I'm Prem Paul. I have the honor and pleasure of being Vice Chancellor for Research and Economic Development. And I'm so pleased to see all of you here today. Because I think it is really critical to have a great audience for a great presentation. My job this afternoon is to introduce our legendary Chancellor. Harvey Perlman became UNL's 19th Chancellor 14 years ago. He, last week, he previously served as Dean of the University of Nebraska College of Law and is a proud alumnus of UNL. And of course, he drifted a little bit to a few universities and came home. During the past 14 years, he has provided tremendous leadership. And more importantly, he's provided an environment for faculty, students, and staff to excel. Isn't that wonderful? And I think that this is really what we are talking about in Nebraska lectures when we showcase our faculty's scholarly activity, their accomplishments. And that, Harvey has made that happen. Although he announced that he's going to step down after next year, we're excited about the next year and know that it will be one of the record books. I think it's already, his tenure is already in the record books, but next year will be even greater. We're so pleased that he's here today to introduce today's future speaker. So please join me in welcoming our legendary chancellor, Harvey Perlman. Well, thanks, Prem. One of the reasons that I'm happy to help sponsor this event is to showcase our faculty. And one of the reasons I'm happy to come is twice a year I get to hear Prem introduce me. It builds my ego and serves as a counterweight to the other things that happened during the rest of the year. But I want to welcome and thank you for joining us for the spring Nebraska lecture, the first of 2015. Today's lecture is being web streamed live. So I also want to welcome those of you who are joining us on the web. For those of you who use social media, the Twitter hashtag for today's lecture is hashtag NEB Lecture. We'd like also to extend a special welcome to a few of our guests. I'm especially delighted to have a group of students from Ashland Greenwood High School in our audience today. Please join me in giving them a big red welcome and hope that they'll all come back to UNL. The Nebraska Lectures are an interdisciplinary lecture series designed to foster communications among students and faculty in different academic areas and among citizens of Lincoln and Nebraska. These lectures are sponsored by the UNL Research Council in cooperation with the Office of the Chancellor, the Office of Research and Economic Development, and the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute known as ALI. I'd like to welcome any ALI members who have joined us today. The research council is composed of faculty from across many disciplines. Council solicits nominations of faculty for Nebraska lectures on the basis of major recent accomplishments and the lecturer's ability to explain their work. Selection as a Nebraska lecturer is the highest recognition the council can bestow on an individual faculty member. A few words about today's format. Following our lecture, Dr. Robert Powers, Vice Chair of the Research Council, Professor of Chemistry, will moderate a question and answer session before we conclude. And then following that, join us for a reception in the Heritage Room across the hall. Now it's my pleasure to introduce our speaker today, Dr. Dan Klase, Professor and Chair of our Department of Physics and Astronomy.  The Large Hadron Collider, which enables an international team of researchers to confirm the Higgs boson in 2012, relaunched last weekend at the CERN Laboratory in Switzerland. Finding evidence of the Higgs boson is one of the greatest scientific accomplishments of this century. The Higgs boson is often called the God Particle because of its potential to explain the existence of matter. Scientists around the world, including those here at UNL, anticipate even more discoveries during this latest round of atom smashing. UNL is fortunate to have a world-class high-energy physics team. Today's speaker is one of the physicists who worked on experiments involving the Large Hadron Collider. He and his UNL colleagues work on the compact muon solenoid particle detector that enables scientists to search for dark matter. In today's lecture, we'll learn about the much-studied Higgs boson. While the Higgs search has been widely publicized, it's little understood by those of us who are not particle physicists. We'll hear about a major collaboration between UNL and the National Science Foundation to make the compact muon solenoid more sensitive. Our university is also home to the Holland Computing Center, which is helping to capture and store the data from this experiment. As you can imagine, the amount of raw data is massive. Dr. Klays will examine how UNL physicists and the Holland Center are helping scientists worldwide use the giant data sets generated by these experiments. Dr. Klays holds a bachelor's degree from the University of Northern Iowa, PhD from Northwestern University. He was a post-doc research associate at SUNY Stony Brook before joining the UNL faculty in 1996. In addition to his expertise as a physicist, he's known for his talent in explaining high-level physics in terms that non-scientists can understand. We're fortunate to have him here for the Nebraska lecture speaker, and we are especially pleased to have his parents and family in the audience today. So please join me in welcoming Dr. Dan Klays. Thank you, Harvey. Thank you, Prem. I'll be saying those words again a little bit later in the talk. Who remembers exactly where they were when the European Center for Nuclear Research made that big announcement about the Higgs boson? Except for the handful of colleagues here. Most of you were asleep. It happened, after all, in Geneva, Switzerland time. But here's what you missed. That's Joe Nkondela, physics professor from the University of California, Santa Barbara, and spokesperson for the CMS experiment, updating everyone on the latest break in the analysis. And there's the response. That's Peter Higgs, the theorist for whom the particle is named, clearly a highly emotional moment for him. Whether you watched this live or just follow the Twitter feeds and blogs in newspaper or consulate, or you probably shared the frustration of the reporters that were there that kept asking, could somebody please, in a couple of sentences, in plain simple language, tell us what a Higgs boson is? Because it became clear that the honest answer to that query was, sorry, no. Which is why I've titled today's talk what the heck is a Higgs boson? We've all heard the short answer. The Higgs boson explains where mass comes from. Really. Where does mass come from? That's a thing that scientists asked. Because frankly, among the family, friends, neighbors that I'm accountable to, that is like the stupidest question anybody could ask. Where does mass come from? Mass is everywhere. It surrounds us. It inhabits everything that there is, the very air that we breathe, the ground we stand upon. If we weather the solid rock beneath our feet to grains as fine as you please, each and every individual, one of those of course, has mass all the way down to the very atoms that comprise it. The protons, the neutrons, the electrons, each of them have mass, so of course everything made out of them will. Problem solved. Case closed. That wasn't so tough, was it? Clearly, the question that physicists were trying to answer was more subtle than that. If mass is a defining characteristic along with charge and spin and identifying the fundamental building blocks of nature, we could ask the question, why does each one display the mass that it does? You may not know, recognize the particles that are listed here, with one at the top, you should. The electron, two convenient units, will use the electron volts on the far right. Why does an electron have half a million electron volts worth of mass? Or reading down the list, up corks, strange corks, muon pine, proton. Why does the proton have 938 million electron volts worth of mass? Why does each fundamental particle have that characteristic defining unit of mass? But more perplexing, why are there some particles like the photon that have absolutely no mass at all? Just knowing the particles of which the universe is comprised doesn't tell the whole story. To understand how fundamental particles form atoms and the atoms eventually build up an entire universe, we need to understand the way they interact with one another. Particles stake out their territory and communicate their presence to one another by constantly exchanging messages back and forth. Not unlike a remote control device, sends a pulsed signal to a receiver. Inside such a device, there's usually a small antenna, current driven to oscillate ups and down, produces a pulse of light. Could be microwave, could be radio wave, could be infrared. But that pulse of wave then is incident upon the passive electrons in some antenna that start them flowing in the current. That message sent for one electron through space to another works because it's based on the principle it merely exploits a very fundamental microscopic process that happens. The light that I described being transmitted between, we ordinarily think of light from a lamp as bathing us in a soft continuous uniform smooth glow. But actually, like the air we breathe, water around us, we appreciate those are grainy. They're made up of tiny atoms. Well, so is light. Light is made out of tiny pulses of energy we call photons. You may remember that from high school chemistry, where you'll learn that at least the light that comes from gas discharge tubes like a neon lamp or a mercury vapor lamp, those work because excited electrons, atomic electrons, falling to the ground state lose energy as they drop and they shed that energy by ejecting light at a characteristic frequency. That's clear when we look at the spectra of such light. We don't see a continuous rainbow of color but isolated individual lines of color that provide essentially fingerprints by which we can identify what particular element is glowing. These are diagrams that were created by Richard Feynman to describe the fundamental processes that take place in his theory of quantum electrodynamics. On the left, those first two diagrams are simply a summary of what I've just described. There's an electron making a transition and shedding a photon of light, particle of light. Here is light incident upon and being absorbed by an electron which gains energy in the process. Now here are two more diagrams from the theory. You can think of them as having been created by taking the diagrams on the left, grabbing any of the lines that represent the trajectory of a particle and cranking them around to a new position. For example, whoops, grabbing this electron leg, cranking it to the other side so it looks like this. But we've got to respect a little bit of algebra in the process. I can read this as an equation from left to right. It started off with an electron, end up with an electron that has given up energy and shed a photon. Moving a term in algebra from one side of the equation to the other, you've got to subtract it, right? The equivalent argument here is I move trajectory legs from one side of the diagram to the other by adding their opposite. And the opposite of an electron, negative electron, is a positive anti-electron. The diagram on the upper right tells the story of matter and antimatter, electron and anti-electron, meeting and annihilating, and what survives is a burst of light, a photon of energy. And on the lower right, there is a high energy photon that splits into a matter anti-pair, both of these processes on the right are ubiquitous in nature, they actually happen. We in fact can provoke and manipulate them in high energy experiments, and we do that all of the time. So, nature is made up, so notice even this diagram, I can describe how one electron can be aware of the presence of another, can be repelled by another, can be disturbed by another, even if they don't touch directly. One transmits, excuse me, one transmits an electron that the other one picks up. Electrons feel one another through the photons that they exchange. The world that we observe is built out of a class of particles called fermions, and you know a couple of them. There are two types of fermions, there are the light ones, and then we'll talk about the heavier ones in the moment, the light ones are represented by the electron. Leptons, light fermions, are the electron and there are others, there's the neutrino and the muon, and the other class of fermions are quarks. Up and down quarks in combination actually make protons and neutrons. Leptons and quarks are both, remember, fermions. And the fermions know about one another by emitting and absorbing bosons. The photon that I talked about being exchanged between electrons is an example of a boson. The photon, the particle of light is a boson. This mechanism is repeated frequently in nature. Besides electrons emitting photons, think of the transmitting antenna producing radio waves, electrons making light. Quarks can shed another kind of boson, the gluon. It's the exchange of gluons that bind quarks together in the protons and the neutrons. There's another boson, there's a class of bosons, the weakons, the W and Z bosons, exchanges of which mediate the weak force. And in that mediation, something remarkable happens, the leptons actually change their nature. Muons or electrons can be converted into neutrinos and down quarks into up quarks. In any case, we've got a world built out of fermions. All matter is made out of fermions. But the forces between them are exchanged by bosons like the photon. That would tell the tale, the standard model of physics were not for a very interesting and peculiar fact about the subatomic world. If a spray of solid particles were fired toward a barrier with a small aperture in it, like these machine gun bullets fired at an armored plate with a small opening hole in it and aperture there, we'd collect on the far screen to the right a clump that would represent perhaps something like this image, a tightly distributed set of target marks that is fixed by the size and shape of the hole through which the bullets pass. If I had two adjacent openings to pass through, then I would look for on the far screen a pair of collected bullet marks. But that exercise was recently done by an atomic physicist here, the University of Nebraska, Herman Botlon, who replaced the bullets with a low intensity electron beam. He targeted a window of silicon nitride in which had been milled two slits, each one about 10 atoms wide, 100 atoms apart, and parked behind it was a CCD camera. The pixel images that you see lighting up represent the real time receipt of electrons having passed through those slits, landing in the camera. We should be looking for, I guess, to slit shapes that would suggest the size and shape of the slits the electron passed through in reaching the camera, but we're seeing something quite different. In fact, it's so peculiar, it looks to me like we see electrons being collected in what we would expect to be the projected shadow between the slits. And I also see electrons being collected to the far left and right beyond the boundaries of the slit. I do see a pattern, though. You see that? I see blobs, I just don't see two blobs. I see lots of them. Let's step back from this image and note that we were focused in very tightly on an overall pattern of many spots. This doesn't look like a collection of solid particles passing through a couple of openings. This looks reminiscent of what we expect from wave interference. You know, in the kitchen, microwaves, when they encounter their own reflections off the wall of the chamber, can interfere into spots of high and low intensity. They correspond to the cold spots in the burrito you heated up. You try to correct by having a rotating platform to fix it. Here, sources of ripples on the top of a pond, if you look at it on edge, you also see this sort of pattern being produced. And this is the pattern of visible laser light being passed through two narrow, close together slits. The pattern you see is unmistakable. It looks exactly like what we collected with that CCD camera for the electrons. And remember, these are photons of light, little wave-like pellets of light. Just some more evidence. Top picture is once again, electrons passing through a couple of narrow apertures. At the bottom, electrons being simply reflected off of a single crystal. In both cases, you see a spectacular display of beautiful symmetric patterns. The electrons are acting as if they're waves. This, by the way, was first predicted in 1924 by De Broglie. He won the 1929 Nobel Prize for it after it was demonstrated to be true in 1927 by Davidson and Germer. So Hermann Bartlein didn't discover this, but he found a novel way of using new technology to display it. That was awfully cool. This means at the subatomic level, we've got to treat things like electrons as if they were waves. And the equations we use will describe them as little concentrated wave packets. And that means the collision of particles off one another at that level should be understood in terms of the reflections of waves off of energy barriers. In quantum mechanics, in Schrodinger's equation from quantum mechanics, we treat the electron as if it were a small packet of wave, little standing wave pattern of energy. But wait a minute. That's what a photon is, right? Photon is just a wave packet of energy. And yet, they're different. One has mass, the other doesn't. It forces us, when we use Schrodinger's equation, to introduce into the equation a mass term for the electron that we totally ignore for the photon. That's not a theoretically inspired or driven motivation for adding the term. That's just a fix to the equation done at Hock. Why should two things that are best described as wave patterns of energy, how can one have mass and the other one doesn't? The solution that was suggested was yet another boson. But unlike the bosons that I've described so far, remember, fermions exchange bosons. This would be a boson that everything could play with. Not only will fermions exchange this new boson, but other bosons will be, will as well. This is a boson that can be exchanged by other bosons. Theory first floated and was fleshed out in the late, in the late 60s by a handful, about seven or eight theorists, although Peter Higgs, who you saw at the very beginning of the show, is the one whose name is most closely associated to it. Here's the basis of the theory. Every fundamental particle can emit or absorb Higgs in the same way that charged particles can emit or absorb photons of light. How readily, how easily, how strongly this association is, how readily these things shed and absorb Higgs gives us an impression of how massive they are. That gives the appearance of mass in a way I'll explain in a moment. But here you see across the top, two fermions having an exchange with a Higgs boson. The upper left hand an electron shedding a Higgs and the upper right a top anti top annihilating into a Higgs. But notice across the bottom I have these Feynman diagrams that show Z and W bosons, the weakens, exchanging Higgs particles. It's because the Z and the W can couple in this way to Higgs bosons that they have mass while the photon and the gluon do not. This Higgs particle being capable of being emitted and absorbed by bosons opens the door for the possibility for a Higgs to be able to generate other Higgs. Which is why the theory anticipated that the Higgs boson itself should have mass. It's the constant interruption of particles that would otherwise move freely through space interacting with the Higgs bosons that fill all of space. If all particles are emitting and absorbing Higgs all the time, all space is filled with them. And a particle that interacts heavily and frequently and readily and easily with Higgs will have a hard time passing through the space that has this sea of Higgs that surrounds it. Let's compare this barracuda streamlined enough that it knives through the water with very little drag compared to the lumbering oaf behind who sluggishly plods through the water. At the bottom, think an electron, something that appears light to us and behind it a W or a Z. Or if you prefer, think of a downhill skier gliding easily across the hard packed snow and others trying to navigate the same terrain perhaps in snowshoes or worse yet heavy boots while at the same time, some things can just glide effortlessly by above the fray. Photon, those Feynman diagrams that I argued meant all these fermions and bosons could exchange Higgs, could be monkey it around with and redesigned to argue that there should be a decay channel available to the Higgs boson which means if the Higgs boson were ever teased into existence by some high energy collision in a high energy experiment, there are many ways that it might decay which means the Higgs gotta be unstable. And in fact, simple probability and statistics would argue if there are many ways that it might decay, its lifetime must be very short. It was anticipated that the average lifetime of Higgs particle would be something like 0.21016 seconds. And at that rate of decay, we have no chance of ever observing a Higgs particle directly. We will only be able to infer its presence by the appearance of the particles into which it can decay. Now if the Higgs has many ways of decaying that has many channels that might decay, appreciate though that any particle that's gonna decay into a couple of daughter products must itself have been heavier than the particles that it ends up with, right? And it's any excess mass to begin with to end that gives it the energy for those particles to fly apart. This Higgs interacting most readily with those particles that we perceive as the most massive suggests that the Higgs would preferentially decay into the heaviest available particles to it. Those would be the W and Z bosons. And on this plot where I've plotted Higgs mass, it's just to remind you that before it was discovered we had no clue of what the Higgs mass actually was. If it were massive enough, say 180 or 200 GeV, then it could easily decay into a pair of Ws or a pair of Zs. This is a plot of from one and fractions thereof, the preponderance of the decays that would be expected. On the far right, if we were heavy enough, we decay almost exclusively to a pair of Ws or a pair of Zs and everything else is microscopically contributing to the decay. On the other hand, if the Higgs actually were too light to decay into a pair of Ws, then it would have to go down the laundry list of things it couples to and decay, in this case, predominantly if it were about 100 GeV to a BB bar quark anti-quark pair or Tows or Gammas or something else. And in between it's sort of split. These are the relative strengths of the intensity of or frequency of each of these decays predicted before we knew its mass but suggesting to us we had to look everywhere for it. It could decay into almost anything. And the problem is most of the stuff that it might decay into, Ws, Muons, Tows, B quarks, Charm, those are common in the debris created by the collisions in a high-energy experiment. And complicated by the fact that most of these collisions have so many particles spraying out. If there was a Higgs buried in there, that decayed into a pair of particles, how are you supposed to even tell? Well, this is how we tried. The CMS detector is one of the largest instruments man has ever built. It's 14,000 tons, five stories tall, 75 feet long. It's buried 100 meters underground. It has a 100 million separate individual sensitive detector elements that are arrayed in panels next to each other, assembled in walls, stacked in layers to surround a collision point. That collision point underground is where are directed from opposite directions to pencil-led thin beams of protons traveling at close to the speed of light, which collide right at the center by design of the detector. Kapow! The detector itself is designed to be sensitive to the different characteristics of the particles it's meant to detect. Different fundamental particles, by virtue of the charge and mass, they react differently as they pass through material. Some petering out or ranging out sooner and others persisting deeper into the layers of the detector. The innermost part of the detector is the pixel tracker. And I'll talk a lot more about that in a moment. But the innermost layers are all like that CCD camera that was capturing the electrons.  Not much more than the width of a couple hairs from your head. Every time charged particles pass through one of those pixels, we know it. And we can identify charged particles by the signature energy that they leave deposited in each of the pixels they pass through. There's also a suggestion here by dashed lines of a couple of particles that are going through the tracker but leaving no signal. That's because those are supposed to represent uncharged or neutral particles. Photons and electrons peter out quickly when they enter into material. And that's why the innermost layer after the tracker is called the electromagnetic calorimeter. And depositions of energy will be collected for photons or electrons that strike it and sort of slow down and get break to a stop. We can distinguish photons from electrons because photons have no charge and leave no telltale track behind what electrons do. Most charged, most particles will be stopped at the next layer of the detector, the hedron calorimeter. So protons, neutrons, pions, caons, those will all come to a stop leaving their energy in that section. The hole inside here is surrounded by, these are the walls of a giant four Tesla magnet that allows the charged particles to curve and us to distinguish positive charge from negative charge. And by the radius of curvature, measure the momentum that each particle carries. What survives that? Well, muons are heavy particles that interact very weakly with material and they pass readily through our detector and survive to be picked up by tracking elements out here. So this would be a muon. And finally, neutrinos which are neutral, not charged at all, and interact so feebly that they usually just escape our detector without any signal left behind at all. We infer its existence by a telltale imbalance in the total energy measured by all the particles that we do see. If that's how we identify the fundamental particles that we know, how do we find the existence of a new particle? Especially a particle that doesn't exist long enough to survive to be detected and we only see its byproducts of its decay. Well, for the physics that we understand very well, like any phenomena you know well, you should be able to make predictions and anticipate what you'll find. Imagine a bucket full of 1,000 coins thrown into the air, each with one half probability of showing up ahead. If we count the number of heads when they finally all fall, we would expect on any single toss to get about 500 or something close to it. No guarantee but something close. This is a simulation of 1,000 trials of throwing 1,000 coins up at once. And you'll notice the central value near the peak is about at 500. And it's very rare that you're gonna see six or 700 heads or two or 300. Most of them clump around 500. If you ran this experiment and you saw something like that, you'd probably be highly suspicious that at least a handful of those coins were weighted. Or if the central value was off or the spread in the data looked all wrong, you'd be suspicious about the characteristics of every coin in the batch. This is how we look for new physics. We predict what we expect to see in the detector and look for deviations from it. This is CMS data of a collection of events and the measured missing transverse energy in the event. Remember it's the imbalance or missing energy that's evidence of neutrinos having escaped our detector. We know about a lot of processes that create neutrinos and we should be able to predict how often we see so many and what their distribution through the detector might be. And what all of these colors in the histograms are are the anticipated predicted contribution from known processes that generate neutrinos and the dots are the observed data. The fact that the data matches the predictions so beautifully is a testament to how well we understand the underlying physics that takes place and how well we understand the performance of our detector. For which it's significant if there's any error on the estimated position of these data points, they're suggested by the lines, the error bars. So where the statistics are low, there's significant error but not much up there. And in estimating the contributions from each of there there's any estimated error and those estimates, those are represented by the hatched regions there but I think you can see that certainly well within the error bars that the predictions beautifully align with the data. Here's another distribution, something called the invariant mass that I'll explain in a moment. It's a value calculate from all the stuff you see in the event. But once again I see the things that I think will contribute a certain amount across the spectrum to this calculation and then I see my data. In neither the previous case or this case do I see any suspicious deviations from what we expect. But should we, there's an almost surefire way if you collect enough statistics to know that you found a new particle. And that's because remember when I said particle can decay into daughters as long as it's originally more massive than the things it decays into. And the excess mass between this and the final states go into the energy that drive them apart. I can reverse that analysis and say if I've identified a couple of particles that I believe came from a decay by looking at their, identifying them and knowing their mass, measuring their energy, looking at things like the angle that separates them, I can work backwards and predict or reverse calculate what the mass of the parent that produced to them should be. I can collect data and look for pairs of objects in the data and make that calculation. If I indiscriminately take pairs of particles out of event after event after event after event and I try to calculate this so-called invariant mass of its parent, it's unlikely that by random choice I've found the pairs that did come from a parent and all likelihood they were unrelated, stray particles that weren't associated with the common parent and I just forced them into the equation. I got an answer, but the answer would be nonsense. I'd get answers all over the map. That's what you see in this plot. However, if buried in the data, or at least a handful of particles that actually were the decays of some particular parent, each and every time I'd perform the calculation for those pairings, I would reliably always get the same answer. That means if I collect enough statistics, even though I've picked a lot of random pairs that gave us this background, I'll unmistakably be able to tell that I had a certain number of particles that decayed from a parent with a precise mass. This is data, again from the CMS experiment, of a large collection of events that had at least two muons in them and we performed this calculation for every pairing of them. There's an enormous amount of background nonsense, but there's also unmistakable seven spikes. They correspond exactly to seven already well-known and established particles that do in fact decay to muons. Notice the largest one of here is a Z boson. It's just under 100 GeV. Large statistics runs, large statistic runs like collected here by the D0 experiment at Fermilab can make those spikes so well-defined that we can fit the data, find the central value, and know by a precise measurement the mass of that particle. At the CMS experiment, the first hint that we might have seen a Higgs came in data that looked like this. Selections were made on the data to try to drive down the otherwise overwhelming background so the amount of surviving data is small. So there's not many total events on this plot and as a consequence there's a lot of statistical scatter. But in blue and green are the predicted contributions to this invariant mass. Oh, it says four leptons. This was under an assumption that maybe the Higgs would decay to a pair of Zs and then each Z would decay to a pair of leptons, couple of electrons or a couple of muons. So these were paired together to calculate a mass and then these were paired together to calculate a mass. I see points above the predicted background, contributions of other processes. But judging by the air bars, I'm not sure that they're significant and you probably wouldn't try to convince anyone that you've discovered anything here. You shouldn't try. However, there's something tantalizing here in the data. There are four consecutive points that are above background. And if this is statistical random fluctuation then the likelihood of four in a row all fluctuating high is rather small. But again, you wouldn't wanna claim you discovered anything although interestingly enough in many analysis being performed at the time at CMS they were seeing the same sort of tiny little hint at about the same mass between 120 and 130 GeV. Our strongest signal, strongest evidence for the Higgs came in the gamma gamma or two photon channel, the decay of a Higgs to two photons. And this is a reconstruction of one of the events from the CMS experiment. Here is the data that first caused the excitement. Do you see it? Do you see the spike rising above the background? Probably not. The amount of background is enormous. And the number of Higgs admittedly in this picture is so small that statistical fluctuations almost make it impossible to see. Except, where did we think we might have seen something in that slide before? It was about at 125 and if I look above 125, ah, there is one data point, it's own error bars marked, the spread of error in the estimated background behind it and there's a sizable gap between the two. Okay, you'd be justified in insisting that we get more data before we say anything about this. When we double the data, we also did a couple of other things. We restricted ourselves to those portions of the detector most sensitive to photons and those range of photon energies that we can measure most precisely. Then we get this background, which was fit very smoothly with error estimates, the former hatched marks by these colored bands. And here we see three distinct points that are above the background and outside the error bars marked on each one. This was the summary that Joe and Candela was addressing at the beginning that caused the pandemonium that brought the house down. Since that time, with more data, the signal has grown only stronger. Here's the raw data up here, if you subtract out the background so it's across to flat zero here, you'll see, look at the scale, zero, 100, 200. There are several hundred Higgs in that peak. And fortunately, our competitive experiment, Atlas, sees the same peak at the same place for the same signal, pairs of gammas, pairs of photons. You know that first plot I showed with the ratty statistics that didn't look very promising? Here's how it looks now, released by the Atlas experiment. There's pretty clear evidence at 125 GeV of Higgs decaying to two Zs and the Zs decaying to leptons. This, by the way, is just the mass of the Z peak. Remember, that was just under 100 GeV and it's used to calibrate the rest of the measurements. This experiment is huge. There are 3,800 physicists, technicians, engineers working on CMS. I'm proud to be one of five faculty at the University of Nebraska that work on that experiment. Together with Greg Snow, Aaron Dominguez, Ilya Kravchenko and Kenneth Bloom, 3,800 physicists were a team of five that might seem daunting were not for the fact that the faculty here at the University of Nebraska have assumed major responsibilities on that experiment that have raised their own stature in that of the University of Nebraska. I'll talk about two particular things that are being done. First, I point out that we're joined by, we've got three postdocs that are working with us, five graduate students and about a dozen undergraduates working assorted projects associated with our work. This was a collection of us that just happened to be around the day a photographer was. I wanna talk about people that I'd been working closely with. My first graduate student was Carl Lundsted who at the time became probably the world's leading expert in jet pointing. Jets are collimated tight sprays of particles that are provoked by certain quark reactions inside the collision. These sprays are jets. He would extrapolate the tracks backwards and find their common origin and use that to diagnose perhaps problems with measuring the overall energy of the total particles in the jet. Carl still contributes to our effort but now as an administrator for one of the computer clusters that service the CERN experiment here at the University of Nebraska. I'll say more about that effort in a moment. Jason Keller was an expert in identifying jets whose origin were specifically be quarks. Jason's a recent graduate. He's now working for the National Opinion Research Corporation at the University of Chicago. And Suvidy Boyce is my postdoc stationed at Fermilab outside of Chicago. And his expertise is in the reconstruction of jets specifically looking for substructure in the particles that form the jet. That's something that can help us distinguish between single jets and two closely overlapping jets. Although he can also apply this information to tell us something about the origin of the interaction that created that jet as well. Gosh, it was 10 years ago that my colleagues Ken Bloom and Aaron Dominguez partnered with Computer Science and Engineering Professor David Swanson, now the director of the Holland Computing Center and secured a $2 million grant from the National Science Foundation to establish a large computer cluster here on campus. One that grew and eventually became an integral part of a worldwide system of distributed computing. This was all made possible by generous investments by the University of Nebraska Office of Research and Development, thank you Prem, thank you Harvey, in upgrading the connectivity of our university through the internet, made all of this stuff possible. Formally the athletic offices in South Stadium are repurposed as a shore computing center providing state of the art environmentally controlled rooms to house several computer clusters, one of which is dubbed red, it has 303,000 individual CPUs racked up for use. And that $2 million grant that was brought in, that was just the tip of the iceberg. Ken Bloom for about 10 years now has been the USCMS tier two project manager overseeing all seven US sites that have centers like the University of Nebraska has, but the University of Nebraska has the project manager for all seven of them. That's Wisconsin Purdue, Caltech, San Diego, Florida, Nebraska, MIT, Wisconsin. For the last five years, Ken has also served as the deputy level one manager of software and computing for the whole USCMS operations program. And just this January, congratulations Ken, he was promoted to manager of that same program and he oversees $18 million annual budget. A lot of that money funneled through the University of Nebraska. If you open up the CMS detector, gosh, it's beautiful, and you appear inside either half, you'll see where nestled in the center the tracking system sits itself an array of tiny little circuit boards that have on them something like the CCD cameras that were capturing those electrons in that movie clip I showed before. These are the pixel detectors. They're read out by circuit boards like this, designed, built, and tested here at the University of Nebraska. That's work that's done in a clean room where the fashion statement daily is this. Besides myself and Greg and Aaron, you see the trained technicians from our electronics shop, Bob and Brian, undergraduate Seth, graduate student Jose, all under the direction and supervision of our lab manager, Frank Meyer. These circuit boards are assembled through a robotic pick in place gantry being operated here by Seth and Jose, connected by delicate wire bonding, which is performed by an instrument we have here in the lab, the University of Nebraska, operated and demonstrated here by Frank. And my colleague, Aaron Dominguez, when he served as tracker deputy project manager, he spent a large fraction of his time for two or three years stationed at CERN overseeing the work of about 75 institutions that were contributing workers who at various times totaled up to 500 people in the installation and commissioning of the first tracking detector that saw service through the initial runs and is still being used in the CMS detector. Aaron also has a recent promotion to deputy project manager for USCMS phase one upgrades and as such is overseeing the R&D effort to eventually replace a lot of the guts of CMS in a couple of years. And just recently, he honchoed a big successful push to bring an $11.5 million grant to get that work done to the University of Nebraska. You've probably heard the news. Scant days ago, beam was injected again after a two-year hiatus of maintenance period at the lab. We've got beam circulating in the instrument again. It'll be a couple of weeks until it's tuned and ramped up to the optimal energy, which we hope will be twice what we ran it before. I want you to realize that the experiment here is not just a Higgs machine. This is a multi-purpose detector. The intention is to explore a large suite of questions, one of which we think we've got a handle on now. The origin of particle mass, the discovery of the predicted Higgs tells us we're on the right path for that. But there are a lot of other unanswered questions in physics. You probably asked when you saw that early slide, what in the heck are all those particles for? 96% of the universe is not those particles. What's dark matter? We're hoping to get a hint in the next run. Are there dimensions beyond those that our senses explore every day? And if the universe had its origin in the Big Bang, what happened to all of the antimatter? Since matter and antimatter should have been made in equal amounts. There are still some outstanding questions with this Higgs boson, is it? Honestly, the particle that Peter Higgs predicted. Remember, if it is, it has many ways that it should decay. Now that we've ascertained its mass at 125 GeV, look where we intercept these relative strengths of decay channels. Only two of which so far do we have direct evidence that the Higgs decays that way. If the real Higgs, we should be able to find it decaying to BB bar. We should be able to find it decaying to Tau's, to Charm, to pairs of Z's. Oh no, it's the Z we found, not the W's. And unless and if we do, it may be something different. I'm gonna stop there so that those that have questions can answer them and thank you for your time. So Daniel, thank you very much for a really exciting story and fascinating outcome. And I'm sure there are a number of questions. So if you do, please come up to the microphone in the center and pose your question. While we're waiting for someone to walk up, I do have a question that started with you. Okay. So during introduction, you mentioned that one of the bosons, the weak bonds was related to the weak force. So since the Higgs boson is related to mass, you think that's gonna lead any insight in terms of gravitational force since it's... So when I argued that the world of matter is made out of fermions, and that fermions feel one another through an exchange of bosons, we believe that also is the way gravity works. So gravity must be mediated by some boson. That's the graviton. The problem with trying to study gravitons in high energy collisions is we work at the subatomic level. And although we tend to think of gravity as being a pretty strong force, that's only because we encounter the gravity being created by the earth beneath our feet, which is an astronomically huge body. When you're down at the level of individual fundamental particles like in a high energy interaction, the force of gravity is too small to measure at all. So it's hard to do gravity experiments. One thing about the Higgs that I can point out, though, is that the source of gravity, we think of ordinarily as coming from mass, massive objects have gravity. Actually, gravity comes from the total energy of an object, which is its rest mass plus other forms, but light is deflected by gravity, which means you don't have to have mass to feel gravity. You just have to have energy. So gravity source is not necessarily mass, gravity source is total energy of a body. And so the Higgs mechanism is a little bit separate from gravity yet. We have not found a successful way to incorporate gravitational theories with the so-called standard model that I described. When you mentioned decay, I get the sense that there's time involved with that, with the variation with speeds and time warps, for lack of a better term. Would that influence where you're looking for the Higgs particles? So for... Are you getting to velocities? What is the velocity of these reactions shooting through the sensors? Is that speed of light? They are very, very close to the speed of light. So is there any situation where time would influence that? The fact that these particles are traveling close to the speed of light does mean there's some time warping, as you put it. You mentioned also about that perhaps we're in this pool of these Higgs, in my call, is particles correct term? Sure. Okay. And we also sometimes describe this sea of Higgs as a Higgs field. Okay, in this Higgs field, and the decay speed is so, I mean, quick. I mean, I'm trying to imagine this in my mind. Is it just something that's just there and gone, but there's new ones continually just being there and gone? So part of the story that I didn't describe, when I suggested that the light coming from a lamp is made up of these little pellets, the photons. There's another part of this quantum field theory that say around every electric charge, like an electron, like a proton, is a sea of photons. That they're continuously being given up and absorbed by their source. And only one another, say this is an electron. Another electron wanders close enough to encounter one of the sea of photons this thing is generating. Do they feel the repulsion of one another? So are there real photons there? Or are they, in a high school textbook, you probably saw this described as an electric field around the electron. There's an electric field that pushes away other electrons. But in the same way that I kind of suggested our image of what subatomic particles look like, are they particles or are they waves? Quantum mechanics blurs the distinction between those two. Quantum mechanics also blurs the distinction between fields, like the gravitational field around the earth or the electric field around a charge, between that field and the sea of particles that surround. Recognize the Faraday and then James Clerk Maxwell and all that weird stuff. All that weird stuff. But also, I lost my cat during an experiment, and but I can't help but to think about in this situation how this huge machine affects what you're looking for. I mean, and with that I'll finish, thank you. So he's posing the question, there's an argument, philosophical argument, that the result you see from a experiment, quantum mechanical experiment, can be affected by the way you design your experiment. But in particle physics, these collisions are very real and the tracks that we see left behind are unmistakable. And the kind of mind games that are explored in Schrodinger's cat that you alluded to, they are usually on time scales or physical space scales where something happens and before an observation can be made, it's undeterminate what really happened. But in the real world, as soon as anything that comes out of that event interacts with any other particle around it, that makes the decision for you. It isn't that you wait at this detector at large distances with 100 million elements and you wait until you get the data and analyze it, that you force an event to happen in the past. As soon as these particles interact with one another, they absolutely define the process that took place. And excellent presentation, very tough topic and trying to make it easier for us. I had the benefit of being at CERN. Aaron was there on sabbatical and providing leadership. So seeing firsthand and I've been fortunate to work with the high energy physics team ever since I've been here, I've been very impressed. And I think it's a really a wonderful case study that just a very small team and yet having a global impact and not just contributing to science but actually also providing leadership. So my question is that in an environment that collaborations are very difficult to start and achieve and maintain and yet be productive and yet high energy physics team has done. So looking back, what are the some of the lessons that your team has learned both positive and negative that might encourage us to replicate this experiment and multiply it into multiple areas? So we have the advantage in high energy that that's the culture. These experiments are large enough that they can't be performed without lots of institutions investing lots of manpower and resources. And probably other areas of science don't necessarily even think in terms of that level of collaboration. It's the scale of the experiment that fix it. So when you set your sights big, then you need that sort of help and cooperation.  So I think this thing is gonna naturally happen for a lot of our efforts as we push the envelope to do new stuff and exciting stuff. And thank you Prem again for the third time. So if there's no other questions, please join me in thanking Daniel again. But then what a wonderful presentation and but we have a tradition there that the face that everyone has been seeing on campus and everywhere for the last few months. Now we want to give you a framed copy of that poster. So now you can get sick of it, looking at it every day. Thank you very much. Thank you.


And after digging a bit more, I saw a recommendation for an app for 99 cents called Space Reclaimer. And I ran that app and was able to reclaim over eight gigabytes of space on his Apple TV. My guess is this would work on your iPhone and iPad as well as the Apple TV because we have seen all of, you know, where it just fills up and it won't clean itself out. You know, the garbage collection that we as users would want to happen on our iOS based devices. So I, you know, iPhone, iPad, Apple TV does not happen the way we would like it to. And so it's kind of a bummer to have to pay 99 cents for something that Apple should be doing. Yeah, there's my should for you. Yeah, but they're not doing it. So 99 cents is a small price to pay to have this.


Hi and welcome to the session. Let us discuss the following question. Question says, find the maximum and minimum values if any of the following functions given by Hx equal to sin 2x plus 5. First of all, let us understand that if function f is defined on interval i, then if there exists c belonging to interval i such that fc is greater than equal to fx for all x belonging to interval i, then fc is called the maximum value of the function f in interval i and if fc is less than equal to fx all x belonging to i, fc is called minimum value of f in interval i. This is the key area to solve the given question. Let us now solve the solution. We are given function h given by Hx equal to sin 2x plus 5. Now we know sin function is less than equal to 1 and greater than equal to minus 1 for every x belonging to real numbers. So we can write sin 2x is less than equal to 1 and greater than equal to minus 1 for every x belonging to real numbers. Now this implies minus 1 plus 5 is less than equal to sin 2x plus 5 is less than equal to 1 plus 5 for every x belonging to R. Now this implies 4 is less than equal to sin 2x plus 5 less than equal to 6 for every x belonging to real numbers. Now we know sin 2x plus 5 is equal to Hx. So we can write it equal to 4 less than equal to Hx less than equal to 6. Now 4 is less than equal to Hx implies minimum value of function h is 4 and 6 is greater than equal to Hx implies 6 is the maximum value of function h. So this is our required answer. Minimum value of function h is equal to 4 and maximum value of function h is equal to 6. This completes the session. Hope you understood the session. Goodbye.


Hi my name is Justin Cologne, I'm with Navy Search and Rescue at Naval Air Station with the Army. Right now we are training with a local hospital, just getting to know each other, how we can better help each other in the local community. Every morning our day starts with the brief and the star spin so regardless of what's happening we come out, start the aircraft, run up all of the systems and make sure everything is good so that if we do get a call it's a quick straight to the aircraft and we can go. We'll talk to schools, we'll talk to hospitals, fire departments, just letting them know that we're here in the area, that we're available to assist them in any way that we can. It's been nothing but exciting, every summer season it's just a blast to be a part of this team.


Ladies and gentlemen, please rise for the arrival of the official party and remain standing for the national anthem and invocation Officer training command Newport arriving deputy director for operations J3 US Indo-Pacific Command arriving Ladies and gentlemen Chaplain Butts will now offer the invocation Let us pray Eternal father you have fashioned and created us as a people and called us as a nation to a place of trust and leadership in the world We honor this day our newest naval officers and we ask for your special blessing upon them as they embark on their journey into the fleet Father today our hearts rejoice and the day these graduates have dreamed of has finally arrived So many are proud of their achievements However, we are mindful that our achievements are possible only through the life You have given us through the parents who have loved and nourished us Through the host of peers and friends a long life's way who encouraged us and those here at officers training command who guided and molded each life Developing them into our nation's newest naval leaders No one person is an island and none are perfect and each has a witness to your watchful care and forgiving grace With every accomplishment and privilege came added responsibility and each one of these officers stands here today Accepting of the duty that our nation has entrusted to them Bless all who've stood by these we honor and give them an extra portion of your love Watch over protect them as they head off to their new commands Today they stand on the shoulders of the greatest naval leaders of history Who've inspired generations to fight for the freedoms that make our country great Give them the strength and courage to carry on that legacy be with us today and forever. Amen Ladies and gentlemen, please be seated Ladies and gentlemen captain mark hazenberg officer training command Newport OTC and staff Family members and friends who are joining us both in person and virtually and most importantly soon to be commissioned Officers of class of zero two tech two two Good morning. I Am excited to welcome ninety one newest ensigns into one of the most prestigious Challenging and rewarding careers in our nation that of a naval officer To the family and friends joining us. I applaud you for the great work You have done preparing these impressive young leaders prior to their arrival here Thank you for the support you have given them It has enabled them to make the sound choices they have made and we are grateful to these graduates for their choice to serve We are grateful to you for your continued support To the graduates As commanding officer to officer training command Newport. I am proud of all of you You all had many other options than to volunteer to serve your country yet you chose this path I thank you for your patriotism and your willingness to serve I can assure you that a life of service holds many rewarding many rewards and will bring you great fulfillment You completed rigorous military academic and physical training You overcame obstacles. Nothing was handed to you these past 13 weeks except opportunity The opportunity to make something more of yourself to learn to grow and to lead And you seize that opportunity You embraced it and today you reap its rewards. I congratulate each and every one of you for the significant and memorable achievement It is now time to embrace a new opportunity to lead sailors in the fleet In the years ahead your knowledge and leadership skills will be tested often You will be standing watch and working alongside fellow officers and sailors around the world and around the clock Know that you are going to be doing significant and meaningful work for our country The nation and the navy expect the best from you the highest standards of personal professional conduct Excellence in leadership and a strict adherence to the navy's core values honor courage commitment I urge you to continue to uphold the highest standards of excellence and integrity Character matters as writer george elliott once said character is destiny Your choices in life will determine where you end up Work hard Learn the warfare and professional skills of your designator Strive to be the best and give your country your best efforts because nothing else will suffice In closing I applaud your accomplishments and perseverance Each of you are about to embark upon a great adventure an adventure in which I hope you find both professional success and personal fulfillment It will be unlike any other job you have ever had or will ever had And regardless of how long you serve our nation It will most assuredly be a time in your life upon which you will look back with much pride and satisfaction Congratulations to each and every one of you. I wish you fair wins in following seats It is my honor and privilege this morning to introduce to you our guest speaker Rear admiral theodore la claire deputy director for operations Mobilization assistant j3 u.s. Indo-pacific command A 1991 graduate of villanova university. He earned his commission through the navy reserve officer training corps He also holds a master's degree from harvard kennedy school and the u.s. Army war college He is a graduate with distinction of the joint forces staff college He is a surface warfare officer and has experience in the atlantic pacific and indian oceans as well as a mediterranean sea and arabian gulf As part of the navy reserve He has had numerous assignments that include both staff and overseas mobilizations in support of operations northern and southern watch iraqi freedom and enduring freedom His two mobilizations were to combat zones in kawait in iraq His command tours include inshore boat unit 22 maritime expeditionary boat division 42 navy reserve us forces korea cno warfare systems op nav n9 reserve support And navy reserve us seventh fleet Rear admiral la claire assumed the duties as deputy director for operations mobilization assistant us into pacific command in may 2020 His leadership is absolutely essential to the continued success of the world's greatest navy And we are truly fortunate to have him here with us today to share some thoughts with the navy's newest 91 ensigns Ladies and gentlemen, please join me in welcoming our guest of honor today rear admiral theodore la claire Thanks skipper Actually before I do much talking I don't usually do this, but I want to get a picture of you guys you look awesome Try to squeeze in a little. Yeah All right people are laughing. That's good. They're paying attention Okay. Hey good. Uh, good morning everybody skipper chaplain staff family shipmates. It's tremendous honor to be with you today In the navy we tend to give the me talk officers a hard time about bad weather But I was telling the chaplain this is on you. You're the ones the relationship up there So he didn't really deliver it for us today, but hopefully we'll get through this before the storm rolls through So when I stand up here and I look out of the room and those on on the web To me this room is just an endless river of awesome awesomeness And I say that not just about the folks in front of me the people behind them supporting them the folks on this stage Um man when we talk about the american people being proud of a group of people It's everybody in this room because we all contributed this you all contributed to this moment When you do a lot of public speaking as I have it's helpful to do audience analysis One of the first things you want to know is what slot did you get? Before lunch before dinner the last slot on the last day of a conference while everyone is looking at their watches nervously To get flights that's usually the worst slot You ask who yourself who's in attendance parents grandparents mentors folks in uniform Air force navy marine Is there any press in the room other flag or general officers who didn't tell us who just snuck in How many people will be there is it on the web etc. So those are all the things I kind of go through in my brain In addition to that analysis for this one I did extensive scientific research. I talked to 25 Former ocs graduates The conversation went like this. Hey shipmate. Guess what? I know you went to ocs Hey, i'm speaking at ocs graduation. How cool is that man? Hey, do you remember who spoke at your graduation? All 25 did not have one clue in fact one guy even told me Hey, I was so hungover. I was afraid I was going to puke. I just wanted to get out of there without making a scene So That is the sight picture that I have So here it is a room full of young new officers Who have been locked on this base for months with plane tickets in hands bags packed who will never remember me And my mom says i'm special Right The other thing I ask myself when I do this is what does success look like when i'm done And it's wonderful when you get in an uber and someone's complaining. It's not the right car It's dirty or it smells. I'm like, hey, man, you're focused on the wrong thing Success is we get there safely and alive. It's like being on an airplane I don't really if someone's saying hey, I say that too, right? I saw her look back like even when I got in an airplane I don't care if there are pretzels or peanuts or the drinks don't get it's like I want to get there Right, so focusing on the thing that truly matters. So what's success look like? So For the staff I want you to feel appreciated in a renewed sense of spirit of what you do here Because I actually think what you do here is one of the most important things in our military To the families. I want you to feel that your kids are in good hands And we'll also have time for pictures. I was in this room 32 years ago And went through a ceremony just like this the only thing I remember are the photos that we have from it So we will have time for that. I promise And the new officers I just hopefully you take away one thing One thing that you put in your c bag with you that you leave her with That you use and make a difference in other people's lives. So buckle in here we go So to the staff well done yet again another superb class of officers for a world class organization like the navy Nothing is as vital as world class leadership as you listen to my remarks I hope that they provide you a renewed sense of purpose for your mission. Well done and thank you team So that's an applause moment for those guys. So for the staff I also want to thank dana steiner. She's an assistant and she helped me get the books here for you guys And then we signed the other day that you have in your possession now You're like what book is he talking about? We're gonna come to the book So I want to thank her she's a mainstay here at the officer candidate school program And she's just awesome. So thanks dana for the parents and their relatives. Please excuse me If I get emotional What a deep sense of gratitude I have for you As I close my eyes and I've thought about this moment I've tried to visualize all the moments for you to get to this point They're birthed the hospital ride home They're diapers the first stitches The first lost tooth the first baseball hit or soccer goal Recitals first daddy daughter dances you name it all of those moments To me there is no single greater gift to this country Than to raise a child for its defense I know there are some parents who are veterans yourself But this person's humble opinion your child wearing the cloth of our nation supersedes your own I know my deploy deployments through the years Especially ones to the sandbox during the war were much harder on my parents than me So on behalf of a nation that's grateful chief of naval operations Admiral gilday I wanted to say thank you for these young men and women that are sitting here in front of me Thank you very much So for the new incidents my advice is very targeted to the next two or three years of your life If I was sitting there oh by the way I would trade these stars for your ensign bars any day of the week I would love to do it all over again The x the co was right the journey you're about to go on is going to be awesome Um But if I was sitting there I would say hey man, what's success look like when I'm done So here is the bottom line up front They'd call that the bluff Imagine a decade from now you're walking down the street and you run into one of your sailors Or more likely in our day and age you connect on zoom Or you're on a social media post or something And I hope a conversation transpires something like this The sailor says to his kids. Hey remember the officer. I'm always talking about This is him This is mr. Potter. This is the ensign. He was my divo on my first ship Man, he's one of the most important people in my life. I wouldn't be here if it wasn't for him I am so grateful to him for being there when I needed him most For you folks, that's what success looks like. Okay, so just bear with me for a few minutes We're going to give you the oath and we'll get out of here I see that not happening from you being the best ship handlers Pilots or nuke engineers. Those are all important roles, which I know you will excel at You'll experience that type of moment through being a leader My words are not designed to prevent failure heartache mistakes or regrets. You're going to have all of those things. That's just part of life I am known for saying that I got more more scars than stars. I barely got into college I fought for a two-year rotc scholarship I failed to finish buds. I failed my first swoleboard The list goes on Okay It's easy when you get these Readings about oh man harvard all this other stuff. I got way more scars than stars For many years. I even felt I was a bit less of an officer because I wasn't an academy grad It was a light bulb moment for me when I learned none of my sailors cared where I got my commission When I showed up to us as Callahan, nobody said hey, where'd you go to school? They didn't care. They cared about when was chow The eggs at breakfast weren't very good. When are we going to get liberty? Why are we staying late again in the engineering department when everyone else is getting liberty? That's the stuff they cared about The funny thing is most of them didn't even know I'd gone to college If you're hung up on being an ocs grad get over it and get over it quickly We picked you you're graduating an incredibly tough program and you're an officer in the greatest navy the world has ever seen That is the self-talk. I want you to leave here with I want you also leaving here knowing I think the single most important mission you have is the collective readiness of you and your people always be ready Fire when ready gridly is iconic phrase in our navy's history Commodore George Dewey uttered those famous words in 1898 on april 25th after the sinking of the battleship main in Havana harbor congress declared war on spain That same day the secretary of the navy sent a message to Commodore Dewey with orders to find and destroy the spanish fleet With no notice. Dewey led his squadron from hong kong to manila bay and the squadron Was the ship uss olympia in fact the ceos served on a uss olympia, but different ship He's not that old and he commanded was it was commanded by a 40-year veteran named charles gridly Upon citing the spanish ships. Dewey entered the bay in a column formation when the ships closed within range Dewey uttered the famous words you may fire when ready gridly The moral of the story is that dewey squadron and gridly ship the olympia were ready when called upon Do any of you know when you will be called upon to be tested in fire? The answer is no you we we have no idea That is why you must always be ready Your readiness is vital to the success of our navy and the great leadership and great and great leadership will be the critical enabler I would go further to say that it's not enough to lead your people I want you to love your people John wooden was the famous 20th century basketball coach Who was actually awarded the greatest coach of the 20th century all sports men women pro college you name it He had created a leadership pyramid for success. He had been a teacher for many years before he was ucla's coach But towards the end of his life. He said the famous pyramid was missing the most important word in life It was the word love He said he realized later on that it was In the pyramid it just wasn't one of the blocks It was actually the cement Or the glue between the blocks that held it together So leadership is in fact about love My favorite musical lame is a rob has one of the greatest lyrics of all time To to love another person is to see the face of god When i was telling my wife, I was going to take the risk to talk about love and readiness and charles gridly She said you know ted you might want to explain what kind of love you're talking about So chris here i am Philia is the love without romantic attraction and it occurs between friends or family members It occurs when both people share The same values and respect each other. It's commonly referred to as brotherly love or sisterly love The catalyst for this is the mind your mind articulates which friends are on the same wavelength as you And who can you trust? Which shipmates are on the same wavelength? Which ones aren't? Who do we need to get there? What gets them there is leadership? We exhibit philia by engaging in a deep conversation In deep conversation being open and trustworthy being supportive and hard times The book that was handed out yesterday to you was singularly and purposefully written with you in your task in mind The audience analysis for this is c going ensigns To the fleet to lead our sailors That is the book i wish i had when i was sitting in the seat similar to you The key premise of the book is leadership can be learned like playing the piano or learning to fly a plane You must study practice observe and be mentored By virtue of the oath you're about to swear You're writing a blank check to the american people to leaders like me who if need be will cash it And will put you in harm's way for the success of the mission and the security of our nation I won't blink to do it You will hear mission first, but remember people always More than a million americans have given what lincoln called the last full measure of devotion It is written in isaiah Chapter six verse eight Then i heard the voice of the lord saying Whom shall i send and who will go for us? And he said here i am lord Send me send me remember Your sailors answered the same call And they've written the same blank check that you have They too have parents and families dreams and hopes for their future I believe to my core that you can play a central role in helping them achieve their dreams In their vision for what they believe their time in uniform would look like Today in the audience Is my first department head and you should know that he has supported me and encouraged me and loved me for 30 years He's one of the most important leaders in my life. His son is in your class He's named after our commanding officer and to this day many of the officers And enlisted from us as callahan remain close Together through captain ryan's leadership. We deliver it up to honor Those relationships are one of the greatest gifts your service will afford you I also know from my audience analysis that there are several prior enlisted in this class And i'm sure each one of you Could share a similar story of mentor chief or officer who played a significant role It's why you're sitting here today As precious as our nation's treasure is we can always replace a valve or a panel while the pipe or repair radar Replacing you is much more difficult Just a few final recommendations on readiness that gridly would agree with Readiness is highest when we start with the individual responsibility not top-down guidance from admirals like me It's on the deck plates. Look left. Look right. That is where it needs to start Actions prevail over words another way to say it leadership by example Love yourself is about being good to yourself Please take care of yourselves and if you're struggling any way Raise your hand and get help take a knee whatever the team needs you mentally Physically emotionally spiritually fit and focused Don't be afraid of tough love either ask my chang. He knows it works The buddy system is proven Do it don't let shipmates go off alone Alcohol is a factor in 98% of the bad things that happen to our team They negatively impact readiness and we can't afford it help people who need help with that Know yourself and foot stomp OCS and rotc us naval academy.  No one cares where you got your commission The gridly story was about operational readiness a key enabler is your individual readiness your heart Your head and your heart have to be in the game As time has passed few know who charles gridly is The truth is none of us knows when we will be called upon so we must be ready always So having a charles gridly on our tribe is a great value and a gift But only if members of the tribe pass along these important lessons and learn from them So in closing the best part of any speech For 246 years our team has amassed some amazing stories My challenge for you as a new member of the team study what kind of leader you want to be Answer the question what does success look like and please take care of our people and yourself included In the poem the laws of the navy by Admiral Halfwood He writes on the strength of the link in a cable dependent the might of the chain Who knows when they'll must mice be tested so lived they'll bear us the strain Embrace our culture of readiness and know it is your turn to be tested and bear a strain on the chain I know our navy is in good hands. May you always have fair wins as you make your own stories. Thanks shipmates The graduating class will now receive the oath of office Would all military personnel in uniform please come to the position of attention Class zero two tech two two raise your right hand I state your full name Having been pointed an ensign in the united states navy Do hereby accept such appointment And do solemnly swear That i'll support and defend The constitution of the united states Against all enemies Foreign and domestic and then I'll bear true faith In allegiance to the same That I take this obligation freely without any mental reservation Or purpose of evasion And that I will well and faithfully Discharge the duties Of the office on which i'm about to enter So help me god Ladies and gentlemen, please be seated The graduates assembled from ocs class zero two tech two two honor class Will now be recognized by the commanding officer for their achievements while undergoing training here at officer training command newport Intonolette has been designated a student naval flight officer It will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in pentaclotha florida Intonolette is a graduate of the university of rhoda island Intonolette has been awarded the lieutenant thomas ed award for achieving the highest average in academics military training and physical fitness while attending officer candidate school Intonolette is a distinguished naval graduate Inton screbe has been designated a surface warfare officer and will be assigned to the uss prunes ddg 111 in san diego california Inton screbe is a graduate of the university of redlands Intonor so has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in pentaclotha florida Intonor so has a graduate is a graduate of uberland college Intonor Connor has been designated a civil engineering core officer It will be assigned to public works department newport and newport rhoda island Intonor Connor is a graduate of old dominion university Intonor mcclough has been designated a student naval aviator It will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in pentaclotha florida Intonor mcclough is a graduate of columbia college of mizuri. Inton mclough is a distinguished naval graduate Inton Copeland has been designated a student naval aviator I will be assigned to aviation Preflight Inductionation in Pensacola, Florida. Anson Copeland is a graduate of Elon University. Anson Pertie has been dead! Has been designated a student naval flight officer. Will be assigned to aviation Preflight Inductionation in Pensacola, Florida. Anson Pertie is a graduate of the University at Albany and for these this distinguished naval graduate. Anson差不多. Has been designated a student naval theater. Will be assigned to aviation Preflight Inductionation in Pensacola, Florida. Anson president is a graduate of comme doca Erin integrated University. Anson Martin has been designated a student naval flight officer and will be assigned to aviation pre-flight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Anson Martin is a graduate of Southern Illinois University Carbondale. Anson Aldrich has been designated a student naval flight officer and will be assigned to aviation pre-flight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Anson Aldrich is a graduate of American Military University. Anson Alexander has been designated a surface welfare officer and will be assigned to the USS William P. Lawrence, DDG 110 and Pearl Harbor Hawaii. Anson Alexander is a graduate of Blue G. State University. Anson Amokeoja has been designated a surface welfare officer and will be assigned to the USS Neitz, DDG 94 and NOFOP Virginia. Anson Amokeoja is a graduate of Western Governor University, Texas. Anson Arcima has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation pre-flight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Anson Arcima is a graduate of Drake University. Anson Bailey has been designated a nuclear submarine officer and will be assigned to the Nuclear Power Training Command in Charleston, South Carolina. Anson Bailey is a graduate of Oregon State University. Anson Barre has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation pre-flight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Anson Barre is a graduate of Texas NM University. Anson Barbiles has been designated a supply corps officer and will be assigned to naval supply corps officer school in Newport, Rhode Island. Anson Barbiles is a graduate of Metropolitan State University of Denver. Anson Buxie has been designated an intelligence officer and will be assigned to naval intelligence officer basic corps in Damneck, Virginia. Anson Buxie is a graduate of the University of Maryland Baltimore. Anson Bennett has been designated an aviation duty maintenance officer and will be assigned to helicopter maritime squadron 49 in San Diego, California. Anson Bennett is a graduate of North Carolina Central University. Anson Blackburn has been designated a surface welfare officer and will be assigned to the USS Truxton DDG-103 in Norfolk, Virginia. Anson Blackburn is a graduate of the University of Alabama. Anson Blackwell has been designated a nuclear submarine officer and will be assigned to nuclear power training command in Charleston, South Carolina. Anson Blackwell is a graduate of the University of Virginia. Anson Breniger has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation pre-flight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Anson Breniger is a graduate of Appalachian State University. Anson Brown has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation pre-flight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Anson Brown is a graduate of the University of Hawaii, Manoa. Anson Burks has been designated a surface warfare officer and will be assigned to the USS New York LPD-21 in Norfolk, Virginia. Anson Burks is a graduate of National University. Anson Burrus has been designated an intelligence officer and will be a science and naval intelligence officer basic corps in Damneck, Virginia. Anson Burrus is a graduate of American Military University. Anson Butler has been designated a student naval flight officer and will be assigned to aviation pre-flight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Anson Butler is a graduate of the University of Kansas. Anson Kalani has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation pre-flight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Anson Kalani is a graduate of Liberty University. Anson Kalani is a distinguished naval graduate. Anson Camisa has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encincomesa is a graduate of Texas A&M University. Encincasper has been designated a student naval aviator who will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encincasper is a graduate of Oklahoma State University. Encincasper has been designated a surface warfare officer and will be assigned to the USS Preble DDG-88 in San Diego, California. Encincasper is a graduate of Excelsior College. Encincorbitt has been designated a student naval flight officer will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encincorbitt is a graduate of Norfolk State University. Encincurry has been designated a student naval aviator will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encincurry is a graduate of the United States Merchant Marine Academy. Encincurry is a distinguished naval graduate. Encin Davidson has been designated a surface warfare officer will be assigned to the USS Stout DDG-55 in Norfolk, Virginia. Encin Davidson is a graduate of Randolph-Macon College. Encin Doggett has been designated a intelligence officer will be assigned to naval intelligence officer basic course in Damneck, Virginia. Encin Doggett is a graduate of Columbia University. Encin Duong has been designated a civil engineer core officer will be assigned to naval mobile construction battalion 5 in Port Rhineamy, California. Encin Duong is a graduate of the University of Washington. Encin Duce Bobbitt has been designated a student naval aviator will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encin Duce Bobbitt is a graduate of the University of Colorado. Encin Ehrlich has been designated a student naval aviator will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encin Ehrlich is a graduate of Excelsior College. Encin Ehrlich has been awarded the rare Admiral Stephen B. Loose award for obtaining the highest academic average while attending officer candidate school. Encin Farley has been designated a civil engineer core officer and will be assigned to Marine Corps Air Station at Cherry Point, North Carolina. Encin Farley is a graduate of Brigham Young University, Idaho. Encin Finaroli has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encin Finaroli is a graduate of Chico State. Encin Fernandez has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encin Fernandez is a graduate of Coastal Carolina University. Encin Gala Narara has been designated a nuclear surface warfare officer will be assigned to the USS Green Bay, LPD 20 in Sassaboa, Japan. Encin Gala Narara is a graduate of California State University, Northridge. Encin Gora has been designated a surface warfare officer will be assigned to the USS Zoomwalk DDG 1000 in San Diego, California. Encin Gora is a graduate of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Encin Gunser has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encin Gunser is a graduate of St. Leo University. Encin Hanks has been designated a nuclear submarine officer and will be assigned to nuclear power training command in Charleston, South Carolina. Encin Hanks is a graduate of the University of Iowa. Encin Harry Andy has been designated a surface warfare officer will be assigned to the USS Oak Hill, LSD 51 in Norfolk, Virginia. Encin Harry Andy is a graduate of Pennsylvania State University. Encin Harry Perez has been designated a surface warfare officer and will be assigned to the USS Normandy, CG 60 in Norfolk, Virginia. Encin Harry Perez is a graduate of Yale University. Encin Herrera has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encin Herrera is a graduate of Florida International University. Encin Johnson has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encin Johnson is a graduate of Bowling Green State University. Encin Jones has been designated a surface warfare officer and will be assigned to USS Germantown, LSD 42 in San Diego, California. Encin Jones is a graduate of California State University, the Mingas Hills. Encin Kang has been designated a surface warfare engineering duty officer and will be assigned to the USS Tortuga, LSD 46 in Norfolk, Virginia. Encin Kang is a graduate of the University of Redlands. Encin Kilba has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encin Kilba is a graduate of Salzburg University. Encin Lee has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encin Lee is a graduate of Indiana University. Encin Leonard has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encin Leonard is a graduate of the University of North Carolina at Wilmington. Encin Leonard is a distinguished naval graduate. Encin Longman has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encin Longman is a graduate of Embry-Ruddle Aeronautical University. Encin McCreese has been designated a nuclear submarine officer and will be assigned to nuclear power training command in Charleston, South Carolina. Encin McCreese is a graduate of the University of California Davis. Encin McGee has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encin McGee is a graduate of City College. Encin McGee is a distinguished naval graduate. Encin Marlowe has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encin Marlowe is a graduate of Minnesota State, Mercato. Encin Myers has been designated a student naval flight officer and will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encin Myers is a graduate of the University of Washington. Encin Mingas has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encin Mingas is a graduate of Hamilton College. Encin O'Flynn has been designated an aviation duty maintenance officer and will be assigned to strike fighter squadron 195 in Iwakana, Japan. Encin O'Flynn is a graduate of American Military University. Encin Alvera has been designated an information professional officer and will be assigned to information professional basic course in Norfolk, Virginia. Encin Alvera is a graduate of John Jay University. Encin Osachi has been designated a surface warfare officer and will be assigned to the USS Dewey, DDG 105 in Yakuza, Japan. Encin Osachi is a graduate of ECPI College. Encin Audison has been designated an intelligence officer and will be assigned to naval intelligence officer basic course in Dam, Mac, Virginia. Encin Audison is a graduate of the University of Virginia. Encin Pablo has been designated a nuclear surface warfare officer and will be assigned to the USS Benfold, DDG 65 in Yakuza, Japan. Encin Pablo is a graduate of the University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign. Encin Pentel has been designated a nuclear submarine officer and will be assigned to Nuclear Power Training Command in Charleston, South Carolina. Encin Pentel is a graduate of Uranus College. Encin Peters has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encin Peters is a graduate of Brown University. Encin Potter has been designated a surface warfare officer and will be assigned to the USS Baton, LHD 5 in Norfolk, Virginia. Encin Potter is a graduate of the University of Kentucky. Encin Rates have been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encin Rates is a graduate of the University of North Florida. Encin Ragsdale has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Encin Ragsdale is a graduate of North Carolina State University. Encin Saito has been designated an intelligence officer or be assigned to Naval Intelligence Officer Basic Course in Dam, Mac, Virginia. Anson Saito is a graduate of Stanford University. Anson Scholl has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation pre-flight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Anson Scholl is a graduate of the University of North Carolina. Anson Scholl is a distinguished naval graduate. Anson Schollter has been designated a civil engineering officer and will be assigned to the Naval Mobile Construction Battalion I in Gulfport, Mississippi. Anson Schollter is a graduate of the University of Washington. Anson Silver Screening. Has been designated a student naval flight officer and will be assigned to aviation pre-flight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Anson Silver Screening is a graduate of Rutgers University. Anson Slatery. Has been designated a surface warfare officer and will be assigned to the USS Daniel Illinois, DDG 118, and Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Anson Slatery is a graduate of the University of Kentucky. Anson Smith. Has been designated a surface warfare officer and will be assigned to the USS Carl M. Levin, DDG 120, and Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Anson Smith is a graduate of Lockhaven University. Anson Sniffen. Has been designated a surface warfare officer and will be assigned to the USS Forest Sherman, DDG 98, and Norfolk, Virginia. Anson Sniffen is a graduate of Southern New Hampshire University. Anson Snyder. Has been designated a surface warfare officer and will be assigned to the USS Mahan, DDG 72, and Norfolk, Virginia. Anson Snyder is a graduate of Arizona State University. Anson Spingler. Has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Anson Spingler is a graduate of the University of Pittsburgh. Anson Stickler. Has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Anson Stickler is a graduate of Brigham Young University. Anson Thomas. Has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight indoctrination in Pensacola, Florida. Anson Thomas is a graduate of the University of Akron. It's incitus has been designated a surface warfare officer of the science of the U.S.S. Belagov CG 72 in Norfolk, Virginia. It's incitus is a graduate of Eastern Washington University. It's until has been designated a nuclear submarine officer will be assigned to nuclear power training command and Charleston, South Carolina. It's until will be a great is a graduate of the University of California Davis. It's in Travis has been designated a civil engineer corps officer will be assigned to Marine Corps base Cap, Lejeune and Jacksonville, North Carolina. It's in Travis is a graduate of Norwich University. It's in Watson has been designated a surface warfare officer and will be assigned to the U.S.S. Fort Lauderdale LPD 28 and Norfolk, Virginia. It's in Watson is a graduate of North Central University. It's in Watson has been awarded the Chappelle Clarty USMC physical fitness award for obtaining the highest overall grade and physical fitness while attending officer candidate school. It's in Watts has been designated an intelligence officer and will be assigned to naval intelligence officer basic course in Damlech, Virginia. It's in Watts is a graduate of John Hopkins University. It's in Watts is a distinguished naval graduate. It's in Wells has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight doctoration in Pensacola, Florida. It's in Wells is a graduate of Hampton, Sydney College. It's in white has been designated a nuclear surface warfare officer and will be assigned to the U.S.S. Mason DDG 87 and Norfolk, Virginia. It's in white is a graduate of Massachusetts Maritime Academy. It's in white has been awarded the Commander Jack Leavitt of leadership award for having been chosen by his peers as the candidate who most inspired his class and personifies the highest standards of personal examples sound management practice and more responsibility. It's in Williams has been designated a student naval aviator and will be assigned to aviation preflight doctoration in Pensacola, Florida. It's in Williams is a graduate of Virginia Tech. It's in Williams is a distinguished naval graduate. It's in Williams has been designated an information professional officer will be assigned to information professional basic course and Norfolk, Virginia. It's in Williams is a graduate of the University of Maryland global campus. It's in Wu has been designated an aviation duty maintenance officer and will be assigned to airborne command and control squadron 125 in Wakana, Japan. It's in Wu is a graduate of DeVry University. It's in young has been designated a nuclear submarine officer and will be assigned to nuclear power training command in Charleston, South Carolina. It's in young is a graduate of Oregon State University. It's in Costigan has been designated a surface warfare officer will be assigned to the U.S. S. McCamble DDG 85 in Everett, Washington. It's in Costigan is a graduate of the University of Missouri. Ladies and gentlemen, please join me and recognize the United States Navy's newest ensigns. We will now conclude the ceremony. Ladies and gentlemen, please rise for the playing of the service songs in the finals of the missile. Please remain in your places until after after the graduating class has taken their class photo. And remember the only authorized visitor locations are Nimitz Field and K Hall on behalf of the commanding officer of strength command Newport. Thank you for attending today's ceremony. This concludes the graduation ceremony.