Why is Cartra better than its competitors? This is part one of two. Hey, just a few years ago, I was introduced to this software called Cartra, and they said they could do everything. And I watched this video, and it was amazing what it could do. And I signed up and guess what happened? They were right. It can do everything. In this video and in the next video, I wanna tell you all about Cartra and why you shouldn't use any other software to promote your online business. And we're starting right now. Hey, I'm JR Fisher. Welcome to my channel. I appreciate you being here, been selling online since 2009. So millions of dollars are both digital and physical products. And there's a subscribe button I wanna tell you about. It's right there. You need to hit that subscribe button, right? You need to get more of this information. It's gonna help you out on this channel. This is actually your channel. This is the channel where you can come to and get your questions answered about selling online.  You wanna turn on all notifications. That way, when I do a fresh new video, you will get notified. I can tell you about it. You won't miss out. You'll become part of the Fisher family, the VIP group that gets notified every single time I do a new video. Now, if you're trying to figure out what the best software is for market online, it's Cartra. However, I have to explain it to you. I gotta tell you why. So in these two videos, this is a two-part series. You're gonna wanna watch this and then the next one, you're gonna be convinced that Cartra is the right software for you. Let's get going. Also, I wanna remind you that I've got a $97 course, but just for watching this video, I wanna hand it to you absolutely free. There'll be a link in the description at the bottom of this particular video. So go ahead and grab that. I also wanna hear your comments. Okay, what do you think about Cartra after listening to this? Have you tried Cartra? What are you using? Let me hear your comments below and if you have any questions, stick those in there too. Okay, first off, I gotta tell you, Cartra is an all-in-one software because when you're doing online marketing, you got a lot of things you gotta do. I mean, there's just a lot of stuff. There is website hosting. It can do that. Okay, you can put your URL there and you can actually have it hosted there. There's email marketing and you can do that through Cartra and there's landing page designs and you can do that through Cartra and there's split testing and you can do that through Cartra and there's shopping carts and you can do that through Cartra and there's affiliate management. You can do that through Cartra and there's memberships and you can do that through Cartra. Do you see what I'm saying? You can pretty much do everything from Cartra. I don't really need any other outside softwares at this point and I was paying for like eight other softwares before I discovered Cartra. First off, what is Cartra? Cartra is an all-in-one platform and I really like the way it came about because it was developed by Andy Jenkins and Mike Filsane and they had been online marketers for years so they kind of knew what we needed, what we as marketers need online. You know, previously to this, it was like programmers and coders that designed these softwares, which was fine but they didn't really know what a marketer needed. So the fact that two marketers developed the software and it only came out in 2018 and I've been using it since then, the fact that they developed the software explains why it worked so well. Now in the beginning, Frank Kern was actually involved in it and Frank Kern will get involved in it and uninvolved in different things and that's cool. You know, he's got a lot of projects going on but even he said, oh my God, this is amazing software. So the top marketers in the world actually like Cartra so that's why you need to take a serious look at it. So let's take a look at the individual parts of Cartra first off. Number one is the professional page editors. I love the page editors in there and I've used lead pages, I've used click funnels, I've used all kinds of different page editors but I really like the one in Cartra. I like all the components in there, I like the sections in there, I like the columns in there, I like all the different parts and buttons they give you and you can put videos in there and you can't do that in any of the other software so that's pretty cool but the page editor is really amazing and once you get used to it and I had a little learning curve, it wasn't like simple the first day, I'm like, oh, this is easy but once I got used to it, I love it. It works perfectly for me. Now inside that page editor, they have templates so whether you're doing a thank you page, whether you're doing a sales page, marketing page, doesn't matter, they've already got templates there so if you're not that creative type, you can just grab one of those templates and use that for your page. In addition to that, in the pages, they've got pre-written copy samples so you can have all of that pre-set up and you can change it as you want but you've got something to work with. I think that the toughest part when you're building a page is starting from a blank page. A blank page is very frightening. In addition, when you're building these pages, you can do split tests so you can have one page that has one headline, another page that has another headline and send that out to your list and half of your list gets one page and half gets the other and you can test and see which one works better and you can just copy the first page and just change the headline so you can quickly do this. Now their split testing is, like I'm showing you on this picture here, it's through 360 degree real time analytics that is connected to every aspect of your business. I love that. The next part to Cartra is their emails. Yeah, it's an email provider. You can email people and I will tell you, I left Infusionsoft, which is now called Keep and I went over to Cartra and I instantly made more money not because everything else was so good but just the deliverability was better. If you're having problems with deliverability, you're gonna love Cartra. They also have Cartra Automations. So you can automate all these processes, whether it be emails, whether it be content, no matter what it is you're sending out, Cartra can automate it. When you get into the automation, they actually have a visual automation builder so you can see the process of that particular automation. Here's a graphic of it right here you're seeing on the screen right now you can see where they opt in, they order a product, you know, send them emails, we assign tags. So all these automations are really simple and they're just drag and drop. Once you've done that, you can automate all these sequences and have a profitable funnel. Next up is the marketing campaigns. I love their marketing campaigns because everything's integrated based on the activity of your user. So if they click somewhere, you can send out one automation. If they buy something, you can send out a different automation. If they haven't bought in a while, you can send another automation. If they completed one of your courses, you can send another automation. There's so much you can do with it. Now here's something else cool. Inside of Cartra, they have some done-for-you templates that are already set up. So if you want a complete automation, let's say you want to do list building. They've got a campaign in there for list building. All you have to do is tweak it with your company names and what you want to say, but they've already built that automation for you. They've also got a quick launch campaign. You can go in there and use that campaign. It's got all the emails, all the pages, everything already set up for you. They even got one of Frank Kern's four-day cash machine campaign set up in there, and you can copy that and use it for your business. In addition to that, they've got a book funnel campaign. Maybe you're selling books or you have a book that you want to sell. They've got that campaign already set up for you. You don't have to figure it out. They've also got the eShop campaign. So if you're selling products and you've got multiple products you want to sell, there's a campaign in there for you too. They've also got a Cartra Masterclass campaign. I love this. This campaign allows you to actually send traffic through a registration process to a webinar-like on-demand video to sell your products. This is awesome. And it's set up in a campaign that you can just copy and use. Let's talk about their course and membership platform. I love, love, love this. I have a bunch of different courses in there and they work seamlessly. They're automated so that when somebody signs up for one of these courses, they automatically get an email. It gives them all their login details. It gives them the passwords. It explains everything to them. It's just awesome. And the cool thing about that is I can put my videos inside Cartra. They don't even charge me data. In the beginning, they charge data, but they don't even charge that now. So I can put my videos in there. And since they have these awesome analytics, I can tell how far somebody's going into a course or when they're leaving. Here's an example right here of how to host your content in a membership portal. They have the logo, the sections, the post, access levels content, sidebar banners. They explain every single thing to you. Now, previous to this, I had memberships, but I had them all over the place. I had them in different places. I had ones in ClickFunnel. I had ones where there were YouTube videos on my WordPress pages. I had Kajabi. They were everywhere. It's hard, hard, hard to keep track of it. Now, it wasn't just the fact that it was hard to keep track of. You couldn't automate different things because I had a different email provider than I did for my membership site. And in Cartra, since they're all one and since everything is in one particular place, it makes it so, so much easier, guys. It really, really does. And the thing I like about Cartra also is that they're constantly improving. I don't think a week goes by where they don't send me an email and they say, we've added this feature. We've added this thing for you. And they don't charge more, okay? I haven't paid more since I began. And when I began, I was paying thousands a month and I'm not now because I've been able to whittle down all these different pieces of software. And the thing that I think as digital marketers, we forget, is the number one thing that is the most valuable to you is your time. It's your time, right? How many times have you worked and you're jumping from one website to the other to an email provider to your page builder? It's just all this time of logging in and logging out to all these different places just waste your time.  It really is. That's the wonderful thing about Cartra is I log into one place. My emails are there. My sales pages are there. My memberships are there. My videos are there. Everything is just there, okay? Everything's there. It makes it so much easier. All my sales funnels. And I can log in and since they're all there, the analytics tells me how all of that stuff's working also. So I can look at those analytics and say, well, this page isn't working or this price isn't working. I'll split test this. I'll put a different price on there and I can do it instantly. I mean, I can copy a page and change a price in less than five minutes. If I have to go log into another site, it may take me five minutes just to log into the site. That's one of the decided advantages. Now there's a whole lot more advantages to Cartra and I want to get into that in video two. You're at video one right now. So you're going to want to jump to video two right after this. I'll put a link down there that goes to video two and you can complete watching it. I really appreciate you watching this video. Put your comments below. What did you learn about Cartra? Had you heard about Cartra before? What system are you using now? Are you patching together stuff? So maybe you have questions about how to use Cartra. Put those comments below. Don't forget to subscribe. Hit that big subscribe button and bell, bell. Turn on bell notifications. That's to your advantage because that way I make you part of the Fisher family, the VIP group that gets notified every single time I do a new video. You want that.  You really do. And don't forget, there's a $97 course that you can get absolutely free. There's a link down there. It's just click and learn. Really, really easy to do. Simple stuff, okay? Now do me a favor. Give me a thumbs up or a thumbs down if you didn't like it. But hopefully you did. I'll see you in the next video. Hey, thanks for watching my video. Don't forget to subscribe to my channel and click that little bell right there so you can be notified every time I do a new video. Also, click on one of those videos there. Watchin' on my channel.


Welcome to NPTEL NOC, an introductory course on point set topology part 2. Today we shall start a new topic topology of manifolds. Manifolds are central objects in the study of topology. Though the idea of a manifold can be traced back to Riemann in his work on the so called Riemann surfaces, of course Riemann did not call them Riemann surfaces obviously, a formal definition of this manifold may be attributed to Herman Weis. Its study is a must in any kind of higher mathematics and things that use higher mathematics like theoretical physics and so on. Our aim here is quite modest dealing with only few, very few salient topological aspects of topological manifolds as compared to deeper studies such as you know additional structures with PL manifolds, smooth manifolds, league groups and so on so forth, complex manifolds and so on. So, we are just taking topological manifolds which in some sense encompass all such special things ok. So, it is so general therefore, it is going to be somewhat weak statements are somewhat weak here ok, but they will be available for all those studies. So, both ways they are good in that way alright. First we shall study some topological aspects of manifolds in general. We shall then take up classification of one-dimensional manifolds. Next we shall merely outline the classification of compact two-dimensional manifolds. This is aimed at motivating you people to study other topological areas like algebraic topology and so on ok, especially the NPTEL course on algebraic topology there are two courses. So, this will be a motivation as well as this entire course will be a very good preparation for those courses finally ok. So, today module 50, 55 definitions and examples of manifolds. Fix an integer n, take a non-empty topological space by an n-dimensional chart for x, we mean a pair u, psi consisting of an open neighborhood u of some point x inside x and homeomorphism psi from u to Rn, u is an open subset of x, u to Rn on to an open subset of Rn. Often when I say homeomorphism it is not necessarily on to here, but on to some open subset you take that subspace topology there it is homeomorphism ok. Here I specifically mentioned that the image is open inside Rn that is very important here, u is open inside inside x does not mean that psi u is open inside Rn so that has to be hypothesis here ok that is the condition here. Now once you have defined a chart I am going to define an atlas ok these are borrowed from geography I think all these things go to Gauss ok. So by an atlas we mean a collection of u j psi j of chart ok, chart collection of chart what is the condition the union of all these domains of the chart must be the whole of x. If there is an atlas for x then we say x is locally Euclidean. In other words the chart gives you local Euclideanness of capital X at the point x if it happens at all the point then it is called locally Euclidean x is the local Euclidean. A chart u comma psi is called a chart at x naught if you can choose this psi to be such that psi of x naught is 0 this is a very special special definition I have cooked up so that I do not have to keep on saying that psi of x naught is 0 at x naught means the function is such that x naught is chosen as the origin going to the origin here. So also we keep writing psi as psi 1 psi 2 psi n these are n coordinate functions because psi is taking values inside r x. So these n component functions coordinate components of psi these are called local coordinate functions for x at the point x. The local coordinates remember not defined on the whole of x they are defined in a neighborhood of this little x or x naught. For n greater or equal to 1 I think n capital n is the same thing as n greater or equal to 1 here in t here x be a topological space we say x is topological manifold of dimension n if it is locally Euclidean in the above sense that is a class consisting of n dimensional charts now this n is occurring there all same thing same n. The second and third condition is just you know ordinary topological condition is host or space and second countable ok. So these two extra conditions report because we do not want to deal with non-host or spaces we do not want to deal with second non-second countable spaces because then we cannot do any you know analysis. Any countable discrete space is a zero dimensional space zero dimensional manifold do not confuse this one with the definition of zero dimensionality for a topological space which is just separable metric space ok. So this is a manifold definition we have got it it is a subset of that ok but we insist that it is countable discrete space here we do not want to take all arbitrary zero dimensional spaces second countable separable metric spaces which you have defined as zero dimension namely satisfying S2 ok. So that is the difference here it will satisfy S2 because it is discrete space but converse may not be true that is why we have to be careful here. So this will cover now n equal to zero case also ok and n equal to minus one is covered if you want namely when x is empty set that is allowed. We would like to include the empty space also as a topological manifold however there is no good way of assigning a dimension to it some authors prefer it to be dimension minus one just like in our dimension theory and some others put it as minus infinity. Indeed there are theories you know in the topology of manifold itself where it is better to treat the empty set as having any dimension whatsoever you want it is like zero polynomial ok zero polynomial usually people do not define the degree ok but it is better to keep zero polynomial having any degree it wants depending upon the context. Observe that once a chart view psi is you know exist at a point x not belonging to x means what now psi of x not is zero then we can choose a another chart v comma phi at x not such that this phi of v is the whole of r n. In fact this is some point going to some some open subset of r n may not be the whole of r n you can take a smaller set like this and you can make you have to change psi you have to change phi of v is the whole of r n. Therefore you could have assumed right in the beginning that all the charts have this property but that is not always convenient ok it is better to have as many of them the moment you fix up things there may be less chance that is all ok by composing with a translation we can assume first of all psi of x not is zero and then we can choose r positive such that an open ball of radius r is contained inside this open subset around zero right and then take v to be psi inverse of br0 then what happens psi itself is a homeomorphism from v to br0 but now br0 the whole of r n you have lots of homeomorphism you compose with them for example you can take x equal to x by r square minus x square this is a homeomorphism very nice homeomorphism from br0 ok ball of radius r open ball of radius r centered at 0 goes to the whole of r n for a nut last it is necessary to assume that the integer n is the same for all the charts ok do not change the n there of course if x is connected you are free to change also but you have to use a certain theorem which you have seen namely braver invariance of domain ok namely r n is not homeomorphism r n so you will not have much chance there because once different n's are used the n that occurs will be a locally constant function on x but x is connected therefore a locally constant function has to be constant so this n and m I cannot occur only one of them will occur ok so that is a minor point it is better to assume that you do not have like a line and disjoint union with a point such things we do not call it as a manifold that is all ok because line can be parameterized by open subsets inside r right itself is a single parameterization single point you have to take it as a discrete space ok single discrete space it is a countable discrete space therefore it is 0 dimension so do not mix up such a different dimension that is all it says alright there is the dimension of the chart at a point becomes locally constant and a locally constant function and a connected space is a constant function ok for a topological space that is locally Euclidean second countable and off-drawal ok condition the second countability why we choose that one is equivalent to many others what is the meaning of the under locally Euclidean say locally Euclidean implies remember it is what it is locally compact it is locally convex and so on right so lot of things in case it will be locally Euclidean means lot of things second countability condition is equivalent to many others such as metrizability para compactness plus connectedness ok all these things are equivalent so you find second countability is the most suitable for our purpose ok easy to understand the Eurydense metrization theorem that we have done tells you that every second countable t3 space is metrizable locally compact off-drawal space is rt3 space therefore they are metrizable so I can I could have put metrizability and then I can conclude that it is second countable ok since manifolds are locally Euclidean they are locally compact and hence regular ok metrizability is not enough separability you have to put ok therefore we obtain every manifold is metrizable in particular every manifold is para compact because we have proved metrizable space is para compact ok so to sum up started with you locally Euclidean plus saucedor then you can have just put that it is metrizable and separable then it is second countable or you can just say para compactness and connectedness that is also good enough so all these things are you know going one into the other in particular given any open cover U of a manifold X using local compactness we can first take a refinement V of U see I am now talking about this para compactness hence you have para compact you have partition affinity also I want to see something more here in the case of manifolds so what is that start with a manifold and an open cover take a refinement V which consists of open sets of closures are compact so here I am using local compactness such sets are called relatively compact see we have never used it say so many times we have used U such that U bar is compact right there is terminologies for relatively compact means that you could have used that terminology then we can get a partition affinity theta I subordinate to this V subordinate means what support of theta I closure support of theta itself is actually closure of all the point where in theta is not 0 so that support of theta is a closed set already that should be contained inside members of one of the members of V but members of V are such that their closures are compact therefore subordinate this theta I have compact support so that is what automatically this will imply that we will be subordinate to U also and the extra property support of theta is are all compact so this is not true in general for para-compact spaces okay we have a partition affinity which is subordinate to U that is all but I have extra hypothesis here namely support of theta is are compact all this will be quite useful now I am going to use this one so let us see some examples now if you have studied some differentiable manifolds inside Rn like a circle sphere parabolas ellipses ellipsoid and so on they are all manifolds okay take some time to see that right but I am not going to do that I am going to do only simpler examples okay so that is your calculus course full of manifolds there the boundary of the unit square as a subspace of R2 okay is a topological one fanifold even simpler if you take a triangle any triangle okay the boundary of that triangle consisting of three sides that will be a topological one manifold you may have learnt that this is not a smooth manifold inside R2 it is not a smooth manifold because you know triangles have corners the squares have corners and so on because of the corner point cost problems right if you do not know that do not worry they are all topological manifolds why because suppose you have corner like this okay what you can do you can this this line segment union this line segment is homeomorphic to this line segment right all that you have to do is turn this one this vertical thing make it horizontal like this okay you can write down your own you know use cost data find data formula and write down the homeomorphism from this union in fact you can try to homeomorphism from this first quadrant to the entire thing also okay so this is a nice illustration this picture tells you how to handle corner see here point here point here locally they are they are lines open sub open line segment they are no no problem but here what is it you have just straighten it out to get a homeomorphism into the interval that's all all right now let X be the union of two axis in R2 X axis or Y axis X axis and Y axis you can draw it anywhere you do not have to take the axis itself if you use any connected neighborhood of 00 how does it look like if you throw a 0 from you it will have four connected components okay therefore you can see that such a open neighborhood of you namely neighborhood U of this point 00 inside X axis the union of X is right cannot be homeomorphic to an open interval okay cannot have any chart covering 00 and hence fail to be a topological manifold all right so if at all you should have a homeomorphism to R because everywhere else except this point 00 the intersection point everywhere else you have neighborhood which are homeomorphic to open interval but at that point you don't have now I will give you some very specific example here which violates the house darkness we have put house darkness forcibly suppose house darkness is a consequence and you don't have to put that one now no it is not a consequence that means what I am going to construct a locally Euclidean locally one dimensional Euclidean space which is actually can take countable so it can second countable also or you can cut it off and make it compact also no problem but it will not be housed off okay let us see how let X be the set of all real numbers okay that is the real line together with one extra point that we shall denote by 0 quiddle we shall make X into a topological space as follows top your collection of all subsets A of X of the form A is B union C where B is allowed to be a empty or an open subset of R in the usual topology for empty set is also open subset of R in here but I have I want to emphasize this fact that it could be just empty why you are writing a B union C okay that is for first part what about C and C is either empty C could be also empty or C as the property the C is a subset both B and C are subsets of X right the first part set it is a subset of R itself that means 0 twiddle is not there now second part also says it is empty or 0 may be there you see 0 twiddle may be there so you intersect it with R that means what you are throwing away 0 twiddle but now you take union with 0 throw away 0 twiddle and put back this 0 that is now a neighborhood of 0 inside R is that clear what is the relation between 0 and 0 twiddle if you just ignore the other one then the rest of them looks like a real line if you ignore one of them both of them are there and they are so close to each other you cannot separate them the moment you take a neighborhood that neighborhood will intersect see this neighborhood is some open subset you throw away that point and put back this neighbor which is the other way around put back this point 0 twiddle that will become a neighborhood of 0 twiddle and vice versa okay therefore 0 and 0 twiddle cannot be separated by open set but they are different point so this is why it is called line with a double operation you can throw away many points like this at least you know several discrete set of points for each integer you can double them that will be a funny space but it will be locally Euclidean the same way you can not only one point you can put any finitely many points also like this the same property it is 0 twiddle 0 twiddle 0 prime and so on you can index them by another second so this is just idea but you can expand it to very large very complicated space also without the without the hypers house darkness you will get strange spaces okay which we do not want to deal with they do not occur in naturally it is only a consequence of our definition you know the deficiency of our definition therefore we have to put house darkness okay so I again describe this notice that the above rule describes all neighborhoods of 0 twiddle you may say first part describes all neighborhoods of 0 but this one describes all the neighborhood of 0 twiddle also namely take any neighborhood U of 0 okay throw away 0 and add the singleton add the 0 twiddle singleton so that is your C here if you take the intersection 0 twiddle goes away and 0 comes back here so that is a property alright so to verify that this is a topology all that you have to do is intersection finite intersection counter that we will leave to you okay let us go ahead now so this is one which we have studied a couple of days back the long line using our well-ordered in order topology and so on okay we know that long line is locally Euclidean okay it is housed off also what is it not it is not second countable it is not even first countable if you allow the omega but omega is not allowed inside the long line so it is first countable but it is not second countable so therefore long lines are not treated as many votes okay so that is an example so we should have you know sanctity for why these conditions are there okay we do not want to discuss long line on which you cannot do much analysis another type of non-example is obtained by taking disjoint union of manifors of different dimensions this I already dealt with like taking an open R and a singleton point outside or a line and a disjoint plane that things are not allowed we do not want to so for example such spaces are there if you go to algebraic geometry okay where in you know even larger class of objects are studied let us consider some examples of manifold that do not occur naturally as subspaces of rn so far our examples were all subspaces rn and counter examples were not subspaces of rn right now let us see something which does not occur naturally as subspaces but they are manifold so this is the one very very important example project space the foremost one in the n-dimensional real project space which we have introduced in part one but let me recall only a few aspects of this I hope you know if you don't know you can read it from there and so on so some few of them which perhaps are not there now it is there it is here now so first of all as the pn is at what is the definition of pn pn is the quotient of the unit sphere Sn inside rn plus 1 by the antipodal action what does that mean x and minus x are identified antipodal action means x goes to minus so look at the equivalence classes I can denote them by bracket x and take the quotient map q from Sn to Pn to be qx equal to this bracket x so put the quotient of all that is the way so space is defined over automatically this is a subjective of subjective map point it is a quotient map so it is continuous if Sn is compact therefore Pn will be compact okay so we have to see why it is locally Euclidean and Hausdorff after that we are happy because it is compact Hausdorff space already so it will be second countable also alright since Sn is compact Pn is compact now given any x belonging to S consider V to be the set of all points in Sn such that the distance of that points are less than square root of 2 from x so take the root 2 bar inside Sn plus inside rn plus 1 intersect with Sn that will be an open subset of Sn right now if you take x going to minus x y going to minus y okay under that this open subset will go to a disjoint open subset right therefore if you restrict the map q to V that will be a 1-1 map right so this q is actually homeomorphic to this V is actually homeomorphic to q under inside that okay q V will be homeomorphic because this is a neighborhood which is you can see that it is homeomorphic to an open ball inside inside rn I have taken open ball inside inside rn plus 1 intersecting with Sn so that is homeomorphic so that is a nice neighborhood so this will give you local description that that every point inside Pn has a neighborhood which is homeomorphic to an open subset of rn okay indeed this also tells you that the space is house door now because what you can do is let me see I will tell you something more take x and y disjoint a distinct point what does it mean plus minus x is not equal to plus minus y if x is not equal to y this bracket that classes are different means plus minus x is not so you have four different points now you take arbitrary four different points are right you take the least distance between all of them call that epsilon take epsilon balls around plus minus x epsilon or plus minus y all these four balls will be disjoint okay first of all this epsilon small minus of this plus minus that those will be disjoint from why are they are different because that is the way I have chosen this epsilon alright so that will show that when you take their images this b epsilon image q of that and q of this they will be neighborhoods of square x I mean this bracket x and bracket y so they will be disjoint so I included some exercise here show that a manifold is connected if and only it is path connected so these exercise very easy exercise but there is another exercise here this is not very central even if you do not understand this it is okay for some time okay so why this actually obsession with Hausdorff's and local Euclideanness okay so if you look at co-finite topology on R that is not a Hausdorff space okay but is it locally Euclidean you can ask alright so there are we have given a space like locally Euclidean it is not Hausdorff suppose Hausdorffness does it imply local Euclidean there are many such cases so like that you can go on asking questions so that is why I am discussing this one you can take a look at it and if you have difficulties you can come back to us okay so today let us stop here next time we shall introduce a larger class of manifold you are called manifold with boundary thank you


Welcome back. So I'm very pleased and privileged to introduce to you Professor Fouad who is a Syrian doctor and General surgeon by training and he's currently undertaking research in particular in On on displacement around Syria and the impact on the well-being Of that displacement and the crisis in Syria. So welcome and thank you very much for presenting dr. As you've heard that my name is full out so it's an easy name So the main problem is which is first name, which is last name, but it's okay So as you know mentioned that I'm Syrian physician general surgeon and public health I moved because of war to Lebanon, you know from Syria from Aleppo my city and I'm working now as a Research professor at the Faculty of Health Sciences American University of Beirut Good morning. Good day Happy to To be in the MSF scientific day The second session will be about the long view innovation in meeting chronic health Needs, but why actually? Chronic diseases and what about innovative waves as you as you all know now We are witnessing different contexts of conflict and crisis, you know Syria crisis and before that Iraq war and Kosovo Ukraine Libya Yemen so all that new crisis are Characterized with main issues, you know first it's sort of unsolved war second it's sort of protracted crisis third actually happened mainly in urban settlements and All that, you know countries, you know have the same also Health indicators mainly they are middle-income countries with high incidence of Chronic diseases to tell one example in Syria for example before crisis 2010 16 percent of adults suffered from diabetes type 2 48 percent have hypertension Now during the the last four years And in addition to two thousand two hundred fifteen thousand death because of direct violence There's an estimate that two hundred thousand also died because of chronic disease So we are witnessing now a new model actually of Crises that needs some sort of different approach So our our session now is about, you know this innovative approach when we're looking in long-term crisis I'm happy to Present the first session Dr. Beatrice Kuffman senior scientific collaborator in the school of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Geneva and her presentation about a potential revolution and type 1 diabetes care Thank you So good morning everyone I Will now present you some promising results we obtained during a collaborative studies between school of pharmaceutical sciences at the University of Geneva and MSF Switzerland and This study was related to the heat stability of insulin in tropical temperature conditions The goal for MSF is to ensure a proper treatment for diabetic patients in this particular case But a scientific question raised concerning the stability of insulin under field tropical temperature conditions because mainly Insulin storage is recommended To be in a fridge, which is not everywhere possible and a certain Time is possible a certain period of storage is possible at room temperature But recommendation is below 30 degrees during the usage period of the vials once they are open and the field ambient temperature in this particular case of the Daga Halle camp in North Kenya was found to vary continuously between 25 and 37 degrees We know that active forms of insulin are either soluble or homogeneously suspended into aqueous media We also know that inactivation of insulin results in the formation of insoluble particles Insulin is particularly sensitive to freezing and we measured Decrease in insulin concentration in the formulation after a short contact of 15 minutes with a cold pack as could occur during transportation for instance Insulin also needs to be protected from direct sunlight From the literature we found that the correlation between the liquid chromatographic quantification in the lab and the biological activity of insulin is well Assessed so that is why we will use this kind of methods to conduct our study known of the previously conducted stability studies about insulin Applied the same temperature scheme as in is interesting as today either there was no temperature monitoring at all either they put the samples Under isothermal high temperatures either they vary the temperature but more like big steps and not in continuous loops Furthermore, there is a clear lack of data about the recent formulations of insulin especially the pen cartridges First of all, we needed to develop all the analytical tools Necessary to conduct the whole stability that we desired to conduct because of the lack of Consequent data from the literature First of all concerning the sample preparation It consisted in a simple delusion of the formulations Followed by acidification prior to chroma liquid chromatographic analysis This sample preparation procedure was extensively tested investigated and we were not able to detect any artifact formation Concerning the liquid chromatographic analytical conditions, I will not go deep into details But as you can see on the diagram the selectivity of separation is excellent and no preservative present in the formulation interferes with the analysis and Total time of analysis per one sample is less than four minutes This analytical method was validated in terms of both linearity and reproducibility and the excellent performances We obtained will allow us to interpret small variations in insulin concentration In a first setup of experiment, we tested five Formulations of insulin you have in green on this table three Formulations of insulin that are already used by MSF on the field the two analog pens and the human intermediate acting Insulin which you may know as humulin and pH We also included two other analogs of insulin a Ultra-short acting one the novel rapid and especially the long-acting lentus Which may represent a potential good option for MSF to use in the future mainly for two reasons because it's a solution So the homogeneity the reproducibility of injection volume is better and the second Reason is that you only need to inject it once per day in this first setup we decided to reproduce in the lab exactly the Temperature conditions that were measured on the field during the hottest period of the year on the left you have the diagram of the data provided directly from Daga Halle and We were able to reproduce those conditions in terms of frequency and amplitude and also the minimal and maximal temperatures Let's come to the results Three independent series of each formulations were submitted to this temperature cycling and Were found found to be perfectly stable over four weeks of this treatment All the insulin concentration in all the investigated formulations remained in the hundred percent range An acceptable range from the pharmacopeia indicates 100 more or less 10 percent of target Which is acceptable in terms of both activity and toxicity We were curious and went up to 12 weeks of temperature cycling phenomenon and all the formulations remained perfectly stable You know that in another setup of experiment we put our five formulations at a temperature of 31 degrees but in continuous This is exactly the median temperature between our two extreme temperatures and What we found is that all insulin formulations started to degrade after four weeks of Isothermal exposure to a 31 degrees and all of them were out of range after eight weeks of this treatment So it seems that a continuous exposure to a temperature above 31 degrees is bad for Insulin stability whereas temperature cycling seems not so we decided to increase the temperature range And that we applied to our samples and to work from 17 to 45 degrees Which are time extreme temperatures compatible with tropical settings in a more desertic region for instance In this second step besides our five formulations We were able also to add the two other human insulin that are already used by MSF on the field The regular and the b-phasic so the humulin or and the humulin profile 30 and We found that after four weeks of this thermocycling treatment All of the tested formulations remains stable If we have a quick look at the samples After four weeks of this treatment in comparison to the references that were stored at in the fridge We could not see any visible alterations Whereas if we submit the same samples to very harsh conditions then We may be able to see some differences with a milky appearance for solutions or even crystals formations But this does not mean that if you see any if you see nothing hundred percent of activity is guaranteed So as a conclusion we were able to determine that Insulin formulations analogues and human ones are stable for four week period At temperatures up to 45 degrees as long as the exposure to a temperature above 31 remains limited And it means that as long as we keep insulin in the shade and let it Chains to cool down at nine at night Below 30 degrees then it can be stored at ambient temperature In settings with maximal temperature not exceeding 45 degrees As a general rule a visual inspection of the formulations remains crucial And when you see any degradation then you must throw the formulations away and of course Analyzing real samples coming back directly from the field would allow us to validate all the study. I Would like to thank the whole team of MSF in Geneva and my colleagues from the University of Geneva David Baron from the Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine and my supervisor the professor Leonardo Scapuzza and you all for your kind attention This is a great example about how you know technology can serve the idea of you know different approach different policy in terms of you know, NCDs in Crucial and difficult settings. I will open the floor for One or two technical questions. So please raise your hand introduce yourself and your organization Good morning tanker at MSF Germany, I mean listen to what you said. Thank you so much Basically, we have to say the the sort of strict cooling Paradigm for for insulin we can at least question now. Is that correct? I Mean if it comes if we have to save lives and in diabetes case your study just shows that Yes, of course ideally we can we have to cool them But it's also possible for at least a month to use the insulin. Yes It is it would be possible for the patients to use the insulin at ambient temperature during one month, which is already possible in Everywhere on the in the world, I mean in Switzerland and in France or in England It is tolerated that the patient keeps The opened vial for four weeks at room temperature during its usage period And he has to discard the rest of the insulin Still present in the vial after this period, but the maximal temperature recommended by the manufacturers in those conditions Was 30 degrees. So we were wondering if our tropical temperature conditions In this particular case would also allow a good stability of insulin So we can affirm we can say yes during four weeks at ambient temperature varying Continuously, but staying half of the time below 30 degrees. Then yes, it is stable Yes, good morning Kieran, Joe run putcher from MSF UK. Thank you very much. It is just a quick clarification I noticed in the title you the original question was about type 1 diabetes But obviously I think this applies equally to to type 2 diabetes the majority of the patients in for example the Syrian Setting are going to be typed to insulate Patients who are using insulin. So of course this has very important implications for them So I just unless I misunderstand maybe you could just clarify that I Just wanted to speak about the patient the diabetic patients who need insulin injections I thought they are type 1 or type 2, but as I know type 2 diabetic patients Often take anti-diabetic Peels more than insulin but sometimes that they also need insulina another question Okay, thank you very much


This is the SF Productions podcast network Like the book you'll love the TV culture bunker I'm indeed and I'm mark you can check out our audio podcast how I got my way three comics on itunes or on our website SF podcast network comm first a quick update on our Oscar predictions We picked a lot of the same nominees and most of those did win Marshal Ali for supporting actors utopia for animated movie city of stars for original song Damien Chazelle for director and we both picked Denzel Washington for best actor Yeah, but went to Casey Affleck And we both picked La La Land for best picture which almost won Eventually went to moonlight When we split I did pick the right one. So the rules worked. Yeah Viola Davis for supporting actors and Emma Stone for actress The final score I got six and you got four. Yeah, that's okay. Yeah, but on to our main topic so I was really excited when stars announced they were doing a series based on the American Gods novel and I Have been watching as it trickled out the news and it finally has a release date in April Mm-hmm. I won't be watching it then because we don't have stars Right, I will be watching it at some point, right? So I thought this would be a good opportunity to talk about TV shows based on books Now you always hear about books that have been made into movies for as long as there have been movies Well, I didn't know but as long as there's been television people have been basing TV shows on books, too I never really paid much attention to it But in the last ten years there's probably been at least a hundred television series based on books. Wow and that doesn't even count things like um Once upon a time which are kind of based on a Right based on more specific books. Yeah, so some of them that I've enjoyed recently are Sherlock and elementary Which are both based on Sherlock Holmes Kitchen Confidential that's an older series. Yeah, that was you remember that. Yeah, it's based on Anthony Bourdain's first book and that was a really good short 13 episode series and that was an early role for Bradley Cooper Bradley Cooper. Yes. Yes, that was very good I highly recommend if you can get your hand on it. It's pretty funny. I'm sleepy. Hello, right, which yeah Bones which is based on Books by Kathy Reichs, you know, so those are just some of them that either are on now or have been on that We've really enjoyed and If you look at those though A lot of those are sort of based on the book But they don't follow the book story necessarily and that's always a question as to how closely we follow and a lot People say well if you follow it exactly You know the people who read the books for me like well, I kind of wanted to see something But then you're limited by length. Yeah, which is though where you come in with a lot of the shows that are coming up Now and some of those that are on now The 100 on CW right now is based on books and actually the CW takes a lot of YA books because they're very angsty and makes them into shows of the Empire Diaries Pretty little liars things like that But then you talk about ones that really follow the books more In examples of that are the ones you do see that are the shorter run series Like Game of Thrones and the thing with Game of Thrones now is they've they've caught up They've caught up. Yeah, and George R. R. Martin has said I'm in no hurry to do the rest of them Yeah, so they're on their own now to continue the storyline right so up until this time That's followed the books pretty closely Yeah Outlander on stars is also following the books fairly closely. Although I guess they're leaving a lot of stuff out The Shannara Chronicles on MTV and the leftovers on HBO the first season again followed the book pretty closely But then as you get a second season, you've run out of book material, right? But what I'm really excited about is some of the shows that are coming up So Netflix is gonna do a lot and again, it's because of those limited series. They can really do a book justice So one of them is 13 Reasons Why by Jay Asher and that's again a young adult book It's about a girl who commits suicide and leaves clues behind as to why and how it affects It's really an anti-bullying book. Hmm. So The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood is out on Hulu now. It's a dystopian woman's fiction Um, it looks pretty good. I don't know. Have you seen any of the trailers? I am not so you're not at all Interested in that. Oh, I actually kind of am that's one of those things. I'm like, I should probably get to that at some point Okay, then just came out in January and it's been really well received as a series of unfortunate events by Lenny Snicket on Netflix. This is as opposed to the movie they did. Yeah So they did a movie that wasn't very good And I think that was a lot because Jim Carrey was in it Well, and I also think it's much harder as you said it's much it's much easier to do a TV show Where it's an ongoing thing that you can you can give time to tell your story as opposed to I got two two and a half Hours to jam this all in well and a series of unfortunate events is a series of 13 books Yeah, and I think for the movie they took like the first three books and put them in one movie But in this way, I think I'm not sure but they did one episode for each book Which is you know Great, you can actually expand it a little bit more Another one of my favorites and of green gables is coming out on Netflix We had a Disney series about that a while back, right? There have been a number of different versions of animals green gables PBS did a series. It's the one point I'm pretty sure. Yeah. Yeah, so this is yet another remake of the LM Montgomery book And I am going to watch that a lot of these things when they put them out on Netflix Sometimes it's hard to think about when you're gonna watch it because you're just gonna sit there and watch 12 hours of television And it's also there's no hurry to get to it because Netflix is if it's stuff that they produced it's not going anywhere It's not gonna cycle it's gonna be there for a very long time and in a way that almost I think almost hurts the show because you are like I get to it There's a lot of Netflix stuff. I'll get to eventually But but at the same time as you said it's a commitment And then of course as I mentioned earlier American gods based on the Neil Gaiman book is coming out It's gonna be on stars in the US But it's gonna be on Amazon Prime everywhere else because stars is a US network Yeah, well, yeah, that's happening a lot because of rights issues They get the international rights of somebody else and then the US rights go here And now this one then won't be all out at once, you know It'll come out, you know as a weekly series on stars And then of course there's people like me who are gonna wait until it's completely out and it will show up on Amazon Prime You know maybe next year For those of us who don't have stars and with Amazon Prime It's not as worldwide a system as say in a Netflix is so lots of areas in the world won't see it at all Mm-hmm Yeah Also on right now. It just started as big little lies. It's based on a book by Leanne Mori already It's on HBO and this is like a women's fiction not really a chick lit although almost and They got some big names for that one. She leaned Woodley Nicole Kidman and Reese Witherspoon So that's another thing you see when you get these Books that people who like the book then want to be in the movie And if it can go on HBO or something they can spread it out longer Yeah, at the same time It's a set commitment as opposed to I'm gonna go on a TV show that may go on for years I don't want to do that, but I'm more than willing to say oh, I'll go do this thing for a few months and Be done. So then the question arises though. Is it then a TV series or is it a mini series? Well, that's always been a question, especially when it comes to awards time is what's a mini series and what's not Yeah, and it's pretty much what the producers decide it is There's no rhyme or reason to it One that I'm not at all excited about but I know a lot of people who are as mine hunter inside FBI's elite serial crime unit by John Douglas that's gonna be on Netflix and it's some Basically a true version of something like criminal minds or something, you know Uh JK Rowling is going to have her first TV series Kuku's calling by Robert Galbraith, which is her pen name for this detective series It's gonna be on BBC and then on HBO in the US This is I think isn't there some sort of partnership between BBC and HBO that happens quite a bit Yeah, and BBC then tends to end up partnering with somebody else a lot of this stuff If it's gonna be on in the US, it's either BBC America or PBS or and you know HBO will bring in more money. So Charlene Harris of True Blood Authorship is getting another series called Midnight Crossroad. It's getting a pilot on NBC and somehow I Don't know if that one will actually come to fruition just because her True Blood series was on HBO and So there was a lot more graphic stuff in it. I'm not sure she can tone it down for NBC. Yeah Sharp objects by Jillian Flynn it is technically called a miniseries on HBO. So that's interesting Maybe they're not planning on making anymore She's the author of Gone Girl and perhaps there's just no way they can see making a second season of this in any way shape or form The terror by Dan Simmons on AMC seems to be AMC is sticking with some of this horror stuff Like the Walking Dead, which I didn't even mention comics at all in here Right, that's not what I'm talking about but they tend to like that horror kind of thing and this is what will fall in with that and The last one that I'm gonna mention today is Emerald City on NBC which did not get rave reviews It's of course based on the series of books from the Wizard of Oz onward And that's a show that's been pushed back was pushed back like twice It was like made like three years ago. I think and they're just like, okay Maybe second half is enough. Nope next season. Nope next season But it does show that the way these TV series on books work You can push them back because they can be a contained unit Yeah You know if you just do 13 episodes that tells the book story you can put it on whenever you want sure I think we may be seeing more of that in the future and especially with this model of the 13 episode series It really lends itself to that it does. Yeah, so if you're not watching television You can check out our audio podcast how I got my wife treat comics on iTunes or on our website SNpodcastnetwork.com From the pop culture bunker, I'm Nindy and I'm Mark. Thanks for watching