Hi, my name is Leon Roe, currency trader and trading coach at Trading180.com and welcome to this week's supply and demand forest and gold fundamental and technical analysis. If you're new or warm welcome to you and if you're returning and equally warm welcome to you and please don't forget to like, subscribe and share. Liking is a free way to support the channel and doesn't cost you anything and helps the YouTube algorithm get this quality content out to the traders that really need it and the Trading180 process unlike many other trading channels is to apply fundamentals and technical analysis. So we apply fundamental analysis to establish our overall directional bias in the medium to long term and then apply technical analysis strategies, supply and demand strategies to time, trade entries, risk management and established profit targets. So let's get into the week ahead and the week ahead trading economics sorry the trading economics site we are looking at and let me zoom in week ahead. So US industrial production, retail sales and earnings from big retailers will be in the spotlight next week and investors will also follow speeches from several Fed officials for any clues on the Fed's next steps. China will provide an update on the economic recovery via industrial production and retail sales and a first release of Japan's GDP for the third quarter that's going to be important is also due in Europe. All eyes will be on the UK labor market and that will also be important. Employment is definitely in the employment is very important. It's a leading indicator for what the economy is potentially going to do as far as growth or going to be stagnant. Inflation and retail sales releases so definitely some it's a market moving news this week potentially. So let's get into the technicals and some more in-depth fundamental analysis and we'll start off as we always do on the Dow Jones dollar index DXY and the DXY is just a measure of dollar strength right and I've been saying this for months ever since June right that the path for these positions has been to the upside so pretty much all you really you know should be doing or should have been doing it's not financial advice of course just what you know the traders in my group for example have been doing and what I've been what we've been talking about fundamentally is really just buying the dollar are they going to be some weeks where you got where you get a week dollar of course you know I mean but a week dollar isn't necessarily a week it's just a pullback and profit-taking so there's going to be pullbacks but overall you can see where the trend is to the upside and the trend isn't driven by technical analysis driven by fundamental analysis and and so the Federal Reserve at the moment are looking to hike interest rates right so Feds daily says too soon to change rate hike calculations we're talking about rate hikes here right rate hike is positive and is the intent I guess it's attended to appreciate a currency so also premature to adjust taper given uncertainty daily says and comments come after a consumer prices rise the most since 1990 so the Fed are kind of forced a bit into hiking rates as well simply because inflation is above their 2% target so they have to appreciate their currency because or use methods to try to appreciate their currency because inflation is actually devaluation so to counteract or counterbalance devaluing currency you have to make your currency more attractive create more demand for it and make it a bit more and make it appreciate so rate hikes will do that right so that's why you're seeing this occur right the dollar index is the is the anticipation of the Fed tapering and hiking interest rates in the near future always I say in a medium term and the money is the smart money is buying right they're buying the rumor and this is the reason why we're seeing this happen so if you thought I've been following my videos for any length of time go back through the last week's videos in the weeks before in the months before go back to this these these dates here on my YouTube channel you will see that all I've been saying is literally the dollar to the upside so again there was a major level here a major level but a level of supply that had been touched several times and the dollar index not necessarily looking to trade it's looking for it looking to use it as confidence right whereas the dollar as a measure of overall strength against the euro the pound the yen as well where is it looking to potentially go and just confirm with price action with fundamentals right so it takes out this supply zone and so for me there's no real major supply zone so it's just literally until price proves until price starts to create that supply there literally it's for me it's gonna be buy trades and pull backs to certain levels until there is a shift in the fundamentals at some point but for now it doesn't look like it so that's where the power for these resistance is would I short right now you're in a bit of no man's land so when it comes to supply and demand so for me no I'm not looking to I wouldn't look to short it based on technicals anyway but yeah it's pretty much for me the power for these resistance is still continuing to be upside dollar yen and the dollar yen again we had a bit of a pullback and now we did have a price react to this to this area here but I think the the Japanese yen for me anyway is a sell until risk off sentiment comes into the market but I think if prices can come back to this zone here I think that is a really nice buy if you do want to be a buyer of the Japanese yen and short the currency then that supply zone is decent technically but for me again I'm looking at this demand zone between this one 13 2 2 and this one 12 76 area 7 sorry 72 6 area potentially for a buy so let's see what happens this week if we can get a bit of a pullback into that area for a nice potential buy dollar Swiss and again like the dollar yen the dollar Swiss is more of a risk off currency money tends to flow into the risk Swiss Frank in a risk-off environment for now we're probably more risk-neutral and here is where their new demand is and you can see from the last couple of weeks that prices did react to that demand zone and then start to go higher we've got prices reacting slightly off of that supply zone right there but again I think for me buy trades if prices do pull back that would be where I'd look to enter somewhere around here as long as the dollar is obviously continuing to potentially high crates if you're looking to potentially short now is a decent time to look for short trades on the Swiss Frank as far as buying Swiss Frank and shorting the dollar dollar CAD dollar CAD again prices last week you know didn't necessarily they didn't react to that there was some money to be made in there if you're trading the intradays for sure and even if you're trading the daily but with the dollar with dollar sentiment I think the the path again of these resistance was to the upside although the Bank of Canada is for me one of the banks that I'm looking to buy but not necessarily against the US dollar so there potentially could be a shorting opportunity there but you've got two banks that are looking to high crates and when you've got two competing currencies as far as to competing central banks looking to high crates it's a harder trade to take because it's difficult to see which one is gonna you know is appreciate and one is gonna depreciate what you're looking for is more divergences so you're looking for bank central banks that one is looking to appreciate the currency whereas one of either and one is not right so the dollar CAD isn't one of those currencies that I'm looking to trade based off of fundamentals but from a technical analysis perspective this level is lovely to potentially get short and buy the Canadian dollar this area here now it's gone and again you've probably got some more demand hidden demand in that area there and yeah so any kind of pullbacks into this zone would be a decent buy as well if you're looking to buy the dollar against the Canadian dollar moving on to the pound dollar so the pound dollar and we were predicting this I say predicting but it was we were saying this again for the past when the prices were literally up here we were saying that you know we I didn't believe that the Bank of England would high crates or it would be an if they did high crates it would be a I guess more of a more of a dovish hike because of stag stagflation fears so and look what pretty much what's happened since again if you don't you know if you haven't been watching me for a long time go back to this weeks or that week's YouTube videos the 26th 21st 27th and put it be what the 20 maybe the 25th of October 22nd of October right and look at my analysis and what I was saying at this area right and then look at what you you know what you pretty much seen when it comes to you know our fundamental analysis and it's not Elliot waves this is wave one this is wave two wave three wave four wave five that's nonsense it's all to do with fundamental analysis and how we can you know predict you know with I wouldn't say accuracy 100% accuracy nothing is 100% but just from the perspective of where prices are likely to go you know you can see pretty much what and what's happened right so again looking for a pullback into this zone didn't quite get it unfortunately but I was looking at this area for a pullback the deeper into that area for a potential short trade unfortunately I just didn't get that trade so but where we are now I think the prices will continue to go lower especially when you consider that the the UK economy all right economic growth slows down right so the UK economy grew less than the Bank of England forecast and consumer spending showed signs of weakening leaving the chances of an interest rate increase in December in the balance right so Lizzie Burden reports so again there's rumors that the Bank of England may want to high crates in December but they need economic growth they need GDP to grow and if GDP is stagnating or didn't grow or the numbers came out disappointing then unfortunately they can't they they can't high crates or it'd be economic suicides are high crates so again the path of these resistance for the pound is to the downside I'm not saying it's gonna go down this week 100% you could have a week where it pulls back right prices have to pull back to a potential level right and we don't know how long that price or prices will pull back so or how long it will take the price to pull back but the point being is that the direction of travel should be looking to short these trades yeah and these areas at levels of supply right that should be where well that's where I am looking to take my trades and if it takes this week for example takes five six seven days to do that does that mean that I should have been buying the the pound because prices went higher no that's that's that's absolutely nonsense what you've got to do is look to buy at value and this is was seen as a bargain area for the pound right this is an expensive area for the pound potentially if we get a pullback that's what we're looking to do there's so many traders that say that they're trained traders but yet will start to counter train trade and get caught on both sides you know it doesn't make any sense buying a pound for me if you've got you know headlines like that and also as well from think ing brexit is back so there's more risk sentiment problems there's growing talk of EU suspending its trade deal with the UK should the British government make unilateral wholesale changes to the Northern Ireland protocol that would revive the risk of a no-deal scenario but fresh brexit uncertainty may actually not have as big a market impact as perhaps presumed so expect the euro pound near 0.85 cents at the year end but it may not have the the impact but it's there right brexit is now making its way back into the headlines and none of us know so a lot of uncertainty around the pound again will add to pound sell-offs in my opinion so any kind of pullbacks looking for short trades for me and especially with the with the dollar still looking to potentially high crates euro dollar and the euro dollar again been saying this for a while looking I was looking to get short at some pullback I was hoping that prices would have pulled back to this area here this one 1680 but it didn't but what we've seen now is really prices again continue to go to the downside the dollar is the stronger out of the out of the three major currencies the euro and the pound so any pullbacks into this supply zone for me are by trades I'm taught by trades for the dollar so you're looking at supply zone sells and would I buy the euro at this point in time no until the euro really starts to get their economic activity back and I think there are problems so Merkel advises demand ECB exit strategy as inflation risks rise so economists see an upside risk to euro region inflation outlook and German government's economic advisors publish latest report so again everywhere suffering with high inflation so it doesn't make sense for the European Central Bank to continue to you know print money because they're just going to make inflation worse they continue to devalue the devalue the currency and in Germany they they're having problems because from a manufacturing perspective Germany are Europe's powerhouse so an economic engine really and they're suffering with high inflation which means they got part on to the consumer which then means that if your consumers are playing paying high prices then you it adds to potentially economic I guess growth fears right because there's less money in your pocket and so Germany's Council of Economic Advisers have urged the European Central Bank to publish a strategy for normalizing its ultra-expansive monetary policy in light of building inflation risks so they have to do something to tackle that inflation right they have to do something and if they don't at least start to taper at some point then inflation could get out of hand and that's what Merkel advises are talking about when it comes to the inflation but until the central bank actually come out and say what they're going to do I think again the path for these resistances to the upside again we've been saying ever since June right and predicting this trend to the downside right had periods where prices have gone higher but overall should have really been shorting and continue to short anyways any pullbacks the supply zones for me are buying opportunities as far as for the US dollar we've got the Australian dollar and again Australia are lagging behind when it comes to their central bank monetary policy and the Fed are you know well ahead of the the RBA so you can see in this area here there's not too many demand zones that are going to stand in the way of fundamentals right so delete that demand zone and then you've got some supply here so any pullbacks I think to this area would be decent for a short trade although I'm not trading this currency paying myself but if you are then I think that area there that 74 round number is decent for a potential short trade long trades again buying the Australian dollar against the US dollar if you are looking to do that then now is actually a decent time to look for any kind of long trades and gold right so gold we've definitely broken through this level the more times the level is touched is the weaker it becomes right then you can see where prices pretty much just blasted through and that's really because of inflation so gold right is back in vogue with bulls loving faster inflation again if inflation for the US dollar is going higher right so prices jumped as US inflation sorry as US inflation at the fastest pace since 1990 and that's boosting demand for a hedge as Fed keeps rates low so gold is a hedge against inflation so inflation being the highest or rising the fastest pace since 1990 obviously that's gonna have to get the gold bulls and gold bugs buying more gold right and that's the reason why you're seeing you know this this this type of price action until really the Fed do start to potentially get a cap or get a lid on inflation if they can then you will start to see gold start to set off right but for now you've got dollar rising in a sense that the Federal Reserve looking to high crates and that is bullish for dollar but you've also got the gold bulls who are looking to buy gold to hedge the dollar right so you do have periods in time where you have strong dollar although they typically work inversely to each other you've got gold can and and the dollar can actually rise and fall at the same time and this is one of those periods where you're getting stronger dollar on appreciating dollar but also appreciating gold because you have two different schools of thought where again the dollar guys are saying well we're gonna anticipate a great hike which is appreciative of the dollar but then you've got the gold bulls which are saying well inflation is that you know it's very rising at highs not seen since 1990 so we're looking to buy gold so any pullbacks into this demand zone if you can get it is is decent but also as well we're coming up into a bit of a high not necessarily the the all-time highs of gold but we're coming up into a decent supply zone the price could start to react since and profit taking off of there for the 1888 to 1916 anyways guys that's it for this week I hope you have a great trading week again don't forget to like subscribe and share with your fellow colleagues and I'll speak to you soon until the next video take care


Welcome back everybody to DEF CON 28 safe mode. Continuing on with the Blue Team Village Open Sock CTF walk-through, we're going to be talking about MOLLEC today, and we have Bashar Shama here to give us a quick discussion and a walk-through on the tool and welcome Bashar. Thank you. Hello, everyone. I am Bashar and I'm going to go over how we're going to use MOLLEC tomorrow during the CTF. It was actually introduced to MOLLEC two years ago, playing the same exact CTF that you're going to play tomorrow. I played it two years ago and I really, really fall in love with MOLLEC. So, since then, I started playing with it, stringing with it, just use it as much as I can, and I can use it to today. The goal today is to really prepare you on how to use MOLLEC on the CTF tomorrow. So, we will have time for questions at the end. Please post any questions that you have to the TextWorkshops Track 1 channel in the Discord. The moderators will monitor your questions and what kind of asking at the end towards the end of the session. So, keep your questions from away. We'll have some time at the end to go over some questions. So, let's go ahead and get started. So, a very brief intro on what MOLLEC is. It's a pretty much a free open source tool. It's really a network analysis tool that you can use to analyze a large volume of packet data or PICAPs.  So, you can search tons and tons of PICAP data, gigs of it, hundreds of gigs of PICAPs very easily, very quickly. That's a very, very, very 10,000 over, 10,000 PICAPs overview of MOLLEC. For our purpose here and for the CTF tomorrow, what I have done is actually I have MOLLEC set up and I got some about four gigs of data as a sample from the network forensic training of first 2015. I know of these PICAPs and I pretty much loaded them into MOLLEC to kind of show you how we can use this tool to do our investigation and answer the questions during the CTF tomorrow. So, our scenario for today is, and you got your part of the security team and you received a call saying, hey, around 1 p.m. today, or not today, 1 p.m. on March 12th, 2015, our main company site has been defaced. Somebody has changed the way our website looks like. All we know is we have this image of a file shown as a frog on our main site and we don't know how this happens. Can you please help us? And all you know is you have access to packet capture. You have packet capture and that's what you do and you have our system MOLLEC. So, let's walk right towards it. So, if you have never seen MOLLEC before, this is what it looks like. This is when you land or you log in, you will land pretty much in the sessions tab and that's where you're gonna probably spend most of your time tomorrow in the sessions tab. Usually, I would like to go and just do drop down here on the time and the date and I will do all the time, all day just to have an understanding of helping the incidents. For the purpose of tomorrow again, it's gonna be a very specific time period. But this is where I would start and let's go ahead and deep dive into the investigation and how can we use MOLLEC? So, the first piece of information we know is the date of the incident. So, we know it's on 2015. So, as you can see, MOLLEC can give us this ability to just click through and decide on the dates that we wanna investigate. I'm gonna do 12. So, we have our dates here. That's gonna be our starting date. And then I'm gonna just copy it, paste it here and I'm gonna change this to 13, which will show us here now. Oh, you're looking at one day time range. So, I have my time range set up. I'm gonna go search. And now I can narrow it down to that 24 hours period to kind of figure out what happened during that day. Now, the other piece of information that we were given was it was our main company's website. So, how can I search for that? Probably I wanna look for our host name. So, what I can do is I can type host and the MOLLEC would automatically parse the different fields based on the protocols that exist in the packet. So, if it was HTTP traffic, then MOLLEC will say, okay, well, this is a HTTP hosting. If it's an email and it's an email host name and so on. In my case, because I wanna see everything, all cannot host me, I can just say host and to specify what I'm looking for in MOLLEC, I would just say equal, equal. So, equal, equal means show me everything that matches exactly our host name on AD.asee, okay? That's the first bit of it and I can run that. I also know, since it's our website, I wanna say, well, it's a website that's gonna wanna run on two ports, for example. So, to kind of add more queries into MOLLEC, what you need to do is you just do just two amp signs as an amp and I'm gonna open parentheses and add the ports that we need. So, port equals AD, just like we did before, and port, equal, 443, which we know they both are HSP ports. Now, before we go any further, under ports I can say, well, I can specify I want it to be a destination port, I can't be a source port or so on. For, just to keep it general and we can see everything here, I'm just gonna say, okay, these ports, this host name, and let's see what we find. And I'm gonna stop something, of course. Oh, I'm saying and here and that should be or. So, it's either port 80 or port 443. And that, cool, and so in that case, I just do two pipelines and run that pipes. And now I'm saying, okay, show me everything before this host on port 80 and port 44. And now I can see the traffic. So, let's go and dive deeper. On this traffic, I can see all kind of requests and let's just open something very randomly. Let's open up this request and I see it's a get request. And before we go down, let's spend some time here. So, I just see Molek where we'll parse all the fields in the packet. So, I can click on any of these and I can say, okay, well, what protocol did it come from? Which IP, which ports as HTTP packet, then it will also parse the method, the status code, all of these things to also parse the user agents. Let's say I'm interested in knowing all the user agents that happened in that specific day, that visited our website. I can easily click on user agents and I can say, okay, export unique user agents with accounts. Once I click that, I will see new page showing me the unique user agents, although at home many times, we've seen this in that specific day, and the other one. So, we only see two different user agents, nothing abnormal, nothing suspicious. So, nothing to worry about here. We scroll a bit now, and we can actually see the actual request in raw, the raw request. So, I can see which host they're requesting, whether they, the URI they're going after, and so on. Because I know we had an incident and I know the website has been defaced, the attacker must have sent some kind of data to our website. So, most likely they will not be doing a Git request. When we see Git, it's just pulling data from our website. They're gonna be posting or sending some kind of data. So, let's exclude this. So, I'm gonna click Git, and we don't want Git anymore. So, let's say not Git, but it might actually add that to our query. And it says search, see what we find. So, now we went down to only 12 entries. Okay, that's much easier to kind of go through and like investigate. Again, we're not sure what happened, but one thing I can search source for is by time to kind of understand the timeline of these different requests and the events. And this just opens under random. So, again, same kind of feels like it's parts and so on this work of the request. So, now it's a post request and it's just a question index.php. And I see a test and sleep. I'm not sure what this all this stuff really means. And I also see this jump rich stuff. What is this like, I don't understand. So, if you look at the header, which more I've already explained for you, sometimes it's actually encoded with gzip. Gzip is just a method of compression that web browsers use to compress the data to transfer the least amount of traffic. So, the nice thing with Molek, what we can do is I can just click on compress and now it automatically will decode this packet for us. And now I can easily read it and see, oh, okay. This is what loaded. This is what the page is showing. And from what we see here, nothing of interest yet. Okay, that was useful. But let's keep going. Let's find out what happened. So, another request and see this, but this is like, this looks like an IP address. But what is all this? I don't know. Well, what we can do is Molek has Cybershift built in. Well, Cybershift is a separate open source project but that we can actually just go and do Cybershift and you can load it outside of Cybershift. There we go. And you can just load it outside of Molek and you can do your decoding. But let's get back here. The beauty of this is when we do it for Molek, it will automatically take the packet data and put it in for us. So, what is Cybershift? It's pretty much a tool, a web GUI that you can use to do different decoding of different languages, decoding mechanisms and so on. So, in this case, it's taking the hex code and just decoding it. And while we're looking at this, I can see these percentage signs. Percentage sign means it's a URL kind of thing. So, I can easily just drag the old decode and now I can see the decoded message here. And I can see, oh, it's trying to ping this IP address which is the same IP that's trying to visit. Okay, this is interesting. I'm not sure if they were actually able to ping, but it looks like this IP is trying to do something here. Let's keep going, see what else can we find. Next packet, same thing, test. Okay, nothing here. Next packet, so on. Oh, there's an NC. Okay, what is this for a second? Let's put it up again, Cybershift. Do the same method, decode the URL. And now we see an NC IP address in port. So NC stands for Netcat, which is the utility attackers can use to have a server connect back to them and get shown the box. So what this is saying is, okay, connect back to my IP over this port. So what this means, if this actually succeeded, that means our server connected back on this IP address. Okay, well, let's see if this actually happened. I'm gonna take that port, I'm gonna clean all this up, and then I'm gonna add the IP address. It's not gonna be the source. And port equals the port that we're looking for, the search port. And we have traffic, uh-oh, this is not good. Looks like our box, which is the source here connected back to the server over this port. We can see how many packets and the amount of data that was sent back and forth. So immediately I would say, okay, well, this is the first connection that has the highest number of packets that might have something interesting in it. So let me open it up, scroll down, and we can actually see the whole conversation back and forth now. Well, it looks like the attacker ran a command, which is ID, which is equal to who am I on Windows, to figure out who the attacker is running as on this box and they run as Apache. Then they try to figure out which folder they're in and they try to access file systems. Okay, this is not good. And then I did this cat index PHP, which is, looks like it's our website. There's other looking into what's inside our main file and so on and, okay, what is all this? Oh, and then I see another met cat command here and saving the connection as a cm0 PHP file. And our box locally. So I really, I'm interested to know what this is, but let's keep going. Let's see what all they did they do in this box. And if we get here, they actually did it for us. They did a cat on this file that they created. Okay, when they did that, we can see, oh, it's a PHP backdoor. This is not good. So they use the PHP backdoor or our site. So how am I gonna now figure out what did they do? I know because our backdoors work, they have to visit this PHP file explicitly to kind of load the command they wanna run. So what I can say to Molek is, well, show me all the URIs. So when we say a URI is pretty much everything after the domain would be a URI, that's what it's in front here on. That's a URI. So I wanna say, show me everything that has this in it. And since I can't just do like all what I do in Molek is I just use wildcards at the beginning. So I don't care what's before this and the end meaning I don't care what's after it. Just show me anything that this has this string in the URI. And when I search it, now here, we can see all these URIs for URIs with all these different links in them. What's that they're trying to do? Well, how can I know like, how can I get all this put in like one nice place? I can just click in above and I wanna say export unique URI with accounts. Now Molek will take this for us and tell us, okay, well, this command was run five times. This command was run three times and so on. So now I kind of know which commands they ran because I can see it's to command people cat, command people cat or else or whatever they're trying to do. And I kind of see here there's a JPEG file as well. Okay. So this is how they probably got that JPEG file or the image of the fraud or websites. So let's find out where did they like, how did they do this? So back here and let's do, instead of this, we are looking for that specific JPEG file. So I'm gonna do wildcard and show me anything that has JPEG in it. Go to it up and it's gonna show me all the stuff.  So I'm gonna sort by the size of the data and this is the biggest file that we have when it's loading. And here I can see it's an image file and but I'm not sure what it looks like. So what I can do in Molek is I can just click on show images and files and it will actually render it for us right here in the browser. Now, let's say, you know, I'm not comfortable with doing this or I want to dig in deeper to it or I want to understand what actually happens using Wireshark because I've never used Molek before. At any session, at any point, you can always just click on double pick up and it will kind of like save the pick up for you. So you can open up in Wireshark and, you know, do your analysis manually if you'd like to. Pretty much that's how they get the file and that's how they deface our website and it was in a back door. If we have time, I think we have another, I think that's pretty much it. Okay, so would that be insane? I think that's the highlight of Molek and how to use it. I want to keep some time for questions. Please let me know what kind of questions you've got. I'm also going to be in Discord, be on Twitter if you need anything else but I'm going to be here for any questions that you guys have. Thank you, Bashar. I went ahead and put a note in the text window under the Workshop Track 1 with a link over to Reconnaissance X, Open Sock, Molek Discord Channel. So definitely check that out. Obviously hit Bashar up on Twitter Discord but we're trying to help everybody kind of connect with the right people here so you can get the help you need. Perfect. Thanks a lot, Bashar. I appreciate it. Thank you. I appreciate it. Thank you. Take care.


So, what we see with first-time buyers now, it's incredibly difficult to get into the market. Particularly in the area that I work, you're sort of looking at properties from Dervinal, Tom Shlonga, average price 3 million rand for a property. So, fundamentally it can become very, very difficult from a financial perspective to afford your first home. So, I always say to people, go and see a home loan originator, a mortgage originator, and find out with your salary and your household income what you can afford and how much a bank will lend you. So, that would be the first step that I'd say to people, get your finances in order, and of course, start saving for a deposit. When you have a deposit that you can put on for a property, the bank's going to get you a better rate and a slightly better percentage over 20 years is going to save you so much money over the long-term period of that bond, it's always better to have a deposit. And the average statistic now is that most people are buying with a 10% deposit. So, save up for your deposit. That's a good tip and you can start doing that straight away. So, the second thing I'd say to people is understand or know what location you want to buy the property in. Everybody talks about location, location, location and it's true. A good location is a sound base for a great long-term investment in your property. And some of the things that people look for is, A, the community that you want to live in. Is it the area that you grew up in? Is it the place that you want to see your kids growing up in? Secondly, is the community or the location secure? Security is probably the number one factor that buyers are looking for at the moment. So, am I going to look into a complex in a particular area? Or is the area that I'm buying into a safe area? You can go and find statistics on security in any market. And then thirdly, a big one is schools. So, a lot of the schools are taking applications based on people who live and reside in a specific catchment area.  So, that's some good research that needs to be done on the part of the buyer. There's what location you want to go and invest in. So then the third bit of advice that I always give people is that you can spend all this time researching the market, sitting on the portals, looking for properties, but at some point you've got to come out from your computer and you've got to connect with a professional. And there's nobody in a marketplace that knows a property market better than a real estate agent. A good real estate agent who's active in the community. And they can give you real-time advice based on, you know, how low you can go in with your offer. You know, if you're sitting on a portal or a website, you're looking at listing prices. Most homes don't sell for asking all listing prices. Homes will sell based on what value the buyer perceives in that property. And an agent will give you a great indicator of what the market's doing at that specific moment in time and where you should be coming in with your offer. And they'll also become the middleman in terms of the negotiation.


After Gary Powers' U2 was downed on May 1st of 1960, it became impossible for the United States to continue photographing the Soviet Union. But the need for Soviet intelligence didn't change. It remained paramount to American national security to know what was happening beyond the Iron Curtain. Luckily for the United States, there was a new technology ready to take over the job of aerial reconnaissance within months of the Powers incident. The Corona Spy Satellites Hi everyone, I'm Amy. This is The Vintage Space, my little corner of the internet, where we talk about all things mid-century tech and science that, quite frankly, interest me. Like Cold War aerial espionage. Welcome to part four in this series covering the U2, the Corona Satellites, and the A-12 slash Oxcart slash SR-71. So far in the series, we've done the U2 program in depth over three videos. They're all linked in the description. I'd recommend checking those out to get the backstory, as this series is a very deep dive, so there's a lot of context and some major players to get to know. Which also means now is a great time to subscribe so you don't miss the next installment in the story. And a quick reminder before we continue, this series is focused on U.S.-Soviet relations because that's where my interest lies. Alrighty, let's get into it. The Second World War saw rocketry mature as a technology. Mainly with the V2 program in Germany. In the immediate post-war years, both the United States and the Soviet Union imported V2 scientists to harness the new knowledge. Yes, that is an oversimplification. Breaking the chains of gravity has the full story and there's a link below in the description. The United States managed to import some of the German program's foremost minds, including Brunner von Braun, who brought literal train cars full of V2 parts and plans stateside with him. Human engineers were thus able to rebuild the V2 while learning about the technology. And in 1946, a team at the White Sands Proving Ground launched one carrying a camera. That V2 captured the first image of the Earth from space. Photography from above the atmosphere was somewhat literally on the horizon. That same year, the Rand Corporation undertook a feasibility study of orbiting satellites for data collection. Technology became a primary technological focus in the United States in the late 1940s and into the 1950s. And most of the funding came in developing this technology for national defense. The emphasis was on developing intermediate range and intercontinental ballistic missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads to points around the globe, essentially building up an arsenal against potential aggression from the Soviet Union. This work led to three notable programs. The Redstone IRBM, being developed by Werner von Braun's team now working at the Army Ballistic Missile Agency, the U.S. Air Force's Atlas ICBM, and the Navy's Vanguard Sounding Rocket. While the military branches pursued various missile programs, Rand continued to study and develop the idea of reconnaissance satellites. In 1953, the program was transferred to the U.S. Air Force's Air Research and Development Command, bringing the idea firmly under the military umbrella, which was good timing. Just coincident with the Air Force taking over the satellite program, the Air Force's Scientific Advisory Board gave the Atlas missile a high priority status. The Atlas's development had implications for satellites. If the missile could carry a warhead across the ocean, it would also be powerful enough to carry something smaller into orbit. In essence, the thrust to send a warhead across the Earth could be harnessed for an orbital trajectory with a less massive payload. The same could be said of Redstone and Vanguard as well. Earth could theoretically carry small payloads into space. The link between missiles and spaceflight found various outlets. But the one we're interested in for this story comes in 1955, when General Operational Requirement No. 80 gave the objective of providing continuous surveillance of pre-selected areas of enemy territory. The idea of a satellite surveillance program fell under the Air Force's Ballistic Missile Division. Just two years earlier, in the fall of 1953, the CIA began pursuing a high-altitude reconnaissance plane. The Air Force, officially taking on a satellite program, now marked a shift in overhead reconnaissance in the United States. Traditional forms of espionage using human operatives became impossible after the Iron Curtain came down, shutting off communications with Eastern Europe. What World War II era photography the Americans had was badly outdated. Better intelligence was necessary to manage the mounting Cold War, and the only way to look past the Iron Curtain was to go over top of it. If a plane could fly high enough to avoid radar detection, which would also put it well out of range of intercepting missiles, it could fly into Soviet airspace to photograph missile and bomber sites without being seen. This plane was the U-2. The full origin story is in this video right up here. It was designed by Kelly Johnson and the Lockheed team to be invisible and invincible, but came with a time limit. Even before the plane started flying, CIA program managers knew it was only a matter of time before this cutting-edge technology became obsolete. Including Special Assistant for Planning and Coordination Richard M. Bissell, the CIA's leading advocate of technical over human intelligence gathering, he gave the U-2 two years of overflights before the Soviets would know enough about it to build defenses against it. The U-2 didn't get two years of invisibility. It didn't even get two flights. Herbie Stockman left the base at Wiesbaden on July 4th of 1956 and flew over Poznan, Poland, Belarus, then headed north towards Leningrad before flying over the Baltic states. Carmine Vito followed a similar path the next day, but flew further east, going more than 200 kilometers past Moscow. Soviet radar picked up both flights almost immediately. And though it seemed the Soviet fighters couldn't track the U-2 well enough to intercept it, the plane was no longer a secret. That same month, July of 1956, the Air Force approved a satellite development program called Weapons System 117L, or WS-117L. Four months later, the prime contract was awarded to the Lockheed Missile and Space Company, the same company that built the U-2. WS-117L was originally conceived as a program to explore and implement reconnaissance satellites for national security. The idea was to house various electronic intelligence and imagery intelligence setups within a single system housed in the Lockheed upper stage that eventually became known as the Agena. And unlike the U-2 program that returned film to be developed and analyzed, WS-117L aimed for near real-time data with the E1 and E2 systems. The best available technology at the time was television cameras, but they were too slow to image anything from orbit properly. To bypass the leg of TV cameras, both the E1 and E2 systems used a regular film camera to photograph sites of interest from orbit. That film would be stored and developed on board the Agena. And once processed, scanning cameras would image that film and relay the images back to Earth. Like the U-2 program, WS-117L gave Eisenhower pause. Though he was keen on a technology that would return intelligence without violating Soviet airspace, he was also keen to keep the military out of space. Eisenhower's resolve on this point was strengthened after the Soviets launched Sputnik on October 4th of 1957. The small satellite merely beeped from orbit, but it raised fears among the American people that the Soviets were spying from space. Experts knew the satellite itself was harmless and that the real worry was the R-7 launch vehicle's power. The R-7 that launched 184 pounds into orbit could launch something heavier across the Earth, like a nuclear warhead from Russia to the United States. Sputnik pushed America's nascent space efforts forward and also bred fears over the Soviets' missile powers. The question had been over the bomber gap when the U-2 started flying. Now it was over the missile gap. U-2 overflights were ongoing when the President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities sent its semi-annual report on October 24th of 1957. It listed two technologies then under development to gather data on Soviet technologies, a new manned high-altitude plane with a smaller radar cross-section than the U-2 and an unmanned reconnaissance satellite system. Eisenhower gravitated to satellites over continued overflights. On October 28th, he asked Secretary of Defense Charles Wilson and Director of Central Intelligence, Alan Dulles, for a status report on this nascent technology. The report ended up being a verbal one to avoid any written records falling into the wrong hands and in the months that followed, more in-person meetings shaped the program. Major players agreed that the WS-117L photographic subsystem represented the best chance of success and should thus be separated into a standalone program called Corona. While early talks were still underway, a new agency joined the discussion. The Advanced Research Projects Agency, or ARPA, which is the predecessor to modern-day DARPA, was established on February 7th, 1958 and was immediately granted authority over military space projects. An ARPA directive on February 28th and the CIA's Assuming Responsibility for Security Arrangements around WS-117L in March finalized Corona's separation. It was now a program to develop a mid-sized satellite that would launch on a Thor-Agenus stack. Thor would be the first stage and a Gena the second stage that would also house the imaging system. Like the U-2, it was officially a joint CIA-ARPA Air Force program, though it developed into more of an ARPA-CIA program with Air Force support. Special Assistant to DCI Alan Dulles for Planning and Development, Richard Bissell and Brigadier General Osmond Ritland were the prominent management voices representing the CIA and Air Force, respectively. From the start, the program was marked by civility. None of the organizations involved wanted credit. They all just wanted to get the job done. WS-117L, as a whole program, meanwhile, did live on under the Air Force umbrella. Corona took shape as it developed into a dedicated standalone program, one of the first things to go was the goal of near real-time imaging. While scanning the photographs was viable, relaying them to Earth was not. The bandwidth for this transfer was beyond the limits of technology at the time, so planners started considering an alternate method. The near real-time goal became a separate project called Samos. Corona took shape as the stop gap while technology caught up and the interim solution was physical film recovery. With this decision made, planners focused on the actual spacecraft in March of 1958. Lockheed presented a spin-stabilized, football-shaped payload design to its counterparts, the CIA, the Air Force, the ballistic missile division, General Electric, and Fairchild, the company building the camera. But the arrangement soon changed. The ITEC company was building a new camera that Bissell was more excited about than the Fairchild design, even though it eschewed spin stabilization for a three-axis stabilization system. Bissell eventually changed Corona's camera system, abandoning Fairchild as a contractor. But to lessen the financial blow, Fairchild was brought on as a subcontractor to ITEC. The camera hardware was designed to be part of the Agena, meaning the stage had to alter its attitude to point the camera at its target. As the film was exposed, it would spool into an onboard bucket, properly called the reentry vehicle or recovery vehicle. Once the full load of film was exposed and spooled, it was time for reentry. The Agena would pitch down through 60 degrees to put the satellite in a retrofire orientation. The retro rockets would fire, then the satellite recovery vehicle would separate from the Agena. Spin stabilization rockets would maintain the recovery vehicle's attitude as it fell through the atmosphere, through the retro rocket thrust cone separation and heat shield and parachute cover deployment phases. Once the recovery vehicle reached thick enough atmosphere, the drogue parachute would deploy, followed by the main chute that would slow its fall in a designated recovery area over the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii. And here's where the decision to recover the film gets really tricky. To avoid the film falling into the wrong hands, the primary recovery method called for a pilot to fly a C-119 or a C-130 over the top of the descending capsule and snag the parachute or its shrouds with a trapeze-like hook suspended below the fuselage. If the pilot missed, the recovery vehicle was designed to float long enough for backup crews to fish it out of the water, but not so long that a foreign ship could find it. The capsules would eventually sink, burying the intelligence with them. In theory, this recovery method was simple, but it proved very difficult in practice. When a test squadron practiced catching descending payloads midair, pilots only recovered 49 of the first 74 drops. A different style of parachutes saw four out of 15 drops recovered. 11 drops with yet another kind of chute saw only five recoveries. Regardless of parachute type, the recovery rate was low, but that wasn't all. On average, it took one and a half passes to snag the chute, which meant even successful recoveries were not smooth. Issues were chalked up to crew inexperience, but the canisters also fell so fast it was hard to gain experience. Still, another kind of chute was eventually developed with a slow enough sink rate for a reasonable chance of air recovery, bringing some reliability to the method. The in-flight and recovery sorted, the final program consideration was getting Corona into orbit. For the Corona Satellites to cover the Soviet Union, they needed to launch into a near-polar orbit, which meant the missions couldn't start at the Air Force's Cape Canaveral Launch Site, which was perfect for equatorial launches. The best launch location for Corona turned out to be near Arguello, California, a site that not only facilitated polar launches, rockets launching southward went safely over the Pacific Ocean. It was great for range safety. The location was perfect, but the site didn't exist. A new facility would have to be built at the Cook Air Force Base, which was renamed Vandenberg Air Force Base in October of 1958. There was only one lingering challenge with the launch location. The Southern Pacific Railroad passed very close to the base. The workaround was setting launch windows around the train schedule, even if it meant a break in rail traffic that was just a few minutes long. These major decisions made Corona's final configuration was sent to the White House Chief of Staff, Andrew Goodpaster, on April 16th of 1958. He passed it to Eisenhower, who approved the program. The official record was a handwritten note on the back of an envelope taken by General Charles Peer Cable, the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence. The last challenge was figuring out the cover story for Corona, since there was no way people wouldn't notice rockets flying over the California coast. The WS-117L program wasn't a public secret. It wasn't openly talked about, but it wasn't highly classified either. Managers knew linking Corona to WS-117L in any way would both draw unwanted attention to the government reconnaissance programs and reveal this satellite's true nature. The solution lay in the nation's very public space program. On December 3rd, 1958, a press release announced the discoverer and sentry programs, which were Corona and Samos respectively. The public was told both programs would be exploring space, environmental conditions, and launching biomedical specimens, and that ARPA would participate by developing radiometric payloads. Corona was thus disassociated from sentry and Samos and protected by discoverer. With all the pieces falling into place, the first Corona design review came on May 14th, 1958, and the design was frozen on July 26th. Already, the first launch tentatively on the books was in mid-1959. As part of the lead-up, the Vandenberg launch site was finished. This Air Force operational missile training site became home to the 672nd Strategic Missile Squadron, working specifically with the Thor missiles. Manufacturing and other program personnel were all moved to the area as they prepared to launch from California and recover the film near Hawaii. The Thor Agena program supporting Corona got off to a rocky start, which was part for the course for rocketry in the late 1950s. But even for the 1950s, Corona had a lot of growing pains. On January 21st, 1959, the first Thor Agena mission and the first launch from Vandenberg was aborted at T-minus 60 minutes. Power was applied to test the Agena's hydraulic system, triggering the explosive bolts connecting it to the Thor booster. The alleged motors fired and the Agena settled into its faring, sustaining significant damage. That was just the first of many problematic attempted launches. By the end of 1959, the program had experienced one misfire, three orbit insertion failures, two high eccentric orbits, one premature ejection, three partial or complete camera failures, one retro rocket malfunction, one temperature failure in the payload bay, and failures of both the camera and the capsule return method. These specific failures were all symptomatic of larger, more serious issues that would continue to affect the program if left unaddressed. A Corona panel finally met to discuss the extensive list of problems. The launch profile explained the orbit insertion problems. The Thor Agena stack demanded the Thor burn all its fuel rather than having the engine cut out at a predetermined point in velocity. This inaccurate profile introduced the potential for trajectory variations that could compound when the Agena fired. A more powerful Agena with lighter instruments would help remedy the problem, but in the meantime, engineers had to literally shave off weight with a file and tin snippers to keep the stacks mass low enough for the correct launch profile. One issue behind the camera failures was the film. It was designed to operate in an unpressurized cabin, a decision made to save weight, but the vacuum caused the acetate-based film to tear, which in turn caused the camera to jam. A new, more durable polyester film solved that problem. Cabin temperature was another cause of camera failure. Again, to keep mass low, the camera's cabin was heated purely through passive thermal control. The sun provided natural heating, but it wasn't stable. Early missions saw a huge variety of in-board temperatures. An interim solution with a minimal weight penalty was adding thermal paint. The spin stabilization rockets explained problems with the capsule's return. They tended to explode rather than fire. Changing to a cold gas system promised to solve the problem. A more challenging problem to solve with the recovery was getting the recovery vehicle to come down in the right zone. A one-second delay in firing the retro rockets translated to a five-mile difference in landing site, and that was a huge error when a pilot had to snag the falling payloads parachute. Adding to the corona team's mounting stresses in solving these problems was the Navy's success with its own satellite program. On June 22nd, 1960, the Navy launched a successful galactic radiation background experiment, GRAB satellite, that carried an electronic intelligence or Elan system that gathered information on Soviet air defense radars. Corona, meanwhile, needed, quote, qualification, requalification, and multiple testing of component parts before more missions could resume, but there was no question of canceling the program. Problems aside, the satellites were getting into orbit, and while GRAB could detect radar, it couldn't photograph airfields or missile locations. To give the corona research and development team time to solve the bevy of issues, a stand-down was in effect from November 20th, 1959 to February 4th, 1960, when the 9th Discoverer mission launched, and it failed to achieve orbit. Discoverer 10 launched on February 19th, 1960, and though it was the first time film was recovered from a mission, it was in a way that made no one happy. The Thor booster fish-tailed and was destroyed by range safety after 52 seconds. The payload was picked up nearby by a crew in a jeep. By April 1960, there had been 11 launches and not a single success, forcing another stand-down to make time for more troubleshooting. The next mission, a diagnostic flight for Discoverer 12, saw the Agena fail to redorb it. The need for viable intelligence increased as the failures piled up. As the Soviets launched increasingly sophisticated and heavy payloads, fear over the nation's missile arsenal increased. The perceived missile gap took center stage in 1960, becoming one of the key points in the presidential race between John Kennedy and Richard Nixon. Meanwhile, President Eisenhower decided to take a decisive step and authorized an audacious and extremely risky U-2 Soviet overflight. That flight took off early in the morning on May 1st and ended with Gary Powers' U-2 being downed deep over Soviet territory. Soviet overflights were officially finished and there was still no information about the nation's true military capability. Grab satellites couldn't image missile installations. The sentry system was still under development and far in the future. Corona had to work. Discoverer 13 launched on August 10th, 1960, a repeat of the diagnostic flight and it all finally worked, almost. The capsule came down outside the recovery area and was fished out of the ocean, but it was nevertheless a tremendous win for the program. The mission was widely celebrated under the Discoverer Cover Story. News photos showed the ocean recovery and Eisenhower displayed the capsule and flag it had carried to the press. Finally, Discoverer 13 was definitive proof that the Corona system worked. Even though this mission had no film on board, it proved orbital espionage was a viable option. On August 17th, the show trial over Gary Powers' flight ended. He was found guilty of espionage and his sentence was 10 years' deprivation of liberty. On August 18th, Discoverer 14 launched on the first complete Corona mission. This mission wasn't without its problems. The Agena had to use a lot of fuel to correct its orientation once in orbit, but once this was done, the full 18 feet of film was exposed. The bucket was ejected and Captain Harold E. Mitchell piloting a C-119 snagged it on his third pass over the falling payload. The film was delivered to the Photographic Interpretation Center for Development and Analysis. The resolution was much lower than photographs returned from U-2 flights and some images had strange artifacts like plus minus density bars related to onboard fluid leaks and some marks caused by actual Corona, electrostatic discharge from the sun. But issues aside, the intelligence was outstanding. This one mission had covered more territory than all the U-2 missions combined. Some 1.5 million square miles of Soviet land, airfields and 26 new surface-to-air missile sites. It even covered areas unreachable by the U-2 with its 24-inch focal length camera that could resolve objects as small as 40 feet across. Analysts could count individual bombers at airfields. It also photographed missile locations. In one mission, Corona had disproved the existence of a missile gap and this was just the beginning. The Discoverer 14 camera was retroactively given the security designation of Keyhole 1 or KH1 and there were other more sophisticated cameras coming out of the WS-117L program for later missions. This raised the issue of managing all the incoming intelligence, not from Corona alone, but from other programs as well, Grab and Samos. To pull together the growing amount of data, the CIA and Department of Defense jointly established the National Reconnaissance Program on September 6th of 1961 as the umbrella organization to manage all military and government espionage program, which also included the still nascent A-12 slash ox cart slash SR-71 spy plane. The office was co-directed by Undersecretary of the Air Force, Dr. Joseph Charek and CIA Deputy Director, Richard Bissell. A very familiar name in this story. The next missions in the Corona series were a mix of partial successes and failures, but saw one major step forward with Discoverer 18. Launched on December 10th, 1960, this mission debuted the larger Agena B stage that was able to support longer missions with more film, in this case 39 pounds, feeding into the updated KH2 camera. The images from this flight resolved objects as small as 35 feet across, confirming results of earlier missions. As the program continued, the camera technology went through upgrades that meant later missions yielded better results. On the heels of the KH2 camera was the KH3, a new model with minor enhancements. This version debuted on August 30th, 1961 as the payload of Discoverer 29, but analysts wanted better imagery, ideally stereoscopic injury to really understand Soviet missile sites. Using the available technology, engineers achieved this goal by combining two KH3 cameras into a single Agena payload. One pointed forwards and the other aft, photographing a swath 15 degrees from vertical in both directions. The resulting images aligned, created a stereo look at that swath of ground. This became the mural variant and this camera system known as KH4. This system also added a new index camera to take small scale photographs to simplify identifying terrain. But before KH3 launched, its numeric successor KH5 flew. It actually even flew before KH3. KH5 was called Argonne. Its first launch on February 17th, 1961 was the first of several failures. There were 12 Argonne missions, only five of which worked. Murrow ultimately became Corona's workhorse with later iterations increasing its yield. The KH4A and KH4B variants doubled the film supply to 160 pounds with a maximum resolution of objects five to six feet across. The upgraded KH4 system also used two buckets, which meant one film reel could be jettisoned and returned while the other remained in orbit working. Doubling the return from one flight was a serious boon to the program. 52 KH4A systems launched, returning 94 buckets between 1963 and 1969. The KH4B system returned 32 buckets over 17 launches between 1967 and 1972. Even as these better cameras found success, analysts wanted more resolution. In June of 1963, a new system called Lanyard launched, also known as KH6, a camera system designed to resolve objects just one foot across. KH6 was a version of the Samos system, one of the original designs under WS117L. KH6 attempted to aim its optics independently rather than maneuvering the whole spacecraft with a dedicated roll joint, covering 192 nautical miles across the length of the spacecraft's flight path. But the camera could only adjust 200 times per mission and it was slow. It took three seconds to move each 15 degree increment and 30 seconds to move from one extreme to the other. Lanyard only launched three times and never yielded the results engineers and analysts had hoped for. The Agena upper stage failed on the Discoverer 37 mission in January of 1962, marking an unceremonious end of the Discoverer program. The cover story had simply run out. The next corona mission launched on April 18th, 1962 and was openly part of the CIA program. Other versions continued flying too, including Mural, which saw 26 missions before its final flight on December 21st, 1963. 20 of them were recovered, all but one by air snatch. Of the six that failed, two were launched failures, one didn't ranter correctly and three sank. Later iterations kept launching with various improvements. In 1963, a cluster of smaller rockets was strapped to the Thor booster increasing its power at launch. The same host system with a longer focal length made for better pictures. Some missions flew low over target areas for the sake of resolving details, necessitating new orbital adjustment systems to compensate for the rapid decay that came with these lower orbits. There were also some new elements to the continued reconnaissance missions. Infrared film limited dependence on daylight, but there remained no way to get around cloud cover. The CIA and Air Force needed better ability to track weather. On June 21st, 1961, the office of the secretary of the Air Force initiated a defense meteorological satellite program to support corona with better weather data. By October 1962, meteorological satellites had paid immense dividends to the program. As the 1960s drew to a close, there was again talk of a new system to replace corona entirely, KH9. KH9, sometimes referred to as Big Bird, was an updated system that also came out of WS-117L, mirroring a mapping camera with high-resolution cameras. Between 1971 and 1986, 19 hexagon missions covered 877 million square miles of land, still using corona-style film return. This program arguably gathered the best ever images of the Earth from space. The year after KH9 first launched, the corona program was officially canceled, coming to an end in 1972. In its 12 years, the program had a pretty outstanding life. What was meant to be a short interim program lasted far longer than anyone had planned, gathering crucial Cold War intelligence that helped multiple presidents shape international politics while navigating the Cold War. In total, the corona family of satellites returned more than 100,000 images and 2.1 million feet of film, over 39,000 separate reels. The system that some have called an assemblage of objects designed to replace the U-2 made immeasurable contributions to U.S. reconnaissance. The only thing corona couldn't do was realize the dream of near-real-time satellite imaging. This was finally achieved in the late 1970s with electronic film optical readout technology developed under the NRO's Project B office. It used a charge-coupled device, the same as modern digital cameras. Of course, satellite imagery from space didn't stop with PH9. Satellites photographing the Earth have become exceptionally commonplace. I hope you guys enjoyed this look at the corona spy satellite program. Up next is the last installment of the Cold War aerial espionage series, the A12 slash oxcart slash SR 71. A quick reminder that my new book, Fighting for Space, is available for pre-order however you like to consume books. Hardcover, audio book, e-book, and you can even pre-order the paperback. My first book, Breaking the Chains of Gravity is also available however you'd like to buy books. I have links for both of those below. A very special shout-out to all my Patreon backers and YouTube members.  So thank you so much for your ongoing support. If you would like to help keep the vintage space up and running and get access to my Space Center Discord, I have the link you need in the description. And of course, links to connect across all of my social media as well. Thank you guys so much for hanging out with me today. I hope you enjoyed your time here and I'll see you next time.


Go to the gym, guys. Please only go to work out. Don't go there and just sit and watch TV or talk with your friends. That's why I go fricking, anyway.  And then what doesn't go better with salmon than pancakes? Don't do that. Don't do it. Don't do it. I immediately had pancakes after I had salmon and they don't go well together.  Just!  It did, it did.  This one guy was on the lat pull-down machine. I did three circuits of biceps, back, chest, shoulder, forearms, three cycles of that and he didn't finish his sets on the lat pull-down machines. Old man yells at clouds. Today we got a video. This is from Teach Jim Etiquette at the Gym. Chennai Chess Olympiad 2022. So this is a very interesting and impressive narration by Kamal Hosan during the opening of the ceremony of Chess Olympiad in Chennai. The visuals were spectacular and appreciated by many. A lot of great Indian chess players. So this is like, almost like the opening of like, Right, the Chess Olympics. Is it actual chess, is that what he's talking about? Anyway, but I think they narrate like history and Kamal Hosan does the narration along to the visuals of it. You like to play chess? I do, I do too.  Just like any game, I'll play any game. I'm just a competitive person, so I like competing. And I always win, I never lose. I've never actually lost in my life. Here we go. I've had game nights with him many times and he has crossed, yeah. We come from a land of inspiring stories. And I, Thummerman, come with a tale as timeless as me. The story of our freedom. History is written by Victor's. Truth is written in blood on the soil. My children are the ones who don't see it. They are the ones who don't live in their hearts. The ones who are the ones who don't live in their hearts.  Oh, that was very nice. We were nurtured to be free men. Our kings led us by example. Their courts encouraged free speech of their harmony with neighboring kingdoms, a sense of unity. We were neighbors of great kings like Ashoka, co-existing with one another. And so peace prevailed. But in the end, our mother was made to bend to the force of colonial empire. Her people separated, discriminated, and split. From this land split into a few men's too tall and brave. The Palaikar or Polly girls. Maruthanayagam, Sundaralingam. Pruditevan was the first to say no to the unfair taxes levied on the people. And in that line of royalty came a warrior like none other, Maruthanayagam. And near Thaymanne, Thamadavaha, who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one who was the one. Maruthanayagam. Some of it's subbed and some of it's not. Yeah. his final words at the gallows inspired generations to come eros marudapandirth the deoks of sivagangai who weaponized and redesigned our arms to match that of our enemies including the famed valari passed on to the next generation hmm nice stop cutting back we don't need to keep cutting back to this that's not the manna karnaka woman is it the one that kangana played right i don't know india's had a lot of woman warriors yeah so with the support of the loyal soldier and the first woman commander-in-chief queely this woman was celebrated by the people for their bravery and valor milanachia was crowned queen kamal sun really has a great voice oh yeah enemies grew stronger by the day stocking up on weapons to destroy the peace of the people but our commander-in-chief is a fears protector just like her queen bird and key queely decided to make the ultimate sacrifice a life first of all martyrs then came the time of a new weapon mightier than the sword the pen jesus brahmanyam the celebrated journalist and the founder of the hindu created sudesh nathran the first tumble journal this must be like the mp or something right somebody some whose poetry was music to the ears and the meaning fuel to our minds their outfits look like lagon to me yeah the words that inspired an entire nation and in that order comes the great v who challenged the colonial authority not just over land but also see founder of swadeshi steam navigation company van jenathan inspired the youth with his patriotic fervor then came the time of our hinsa through mohondas karansan gandhi barister already mga mavi one of the chief of yin man i think is that young gandhi oh as a lawyer as a lawyer in africa probably gotcha then came another great leader and liberator tandei piryar who reformed society and uplifted the oppressed masses bringing unity among all the wild forces did not yield trying to erase my people's voices identity flag and spirit and even in these times of darkness one hand did not give in as we were charged with the luttis beaten to submit one flag remained high this flamed the liberation of our mother and we honor all those that fought for her boasting of the most number of women to participate in the good fight anjala yamar the laya diva li ammi piryar evr nagavan nice jabamani matilamani yar karnamar captain lakshmi kb sundramal and many like them all for independence preserved and protected decade after decade by all honorable leaders from moody ringer raja g karmavir khamraj who set the standards of education pere ringer anna who gave our identity our name come on calling your karnan avi for the social justice and equality that prevails mokkal dalakam mjya for his ingenious and silvi j jay lalitha who strived for empowerment of girl children to our honorable chief minister present here with us today through mk starling chief ministering the legacy and baton cfcm yeah to make a difference and so we celebrate not yesterday or today but 75 years of our independent india and i former one i'm honored to have shared the part of my history with you all coming from far and wide to be part of this great land to be part of this great story i wanted to see the stage nice i know nothing about the guy i'm not saying anything about the no nothing to do with him it's like if you had this there's really cameras it's like if you have this really cool cultural production going on then you flashback to joe biden right so he's just they're doing with old people they do it at probably asleep they do it at the olympics all the time like whatever country is the host country they always show the head of that country who's just doing this and then maybe doing this i think if you want to see him clapping at the end show him clapping right and well meanwhile i just want to see the stage pouring their hearts out it really is true artist there's a lot of work went into that and no one's getting paid big bucks to do that no those are real like passionate artists just pouring their hearts out i want to watch them yeah that was great that was really great love seeing stuff like that come on son is a great voice i mean it's it's i don't think as as because his voice is so unique and it's it's aged through the through the years yeah so now it's really deep and guttural and even yeah very stuff going on yeah like rough yeah it didn't used to always be that rough no it's always been like a rough rough rough voice but it's it's gotten even rougher as opposed to big b who's like always had this godly voice yeah of a that's just big booming he has a very like it's still like an intimidating voice and good for narration um but yeah it's i always like seeing these cool cultural yeah also reminded me i still need to see gondi i've never actually i was thinking about that when i've never actually seen gondi you know who has a uh very small small part in that daniel delos yeah yeah this first like one of his very first roles he just plays a street thug in one scene very young daniel delos but yeah it's definitely one to watch i spoke gondi g a h n d i g h n d i did i say g sorry no 1982 just g a n d i always put the h in the wrong spot g a n d h i gondi is it really three hours yeah it is really yep wow covers his whole life did it win oscars i'm guessing it won i think 10 oscars including best picture kingsley got the best actor yeah i assume that it got score it got um martin sheen yep he played kennedy once omrash you saw omrash that's another thing i didn't even realize we at the time there's a there's quite a few names from indians oh boy yeah quite a few names from indians have you watched it recently it's been many years have not watched it in a long time i'm sure i would love watching it now and seeing all those faces pop up um daniel delos obviously i knew that one and that was the film that had the costumer was indian and she won the oscar for best costume that's the only indian that's everyone an oscar until uh this year rye got the honorary until this year when uh yeah somebody from rr is going to be lifting uh in some category has to song it and it holds the world record still of most background actors used because of big god had to make it big tom alters in it tom alters probably the uh most well-known white actor in india yep um even though he's indian he grew up in india yeah but he's a he's a white man um i don't remember somebody show me a clip of him once and um and he grew up in india and some reporter i say how's your hindi so good he's like because i i fucking grew up at my whole life here i'm indian yeah uh yeah a lot of uh once again i've never seen this film richard attenborough though so he yes he's a good yeah if i'm i'm not mistaken it won ten oscars that's richard attenborough the owner of drastic park yeah i never made i never made that yeah i never made that connection yep that's interesting okay anyways uh fantastic video let us know if there's other videos that we can react to uh and stop showing politicians and cultural videos just sitting there just sitting there staring at the end clapping at the very end clapping we all know they're there yeah anyways uh let us know what other videos we can react to down below


Abstract wood fibre is a great potential supportive material for creating a new composite known as phase change materials, PCM. This material has many beneficial qualities such as high sorption competency, low density, environmental friendliness, economic efficiency, and chemical inertness. The main goal of this research is to study the effect of using wood fibre mixed with stearic and capric acid eutectic mixtures on the fuel, cost, and carbon emission saving potentials for various PCM cases. It was found that the highest energy saving rate belonged to PCM5, which experienced a phase transition within the comfortable temperature range of buildings. This case resulted in a 52.7% energy saving for a thickness of 0.1 m. PCM1, PCM2, PCM3, and PCM4 also provided energy saving rates of 23.5%, 34.3%, 44.7%, and 50.5% respectively. Additionally, it was determined that the proposed composite provided a promising energy saving potential in building applications by reducing costs and emissions. This article was authored by Nubas Simfrahat, Abidu Steyoglu, Osman Jensal, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Stakeholders say some of the leading causes of maternal new born mortalities in Nigeria are ignorance and late anti-natal care for pregnant women. This was revealed in Asaba, the Social Mobilization Committee meeting for forthcoming maternal newborn health week in Delta State by the Permanent Secretary, Delta State Primary Health Care Development Agency, Dr. Winfo Orenka. The purpose of the meeting is to mobilize Delta and to take advantage of the one week free medical service by the government through primary health care centers. From the 23rd to the 29th of June 2023, the government will deliver a package of basic interventions that are highly effective in reducing child mortality and improving modern child health. The medical care will complement the team of health services by ensuring that healthcare reaches or outreaches reach all nuke and crannies of the state. Vaccines is also expected to be administered and be made available to all persons. It's done twice a year where we actually integrate all our primary care programs to target groups in our various communities. The mothers, the pregnant two men, children below five years of age, even girls, adolescent girls, pregnant two men. So all these groups in the community are taking into consideration with various programs taking to them, various services taking to them to ensure they are healthy. When I say that when the woman is pregnant, enough nutrition should not be compromised at all. When the child is put to bed, exclusive breastfeeding is emphasized up to six months of age and after we should continue breastfeeding up to two years and beyond. If these ones are compromised, the child becomes malnourished and the child will come out either stunting, wasting or underweight. We provide them at the primary care level and so it's one more opportunity for those who most especially we call the Atrix people women and children and that's why you have the program tab maternal newborn child at week. But we also open up expanding the program to embrace other programs so that every member of a family can benefit. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.