In the weird circle. In this cave by the restless sea we are met to call from out the past stories, strange and weird. Bellkeeper, hold the bell so all may know we are gathered again in the weird circle. In terms of a world gone by speak again the immortal tale the Spectre Bride. Darling tell me what's happened, you're trembling. Oh Charles, what are we going to do? I keep telling myself we live in a world that doesn't believe in ghosts. And yet after the village clock strikes midnight I know my sister's ghost will come again. Your sister? Yes, Josephine, my sister whom you never knew. No, I never heard you speak of her. I would have told you someday. We were very close, we were twins you see, identical twins. Three weeks ago, one morning, an hour or so before dawn I was sleepless, so I went for a walk in the south garden down near the ancient chapel. Well we'll be married tomorrow. Can you see the bell tower from here, see there in the moonlight? Why, yes I can see it. In its shadows hangs the bell that's never told. That night I looked up in the tower and there she stood looking down at me solemnly. I was terrified. For a long time we stared at one another and then suddenly she was gone. But I don't understand. Four years ago when she was sixteen we found her body one morning beneath the bell tower. Her face was drawn with terror and we never knew why she'd gone to the tower or why she'd fallen from it. It was on the eve of her marriage just as tonight's the eve of ours. Oh my darling, is this all that frightens you? Believe me it was only some illusion of the moonlight. No, no you see, I've seen her twice since then. Two weeks ago tonight she stood under the elms just the under near the chapel. I saw her quite clearly as she walked down the path and disappeared in the darkness. For a time I was so frightened I could hardly move. At last I followed her. But before I reached the highway the carriage drove away. What carriage? I don't know Charles, I don't know. It's so hard for me to tell you this. It's like a terrible dream haunting me every minute that keeps warning me and warning me and I'm frightened because I don't know what to do. Oh there's nothing to fear now, nothing at all. Then a week ago tonight soon after the village clock struck midnight I saw her a third time from my bedroom window. She came over the lawn from the direction of the Dunhill crypt and she walked past the chapel again down that same path. A little later I heard the carriage on the road. You mean she went away in this carriage? Yes, she went away. What can it mean? That night I knew she was more than a ghost. She was real, alive, even as you and I. Could it be then? Are you sure Mary, your sister's really dead? It's happened before, I mean... No, that night I went to her tomb. Mary. I had to, I had to be sure. So I took the key. The family crypt is next to the chapel. You've seen it many times. I went there secretly. Mary, darling, don't tell me this. It terrifies you to speak of it. But I must, Charles. You see, Josephine's coffin was open and empty. Then she is alive. No, you're wrong. On Sunday I went again to the tomb. This time the coffin was closed and she lay inside as beautiful as when we placed her there four years ago. You must believe me, Charles. It's not the product of some extraordinary nightmare. But if it's true you've seen this ghost, isn't it the specter of your sister whom you loved? Charles, father sent the carriage to London for you this afternoon because I have to tell you this. I love you more than anything in the world. And for that reason, oh, please try to understand me, Charles. I will, Mary. You must go away and never see me again.  Leave you? Oh, no, you don't mean that. I do mean it. I must. It's the only thing left to do. I'm terrified of what may happen if you stay. But you don't know what you're asking me. How can I leave you when we're to be married tomorrow? But you don't understand. You must go. I won't let you stay. Then tell me why. There's more to this than you've said. Tell me the rest of it. Oh, it would do no good.  And then it would happen as it must have happened before to Josephine.  Find another girl to love you and forget me. For your own sake, please do as I say. Mary, Mary. Here we are, Father, in the garden. Does Sir Edward agree to this separation? He doesn't know anything about it, Charles. Don't tell him. Only go, please. No, I won't. I won't leave you. Not until I know you truly want me. Hello, there, Charles. I'm very glad to see you, my boy. Good evening, Sir Edward. I suppose Mary's been telling you about this mysterious ghost business. She's been quite distracted over it. She told me something about it, sir. I'm glad you're here, my boy. Mary, how do you feel? You look tired and it's late. The wedding's tomorrow, you know. You see, Charles, what can I do? I'm alone in this. Nobody believes you. Now, now, Mary, it's not that we don't believe you. I do, my dear. Of course I do. You must know, then, even as I know that it's the specter bride. The specter bride?  Nothing to it. Now, listen, Mary.  Be content to be happy with Charles, because I know you love him very much. Mary, and go away on your honeymoon and live your life without ever again thinking about these old family superstitions. They mean nothing, believe me. You're both against me. All I can do is pray to heaven that it isn't true that she hasn't returned. Now, now, it's bedtime, my dear. And in the morning, I don't want to see your eyes red from crying. Promise me you'll go to sleep. Will you and Charles do one thing for me, father? Of course we will, Mary. Watch tonight for her. As sure as you watch, she'll appear on the path from the chapel. And she'll go solemnly over the lawn to the highway. Unless tonight she plans to stay. We'll watch for her. We promise. Good night. Good night, my darling. There, now, she's gone and she needs to sleep. Frankly, I'm very worried about her, Charles. But what is it, sir? Mary spoke of her sister. And then when you came, she said the specter bride. What is this legend? We hardly ever talk about it, my boy, but now it concerns you. With Mary, I try to make light of it. But in my heart, I know she dreads that legend as much as I. But what is it? It has to do with the Dunhills, of course, and goes back several centuries. From father to son, the story has passed down the gales, though it affects only the women in our family. Our daughter, that is. Affects them? How? Well, it's the most awful thing, really, it is. The story goes that no female Dunhill, although her love for a man may be deeper than most, can ever keep that love beyond her wedding day. Oh, sir, Edward, you don't believe it. Yes, I am afraid I do believe Charles. I remember my unhappy sisters, my daughter Josephine, and I'm in sympathy with Mary's fear. But what can I do? And how does the specter bride figure in the legend? With her, whomever and whatever she is, the dreadful curse began. She is the spirit of a woman who takes the body of another woman, a corpse, of course, and goes abroad with one purpose, to destroy love. The story tells that she's allowed this freedom only every seventh night, that at other times she's forced to remain a ghost, invisible and formless. Where? I'll tell you. But I want you to know I'm dead serious in this matter. I'm frightened, too. Because, you see, it's reputed that the specter bride haunts the bell tower of our chapel. You mean the ancient chapel, just yonder? That's where Mary said she saw this ghost. I know, and I believe her. But it was not my Josephine she saw, Charles. You know that, too. Then who? The specter bride. Come to destroy your love for Mary. Come to take you away from her. Then that's why she wanted me to believe. Mary believes this ghost story. Call it what you like. The fact remains. And I'll tell you something else. When I was a young man, and only once did I do this, I climbed the narrow stairs to that bell tower. The stairway is almost hidden behind the pipes of the organ. And as I went up them, a terrible feeling of suffocation came over me. I managed to climb almost to the top to get a glimpse of the bell, the bell that doesn't ring. And then, then I could go no farther. I had been warned, but I did not heed the warning. Then that may have been why Josephine fell from the tower. But why was she there? I wish I knew, Charles. I wish I knew. There must be something we can do about this. This demon bride or whatever she is. Can you trap a ghost? Can you fight an invisible force? An evil that transcends the years? Perhaps not. Unless it lives in a form we can understand. Say our human form, Sir Edward. The corpse of your daughter. When does this goat go abroad? The legend says every seventh night. Two nights at the stroke of twelve. Then come. Let's fetch the keys quickly now. If Mary can visit your family tomb, so can we. Here, Charles. Here's the key. All right. Let me hold the lantern. Yes, sir. I'll have the door open in a moment. You see, the family trip to joins the chapel. And just above us there is the bell tower. Here we are, Sir Edward. Josephine's coffin is the silver one near the north end of the crypt. Come along. Charles, look. Is that her coffin, then? The one that stands open? Yes, open. Hold the lantern high. The coffin's empty. Just as Mary said. Then it's true. Heaven help us, it's true. But where could she be? There's a two after the time of midnight. Gentlemen. Are you looking for me? Charles. There in the doorway. Who are you? Why, I'm Josephine Dunhill, am I not? Josephine. Come to life again. My daughter is dead. Her spirit is at peace with the living. You are not Josephine. You are the specter bride. Are you sure that I'm the specter bride, Sir Edward? Yes, and we've felt your evil ghost before. What do you want here now? You know as well as I, this young man. I believe he's the suitor for the hand of a fair lady. You're Mary, I believe, Sir Edward. And tomorrow's our wedding day. Tomorrow Mary Dunhill will be my wife. Will she now? How certain you are. Though in your mortal lives there is nothing certain, except death. And even that can be a thing fraught with ill-desire. You mean the specter bride, don't you, Sir Edward? And you are right. What do you want here? Something more precious than gold, sought for by kings and little men. Something you can feel somewhere inside you like a flame. Love is an exquisite precious thing. That is what I want. For years I have heard of your magic. Your lustful hate for those in love. Would you destroy this wondrous warmth in my daughter's heart when you've loved so much? I would, Sir Edward. Indeed I would. You have usurped my other daughter's death.  Only because it serves my need. How difficult it is for a man to touch his lips to those of a ghostly bride. How uneasy the chill runs down his spine. You see, this form I have, this body of Josephine makes desire for the specter bride run stronger and she is kissed with fervor and with joy. Leave us alone. We have had enough of your murderous intent.  When my own was taken from me by a jealous thrust by a downhill? No, Sir Edward. Yours is my special bent.  And will be until I die. Then you can die, even as we. But how? How can you die? Your voice is harsh. I do not like it so. Soon you will beg me to forgive you those words, Charles, and implore me to love you again. You speak as if you love me now.  And I do love you in my own fashion. But how can you die? There was only one who knew, and I took her life because of it. But now we have talked enough. Tomorrow is the wedding. Charles, she'll bring disaster to us. Tomorrow the guests will fill the lawns. The wedding will occur, Sir Edward, as you planned. What do you intend to do? Only what I've done so many times before. Nothing can stop me, my Charles. By tomorrow you will not care for this arrangement you have made with a Dunhill. You will care only for me. You will love me more than you thought a mortal man can love a woman. And I shall love you too in my own way, until my fancy tires. That is how it shall be. Good night to you both.  Sir Edward, she's gone. It's no use, Charles. But where is she going? Quick, Sir Edward, follow her. No, no, for your own sake, leave the manor house. This very hour. It's my duty to warn you. She'll steal your love. No matter how strong you think you are, she'll wage a power no man can face without submitting. Tomorrow, tomorrow, just as she says you will, you'll worship the specter bride even more than your life. I don't believe it, Sir Edward. No woman, specter or not, can force a man to love her. I'm not afraid for myself. Then for whom? Don't you see? If she cannot win me away, then she'll destroy the woman I love. She'll destroy Mary, Sir Edward. Come along quickly, then, to the manor house. May I all right open the door, Mary? What's the matter, Charles? Did you keep watch for her father? We did indeed. You were right, Mary. The specter bride's here, somewhere at the manor house.  Lock them. I'm not afraid. But you are afraid. Your face is drawn and pale. It's not I who should fear her, Charles. I can see now that father is resigned as I am. Charles, take my hand a moment. Mary, my darling Mary. Tomorrow was to be our wedding day. Now she has come. I know you're no longer mine. Mary, don't say that, don't. Then I'll say good night instead. Good night, my child. Take care. Good night, father. I've done as you said. They're gone. You are sensible as well as beautiful. The others foolishly fought me and their loss was greater. I've spared enough. There's a limit to unhappiness. On the one side tears. And beyond sufficient tears is death. How wise you are. Can it be that you really don't love my child? I love him more than you know. But you were resigned when the others cried and hated me. As my sister did. She whose body you inhabit now. She tried to win him back again. Did she succeed and did you kill her because of that? She did not succeed. She came too close to a secret I keep vigil over. And she died because of that.  Who are you that make the Dunhill daughters your special lot for vengeance? You have asked enough.  What do you want me to do?  As the sun rises Charles will wake to my magic. And he will love only me. Ah, here is your wedding gown. The lovely veil. I shall wear them well Charles will marry the specter bride because he desires her more than anything in the world. Since I am your twin he will not want to tell Sir Edward who I am. And I will stay his bride until I tire of his undying love.   Were you less serious? Happiness would be easier. Good night. When you love again we will meet. Who's there? Charles, it's I, Mary. Here on the terrace outside your window. Mary, I thought you were asleep. I've been sitting here in the dark waiting for her. The specter bride. Charles, there's so little time. Will you help me? Do you love me still? I'll always love you, Mary. Always. But the dawn will come and then it'll be too late. Listen to me, I can't give you up, I can't. There must be a way to stop her. Help me find the way, Charles. I will, darling, anything, but how? I'm not sure. For an hour I've been hiding in the garden. You see, she came to my room and she plans to marry you tomorrow. For by then you'll have knowledge of her magic charm and gladly love her. Oh no, you can't believe that. It will happen. I know it will because it happened before to Josephine. Listen to me closely. There's not a moment to waste. It was the morning of the wedding day when Tilpha came to tell Josephine he loved another woman. And that was what we feared would happen. You mean the specter bride? She stole his love from my sister. Josephine couldn't stop it. That day she asked me not to tell father what had happened. Then she began her search. For what? She never told me. But tonight I've asked myself what could it be except the secret of the specter bride. Where did she search? In the oldest wing of the manor house. In books, unread for a hundred years in the portrait. Afterwards I saw how she pried loose the canvases. But if she found nothing... Did she find nothing though? Or did she after all find what she was looking for? Don't you see Charles? Josephine. Josephine was murdered by the specter bride. In the bell tower? The haunted bell tower. Haunted by the ghost of this demon woman. Where hangs the bell it's never told. Never once. Then Josephine must have gone there with reason. And if she discovered some secret perhaps the very reason for the specter bride then maybe that's why she was killed. I begin to see. Every seventh day she's allowed to take a human form. At other times her spirit hovers in the tower. And then a human being cannot go there. But this is a seventh day. Charles. Look I have the key to the little door behind the organ loft. The key? Give it to me. Are you afraid? No Charles. Not afraid. Because I go with you. Mary, lift the lantern a bit. This lock will hardly turn. Hurry Charles before she comes. There. Come along. Give me the lantern. I'll lead the way. How narrow it is. Be careful. The stair is steep and circular. When we near the top hold the lantern down. For my bedroom window you can see the tower. Then she'll surely come. I pray to heaven we're doing the right thing. I pray we are. Mary, here we are. Step up quickly. How small the tower is. And the bell is so huge and still. Where shall we look? I don't know. On the walls and the ceiling. Anywhere. Stand back from the edge. Now you can see how easy it was for Josephine to fall. Why? If the bell rang you could scarce escape its motion. There's so little room. Look on the bell itself. Here. Follow the light around it. There's nothing here. Nothing at all. This bell must be as old as the chapel itself. Why is it never told? Charles. Inside the bell. Look inside. Hold the lantern. I'll climb under it. Be careful Charles. I can. I can stand upright inside it Mary. Pass me the lantern. Here it is Charles. Can you hear me? Yes. But what do you see Charles? Is there any? Mary. There are words here. Lots of. Words cast in relief. On the bell itself. Read them Charles. Read them to me aloud. Hurry. They run in a circle. Where does it begin? Here. Here it is. Silent be this bell until the time when one of my kinsmen whose love is greater than the sorrow of losing it shall ask forgiveness of Margaret Tulliver for John Ashley Dunhill who because of his jealous love did slay her in this tower on our wedding day 1365.  This is the legend then that Josephine searched for and died because she found it. Charles come out. There's someone on the stairs. Take the lantern quickly now. Keep me safe from her. Don't be afraid. Stand back against the bell. You have invaded my tower. Is it yours now Margaret Tulliver? Or does it once again belong to the Dunhill? You have found the legend. And for my ancestor I beg your forgiveness. He died with remorse for what he had done with the love in my heart far greater than the sorrow of losing it. Hold the bell still. Stand against it before it moves. Mary come here to the stairs. What are you afraid of Margaret Tulliver? Afraid the bell will ring? I never loved him your John Ashley Dunhill but he loved me with all his heart and soul. That night here in the tower I told him that I could never care for one man any more than the rest and he took me fiercely about the shoulders and I screamed and went falling to the ground below and I cursed him and swore to destroy his jealous love to always destroy the love of a woman Dunhill. But when he died he knew he had left away to you because the bell will ring and unbind you from the earth. Look, even now it moves. Can you hold it still with your spectral charms? Charles, keep back. Come down Mary. Let her hold back the sound alone. Charles, you've been in the tower. Father, listen to the bell. Listen to the bell. The bell rings in spite of her. She's there, Sir Edward. The specter bride. No, no. Didn't you see her plummet from the egg? It was the bell that did it. With one swing it pushed her from the tower. Charles, look there on the ground. The specter bride. Even as she was murdered hundreds of years ago so she has died again. Oh my darling. There's nothing to fear any longer. We too are free. Are free. On pages of the past we have brought you the stories the specter bride. Bell Keeper. Hold the bell.


Is Maxwell House really the only coffee in the world? Well, your father says so. And your father knows best. Yes, it's Father Knows Best, transcribed in Hollywood, starring Robert Young as father. A half-hour visit with your neighbors, the Anderson's, brought to you by America's favorite coffee, Maxwell House, the coffee that's always good to the last drop. From Horace to Benjamin Franklin, from Shakespeare to Oscar Wilde, practically everyone has had something to say about procrastination. And no matter who said it, it generally came out the same. It's no good. In Springfield, in the White Frame House on Maple Street, the Anderson's may not have a monopoly on procrastination, but it's a pretty fair bet that they hold a franchise for local distribution. Like this. Oh. Anything wrong, dear? Ah, I ate too much. Bud, yes, Dad?  I beg your pardon?  That's what I mean. The ruin, your figure. Okay.  Well, I didn't want Bud to make a pig of himself. May I have another cup of coffee, please? Any further instructions for Bud? Oh, Bud. Yes, Dad? Be sure to marry a woman who cooks exactly like your mother. Okay. That's more like it. Now may I have another cup of coffee? Of course, dear. There you are. Daddy, do you know what I learned in school today? I haven't the faintest idea. May I have the cream and sugar, Betty, please? Sugar's fattening. Just pass it and never mind the dietary information. Yes, Father, dear. Sugar is energy. And I'm in a very energetic mood. You are? Well, that's wonderful, dear. You've been promising to fix the leak in the roof for two weeks. Margaret, please, let's not be rude. Kathy was telling me something. Jim. And it's probably very important. Go ahead, kitten. What? You were telling me something. About what? How do I know? Something about, uh, I don't know. She learned something in school today. Well, naturally. That's what she was telling you. Oh, I remember. Daddy. Yes, Kathy. Do you know what I learned in school today? Well, I know, little old lady, passing by. What did you learn in school today? I learned that everybody in my whole class gets a bigger allowance than I do. Well, I guess I'll go back to the frying pan. What were you saying, Margaret? Jim, you don't have to fix the roof if you don't want to. Just let me call Mr. Paine. Honey, I told you I'd fix it, and I will. When? Well, I'm certainly not going to crawl around on the roof tonight. Mr. Paine says you don't have to. You can fix it from the inside. Well? What? When are you going to fix the roof? I'll get around to it, Margaret. Just don't rush me. It won't start raining until April anyway. And of course, April won't be here for two whole weeks. Well, maybe Sunday afternoon when I'm feeling a little more rested. Jim, you're going to fix it tonight. Okay. As soon as I finish reading the paper... You will fix the roof before you read the paper. Now, just a minute, Margaret. Since when do you...? Yes. Well, it isn't worth arguing about. Make such a big fuss about one puny little leak. Father. Now what? As long as you aren't going anywhere, is it all right if I borrow the car? Well, let's put it this way. No. But I just want to go over to Janie's for a while. I thought you had a chemistry exam tomorrow. I do, but... And didn't you say you had to study for it? Well, sure, but I've got a study period in the morning and I thought... That's fine. That's just fine. Did you hear that, Margaret? She's got a study period in the morning. Isn't that good? Betty, how do you expect to get anywhere in the world if you leave everything for the last minute? Well, I only have to brush up on a few formulas. Then brush up on them tonight. But, Father... You know what they say, procrastination is the thief of time. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. Who says that? Everybody. I don't. Neither does your father. Margaret. Yes, dear. I've asked you a hundred times. Well, we'll talk about it later. After you fix the roof. Yes. Come on, bud. What?  We've got to fix the roof. How did I get into it? Bud? I've got homework to do. You can do your homework later. But you just said, Holy cow. I said nothing that even remotely resembled Holy cow. I wish you'd stop arguing, bud. You can study later. Who said anything about studying? You said you had homework, didn't you? Sure. For my gym class, I'm gonna practice nip-ups. All right, bud. Upstairs. My gym teacher said it made the back muscles strong for pitching. Upstairs. And he's a baseball coach, so he ought to know. Bud. Yes, Dan? Upstairs. Now? Now. Well, say it and get it over with. Holy cow. Well, you excuse us, Margaret. We have to go fix the roof. That'll be fine, dear. Dad, eat me. I watch. Sure. Why doesn't everybody come up and watch? We'll sell tickets. Come on, bud. It's in the far corner, Jim. Near the gym. I know where it is. I ought to know where it is. I've been told about it often enough. Daddy. I'll come up in a little while, dear. Okay, honey. You'll be sure and do that. Nothing I like more on a job than seven or eight foremen. What was that, dad? I said we'll have it finished before you can say herb gormant. Oh. Who's he? Uh, he and your mother went to different schools together. Oh, I didn't know that. You know what I learned in school today? You've already told me, Kathy, and the answer is no. The answer to what? May I have a larger allowance? How did you know I was going to ask that? It's very simple, kitten.  I was born with a veil. I'm a psychic. What does that mean? You still get 35 cents a week. Gee, Wiz, that's only a nickel a day. And you know what you can buy with a nickel a day? I don't know, Kathy. That's what's wrong with it. I don't either. Well, let's see now. Good grief. Look at the junk up here. It's over on this side, dad. Where? Up here. Hmm. Can't even get to it. But help me move some of this stuff out of the way like a good fella. Okay. You know how much Jimmy Woody gets? 50 cents. Shove that big box over there more, bud. I'm not supposed to move things that big, dad. It'll ruin my pitching arm. Good. Shove. But the coach said... Shove. Yes, sir. Laurie Hathaway gets 40 cents and she's only eight. Junk. Three more boxes and we can open our own branch of the Salvation Army. I'll bet Paul Pettit never had to shove boxes around an attic. Who's he? He's the kid who's gonna pitch for Pittsburgh. And they gave him $100,000 to sign. $100,000? When he was only 18. Oh. You concentrate on the little boxes, but I'll take care of the big ones. Okay, dad. Daddy. Cathy, you are not going to get a larger allowance. Why? Because 35 cents is all you need. Why? Because you're only a little girl and little girls don't need more than 35 cents a week. Why? Because...  How come? Cathy. I think you can reach it now, dad. All right. Let me take a look at it. You still didn't tell me.  I'm gonna practice tomorrow. Practice tonight? You won't have to practice tomorrow. Then what'll I do tomorrow? Well, you can play. Why can't I play now? Cathy, go downstairs and practice. But then I'll... Go ahead. Gee whiz. Why do I always have to practice? It never sounds any good anyway. But are you sure Mr. Payne said this could be fixed from the inside? Sure. He said it just had to be caulked like a boat.  How can you caulk a slate roof? I don't know. Father!  I'm busy. But I'm training until tomorrow. Isn't that procrastinating? Betty. You said never put off until tomorrow what you can do today. And if I see Janey tonight and study tomorrow, isn't that just as good? As good as what? As the other way. Bud, will you go down to the medicine cabinet and get me about eight aspirin? Now? Do you have a headache, father? No, but I'm expecting one anyway. Jim. Jim. Oh, well. Kathy said you were having a little trouble. Haven't you fixed the leak yet? Honey, I can't fix it from the inside. But... I've got to go out on the roof and put in some new slates. So I'll do it Sunday. Well, all right, Jim. If you'd rather read your paper. I'm not going to read my paper. I've got work to do. I'm going downstairs and finish my income tax. Father won't even let me have the car for an hour. And I told him... Just a minute, Betty. Jim, what did you just say? I said I'm going downstairs and finish my income tax. And don't tell me that isn't important. If nobody needs me for anything... Jim, do you mean to say you haven't taken care of your tax return? I'm going to take care of it now. But this is March 15th. Well... You gave the children a long lecture about procrastination and you haven't filed your tax return. Honey, I've still got lots of time. But it's March 15th now. I know, but it's only seven o'clock and the tax isn't due until midnight. Father sounds pretty sure of himself planning to fill out that tax return in five short hours. Well, let's wait and see. On the other hand, ladies, the head of the house is perfectly sure of a great many things. One of them is coffee. That's right.  Day in, day out, he's the final judge, the number one expert on good coffee. It's true we Maxwell House people are called experts, too. More families do enjoy our coffee than any other brand. But when you brew the coffee, when you fill the cups, the expert with the final say so, he's your husband. And tomorrow, if you'll serve him Maxwell House, we're sure you'll win his warmest smile and this compliment. Honey, that's what I call real coffee. Yes, indeed, that's what he'll say. In fact, we'll give you your money back if he doesn't. The plain fact is no coffee tastes like Maxwell House because no coffee's made like Maxwell House. There's only one recipe for that famous good to the last drop flavor, a recipe demanding certain fine coffees blended just so. And only Maxwell House has this recipe. So tomorrow, serve your husband our Maxwell House. If he doesn't say best coffee ever, why just send us the can and unused portion and we'll gladly refund the price you paid. Our address is right on every familiar blue tin. How about it then? Tomorrow, won't you serve your husband the coffee with the world's most famous flavor, Maxwell House coffee. Always good to the last drop. No matter what anyone tells you, when Thomas Paine said these are the times that try men's souls, he was not referring to March 15. In those days, you see, they hadn't thought of the income tax, but they've thought of it since seventh day and they've thought of that cute little hangover from the Spanish Inquisition, the income tax blank. Myself, I'd rather try making a nine the hard way. Three threes. Subtract line two from... I'll apply $600 by the total number. Wait a minute. If line ten is B, over $400, but not over $100,000, enter $52 plus 9%. If alternative tax computation is made on separate schedule D, schedule D, if standard deduction in line two disregard lines 15, 16, and 17 and copy on line 18, the same figure you entered on line eight, 13 or 14, whichever... Kathy. Kathy! May I speak to you for a minute, please? I'm in the den. Okay. I could only find that piece of paper. It had the whole thing. That's my new piece, Daddy. Isn't it pretty? Pretty isn't a word for it. Look, Kathy. I can even play it with my eyes closed. Want to hear me? I thought that's the way you were playing it. Oh, no. I was... What? Kathy, wouldn't you like to do the rest of your practicing tomorrow? But you said I shouldn't put off till tomorrow. Well, I just happened to think of something. What if it rains? Then where will you be? In the basement? What I mean is, if it rains, you won't be able to do anything but practice. And if you practice now, you'll have nothing to do all day tomorrow. If it rains. Will you? Well, I what? Have anything to... Kathy, haven't you been listening to me? Oh, sure. What did I say? I don't know. Kathy, good grief! What's going on up there? Daddy? Not now, Kathy. Bud? Don't you want to talk to me anymore? I'll talk to you later, honey. Okay. Bud? You want me dead? What are you doing? I just did an F up. Almost. See if you can't make a little less noise. Okay. And put down a blanket or something. You're liable to break your back. Okay, daddy. I wouldn't care if you were talking to Winston Churchill. It's a fine thing when a man... Jim, what are you doing? I'm doing my income tax. Can't you see? What am I doing? Can't find the papers.  Income tax. To figure tentative tax on a mount shown in line five. If line three above includes partially tax exempt. Call to apply a mount on line 12 by two. To obtain combined normal... Subtract line 17 from line eight, 13 or 14. And enter difference in item five, page. Oh no. It isn't possible. Add the figures on lines 15 and 16. Enter income tax paid at source on tax-free covenant bond interest... Kathy. Kathy! Not again. Bud! How do you expect me... Kathy, stop that! Kathy! Jim, what on earth is all this shouting about? I... Honey, I'd better call Hector and get him to straighten me out on this income tax business. I can't make head or tail of it. I thought you said you could. I said I thought I could. Well, that's what I said. You said I said I could and I didn't. I said I thought... Well, I can't, so what difference does it make? I can't even find the paper. What paper? Miss Thomas had it all written down. What went on line 14 and what went on line 15? And all I can find are those cockeyed government instructions that tell you to disregard both of them. Well, I have an idea. Why don't you call Hector? Thank you, Margaret. That's a very good suggestion. I'm glad you thought that. Daddy, Betty said you wanted me. Kathy, I thought you were going to practice. Margaret. Bud is strengthening his back. Kathy. Yes, Daddy? Run upstairs like a good girl and tell your brother I'd like to see him. Okay. And hurry, Kathleen, before he kills himself. Yes, Mommy. Jim, is he really...? He's doing nip-ups. It's a very graceful exercise. As you can see. He won't have a bone left in his body. He'll be alright. He's a very sturdy boy. It's the floor I'm worried about. Go up to the prom. Well, you can imagine how I felt. Janie, of course not. Why, Billy told me... Betty. Just a minute, Janie. Yes, Father? I have to use the phone. Okay, Father, just a second. Janie. Well, when I told Billy... Betty. Hold it, Angel. Yes, Mother? Tell Janie you'll see her tomorrow. But, Mother... Go ahead. Janie, I'll see you tomorrow. Okay. Creepers, Mother, I don't anymore get started talking. You've been on that phone for 30 minutes. That's what I said. I don't anymore get started. Never mind, Betty. Go ahead, dear. Hmm? Oh, Hector. Jumping creepers. You'd think I was a child or something. One of these years, they're going to make a mistake and issue a tax form that people can understand. Probably get Washington so upset they'll fire the whole Treasury Department. Are they ringing? Well, something is ringing and I hope it's the phone. Maybe they aren't back yet. Back from where? Elizabeth told me this morning that she and Hector were going to Plainville. Well, this is a fine time to tell me. Let me waste all that time. Why, Jim, I thought they might have gotten back. Now may I use the phone? But, Father... Margaret, I don't know what's gotten into this family. Nobody seems to be the least bit concerned that I'll probably spend the rest of my life in jail. Why, Jim... Father, would you please try to come down the stairs like only one elephant? What? I said, never mind. Margaret, if I don't find that paper, I don't know what I'm going to do. What paper, dear? The one with all the tax figures on it. Right on top of my desk. Maybe somebody put it in the desk. Dad, well, that'd be a fine thing. If that paper got inside of the desk, I'll never find it. Wouldn't be difficult at all if you'd keep your desk like any other man. Dad, there's nothing wrong with my desk. You just can't find anything in it, that's all. Margaret, I've told you a dozen times I'll clean it out and I will. You've been telling me that for two years. I just haven't had the time that's all. No one can be that busy for two whole years. Dad. This is not the time to argue about cleaning out my desk. Dad. But what do you want? Uh, I don't want anything. Then why don't you leave me alone? Cassie said you wanted to see me. Oh, well, now I've seen you. Goodbye. Jim. Oh, and stop doing nip-ups. But the last time I almost did it. The last time you almost went through the floor. Jim, if the paper is in the desk... I'll write to you every day from Alcatraz. Dear, this is not the time for jokes. Alcatraz, big joke. I have an idea. If we do find the paper, how long will it take? To finish the return, about an hour. All right. We can have the desk cleaned out in 20 minutes. Margaret. I'd have done it myself, but I don't know which papers you want to keep and which ones you want thrown away. Oh, I don't know. Other people make out income taxes and they don't have to go through things like this. Now can I call Jamie? No, dear. You're going to help your father. Big corporations with thousands of desks. They make out income taxes every year. Cassie, we're going to clean out Daddy's desk. I'll be right down. Millions and millions of people make out income taxes. Make them out year after year. They don't have to clean out their desks. Bud, go out to the garage and get a large box. Okay, Mom. The largest one you can find. You bet. People who don't even have desks make out their income tax without the least bit of trouble. All right, dear. Whenever you're ready. The silliest thing I've ever heard in my entire life.  Jim, it isn't getting any earlier. Okay, let's go. Mother, if I'm going to take that chemistry exam tomorrow... Bet he? But Father said I ought to study. You've got a study period in the morning, remember? Champ and creepers. Isn't it funny, Jim? It took two years and a missing piece of paper to get you to clean out your desk. Very funny. I'm practically hysterical. Well, here we are. Now, where shall we begin? Let's see.  As long as we're at it, we'll do a good job. Betty, pull out all the drawers on that side and empty them on the floor. Margaret! You don't have to worry about a thing, dear. We'll go through all the papers together and you can pick out the ones you want to save. But... Go ahead, Betty. Start dumping. Creepers. What on this? Margaret, you don't have to look so happy about it. No. You knew how long I've been wanting to do this. Now all the drawers are empty. As soon as Bud comes in with the box... Tiny, wait a second. What's this? What? This! Oh, dear. You weren't supposed to find that yet. What is it, Father? It's my income tax. And it's all made out. Margaret... Now, Jim, let's not jump to any conclusions. You took that piece of paper, didn't you? Well... You sent it over to Hector and had him make out the tax. Didn't you? I guess I did. And then you let me suffer. You let me sit here and stew in my own juice. Margaret, how could you do a thing like that? Well, suppose you tell me some other way I could have gotten you to clean out your desk. Every pound of coffee you buy you're looking for the most in flavor for your money. If you agree, take this thought to your grosses this weekend. On his shelves there's a coffee famous for flavor above all others. It's our coffee, our Maxwell House coffee. Take home a pound and offer a cup to the world's greatest coffee expert, your husband. When he smiles from ear to ear and says, best coffee ever, you'll know why Maxwell House is world famous for flavor. Then keep track of all the truly good cups of coffee you get from that one pound. We think you'll be convinced for real value Maxwell House is today's coffee buy. So this weekend, look for the big white cup and drop on the friendly blue tin. Take home Maxwell House coffee. Always good to the last drop. It's morning now and the Andersons are at breakfast. It should be a happy time of day. It generally is as a matter of fact, but not today. No indeed, not by a long shot. Like this. May I have my coffee, please? Jim. I'd rather not talk about it, Margaret. Just let me have my coffee. All right, dear. There you are. Go ahead, Kathy. H2SO4. Sulfuric acid. K2CO3. Potassium nitrate? No. Carbonate? Yep. Well, I knew it was something. Forty years old and they have to teach me lessons. Oh. Is something wrong, bud? I don't know. I must have slept funny last night. My whole back hurts. Really? I wonder why? I can't figure it out. I take such good care of myself, too. May I have a cream, please? Here you are, Daddy. Thank you. You know, Margaret, you'd have felt pretty silly if I'd done the income tax myself, wouldn't you? There wasn't much danger of that, dear. What do you mean? Well, Jim, you know the way you procrastinate. C12H2O11. Sugar? Well, thank you very much. Does father know best? You bet I do. When the kids don't want their hot cereal, I say, Mom, tell them hop along goes for post wheat meal. Then you ought to see them dig in. That's right, Dad. Just tell the kids post wheat meal is hop along Cassidy's favorite hot cereal, and they'll eat it, too. Post wheat meal has wonderful nut-like flavor, solid whole wheat nourishment, cooks in three and a half minutes. You'll see, you'll all agree, it's the best hot cereal you ever ate. Join us again next week when we'll be back with Father Knows Best, starring Robert Young as Jim Anderson with Roy Bargy on the Maxwell House Orchestra. In our cast, where Norma Jean Nielsen as Kathy, June Whitley, Rhoda Williams, Ted Donaldson, and yours truly, Bill Foreman. So until next Thursday, good night and good luck from the makers of Maxwell House, America's favorite brand of coffee. Always good to the last drop. Father Knows Best was transcribed in Hollywood and written by Ed James. Now stay tuned in for Dragnet, which follows immediately over most of these stations. Now hear exciting and authentic police drama. It's Dragnet on NBC.


Hi, folks. Today, we're going to talk about Istio Service Mesh simplified beyond a single cluster. My name is Linsang. I'm a senior technical staff member at IBM. I'm also a contributor to the Istio project. Sivan. You want to introduce yourself? Hi, I'm Sivan Mossen. I'm a, yes, sorry, a little lag there. I'm Sivan Mossen. I'm a principal engineer at Google working on Istio and related service mesh technologies at Google. So we're going to talk about Istio simplified single cluster, a lot of work we have done in this area. And then we're going to dive into the background multi-cluster. And then we're going to show you some of the work we are working on together in the community, how we simplify multi-cluster experience for our user. And we're going to give you a really interesting demo. And then we're going to pass on to talk about what if you are running on VMs, running your service on VMs, how we simplify your experience in that scenario. So I don't know if you guys listen to our talk from Louie and Steve about Istio simplified on Service Mesh Con Europe early this year. So essentially, to summarize that up, just give you guys a background. We have done a lot of work in the Istio community to simplify Istio itself. So first, the mixer goes away. Well, the mixer functionality, you fold it into the psychoproxy. We have the injection system, Gailey, the config system goes away, and that function folded into pilot. We have the psychotinjector is also folded into pilot. And the last, we also have the node agent folded into pilot agent so that you don't need set apart security policies. We also have a Citadel function folded into pilot. So pilot is becoming IstioD, where the D stands for demon. And it really helps our operators who runs Istio control plane because they only have to worry about one single components. So great simplification work done by the community for the single cluster. Some of you might have already set up multi-cluster with Istio Mesh. And if you do, I guarantee you, you're probably very confused. Why are we having two models? We have this model called replicate control plane, which is what's on the left side. A lot of yous are actually very interesting that model because this model provides higher availability on the control plane. So you could have Istio control plane running in cluster one and cluster two, and you could selectively expose what are the services you want to expose to the other cluster instead of everything together. We also have another interesting model on the right side called shell control plane model, which means two of the cluster are actually using one Istio control plane. And in this case, all the services are shelled among the clusters. So there's a lot of confusing to our user, which one should I use, why we have to, why some requires core DNS setup, the other one doesn't really require, why the other one doesn't allow users to selectively choose what they are exposing to the other cluster. So a lot of confusing in this, the good news is we are taking a lot of effort in the community to unify the Istio multi-cluster model. So with this new model, if you have two cluster, like what's the diagram shows, you will be thinking about based on your requirement, whether you are going to need to run Istio D on just one cluster or whether you run Istio D also for high availability of your control plane on the second cluster. So it's up to you as a choice. You can also choose to run, whether you're on Ingress Gateway, both cluster or just running it on your primary cluster. So that's also a choice to you based on your control plane model and also based on your network model topologies. And then finally, you can also choose for the services on your data plane, you can choose what services are you exposing to the other clusters and you can also based on your needs to create the mirror for the services as needed. Saban, can you take over this? Yeah, so Lynn talked about some of these choices already, but basically we're trying to have a unified model here where you as the user are in charge of what control planes you run. So for each cluster, do you want to run a control plane in it for availability and redundancy or do you want to use fewer control planes so you have less to manage and use remote control planes? The network choices usually aren't really up to you. It depends on your network topology, but Istio works with kind of whatever network topology you have, whether everything is on one network and is reachable, all the pods can reach each other or if you need to go through some gateways. And as Lynn mentioned, you can also choose which services become visible to other clusters. And then there's also the sort of notions of identity and trust within the mesh where the different CAs in the mesh with their different routes all come together and trust each other. And so within the mesh, you can talk from one pod to another and everything works. You can also set up federated trust between meshes so you can have multiple meshes that talk to each other. We also talk in our multi-cluster model a lot about tenancy models and Istio really supports two different models here. One is kind of a namespace tenancy model where you don't worry as much about clusters and it's really just the namespace name determines sort of the team name. And that's kind of the build-in model where names are treated the same if they're in the same namespace. But you can also use clusters as your tenancy model where maybe one team owns a particular cluster. We recommend even if you do that, that you do actually still split out namespaces and make sure namespaces are unique. So just a little bit more detail on kind of the first two things the control planes and the networks. So control planes, it's really your choice, right? Where do you want to install a control plane? You can install a control plane in each cluster and those are sort of known as primary clusters. You can also choose not to install a control plane and just have a cluster that is remote to some other control plane. And you just set that up as part of installing Istio as part of our guides. You choose this cluster is remote and it's remote to this particular primary. So it's really your choice. You recommend that you have enough primary clusters that you have the availability that you need. So usually at least one per region. There's another model that actually recently has been coming out of the Istio community which is this notion of external control planes. And so when you have that remote cluster it's remote to some control plane. That control plane doesn't actually need to run in one of your clusters. It can run outside. It can be a vendor provided control plane. It can be one that a platform team is running for teams within your organization. However you want to set it up. But this lets you separate the management of the mesh from the management of the control plane and basically all your clusters become remote clusters to these external control planes. The network side as I mentioned Istio supports kind of whatever network setup you have. And the way we do this is when you're within the same network where pods can just talk to each other they'll just talk to each other and they'll call directly. And again you can run multiple control planes. You can run a primary or remote however you want to set it up. But we also support multiple networks where you want to run Istio on a different network in a cluster on a different network. But you want those all to be one mesh. And the way we do this is we use gateways. So you have gateways that can talk to each other and we tunnel the traffic through those gateways. So to the applications they don't need to worry or care where they're running if they're in a different network than some service they're calling. They just call the service and Istio makes it all work. So Lynn is actually going to talk through the sort of four base scenarios that we have documented on the Istio website. So go ahead, Lynn. Okay, great. Thank you, Savane. So let's talk about different topology models we have. So in this one it's multi primary, same network. So the first step you do is install Istio onto each of your cluster. And notice here on the second cluster you want to make sure you have the right cluster name and network it's the same. And the main thing is the cluster name. And then the second thing is create the remote secret so that it can do endpoint discovery for the remote cluster. And the way you do it is using create remote secret command. So that was it, the same network was really simple. If you do have a multiple network and you do want a multiple primary for higher availability of your control play. In this case, similarly as the previous you do install Istio, when you do remote create remote secret you want to do it on both of the clusters. So make sure the endpoints can watch the other clusters API server. And then you want to make sure you are setting up the East and West gateway to help you bridge the network so that the traffic can tunnel through the gateway and reach the other cluster. The last step is you want to also expose your user services to make sure service A can reach out to talk to service B. So we provide samples to allow you to by default I think it exposes all the services out on the gateway but you could potentially tune that to based on your business needs. The third model we have is you run primary and remote with the same network. In this case, similar as the previous one you would install Istio on the primary cluster. Notice here we just install Istio on only one of the clusters which we call primary cluster. And the second cluster we're just using the control plan from the first cluster. And then you would also the second step is set up the cluster to secret on the primary cluster one so that you can make sure the Istio decom discovery endpoints for endpoints on the cluster two. The third step is to set up the Istio West gateway to help traffic communication. In this case, you can see it also helps service B to reach back to Istio control plan on the primary cluster. The fourth step is expose Istio decom on the gateway. Sorry, I said a little bit early. Yeah, that was for the purpose of service B to reach out to Istio decom because it's in the same network. In this case, service A and service B are actually communicated to each other directly without the needing to hop through the gateway. The last but not the least model we have is primary remote or multi networks. In this case, you install Istio decom only on the primary cluster same as the previous one and same as previous one, you create the cluster two secret on cluster one for endpoint discoveries. And then you set up the Istio and West gateway same as the previous one. The first one step for expose Istio decom on the gateway it's also same, but you do have to do one additional step on step five to expose your user services. This is because your user service A and service B is not going to be able to talk to each other directly because you have multiple networks. So it has to go through the gateway. So you want to make sure your services are exposed on the gateway for services from the other cluster to consume. So what's really nice about these models as you can see is they're like building blocks, right? You can base on your requirements and your needs and you choose the building blocks that's needed to fix your requirements. So with that, we are going to be very excited to talk to you guys about our demo. Gosh, I've never set up something across different clouds. So we actually have four clusters on the left side. We have two clusters, cluster one and cluster two I on IBM cloud. In this setup on the left side, I believe they are primary, multiple primary and they are also multiple networks because we don't have flat networks on our cloud. So this is one of the model we talk about. On the right side, Saban has set up two clusters on Google cloud. And in this case, notice we only have is to be running on cluster one and there's no is to be on cluster two. So this is a primary remote and I believe this is the same network in his environment. So you can see where experimental different topologies across different clouds and we're setting up the single mesh among these four clusters. From an application point of view, it's the purposes to show you guys the multi cluster topology. So we decided to use really simple booking for examples. As you can see, we have product page and review version one running on cluster one I and then we have review version two running on two I and review version three have high availability running on Google cloud with cluster one and two. With that, I'm going to go ahead, share my screen and show you guys the demo. Okay, so we would like to show you our demo now. So is your IO go to multi cluster installation to set up multi clusters. The first thing we are looking at is config trust. So we want to make sure all the clusters are using the same root CA and each of the cluster would plug in the intermediate CA with this common root of trust. On my environment, I already have all the certificates and keys created for each of the cluster. Now I'm just creating the CA certs in Istio system namespace for two of the clusters. So the way Istio works is if you plug in your own key and certs, you need to make sure it's named the CA certs. So that essentially tells Istio not to generate self signed key and certificate. Now I'm installing Istio on this cluster now. And this is my configuration YAML. You can see I'm installing a primary cluster in this environment with my network and my cluster name. And on to the next cluster, two I similar plan except I'm having a different cluster name and a different network name. So let's go ahead and install that as well. So this basically installs the default profile of Istio, which you can see it's essentially just the ingress gateway that comes with the default and also the Istio D control plan. We talked about earlier, we're down to one single control plan components Istio D. So now we're looking at what next should we be setting up in this environment. So the model we're installing is a multi primary different networks. So we're going to need to set up endpoint discovery. We're going to need to set up Ist and west gateway. So we'll set up our finish on cluster two now. Let's check how the installation did. As you can see all the components reaches running within a minute. Now we're going to set up Ist and west gateway onto each of the two clusters on IBM cloud. The key thing on this configuration of the gateway YAML for Ist and west gateway is the cluster name and the network name and also the port number. What are the number of ports you are exposing on the gateway? So now we're going to install the Istio, Ist and west gateway onto the clusters. So Istio Cuddle install command, it used to be called Istio Cuddle manifest generate and then you apply Cuddle apply. So now we actually have a single command that takes Istio operator YAML and then you can apply things. So I really like that simplification. Now we're going to do the same thing on the cluster two to install the Ist and west gateway. Okay, we got on this install. Let's look at the next step. You would run create remote secrets and generate the secrets that YAML file so that your cluster two can consume that and also passing that YAML file to serve end. So he could use endpoint discovery on my cluster from Google cloud. So now we got remote secret generated for both of my two cluster. Now we're applying on the second cluster we're applying the first cluster secret which enables the second clusters to look up to query the API server on the first cluster to do endpoint discovery. Upon the secrets are applied, you would see the remote Istio remote secret with the cluster name as part of your secret in the Istio system. So as you can see on both of my cluster I have consistent secrets. The next thing we're looking at is to expose services so that the other cluster can consume it. So we're going to expose the services on the cross network gateway. Savane, over to you. Great. So I'm just going to show what we set up in a very similar way over on GCP. So I have two clusters. They're each running, well, actually one of them is running primary ones remote. So first let's look at the primary one. So the primary cluster has that same thing that Lynn just set up on IBM cloud. It has an east-west gateway, an ingress gateway and IstioD. And then on cluster two we just have the ingress gateway and IstioD. We don't have an east-west gateway because we're not running the full control plane there. IstioD in that cluster is actually just the CA. It's not running the XDS server. So it's a little bit confusing but it's actually not running the whole control plane and we're actually working on removing that out. And so you can see the same thing on the service level. There's this IstioD-remote service that is actually what the remote cluster is using to talk to the server. And the installation is very similar to what Lynn showed as well. We just have these Istio operator files that have cluster one and cluster two. On cluster two, the difference is this is actually set up as a remote cluster. The profile is remote and it has a remote pilot address. That is the address of the east-west gateway running in the primary cluster. And so basically that's it. We have two clusters on GCP all set up in Red Day Go. So back to you, Lynn. Okay, great. And now Savannah gave me his secrets. So I apply his secrets on both of my clusters so I can do endpoint discoveries. Now you can see all the secrets are applied. So I have each of my cluster, I have three of the remote clusters. So now we're going to look at deploy booking for. We talk about in the diagram, we're deploying booking for with version two, version one of the review on the first cluster in IBM Cloud. So we're going to need to expose the booking for product page on the gateway so we can reach out to booking for product page. So let's check it out. So the gateway configuration is very simple. Basically we're exposing booking for HTTP AD on these different URI passes, slash product page is our landing page. So I have the gateway information early on. So one, two, three is the IP address of my gateway. So as you can see, as a visit booking info, I should only see review version one, which is no star. So now we're going to deploy review version two onto cluster two I in IBM Cloud. This is just a review version two deployments and service looks like. Now if I ever hit the refresh button, you can see, now it's wrong robbing between two of my cluster. So certainly my product page on first cluster reaches out over to you, Savannah. Yeah, and so what Lynn was just showing, we have the product page working with just V1 and V2 and now we're actually gonna go install V3 over in Google Cloud. And this one has red stars instead. It's a big upgrade. And so really similar to what Lynn just showed, we have reviews deployment, the reviews service and actually the rating service because reviews actually calls back to ratings which is running back in IBM Cloud in cluster one. So the path is actually coming into ingress on the IBM Cloud side, going to reviews over in Google and then going back to IBM for ratings and then back out. So it's actually bouncing back and forth between clouds. But as the app owner, I don't actually care about any of that. I just deploy and now I have red stars. So this is actually a multi-cloud application that is running between the two. So it's pretty exciting. And as you see it round robins between, it round robins between the various options. I think that's it for our demo. Yeah, I'm gonna stop sharing and Savannah, what you do to finish up the rest of the slides. Yeah, let me talk a little bit about VMs now. So what we showed is how you can have a bunch of different Kubernetes clusters all connected but we know our users have a lot of services on VMs and they want all those same benefits. And so what Istio has this model that we've called VM expansion or master expansion and it's really, it's letting you attach VMs kind of the same way that you attach clusters. And that's actually how we kind of have a unified model here. So I can run what we call a workload group which is really just a group of VMs, similar to kind of like a deployment, but it's loosely defined as just any VMs that you wanna have as a group. And they can use that same East-West gateway. They can use IstioD as if they were a remote cluster and they get registered in the API server and then you can use those VMs as backends for your services and actually have them call into your other services in a mesh. So it all works as one giant, big mesh. So let's look at some of the improvements that we've made recently to this because we've actually had this for a while but it hasn't been the easiest to use. The big improvements coming in Istio 1.8 are around improving how you register those VMs and how you create them. So we're actually introducing two new commands I actually realized I left out the X for experimental and these are experimental commands but you can create a workload group really easily. It generates the M for you. And then based on that workload group, you can just ask to configure an individual VM and it'll actually spit out all the configuration files that we need to set that up. So you can just copy those over and run Istio on the VM and it'll be set up correctly. Some of the other improvements we have are we have DNS proxying, which before this you had to go and manually change your DNS configuration for your VM either changing it to point at one of the Kubernetes clusters, DNSers or setting up your own local proxy that forwards things for the mesh to the cube one and otherwise keeps them in whatever you have for your VMs. Basically all that is simplified. As part of running Istio, we actually run a DNS proxy that will automatically resolve mesh names to IPs and otherwise forward to your existing DNS infrastructure. So that greatly simplifies setup. We also have changed how identity bootstrapping happens. In previous versions, there was a very complicated setup with certificates and I believe the 1.71 you could only really have one VM attached to a cluster didn't really expand very well. This actually uses the existing Kubernetes token infrastructure to bootstrap them. So as part of that workload entry configure this will actually automatically be generated for you. We generate the token, you copy that to the VM and then that bootstrap certificate, which from then on uses just the normal Istio certificate infrastructure. We've also added auto registration so you don't have to worry about manually registering each VM as it comes up, which doesn't work well if you have auto scaling and we also have help trucking coming into you. So these all make VMs kind of as easy to use hopefully as pods once they're all in place. And let me give kind of a brief example of how this works. So just like in multi cluster you set up your primary cluster once you have that in place you can register a workload group. And so again, we can use these new experimental commands here at least I included the X like I should have. So this says I want to create a new thing called hello VMs in the sample namespace. Here's some labels and then that generates a YAML file. And then I can just apply that to stick that in the API server. And the reason I do that is when I want to generate config for the VM itself I can actually reuse that existing one. Actually you can call it by name here I'm actually using the file but if it's in the API server you can actually just refer to it by name.  And basically that's it. You copy those to the VM and you run Istio and the VMs will then connect through that East West Gateway to Istio D they'll be processing DNS for you and all the requests between the entire mesh can now go to those VM endpoints and VM endpoints can call into the mesh. So all the networking is just set up and working. And that's basically it. So we've walked through a lot of different parts of Istio in this and here are kind of the key takeaways. So we've been working really hard to make it easy to build a mesh out of multiple clusters. It was kind of doable before it was definitely not easy. Now it's actually pretty simple. It was even amazing to me and maybe to Lynn too that we were able to get a multi-cloud mesh multi-cloud multi-cluster mesh with remotes and multiple primaries and all these regions and different networks, some things on flat network some in isolated mode and they're all connected. And to add an endpoint to a service was just a single YAML file on one of the clusters and instantly, product page was able to route to that. Istio took care of all the routing and management of that. You don't have to go set anything up. You don't have to set up all these kind of crazy rules and things that just it hands up for you. And it's all secure and with MTLS and authorization policies and all that good stuff. As part of this, you can choose where you want to install those control planes. Obviously it works across multiple networks. And then the other takeaway is that this is works great for Kubernetes but we're also making it really simple and easy for VMs as well. So those will also be able to join. So thank you very much. Lynn, do you have any other closing remarks? If not, I think we're demo other talk. So we appreciate it and thanks for listening. Yeah, same as you. I'm super pleased to actually set up the demo with you and everything runs just smoothly without hitting any major issues. It's amazing. Well, thanks you all. Hopefully to see you guys at the conference. I think we're live. Can you hear me, Lynn? Okay, so the observability work we haven't, okay, great. Yes, technical issues with live, not cute right here. Observability isn't totally multi-cluster aware yet. We're actually working on that. I think hopefully in the 1.9 release of Istio we'll be able to have some better stuff there. It's possible to set up but it's not easy sort of to the, we want to make things easy not just possible. Same here, it's not yet that easy, right? We don't have built-in multi-cluster dashboards. You kind of have to set that up yourself. You can actually have a single Grafana that is pulling from Prometheus in multiple clusters or you can have a single Prometheus pulling multiple cluster sources.  You don't yet have that all set up and I think that's something we want to go on. So I can maybe look at the next question. So there was a question about federation support and inter-accounts and intra-accounts. I'm not actually quite sure what that is meant to mean. Federation is something we want to continue also making easier. That's also not quite as easy as we'd like it yet. If you want to follow up on exactly what you mean about inter-accounts versus intra-accounts, then you want to answer the one about 1.8. Yeah, the hope had been that this 1.8 would actually be out before this talk but we had some last minute fixes that had to get it so it's not quite as yet. Yeah, in our demo, the East-West gateways were exposed publicly on the internet and they didn't rely on mutual TLS to authenticate and encrypt the connections. There are other choices. If you want to set up a private BPC or something like that, in our demo, there were a couple of questions noticing the problem with the demo. I think that, oh, there's a question, another question about the network setup in this case. So on the, I go into the internet publicly but protected with Istio security and then Lynn can talk about what's the IBM side of that looks like. The network setup on the IBM side, how's the network setup of that? Okay, should we talk about the failover case? So basically there's this feature called locality of where Lou balancing in Istio that solves this case for you. So the question is about how do I do failover? So if I have the same service in two different clusters, they're mirrored, how do I make sure it stays local when it's there but then fails over to the other cluster if needed and that's what locality where Lou balancing is actually for. So you can keep it in the local cluster and only send it over to the other cluster if it does rather than just blindly, ground-rope-ing between them. You can look at the Istio documentation for details on. Sorry, we're having some lag between our video streams. Then you wanna take the next question about upgrades. I think we're just about out of time there and we'll try to answer the rest of the questions offline.


Good morning, good afternoon, good evening, and thank you for attending my talk. The title is the value of open standards for vaccine manufacturing. And I will go through a number of topics, including our company's contributions in the fight against COVID-19. I'll talk about flexible manufacturing based on modular engineering and how that was a key engineering development to enable the rapid expansion of manufacturing capacity to produce vaccines in the hundreds of millions and into the billions to protect patients around the world. I'll talk about how open standards fit in within the concept of flexible manufacturing and modular engineering. And with time permitting, I will also talk about the distribution challenges in supplying vaccines, especially those that need to stay frozen. And so I'll be talking about frozen supply chain once a vaccine dose leaves the plant and the path it takes to get to a patient. So the CEO of our company, Ken Frazier said it very succinctly that nobody is safe until we are all safe. And as part of operation warp speed announced at the White House, as you see in the picture, our company has committed to contributing in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. And we'll be modifying a facility to produce hundreds of millions of doses of vaccine to help protect the patients around the world. We also have an oral therapy in clinical trials and that oral therapy is intended for the sickest COVID infected patients. So I'll detour first into how a class of vaccines, adenovirus based vaccines work, two of the more common vaccines from J&J and from AstraZeneca are actually based on this class of vaccine. It starts with a coronavirus and the spike proteins on the surface of the virus, which help itself attach the virus to the respiratory tract and cells and the respiratory tract of humans. And within the coronavirus is a spike protein gene that's been isolated by researchers. And then it was placed inside an adenovirus. Adenovirus is a class of viruses that causes the common cold and other respiratory illnesses. This particular adenovirus has been modified so it doesn't replicate and can't cause illness. But importantly, it hosts that fragment of DNA that produces the spike protein. So adenovase vaccines when injected subcutaneously into a patient, these little adenoviruses containing the DNA fragment for the spike protein enters cells in the body. The cells are quickly engulfed in a bubble. And then the adenovirus is able to find its way to the cell nucleus where it then deposits that DNA fragment. The DNA fragment is translated by messenger RNA. And the messenger RNA gets to work by producing spike proteins within that cell spike proteins and fragments then migrate to the outside of that vaccinated cells so that it protrudes out to the body. The body then encounters these cells with these spike proteins and develops antibodies against them. The antibodies have in the immune system have lasting memory. And so it still remains to be seen how long the lasting immunity will be for humans and these adenovirus based vaccines. But by being able to recognize these spike proteins and fragments and developing immunity, it provides protection against the actual COVID-19 virus. So I'm now going to take you to manufacturing from the past stainless steel tanks custom designed by my company process control code custom designed by my company. They are not flexible in that they tend to be dedicated to single products. They have extensive piping for cleaning and sterilization and that's how we manufacture vaccines in the past and it took years to construct and qualify these type facilities. The future and actually present design of manufacturing facilities for vaccines and biologics makes use of flexible. Single use modular pieces of equipment single use in the sense that rather than using stainless steel reactions happen within a plastic bag. Soft connections are used to connect unit operations such as chromatography filtration and each of these units are off the shelf purchased modular and highly interchangeable given their flexible nature and of the connections and the tubing. So it's this engineering development that of modular equipment enabled bio pharmaceutical companies to quickly scale up manufacturing capacity to meet the demand for COVID-19 vaccines. I'll highlight some more advantages of the module design. It's very much in tandem with our company's goals of how we construct new facilities. I have a quote from our vice president of capital facilities and engineering. He has a broad goal of 40% less capital expenditures with 80% of the work done off site. That forces us into broad acceptance of modular plant design using equipment that has been designed by our suppliers can be purchased off the shelf and can be quickly deployed in the timeline shown below. We have two timelines one based on modular engineering where much of the engineering work is done not only off site but in parallel by our supplier community. And because the engineering has been done. It's much faster to integrate the equipment as opposed to maybe a decade or two ago the traditional process plant design and engineering where it was done all in house. Construction was done largely and supervised by the company and it took many years to construct a vaccine or bio pharmaceutical plant by taking advantage of modular plant design. A lot of the work has been done up front. The equipment can be purchased off the shelf and the work of the manufacturer is more around integration engineering saving considerable time in the construction qualification of a bio pharmaceutical plant. As illustrated and in fact the time savings are even greater when during times of pandemic large amounts of resources can be put forth into building a plant very quickly. So, going again over the advantages of modular plant design. Flexible manufacturing the ability to change in and out equipment to accommodate new products or changes in the process. Cost savings due to smaller compact designs. The ability to reuse equipment for new products based on platform processes and modular equipment. Because there's far less time in engineering and new plants. We can go to market faster. A significant reduction in investment risk by starting out with small production capacities. And then building out or scaling out as demand for a product grows. And capacity expansions are easily facilitated by copying and existing design. And constructing additional modules to to supply additional product. Which brings us to a problem in the process control and standard space. We have equipment that is modular and purchase quickly off the shelf and comes with its own OEM controls. How do you get equipment to talk to other intelligent devices within a production facility. If you choose to go the root of custom development. You lose flexibility in your ability to move equipment in and out because you're tied together in essence by those custom APIs and drivers. The time it takes to write custom drivers extend schedules. There's a higher cost in integrating the equipment through the custom APIs and drivers and a long term maintenance expense around maintaining those drivers. So where open standards can come and enhance this modular equipment modular design of these facilities is through open standards stated another way. Flexible facilities requiring flexible automation to enable manufacturing of the future require open standards to help facilitate interchange of information between intelligent devices in the facility. So delving deeper into a typical drug substance plant for vaccine manufacturing. Cell multiplication starts with bioreactors. And then viruses need to be inactivated. And then downstream purification to isolate the cells like the adenovirus in adenovirus based vaccines require downstream purification technology such as chromatography and filtration. And our company has moved forward with full modular design, including platform processes to enable speed to commercialization. We start with a platform and where necessary we swap in and swap out different pieces of equipment. Say we use bioreactor a from from one vendor. If we choose to switch to a different bioreactor, we don't have to rebuild or reengineer the whole facility we swap swap it out because of the flexible nature of the connections. And that's true of all equipment within the vaccine manufacturing plan. Here's a typical process flow diagram. Of the facility. The unit operations are can be purchased off the shelf. They're pre engineered buyer supplier, and they come with their own OEM controls. And the nature of the problem is how to connect up intelligent devices represented by the OEM controls with a supervisory control system. Knowing that we need flexibility to be able to swap in and out those pieces of equipment depending on the process and depending on the product being manufactured. So, I'll take you through the journey of 1 of our facilities through this past pandemic year to demonstrate the flexibility of these designs. Over the course of less than the year, there were 5 products that were tried out in a single facility. The 1st 2 candidates were our internal vaccine candidates, which did not prove to be as effective as the ones currently in the market. So those efforts were abandoned. We were able to quickly pivot to 2 other therapies all within the period of a year. Whereas in the past with stainless steel facilities, it would not have been possible. But with modular off the shelf single use equipment, we're able to use a platform process and then make small changes to the process by moving equipment in and out in a flexible manner to be able to quickly change over to a new product. So to further highlight the challenge in a pharmaceutical plant. It starts with. OEM controllers on the on the processing skids. And a supervisory plant controller that runs the entire facility. All are capable of running. An S 88 state machine and all of them require data to be exchanged via standard communication protocols. Typically, that's OPC UA. We spoke about the state machines and that's based on the is a 88 batch standard. On the right is the procedural model, the batch engine run by the supervisory control system in the plant. And that will be set up to run with the physical equipment. The OEM units providing the process operations. Bioreactor chromatography filtration to manufacture the vaccine or pharmaceutical product. The skid controllers themselves run their own controls with equipment modules and control modules. So the challenge is to set up a system so that the supervisory control batch engine can drive operations at the unit operations level. And to do that, there's numerous standards that are being proposed to help the industry adopt and quickly develop the flexible automation needed to match the flexible equipment in the factory. One particular one sponsored by the open group is the open process automation standard Opas. Opas is a standard of standards, allowing the integration of best in class components from disparate vendors, the standards and compass compute. Configuration, connectivity, system management, security just to name a few. And universal adoption of a standard such as Opas would certainly facilitate the flexible automation required to run a modular plant, modular biopharmaceutical plant. Other standards being proposed and considered by the industry are also based on OPC UA. One other proposed standard to connect unit operations in a biopharmaceutical plant is the more MTP or module type packaging. The more offers a framework through the MTP for data structures as interfaces. It offers a state machine. And it also offers services so that a supervisory control system can interact with modular equipment represented by the OEM control systems. And so multiple industry groups have built upon OPC UA and MTP. The ISPE has a plug and produce work stream, which brings in GMP requirements, data storage, data integrity, time synchronization, user management standards to the problem. The biopharm has developed a set of profiles and functions for the various unit operations. Essentially a data model so that a supervisory control system can talk to a unit operation and be able to exchange all relevant operation needed to run that particular unit operation. So expanding further on some of the biopharm work, some published papers around interface specifications that are protocol agnostic, it can run any standard that's out there. But is particular to a certain class of unit operations. In this case, this stirred tank reactor is applicable to a wide array of equipment, including fermenters, cell culture systems, mixers, buffer systems. And this information model can be embedded in the transport protocol of whatever standard chosen. These interface specifications as designed by the biopharm is meant to be protocol agnostic. Okay, changing direction again, I'm going to talk about distribution challenges for vaccines which need to be kept at very cold temperatures. The class of adenovirus based vaccines, which I spoke of earlier, tend to be hardier and to temperature sensitivity. So all vaccines will degrade when they are outside of certain temperature zones. The messenger RNA based vaccines like the ones from Pfizer and Moderna are specially sensitive to temperatures and need to be stored at minus 40 to minus 70 degrees C in order to not lose potency. The adenovirus based vaccines can withstand refrigerator temperatures and degrade less quickly and typically can be used put in 2 to 8 degree C refrigeration and still be effective once it reaches the patient. But the challenges around frozen supply chain will be highlighted in the next set of slides. It requires a heavy investment in the supply chain and at each stage of the supply chain, these very expensive minus 40 minus 70 degree maintaining freezers need to be purchased. The volumes for distributing these vaccines in the tens of millions, hundreds of millions adds to the talent challenge. I'll be talking about an important concept called talks time out of controlled storage and how that's relevant to the supply chain. You'll see in the set of pictures at the bottom. It starts with a carton, a 10 dose carton of vaccines. These cartons are placed in a box and then that box is put in an insulated container and then packed in dry ice. In some cases where they are available, they are palletized for easy transport to storage. But in the case that the palletized system and a refrigerator that can can allow pallets to be put in there is not available. These are done by hand. So this slide shows the various steps. Once a vaccine, a carton of vaccines is produced and the number of stages in which shown by the star that you are out of control storage and the vaccines are rapidly losing potency. It starts with the light blue boxes. At a vaccine manufacturer after it is packaged into those cartons, it is then stored at onsite. Freezers prior to a pickup and load into a set of trailers. So every time you're doing this load, whether into the freezer or out of the freezer into the next step of the transportation, you are incurring time out of controlled storage and your vaccine product is losing potency. From the manufacturer, it gets shipped as representative boxes in yellow to third party distribution partners like a UPS. When it arrives there, it needs to be unloaded from the special trucks, the refrigerated trucks and again undergoes time out of controlled storage. And when the trucks are ready to go out to the customers, again, the loading process introduces time out of controlled storage. And finally, when it reaches the customer and to the injection site, there are numerous other opportunities to be in a state of out of controlled storage, meaning vaccines again are losing potency. So these are the distribution challenges around minus 40 and minus 70 degrees C requiring vaccines. Looking at it in another view, we ship out from our plants like the one I'm based out of at West Point. And they'll go to either the third party logistics providers or the CDC. Now, those two nodes have invested substantially in these freezers and have capacity to take large quantities of vaccines and be able to keep them cold at the required temperatures. And even in the shipping process, special planes, special cargo holds and the trucks delivering them to their next location have the refrigeration freezing capacity needed to keep the vaccines at the required temperatures. But at the destination sites, whether it's public health departments, hospitals, doctors, offices, pharmacies, they may have very limited capacity to hold these vaccines. And that's what highlights the challenges of getting vaccines out to a broad population. If there's limited storage capacity, these vaccines then quickly degrade at improper storage temperatures. And so this slide highlights the challenges of getting vaccines out to a wide population because of the dearth of refrigerated equipment needed to maintain the vaccines at their desired potency. Fortunately, in the United States, we have a very strong network and there are enough doctors, offices, hospitals, pharmacies with capabilities and read out over time. By and large, we're able to vaccinate the entire population. But the problem gets amplified in other parts of the world that don't have the required infrastructure to distribute these vaccines. And so frozen supply chain, refrigerated supply chain is a great challenge in trying to reach all the patients around the world. To wrap up my presentation, I've described some of our companies' contributions in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. I've talked about modular equipment and modular engineering to create flexible manufacturing facilities based on platforms. And it's through the use of these modular developments that the biopharmaceutical industry has been able to scale up very quickly to produce mass quantities of vaccines to meet the needs of unvaccinated people and to protect as many people as possible around the planet. Modular equipment and modular engineering enables speed to market through faster facility builds. And these need to be supported by open standards in process control, like the OPAS, facilitated by industry forums and standards groups. And finally, I talked about some of the distribution challenges in supplying vaccines, especially during a pandemic where speed is of the essence. So that wraps up my talk, and I thank you for your attention during this presentation.


Let's look at the derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions. So our two key functions are e to the x and log of x, and our derivatives are the following. Derivative of log is 1 over x, again in prime notation, meaning exactly the same thing, and also for e to the x. This is the world's simplest derivative. The derivative of e to the x is e to the x. And again, prime notation e to the x prime is the same as e to the x. And the thing to remember is chain rule, chain rule, chain rule. So let's take the derivative of log of 3x plus 5. And again, we'll start out by a little bit of analysis. So I have my value of x times 3, add 5, hit it with the log, and so this type of function is a log function. So the derivative begins with the derivative of log. And again, I'll drop out everything except for the last function. Derivative of log 1 over times chain rule derivative of whatever was there. And we apply the kindergarten rule, put things back where you found them. And now I need to find the derivative of 3x plus 5, and that's just going to be there. And there's my derivative, which we can simplify a little bit, but we're not going to do too much with. So there's my great simplification. I don't know if I have something that looks more horrendous. Derivative of log of x squared plus 2x minus 7. And what do we have here? Again, take x squared, take x times 2, squared plus 2x, subtract 7, figure that out, then hit the whole thing with the log. This is once again a log function. So I'll drop everything except for that last thing that I do. Derivative of log 1 over times derivative of what was inside. And put things back where you found them. Derivative of x squared plus 2x minus 7, that's just a polynomial. So that's not really a difficult derivative to find. And we don't need to, but a nice simplification is to write that as a single fraction. Again, a useful check to make sure you're applying the derivative rules correctly. Any time you're doing the derivative of anything more complicated than a polynomial, there's always going to be an echo of the original function. So again, here's our x squared plus 2x minus 7 in the original function. Here's our echo in the final function. How about an exponential function, e to the 5x. And again, a little bit of analysis goes a long ways. Take x times 5, e raised to that power. The last thing we do in this function is e raised to the power. So this is an exponential function. Drop everything, except for the last thing that we do. The derivative of e to the is world's easiest derivative. Same thing. Times, don't forget the chain rule. Derivative of whatever was in there. Apply the kindergarten rule. Put things back where you found them. And we do have to find the derivative of 5x, which is just going to be 5. So our echo of the original function, well in this case it's a pretty complete echo, e to the 5x here, e to the 5x down here. And it's really not too much different if we have a more complicated function. Here's e to minus x squared over 2. So again, take x, square it, change the sign, divide by 2, e raised to that number. And that means again we have our last function is e raised to the. And so when we want to find the derivative, we're going to start by dropping everything. This is an e to the type function. The derivative world's easiest derivative. Same thing, times the derivative of whatever was in the parentheses. So put things back where you found them. I need to find the derivative of minus x squared over 2, which is the derivative of minus a half x squared, which is the derivative of, which is minus 1 half times 2x. And I might do a little bit of simplification to make things look a little bit nicer.