer meetings. I see God wanting to do something in our region, in our city, and it's there. I just don't know how to articulate. And in that moment, God raises up one with the spirit of Bezalil who steps on the scene and says, let me take it from there. Tell me everything that you know and the creative who has the skill, the artisan ability, the songwriting ability, the dancing ability, the musical skills that you developed in obscurity when nobody knew your name, when nobody cared for you, when nobody would even give a second look at what you were doing, when it was just you, like David out in the pasture, working on your chord progressions or drawing in a notebook or being rejected by a university or being told that you don't fit into our grid or our culture.  And all of a sudden, God says, this is Bezalil. He's going to help you build the house of God. That's what you were created to do. You were created for this. I want everybody to write this down because I want you to have one thing that you, one phrase that you walk out of this session with. And it's this phrase, creativity is born out of intimacy. Creativity is born out of intimacy. I'm gonna tell you guys something I don't think I've ever told anybody in a public setting. It's not because it's bad. It's just because it's very personal. It's that the way that God speaks to me is long before I ever write a message, I see a message. I see a message. I will, like for example, when I read John chapter nine, before the words made any sense to me, it was like I saw it come off the page. And I saw God interacting with it and connecting it with other parts of the scriptures. And why that's important for you to know is my process is different than your process.  Your process has to be born out of intimacy. I don't know what your process is. When I was a new pastor, my pastor kind of pulled me aside and he says, here's how I write sermons.  I tried that, it was terrible. It was terrible. My messages, Jane, my wife thinks I preached too long now. Back then I preached really long because I was trying to get through my outlines. And I felt guilty if I didn't have like 10 pages of notes. It was because that's how you're supposed to do it. It's like supposed to be 10 pages of notes. Well, for me to get through 10 pages of notes is gonna spend, it's gonna be about four or five hours. It's just gonna be like that. I have like three bullet points on a piece of paper. And it's because I see long before, some people are hearers, some people are writers. I'm a seer, I see it. And I see not only the scriptures, but I see what God is doing. That's what I'm talking about in the spirit of revelation. You've gotta figure out your process because revelation and creativity are born out of intimacy. And intimacy means deep personal knowledge. That's the kind of relationship God wants to have with you. And let me tell you something as a creative. You are one of the most vulnerable people in the body of Christ. Because what I know about you, because I am one, is you feel deeply. You sense deeply. Your emotional intelligence is higher than probably the average person is. Things hurt you deeply. Things inspire you greatly. And sometimes you'll walk into a room and you'll sense things and you don't know how to define it. And if you say anything, nobody else feels it. And so you think something's wrong with you. You need to embrace that and you need to sanctify it because it's part of your process. The creativity is born out of intimacy. John chapter nine, Jesus reaches down and he takes the dirt, he spits into it. He makes a mud and he heals this man's sight. I wonder tonight, what place in your heart and in your life is blinded from seeing Jesus accurately? I wonder what you brought here tonight. That Jesus needs to apply an anointing of mud to. Is it a leadership issue? Is it a insecurity issue? Is it a relationship issue? Because let me tell you what his purpose is for all of us. Same purpose that he had for this man. Is once he has applied the anointing of mud to the blind spot of our life, he wants to send us to other people so that we can do the same. You see the healing for others that God wants to bring through you is found on the other side of God bringing healing to you. Because you can share what you know but you can only give what you've experienced. And the reason why there's a lot of pain in the body of Christ and why there's a lot of pain in the creative community is because there have been a lot of wounds and a lot of scars that have become terminal to our souls and to our spirits. They've become deep, deeply entrenched scar tissue in our soul that has caused us to not be able to hear God, to not be able to feel as deeply as we want to. We've made inner vows. We've said I'm not gonna put myself out there. I'm not gonna dream again. I'm not gonna expose myself again. I wonder what would happen tonight if we would allow Jesus to reach down and take some practical things, some stuff of earth over the next day or two and apply the genetic saliva that comes when God speaks a word. And he applies it to the blind spot of our life. And then he tells us, now I want you to go. Now I'm sending you as a sent seer. What is there that the Lord wants to show you that you've never seen before? What is the perspective? Because just like a man who's never seen before, when his eyes were opened up for the first time, everything was brand new. Everything was brand new. He had no grid to compare anything. It was brand new. When Saul's eyes are opened on the road to Damascus and he saw Jesus, he had nothing to compare it with. It was all brand new. And I believe that God is so gracious to us guys. He loves us so much. He did not place you here on this planet to just get by. He did not put you where you are so that you can just be a blind casualty on the side of the road. Jesus has enough power in the anointing to bring about recovery of sight to the blind. If we will allow him to apply the things of heaven and the stuff of earth to the blind spots of our life and we'll respond with obedience to his command for us to go, to be sent.   We need an awakening. We need the eyes of a generation to open and see Jesus standing before them, unabridged, unfiltered and unvarnished in all of his glory and it's not just gonna take preachers, it's gonna take musicians, creatives, poets, dancers, filmmakers, it's going to take the gamut so that we can present Jesus fully to a generation the way that he's supposed to be presented. That's what Jesus wants to do tonight. Jesus wants to heal the blind spots. So here's what I wanna do. I want you to just take some space right where you're at. Musicians, you guys, you can come because that's what musicians do. They just, I'm kidding. I want you to take some space right now.  I want you to close the eyes in the natural so that you can open your eyes in the spiritual. Tonight I want you to see Jesus.  I want you to see him kneeling down and picking up some of the dirt at his feet.  What place in your life is he reaching for? What place in your heart tonight is Jesus reaching towards? And in fact, you might just ask him, Jesus, what is it? What is the place where I'm seeing but I'm not seeing? Where's the place that's been wounded? Where's the place that I need revelation? Where's the place that's been marked by other things than you? Is it your identity? Is it your motives? Is it some words that have been spoken over you? Is it a lie that's been whispered into your soul about the lack of value that you hold? And I want you to see Jesus reaching out to that and applying, caking on the mud and saying to you, it's time for you to wash. It's time for you to have your eyes opened. And when your eyes are open, you're not gonna see what you saw before. You're not gonna have to feel your way through.   They're about to be opened by a touch from God.  I hear the Lord saying this that might be one, it might be multiple people, but when I was just walking you through that exercise, you saw yourself in a bedroom with your dad or your mom standing in the doorway. And whether they knew it or not, what they said in the way that they said it, killed a dream that you had. Jesus wants you to know that he's, he was also standing in that doorway. And tonight he's breathing new life into that dream. Believe the Lord is also saying that there's a young lady who you sacrificed, you sacrificed the call of God for a relationship. And it took you down a pathway that you didn't wanna go.  That you may have missed your call for a relationship that now doesn't mean anything to you. And you live in a constant state of anxiety and shame about that. And the Lord wants to lift that off of you today. You don't carry that anymore. He's the God who's able to restore the years the locusts have eaten. I want everybody, if you would, to just raise your hands in a posture of receiving tonight. And I wanna pray over us before the worship team leads us in worship once again. Father, my prayer over everyone in this room tonight is that the next several hours of the next few days would be a divine intersection where we've walked down the path that brought us to this place. Jesus, would you meet us in this place and give us sight so that when we leave, we leave this place as sent seers under the authority of Jesus, with the same anointing, with the same spirit of revelation and the same call and the same mandate to awaken a generation, to open the eyes of a generation, to see the beauty, the glory and the goodness of our God. Lord, I call out the gifts. I call out the anointing of Bezalel over this room in the name of Jesus. I call forth the artisans. I call forth the craftsmen. I call forth the songs. I call forth the psalmist. I call forth those who are prophetic in their skill and their mindset right now. And Lord, turn the volume up on the voice of God. Turn the volume up on our creativity and our innovation. Turn the volume up and a spirit of revelation over our lives so that the church can see the full glory, the full beauty of our Savior Jesus. Begin it in us in this room, an army of 300. Lord, begin it in this room like Gideon's army that is bent down and drinking the water. Lord, as we drink from this water, raise us up as a room full of deliverers to those that you're sending us in the name of Jesus. I pray, amen and amen.


The results of this study suggest that the majority of dental students found the virtual implant planning software, VIPs, to be easy to use and useful for learning implantology. Furthermore, the students' attitudes towards the software were positive, indicating that they would recommend it to their peers. These findings indicate that the use of VIPs can help improve the quality of education in implantology and increase the acceptance of the technology among dentists. This article was authored by C. C. Ramsetti, Colin Murray, Sorzano-Kawas, and others.


Search for a home on any device, any time, anywhere. Private Property, a home for everyone. It's good to have you back with us on Winner Home on Afternoon Express exclusively on SABC3. Last we've got a conversation about what it takes to go and buy a property to rent out and what are the pros and cons of that. And if you missed the episode, go and check it out on the Private Property website privateproperty.co.za. And they've partnered with us at Winner Home on Afternoon Express to provide you with advice on the different aspects of property on estates. Now after seeing some of the amazing estates on the show, I'm pretty sure that many of you would be interested in renting a property on an estate. So today we're once again with Michelle Dickens, managing director of TPN Credit Bureau. Back in the loft with us today to chat about what it takes to and what you should expect rather when it comes to renting out a property on an estate. Michelle, welcome back. Afternoon, dad. So last week we spoke about what it takes to buy and then rent those out. Let's focus on the, is it the lessy? The tenant side of things. Because it's something that we're not really sure of what our rights and responsibilities are because the market is really slim and we're always looking for places to get. We don't want to limit our opportunities. I mean, what are the rights and responsibilities then of a tenant who's looking to rent on an estate? So the tenant obviously, once from an estate perspective, the lifestyle, the security, the amenities, access to all the fun stuff that the estate has to offer, not having to pay the premium price that the buyer's going to pay. Also, the tenant's not going to be in for things like the levies. And as we know, estate levies can be quite pricey as well. So it's about having the fun of the estate without having all the additional costs associated. But do I however have the same rights and responsibilities as an owner on that estate has? So do I abide by the same rules? Can I use all the amenities like everyone else would? Absolutely. You're going to have access to all the use of the estate.  You're going to have access to the facilities like the golf course, running tracks, the cycling tracks in some of them, the equestrian side. And you're going to have to abide by exactly the same rules. And in fact, most landlords would request that you sign those body corporate rules or homeowners rules as part of your lease agreement. Okay. Quite important because if you don't abide by the rules, then they're going to be looking for you for the fines that are going to follow. Let's ask the hard questions because I think this is something that I'm fascinated by. I mean, if I choose to rent a property, I want to know what happens, what are the owners' rights over me? So if I choose not to pay my rent or perhaps I break one of the rules of the estate, what am I liable for? Tenant landlord disputes. Such a fun topic. Yes. So tenants are liable to pay the rent in accordance with the lease agreements. Now generally in an estate of lease of this nature, you're going to have a written lease agreement that determines the amount of rent that's going to be paid and the day that it needs to be paid. And the tenant needs to ensure that he complies with that part of the lease agreement. The body corporate rules or homeowners association rules are going to be part of the lease agreement. So he's going to know what he can and can't do, speeding as an example. And if there's a fine attached to that rental statement on a monthly basis, he's going to need to pay that. The landlord has a right to collect the rent in terms of the lease agreement. Now if the tenant doesn't pay because, for example, he feels the property is not being maintained or he doesn't feel that he was speeding and therefore he's not going to pay the speeding fine. There are places that tenants and landlords go to mediate the dispute without just simply withholding rent in terms of, I'm not paying my rent because it's not being maintained. Really the right of the tenant is to go to somewhere like the rental housing tribunal and get the dispute mediated. In terms of the landlords for non-payments of rent, the rental housing tribunal is not the place we go. There we go directly to the mage or the high court in terms of, how do I ensure my tenant pays up? So I may not just remove amenities and cut off the water or if the person's not paid for a couple of months? No, some fun stuff that we've had high court rulings are where landlords have denied access into the estate through the access control. That would be spoliation. No, you can't do that. It is a criminal offence to disconnect the utilities, the water, the lights, the electricity, lock out the tenants. You may not take the law into your own hands. So you're responsible to abide by the law but let the courts and the law take action and not just help as a private individual. Fascinating. So it makes sense to rent on an estate if you're looking for all the lifestyle amenities to look after your safety, your family, if it's close to all the amenities you're looking for and so renting itself is always a good way to go if you cannot afford to buy at this stage. Well, it's not always if you cannot afford to buy. Some people look at renting to say, well, I can get into a rental accommodation but I'm going to take the difference of what I would be paying for home ownership versus what I'm renting and put that into some sort of savings or investment where I can then at a later date get into this home ownership in any state that I desire. Sure. Lovely. So it is really good but do all your research. Michelle, thank you. Thank you for coming to join us. Thanks, Dan. All right. So there you guys have it. You could be enjoying the estate lifestyle as a renter but you should always be aware of the pros and cons before signing any lease agreement. So don't forget to enter the Winner Home Competition on Private Property to stand a chance of winning a multi-million-rand home on the I've Africa estate. No need to rent. It's your choice of one of the three being decorated by our design duos. All you have to do is log on to privateproperty.co.z and answer an easy question and vote for your favorite design duos. It's as simple as that. Now, after the break on the show, the judges finally arrive to decide which of the master bedrooms tick all the boxes. Don't go anywhere.


This is stock number 21T70. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used RAM and light duty truck headquarters today. We are checking out this brand-new 2021 RAM 1500 quad cab short box Big Horn level 2 This vehicle has the 5.7 liter V8 Hemi motor It's going to get you 21 miles per gallon on the highway 15 city for an average of 17 miles per gallon Diamond black Metallic is the color we shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second So if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone device turn them on right now because it is definitely your best way to check out the looks and styling and options of the vehicle before seeing it in person as well as the color And to see more pictures of this truck in the upper right hand part of your screen is a link to our website click that and check us out there This one is going to come with the 20 inch alloy rims with the chrome covers and it's going to have the bridge zone dual or HL tires These are 275 55 5R 20s. They definitely have kind of a highway tread pattern to them Done black pretty good-looking color does have just a little bit of metal flake in it. It's hard to see Unless you get a light right up on it, but It is there. You can just see the spark. There it is Hard to get a focus on it, but really a good-looking color Halogen headlamps has the front bumper parking sensors Get the chrome trimmed hemi 1500 logo the RAM logo is also chrome trim We'll take a look at the original window sticker I'm not going to go over everything, but feel free to pause it at any second So you can see this is a 21 RAM big horn quad cab Diamond black is the color 5 7 hemi 8 speed automatic transmission everything on the left there is your standard equipment And then this is a big horn package 25 Z diamond blacks 100 bucks This has the sport appearance group, which gives you all the black accents and that's 12 95 Big horn level 2 group is twenty five hundred dollars gives you the receiver hitch The 115 volt power outlet and rear outlet 8.4 touchscreen with the Apple CarPlay and Google Android Auto heated front seats heated steering wheel the front and rear park Sensors four-way power lumbar adjustable driver seat a way po eight-way power driver seat Power adjustable pedals power folding mirrors power sliding rear window remote start and the Sirius XM with a six month subscription the hemi's 1795 rear wheelhouse liners are 195 and those rims with the 20s is 1595 total MSRP is 49465 to get your summit price in the upper right hand party screen is a link to our website click that and check Us out there and this one's gonna have a three year 36 bumper to bumper five year 60,000 powertrain warranty 15 city 21 highway for an average of 17 and the Rams very safe vehicles four and five stars up and down the board Definitely feel safe hauling your family around in one of these trucks Those rear wheelhouse liners are the plastic liners right here keeping your frame and underbody clean And you can see that it has the rear coil Suspension which keeps your ride smoother when you don't have anything loaded up in the truck It is a sport package so you do get these stickers here. No if you didn't like those you can always just take those off They're just stickers Chrome tipped dual rear exhaust get the painted bumpers with the sport package power Receiver hitch four pin and seven pin wiring Has the shock down assist tailgate so it's never gonna slam down on you and the tailgates really light It goes up really easy Get the big horn logo right there the chrome Ram logo on the back the new Rams have the Capless fuel fill which is a really nice feature and of course four-wheel disc brakes all the way around on this truck You do get those heated power fold-in mirrors built in directional signals and built-in blind spot mirrors Inside the big horn level 2 package does give you those dark charcoal and black cloth interior seats Pretty nice looking design on there power driver seat with lumbar and factory floor mats Of course the road auto headlamps power pedals. You do get the tilt and telescopic steering wheel so Tilt's up and down and then it telescopes out and In Then you lock it back in the place like that you get audio controls on the back of the steering wheel Power windows power locks power mirrors woodgrain trim and the dark cloth bolsters right there These mirrors do power fold in Which is a nice feature as We hop inside the truck here You can see it does have the 7-inch LCD display and we'll turn the lights on so that Little bit better look at this You do get a digital speedometer compass display Battery voltage oil temperature and you can change those corners to read pretty much whatever you want And it does have that digital speedometer right there good-looking instrument cluster comes with the heated Leather wrap steering wheel cruise controls and gear selector on the right Bluetooth and information center controls on the left and remember we have those audio controls on the back of the steering wheel This one's gonna come with the push button start the 8-speed automatic transmission push button four-wheel drive including four-wheel drive auto and The neutral setting this one does have the 8.4 4c radio AM FM and Sirius XM radio capabilities You also have your heated seats and heated steering wheel controls right here and you can check out that backup camera Now those are dynamic grid lines So those lines turn as you turn the steering wheel and then that center line is lined right up with your receiver hitch The other thing that's really cool about this radio is if you hit plus It'll like focus in on the receiver hitch so you can get hooked up to whatever you're hooking up to your boat camper trailer The first time every time and it's real easy And you can also do your climate controls up here. So you have dual climate controls where it's blowing max ac In cabin air and then you can sync them and then you can do the fan up here or you can do the fan down here so They have the nice tactile buttons down here also a volume in tune control if you didn't like doing this stuff up there Because sometimes when you're driving you press the button you miss it It's not very fun But it also has an Android Auto and Apple CarPlay where you can project your cell phone to the screen So while this particular radio doesn't have navigation installed on it You can project from your cell phone So if you have ways or Google Maps on your phone you can project it to the screen and then you have navigation Right on the screen. You can use it through the screen same thing with music and audio So we actually did a demo on Android Auto if you want to check that out It's in the upper right hand part of the screen.  You also have The auto dimming mirror right there, and you do get that woodgrain trim up here as well We'll take a quick look at the back seats And then we'll take just a peek under the hood So not a ton of room in the quad cab But you do still get the latch child safety seats Anchors right here.  So it's nice. It's not gonna move around on you You do get child safety locks on the back doors and the wood grain trim on the back doors as well Interesting a note. They have like a leather bolster here instead of the cloth. That's on the front one That's kind of rare usually if it's on one door. It's on the other, but they have the leather bolsters on the back, which is kind of interesting to note Under the hood we have the 5-7 hemi, and this is the conventional hemi now if this had the e-torque It would actually have the electric motor right here, but it doesn't because it doesn't have the e-torque and Everything you know that you need to know is labeled in yellow washer fluid coolant level Engine oil power steering fluid all that good stuff. So This looks like it is California emissions so All good stuff there We'll do one more kind of a half walk around here, and I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today And hopefully from this HD video you will have gotten a really good idea of the overall options and styling and looks on this particular truck the 2021 Ram 1500 quad cab big horn level 2 with the sport appearance group and the special 20 inch chrome clad alloy rims and To see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 450 new and used cars trucks SUVs mini vans Wranglers half Tons three quarter tons one tons you name it. We got it go to our website right there www.summitauto.com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summit auto.com And if you'd like to check out more HD videos, you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto Remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there In fact in a second you will see link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left a link to more Ram 1500 truck videos like this one on your right if you have not been to our website on the bottom link to this Vehicle on our website click those check us out and we're super excited to be offering the 2021 Ram 1500 Quad cab short box big horn level 2 and diamond black metallic With the sport appearance group. Thanks again for checking out the video


know go okay mm-hmm right my manager my co-producer says that we need to talk about the t-shirts is that right yep okay yeah sure no worries I just make myself laugh team actually probably thinking what the hell is he doing but the t-shirts yes as you can see I am sporting the new tank top t-shirt with my newly gained stretch marks it's one of the downsides of the gym I have been collaborating with one of the best autism clothing brands out there born anxious they're amazing they do sensory clothing sensory friendly clothing they remove all the tags the material is soft and it stays soft and God I just love wearing these at the gym I didn't like it we're wearing them to the gym the first couple of times but once you start wearing autism on your literal body being openly autistic there's nothing like it


In this video, we will demonstrate how to assemble the Dynavap M. The Dynavap M consists of the cap, the stainless steel tip, the M stem, the M condenser, and five O-rings. Three O-rings on the tip, two O-rings on the condenser. Please note that one condenser O-ring is slightly larger than the other. Place the small O-ring on the inside double groove of the condenser. Place the larger O-ring on the end of the condenser. Next, insert the condenser into the mouthpiece end of the stem. Seat the larger O-ring until it's flush. We recommend using Dynawax to lubricate the tip O-rings during assembly. Now that your stem and condenser is together, insert the tip into the stem by twisting the tip. Finally, place the cap on the tip. To learn how to adjust your cap, click on the video on the top right. Now your Dynavap M is ready to be used. Thanks for watching this quick video on the Dynavap M assembly. Check out our other videos for more information.


We are going to take a look today at some consequences of the Boltzmann transport equation. If you recall we made one fundamental assumption in writing the Boltzmann equation down and that was the assumption of molecular chaos. In other words, we assumed that in a cell in mu space, in single particle phase space, the probability that you have a particle at the position r with a velocity v at time t with some velocity v1 at time t, simultaneously with the probability that you have another particle in the same cell with a different velocity v2 was simply the product of the density. So this was multiplied by the corresponding volume elements in mu space d mu1 and d mu2. So this was the assumption of molecular chaos assumption that together with binary collisions led to the Boltzmann equation, the transport equation. So this plus binary collisions, elastic collisions in which you did not lose a particle, nothing got absorbed. This led to the Boltzmann equation, Boltzmann transport equation. In kinetic theory it is usual to call the Boltzmann equation the Boltzmann transport equation because as we will see very briefly today you can extract transport coefficients from the Boltzmann equation such as the diffusion coefficient, the coefficient of thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity and so on, viscosity etc. So they can all be computed for whatever system you are looking at in this case a dilute gas from the Boltzmann equation with a very systematic procedure. The catch was that the Boltzmann equation was a nonlinear integral differential equation in this function F. So that is what made it practically impossible to solve analytically and then there is a huge literature which over the last 100 plus years has been devoted to trying to develop systematic approximation procedures for going further and further towards the exact solution of the Boltzmann equation. Now we are going to look at a very very very oversimplified version of it today very briefly but I would like to go over again since it is so important to the foundations of statistical physics I would like to go over again some of the key steps that we went through in deriving the Boltzmann equation. I am not going to give the derivation again, I am just going to call attention to what are the features of this equation.  This is a differential operator acting on the v dependence of F. This was equal to the famous collision integral which is delta F over delta t. I use delta F over delta t just to define this collision integral here through this equation here. This has got the dimensions of F divided by time which is why I call it this but very often in textbooks you would see it is called the collision integral that is it and the separate symbol is used for it all together. And this collision integral under the assumption of binary collisions that was equal to this equation here was equal to an integral d3 v2 for our scattering geometry integral d sigma is dependent on omega and now let me explicitly write its dependence also on the relative velocity the magnitude of the relative velocity u times u times F we have a strange notation F2 prime F1 prime minus F2 F1 the standard notation where the scattering geometry just to recall to you once again was v1 and v2 coming in the initial states and then going out with velocities v1 prime and v2 prime. And for instance F2 prime was identically F of r v2 prime t etc. So the 4 velocities involved in the collision v1 v2 v3 and oh yes and of course this quantity u was mod v2 minus v1 which is also equal to mod v2 prime minus v1 prime. This scattering cross section is dependent on where you are looking with respect to the incident direction v1 and this quantity here u which is the relative velocity. So this equation as we can see here is a non-linear integral differential equation for this unknown function F that is what creates the problem. Of course we know that certain quantities are conserved in this collision we know that the total momentum of the system is conserved. We know that the total energy kinetic energy is conserved and those will have to be put in. We also know that the total particle number is conserved. So no particles are going out anywhere in this gas they are all in there. So at any given time if you integrate this F the normalization was integral d3r integral d3v which is what I call d mu in mu space this multiplied by F of r v t at any given time this is equal to the number density the number of particles per unit volume. Now this F has two interchangeable meanings under the assumptions we have made large numbers and so on. The F multiplied by the volume element in phase space is either the total number of particles in that per unit volume in that space or it is also the probability that the given particle has the position r in the cell whatever is concerned the center at the point r with the velocity v at time t these two are interchangeably used. Now this equation is satisfied by those F's for which they are some for those states of the gas for which the assumption of molecular chaos is valid. It is not saying that this assumption is valid at all times. It is not saying that at all. It is just saying if the gas instantaneously happens to be a state in a state in which this assumption is valid then the gas obeys the Boltzmann equation okay and we found out that Boltzmann introduced and he proved this necessary and sufficient condition for equilibrium by very ingenious argument he introduced the H function and we discovered that DH over DT was not positive was either equal to 0 or less than 0 at any given time. What it actually means is that if at some instant of time the gas obeys the Boltzmann equation and obeys therefore the assumption of molecular chaos then an infinitesimal instant later so if at time t it obeys the equation there is molecular chaos then at t plus epsilon where epsilon goes to 0 from the positive side you are guaranteed DH over DT is negative. The instantaneous slope will be negative at that point that is what you are guaranteed okay. You are not guaranteed that the gas for any means satisfies the assumption of molecular chaos at all times there are fluctuations of course. Now the H function also tells you something about those fluctuations so we will discuss that but before that let me remind you of what equilibrium meant what was the meaning of equilibrium we discovered that equilibrium distribution of course means that this quantity must be 0 there is no explicit time dependence so that was achieved by saying that if F of R V2 prime so let me write it out if this quantity V2 and it is an equilibrium distribution so the time derivative is 0 that means this whole thing on the right hand side if it is independent of R or even if it depends on it even if there is an external force we do not care it put a specific condition on when the gas is in equilibrium and the condition was that in the state of thermal equilibrium the distribution was such that this bracket vanished identically. So essentially we had a statement that F2 prime F1 prime was equal to F1 F2 F1 does not matter what order where 1 2 and 1 prime 2 prime are related by this scattering geometry. Now what does it remind you of this thing if you like for the 2 particle system is like an initial state just like a final state so it is really saying that if you give me a V1 then all those V2's such that this condition is satisfied on this side the a priori probability of having V1 is represented by F1 this is what causes the transition to the final state because it comes on scatters on the right hand side this would have been the a priori probability and that is the scattering what causes the scattering. So it is very reminiscent of what is happening in the theory of Markov processes where you have the assumption of detailed balance in a Markov chain. So if you recall when you write a master equation for a Markov chain if you have states which are labeled by i, j, k, etc, etc in a Markov chain and you say that p sub i is the a priori probability that the system is in the state i then p i multiplied by the transition probability for i to go to some j and that is equal to w j i if this is equal to on this side w i j t j then you have the condition of detailed balance and you have an equilibrium distribution of course this is a sufficient condition for you to have equilibrium distribution because Markov master equation says d p over d t if I write all these p's as a column vector is given on the right hand side by some capital W some matrix transition matrix times p and the elements of it are given by these transition rates. So since this appears inside the summation if each term in the sum is 0 then of course the whole thing is the sum is 0 and you have a stationary distribution okay. So this assumption is called detailed balance because each pair of states satisfies this condition here and there is no reason why that should be the case for equilibrium but if it is so then this state then you have an equilibrium distribution. So that is what is happening here this is like a detailed balance condition and now in this situation in this physical system this dilute gas what the Boltzmann equation what Boltzmann's proof of necessary and sufficient condition for equilibrium being this says is that you automatically have detailed balance that as t tends to infinity any distribution you start with will tend to unique equilibrium distribution which satisfies detail this detailed balance condition. There is no Markov chain here there is no such thing here but it is detailed balance all the same. So it says so it is what is trying telling us of course is that why did this come about where this factor these factors come from they came from the scattering process. So as long as the scattering is time reversal invariant as long as the dynamics is time reversal invariant you are going to have this situation. So that is really what it is telling us saying something about time reversal that it is a time reversal invariant system for these binary and of course the binary collision assumption. So if you recall how did what Boltzmann do to prove a necessary and sufficient condition well we went through this proof we said first of all if it is this distribution in equilibrium is independent there is no external force this part is 0 it is uniform distribution this part is 0 and then the fact that you have an equilibrium distribution means that this must vanish and that vanishes implies that this integral must vanish here and a sufficient condition for the integral to vanish is for the integrand to vanish that was the first part of the proof. The second part of the proof showed that it was also necessary by saying that what appears in the H function was the Boltzmann H function by the way the H is not the Hamiltonian it is closely related to the entropy Boltzmann actually use the letter E and then later on somebody else change it to H so it should not be confused with the Hamiltonian this function was for any distribution whatsoever does not have to be a distribution which satisfies the Boltzmann equation at all you define an H of t to be equal to integral d 3 v f of v t log f of v t that is the definition of the H function pardon me but it did not put the minus sign it is left like this now we have to see where the minus sign comes in when we write the entropy of an ideal gas entropy of a gas in equilibrium so this immediately led to the conclusion that d H over trivially that this is equal to integral d 3 v delta f over delta t times 1 plus log f of v and now the statement was that if this vanishes if you have an equilibrium distribution there is no time dependence then this vanishes and the vanishing of this is a necessary condition because if this is not 0 there is no way this can be 0 it have to be finite clearly so the necessary condition for an equilibrium distribution is that this should vanish and now put in for delta f over delta t if you put in this whole thing here then using the inequality about y minus x log x over y is always negative non positive we discovered that you had to have this condition the detail balance condition for an equilibrium so it was necessary and sufficient in that case so that much was the argument okay so the part that is ingenious was the fact that Boltzmann used the invariances of this object that if you interchange v 1 and v 2 after you integrate over v 1 if you interchange v 1 v 2 nothing happens if you interchange this does not change at all if you interchange the initial and final states nothing happens except a change of sign here so that gave us what was needed to show that the detail balance condition uniquely specifies the equilibrium distribution okay now given that much we could ask what is this H function actually look like is it always is if I plot this H function what happens to it after all the system even if it is momentarily in equilibrium in other words even if the distribution is let me call that f equilibrium of v the equilibrium time independent distribution which satisfies the detail balance condition if you say that this system is momentarily in this state it does not remain so because collisions knock it out of that state instantaneously practically right so the system is always getting knocked out of equilibrium but it is being restored the equilibrium is in some sense overall there is an equilibrium right so this is how statistical mechanics the same molecular fluctuations or collisions that knock you out momentarily out of a state of equilibrium also help to restore this equilibrium there are connections between fluctuation and dissipation which help you to restore this right so there is a interesting proof which tells you that if momentarily the system is if you plot this H versus T and momentarily it is at a value here then if the system obeys the assumption of molecular chaos if f of v, t at this instant of time satisfies the assumption of molecular chaos then you are guaranteed that the H function will decrease the local slope will be negative that is all you are guaranteed okay but there is an interesting argument due to Francis law which also says that when the system is in when in this state molecular chaos assumption is valid in this state momentarily it comes down right but the argument is that if you now reverse all the velocities in this state at this point you are still in a state of molecular chaos nothing changes that has something to do with correlation between pairs of particles and that is independent of where the particles have positive velocities or negative or whatever have velocities completely reversed or not it does not matter but then it also implies for that gas too with all the velocities reversed you still have this negative slope but the future of that reversed gas is the past of the present gas so that in a few lines you can show that at this point if in the next instant you are going to have molecular chaos the slope would have had to be positive okay there is a delicate argument here it involves actually implementing the time reversal operation but in loose words what it means is exactly what I said that if you have in a state of molecular chaos at any instant of time then at that instant of time the H function is at a local peak but the function itself is fluctuating so it is going zigzag zigzag in this fashion what you are guaranteed and there is nothing which says that this must function must have a continuous slope does not say that at all so the slope can and does jump discontinuously over the function is continuous it all it says is these points at local peaks you have molecular chaos it does not even say that all local peaks must be states of molecular chaos it only says if you have a state of molecular chaos you have to be at a local peak that is all it says but there are fluctuations about it and what statistical mechanics does is precisely to calculate what these fluctuations do at this point. Now the other point is suppose you are in a rare state you prepare the system in a rare state it will relax back to the state and what it will do is if you are in a state like this it is far away and H is itself actually fluctuating like this but then it finds itself there then it will come down it will relax back and go back but it will do so in this fashion and it will fluctuate back into this little range in which the system is approximately got an equilibrium distribution differs from it infinitesimally but there are always local fluctuations. So it is not that the system is always in a state of thermal equilibrium even if you are in thermal equilibrium on the average. So this H function the Boltzmann equation is that solid curve is a continuous curve there is the smooth curve here so it is giving you something which is an average already and there are fluctuations about it and you need these fluctuations for instance you know that the sky is blue because of molecular scattering it is happening because of local density fluctuations if you did not have those density fluctuations you would not have this sky blue at all. So this scattering especially during and this becomes very very these fluctuations become very pronounced near critical points which is what we are going to study next and that is where you get phenomena like critical scattering critical or palisthenics etc. So the scattering can become enormous in those situations but even in the ordinary atmosphere the fact that the sky is blue is due to density scattering of light due to density fluctuations so they are always happening all around you and you can measure them there are measurable consequences etc but the fact is that equilibrium is a statistical state it is not as if the system is always in a state. Now the H theorem says a little more also one could ask what is the connection between that and thermal equilibrium entropy in the thermal equilibrium state well when f is equal to f equilibrium of v in that state then this H is equal to minus the entropy divided by the units we have used v times k bolts we define this as f log f without putting in a Boltzmann constant there but entropy has measured in units of Boltzmann constant so this is the relation and the v because of the way we define this our normalisation is integral d3 v f is equal to n the number density number per unit volume so this is what the connection is and the minus sign as Suresh pointed out because Boltzmann originally defined this H function with f log so I hope this kind of tells you what the role of this H function is because we are now going to go on and see what we can do with this Boltzmann equation whether we can try to solve it or we can try to extract something from it etc first let us look at how constants come out how various conservation laws come out you know that in mechanics in dynamical systems valid not just in particle mechanics but also in theory of fields as well as quantum mechanics and quantum fields etc when you have continuous symmetries you have associated with them certain in variances of the equations of motion and then you have conservation principles which are like equations of continuity and when you integrate them you get conservation laws now where does that kind of thing appear here well look at the following keep that equation since we need it go back to the way we derived the sufficient necessary condition from the Boltzmann equation for the equilibrium distribution the maneuvering was that you integrate this over v1 and then you interchange v1 and v2 interchange initial state with the final state and interchange v2 prime with v1 prime and you get several averages and we argued that all these fellows are the same quantity and we took one forth the whole lot etc similar kind of thing goes on here because now let us suppose that you have the Boltzmann equation by the way one small side remark this quantity here when we have an external potential when this f was minus the gradient of some potential I do not know what symbol I used here phi phi of r when you have a conservative force then this was the term that appeared in the Boltzmann equation in the derivative term on the left hand side. Now you could ask what happens if I have a magnetic field then you have a velocity dependent potential and can we now do this can we extend this formalism to it the answer is yes for the simple reason that if you compute del v dot v cross b this quantity is what appears ultimately it is 0 okay it is identically 0 if you differentiate with respect to the components of v this quantity here it is immediately obvious that this quantity is 0 because write this as del i with respect to v so del delta v i epsilon ijk vj vj vk okay and of course the derivative of this fellow with respect to delta v i is a Kronecker delta ij and that contracts with this and gives you zero. So this formalism trivially extends to the case of a magnetic field even though this is a velocity dependent force it does not matter you can still write it you see now what we would like to do is to derive yeah exactly so what we are going to do is to write there is no energy that is gained by there is no there is no work done by magnetic field on a charge particles okay now what we are going to do is to see where conservation laws come from okay so let us look at the following let us write I need a symbol for this whole mess what should I call it let me call capital phi of r and t equal to an integral over d3 because I have always got v1 sitting here this is v1 v1 etc this is v1 so let me call this v1 some function little phi of v1 times f of r let me define it is like a moment of this distribution with respect to the v variable if I put phi equal to 1 or v or v squared v cubed etc I get the moments of this distribution but it could be an arbitrary function of if I plug that in here multiply both sides by little phi of v1 and integrate over all values of v1 okay what happens so let us do d3 v1 phi of v1 f of v1 t right here and the first term well we can write down the first term directly it is delta over delta t that is this term okay plus what should I write think of what is the most notationally the simplest way to do this without messing around is write it out and see where it gets us I can certainly pull this fellow out that is true and I want to be a little cautious I want to be a little cautious well bear with me for a minute I want to be a little cautious I do not want to so phi v1 here and then f over m assuming this to be a function of r alone dot gradient v1 equal to well this part is okay but equal to on this side we have d3 v1 d3 v2 d sigma let me just forget about this stop our moment of this distribution d sigma and then phi of v1 u and all the rest of it on this side now let us come to terms with what is going on here in the absence of an external force this is 0 no external force implies this is 0 there is no f so you have this plus this term here now what is this term look like it says phi of v1 sitting here and then there is a v1 I want to simplify this term so I would not be able to write well this term here is gradient r dot well messing around with the notation I want to write this as a current integral d3 v1 phi of v1 times f this quantity here is a vector quantity and the v1 goes away so let me call this equal to j some current density related to this function so let me put it as j phi and it is a function of r and t and am I right in calling this del dot j I mean I can write this as gradient r grad f dot v1 and bring the gradient all the way out of the integral I put this as v1 and then take this grad outside because there is nothing to do the integral and this quantity I called j whatever it is so I am getting an equation which says this last grad r dot j which is related to the function phi t equal to something on the right hand side but look at what happens on the right hand side there is a phi of v1 here but I know that if I interchange v1 and v2 the rest of it does not change I can interchange variables of integration this becomes phi of v2 but u does not change because it is mod v2 minus v1 so let us keep that in our mind this quantity on the right hand side is the same if you put a phi of v2 here so I can add the 2 and take the average then I will interchange the initial and final conditions this fellow is going to become v1 prime and this is d3 v1 phi v1 prime v2 prime but in the process I can now change variables of integration because d3 v1 d3 v2 is equal to d3 v1 prime d3 v2 prime exactly as we did for the Boltzmann for the H theorem but this becomes phi of v1 prime and this term here becomes f2 f1 minus f2 prime f1 prime so there is a minus sign and then I interchange v2 prime and v1 prime so once again I get phi of v2 prime out here with a minus sign so on the right hand side this quantity now we are in good shape this quantity is equal to an integral one fourth because I took 4 of these fellows here one fourth d3 v1 integral d3 v2 times integral d sigma d sigma which is a function of this wherever you are and u times u that is also sitting there time times f2 prime f1 prime minus f2 f1 prime. Times the following phi of v1 plus phi of v2 minus phi of v1 prime minus phi of v2 prime because all this remained invariant including this and this fellow change sign when I interchanged initial and final states I have taken that into account here and I have added up all 4 ways of writing the right hand side and divided by 4 so this is an exact equation where this current was defined as d3 v or v1 we do not care phi of v times f of r so this is identically this looks like a conservation law if the right hand side was 0 so now the argument is if this function phi of v is a function such that this quantity is identically 0 in a scattering process then you have a conservation law automatically so now you turn it around and say if phi of v is such that phi of v1 plus phi of v2 is equal to phi of v1 prime plus phi of v2 prime plus then delta capital phi of rt over delta t plus the divergence with respect to r the usual divergence of j phi equal to 0 that is an equation of continuity. Now we list all the quantities that are invariant in this scattering what is the simplest quantity that you can think of that is unchanged in scattering well phi equal to constant if I put phi equal to 1 that is a constant that is a good 1 plus 1 is equal to 1 plus 1 so that certainly a constant of the motion a trivial constant of the motion what is it going to conserve well if phi equal to 1 phi of if phi of v if phi of v is equal to 1 then the corresponding phi of rt equal to integral d3 v1 times f of r v1 t and that is equal to the number density at the point r at time t. So our first conservation principle is the conservation of number of mass if you like of matter right so this is immediately going to tell us that delta n over delta t the function of r and t if there is a local density fluctuation then there has got to be a flux of particles across right this is equal to plus delta j of rt equal to 0 where this j is equal to and now all we have to do is to plug in the formula for what this j was if you recall this quantity was equal to integral d3 v right times what what do we have we had a v definitely we had a v and then what else and then an f we had phi is 1 in this case phi is 1 so we had a phi of v and then an f right and there was just a v and that is it what is this representative of we have been careless a little bit about putting in dimensional quantities like mass and so on we should be a little careful but it is okay as it stands what is it what is it represent this is the momentum current of m this is the momentum current so this is the usual continuity equation for matter in the usual hydrodynamic language the current is rho times v the density times the velocity that is exactly what you have density so that is the equation of continuity for number density what happens if you put phi equal to the energy incident if there is one more thing that is conserved I never said that phi has to be a scalar it did not have to be a scalar I got to be a little more careful about how I manipulate these vector symbols but phi could have been a set of three quantities a vector components of a vector v itself because I know that in a collision process I know that in this process if since it is equal masses v1 plus v2 equal to v1 prime plus v2 prime component for component right so certainly that is going to be again a conservation principle here right and what are we going to so we put phi of v equal to v itself and in difference to notation let us put a vector there then this fellow is a vector out here and it is equal to v so this is the momentum if you like and each component of it satisfies a continuity equation on the right hand side this j would now become a two index object because for each component each of the components of phi you are going to get since you are going to integrate with the phi here there is going to be a v i v j on the right hand side so you are roughly going to get something like delta over delta t now fix these factors I have not looked at it carefully enough so d3 v f of r v t v i any index i is going to plus this is going to look like some del i some current j i j equal to 0 where this thing is going to involve an integral d3 v v i v j f of r v t apart from some factors this is the kinetic part of the so called stress tensor what happens if I put phi of v equal to half m v square that is the energy right then there is going to be an energy flux density on this side so I leave you to write down that equation so there are basically 5 conservation principle rules that we can write down immediately phi of v equal to 1 for the number then phi of v equal to v that gives you 3 more for the momentum current and then you have for the kinetic energy one more so the choices are phi of v equal to 1 phi of v vector equal to v itself and phi of v equal to half m v square and they will give you the corresponding current continuity equations from those continuity equations you can extract the transport coefficients such as the diffusion coefficient viscosity thermal conductivity electrical conductivity if it is charged then electrical conductivity and so on and then you put a magnetic field you can construct the Hall conductivity. So the business of kinetic theory is to compute all these transport coefficients and they would follow from several conservation principles in this fashion. Now let us turn to what happens to the Boltzmann equation itself and I would like to make I would like to complete this so I would like to make some comments on this on the on the solution of the Boltzmann equation in the simplest case. So let me schematically explain how this is done or maybe defer this till tomorrow since I have already run out of time basically the point is let me just say it in words the point is that you have an equation for this quantity f of r v t which is non-linear and integral differential equation and you assume a small deviation from equilibrium. So you write this as basically equal to f equilibrium of v which satisfies detail balance plus a correction a small correction which tells you how far away from equilibrium you are in the distribution sense. So you write plus a g of r now put this into the Boltzmann equation this portion of course the delta over delta t does not act on it at all the left hand side is 0 for this portion. This portion will be acted on on the left hand side and on the right hand side you are going to have a product of 4 of these guys 2 at a time and a difference. So you write this for v 1 v 2 v 1 prime v 2 prime and then take f 2 prime f 1 prime minus f 2 f 1 the term which is 0th order in g will cancel out by detail balance because that is the definition of the equilibrium part and what will be left will be combinations of f 1 f equilibrium with a g with a different index then you put in delta functions in v to take out a g common with some given variable and then delta functions to fix what the actual velocity argument is for each of these and then you try to solve that linearized Boltzmann equation you throw away terms like d square now if you want a systematic approximation scheme then you would have to keep systematically the second order higher order etc. But the linear term itself is hard enough and what I will do tomorrow is take the time to actually write this expression out and then we will see how to extract transport coefficient from it. In particular we would like to see if we can touch base with what we did earlier with the Langevin equation for diffusion for instance we had a formula for the diffusion constant in terms of the friction constant temperature etc. We would like to see how that comes out or if at all it does from the Boltzmann equation. We also had a Fokker-Planck equation for the velocity conditional velocity. Now there we made assumptions about the mass of that particle Brownian particle being much bigger than the rest of it the molecular mass we have made no such assumption here. In fact we are talking about elastic collisions here. So we would like to see how this differs from that in what happens and what happens in the simplest approximation. We linearize the Boltzmann equation and make a lot of simplifying assumptions essentially saying there is no positional dependence everything is uniform distribution in space and only the velocity is distributed and let us see what it does what it gives