Good morning, everyone. My name's Donald Barclay, and you can see the topic of my talk up here this morning. Thank you for coming. I wanted to start with a couple of caveats here. Oh, by the way, I'm at the University of California Merced Library. Of course, it says that, but I want to start with some caveats. The first is, who died and made me King of Fake News? Nobody. I kind of assumed the title on my own. And I'm sure there are people in this room who could speak as intelligently and as well as I can on it. But I put in a proposal, so I get to do it. My other caveat, I'm kind of concerned I'm going to talk about things that everybody knows. But I kind of wanted to go over some fundamental concepts. I hope it's not too dull. There are other presentations if it gets dull. And finally, I have a lot more questions than answers. So my plan is to end so that we have 15 minutes or so for discussion, questions, cat calls, brick bats, dope slaps, whatever we need. Or else, we have crickets, and we all go to lunch early, so either way we win. So you might have heard about Fake News. It was in all the papers and on all the media. And there was all kinds of stories flying around about it. There was the Donald Trump Motel scandal. There was Comet Ping Pong, The Alternative Facts. I don't know if you can quite see that little thing from Wikipedia. Somebody had gone in and altered the Wikipedia entry for Roger Stone, who's a Republican lobbyist, to say, how are we reasonably being diagnosed with cranky, racist, old man syndrome, blah, blah, blah. So lots of churn about this. And at the time, all this was really churning right after the election. The editors of The Conversation, which is a web publication I write for occasionally, said, hey, you want to write an article? I said, what about Fake News? I said, cool. So I wrote this article. And it was published on January 4th. And it kind of hit a sweet spot. It got a lot of attention over 50,000 reads on the Conversation website. It was picked up by websites of PBS, Salon, Newsweek. I had lots of exchanges with people who read the article. Really interesting stuff. Some people were very challenging. An interesting exchange with a guy from South Carolina who was very adamant that the Civil War was not about slavery. It was a better conversation than you might imagine. So that led to a couple of radio interviews. I did a Facebook Live thing. I've been asked to write an article. I'm probably going to write a book. Yada, yada, yada. I'm going to do an ALA national webinar in July. So suddenly I am myself crowning the king of libraries in Fake News. So I want to start out with a little alternative history. The Surgeon General's report on smoking and health was released on January 11th, 1964, by Luther D. Terry, who was the Surgeon General. So to put this in some context, this was less than two months after the Kennedy assassination, which I actually remember. I was the kindergartener on the grassy knoll. And about a month or so before the Beatles were on Ed Sullivan. So right in that time period. And it was released on a Saturday because they wanted to kind of control the media response a little bit. And they also didn't want to affect the stock market. So they were very media aware about this. At that time, they didn't really want it to be on one of the three national news shows that everybody watched Monday through Friday. Huntley and Brinkley, Walter Cronkite, whatever was on ABC. They kind of wanted to tone it down a little bit and not have too much of an impact. So my alternative history is, what if the Surgeon General's report had been released at a time when we have the kind of social media, digital media, 24-hour news cycle we have today? What might have happened? Well, the first thing would have been memes, right? And these are real memes that I found on the internet. There are pro-smoking memes on the internet. I didn't have to invent any of these. And of course, in the upper left-hand corner, you have the favorite of all internet debaters, Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler was against smoking.  In the middle there is a Lib Tards cartoon where a hypocritical feminist is talking about no one has a right to her body. And then she's denying this poor conservative man his right to smoke and drink Mountain Dew. So memes would have come out immediately. And a lot of them would have been probably attacking the report, very likely. Probably would have seen some fake videos. This is one that I invented. This is not a real video. I just screen-captured some stuff from YouTube and created it. But you might have seen things like this.  You certainly would have seen that, I'm sure. You would have seen tweets. And these are invented tweets. I made these up using some tweet-faking software. And you probably would have had people from the alt-right saying, what's the government getting in our business for? They're taking away our rights, blah, blah, blah. They're against men. Smoking's a man thing. They're trying to take it away from us. You might have had people who were pro-legalized marijuana seeing this as some kind of a government attempt to keep weed illegal. They're attacking smoking, so they're attacking pot, right? And then you might have seen the 24-hour news cycle chiming in. Again, I made this one up. This is not a real headline. But with relative degrees of fairness and balance, you can imagine how CNN and MSNBC and Fox and all these other people, Hanley and Combs and Bill O'Reilly and Rachel Maddow, might have reacted to the Smote Surgeon General's Report. So again, thinking about this as alternative history, one of the things that happened in 1964 that would happen in our current world was the people with money interests immediately lashed out and did everything they could to cross the report. Philip Morris was not having any of this Surgeon General's Report. And as everybody probably knows from knowing their history of tobacco, they spent a lot of money over the years trying to fight the science of the Surgeon General's Report, trying to fight efforts to curb tobacco smoking. And that happened in 1964 with every media they could get their hands on. And it certainly would happen today. You could imagine an astroturf roots campaign of outraged citizens defending their rights that was being paid for by Philip Morris and all these other people who have huge money interests in tobacco. So in the alternative history, what would have been really tragic was, you can imagine, Lyndon Johnson is new as president of the United States. He's got Vietnam bubbling up. He's trying to fight the war on poverty. He's worried about civil rights. And suddenly he's got this tobacco fiasco on his hands. As president, he might have said, you know what? Let's just put this on the back burner. Let's not get into this fight right now. I got too much going on. And maybe this room would have a haze of smoke. And there'd be ashtrays everywhere.  And that would be really sad. In 1964, it was a peak year for smoking. 42% of the people in adults in the United States smoke. Today, it's about 18%. That's really amazing. And it would have been a real, I think, almost anyone would agree.  But most people agree. That was a real public health victory. And it's a good thing. From a personal standpoint, I remember the Kennedy Association. I remember the Beatles on Ed Sullivan. And I remember about 1967 or 1968, my dad quit smoking. And I remember that he outlived all his brothers and brothers-in-laws who didn't by decades. It was an important thing. So alternate history aside, I wanted to now talk about some of the terminology flying around. Now, one of the things that we need to be clear about is what is propaganda. A little bit different than fake news. I'm going to talk about fake news in a minute. But when we think of propaganda, very often your mind goes to, oh, the Nazis in the 20th century, the great masters of propaganda. Typically, propaganda has a political purpose. It's trying to convince somebody to do something. It usually has a harmful purpose, although you probably find examples of helpful propaganda. People who might say the anti-smoking campaign was helpful propaganda, maybe, maybe not. But typically, propaganda is different than just regular straightforward information in that there's a mix of truth, a little bit of truth with a lot of fake. So the Nazis, they love to talk about how terrible Jewish bankers were to Germany. Now, were there Jewish bankers in Germany before the Nazis? There certainly were. Were some of them very wealthy? Absolutely. Did some of them probably bend the rules a little bit? Hey, they were bankers. I'm sure they did.  It wasn't true. A little bit of truth, a lot of lies. And of course, propaganda is an eye of the beholder. If this were a panel of skinheads, an audience of skinheads out here, you might be going, that's not propaganda. They were telling the truth. You're living in a false world. Of course, the Germans were not the only people who did propaganda in the 20th century. It was pretty widespread. And propaganda is really old. This is an inscription that is called the Behistun inscription. It's from about 15, excuse me, 515 BCE.  And this is probably the oldest known written propaganda. We can imagine probably that oral propaganda existed before this time. And so it goes back a long way. We know the Romans had a lot of propaganda, goes on through history. This is from 1598, and it's an engraving by Protestant Germans who had never been to the New World depicting the atrocities of the Spanish in the New World. And it was anti-Catholic, anti-Spanish. And there was some truth to it. The Spanish were pretty brutal in the New World, but this was just really made up stuff. Other kinds of, you know, what is propaganda? Is this cigarette advertisement propaganda? Some people would say yes. Going back to my smoking analogies, at the start of the 20th century, the per capita consumption of US of cigarettes was 54 cigarettes a year, with the invention of machine-made cigarettes and vast advertising campaigns, print, radio, later TV, of course, product placement in films. By the peak year, again, 1965, 1964, the average consumption was 4,259 cigarettes a year. That's some pretty effective propaganda. It's partly the machinery made it possible, but it was also the propaganda of advertising. I wanted to show this one. This is a bit of propaganda from about the time of the Surgeon General's report.  I hope it plays. Did that actually play? Did you see the video? OK, it didn't play on my machine. So when I was a kid, this commercial, strangely, it was in black and white when I was a kid, on my parents' TV anyway. Everybody wanted a slinky. And most of my friends got a slinky at birthday, Christmas, whatever. I had a slinky.  Basically, you played it for 10 minutes, and it turned into an entangled mess, and you threw it away. That's a kind of, again, a kind of advertising propaganda. They made us believe something was true by basically lying to us, and we bought it. So again, with propaganda, this is an example of a website called Natural News that I would consider propaganda. And again, I'm not going to ask for it. I'll show up hands or anything. Maybe some people in this room don't. There are a lot of people in this country who don't consider this propaganda, who think that Western medicine and scientific medicine is the propaganda, and this website is telling you the truth. And it's probably, for me to call it propaganda, yeah.  I can't. I haven't looked at all of it. I haven't checked it all out. Maybe there's some good information in here. Maybe not. And that's one of the things about propaganda. It's in the eye of the beholder. Again, the skinheads saying no Nazi propaganda would not call it propaganda. And it's also nuanced. To what extent is it propaganda? To what extent was this slinky ad lying to us? A lot, a little hard to say. So the other side of the coin is the fake news. And there's a couple definitions of fake news. The one definition that we see tweeted a lot is anything that disagrees with my worldview is automatically fake news. That's one definition. But the broader definition is the kind of thing we're seeing, which is basically the clickbait stuff that's done not for political purposes like propaganda, but it's done to make money to get people to click on your site and you're getting ad revenue for that. And it's also done for humor purposes. So on this example here, I've got some examples of clickbait. In the upper right-hand corner, there's a picture of Ivanka Trump. And it says, you won't believe what Ivanka Trump does in the morning. Now, the person who wrote this could have totally made this up, probably doesn't have any stake in what Ivanka Trump does, doesn't care what we think Ivanka Trump does, doesn't care what these words actually say, as long as people click on that because they're going to get ad revenue. That's a very typical example of clickbait. They just want you to look at it. There's also clickbait for humor purposes or fake news for humor purposes. The onion is a great example of that. I'm sure everybody's familiar with that. And you've probably read stories about how articles in the onion get picked up and passed off as true. People posted on Facebook, even other news sources have picked up their articles and posted them as true. On the lower left, there is a website for something called the Landover Baptist Church. And it looks like a real church website until you start looking at it. And it's actually a parody of evangelical Christianity. On the right is DHMO, which looks like a kind of a healthcare website until you stop and think DHMO is another word for water. It's a parody of scare websites. So, I would say, for some, the difference between fake news and propaganda is that political purpose, but it's not always easy to detect. In the upper right-hand corner here, we've got a clickbait article, 15 celebrities who have converted to Islam. I believe that's Paris Hilton, I think wearing some kind of a headscarf. And the person who wrote this might not have anything against Islam, might not have any problem with it, might not care about that. But you could see how this kind of article, even if it didn't have a political intent, could have a political effect. Somebody who was unhappy with Islam, uneasy with Islam, afraid of Islam, might look at this and go, oh, look at those Hollywood idiots.  So, the intent there becomes very muddy. Again, a very nuanced thing between what's propaganda and what's fake news. Fake news, not that new. It predates the internet. The weekly world news, I don't believe it exists anymore, but it used to show up in supermarkets, and it would just have crazy stories that nobody in their right mind would really believe. But the idea was they would either get people to buy it as a joke, or maybe some people believed it, but it was just kind of a, I think everybody, pretty much everybody was in on the joke of the weekly world news. So the more outrageous article they can have, Elvis scene, working in a gas station, you name it, they would print it to get people to read it, and then basically to sell subscriptions and or sell copies and to sell ads. But fake news is even older than that. This is an article from the New York Sun, April 13th, 1844, and it's really hard to see. But the big headline is astounding news. Atlantic Cross in three days, single triumph of Mr. Monk Mason's flying machine, this balloon, the Victoria flew across the Atlantic in 75 hours, a whole big story about it, totally made up to sell papers and sell advertising, and the author was Edgar Allan Poe.   So the question is, is there anything new under the sun? And as you are familiar with the sun, the British newspaper, it's a good example of fake news. I think there are some things that are new that it's why this may be something that we wanna address. The first thing is the volume of information, and these are some slides about the number of tweets and the number of YouTube videos and so on. And everybody in this room knows the internet caught on at some point in the 90s, early 2000s, and it's just taken off, and there's lots of information out there. So the amount of information you have to deal with today as opposed to 1964, many, many times greater. There's a lot of stuff out there. The volume is new. Also volume in the sense of the reach of information. This is a picture of somebody standing on a soap box in Hyde Park Square. This person could be saying untrue things, but his audience is gonna be anybody who's within the sound of his voice. Not a very large volume that he can project. He can't reach very many people. Okay, so of course the printing press came along and that allowed people to print things and to distribute to a wider audience more broadly. Of course, that really started to matter a lot more when transportation improved. When you had railroads to move things around, you could really print a newspaper in London and have it all over the country before the end of the day. That was a big improvement in the volume that you could project. Of course you had radio and television, which could reach millions of people potentially, but of course you had to have access. You had to be able to get on the radio, get on TV. Again, going back to 1964, most people in this country had three TV channels. At my house we had two that we got. So getting on the radio, getting on TV, radio was certainly easier, but radio or TV was a challenge. Another source for distributing information that was really important for a while was the coffee shop, not coffee shop, the coffee shop. And I remember when I was in the 80s, I knew this guy who worked at the night shift at Kinkos in Boise. And at night, they didn't have many customers walking in. It was a 24-hour operation. So they would print out large batch jobs that they had. For example, like church flyers or coupons for a business. They'd do those big jobs at night. Well, one of the things he did a lot of were Christian identity people and other extremist groups would have these big runs of their propaganda that they would have printed out at Kinkos. They'd pick them up and then they'd have to mail them or hand distribute them to their audience. That was an important tool. I doubt that many of those people are doing that now. I don't think Kinkos is a big source of their information because it's cheaper and easier and potentially a much bigger audience to put it on the web, of course. So the ability for someone to potentially reach millions of people to worldwide audience is there and it's being used by white Christian identity people to use it, Al Qaeda uses it, ISIS uses it, everybody's using it. Another thing that's I think different is the ability for people to manipulate images and video and sound. And what we have here in the upper left-hand corner are the so-called Kotlinly Ferries, which was a photo hoax reporting that these little girls living in England had discovered ferries. And if we look at these pictures now we go, that's a really bad Photoshop job. But it actually took people in at the time. The upper right-hand corner is the famous Robert Capper photo of a soldier taking a bullet during the Spanish Civil War. It's widely believed that this photo was faked, although for years it was presented as a real combat photo. Lower left-hand corner, I'm sure everybody remembers, this one, the famous Time Magazine cover where they darkened OJ's skin. And then on the lower right was a photo that came out after 9-11 of a tourist allegedly standing on top of the World Trade Center as a plane is about to hit the World Trade Center and it was purported that it was found in a camera in the rubble later on proven to be a fake. That was 2001, the ability for people to fake images, as you all know, has increased a lot since then. And I'm sure there are a lot of people in this room who can do a pretty decent fake photo, I can. And there are people who are a lot better than me, I'm sure, I know there are. This is an interesting example of something which is a product that Adobe demonstrated last year. And it's a software where if you get 20 minutes of someone's speaking voice, you can basically type anything and have them say it in that voice. The computer will say it in their actual speaking voice. And what we have here is it's a little hard to follow, so I'm gonna explain it a little bit. We have the person who invented the software is demonstrating and then sitting up to the left, to his right on the dais is a comedian named Keegan-Michael Key.  So let me see if I can make this run. That's magic, I'm gonna show you guys this. We're not just going to do with words, we can actually type small phrases. So let's say, okay, so remove those words and we do three, four, three, two, one. Oh. Play back. And I kissed Jordan three times. So Adobe has claimed that they're putting lots of safeguards in this so that it can't be used for nefarious purposes, but you can imagine what could happen. You could have Donald Trump or Hillary Clinton or Barack Obama or anybody you're trying to smear. You have 20 minutes of them speaking, you can make them say almost anything and with a little manipulation, you can sync it to a video and suddenly you have a video of Barack Obama saying I was born in Kenya, I'm a lifelong Muslim and I'm a supporter of ISIS. Now, most of the people in this room would probably question that, but somebody who really believed that would go, there's your proof right there. And so that's a real scary, potentially a scary thing. It kind of reminds me of something actually from Harry Potter, which is the pensive in Harry Potter, which was a magical analog really for YouTube in which you could go back and watch events from the past that had been recorded in people's memories in the magical world. Harry goes back, Harry watches a video from the past which actually has been edited by one of the wizards to give a false history and that's an important plot point in the story. Harry is, and other people are taken in by this fake video. By the way, I have this elaborate theory about how the whole Harry Potter series is about digital technology, don't get me started. So we've got some things that I think are new. The volume in both those senses of the word and we've also got I think increased ability to manipulate reality or what seems to be reality in very convincing ways. So all of this is adding up to a lot of information overload. I copied and pasted this from Wikipedia because that source and context was good enough for what I needed to do here, which is sort of reminding everybody of sort of the basic textbook definition of what constitutes information overload and I'm sure most of you probably know all this already. But we're getting lots of new information created, it's easy to duplicate things, you can cut and paste. There's a lot more stuff to deal with historically. We've got more and more volume of information out there, low signals or noise ratio. All these things that are kind of basic things of information overload are happening and they're being, in my mind, being amplified by the power of our digital technology to reach lots of people, really cheap, really easy, really fast, 24 hour news cycle, all of these things are contributing to that. So what are we gonna do about it, if anything? So this is a really nice handout from IFLA on spotting fake news and I really like this handout. I've showed it to people, I use it to kind of refresh my memory when I'm talking about how to evaluate information, how to spot fake news. Really nice piece of work, but on the other hand it seems like things like this are trying to put our forest fire with a water pistol. There's so much information out there, it's happening so fast, there's so few of us. We have really so little contact with students when you think about it. There's so many students, so few librarians, so little time to get this into the curriculum. Faculty, I don't have time to get this into the curriculum, I'm too busy teaching anthropology or sociology or literature or whatever. I don't have the time to get this in. Can't you librarians take care of it? And that's, to my mind, is a real problem. Well, I think this is an effective tool. It feels like we're charging machine guns with a bayonet to use another analogy there. Another thing about, I think that happens to us as librarians is because we feel so overwhelmed, we sometimes get kind of reductionist. We have a hard time talking about the nuance of all of this because we're so working so hard to try to reach the basics to people. And as I've talked about before, there's a lot of nuance. What is propaganda? What is fake news? What is true? What is false? So our approaches work really good when we have something that's really factual to deal with. And I want to have a little vote here and this will not be graded. So everybody, choose your choice here. What is the approximate distance from the earth to the sun? Anybody who vote for A? No votes for A. B, good for B. C, and a couple C's. Well, the answer is B. And borrowing some kind of, you know, really amazing change of thinking in science that's not gonna change. I mean, you know, it might change a little bit, but it's pretty much about as factual as anything can get. And like a lot of factual things, we could have a vote on it, it doesn't matter. It stays the same. Our vote doesn't. We could have all voted for A and it wouldn't change the facts. So things like that are easy to deal with, but most things aren't that clear cut. And even then we can kind of waffle a bit. Well, it's approximately 93 million miles. And, you know, we could get into all these, have some physicists, astrophysicists come in here and tell us, well, that's really a ballpark number. Tell us why, you know, we really need to think differently about the distance from the earth to the sun. So we're dealing with a lot of nuance and one of the things that I think I found really useful and I think is well-timed is the new, fairly new framework for information literacy for higher education that's come out of ACRL, because it really challenges us as librarians to address this nuance, to not get so reductionist. If it's in a journal and it's peer reviewed, it's good. If it's not, it's bad. That's, you know, I think I've said that before to students, but it's a horribly reductionist and overly simplified way to talk about information because we all can sit here and every one of us could list five things that are really wrong with scientific communication off the top of our heads because we know it's not perfect. It's good, but it's not perfect. So this framework I think is really useful, but it's tough. It challenges us and I think that's why there's been some resistance to it because it really is a hard thing to teach. I've only got these students for 50 minutes. How am I supposed to go into all this nuance? So we have a tough problem to solve. We're getting some help. There are increasingly websites out there and other media that are trying to help with this problem of fake news and information overload. Snopes is one of the oldest. Snopes was founded in 1995. It deals with urban legends and it does a pretty good job, mostly debunking urban legends, occasionally confirming them. It's generally recognized as being pretty fair and balanced although there are people who say it's not. But again, it's been in business for a long time and certainly their business has picked up in the last few months, surprise. This is PolitiFact, another fairly well-known site. It's been around since 2007. It was created by the Tampa Bay Times and they really try to fairly and accurately report on factual things, are people really gonna lose their healthcare with this new act? Is restoring coal mining jobs really possible? All these questions that people are kicking around that are political footballs that they try to put some sense to. This is Red Feed, Blue Feed, which is a Wall Street Journal product. I think it's fairly new. I couldn't actually find the date when it started. It does sort of a liberal conservative point counterpoint things that are on the internet and on Facebook. This is a British fact-checking site, the News 4 where they do a similar sort of thing. This is an interesting one. This is called Climate Feedback. This is a group of climate scientists, one of whom is at my university, Emmanuel Vincent. And what they do is they review articles about climate change and they basically put importer on them of this is good information or this is not good information and they're trying to, as much as they can, brand climate information so people can tell the good stuff from the bad, the accurate from the inaccurate, the scientific from the non-scientific. And I'm sure there are other, in other scientific fields, there are probably things like this as well happening. This is a really neat website. It's called The Information Is Beautiful site and they use graphs and data to show as much as they can factual things about information. This is one has to deal with media inflamed fears where they sort of the gray line on the right that really spikes high was Ebola, for example. The amount of coverage that Ebola got in a very short period of time, it peaked and declined really fast. So again, another site that's doing that, Facebook quite famously began trying to flag fake news and of course there was a lot of controversy about that, about how fair it was, how effective it's gonna be. So we're seeing all these silos out there trying to do something about this issue. Of course we've got the big question of who watches the Watchman. I wouldn't be surprised, I haven't looked for it, I wouldn't be surprised if there are propaganda sites out there claiming to be fact checking sites right now that are telling you, we check the facts and give you the truth and they're strictly giving one side of the story or very propaganda, hateful stuff. The red feed, blue feed is Wall Street Journal. A lot of people don't trust the Wall Street Journal. Not everybody does. How reliable is the Tampa Bay Times? Probably as reliable as any other newspaper but we've heard people say that newspapers aren't reliable recently, I've heard that somewhere. So that's a problem too. We've got little silos trying to do something about it and they're disconnected and the chance for fraudulent little silos to build up is there. What would be really nice would be a Google of Truth. Something like Google where you could go to, everybody would know that's the place to get the most factual information you can taking into account that there's a lot of nuance to everything and so on. That would be a really, basically an ultimate goal to achieve. So, I left a lot of time for conversation which is good. I actually went through this faster than I thought I would but that's okay. So I have some questions that really strike me because again I have more questions than answers. So my first question is, is concern over fake news a passing moral panic? Is it a scary clown's fear? Is it, say, tannic daycare fear? Something that a lot of people like me are worried about and oh my gosh, there's all this fake news. People seem to be falling for everything. We're seeing Time Magazine as truth, dead. Are we living in a post-truth era? Can a world leader get up and say anything they want and people are gonna believe them because they're on that person's team and if you're not on their team, you're not gonna believe them. That's, are we really in that era? Or is this just something that's part of that whole cycle of lots of volume and lots of news, 24 hour news and lots of cycling of things through and it's gonna pass and in a few years we're gonna go, yeah it really wasn't any different than things from Darius the Great or the black legend of Spain or what was going on in Nazi Germany. We lived through that too and we were fine. So that's one question that I think is worth asking. Should librarians, should we as librarians make a concerted effort to do something about bad information? Should we get together in some way and put our efforts into trying to create the Google of Truth and I'm using, I don't really believe there could be a Google of Truth but something like that where maybe we say, well librarians are pretty well trusted, librarians can be impartial, can be, they don't have to be but we can be. We could take the lead in this maybe through ALA, maybe through some other organization, maybe we have to create a new organization to tackle this, to do something, to try to create tools that are easy to use and widely available and easy to understand so that people, ideally we'd have a world where if people go, well if I have a question I'll go to Google and if I have a concern about whether something's true I'm gonna go to librarians for truth or whatever. Is that something that we should do? If yes, then what should we do? How should we do that? Is it gonna be a technology solution? Is it gonna be more of a human interface kind of solution? Again, I'm concerned about fighting a wildfire with water pistols, there's so much out there, reaching 20 students at a time is not gonna get us very far. Should we work to maybe work with educators across the board to try to get media literacy and information literacy started in kindergarten and all the way through the curriculum? Should we work with academics to get it embedded in more and more of the higher education curriculum so it's not just the job of librarians to take care of it? I don't know, I don't know the answer. And the last question, is it too big for us to tackle? Is it something that's beyond us as librarians to do? And those are my questions and so we've got almost 20 minutes here to talk about it. So I hope there's some questions otherwise we're gonna be going to lunch early just for a quick information here. Anybody who would like this presentation I think it's gonna be available through CNI but if you'd like me to send you my slides or wanna ask me questions, I'm at UC Merced, I'm easy to find, you can email me dbarkleyatucmerced.edu, I'll be glad to chat with you, email or talk to you or send you my stuff.


You are about to witness an epic Tarot Magnus reaction. Mhahaha, Psycho Crushah! Bawm, this is... What's happening, Magnus Sightse? So, we got Maker vs. Marker number one. Now, I did not know there was a Maker vs. Marker number two. I never knew that because I had seen the Maker vs. Marker a couple years ago when it came out or whatever. I absolutely loved it. Man, that artist is a man after my own heart. I can tell you he loves Kuma just as much or maybe more than I do. So, let's get this on. I am going to do Maker vs. Marker one first because I haven't seen it in a while. And then we are going to do number two. So, let's get this in. Similar to the way I did YOLO one and YOLO two. Even though I had already seen YOLO one. I am catching you guys up with the first one and then we are going to do the second one. Alright, let's do this. We haven't seen that yet. We need to see a Kuma rejuvenate. And just be like... I enjoyed it at the same time. Both are similar. I enjoyed them both. I was not very happy with the ending. Although I accepted the ending with Darth beating Batman because that's definitely possible. But look, this is a Kuma, the supreme master of the fist. Alright? A hand with a marker ain't supposed to be able to beat him. I'm mad. Anyway, post your comments down below. Let me know what y'all think. Reaction, press the like button.  What million subscribers? Woo! Now, subscribe.


My name is Ryan Burris. I'm the Deputy Director here at Cal OES. I'm so proud to announce six projects that are going to be awarded for California Jump Start. The first time in the nation something like this is being awarded. These are going to allow communities that are undeserved to hire chief resiliency officers, to hire staff, to help them write grants, to be competitive with everyone else. But over time, things like California Jump Start is going to make California a safer place to live. Thank you.


What's up everybody, Jason here for JaspysCaseBrace.com. We just sold out 2023 Fanatics underwraps signed football jerseys. Three bucks, half case break. Five random players each, number nine. This is the last three boxes, guys. So again, 18 total spots. Everybody gets five times, we five times the names. Five random players each for the list below. Remember there's one combo, which is Moon Eggman, Jason Mahomes, Brady, Pay Manning, Tua, Jefferson, and much more, of course. So here's the customer names. We're gonna, times them by five. So that's one, two, three, four, five. So that should make 90 players, I believe. Let's look at the roll button. And it is a three to five, eight times. Good luck, eight times. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven. Eight, eight times, five, three, eight. Steve Eric, down to Steve Eric. Now eight times, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight. Well, we'll find out. I mean, there's 10 people watching. Marshall Falk, down to the Deodder Swift. All right, so of course that's how you matched up guys, and I'll show you guys the way it is right now, as is, but let me just make it look nice, I guess. So this is as is, right? Slowly swim down. Then I'm gonna off put that back customer name, and I'll quickly show you guys who you guys got. Not gonna announce every player, but for the most part, if you only have like four, then I'll announce it. So Alan, there you go. Yeah, sorry, two times, two spots. So for Matthew Stafford, down to St. Paul and Barclay, got T-Law in there, got Howie, Long, Phil Sands, Ben Bigger, Ralph Hussberger, Bill Jackson, et cetera. Alan, last bomb, Ojo, Eli Manning, Joe Deisman, Brian Erlager, Lydian Tomington, and Chase Young. Eugene, you got from Josh Jacobs down to Dion Sanders. And there you do have like an album. Tomorrow's CD-Lam, Tom Brady, Tua, Josh Jacobs, right? Nice little list right there, Russell Wilson. First name Russell, last name Wilson. Eric Diggerson down to Doug Williams for Jason K. And there you got Rogers Dahlback, Marcus Allen, Michael Vick, Nick Chubb, Matt Ryan. Some nice names there. Lucas, you got Najee, Hufanga, which is a DB safety out there for the 49ers. Rogers, Garrett Wilson and TJ Watt. Miranda, you have Michael Parsons, DeMar Chase, Barry Sanders, Patrick Mahomes, and Thurman Thomas. And then obviously Steve Herrick, he has the rest of them from Marshall Falk, all the way down here to DeAndre Swift in there, Justin Jefferson, Randy Moss, Pay Manning, everybody that, yeah, Joe Montana. So I'll let you quickly see your names, Steve. Love to pull on AJ Brown, Jersey, actually. Eagles, AJ Brown, that'd be sick. If I pull on for you, Steve, would you sell it to me? AJ Brown? Kind of would like to have one of my collection. All right, Robert Ronco got into the filler, guys. Down to nine. So we can get that filler going next, guys. Nine left. All right, so now let's alphabetize it right here. And we got that there. All right, awesome. All right, who wants me, who am I? Let's see if we have enough people here. We've got a couple of them, we can do it. I know Erickson. I'll raise this up just a little bit so I can stand. All right, these boxes are labeled nine, so we guys know it's part of the same case. Part of the same case from whoever else opened the last one. Was it me that opened the last one? I don't remember if I did or not. Doesn't look like my writing, so probably not. All right, we'll let you play, Erick. It's just for you, thanks for being here. All right, let's see. If you miss out to the first guest though, Erick, you are eliminated from contention. So guess wisely. All right, I don't wanna spoil it, but I gotta get the letter. All right, I think I didn't know who it is though. This one's actually a good one. Recently traded at the trade deadline, guys. That's a big hint right there. Recently traded at the trade deadline. There's probably only like 10 people that got traded. Odds are good, the odds are good. The odds are good. Currently 24 years old, defensive end in the National Football League was a number two overall pick in 2020. Played for two teams my entire career now, making his debut this week, and look at that, Alan got it. Woo, that was a good one though. I mean, I couldn't really say much about this kid. Obviously I mean, I could've went back to his college days, Ohio State, blah, blah, blah, but since he got recently traded, this is a pretty good one. And Alan got it, and I think Alan actually has. Chase Young, I'm correct. Last Bob Mojo, how about that? There we go. Nice signature right here as well. It's actually a really cool commander's jersey. Really, really nice jersey actually. It's a large though, so if you wanted to wear it. But very nice, very nice. All right, let's see if we can make the next one harder. Maybe I won't say that they were traded next time. Oh my God. Did my screen just die? The computer's still on. Oh, thank God. Am I still here? Okay, I must've turned off my monitor by accident. I thought it cut off again. Okay. Here we go. Sorry about that, guys. I thought it freaking crashed again, but I didn't notice the computer turned off, but I just hit my monitor. My monitor just turned off. Also, I guess I should take, I should put Alan's name on it. Doesn't feel like a heavy, heavy jersey. All right, one second, guys. Need to get the, well, I kind of see other players, but I don't want to show it off. All right, this one might be a little bit harder, but once I say this one thing, I'm not gonna say it to the end. Maybe people will get it. Former NFL quarterback who played for two teams my entire career, two teams my entire career. I was a first round pick in 1978 at a Gremlin State University in college. Gremlin State University from college, guys. I won one Super Bowl in my career, and I was Super Bowl MVP of that year. I am part of the Ring of Honor for the team that I won the Super Bowl in. I'm actually part of the Ring of Honor for both teams I played for. I was in the All-Rookie team in 1978. Not the Iceman and not Terry Bradshaw. I did one thing that people kind of remember just for one thing is that obviously, besides winning the Super Bowl and winning Super Bowl MVP, he was the first black quarterback to win a Super Bowl. So obviously, you're gonna always go down in the history books. And that's the one that kind of gives it away for me. Like I may have not known a bunch of Gremlin State and all this stuff, but once you hear that, I know that right away. But yes, Wayne got it right first, Doug Williams. And yes, another commander slash Redskin, but a little bit on the older side. And there you go. There's the autograph, Super Bowl MVP inscription. And it is a Mitchell and Nester's as well. And yeah, not about $150 Mitchell and Nester's. Well, I mean, I remember him a lot more because of McNabb, when he was in the Super Bowl with the Eagles, he was trying to become the second quarterback to win at the time. Unfortunately, did not win, but yeah. It's a nice little jersey there. Who has Doug Williams? Jason K. has Doug Williams. There you go. All right, last one here guys. Good luck. Not sure what we did in the first three out of the case. I don't know if it was me or not, but maybe something nice hiding here. So, so far we got in one defensive end active, one old school player with Doug Williams quarterback, Super Bowl MVP, Super Bowl champion. Let's see what we can get here guys. A former NFL running back for 13 seasons, primarily playing for one team, although I did not start off my career with that one team. I did play for two teams. I was a first round pick, top 10, pick number 10, in 1993, 1993. I went to six Pro Bowls. I won the Walter Payne Man of the Year in 2001. I was a two time first team all pro in 93 and 96. I won the NFL comeback player of the year and NFL offensive rookie of the year. I have over 13,000 rushing yards, averaging 3.9 a carry, 91 rushing touchdowns, to add another 1,400 yards receiving for three touchdowns and I'm part of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Not LT, not Adrian Peterson, not Barry Sanders. I played for two teams my entire career guys. I also won the, like I said, I won the school at Notre Dame, but played for the Rams and the Steelers. And yes, there you go, Wayne Goddard again. The bus, the bus. And he actually has one of the coolest freaking signatures in the hobby for sure. Look at that. Just take a little second to admire that. Imagine signing that every single time. So there you go. All right, see you man. Let me know what he says though. I'm not much of a curious man. So there you go. The bus and it's $150 nice Mitchell in Ness Jersey. Again, very, very nice one there with the Hall of Fame inscription as well. Nice, did he really? I assume at the end of his career. A lot of those players, like legends like him, they tend to bounce around at the end of their career because they were making a lot of money by just staying on a roster. Just sell some tickets, you know? All right, and the bus goes to Steve Herrick. There you go buddy, on the board, buddy. One of these jerseys I didn't find underneath. So obviously, if you guys do like these, I mean, I can see what you're trying to get some more. I know we've done a lot of them already, but they come out with new versions all the time, so. So I appreciate it guys, thank you guys so much. Again, obviously want to do that Bowman Sterling next guys. It is down to nine left the last time I checked. And I don't unlock the first PYT. So thank you guys, jaspyscasebricks.com.


That's definitely good to get. She's even a multi-hit game as of late. So it's good to get some RBIs and help the team keep punching. Eric Boland, you have the next question. Yeah, Karla, how impressed were you with what Luis was able to do, not only making his major league debut, but doing it in place of Garrett Cole? It was awesome to see.  And you might forget how you got here, how to stay composed and pound the zone like he was able to do, and just a lot of off-balance swings and a lot of just blowing it by, guys. Thank you. Drew Casey, you have the next question. Karla, what can you guys attribute a third team-run offensive outburst to? And how can that propel your team offense moving forward? It's really having a great approach against the starter and trying to get them out early. You get them out before five, then the bullpen's going to have a tough time containing us the rest of the way. So I think it obviously starts with a great approach first to the starter. Any other questions for G? Greg Joyce, go ahead. Yeah, Karla, you guys haven't had a ton of blowouts like this. What is it like to have a night like this where everybody kind of cruising to the win? That's nice. I mean, it helps everything. It helps pitching staff, helps get some guys out that have logged a lot of innings and just keeps us rolling into the tomorrow.


Tuawelling to Dubai, the updated guidelines and rules as of January 2022. Hi guys, welcome back to this channel and if you're passing across this channel, please support this channel by subscribing. Don't forget to click the bell icon, it will be the only way that it will be updated when I upload or upload a new video. Tuawelling to Dubai, the new updated rules and guidelines as of January 2022. Tuawelling to Dubai, the new updated rules and guidelines as of January 2022. These are the new travel guidelines updated in Dubai. Remember one, we are going to look at the rules. What are the rules for the Dubai residents visa holders? If you hold a Dubai residents visa or if you are living in Dubai and you are a resident with a valid residence permit, what are the rules for travel in Dubai? One, all visa residents can travel to Dubai without an approval of the ICP. So if you have a residence card order, you can move to Dubai without an approval of ICP. Remember before, for people to move to Dubai or anyone to come back to Dubai at what is a first case, even if you are a visa holder, you need to first apply online with the ICP to get approval or you have first needed to put in your approval before travel. But as per the new guidelines, you do not, if you have a resident permit of Dubai or your visa holder working in Dubai with that visa card, you do not need any approval of ICP. However, there are some categories of countries that would need an approval before traveling to Dubai or before coming back to Dubai. There is countries like Bangladesh, countries like India, Pakistan, Selila and Kam. So for travelers from these two, from these countries, they still need approval of ICP to travel back to Dubai. Hope I'm very clear. If you're a resident holder, you are not, you do not need any approval. For exceptional cases of these countries, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Selila, they will need what we call an approval to come back to Dubai. For example, for example, another exception, the second exception is that approval is not needed for those who got a new worry issued residence permit. If you are new to Dubai and you got a new worry renewed residence permit, you do not need any approval to come back to Dubai. Two, if you have been given a new employment visa, you do not need an approval to come to Dubai. Those are what we call exceptional cases as per the UAE policy, the new updated policy. So that means you do not need what we call an approval to come to Dubai if you are newly recruited with an employment visa. Then also, what we call the short stay. For those people that are on a short stay in Dubai, do not need an approval to come to Dubai. Then another category is over stay. For those in over stay visa, for those on over stay in Dubai, do not require an approval to travel or to come to Dubai. Then we look at people who hold a 10-year golden visa. If you have a 10-year golden visa and you are coming from those countries that I mentioned, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, you do not need an approval to come to Dubai. Then another category is what we call an investor. We call the investor someone who is going to come to inject money in the economy of UAE and if you are coming from those countries that we mentioned, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, you do not need an approval of the ICP. Hope I'm right. Then if you are on a visit visa also, you are coming to Dubai for short period of time, you do not need an approval of ICP to come to Dubai. If you are coming from those countries that I mentioned, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Still, another group that does not need an approval of ICP is the visa on arrival. If you are getting your visa on arrival and you are coming from Bangladesh, you are coming from India, you are coming from Pakistan and Sri Lanka, you do not need ICP approval. But what are the requirements for these particular groups? Much as this what we call an exception, what are the part of the requirement for this group? Yes, the requirements are you must present what we call a printed and a digital negative PCR certificate with a QR code, both on mobile in the pdf form of 100 kp and also in a printed format. Fulul number one we say, lose for Dubai visa visa, you do not need an approval to come back to Dubai, but you need, you must present a printed or a digital negative results PCR certificate in a pdf format and also in a printed copy with 100 of kp within and this must have been taken in the last 48 hours. Then also they must also present what we call a negative results with a QR code, a rapid test that should be taken within the 6 hours before the departure. That is the group that is coming from Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Those are the requirements. Requirements one you must present a printed printed digital or negative result certificate, vaccination certificate which is printed in the pdf form. Then two you also need to take what you call a rapid test, 6 hours player 2 day player 2 your flight. That's what you call the rapid test. Hope I've tried to share up something for you. Thank you so much. Coming back to this channel is mixed from the next question. See you again in the next video as we try to see more travel guidelines in patch 2. Remember we are looking at traveling to Dubai rules and updated guidelines as of januari 2022. Thank you so much. See you again in the next video.


Going on everyone Sam here with late in sports cards. We are ripping 2022 Panini certified a football hobby four box break number 21 random team style. Here's a look at your random results Hey, what's up Anthony? First time or let's go got a couple of first timers in this break. Good luck. Everybody can always find these on the website As well as the link in chat. Let's do it guys Joe Possibly I don't want to guarantee it Because we've got some stuff. That's base heavy like from World Cup who tries our basketball. That'll be fun If it doesn't go tonight, it'll go very early with me tomorrow Joe, but what are you planning on ordering? Depends on I guess what the break is more than anything because if it's something easy We'll be able to sneak it in for sure All right. Good luck everybody. There's Skylar Thompson for the Dolphins the 75 areas and Jermaine Johnson the 275 Jets on the Call that technically We've got David belt for the Browns nice 32 out of 35. That's pretty sick Yeah, I think something like that. We pretty easy F1 or baseball I mean, I guess they're all kind of the same but but yeah No, I think if if you order that we can get it in tonight. There's a lot of leaf exotic a couple of bowman Chromes a lot of bowman chrome choice I'm sure be able to get it in Derek Mason Going to the Titans on the mirror signatures. Dude. That's awesome. He's got the Titans. I love Derek Mason Russell P. Congrats, buddy My guy right there Raven's legend all-time leading receiver for the Ravens right there Stop Brett Derek Henry to 199. How you doing, buddy? Yeah Big money Brett in the house certified stars. Let's go Brett Now that's you Brett you're the goat man the Jersey goat DJ walk to 349 Billy I am doing great, man No complaints here. Just ripping some football.  This game's close again You I would up Garrett Wilson Nice one there 93 out of 99 also going to the Jets congrats to Dominic S. That's Garrett Wilson. It's up. Eli Pickens Tyler Algiers to 325 got Calvin Austin on the bronze to 349 going to the Steelers Grats Pittsburgh Zachary S Peace Red Rashad white. He's actually kind of a beast to 99 who you guys playing this week, Brett Yeah, I think so a lucis Gold team Russell Wilson to 249 Broncos Let's pack a box one Need to sell his cards. I Like Sean and I were talking about this like I really don't think that Mike White is on the longest leash in the world I think like especially if they have playoff hopes if he comes out and like sucks for two games And they lose and they don't look like competitive then I think Wilson goes back in I really do I think at some point this year's act Wilson is starting for the Jets again. Oh Jets play the Vikings in Minneapolis. That's true. That's top Trayvon Walker to 390 iron for the Jax That would be kind of a test right there Switch back to flak of white struggles. Yeah, I guess you could always give a shot to Joe flacka chase Claypool 5 out of 10 for the Steelers What There's Danny Gray going to the Niners 70 out of 199 there you go Frank Got Josh Pascal to 325 lines Yeah, still lots of time for the Jets to implode. That's very good. I think both New York football teams are starting to snap back to reality The Giants didn't look good. They got smoked by the Lions Herbert to 349. I know a ball team It's also very true Joker You've got Joey Bosa Nice one there. That is 41 out of 50 for the Chargers nice one there LA Jonathan Q Absolutely, there's gonna be a lot of surprises left for sure Yeah, then you'll wake up and you'll wake up you'll be like We're champions Hi Chandler to 99 Vikings Dark horses to 149 Eli Mitchell That's true lines that almost be the Eagles. That's true So fins. Oh my god. What are you? Fins up, baby. Oh my lord, man. I just die a Dario's in the house We've got Kenny Gallatay for the Giants 4 out of 25 There you go, John W.  He's got butter fingers. Exactly.  I can't believe you guys gonna pick up that option. I guess it kind of makes sense Johan Dotson there you go Bill to 249 for the commanders There is Garrett Wilson to 149 who has 55 points you play against them yes The boombox cards they're cool they're they're interesting for sure Kids have no idea what a boombox is blue Josh josh Pascal to 75 Pink Troy Anderson falcons to 199 that's Eli Mitchell not numbered dark horses Yeah, yeah, that's Aaron Waller contracts looking a little bit brutal Eli Mitchell for the Niners 10 out of 35 on the mirror signatures Very well could shame. That's honestly not like with how people collect cards I don't think that that's out of the realm of possibility. It's another Trayvon Walker to 399 Yeah, I always tend to stay away from Darren Waller and fantasy. He always his injury history just worries me a little too much Mark Andrews man. Drew's the 275.  It's gonna be Alec Pierce for the Colts 219 out of 349 going again to the Colts Congrats Indy Tyquan Thornton 399 base Orange CEH to 149 base All right last box certified. Good luck everybody see what we got one of one miles geared out of legacy. It's not bad Honestly, it's not bad at all Bill. I need a haircut Mike will certified gamers to 149 Little bit of schmeck up on the top left. We'll send an empty box and wrapper for the charger spot. Sorry about that chargers Clicking employees eating like a glazed on it or something Billy the intern Large Roni to the dome Game scripts are screwing me. They have a job out of 149 nice one there Nick Benito to 399 Broncos Many both so one-on-one. That's pretty cool. What is it like blue in legacy till Robinson on the rookie roll call six out of 20 Going to the Giants John W Nice one there certified stars to 249 to Bonte Adams. Yeah, ETN's been solid. He's got hurt last week though Christian Watson for the Packers to 399 Green Bay Hey, nine. Oh nice. There you go Congrats Brett Jerry Judy to 199 Pink Debo to 199 again Vance trailer We've got like one Thor in that is 15 out of 53 colored RPA going to the Patriots. Congrats, New England I say a likely for the Ravens the 275 Scott doing well with some numbered cards there. Oh, yeah, Josh Palmer looked really good last week We're cop not numbered base got you the Ellen fantasy. Yeah, that'll do it man. I was at that game Carson Wentz to 275 and base that'll do it for the break guys. Let's do a quick recap here Christian Watson Packers Mike Williams Chargers Trayvon Walker Jags Johan Dotson Commanders Joey Bosa Chargers Trayvon Walker Jags Calvin Austin Steelers David Bell for the Browns Tykwan Thornton Patriots Wanda Robinson Giants Alec Pierce Colts Eli Mitchell Niners Kenny Galladay Giants Danny Gray Niners Garrett Wilson Jets and Derek Mason Titans. That'll do it for the break guys. Thanks again for the fill Next up we've got


I'll send you an act. I'll send you an act, because we've had to talk about some grant on the journey before I give you a conclusion on it. Are you okay? Are you okay? Open it up as we go. We're meeting with the press and we're press room here. We're making a few questions but also making the statement and the statement that I was making. was to denounce and deny the vicious, malicious gossip that the last several days have been aimed at Margaret and to fake my continued faith and trust in what she has been doing, and then to announce something that would be a great deal to me. She has agreed with the ambassador of Ireland. Now I'd like that somebody on the spot to watch out for the long ringing pulpit. I don't know what she has. She's just been impressed by that. And Mr. Griffith can't have a deal with not too soon. And the ambassador. Just make sure you replace her with somebody that pretty, Ms. Griffith. Well, I understand you have sold it to me as having a very large residence to present. So I invite you around and talk to the ambassador as I might announce. Well, I'm not a grown-up, but if you tip on me, I'll have to sweat it out for a while. Well, I guess we start out. We've got two semesters. There's Joe. Joe Wright, first of all, on the continuing resolution of the financial action.  Thank you, Mr. President. The, OK, if I could just.