I'm going to give you a horrific example of a stimulus-stimulus pairing. I could present both of these stimuli to you at the same time, and hopefully eventually those two stimuli will take on the properties of each other. But how could the keys take on the property of the water? They can't. Anyway, you get the idea. The point is, is that we can do some fun stuff with stimulus-stimulus pairings, where we present two things concurrently, right, and over time, and with the appropriate procedures, those two stimuli can take on and share the effect of each other on behavior. Really what we're talking about gets back to stimulus control, among some other things, but it's about pairing two stimuli together to produce a particular effect and sharing the effect between the stimuli.


A cross-border financial crime is here to stay. While people everywhere enjoy the convenience of a globally connected financial system, criminals exploit this intricate network to move illicit funds across borders and evade capture. As these criminals protect their ill-gotten wealth derived from tax evasion, corruption and drug trafficking, among others, financial crimes thrive. Now, no financial institution or country is immune. Money laundering scandals cause bank collapses and shocked countries. Now, ultimately, society pays to cast through an erosion of trust in the integrity of the financial system, often leading taxpayers to subsidize filling banks and limiting customer access to credit. On the show today, we will focus on how money laundering poses a risk to financial sector stability. Welcome to Business Insight and Plus TV Africa. I am Justin Atadone. All right, welcome back as we begin to talk about that. We will look at some other pertinent issues before we look at what's going on in cross-border crimes. Now, beyond attracting investment for just monetary gains, Africa needs investment that would yield tangible results. This is the key for us at the Africa Social Impact Summit aimed at bringing investment on the continent toward a sustainable future. Details in this report. If we don't align, Africa is making slow progress on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, STJs, compared to other regions, and is regressing on some development indicators. It isn't this note that leaders from various sectors have converged on this whole and virtually to address the continent's challenges and create innovative solutions. With Nigeria presently standing at 146th position in the STG Index ranking, the co-convenece of this year's Africa Social Impact Summit, speak about the essence for new partnerships and networks. Because it is clear that silo execution can only take us so far. The power of leveraging innovation. Innovation can cost the work being done, existing work being done, to scale up quickly, leveraging digitization. And that is why we also have a deal room here, where organizations that have innovative solutions across the critical sectors, health, education, climate action, food security can access funding to be able to scale the work they are doing. But with the right policy environment, a conducive environment for producers and consumers, with investors who are here at this Africa Social Impact Summit, who are willing to invest into small-scale and medium-scale business and help them scale up so that food gets produced and clothes get manufactured. Speaker after speaker are united on how the private, public and indeed the social impact sectors can collaborate to invest in the sustainability of the earth and the development goals. Therefore, the private sector with its scale and sustainability and innovation must take a leading driving this change. We must harness the strength of our multi-stakeholder partners and leverage enterprise-driven innovation. The Africa Social Impact Summit is designed to eliminate the friction, the competition, the lack of collaboration. It is designed to ensure that the most efficient way to apply resources to solving social problems is through the guide we have here. As various aspects of the 17 SDGs take centre stage, questions are answered on gender equality, qualitative education and Africa's race against time. The number of indicators within SDC4 would have been able to make some appreciable advancement in early childcare development. To be honest, we are still a very dependent nation on donations and, you know, importation from, you know, from other countries. And you will find that the SDGs are structured around leaving no one behind. That's the thing. And the very fabric of the SDGs is homegrown solutions. We need an enabling environment, which includes having policies and laws in place and all that. Of course, you know that the issues that have been disturbing us has always been the leadership and the governance structure that is making it look as if women are not relevant. This year's summit, themed Global Vision, Local Action, features engaging discussions focused on different sectors, all aimed at driving positive change across Africa. Justin Acadouni, Plastic News, Lagos.


Welcome. I am calling the order this meeting of the Arlington Select Board on Wednesday, June 8th, 2022. I am Select Board Chair Leonard Diggins, and I will now confirm that all members and persons anticipated on the agenda are present and can hear me. Members, when I call your name, please respond in affirmative. Diane Mahon. Yes, thank you. Steve Corsi. Yes. Mike Helmuth. Yes. And John Hurd is not here at the moment. Hopefully he will join us later on staff when I call your name, please respond in affirmative. Nick Dominello. Here.  Tonight's meeting on the Arlington Select Board is being conducted remotely consistent with the act sent into law of February 15, 2022 that extends certain COVID-19 measures. The act includes an extension of the July 15, 2022, the remote meeting provisions as a general of Governor Baker's March 12, 2020 executive board is suspending certain provisions of the open meeting law. The governor's order which is on the town's website and reference materials for this meeting allow public bodies to meet entirely remotely as long as there is reasonable public access that allows the public to follow along with the deliberations of the meeting. Before we begin, please note the following. First, this meeting is being conducted via Zoom. It's being recorded and it's also being simultaneously broadcast on ACMI. Second, persons wishing to join the meeting by Zoom may find information on how to do so on the town's website. Persons participating by Zoom are reminded that you may be visible to others. And if you wish to participate, you are asked to provide your full name in the interest of developing a record of the meeting. Third, all participants are advised that people may be listening who do not provide comment, and those persons are not required to identify themselves. Persons and persons watching on ACMI can follow the person agenda materials also found on the town's website using the notice agenda platform. And finally, each vote tonight will be taken by roll call. I will now turn to Vice Chair, Mrs. Mahan, who will motion us into executive session. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I'd like to make a motion to proceed into executive session for the purposes of discussing contract negotiations with non-union and schedule employee to wit Sandy Cooler. Again, to discuss contract negotiations and any other issues related there too, and that when we finish our discussions, we will adjourn executive session and reconvene in our continuing open session at the regular town meeting. Can I get a second? Second. Okay, so on a motion by Ms. Mahan and a second by Mr. Corsi, I get to call the roll. So, Mr. Helmut? Yes. Mr. Corsi? Yes. Ms. Mahan? Yeah. And I vote yes. And so we now head into executive discussion.


Guys, Tom Davies here, America's Canada Educator working with a reactive German Shepherd So I'm gonna walk you through from step one to step at the end So I just wanted to walk you through the entire process from the dog walks in and what I would do to assess the situation And how I deal with dogs who are reactive to people and other dogs because apparently Romeo is so I'm gonna walk you through the entire Process as soon as they come in. Hope you'd like it I'm in Okay, so very Trying to take off my bandana My mic All right, so you guys can see obviously very barky very reactive doesn't care about me This is the first time I'm at him. You guys watch them come right in So I'm gonna stop this I'm gonna stop this behavior walk you through this process sit All right, so the prong the prongs too big It's not getting it's not getting good pressure It's too far down on and just so you guys know there's a person behind the camera and there's a dog behind the camera He's trained on a prong from his owners So I'm gonna switch out to a smaller smaller prong here boy, so again, no problem with me. I've never met him um Our relationship so far is a Little out of control Romeo heal He'll He'll so as this session goes on I'm gonna bring out some dogs to see if we Can get him to his stimulated height and state Or at least try to train in that environment to help him with it But as of right now a lot better control just from the change of equipment, so I'm gonna work him back and forth And you guys can tell like he's very kind of nervous. He's not really that anxious For a shepherd that reacts, so that's good He's a little you know where am I but he's not like whining and pacing back and forth he's kind of just Barking at the person behind the camera as well as trying to figure out where his dad went So I'm gonna work him on the leash just to get him tuned up with me to make him a little bit more comfortable with me And then we're gonna continue to get other distractions out So I need to reprogram him to be a little bit more structured and take more guidance And as you can see little things like this what he's trying to do right now I asked him to sit he's clocking out at 30 seconds or 20 seconds and trying to get up and walk away. Nope Sit just like that. Good. It's a little sloppy sit I'm I don't care about the the obedience perfection right now. I'm more worried about him just listening to me taking direction for me He has to realize that I'm the one Nope Sit because the reason why he's reacting in the first place as you guys saw when he come in he'll when he came in He's out of control. He comes in just yelling at everybody thinking he can do what he wants Yes, it's the owner's fault But a lot of people don't realize that all they have to do is just take the front The driver's seat in order to stop this behavior and make him a more confident dog and less reactive So now that you guys are over there I'm gonna get the code out or Taylor's gonna get the code out and We're gonna see what we what we do here Romeo he'll sit Sit correction He'll So lots of reactivity here Leave it leave it No off No Hey, just touching in the calm him down court of stay Hey No, leave it sit Romeo he'll Quick pop guys you see that I might want to get right there leave it He'll so quick pop to the side guys So as you guys can see Romeo is an absolutely gorgeous dog and for over a year He's been ruling the roost and being reactive and causing stress and frustration to himself the owner and the environment And as you can tell he's smelling her There's there's not a lot of bite behind this bark and as you guys are noticing when I'm correcting him I'm just coming right over the side and correcting him sideways when he reacts and now after a Minute and a half of working with him around Lakota. He's now able to the point where he's not reactive He's healing nicely good heel Romeo heel good man sit Good Romeo good job. Good job Lakota Very good Romeo heel Good man Romeo sit very responsive. So I Demanded that attention from him immediately in our relationship So that way when I did apply another dog that he may be uncomfortable or insecure about I was able to say hey But I remember I'm in charge and he goes. Oh, yeah Sit good Good and he's gonna lay down. I'm okay with that for right now So it's a huge W. These guys traveled all the way from Indiana To train with us for him to get better with other dogs and other people. I'm somebody He doesn't know that dog is somebody look hawk is somebody Taylor somebody making great success Little things like this of just correcting him and telling him, you know, whether it's wrong or right We'll go a long way So now we're gonna take it a step further and I'm just gonna get out of place and I'm gonna move Lakota around Here's the thing. I want I can't stress enough We are not fixed. We are not out of the woods However, when you get a dog that is strictly reactive off of insecurity and fear from the handler and its Environment that he's around because he doesn't know what else to do. We are 90 honestly 90% where we want to be right the next 5% is gonna sit is gonna come from practice and obedience and continuing to have fun with him and Teach him all this new stuff and then the other big percentage is gonna come from the owners and making sure that they can do this Under these circumstances. He is not reactive anymore to this dog Because I was able to control him in an environment that he was unfamiliar with So we're gonna take it a step further and start proofing this out to say again, this is a dog He's never met. He's super reactive to dogs. He's super reactive to people. He doesn't know and We're a lot better than when he came in He'll good man Sit Good job Good job, buddy. That's a positive reinforcement. Yes. Good job Romeo. Good The one thing I get questions on a lot is like should you completely disengage him off of her? I don't think that that's realistic in this environment or fair for me to say You just went from complete 100% for the last year of reacting to other dogs to Going to watching a strange dog go past you with no problems I'm okay if he's looking like right now. He's watching Hawk what I'm looking for as a handler is I'm looking for Building I'm looking him for just to start to simmer before he boils and that's the type of stuff I'm gonna again use my verbal like I talked about in the beginning to just disengage him from that type of behavior And if I can just tell him like right now, I'll try it Romeo. Leave it.  I just want him to be stuck to me and pay attention to me So if he downs when I asked him to sit, but he's calm around the other dog I'm okay with that. Go touch Romeo sit Quick correction.  He's smelling her.   So again when he when I asked him to sit 15 seconds ago he's like hold on dude I'm interested and I let that slide during that time on under my discretion because I knew that the W in the wind that he was getting from interacting with her through scent was gonna be more valuable than me actually worrying about my Obedience at that time So you'll notice that I'm very discretionary on some of the stuff that I do and the obedience that I'm applying is Gonna be dependent on what's going on in his brain because ultimately the obedience is something I can always do the behavior Modification stuff and trying to change his behavior Plays an important role in the first hour that you're working with a dog to tell him exactly how things are gonna go Good, so I think I guess it's important for dogs to if they're gonna go out of their comfort zone a little bit and break the Obedience during these times That's okay, but if he's gonna be super overreactive and break his obedience I'm gonna punish him for that pretty much immediately, but in times of Gaining security and gaining confidence. I tend to let that slide So that's just my point of view on that you guys can take that with a grain of salt or whatever, but Go to touch Yes, good job Romeo. So this would be called desensitizing guys. She wants the food more than she wants the ball Good, so he's getting a little stimulated here Romeo Good little verbal inflection there. Hey, remember me. So again, I'm walking you through exactly what went through my head He looked at hawk over here in the corner the malinois that we have and he got a little for whatever reason I don't know. He got a little okay Maybe I'm not so sure about that dog and I just said hey, buddy voice inflection came down with punishment style They're Romeo and he was like, okay, let me sit back down and again Like I'm I'm letting him take advantage and teach himself and that builds a relationship between him and I to let Him know that as long as he's listening to what I have to say It's the process isn't as bad. So I'm not being that militant during the times of learning curves So I want you guys to watch what I'm doing with the leash. I'm holding it out, but watch the pressure So what you don't ever want to do with an insecure dog? When you're meeting is put pressure on the leash because it creates tension and it becomes a gunjaw the first person that moves He's gonna react kind of like what he did. So when you're watching me here, this is for safety. I'm very Comfortable with doing this because I know her and I feel comfortable with him. So when I'm doing this I am I am using my peripherals to watch him and know that at any given moment I can move her with my body and correct him away and de-escalate the situation immediately So that's what I'm doing is I'm I'm always always always conscious of my pressure and what I'm doing with the leash And the equipment that I'm using left Yes, good girl watching him.  I was using for her I'm gonna go back to her. Okay Good good. Good job Romeo Touch he doesn't really know necessarily what he's getting rewarded for right now But I'm rewarding his calm behavior in his calm state of mind I'm letting him know the more you act like this the more you get paid Operate conditioning teaching him what I want through correction and reward-based system. It's a beautiful thing left Good job Romeo.  Good stay quarter Good Romeo.   He's been reactive For a pretty long time now and with a big dog Barking the way he did when he came in imagine going places and dealing with that It's very very stressful for again. Not only for you as a handler, but for the dog He doesn't want to do these things and so with a little bit of control and a little bit of redirection I'm able to then Safely work on the obedience to get to get him engaged with me to say hey, buddy I know your whole life. You think that you're in charge, but you're not take a seat relax a little bit He goes Thank God. She comes out. He goes wait a minute. What's all this going on? And then I'm able to transition into a nice calm state of mind. Let's see if you can get down Good and now he's in a nice nice nice stay State of mind. I'm really liking how he's trying out So this is so this is what gives me goosebumps and like what's what gets me out of bed in the morning I absolutely adore and this is brilliant. So what I'm doing is is what I what I love to do is behavior modification So this is the very first session in a dog Behavior modification client that we have for our two-week board and train program So when it comes down to behavior, it really is unless it's ingrained So when we talk about a dog that's been neglected abandoned or abused or any of that stuff that they were born with Maybe hereditary where you know, it's genetic and they have really bad genetics and they're anxious nervous not trusting that takes a little bit more time for the core of the dog to Gain trust in other dogs and other handlers that takes a lot of exercise and things like that But when you get a dog like this This is what everyone usually deals with when they think their dog is aggressive or they think their dog is mean is what you're seeing Right here comes in like a freaking bad out of bad out of hell completely just explosive on everything and everybody And all I did is I said tap tap tap. Hey, why don't you take it down a little bit? He looked at me and the rest is history and now I'm able to then copy and paste this and Multiple different scenarios. So our jobs as trainers here at the academy is going to then be to apply this situation With new people new dogs new environments Continuing to desensitize him so he's good universally So at the end of the day the macro and the bigger picture is is making him a more confident dog Because that's what's creating him to be reactive. People think a dog is reacting and they're automatically aggressive It's so not the case. This is a reactive dog Not an aggressive dog aggression the big difference about that is between reactive and aggression is Their intent their intentions behind it. How serious do they look how serious? What are they actually going to do if you do this and with the reactive dogs nine times out of ten? It's going to look like something like this regardless of how he looks when he comes in An aggressive dog and a dog that is serious and has you know two or three knockouts if you will under his belt He's going to continue to try to go after that dog at any given time. So we've created Really nice energy here with both of these dogs and I'm really happy with it We're going to continue to work with him. So we're going to wrap it up here Don't forget guys you can you can click the links in the profile and the description below to get yourself So no bad dogs merch work with me directly online and Everything else that you guys need as far as equipment goes the equipment that I've used here Will be linked in the description below do me a favor and leave a comment and let me know what you thought of this video As well as like subscribe to my channel if you want to see more videos like this.  This dog looks so aggressive to wait a minute He's really not aggressive. He's really not going to continue to go after her if he gives the opportunity on This has been less than an hour. I'm grateful for you guys watching. I appreciate it I will talk to you guys next time


So, a big welcome to ITU World to Rita McGrath, the Associate Professor of Management at the Columbia Business School. Welcome. I'm delighted to be here. First time in Qatar for you? First time in Qatar, yeah. I've just been introduced to the city today. Okay, now look, you've got a book which is quite groundbreaking. The title of the book is The End of Competitive Advantage. Explain what that really means. Well, in strategy for years, we've had this idea that the thing companies want to be going for is a sustainable competitive advantage, not in the environmental sense, but in the sense that it lasts a long time. And the difficulty is that in more and more parts of the economy all over the world, that's just not reflecting reality. So the book is about what would strategy look like if advantages weren't sustainable. So, the peaks and troughs that you refer to in the book, which there was a bigger space between those, that seems to have vanished. Exactly. So, what we used to think of was punctuated equilibrium, so you'd have a big change and then things would settle back to normal and stability was the normal thing. And that would be great until the next big shift. And what we're seeing now is the shifts are happening more and more frequently. And so we can't really rely on things being stable and, you know, the same for months or years on end. It goes much more quickly now. And you have a great anecdote. I saw that on your blog recently as well from Coca-Cola. Right. So one of the big shifts that I write about is we're going from a world in which industry is the primary center of competition to a world in which I think it's arenas. And when I talk about arenas, what we're talking about is a contestable space, which many different players are possibly going after. And so an anecdote, it's an old one now, but it's very fun, from Robert Gazietta at Coca-Cola.  And he gets up and he says, guys, guys, this is not the issue. The issue is every human being needs approximately 64 ounces of fluid per day to stay alive. And I want you increasing the number of those ounces that are sold by the Coca-Cola company. So the enemy is not Pepsi. The enemy is water and juice and tea.  And it's a way of really reframing the arena that you're competing in. And the end of competitive advantage, how does that reflect into the telecoms world? Well, the telecoms world, I think there's two big issues. The first one is that regulation has not really caught up. And when you talk about telecoms, you know, the biggest competitors for telecoms are not telecoms. They're broadband companies. They're entertainment companies. They're, you know, organizations from completely different industries. And so on the one hand, you've got regulation that's very deep on the telecom world, but the real competitor is not necessarily telecoms. That's one big issue. The other big issue is that we're going to be seeing more and more of what we traditionally call telecoms actually reflecting other services. So if you look at who the major competitors are for quote-quote telecoms, you know, it's automotive, it's travel, it's other ways people could spend their money. And so I don't think we've quite yet caught on to that in the terms of what telecoms regulation is all about. And we're here obviously in Qatar, the Middle East, North Africa. There are classes in emerging market and it's a very fast emerging market. How does the lack of that competitive advantage in the future affect those markets as they grow? Well, I think the big issue is are you going to be fleet enough to build temporary advantages and be willing to move on to the next thing. So in the worlds where you don't actually have an established competitor, I think that means it's kind of an open market so anybody can go contest it. And I think that's kind of interesting. And just quickly, 30 seconds or less, we're trying to ask as many people as possible, what single technological development do you think will have the biggest impact in the telecoms sector in the next 5 to 10 years? Wearables. That was much less than 30 seconds and on the money. Rita, thank you very much. Thanks so much. It's a pleasure to be here.


I told you would explode and it is Imagine that it's exploding the resurrection and who predicted it first Who predicted it first Who predicted it first Who predicted it first? Does it look like I'm panicking I'm at the beach. I'm chillin I'm chillin the resurrection The resurrection That's a Ric Flair whoo That's right the resurrection The resurrection baby Who does it best two and a half years guys two and a half years Is the third time I predicted the resurrection not the first not the second the third Time I predicted the resurrection and yet Forbes goes out and puts out an article saying that We'll never see these prices again We're never gonna see these prices again Yeah, rich will never go back to the beach again Rich will never ever ever ever go back to the beach again The cannabis dog prices will never go back to those prices again written and published by Forbes really We'll never see those prices again How about this? I'm gonna make a bold prediction Not only will we see those prices again We may never see these prices again How about we go the other way Forbes? We'll never see these prices again Yo, there's 29 people here and there's five likes. Is there 26 people here that don't like me Come on guys smash that like button man We're in the middle of a resurrection your boy predicted it. The least you can do is hit the like button Geez Is there a lot of shorters here are you guys getting squeezed is that the feeling of being squeezed is that what this is? Is that a feeling of being squeezed? Come on guys smash the like button man. This is just the beginning of the resurrection Thank you guys for the 13 likes man Thank you guys.  How you doing? Are you up? Are you winning? You've been watching. Are you winning? Because if you're not winning You're probably not watching You're winning. Oh buddy Make me happy when I hear you winning man You're making my day man, and it's a Friday And I hope you guys are ready to have a fabulous Friday because you know your boys have a fabulous Friday. I Live every day like it's my last man, and I know it's war in these markets, but I'm ready for it, man I'm ready for it. I'm ready for the battle in the link down below You can see our CBD products at Amazon. You can get gummies for 24 bucks Through your boy you can get CBD oil for 29 bucks. You can get CBD cream for 39 bucks Let's build this guys don't you guys understand man like Man, I've been here for two and a half years man. Like I'm not going nowhere And I'll always be here like I'll be here to pull up when there's bad days I'm going to be here and then when there's good days I'm going to be here, but I promise you this I will pull up man and when the market's red That's when we're going to be buying Because we're here man. We're the rescue station man There's no need to panic a there's no need to panic If you start sinking rich TV live We can help you We've been doing it for years. It's true If you haven't gone to WW our rich TV live commie at man. You need to go there. You need to be a part of this community This community is second to none We have a guy in our community. His name is Justin. Okay, this guy is the rich TV live rain man straight up He's he's the rich TV live rain man. Do you know that Justin has turned? $2,000 this year into a hundred thousand dollars He's up 50 times on his money and he's part of the rich TV live community You get access to Justin just by being here Just by being here you get access as to Justin and you know the thing is Justin's such a humble guy man He's such a humble guy We such a humble guy and he's just one of many members in our community That just make this community the number one community in the world.  I'm at a lake and I'm making videos man And we talking stocks and nobody else doing this. We have our own original music. We have our own CBD company We're getting into the crypto game. We're creating our own cryptocurrency exchange I'm creating a I'm trying to create a way that I can reward members. So There's so many things coming. I can't even tell you guys how many things are coming. I'm just excited I'm excited and the beginning of the resurrection. This is just the beginning.  So he is Aurora cannabis is number one fan So, you know, I love Aurora, but Justin has been like Aurora's number one fan since day one He's always talked about Aurora. It was always Aurora cannabis was number one And in the beginning Justin didn't even trade. He just bought Aurora But then he saw all of us trading and he got mad like FOMO. He got FOMO fear of missing out so he started to trade and Literally in the last year he turned $2,000 into a hundred thousand dollars. I'm not kidding it's crazy and he's part of the rich TV live community and And he loves being here and I want to get Justin on the show He's just such a busy guy when he's not trading. He owns like 35,000 shares of Aurora cannabis, by the way I didn't tell you that Yeah, so while he had his shares of Aurora cannabis, he went and found zoom away travel and then he turns zoom away travel into You know from two cents to 13 cents He got in first out of penny on zoom away travel and he called me and talked to me for an hour one day I would zoom away travel to the point where I was like I had to get him off the phone I was like, yeah, I get it. I get it. You like zoom away travel.  They're building assets. They're building their financials the company's moving in the right direction They have a new management new CEO You know and I didn't really I was just kind of like okay sure it's a penny stock like whatever is that at two cents, right? I Saw go to three cents. I saw go to four cents. I was like whoa, wait a second. This guy see something here He sees something here, right? so Finally it goes down to three cents. I bought some of three cents. It went back down to two cents I was down like thousands of dollars. I held it. I didn't panic. I held it never got angry at Justin I never panicked.  No, man. I just chilled. I was like, okay I'm gonna trust Justin with this Bam it explodes goes to five cents. I sell thinking. Oh, wow. That's the highest I've seen it now. It's at 13 cents. I Sold I made 2,500 bucks if I was still holding today. I'd be up over $10,000 so holding stocks has a lot of positives to it and One thing I'm learning about the stock market is time in the stock is more important than timing the stock and the best investor of all time is Warren Buffett and Warren Buffett believes find a company that's underappreciated undervalued under exposed great management team good share structure little to no debt or Removing debt Lots of cash assets and growing and in a growing sector Follow that blueprint. You don't need day trading. You don't need stop losses You don't need nothing you just buy it and then if it goes down you buy more. It's like McDonald's Warren Buffett says with McDonald's if a burger goes on sale. What do you do? You buy more? Yvonne says he has 10,000 shares of Aurora Yeah, zoom away travels potentials unreal Like people keep the old zoom away travel. They don't understand like go to their website and read their revenue potential They're expected to really grow their revenue into the millions per quarter So that has the potential to be exponential growth so We look here at Rich TV live at the fundamentals We look at the fundamentals a lot and sometimes we do buy into home FOMO because we have so many members and we get so many picks but You know, I think we're getting really good and we're getting better at staying in our lanes picking the right companies sticking with the right companies and Doing the research spending time doing the research trying to find the companies with the biggest growth potential If you're in the cannabis sector, we want companies that are going to be growing for a very low cost program We want stocks with a tight share structure. We want companies with good management a history of good management I'm knowing what they're doing and We want to see companies that have little to no debt or plan to remove their debt And we want to see companies with assets that are growing and we want to see companies that are profitable If we can find those companies and identify them and as a community really focus on those ones Then all the other ancillary companies all the other little companies or all the other penny stocks and stuff they just become like secondary and Focus on getting the best because you deserve it. So why not own the best? Why not own canopy growth? Right, that's why it's going up because it's becoming affordable all the institutions are realizing. Oh wait a second This is a $50 $60 stock. It's at 30 bucks. Let's buy it That's how it works. Oh, it's a great company. It's growing. It's going in the right direction. They're removing debt They got rid of their CEO. They're gonna grow. They're gonna be a global giant It's down. It's at a 52-week low.  It's a game man It's a casino You know, it's a casino, right?   I don't know why But that's what I've seen So I'm just telling you guys what I've seen historically and making predictions based on Historical data even though people like to say I don't know how to read charts. I don't know how to do analytics I don't know how to look at charts.  You don't see that on a chart Chart doesn't tell you how much money the company's making it doesn't tell you if the company's running a scam like cantrust was The chart doesn't tell you if the company's running a backdoor scam doesn't tell you Okay, so your chart analysis when people say to me. Oh, I do chart analysis I don't even look at the company share structure. I don't even look at the amount of money. They have at the bank I don't even look at the news.     You think I don't know how to look at a chart You think I don't know what level two is. I've been telling everybody about level two I taught most of you guys about level two You know what I mean, but people like to say all rich He doesn't know how to do chart analysis.  Are you for real? so Yeah, man, we've been doing this for two and a half years We've been calling winners first before anybody else even showed up on the block man There's a reason why you know, there isn't a thousand people watching right now. Why do you think it's not supposed to be this easy? It's not supposed to be this easy guys like rich shouldn't be telling people what's up for free. I Should be charging for this You know providing this type of support.   Everything is going down on the chart analysis Don't buy shit This is the rescue station If you need help in education if you need CBT's if you want to learn about cryptocurrency holler at your boy Is your boy rich from it's to be live? I'm gonna go back to the beach. Have a fabulous Friday. Have a great weekend Thank you guys for the likes. I appreciate you guys I love you guys. Nice to see Xenobus going up. Nice to see canopy going up. Nice to see Aurora going up Nice to see everybody going up Light link It's nice. It's like sugar and spice is your boy rich from it's to be live. You're not winning. You're not watching. I'm all Peace circulate this video YouTube I'm here calling winners circulate the video man. Come on get it out there


Good morning. Good morning, everybody. My name is Anvesh Mazumdar. I'm the National Coordinator of Science Olympiates. And it's my great pleasure to welcome you all to the annual felicitation of the Olympiad Medalist of 2023. These are the Infosys Awards. These are the awards that are instituted by an endowment from the Infosys Foundation in 2002. So we'll have the formal award function starting from 12. But the tradition of this award ceremony is that we always have two lectures in the morning by eminent scientists who are like inspirations for all of us, especially for the young kids who have their careers ahead of them. So we have two speakers. And it's my great pleasure to invite and welcome our first speaker of the morning, Professor Dipankar Bhattacharya from the Ashoka University. Professor Bhattacharya is Sunanda and Santimaya Basu Chair, Professor in Astrophysics at Ashoka University. And prior to joining Ashoka, he was the Dean of Core Academic Programs at the Inter-University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, or IUCA, as it is normally called. So Dipankar received his bachelor's and master's degrees in physics from Jadavpur University Kolkata and his PhD from the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru. He carried out postdoctoral research at the University of Amsterdam and the University of California, Santa Barbara, and was a member of the faculty at the Raman Research Institute, Bengaluru, before moving to IUCA. Professor Bhattacharya's research interests cover both theoretical astrophysics and observational astronomy with particular emphasis on high-energy astrophysics, including compact stars, black holes, and cosmic explosions. And today, you will see a lot of that. He is closely associated with the Indian Space Astronomy Mission Astrosat and is the chair of its science working group. So it's our honor and great pleasure to welcome Professor Bhattacharya. I will request all of you to kindly put your mobile phones on silent mode. And Professor Bhattacharya will take questions at the end of the talk. Welcome Dipankar. Good morning. And thank you all science and Olympiad background, but over diverse disciplines. I thought I will give you a glimpse of astronomy that is being done today from space. Space astronomy makes a lot of news. I'm sure all of you have seen James Webb Space Telescope pictures all over the news. But I wanted to particularly highlight what India is doing and where India is poised to go in the years to come. And that is important for all of you who will be thinking of science as a career to enter into in the coming decades. Space programs always take a long time. So what we are planning today will go on until several decades to come. So let me get started. Can we have the lights off please? So before I get into space astronomy, let me just put it in context. Because not all of you have been thinking about what astronomy is, how it is being done today. So the basic tenets of the quest of astronomy are partly exploratory. We are all explorers. Find out what objects are out there. The part of the universe that you have been able to explore is a very, very tiny fraction. And there is a lot more to be discovered. So astronomy certainly is a voyage of discovery in that sense. But not just discovering new objects. Once we find objects, we want to know what decides their properties. Why do they look like they do? How they change with time? What forces, what physical laws govern them? And as a result, govern all of the universe, including us. And of course, a bit of cosmic archaeology, how did everything that we see around us come to be? And based on that, we try to make guesses as to what is going to happen to us in the future, what's going to happen to the universe in the future. To do this kind of work, to what extent we can do, is propelled mainly by technological progress. And here, space astronomy has had a vital role to play, and we'll continue to do so. In astronomy, as you know, unlike other physical laboratory exercise where I can bring a sample to my lab, subject it to experiments, and then find out about it, we can't do that in astronomy. Physical exploration of astronomical bodies will require going to that body. And this is possible today only up to some distance, only two within our solar system. As you know, the Voyager has gone close to many of the solar system bodies. And our own planetary explorers like Chandrayaan and Mangalyan is the farthest that India has sent probes to. So this is still restricted to nearby objects. Maybe in the future sometime, we will be able to journey far, far away and look at other objects. But that will still be limited compared to what is the investigation that we plan to do today. And so what we rely mostly on is not actually going there, but examine the multiple types of messengers, those objects, and us. That includes electromagnetic radiation in all bands. It includes particles like neutrinos. It includes gravitational waves. So that's a new band of astronomy which has been added to our arsenal about a few years ago. So we have to be here. We look at whatever signals come. And based on that, we try to understand what goes on in the sky, what goes on in these objects. Astronomy has been done by humans for a very long time from time immemorial. But most of that has been confined to what we can see with our naked eye. And what we can see with our naked eye is by definition called the visible or the optical band. But there is much more to electromagnetic radiation than just the optical band. The optical band, as this cartoon shows, is restricted only to a very small fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum. And all our multiple colors that we see in the sky are packed within that small band. But there are so many other bands. And astronomical objects radiate in all of these bands. And to be able to understand what goes on in much of the universe, we need to cover these other bands, observing all these other bands. But there is a problem. Visible band, as optical band, and the radio frequency band are the only regions where our atmosphere is transparent. So these are bands in which we can carry out astronomy by putting telescopes, putting instruments on the ground. Everywhere else, this vertical axis is the amount of fractional absorption is 100%. Everywhere else, you see the atmosphere practically absorbs everything. So we cannot carry out astronomy by placing a detector on the ground. We have to place the detector above the atmosphere. So to have a detector that stays for a long time above the atmosphere, the only way to do so is to put it on an orbit around the earth at sufficient altitude so that atmosphere is no longer a problem. And as a result, as you can see, huge chunks of electromagnetic band are only accessible from space. And this is why space technology and astronomy has almost become synonymous today. Even in the bands that we do receive on ground, there are some advantages of going to space. For example, in the optical band, images that we take are corrupted by twinkling. And this twinkling is an atmospheric phenomenon. So if you put a telescope above, even an optical telescope, above the atmosphere, then the twinkling will not be present, and you get much sharper images. And that is why Hubble Space Telescope was sent into orbit. In radio bands, often the imaging is done by putting radio telescopes very far away from each other and then making the signals interfere. That gives you a better resolution. If you have seen the imaging of the black hole from even horizon telescopes, those are made with telescopes spread across the entire globe and connected together by interferometry. So if you want even better resolution, then you need to put radio telescopes even further away than the size of the Earth can accommodate. So you can put them out into space and use them as parts of your interferometer. And this has also been done. So going to space is advantage at all web bands and is essential in most web bands. So not surprisingly, for a large part of the spectrum, astronomy has moved to space. There is a whole bunch of space also which is currently operating. And this is only a small selection, which are watching the universe at different web bands. So what are the main questions that most of these instruments are trying to address? So there are questions which are quite varied. To put them in context, I will just quickly recall for you a brief history of the evolution of our universe. We think that the universe was born in a big explosion called the Big Bang. Immediately after the Big Bang, the universe expanded extremely rapidly. And after a while, that rapid expansion slowed and it started expanding somewhat more slowly. The universe was dominated by a huge soup of radiation and just elementary particles to start with. And then slowly atoms formed. The radiation which was being scattered by electrons then could propagate freely. And it therefore decoupled from the matter at some point. That is called the surface of mass scattering. And we get the structure of the cosmic micro background radiation, which we see today, from that epoch. And after some more time, gravity of different pieces of matter brought them together and structures began to form. So they formed galaxies, stars within galaxies. And the matter started getting more and more concentrated. And here we are today. And this has taken about 13.7 billion years. Exactly when did the first stars form? Exactly when did the first galaxies form? This is definitely a question for astronomers. And this is one of the areas that people are actively trying to look into. What kind of fluctuations in the initial matter distribution eventually led to all the structure formation? That is also something people are trying to look into. And then there are puzzles in the expansion and in the gravity of the universe that we see today. We seem to have the gravity of the universe dominated by a form of matter, which we can't see. We call them dark matter. And recently, the universe has started expanding faster than it should. And this expansion appears to be powered by some un-understood energy, which we have given the name dark energy. Just by giving the name, it doesn't mean that you have understood it. You just called it something. So these are all areas, including dark matter and dark energy. These are subjects of intense investigation today. The understanding the history of the universe is not complete without understanding the history of stars. So a star, when it's born, it starts as gas cloud and then it forms by condensation. Then as it condenses, it becomes hotter. And then nuclear fusion starts.  And that is the kind of stars that mostly we see. And stars can come today in various different masses from 1 tenth of the mass of the sun to about 100 times the mass of the sun. The more massive the star, the hotter it is at the surface. So the bluer it is. But also the more massive the star, the faster it consumes its nuclear fuel and it lasts that much shorter. So heavy stars are more luminous, hotter, and last very short time. As you get lower and lower mass stars, they live much longer. But they are cooler at the surface. Eventually, when all the nuclear fuel runs out, the center of the star collapses because there's nothing now to oppose gravity. And that collapse happens quickly. The energy released in that collapse throws out the envelope. The envelope could be ejected slowly depending on what the mass of the initial star was. If the central object condenses to form something called a white dwarf, then the envelope is ejected slowly and you get something called a planetary enabler. If it was more massive, then the collapse is more violent. The interior collapses to either a neutron star, very small star, and very massive one. So it's like the mass of the sun squeezed into 10 kilometer radius.  So either a neutron star or if it is even more massive, it goes into a black hole.  It's called a supernova. And for some of these supernovae, you also have an associated jet-like emission which causes what's called a gamma ray burst. So the end state of evolution of stars is always some kind of ejection and a central collapse. You can get compact objects, white dwarf, neutron stars, black holes at the center, and explosive ejection of matter along with it. So to then pick a few major areas of activity in astronomy today are to find the earliest galaxies, see how first stars formed, map the complete history of star formation. James Webb Telescope has been launched to address some of these questions. Then accurately measure the history of expansion. As I said, dark matter, dark energy is involved in deciding the course of expansion of the universe. Measuring that well is an important task of astronomy. Understand structure formation, how all the galaxies and stars came to be. Study the compact stars in detail because they uncover some detail physics at small scales. And find planets around stars. Understand the origin of Earth and eventually of us. So having said this much, let me now come to the main focus of my talk, astronomy from space, the Indian program. The Indian program in astronomy started in 1975. Not many may know this. The very first satellite that India had launched called Aryabhata in 1975. Apart from other things, it also carried a payload which was designed to do x-ray astronomy. And it observed accruing compact objects. So these are compact objects like neutron stars, black holes, which pull matter from another nearby star. And this matter, when it falls onto this compact object, it becomes hot and emits x-rays. So spectra and intensity variations of these objects were observed by this very first Indian satellite. So Indian space program has, right from the beginning, elements of astronomy built into it. Then we have also been building instruments, space astronomy instruments, which have been flown not just on Indian missions, but even missions sent by other countries. So this is another experiment built in TFR, it's a cosmic experiment. It was flown and put on the space station in 1985. Space lab was the laboratory on which it was put. Then we had other standalone astronomy missions. This is a satellite called Stretched Rohini series satellite C. And Stretched Rohini satellite C2. These two carried a gamma-ray bus detector built at the Eurospace Center, which was then called ISRO Satellite Center. And I mentioned gamma-ray bus and black holes formed by collapse. You have a supernova, and along with that you have jet-like ejection which produces gamma rays. So these detectors were built to detect such gamma-ray flashes. And SROC detected eight candidate GRBs. This was in 1992. And in 1994, the follow-up experiment detected 53 of them. That experiment survived for seven years. We have also been building solar observation payloads. There was a solar observation payload, solar X-ray spectrometer, which was built in PRL. And it was sent aboard the second geostationary satellite made in India. Geostationary satellites were meant for communication, but it also had space for a little experiment to do solar X-rays on me. There was a much larger solar observatory, which was a solar telescope, which was built for X-rays. And it was sent aboard the Russian coronas photon mission in 2009. And this was one of the larger astronomy experiments, which was flown aboard the Indian remote sensing satellite P3 in 1996. So this was an interesting mission, where one of these experiments was the X-ray astronomy experiment, which had proportional counters to detect medium energy X-rays in their spectra, their time variation. And the other side had other payloads for Earth-observing payloads. So the satellite would spend half the time looking down and half the time looking up. So that is how this whole mission was carried out. And this instrument, which was built at TFR, was most of the time used to observe one very interesting black hole binary in the sky. It's called GRS-1915 plus 105. And it discovered something very, very interesting. It discovered some various special intensity variation patterns. And it also could see that a track matter, which is coming close to the black hole and then goes into the event horizon and disappears. So it could actually catch events like that. And this was one of the first time that was done. The success of this experiment gave rise to the idea of doing a much bigger mission for astronomy and dedicated to astronomy. So this actually became precursor to Astrosat, which Anmesh referred to. And that has been one of the mainstay of Indian space astronomy since it has been launched. So it was launched in 2015. It is still operating. It has been eight years in space. This is India's first dedicated space astronomy also. So this mission does not contain any other payload. It is astronomy and only astronomy. It carries many instruments. It carries large-area extraproportional counters. It carries ultraviolet imaging telescopes. It carries a soft x-ray imaging telescope. It carries a high-energy cadmium telluride image detector. It carries a scanning sky monitor. And all together, it makes a formidable unit of multi-wavelength astronomy. It weighs 1 and 1 half tons. And it is ideal for the study of stellar birth, death, and life beyond death, which means newly formed stars and end states of stellar evolution, like in compact stars. So it's been put in a low-earth equatorial 650-kilometer circular orbit. And it's a versatile observatory. Operation is based on community proposals. So it has observed a great variety of objects, from nearby stars to distant galaxies. And as I said, it's particularly suited for studying star formation and stellar end states, compact objects, accretion, explosive phenomena, et cetera. Till date, there have been about 400 referee publications and a similar number of telegrams notices of new discoveries. Over 30 PhD thesis have been awarded, and many more are yet to come. And even referee publications are going up at a very rapid rate. And all this is based on only about 25% to 30% of the data that has been so far collected. It takes time for data to get analyzed and science to be communicated out of that. So many more reports are expected to appear. There are 1,500-plus users of the mission spread over more than 40 countries. And what is interesting and gratifying is that about 50% of these users are now from India. When we started the concept planning of AstraZeneca mission, one could count the numbers of people interested in space astronomy in India or active in space astronomy in your two hands. Now it has really become a major enterprise in India. This gives an idea of where all AstraZeneca has been pointing over time, over these last eight years. It has observed some 3,000 different locations in the sky. Some of them are repeated, about 1,700 individual targets. One of the USPs of Astrosat is very high angular resolution in ultraviolet. So this, for example, would be the ultraviolet image of a galaxy preastrosat by the galaxy mission. And this is the astrosat image of the same galaxy. So you can tell you how far the image resolution has improved. And as a result, one could study that all these bright regions are regions of new star formation. And particularly, the study of star formation in galaxies has been very well addressed by the astrosat mission. Ultraviolet mapping of host stars and galaxies in various different locations. And also, faint UV glows around, let's say, this plant-trainable is a white dwarf star. Earlier, the image of the plant-trainable was only this big. And now, with astrosat, we see that there is a huge glow around here, which is of a very specific kind, this is molecular hydrogen, which is a resonance line of molecular hydrogen, which is creating this glow. And this was discovered by astrosat. There's a famous remnant of supernova called the Cygnus loop. There's an optical image. And here is the detail that you can see in ultraviolet using an astrosat. Astrosat isn't able to do. And simultaneously, you can also take spectrum in x-rays, and you can tell what elements are present, which are producing this emission. So the combined x-ray ultraviolet study is very, very useful. Astrosat has also been looking for sources where large amounts of star formation has been happening. And these are a type of galaxies called lanon-brake galaxies. And astrosat is in finding new galaxies of this kind in the universe by looking at a deep field. And this is a continuing endeavor. And once you find something bright in ultraviolet, then you can go and look at the Hubble images, and then you can identify these galaxies. Another area which astrosat has been extremely active in is detailed temporal and spectral studies of compact objects, which includes neutron stars, black holes, et cetera. So it's a mattering of random mattering with few results. Up on the left is the very famous crab pulsar observed at multiple different web bands using astrosat. Next to that is an x-ray spectrum where you see a sudden drop here. It is the signature of electrons in resonant orbits around magnetic fields. So it allows us to measure magnetic field in the region where this emission is coming from. Then this is a temporal variation of intensity of very specific kind from a black hole, JRS-1950. And this is also Fourier characterization of temporal variation of intensity from another black hole. And you can see this sharp peaks of quasi-periodic oscillation. And these are, as I said, only a few. Thousands of such investigations which have been carried out, and it's been extremely successful. Astrosat also proved to be a prolific detector of gamma rebusts. Till date, we have detected about 560 gamma rebusts. And not only that, for the brighter ones of them, astrosat has the capability to measure gamma ray polarization. This is one of the most difficult challenges in astronomy to be able to measure polarization at very high energies. And astrosat has the capability of doing that for very bright gamma rebusts and a few other very bright X-ray sources as well. So astrosat is a community observatory. So it works with users at the center. The users can make observing proposals, which, when they're accepted, get scheduled, data are downloaded and sent to respective payload operation centers for individual payloads, which are in these institutions. And then science data, science products, when they're produced, they're sent back to the show which then gets into an archive. And after a short time, this archive data is open to public. So anybody who is interested can download this data, work on it. This includes students. It includes all of you. So I would like to emphasize that there is a lot that can be done with available astrosat data as student projects, as work in classrooms, and various other means of engaging with the data are available. There is an astrosat science support cell which aids in some of these things. But there are also others who can help you if you are interested in using this data. I should say that as a teacher in Ashoka University, I have been using astrosat data for classroom projects for undergraduates. So it's not difficult to do. You need to learn a little bit. But once you are there, it is a very, very rewarding experience. So post-astrosat. Some of you would have followed the launch of Aditya Ilwan on 2nd of September. So Aditya Ilwan is supposed to be placed in Ilwan, which is first Lagrangian point. And it is on its way there. It's going to reach there in January. This is a solar observatory. And it's going to observe the sun, particularly the surface phenomena of the sun and the atmospheric phenomena like chromosphere, corona, and so on. And connect that to space weather. It's going to do multi-band imaging of the solar disk, have detailed study of sunspots and the physics in them. So it's currently in transit. And while on the way, instruments are being switched on one by one and tested. So one of the instruments, which is solar ultraviolet imaging telescope, was switched on a few days ago. And it captured images of the sun in 11 different filters. One of them I'm showing you here. So these are sunspots. And this is an ultraviolet image in one of the bands, magnesium band. And you can see these brightnesses. And when you look at images taken across multiple bands, you can actually find out the temperature distribution and the dynamics of material at these sunspots. This is just the first light on the way. It's not yet reached its final location. And we are expecting a lot from this measurement. Next one is the ExpoSat, X-ray polarization satellite. I mentioned the measuring polarization at high energy is a very difficult task. The first polarization measurement of an X-ray source was made nearly 50 years ago. And nothing has been done since. And this is a completely virgin area. In December 2021, NASA launched a satellite, which is called IXP, which measures polarization over a restricted band of 2 to 8 kiloelectron volts in X-rays. And our X-ray polarization satellite is going to be launched on 28 December, if everything goes right. So it's the next week, basically. That's the projected launch. It depends on a few other factors. But it is going to be launched soon. It's already ready for launch. So this will do extra polarimetry and spectroscopy of several selected targets. And this is going to be the first polarimeter in this particular band of 8 to 30 kiloelectron volts, even higher energy than what IXP is able to do. So these are missions which are already on the way. And then there are future missions in planning. One of them is Daksha, which is being spearheaded by IIT Bombay here. And in collaboration with various other institutions. This is a mission which is meant for detecting fast-wearing transients, like gamma-ray bursts, but particularly tuned to electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational wave sources. So if you have a gravitational wave burst that you detect, was there an X-ray flash or a gamma-ray flash connected with it? So this satellite is going to dedicate most of its time doing that. And in the process, it's also going to detect gamma-ray bursts, X-ray bursts, and various other kinds of sources. It's a high-energy transient monitor. There is a much larger ultraviolet mission, which is also in planning. So these are missions which have been given some startup money to come up with initial configurations. That is, Daksha insists this Indian mission to study the original evolution of the galaxies and stars by doing imaging and spectroscopy in ultraviolet. So this will carry forward the work that ultraviolet imaging telescope and astrocyte has been doing. This is a radio spectroscopy mission, which has also been studied now. So do radio spectroscopy from space to look at the first time that the stars started becoming available. And the stellar radiation was going to ionize hydrogen. And this is going to find the time at which hydrogen turned from neutral form to ionized form. That will give us a good measure of precisely when first stars began to form. Planets, many of you must be aware that lots of planets outside the solar system are being now found by space observatories. All these yellow dots are discovered by one mission, Kepler, NASA mission. So India has a plan in place to study the atmospheres of these exoplanets. It's called exo-worlds. So this is in study phase. And so this will also be, hopefully, the reality in some time. And there are mission ideas which they have not fully fructified as yet in terms of mission plan. It includes a much larger extra-pollinumetric mission called expo. I talked about cosmic microwave background. The detailed study of cosmic microwave background can tell us a lot about cosmology. So far, people have measured the temperature distribution across the sky, measured the spectrum of the background radiation, and measured the temperature distribution across the sky, how they look like in the Fourier domain. One thing that is left to do is to measure polarization. And there is a mission which has been proposed. It's still in the study. It's called CMBVARA, which is to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background. It has additional information than what can be done. What can be found today from existing cosmic microwave background studies? It's also a few other missions which have been thought about. One is multi-leveling astronomy for compact objects, multi-payload mission specifically for compact objects, and then mid-infrared spectroscopy of star-forming regions to find newly-forming stars, which are mostly bright and infrared. So all of these are being studied. And at least some of these will become reality in the decades to come. And ISRO is very supportive of new mission ideas and really wants the space astronomy community in India to grow. So this is definitely a niche where one is looking for a lot of new talent, a lot of new young people to get into, because you need to stay with the project. And you will need to spend many years of your life if you want to get into this project and extract science. So I'll summarize saying that space astronomy platform plays a vital role in astronomical investigations of the present day. And Indian space astronomy program started small from the very first satellite and has been gradually built up over the past five decades and is now making a major impact. So users of space astronomy facilities in India have rapidly grown in number. And diverse new missions are coming up to enable a wide variety of astronomical research. And all missions have or will have open data available. And they can be used for not only research, but student projects and teaching and training. So welcome if you would like to join this venture. Thank you very much. Thank you, Professor Bhattacharya, for the wonderful lecture. Time for some questions. If you have questions. Yes? What is meant by the polarization things we're talking about of waves? Polarization of what? Like we were talking much about the polarizing of CMB and all of that. So what are the users of that? Like how do we? Right. So why would you like to study polarization of cosmic micro background? Now as you know, cosmic micro background is a thermal radiation, which is not expected to be polarized. It will be polarized if it undergoes scattering. So once you do see polarization, you can then infer about the scattering material that is present, which is otherwise not visible. And this includes gravitational waves. So cosmic micro background can scatter off gravitational waves and become polarized. So the invisible background of primordial gravitational waves at the moment cannot be discovered by any other wave other than to look at the polarization of cosmic micro background. So that's one of them. But there are other things like certain types of dark matter particles, for example, action-like particles. If photons scatter from them, they get polarized. So if dark matter consists of such particles, then cosmic micro background will be polarized. So you'll be able to see that same result. So there are various other predictions which can also be tested. And what is meant by the monopole and dipole of CMB? Oh, OK. That's just a nomenclature of the distribution. So if you take the temperature distribution of cosmic micro background in all directions in the sky, the average of that is the monopole. And then you subtract the average. What you'll see is one side of the sky is hotter. The other side is colder. So this axis, the axial dependence, is called the dipole. And this is caused by the fact that the Earth and the entire solar system is not stationary with respect to cosmic micro background. So moving in some direction and therefore temperature in front becomes higher due to Doppler shift and in the backward direction becomes cooler. If you subtract that away, then you find the small-scale fluctuations which are there all over the sky. And this is caused by the very early density fluctuations in matter. Thank you. Yeah, there's a question here. So which variables we study to study life other than Earth when you're doing all these? Yeah, so there are things called biosignatures which people are looking at. These are infrared spectroscopic signatures for specific molecules which you would expect in the atmospheres of bodies if life is in them. So that is one area which people are looking at. Not only that, that's to detect the presence of life. That's one area. The other thing that are being looked for is what are the places where life could possibly exist? So environments that are more conducive to host life. So that's also another area of investigation by looking at all these exoplanets, look at where the thermal and atmospheric conditions are reasonable for life to be present. So these are various areas where people are looking at. And of course, there is one whole branch which is called search for extraterrestrial intelligence. So that's intelligent life. That's even more difficult. So looking for signals coming from other civilizations. So thanks for this wonderful overview. And I think one of the nicest things is that most of the Indian things are putting out their data into the public domain, allowing anybody to use it. And in particular, as you said, students. Now, given that most of the students here are undergrads and will be undergrads very soon, how does one as a student access this data, work with people who can access this data? Is there a mechanism to sort of use this data to do citizen science projects where students are mainly involved? Because many of them are probably interested in working with real data from telescopes. Very fair question. And there is no one centralized mechanism. But what is being set up is support cells for each individual mission. So for example, astrocyte science support cell is in Ayukha. And anyone who is interested can contact astrocyte science support cell in Ayukha. And they can help you in getting data, as well as training you in how to use it. Aditya Alavan has its support cell established in Aries, Nainita. So they also have a similar mandate to bring data closer to people. So what I understand from ISRO's current approach to this is that for each mission, they are going to establish individual centers where people can approach. Thank you. Just a little bit of advertisement. So we have at HBCC the NIUS astronomy program, in which we do have mentors who are closely connected with missions like Aditya Alavan and astrocyte. And many student projects are going on with data from these missions. So if the students are interested, we have many NIUS chemistry students here today. But the Olympian students who are here, you will have the opportunity to join the NIUS program in coming years. Just a minute. We have a question from there and then here. Namaste, sir. My question is that, can we predict the time or the direction of the gamma ray burst, like when will they occur, or the direction from which they occur, or is there any method to do that? Or once they occur, we are able to capture it or such. I wish there was a way to predict it. No, it's completely unpredictable, because they're coming from objects which are far, far away. It could occur in any galaxy in the universe. So there is no way for us to even observe these precursors, because they're very, very faint. When the gamma ray burst occurs, it becomes so bright that it out shines the whole sky. That is the first time we will be seeing such a galaxy. Before that, there was no way to even see it. So no, so we cannot predict them. But we capture the bursts very, very quickly. So then it enables us to study the burst immediately. So how do we know whether it's a gamma ray burst? Like is there any energy range or intensity range for that? So it's called gamma ray burst because it's bright in gamma rays. Thank you, sir. Yeah, here. I enjoyed your lecture very much. I am Sampath Kumar from TIFR, retired. I'm not working in this field, but I'm very remotely connected with AstroSat program. They say that I was one of the persons strongly supported, brought to help the system to bring the conclusion to TIFR. It was a 12 years effort. I think young people here should know. It was an effort of 12 years to bring AstroSat to a conclusion, to a launch. And I'm extremely happy to see that it turned out to be great success and very highly productive, very interesting results are coming out of the program. I would strongly suggest that younger people who are here should take up the very challenging projects which are very, very, very, absolutely important in broad progress of science. Having said that, may I ask you one short question? There are five instruments in AstroSat. All the five instruments are working or now? It's very pleasing to see. They're all working. So this AstroSat is now beyond its designated mission life. It was five years mission. So now it's eight years are completed. So some degradation has happened. I see, OK. For lack of specific, one unit is no longer working. Two units are working, one with reduced efficiency. Ultraviolet imaging telescope lost communication with its near ultraviolet channel. Other two channels are working. Everything else is working. But it's very commendable that practically things almost all the instruments are working. Nice data. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Any more questions? Yeah, here. Is there some? Namaste, sir. Thank you so much. That lecture was very enjoyable. I had one question. Like you spoke about the AstroSat extending its mission life. Even the Voyager 1, I believe, is way past its mission life. So is there any way to remotely fix or work on the problems that occur on the instruments on a mission that is past its mission life or? These, some missions are designed for it. Some missions are not. AstroSat is not designed for in-space intervention on board. So we will have to just let it take its course, as you say. So it's something that you need to foresee before you launch the mission. Yeah, so we have some redundancies built in. But it can only take you so far. Unlike Hubble, for example, where you could send astronauts go and fix the mission on board, these missions are not like that. All right, sir. Thank you so much. Thank you. Any more questions? OK, if not, let's thank Professor Bhattacharya again. Thank you very much. Thank you for the lecture. Yeah, we'll now move to the second lecture of the day, by Professor Sangamitra Bandupaddha. And while she's getting set up, I would to introduce Professor Bandupaddha. I would like to invite my colleague, Professor Pritheejeet De, who is a national coordinator of the Mathematical Olympics. And he will introduce Professor Bandupaddha. Thank you. Shall we go?


So then there's really, I think, three main ways that this transfer happens. One is a direct thermal transfer, if you like, heating, and we sometimes talk about the ocean and the atmosphere as being heat sinks. The ocean definitely thermally conducts heat, and that can cause convection in the ocean or drive ocean currents, where, same thing again, some parts of the ocean are heated more than other parts of the ocean, and so you have warm bodies of water that are buoyant and cooler bodies of water that tend to sink. And so up near the poles where the ice caps are, the water there is cooler and tends to sink to the bottom of the ocean, and around the equatorial region we might have that water warming and rising nearer to the surface. And so then we also have factored in the spinning, the anticlockwise, if you like, this way, spinning of the earth that contributes to movement of those cycles. Essentially the process is driven by this transfer of energy from the sun. Now, some of the sorts of things can happen with air masses in the atmosphere, although the atmosphere is not quite as good at conducting that heat energy, and often sometimes the energy comes back off the surface of the earth to drive the processes for the movement of air masses, but essentially what happens is similar where the cooler air masses move differently to the warmer air masses, and in the process of trying to establish a sort of an equilibrium, air masses move around in systematic ways, also further complicated by the rotation of the planet, and we see these spiral air masses moving around the earth that we see as trade winds and those sorts of things, and then locally there are variations depending on topography and those sorts of things. The key point here is that the energy that's driving these transfers of heat energy and ultimately movement of different masses that are warmer or cooler comes from the sun.


The best rivalries are always the closest ones, two teams facing off that don't really like each other and the wins they go back and forth. Bemidji and Brainerd boys hockey has been missing that a little bit lately, as Bemidji has gone over two years without beating Brainerd, the Warriors winning the last six games. Jack's looking to break that streak tonight in Brainer, time running out in the first period, tied at one, Brainerd's Brady Anderson takes it himself and scores. To put the Warriors up two to one with three seconds left in the period, in the second, Brainerd's still up one, Anderson finds Joe Klang for the absolute snipe of a gold top shelf. Bemidji down three now trying to keep it close, Gage Mostad cleans it up as the Jack's still trailed by two, but in the second Warriors show off the passing up top and Gavin Andres sneaks it past the goalie to put Brainerd ahead five to two. This one, Brainerd, they pull away with it, nine to two final score. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.