In this video we'll be introducing you to the basics of systems dynamics as we discuss causal link diagrams. We'll try to show how causal link diagrams can be used in the modelling of many microeconomic phenomena that involve the interaction between agents such as zero and positive sum games. The model of causal links and feedback loops is fundamental to understanding the dynamics of complex systems as they capture and describe the basic types of relations between components within nonlinear systems. Causal links and feedback loops are one of the best examples of the key premise within complexity theory. The idea that complex phenomena can in fact be the product of simple rules, but it cannot be the direct product of these simple rules. We can only get this complex emergent phenomena out of the nonlinear interactions between these simple rules as they are iterated upon over many cycles. Causal loop diagrams, CLD, is a causal diagram which aids in visualising how different variables in a system are interrelated. The diagram consists of a set of nodes and edges. Nodes represent the variables and edges are the links that represent a connection or a relation between the two variables. A link marked positive indicates a positive relation and a link marked negative indicates a negative relation. A positive causal link means the two nodes change in the same direction. That is to say, if the node in which the link starts decreases, the other node also decreases. Similarly, if the node in which the link starts increases, the other node increases as well. An example of this might be the relation between manufacturing output and electrical consumption within an economy. They will both move together, the more of one, the more of the other. A negative causal link means the two nodes change in the opposite direction. That is to say, if the node in which the link starts increases, the other node decreases and vice versa. An example of this might be the relationship between the amount of driving one does and the amount of fuel in your car. The more driving, the less fuel will remain. Negative links are additive. Thus, as we previously discussed, we can create an equation around them. Whatever we add or subtract from one side, we add or subtract from the other. Positive links, in contrast, are non-additive. When we add or subtract from one element, we also add or subtract from the other. Thus, they will not sum up to zero. And we cannot create a closed form equation around them. They will give us non-linear solutions. Positive links and positive feedback are behind almost all non-linear phenomena. They are very important to understanding the dynamics of non-linear systems. I will now illustrate how this basic formal language can be used to model economic phenomena such as those in game theory. Just to refresh our memory of what a zero sum game is, we'll borrow this definition from Wikipedia. In game theory and economic theory, a zero sum game is a mathematical representation of a situation in which each participant's gain, or loss, of utility is exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the utility of the other participants. If the total gains of the participants are added up and the total losses are subtracted, they will sum to zero. Those negative links are linear, and sum up to zero, they define zero sum games. If we have a cake and divide it up between two people, the more one gets, the less the other will get. Zero sum games are also called strictly competitive, as competition is always the optimal strategy for an agent. Thus, a negative link defines a relationship of competition between two agents. What one agent gains, the other loses. Thus they are pitted against each other, and we get a dynamic of competition. Negative links are what we might call neutral. The interaction itself does not add or subtract from the whole. In these zero sum games, the whole pie is staying the same. What is changing is who gets what. The interaction defines who gets what. In contrast, positive links define non-zero sum games. A non-zero sum game is a situation in which the interacting parties aggregate gains and losses can be less than or more than zero. Thus it is non-linear. Through positive links, the whole pie that is being divided up between agents can grow or diminish. That is to say the interaction is not neutral, the interaction itself is adding or subtracting something from the whole pie, so we need to understand how that's happening. If the interaction between the two components adds value to the whole, this is called a synergy. If the interaction subtracts value from the whole, it is called interference. A synergy is a constructive interaction, meaning the output to the interaction will be more than the sum of its parts. There are many examples of synergies in our world. From the cooperation of cells and organs in the human body, to many different kinds of synergies produced by socially organized groups, or for example, all trade is thought to be positive sum, because if you are prepared to part with something, you must value what you are exchanging it for more, and if both value what they are getting more than what they give up, then some value has been added to the entire system through this interaction. The word synergy comes from the Greek word meaning working together. This working together involves the constituent components differentiating their activities with respect to each other, and also coordinating these activities towards a common end. One of the best examples of this is our global economy. Many millions, or even billions of people, performing different specialized functions, but these functions are then coordinated within firms and markets, so that we can get something like a laptop computer that no one person could create. It's only through this process of differentiation and then reintegration that value is added to the system. Synergistic relations are pervasive phenomena in our universe, as they form part of all complex organizations, and of course they are non-linear. The whole will be more than the sum of its parts, because value is being added by these synergistic interactions. These are just one type of positive link, where both components value will move in the same positive direction as the whole pie grows, but we can also get the inverse phenomena. They can both move in the negative direction, due to what is called interference. The classical example of this being the interference between two sound waves as they cancel each other out. Interference is the opposite from a synergy, that is to say the failure to differentiate and coordinate. For example, if a society doesn't provide proper education and training for its people, while they choose not to take it, there will be too few high skilled, specialized workers and too many people looking for undifferentiated, unskilled labor. Because of the failure to differentiate, there will be a failure to coordinate and we will get interference and crowding out. Because of this destructive relation of interference, the whole pie will get smaller and the variables associated with all the components in the relation will go down together. Negative links define closed systems. As such, they are representative of a dynamic surrounding a rival good. The more that one person uses of a rival good, the less that another one can. Value is excludable, thus we get a well bounded, well defined system. Marginal cost will approximate marginal benefit with a trade off between agents and an equilibrium out of which we can create the market mechanism of supply and demand. Because nothing is being added or subtracted from the entire system, negative links have no externalities. Non-rival goods are goods that have externalities. With non-rival goods, marginal cost or benefit approaches zero. The benefit to the additional consumer may be substantial, thus resulting in a non-zero interaction and positive externalities. Because positive links are non-zero sum, they have externalities, both positive externalities where through synergies the system becomes greater than its parts and thus adds value to its environment and inversely through interference it can subtract value from its environment what is called negative externalities. When a company achieves internal synergies between employees or departments, it will be able to deliver a better product that would be of more value to the economy and society which is a positive externality. With synergies and positive externalities, social value is higher than the private value. With interference, the system will be less than the sum of its parts and thus the input of resources to the system must be more than the output in order to maintain the system, meaning the system's environment is paying the cost for running the system. The social cost is higher than the private cost. Some of the cost is being externalized to the environment and negative externality, thus the system will overproduce because the marginal cost to the system will be less than the marginal benefit. A negative link is a description of the market mechanism where the benefits and costs of each agent in the relation are balanced against each other giving an equilibrium of supply and demand through which to regulate the quantity of goods and services produced and consumed and their allocation it's a self-regulating mechanism. The market mechanism breaks down when we have both positive or negative externalities because marginal cost and marginal benefit are out of equilibrium. The two are not moving in the opposite direction or there is a weak correlation between them. As for example might be the case with digital products where the marginal cost of producing one more copy is very small and the marginal benefit can be very large and thus the two are not directly correlated. This is even more extreme with the network effect where both the producer and consumer can be gaining value at only a very small marginal expense to one, meaning both variables are moving in the same direction, a positive link. Civil war is another example of a positive link. We have interference in the system as the two components are in conflict. The marginal cost of one of waging war is also a marginal cost to the other. Thus the two variables are moving in the same direction. There is no balance thus it cannot be regulated through the market mechanism. In this module we've been taking a quick look at the basics of causal link diagrams as applied to microeconomics. Causal link diagrams help us to formalize nonlinear phenomena in that they divide the world into linear additive interactions as described by negative feedback and nonlinear interactions as described by positive feedback that looks specifically at relations that add or subtract value from the entire system through synergies or interference between the agents. We've briefly touched upon how they can be used as a basic formal language for capturing many game theoretical microeconomic phenomena such as zero sum games, externalities and non-rival goods or market failures. It's in causal link diagrams that involve the interaction between many causal links that we can see how complexity may emerge from very simple local rules. We've only just touched upon the subject here but it should hopefully be suffice to illustrate how nonlinear models can give us a new perspective on these fundamental dynamics within microeconomics.


Ultimately, one of the things that the anti-noble mindset wants to do always is called transvaluation, which means to turn all the noble good values that we're talking about upside down. Because if weakness is really seen as strength, then I can be strong. You see that all around you, right? People do news speak back and forth, like suffering is the new courage. Transition is the new intelligence. We have to turn things upside down to make ourselves feel better. And when I see we, I mean them, because it's all not me. But you see that all around you, these messages of how you're supposed to rethink what strength is and rethink what beauty is. And that's just to make people who don't have it feel better. For the nobleman, in the foreground there is a feeling of plentitude, of power, which seeks to overflow the happiness of high tension, the consciousness of a wealth which would feign given bestow. The nobleman also helps the unfortunate but not or scarcely out of pity, but rather from an impulse generated by the superabundance of power. And this is something, these aren't Nietzsche's words obviously, but this is something that I think you're probably already familiar with. And so the noble instinct is associated really with an abundance mentality. You're always seeing and looking for opportunities to win, whereas the anti-noble instinct is looking for reasons why they can't win, excuses for losing. And obviously to be noble is to be more aggressive. And you want to face the world in an aggressive way. And that's your preference anyway. You want to deal openly and honestly. And that's not to be confused with not having any strategy at all.  Another thing which I think is really important is something he calls golden laughter.


Hundreds of migrants and refugees waited outside a United Nations centre in Tripoli on Sunday. They were there to seek help in escaping Libya after what aid groups call a violent crackdown in which thousands were arrested and several shot. cavemen, some wounded and all hungry. Hundreds of migrants and refugees sought help outside a United Nations centre in Libya's capital on Sunday. A week ago armed forces in Tripoli began what aid groups call a violent crackdown. At least 5,000 migrants were detained in a series of arrests and killings. Libya is the transit location for people looking to flee to Europe for a better life. But as Sudanese migrant Mohammad Omar tells Reuters, there's been little peace to be found there in the last decade. And he says refugees face discrimination, abuse and worse. Immoral practices like beating, imprisonment and subjection to torture. As refugees we should be protected by all means. The Libyan state and government is unqualified in protecting refugees, especially those with black skin who face racism and pressure more than they should. On Friday, guards in a migrant detention centre killed at least 6 people as overcrowding led to chaos, prompting many to flee the area. The UN refugee agency said it was trying to help people waiting outside its centre and that it was ready to arrange humanitarian flights for them out of Libya. That's all Eritrean migrant Nadia Abdul Rahman wants. After a gang killed her husband, she was arrested last week in a migrant clampdown. We only want one thing and that is to not live in Libya. Musa Kony, one member of the three-person presidency council that acts as head of state, said Saturday he intervened with the Interior Ministry to end this suffering.


Good afternoon, everybody. I'm Julian Phillips, the Deputy Commissioner of Public Information for the NYPD. And welcome to Times Square, the crossroads of the world. Starting tomorrow, tens of thousands of people will descend upon this area, these few square acres here, to welcome in 2023. And the main question that all of you have is, will everybody be safe here and around the city? I'm glad you asked that question, because I have an all-star team assembled here to answer each and every one of those questions to satisfaction. We have a few speakers, not many, but the first will be, of course, the Honorable Mayor Eric Adams, who will lead things off. Then he's going to be followed by the Police Commissioner of New York City, Kishan Sule. Then the Fire Commissioner, Laura Kavanaugh. Then Tom Harris will come up of the Alliance Improvement District here. And then we will have Chief McCarthy of Midtown South. And we will also have Chief Tom Galati, who is the Chief of Intelligence and Counterterrorism. So now, without further ado, I want to introduce the man who never sleeps, the man who gets stuff done, the Honorable Eric Adams, Mayor of New York City. Thank you, thank you, thank you so much. Folks in the background, how many of you are from out of town? Anyone visiting? Okay, one thing, spend money, spend a lot of money. That's what we ask when you're here, spend a lot of money. We are really excited about bringing in the New Year's here, and I think Julian is accurate when he states that this is the crossroad of the entire country. Right here in Times Square last year, I was here swearing in as the mayor of this amazing city. But the goal is a very clear goal, and that is public safety. We must be safe, and we can do it in a very organized fashion. But on that day you see the actual sausage, so much goes into making that sausage. And it's the coordination of all of our agencies, NYPD, FDNY, DOT. All of our agencies coming together to make sure that the people of not only this city, but the millions of people who are coming here to visit are going to feel as safe as possible. And I want to thank the Alliance. Tom has been a real partner. We met earlier this week to talk about how we continue our enhancement of public safety in this area. The Alliance has a real partnership with our various agencies to make sure this continued to attract the magnet that we deserve. And you look at how well we're doing, not only in hotel. We are leading the major hotel market under the 25 major markets. New York City is number one. When you look at how well we're doing in our Broadway productions, you're seeing we're getting record numbers pre or post pandemic are returning. And then our tourism, 56 million tourists are predicted to be here this year, 72 million next year. New York is becoming that attractive place for not only our international tourists, but also our domestic tourists. I'll let the fire truck. But the goal of public safety is both seen and intentional unseen. The NYPD and our other local public safety apparatus, they're going to have a visible presence. But at the same time, they're going to be among the crowd so that people don't know exactly who's present and who's here. We want you to be safe this time of the year during the celebration. Bring it in 2023.  Get the items that will slow up your screening into the safety area. There's certain items you cannot bring into the safety zone, the safety area that we have. So become knowledgeable beforehand so you could come in without a problem. The lucky ones that are going to be up front and able to see the ball drop dress warmly is going to be a nice day that we expect to some rain. But as I recall years to come, rain or sunshine, it doesn't stop those who come in to bring in the new years here in the greatest city we would like to believe on the globe. And so I want to turn it over to our amazing police commissioner who has really brought about the whole theme of public safety in our city. And I just want to thank her and the entire team that we have here on how we're going to protect those who come in to bring in the new years. So happy New Year's everyone. We're looking forward. Hip Hop is 50 this year. So we're going to have a real celebration around Hip Hop is 50. That's part of the celebration as we come in and bring in a new year this year. And I wish everyone a very safe and prosperous new year as we move into 2023. 2023 police commissioner. Thank you, Mr. Mayor and good afternoon, everyone. Thank you for being here and happy new year. As with every major event, the NYPD prepares for. Planning surrounding this event began right after the confetti dropped January 1st. Always involved in these conversations is the FDNY and all of our law enforcement partners, the state police, the Secret Service, the FBI and more. Equally important, of course, is the Times Square Alliance. And you'll hear from Tom Harris in a moment. All of these collaborations are vital to everything we do throughout the year. Leading up to and including the ball drop here as the mayor said at the crossroads of the world. Nothing we accomplish in our profession can be done alone. This is how the New York City Police Department is able to carry out its mission of delivering the safest and most enjoyable event possible. As always, as the mayor stated, you will see thousands of uniform police officers out there on post. In addition to the many officers assigned to their regular duties of patrolling all of our neighborhoods throughout the streets, subways and housing developments. And as we ensure the safety of everyone moving around the city and enjoying these festivities, there will also be much that the public does not see intentionally. It is an elaborate, layered approach that Chief Galati will discuss shortly. At this time, there are no specific credible threats to New York City or any of our events surrounding New Year's Eve. That said, I ask the members of the public to always remain vigilant. Every night and day in New York City, there are millions of eyes and ears out there and tomorrow night, there'll be millions more. If anyone sees something that does not look right or makes you feel uncomfortable, tell a police officer, call 911 or contact our counterterrorism hotline at 1-888-NYC-SAFE and we will investigate. That is what the women and men of the NYPD do every single day throughout the year and they do it better than anyone. Remember, public safety takes everyone doing their part and New Yorkers have proven time and again that they are up to the task. The bottom line is New York City is excited and looking forward to ringing in 2023 with another enjoyable New Year's Eve. All under the umbrella of the most well-policed, best protected event in the entire world. Thank you all and happy New Year again. I'll turn it over now to the commissioner of the FDNY, Laura Kavanaugh. Good afternoon. Thank you, Commissioner Sewell. As the commissioner and the mayor mentioned, this is truly a partnership. We partner with the NYPD every year for what is one of the busiest nights of the year in EMS for the fire department. We have hundreds of additional resources all around Times Square and all around the city, making sure that the ball drops safely and the fireworks go off properly through our Bureau of Fire Prevention, making sure that these buildings you see around you are safe and ready for any response through our firefighters and making sure that any emergency that you experience in Times Square or anywhere throughout the city on this night can be responded to by one of our professional, highly qualified members of EMS. So we are incredibly excited about tomorrow. I will be here. We're always thrilled to work with our partners in public safety and we are very much looking forward to the new year. Thank you. Before I bring up Tom Harris from the Times Square Alliance, I want to make it clear that the people who put together the vision, the mayor, the police commissioner, the fire commissioner have to have an exemplary team to carry out that mission. And you're looking at that team that's standing behind me and the mayor and the fire commissioner, the police commissioner, and I want to acknowledge them right now. We've got first Deputy Commissioner of the NYPD, Edward Caban. We've got Chief of Department James Maddrey, Assistant Chief Judith Harrison, who has our Counter Terrorist Division and Deputy Chief John Hart, who leads our Intelligence Division. We also have Deputy Mayor of Public Safety, Phil Banks, who will owe me a golf outing after I get my knees replaced in the spring. And we have Chief of Department of the NY John Hodges. Right now, I'd like to introduce Tom Harris from the Times Square Alliance. Tom. Thank you very much. The Times Square Alliance would not be able to host this event with our partners One Times Square and Countdown Entertainment without the hard work and the commitment from Mayor Adams and his entire team. We are very happy to invite everyone back to a safer Times Square this year. It's a safer Times Square because of the dedicated men and women of the New York City Police Department, the men and women of the New York City Fire Department, and all of the other city agencies that work hand in glove with the Times Square community to make us safe. So this year, we are inviting everyone back. Last year, we had the restrictions, but they are coming back to a safer Times Square. And I just want to thank Mayor Adams and the entire team. I've met with Mayor Adams, with Deputy Mayor Banks, with the Police Commissioner, and they are committed to making sure that Times Square and this city is safe. Tomorrow night, it's going to rain. I want to remind folks that umbrellas are not permitted. Bring a poncho, bring rain gear, bring your sense of humor. And we are going to have a great night in Times Square. Again, thanks to the partnership of all of the folks in Times Square and the folks behind me. Thank you. Thank you, Tom. I like the applause back there.  That is Jeff Madry. I owe you something. OK, our Chief of Department. OK, moving along with our program right now, we're wrapping it up pretty quickly here. I want to bring up right now the person who's going to oversee a lot of this stuff that's happening right here in this area in Times Square South. And that is Assistant Chief James McCarthy of Manhattan, South Chief. Good afternoon. We're looking forward to wishing everybody a happy new year at the stroke of midnight tomorrow night, three important items that I'd like to discuss, access points into the viewing area. All right, you can come in from 6th and 8th Avenue at 38th Street, 49th Street, 52nd Street and 56th Street. At all of these access points, there's going to be a heavy screening. Everybody will be wanted before they come in. All right, important to discuss is prohibited items. All right, Tom Harris mentioned umbrellas. Unfortunately, it's going to rain. So like Tom said, you know, dress for rain, but umbrellas will not be allowed into the viewing area along with chairs, blankets, backpacks. If you like your nice backpack, don't bring it to New Year's Eve. All right, because they won't be allowed in large bags. Also, alcohol is prohibited. And lastly, an important note. People get here very early, all right, and they're standing around for a long time. There is no public restrooms in the viewing area. So if you need to use the restroom, you need to go back out, use the restroom and repeat the screening process. All right, thank you. Thank you, Chief. And anchoring our All-Star team here is the Chief of Intelligence and Counterterrorism, Chief Tom Galati. Chief, thank you and good afternoon. It's Mayor, Commissioner. I would like to start by saying and Commissioner already mentioned this, but there are no credible or specific threats against this event or any event going on in the city for New Year's Eve. However, our intelligence analysts working very closely with the FBI and the Joint Terrorism Task Force will be monitoring all streams for any kind of threats that may be coming in. Between the Intelligence and Counterterrorism Bureau, Patrol Services Bureau, our Special Operations Bureau, and other support bureaus, we will have an abundance of protective measures in place, some of them that you will see, and as mentioned before, some that you will not see to ensure that we have a safe event. We'll have a full deployment of explosive detection canine teams, heavy weapons teams, drone detection and interdiction teams, radiation detection teams and boats. We'll have the bomb squad present. We'll have hotel teams deployed to 29 hotels in the vicinity of Times Square. Plain closed offices will be amongst the crowds and a full complement of agencies in our regional intel center and also in our joint operations command. As part of the overlaying, we will be utilizing 62 sand trucks, compliments of the Department of Sanitation, 173 NYPD blocker cars, 200 blocks of cement and a lower Manhattan security initiative will be monitoring over a thousand cameras. There will be a multi-layered screening by our counterterrorism officers posted at every entry checkpoint. We ask you to remain vigilant and if you see something, please say something. Thank you. All right. Thank you, Steve. Now we'll open it up to a Q&A. It's going to be on topic only. Carlos, you're going to initiate this? Maybe some topic questions. Great. Thanks all for...


So guys, I am back with another Sanctuary video and today I'm going to showcase you how you can get this amazing secret vehicle called the Frying Dutchman. How's it going guys? My name is DPG and if you're doing enjoyed the video, leaving a like really helps out and if you like what you see, and want to see more Sanctuary, be sure to subscribe. Okay, so the Frying Dutchman looks incredible, it's basically a bolt on wheels, I'm not sure it works in water, it probably won't though so I wouldn't attempt it. In fact, it probably will, I don't know either way, you guys can let me know down below. But okay, so this is tied to five collectibles scattered across the map, known as the Lost Wheels, the Ghost of the Frying Dutchman. Now before you go and collect these vehicles, I mean these vehicle parts even, the five of them, I highly recommend you getting yourself a helicopter because a lot of these collectibles are on high spots, you can't really reach without a helicopter. So come to this point on the map right here guys, and grab this helicopter as I do on the screen now. Now what I will say is, you can do this at the very start of the game, come grab this helicopter at the start of the game, collect these vehicle parts at the start of the game, and get this car. Now as soon as you collect all five vehicle parts, the actual vehicle itself is automatically added into your garage, and it really is that simple guys, so once you have the helicopter, follow where I go to on the screen now, collect all five parts and get yourself destroying Dutchman. Guys, if you enjoyed the video, leave a like, it really helps out, and hopefully I will see you on that next one.


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Hello and welcome, welcome the first principles of cloud native technology. My name is Ron Petty, and I work at RXM. RXM provides instructional consulting and advisory services in the cloud native space. Some of the things we've worked on included creation of the Kubernetes certifications, the CKAD, CKA, and the CKS. Prior to cloud native technologies, I worked in energy and finance working on high performance computing systems. So why are we here? We're here to talk about using first principles to understand cloud native systems. So to do that, we want to set up a scenario and the scenario is as you've inherited a system that you did not create. More to the point, this system has some aspects of cloud native computing. So, you know, using Kubernetes in the cloud and we'll kind of leave it at that for now. And so unless somebody provides you a large, large dearth of information and experience, it can be hard and challenging to understand what the system is and what the system does. So here we have the dreaded SSH into a machine and that's all I know. Right. Is there something that we can do better to more quickly come to an understanding what this system does. Now this talk isn't about judging. We shouldn't hate the code that came before. It's more of understanding what we have, how to find it, how to confirm it, and try to fill in some holes in our knowledge. Now this talk comes out of experience of teaching courses and consulting around this technology. And so at this point we've now taught thousands of people around the world of various skill levels. And there's been some pretty common trends and kind of the holes that need to be filled. It will, it will vary per person. But the idea with this talk hopefully in 20 or so minutes will actually give you some ideas to think about how you can construct your own plan using first principles to help understand the system that you have inherited. So how might we, you know, more tactically start this process. One way to do this of course is to set some goals. So, as an engineer, goals typically look like fixing bugs. Right, we want to do something here and now could be something a little more involved, creation of a feature, assuming it's a little more complicated, not always, but can be very often. We may go beyond that more of a time commitment, right so maintaining so that's a different level of activity right that's many features and many bugs. So again, we're talking about in generality right an entire, you know, caught a sass type system that you've deployed for your for your business. Then of course, once we know what we're doing and we're maintaining it, how do we improve upon that. So again, we've got this system, kind of day one. We're being a little naive here, we're assuming that there's not much to go on. So what are some things we can kind of do to have a better understanding. So that's basically the goal of this talk. So one approach is through first principles. Here we have a bunch of pity quotes, explain kind of what first principles are or at least start to talk about it. But we'll just start at the bottom general was reassemble from the ground up in question assumptions. So for us we've inherited the system. We want to know what the components are. How far back to you go right in a perfect scenario we go to some elemental level, but we don't have unlimited time. So we have to balance those kind of two competing worldviews one of full understanding versus giving to a point where we can start to build back our understanding of our overall system. So the idea here is to kind of lay out some of those areas to look at how they relate and hopefully you can find the path that works for you. So couple terms, just so we're on the same page. A system is a collection of things working together for us it's groups of processes, whether we're building them or using some kind of hosted service. One that's lesser discussed is the the user so prevailing political or social order. So that's a system to. So there's a kind of a system on top of a system right we've we've got this SAS type deployment and we have our internal users right customer care, finance, the engineers, data analytics right all these kinds of efforts, then you have your end users. It's not all engineers all the time. So while we're here filling in our mechanical knowledge. When we combine the components we're going to need that those other world views. So we're going to see that we're going to want to pick up, you know, out of our chairs and go talk to these people and see if what we think is the world is what they are actually participating in. So after this system this cloud native system of ill definition that we've inherited, there's cloud native development, you know why are we using these tools so just as a as a reminder, you know, speed the market, you know kind of that marketing level stuff that's, you know, good high level description, the red hat one here get a little more meat on it so responses scalable fault tolerant apps anywhere in the public private or hybrid clouds. And the highlight here is very often we inherit these systems, you know, make it a little more concrete, we're assuming we're in some kind of, you know, public cloud. Right so now, for any kind of substantial system pieces of the system are things we wrote. Things are created by others but we use them like a Kubernetes. And then there are services that we may use that are hosted like a hosted database. And so the overall system has all these components so how might we, you know, start to understand why they're there, or even more simply, are, you know, what is there, how do we even find that. So the reality check happens. Right so day one, you don't, you know, again, the scenarios is we don't have much to go by so what can we do. So if there is some existing documentation that can be good so it's kind of this upper left quadrant here.  Right if you look hard enough you probably will find more than one piece of documentation, and they can have some kind of confliction maybe it's a version one version two and it's nice and easy like that. Other times it's two different interpretations of the same thing. So it can be confusing. But we look for them anyway right, it saves us some initial work. Bottom left, there's issue tracking, you know, assuming we have a SAS with many disparate processes, we may have many projects and many repositories. That may be true, but even with all them finding trends, which repos are busy, which ones have the most issues, what are the types of issues you know what are the issues now versus six months ago. In an hour or two just kind of surfing through these things really can give you some context on what's going on. On the top right is a lesser known technique, which I think, you know, in the current reality of not knowing what's going on is a very good one is look at a bill. Even just last month's bill again assuming we're in the kind of a public cloud scenario, it'll have an itemized list of all the services we're using. It may not give us all the data flows. It may not tell us every process that's running on a VM, but it does let us know it even exists. Now that doesn't mean we're actually using it right, you know, worst case this bill encompasses things that have nothing to do with our SAS. In the best case, it's our walled off production environment in it. These are things that are in it and nothing more. Right, but that doesn't mean we're actually using them all. Right now this isn't critiquing, you know, is it good or bad, which it can highlight you know maybe a real expensive database or unnecessary scaling. But that's not the point, you know, we're kind of in the scenario of we don't know what all this is about. So how can we kind of get a good quick view, a bill is a very good way to do that. Now, of course, you may have services in another cloud provider and you don't even know to ask for the bill. Right. So don't forget that kind of next step. You may have known the main part was in Amazon, but maybe you have parts in Google. Right. Talk to finance. Right. Talk to a manager who had been involved. Right. Just see if there's other parts. Right. We can get there's other ways to look at it. We can see network connections and things like that. But at a very high level, very easy, powerful way to do it. And then the bottom right is that shared context. So we, you know, again, we're assuming we're relatively new to cloud native technology. Even the projects in the cloud native space are continually developing so we even though we're using particular technologies. There may be better, you know, white papers and scenarios with a related project than the project we're actually using. So once we know we're using something, we can go look for its document documentation. But that may not be enough. So maybe look at something in the same space to see how people are using it. Again, not the critique, not to replace the ideas to get an understanding of what the power of these things are again assuming we're newer to this technology. So with this idea in mind, I talked to some engineering managers of some very large scale systems you may know including Twitter, some of the original managers and other projects.  So the three questions that were asked were how do you go about understanding the system you inherited. So how do you know if it's doing what it's supposed to be doing, and how do you share that knowledge with others. So we'll go through a couple of of these managers feedback. So here's the first one. So, first goal, find out, you know, what it's, you know, what is doing what you just inherited is find out what it's supposed to be doing, talk to users. That's the very real world right it's what they're doing right now. You'll learn about web portals that may not be documented right some kind of web interface, or maybe some kind of reporting engine mechanism behind right we'll start to see the entry points pretty quick. There is the dream of what they want and what frustrates them but you know don't do that on day one. Right, that's, that's further down the road once you know what we got. Then of course there's the verification of these things. So, at a lower level if we have the related documentation for these components at an API level communication that's great. Schemas on the database side tend to be a little easier. There are tools to show the schema to generate the schema right apis have them as well but they're not as often deployed. So, combination of those things can give us a pretty decent view on how the conversation goes, not necessarily who calls who, but what it may look like. Then of course the tool selection matters if we see particular tools being used. So, you know, if there's a queuing system in there whether it's hosted or not, we, we can make some assumptions like okay there must be a need for a buffer, or a retry queue. Right, so we can kind of know okay maybe that's part of the system that performance really matters right, or maybe it doesn't matter maybe we do it because we slowly work over something right, but it gets a thinking in those those terms. Now, next question is it doing what it's supposed to be doing mentioned here acceptance text. So this is kind of the end user experience does, you know, the features I care about is it doing that. Again there's in the testing world there's many terms, you know we can slice and dice this, but if you're frantically learning a new system, having these acceptance tests is a great way and if they don't exist, create them. Now acceptance tests tend to focus more on like actual features that we want a related idea is a category categorization test, and that type of test is with this input, I get this output. I don't care if it's good or bad. That's just what it is. Right, so it's good to consider doing a categorization test as well. That's a technique used very often in legacy systems because no one remembers how it was built. Right, so in the cloud native world if this is new to you, doesn't hurt to go look at what was done in the past with legacy systems those techniques can also kind of help you learn these things so it's another way to learn. Then finally, the, you know the measuring right so measure, you know that's another one is doing what it's doing so it's that ongoing metrics. I can't tell what a snapshot is it right or wrong, but we can look for consistency and behavior what metrics and the bottom question. How do you empower others it's the sharing of that information. Right, don't don't hide it engineers tend to measure and not necessarily share. It's not nefarious it's just very often happens that way to consider sharing it because that also gives other eyes and other conversations. Right next engineer. It's a different view but some overlap. So how do you learn a system you just inherited here. It's a data flow analysis again the protocols and messaging. We're going to see there's tools that help us with this. Then second graph graphing that communication flow so seeing the relations right so again we'll see there's tools later that help us with this. So how do you know if the system is solving what it's supposed to be doing here metrics matter. What's more, we want to see those trends a snapshot is to to, you know, point in time we need to see trends. Ultimately we need to see those acceptance tests to prove it did what it did. But in, you know it's a system and presumably a lot of activity we want to start with the generalities and then start to dive into the details again, kind of the principle. First principles approach. Okay, and then the bottom here how do you empower others again it's back to sharing so you tell people what you see you listen to what they say, and you try to bring as they say bring to light, the parts that are missing. So how do we go about understanding. What we want to just say here is you inherited the system. So you need to do some reflection. What about these technologies that you do see on the bill via talking do you know, and what do you not know. Right that gives us another opportunity to quickly figure out what we need to do, whether it's we're learning it or finding someone who knows that thing we don't know. Right we try to bring him in and fill in our holes in our knowledge so again that requires self reflection. Very often if you're just fighting bugs and doing it you're you're very myopic and just doing that. Again, you don't have a bigger plan the idea is we've inherited the system, and we're going to maintain it for the long haul. So how do we, how can we start to do that. The same kind of echoed earlier reflect against others, share the information, see if when they tell it back to you do you come to the same conclusions or not, you know what does that mean so think, you know, think about it as a group, not just engineers, customer care, right, other managers finance right other groups, they will have their own tools and insights into these systems. Okay. Now, there's a continuum here from a technology point of use less esoteric and more into the tactical stuff. This continuum on the right hand side cloud is we generically all the larger encompassing technology. Kubernetes is our orchestrator right running these pods pods are a collection of containers containers are one or more processes. There's technologies at each of these levels. And for us in cloud native land, these, you know, this is kind of the spectrum. And so, starting on the right, how do we start to drill through these we've mentioned some concepts like accessing bills accessing the hosted dashboards, right for the VM maybe, maybe again those initial scenarios maybe we deployed Well, it's on a VM that VM probably has performance metrics, right, won't break it down necessarily to any particular process, but it gives us at least something to start with. Same thing with logs if there's ability to do log aggregation, take it to give an inch of it. If there already exists, there's probably I am type controls access controls, we can, you know, without knowing all the security settings, we can kind of see what is used to access and how many accounts there are, how often they change. We start to get a feel for for how these things are all put together. We get into the pods and the lower level into the individual machines right so very often in teaching of this technology this is generally where people tend to be the weakest. It's actually ironically distributed computing there's a big complicated subject, but it's the one that people can easily talk about because of you know horizontally scaling and things like that. It's not just data right, but knowing the individual lower level technologies is one of those harder areas. And so here, you know, can we start to gain knowledge, well, if we can run a pod and in the production cluster, we can run it locally. If it fails because of dependencies that tells us something right we don't necessarily have to have known there was dependencies, we can just experience it. Right, but you know, a lot of people don't consider like just running the thing locally right. It's, it can do that. It's just an image, right if there's multiple images in the pod maybe we can run the individual images, right, and then working back, we go all the way down to the kind of process level in the related technologies for sharing resources through name spaces, and the security mechanisms those things provide just a brief example here. We're running a, you know, a pod here with engine next, and we tell the log that's at a higher level, Kubernetes level. And then we jump all the way to the left, right at the process level, we get, we get the pittier. What can we do with it. Well by knowing some of those left handed, you know, continuum concepts here we're showing that we can echo output into the output stream of your pod. Right, you're in this case the engine next container in that pod. And so again when we go to tail we see our message hyzer.  It's just meant to show like, there's high level concepts, and then there's a low level concepts and they can meet, as long as we know where to look and so that's the, the goals we want to fill in. So what are the tools that are some tools that are available to do this. Again on the right hand side, kind of cloud, we don't talk much about that because that's, you know, whatever the hosting provider provides but there are things there to learn. In the middle to Kubernetes side, let's not forget Kubernetes itself has ability to produce logs and metrics, and then there's things we can deploy to fill in some of those gaps. So say we have, you know, basic metrics but we don't have any way to analyze them or do anything fancy. That's where something like a Prometheus comes in right to aggregate all of our stats of our software, but that takes work. Right, we may have to open up ports and deploy code. There's an effort there. So let's not forget there's some built in tools as well. And then of course we can go down to the communication level right between things right and that's where we have those service mesh tools like an SDO or link or D. On the left hand side are things we don't necessarily have to install. And this is why we like to highlight them. So at the CLI level the terminal level the shell level. Things we need to know we need to know like what does return codes mean inside of a shell context. Same thing at a process level what is exact and forking at a high level do what does signals do right those are the methods of control. So how do we isolate and share resources right all those things. Then of course there's tools to manage that right the CRI, you know, Docker and company. There's the CNI plug and help with the network level and the combination of these things. So what is their core technologies, how did they work how did they log. Right, just because you know how to do Kubernetes log. Don't forget we can potentially go on the node and look at the individual machine to help to bug issues and understand things. So there's the nodes themselves. We have a system D as an in its process system that comes into play in a lot of cases. Falco system dig, you know, any kernel level system call monitoring. That's a lower level tool that applies to any process. And so now we can see what's going on I may not have any idea what your code does but I can start inspecting it as it's actuating to see what it does. And then the comment on security. It's a comment more on just understanding what it's doing good or bad. So there's some questions here, what's easiest what's the most powerful what is the easiest to share. In my opinion, based on what I've seen in general is the left hand side by knowing these lower level tools. We start to, you know, again that's the first principles parts break down these tools back to, you know, the first principles are built on right Docker, some built on name spaces and resource control. Kubernetes is scheduling this across multiple machines. The cloud is moving even beyond that. And so it's the combination of all these things but I think from a tactical point of view, back to the self reflection what on the left is missing that usually will be one of the areas that will help you the most if you can start to fill it in. There's other things we've inherited the system. There's pipelines. That's another great view of the world. And it's probably reality right if push code and shows up in production. It is what it is so studying those steps is a great way to start to see some critical features. But remember it's not everything. Right, just because you've had a pipeline doesn't mean it was all everything was automated right there could be systems that are not so try to fill in those gaps, right, again you're not going to do this overnight. So you want to, you know, take a very systematic approach at what you see, and verify it right that's that's really the kind of game we're playing here.  The data you'll get from all this will help you do these other things be more secure be more optimal, get get to those improvement phases right not just maintenance phases, but even getting to maintenance mode if you're new to the system is difficult and in the cloud native world, we have lots of tools to fill in these holes and metrics and in controls, but without kind of knowing what their pieces are individually. You know, a lot of people miss they hear the high level terms and they just want to go for it. But then they hand it off to someone and, you know, I can kind of leave a mess so we're, we're recommending is take a risk adverse approach here and build up a plan, study these things over time, and they will continue to pay off in the future and be sure to share this information. Right. You don't need to say everything to everyone, but get that reflection against other people. Okay. For for our more junior friends out there. Here's some more specific things you can can look at and for the more senior who may have forgotten some of the, the lower level technologies, which can happen. On that left hand side, here's some things to start considering most of this is actually very tactical like processes in user space in the proc file system, but some are more modeling. Right so OSI model is a good one to reflect against doesn't mean we do it, but we reflect against it. Microservices, you know why are we having these hosting platforms and containers and why does it stylize this way. I'm not going to say in a conversation but you know again take that next step and try to do a little bit of self study to make sure you fill in the blank. Some of those tools we mentioned Prometheus service meshes things like that highlighted them here. Again, take advantage of that landscape, right go see what's out there. A lot of them have super great documentation. Again, we only have 20 minutes or so 30 minutes here. So we, we can't cover everything so there are a lot of good stuff out there so please take that next and do some fundamental research and again, take advantage of first principles here. A lot of cool technology, and there's a lot to learn and it's a lot of fun. All right, thank you for attending a talk. I hope you have a great conference. If you have any questions about any of these things, of course, teaching and consulting, but even if you just have a question, a technical question. If I can help you, I will. So please don't hesitate to contact me. Have a good day.


Kevin, thank you for this very kind invitation and for the great handling of this proceeding so far. I'd also like to recognize the Chairman of the Financial Center for Sustainability, Lagos, and the CEO of the FMDQ Group, Mr. Bola Onodeko, CEO of Axis Bank, who is represented here today, and he's represented by Mr. Roosevelt Obona, the Chairman of the National Climate Innovation Center and CEO of the Enterprise Development Center, Mr. Peter Bankoli, Senior Special Advisor to the President on SDGs, Her Excellency Mrs. Aded Yoke Orelopue Adifulure, and the Special Advisor to the Lagos State Governor on SDGs also, Mrs. Sholakwe Hamon, the former Special Advisor to the UK Prime Minister on Social Justice, Young People and Opportunities, Mr. Nero Ogwa Diabo, Co-Founder of Africa Hacks, Ms. Christine Dikongwe, and all of our participants here today. I must say how very delighted I am to join you at this official launch of the Nigerian SDGs FinTech Hackathon, and I think it's been very aptly named the Niger FinTech Hackathon with all of the creative implications of that. The organizers, the Financial Center for Sustainability Lagos, the Nigeria Climate Innovation Center, Axis Bank and Africa Hacks, I think deserve our commendation for their vision in developing this initiative. And I must say that this is a creative initiative in and of itself because it seeks to place the vast innovative capacity of FinTechs at the center of that critical synergy between accelerating the achievement of the SDGs, but using the tools offered by the green economy. I think that this is an important preoccupation today, it's a very important preoccupation for us today. We're no longer arguing now about the symbiotic relationship between poverty and climate change. The ultimate irony is that poorer countries of the world are the least polluters, but probably the worst sufferers of the effects of climate change. And it's also evident that poverty simply disempowers the capacity to deal adequately with the consequences of climate change. So addressing poverty by way of accelerating the achievement of the SDGs is crucial in resolving the climate crisis and resolving the climate crisis itself is crucial in the war against poverty. So I think that this synergy is so crucial. I'm so glad to see how the organizers have put this together very creatively. But in the context of Nigeria, there are certain things I think we can do and that call for our attention. And most of it has already been addressed in one shape or form, or the other by the Innovation Center and the collaborators, the FC4S. For example, we need to expand the scope of sustainable farming and farming techniques. Now this has become crucial because we realize, of course, that now with deforestation and all the issues with farmer herder clashes and all of that, there's a need for us to look more closely at how to be more creative with farming techniques, how to engage our farmers, educate our farmers, use extension workers more actively. And I found this to be the case, especially as we were trying to implement an aspect of our economic sustainability plan. So we had to geomap, we had to first find out where many of these new farmers were, and we had to geotuck them to their farms and all that. But more importantly, we had to get credit to them in one way or the other. Many of them are in far-flung areas of the country, but not just credit, but also information that they would need for choosing the right type of fertilizers and the various other farm inputs. And we found that there was obviously a problem there because reaching these individuals, especially with credit, was a problem. But I think that with innovations, especially some of the great FinTech innovations, we are beginning to find that even the unreachable places can be reached with credit. And sometimes it's amazing how these farmers, especially in the hinterland, many of who are illiterate, are actually able to read it very quickly to FinTech and to all of the various innovations around FinTech and access credit, access money directly. I'm also sure how many follow the story of some village in Inquira State where the women were part of one of the social investment programs, the conditional cash transfers, which is given to the poorest communities, to individuals in the poorest communities in the country. So these women in two villages in Quira State, who get 5,000 naira per household, put money together to build a community school. In another case, they put money together to buy themselves an ambulance for moving especially pregnant women who are the point of delivery from their homes to hospitals. But the interesting part of this is that these were previously unreachable places. In fact, the governor of Quira State when he was talking about his visit to this community later on was, I mean, he found it incredible that reaching these places was so difficult, yet money reached them regularly. And it was because some FinTech, some FinTech, or some company, a little FinTech company working with the social investment program was able to devise the means of getting this money across to these women in these villages. So there's no question at all that FinTech is crucial and it's going to be even more crucial especially as we pursue goals of financial inclusion and trying to reach either to unreachable parts of the country. And there is no way of addressing the issues of poverty and all the issues around the SDGs if we are not able to reach those that need to be reached with credit. The other point which I wanted to make is with respect to containing deforestation, especially by moves currently to move to cleaner energy rather than of course using firewood for cooking and all of that, which of course is standard in many places across the country, especially in the hinterland. So the point now is that we're trying to move to LPGs to cleaner fuels and all of that. But how do you reach these places? How do they buy the LPGs? How do they, I mean the entire value chain and the entire supply chain, if you like, around that whole thing requires somebody who is able to facilitate movement of money quickly and this is only, this is the sort of thing that we hope the FinTech companies will be able to do, especially as we expand the scope of this transition to clean energy, to LPGs all across the country. The final point I would like to make and there are so many different examples is with respect to our 5 million solar connections. I'm sure that some will be familiar with that aspect of our economic sustainability plan in response to the COVID-19, the fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic. So we decided that one of the key things to do to kill several birds with one storm would be this massive solar connection, 5 million solar connections across the country, especially in the areas where there is no electricity currently. This will include off-grid as well as solar home systems, off-grid systems and solar home systems. Now this is incredibly, it is incredibly powerful for our efforts at resolving the climate crisis, transitioning to cleaner energy, but also it introduces tremendous opportunity for FinTech companies, for payment systems and in a lot of these areas, the only way to get payment off users of these solar systems is by some creative FinTech company, being able to manage that whole process, collect money in some cases and in many cases pay out to orders. So I think that there is tremendous opportunity there and this is something where we're starting now. Of course, several companies have already shown some interest, but it's huge and it's just the first phase. So as we address climate concerns, there are major opportunities for FinTech companies and their creativity, their creativity is going to be very, very crucial here, not just in just the regular making payments, but also in being able to give credit to those who require credit, especially in many of these areas, where obviously they would not have anything like the collateral that your regular banks would be asking for. So there are tremendous opportunities around this. So I think that just thinking about it is really exciting and I'm so happy to see that there's going to be, we're going to be seeing a number of young people today, looking at presenting their ideas to us. And I think that this is an incredible opportunity to really identify those ideas that will be useful going forward and just to encourage others. That the scope of all of this is huge. There's so much room to play. There's so much room to do stuff. So on this note, I wish to formally launch the Nigeria SDGs hackathon and to enjoy all entrants to aspire to achieve their dreams and take advantage of the exciting opportunities that are bound in the tech system. I'm glad to have this opportunity to speak to this very distinguished government. Thank you very much for your kind attention. Thank you.


to be honest like i'm actually just so blown away with this product is probably like one of the most interesting and unique products that i've ever used kind of in the bodybuilding world hey what's up with the guys doing a little moving blog here i don't know if it's gonna be trashy i don't have like a stabilizer but just really wanted to share my thoughts on a vintage muscle product called youth they recently released this line and i've never really experimented with any sort of topical testosterone cream ointment pro hormone i haven't taken any of it i don't know i've always been a little wary about it i'm not really sure why i just was always like that's not my thing um vintage muscle just released these kind of like premium blends and they're all i think like a hundred dollars if i'm not mistaken um you do have 28 off with my code real josh tv so it'll probably go down to like around 70 ish i think so i really didn't know what to think of these but to be honest like i'm actually just so blown away with this product is probably one of the most interesting and unique products that i've ever used kind of in the bodybuilding world you know i thought i had tried everything i tried like straight up oral i guess they were they were pro hormones labeled or they were steroids labeled as pro hormones and they were very strong i tried those back in the day and then you have stuff called psalms which is kind of like in a modified steroid to where it's like it only exerts the muscle building properties and none of the other properties or little of the other properties the so you get less overall testosterone shut down but you get a lot of that you know um big muscle effect as well so i tried those um and then i just recently got into the plant steroid steroid stuff and that stuff was actually really impressive too i actually liked the plant steroid stuff the best even better than the psalms it felt more natural and all that stuff so i had tried so many things i had liked so many things i have problems with androgens like typical steroids i cannot take them it's just too intense for me um i get like i'm angry all day i messes with my sexuality all that i just i just i'm not on board but this stuff is actually more of a like gh uh growth hormone based blend and it seems to have like two different peptides and cbd i'm not going to really promote this as a cbd product because um youtube really just attacks me on that i suppose they could mean like peptides and i don't really understand how peptides work but they're just related to like growth hormone and stuff um and i don't really know if there's any sort of negative side effects because like from my understanding if you take testosterone you say growth hormone like eventually your natural supply of those will actually go down so i don't i'm assuming with these peptides it doesn't only work that way and a lot of times when i look it up it seems like they're like 15 things put into one or they're like building blocks to proteins or like something like that so i don't really know i think they're like closer to natural things than you know straight like igf one or something like testosterone but i am just so ridiculously blown away by this product i don't know else to say um as you know early on i would say four or five days in uh it seemed like my body was morphing into another shape you know and that's for me that's a sign of like a really uh potent hormone because like that's usually what it does it's just like it just makes your whole body look like it's going to be built different so like hormones are really weird it's almost like the secret sauce in your body and once your body gets like a certain amount it just has like a different shape so i was kind of getting that as well and then i was walking at work and like i've been working out pretty consistently for a while um i just recently started doing more yoga and stuff and it helped my shoulders and like it i look like i have a little more balance but one of my co-workers was like oh you've been hitting the gym you've been hitting the gym every day you know you look really good you look like you've been doing you walk different you know and like i feel different and you know i've had this really weird phenomena recently at the gym where there's a scale in the public area and i used it i could have swung like two weeks ago and i was like 232 with all my clothes on and that's like really heavy for me i was kind of shocked so like i noticeably cut it back from that point i was like eating a bunch of cookies and stuff and then so i went in again and i was like i don't know 10 or 15 pounds lighter and i was like there's no way i mean even with water weight like you know and i was still eating like not perfectly i was just eating a little bit less like there's no way and then i went in yesterday and instead i was under 200 pounds and i just don't believe that i still feel like i have too much fat on my body versus like the way i want to look you know what i mean so um but anyways these peptides are great i'm supposed to be good for your skin i feel that as well like they're just extremely extremely powerful now as far as the dosage i think it says seven sprays in the morning seven sprays in the evening and they recommend spraying it on your forearms with or areas without any hair um because it has those healing properties those skin healing properties um wound healing properties i was actually spraying a little bit on my face i was actually spraying a little bit on the corners of like where where i would be going bald to see if that would help too but later on i read that you're not supposed to put it on areas with hair so i'm like okay i won't do that again but yeah guys i'm just really blown away by this product it's super potent and another great effect that it has depending on who you are the situation that you use it in is that this stuff makes me so ridiculously tired like i mean there was times during the day i'd have a full bang i'd have other stimulants and i'm like on the floor like yeah i'm like damn i must have zapped my adrenals like damn i must be like you know something's wrong with me but then like i figured it out it was that stuff and like i'm literally no matter what i take this stuff will knock me out it was i could literally have a bang a full bang before sleep and like probably just rip my um my my vape and probably just rip my vape which nicotine like for me it's hard for me to go to sleep if i vape you know an hour hour and a half before i go to bed i could just i could knock out literally on anything i could take my daphnol and knock out on this stuff i'm like literally that confident it's that crazy because i figured that out i was like okay i'm gonna try to take it more in the evening and then today i took it like i was like okay i'll spray just two in the morning so i can get some of the benefits and i felt pretty tired off too you know just two sprays when normally i would take probably you know five to seven sprays like every time i saw the bottle and it'd been a few hours so anywhere from two to three times a day i know there was once where one day where i barely took it or i took it one something like that so most of the time i would take it pretty liberally but now i won't take it like unless i'm going to sleep but i'm actually it's really expensive guys it's just really that's what makes it so sad because i would love to use this product all the time and it's honestly a product that i literally would get for sleep i would get it for sleep because of how much for me it knocks me out regardless of what i've had how much caffeine i've had other stimulants it just knocks me out and then on top of that it has a lot of other health benefits and on top of that i'm into bodybuilding working out and has benefits for that and i felt tired off two sprays so if i could feel tired off anywhere from two to four that would make this bottle last a long time i'm like a little less than halfway through it at this point i kind of want to start conserving it so i could use it literally for bed and start using it you know just instead of testing it just using it kind of permanently because it is that good to me so anyways guys i can't recommend this stuff enough there's lots of studies on the two compounds i think it's like bpc 150 something i'll put them on screen it's like tv 500 cvd and something else i'm not going to be advertising this product is having cvd as much just because youtube is going to strike it down and like i don't think the main big effects that i'm getting are straight from cvd and also having the cvd in there probably makes it more tiring as well if you think about it so anyways guys sorry for the angle of this video there's just wind right behind me and uh i just it's gonna sound worse if i have it up and like unusable so i had to keep it down here hopefully the wind was good down here but anyways guys let me know what you think of youth i may do another review on it if i come across some more information or if i notice something else but i just really really like it so anyways guys i'm having a great day out here hopefully having a great day at home see you all in the next video peace