So you should, you should, yeah, 15, 55 probably, because we need 5 minutes more to prepare the next speaker. Okay. And specifically for the presentation itself, and then there is the minutes for the presentation. Okay. We will show you the signs. That's fine. Whenever you are ready, you can start. So, hi everyone. Thanks for coming. I'm Rafael. I'm a software engineer at Red Hat. I work here in the Bruno office. I am a member of the Ovid integration team. Among other things, we basically handle the Ovid releases and the Ovid installers and so forth. And the main goal of this talk is to show how we use Lago in our project and how it can be used by other virtualization projects. To improve the development and testing and stuff. So I start by describing the problem. The main problem is that virtualization products are usually big. They have usually lots of integration with other stuff, like with different strategies, different authentication backends, networking and stuff. And when you need to test a patch or find a bug or something like that, sometimes it's hard to reproduce the environment. You need to reproduce the bug or to verify if the patch is correct. Lots of people like to use snapshots to reproduce VMs and stuff, but sometimes the bugs are too specific to some specific use case. And it's not possible to just rely on snapshots. And setup usually takes time. For example, to get open running from scratch, you need to set up lots of VMs and integrate all of them together. You usually spend a lot of time doing that, so it's something that should be automated. Other than that, the release manager also needs some automated tests to make sure that code is ready to be released. For example, in November, we basically do at least one release per week. So having automated tests to make sure that nothing got broken in the meantime is needed, because having manual tests every week sometimes is not really possible. So we need to make sure that at least the basics are working fine before we do a new release. Even if it's just a release candidate, it's not really a stable release. So I use Ovid as a use case for Lago. That is the main topic of the presentation. How many people here know Ovid? A RAV or something similar? Nice, lots of people. So basically, Ovid is an application to manage a multiple virtual data centers using remote network storage like NFS, iSCSI and Gluster and similar. And it's powered by KVM, that is a technology that most people use on Linux. So it's something that should not be new for people. It also supports several authentication backends like LDAP, internal authentication and integration with Active Directory and others. This is a screenshot of the dashboard of one of our internal instance of Ovid. You can see that it's quite large deployment, not really large, but it's not something usual. We have three data centers and stuff, lots of memory, lots of VMs, hosts. This is how the Ovid engine looks like in the browser. So the solution we found for improving the testing and development of the Lago project that is a Vito framework that helps you create environments and create Vito machines and stuff. So you can automate that deployment that I said in the start that was hard to do. It's based on Libvert and KVM, and the good thing is that Lago is not really tied to Ovid. I'll talk more about that, but with our Python API for plugins, most of the functionality is implemented as plugins. For example, even the Libvert support to create VMs is a plugin on Lago. So you can potentially write a plugin to start VMs using some other backend. So this is how we use Lago for Ovid. We implemented the Ovid Lago plugin that is what does all the integration with Ovid services and start Ovid related stuff. And Lago just manages the Vito machines and makes sure that everything works. But all the Ovid related job is done by Ovid Lago plugin. For example, the plugin can repulsing RPMs for some caching to be used by VMs. It will also create a local repository that is used by the VMs to speed up installation and stuff. And we have plugins to... We have some test libs to help implementing engine-related stuff, like calling the API, like collecting logs and stuff like that. So we can say that Lago is totally isolated from Ovid Lago, and you can take Lago and make it support any other product you want without too much difficulty. So to solve the problem of the automated test, we have the Ovid system test that is basically a big test suite that will test the main flows we have for Ovid. It's running Jenkins and we have some basic setups like creating some engine, host and integrating them, adding storage, adding configuring network and creating VMs and making sure that it all works. So we have Lago managing all of that and the environment being tested. It is very good because with the system we have a really quick visibility of breakages. If some patch just broke the integration of the system and something is really bad, we will quickly know about that through Jenkins. And the good thing is that as the visibility is very big, we have most people looking at it and improving the test case because we quickly realized that it was useful to maintain it as updated as possible. But on the other hand, we can't properly cover most corner cases on this test suite because it's a big product with lots of moving parts. It would not be possible to cover everything. And as I said, the virtual machines are not destroyed automatically after the execution. This is useful for manual testing. That is what I will introduce later. So this is our Jenkins instance. I got it on a day that it was not really nice, but it's a good example. We have tests for most of our supported versions, 3.6, 4.0, and 4.1. We are not really doing 3.6 releases at this point, but it's still tested. And it's easy to see if something is broken, when it broke, and for how many days it's broken and to see the logs and see what's the issue and stuff. So it's really nice now about manual testing. As I told before, the Ovid system test won't destroy the VMs after the execution. So if you want to test something and have the environment ready and the Ovid system test environment is good for you, you can just run the test suite and when it's done, you just access the VMs and do your job there without any issues. Our Jenkins instance can build RPMs from Jarrett patches. We use Jarrett to manage our development. And with those RPMs, you can just ask Ovid system testing logs to build VMs using custom RPMs. This way, you can test your patch without having to set up everything by hand. And developers can also build it on local machines, but it's easier to use the Jenkins because they are all integrated already. I don't need to set up local environment to build RPMs. But there are downsides on using the system test for that, that you need to run the system test every time, and it takes time, the test suite is extensive. And if the patch you are working on changes the behavior, like for example, if I am writing a test for the setup script and I added a new option on the process, it will break the test. And I will need to go there and update the test. This is not really a bad thing. This is a good thing because this makes developers that are implementing changes that will change behavior to look at the system test and update it beforehand. Using system test for this case is really a benefit because it helps keeping the test updated. But if you take time, if you need to do some iterations on testing, it will take a lot of time to run the test every time and stuff. So this is not always handy. So I will give this as an example of how you can use Lago to integrate with stuff by writing plugins. To solve this problem of having to run the test every time, we created a plugin that just creates the environment without running the test. And you can have the environment faster. And for example, the system test, we always create the same VMs. Most of the tests will create one engine and two hosts or one engine and one host. Sometimes you need more hosts. Sometimes you need a more specific setup and it's not possible to do with the system test without editing JSON and stuff. So we created this thing that is a common line where you have a declarative way to say that you want two engines and two hosts and memory and stuff. This is all based on Lago. And we use it over Lago to interact with Orbit. It could be some other plugin to interact with other services if it existed. And it uses Lago API to create some stuff. And it also have the benefit that it will give you the environment ready to use. It will create NFS if you want, and it will attach the host to the engine. So you can create any kind of automation for testing you want using Lago. Here I added some usage examples. The first one is a deploy. It basically creates an engine and two hosts using some RPMs that were generated by Jenkins. And we have a very simple syntax to define the VM properties, the name, memory. There are other parameters you can define the distribution to, for example, use Fedora instead of Santos. And it's very flexible and you can create as many hosts as you want and they will be attached. We have another command that is engine setup. This command will automatically configure and connect the host to the engine, but sometimes you don't want it. Sometimes you want to connect to configure everything manually. In this case, you just connect using Lago to the engine machine and run engine setup by hand and do whatever you want. But at this point, you just have everything handy. So, yeah, it's very easy to configure anything by hand. I have a small demo I want to show you of this working. So this is the command that we run. It will create an engine with default parameters that is four gigabytes of memory and you create two hosts with one gigabyte of memory each one. I cut some parts of the demo to be faster, but it's creating network, bootstrapping VMs and stuff. It's creating VMs, saving VMs, creating network. It will get everything ready for you and now deploying the engine and the two hosts I asked for. We have, those steps are defined as deployed over the environment, for example. They are all defined on the Lago plugin. They are not defined in Lago. So you could have the exact same tasks for, for example, OpenStack or something else if that's the case. So everything is deployed. The next step is to set up the engine. This is again done by the Ovit Lago plugin, but it can be extended. It copied the answer file from the VM and run engine setup. After that it's configuring the host. That means adding the host to the engine. And after that it will add the status to the engine as well. So engine setup took like three minutes and I forgot to show before, but the deploy of the VM took like five minutes. And after that we will have the engine running the browser right away. The certificate is self-sign it, so it needs to be accepted. So after like 10 minutes you have engine running with your custom patches and the host is being installed right away as you wanted and you are ready to test your patch and see if everything is okay. I can say that as I work on the setup scripts, sometimes I even spent the full day trying to reproduce an environment and to build an environment to test. So this is really handy. But there are some downsides on this approach. To make things automated we don't do the same that Lago does by default. We want cache the RPMs from the repositories and make a local repository to be used by the VMs because sometimes we want to use different distros. We need to test the same time with Fedora, with CentOS. And we need to... The thing is that in Overtis and Test we have a big definition of the repositories that is manually written. And so we can, for example, we don't need to fetch off EPEL and cache off EPEL. This saves a lot of space. When you are doing everything automated we are just downloading the release RPM from the mirrors and installing it. It's not possible to benefit of that because it needs manually maintenance. So we have this downside that it will always download everything. So this is something that I think that can be improved. But, yeah, it's already way better than what it had in the past. So at least for me it's not a big concern. And right now we can deploy more than one engine at least if you want to use the automated engine setup because it wants to know to which engine attach each host. It's just for that. But if you don't want to use automated setup, if you want to setup it manually you can't deploy as many engines as you want. Another thing to say is that OvertLago, the plugin, knows if a VM is an engine or a host. We implemented this this way because it's important to test to know if a VM is an engine or a host. But Lago itself doesn't know that. For Lago they are all VMs but for OvertLago they are different. They are handled differently. As I'm telling all of this talk Lago is not tied to any product, even Overt. So we can use it for whatever you want. To test virtualization managers, something similar to Overt to test appliances. Or even if you just want to build a VM environment to do some work that's not really related to a virtualization product but you need lots of VMs and have them in the same network easily you can just use Lago for that as well. This last one can be done even without plugins if you don't want to. Also, there's a question that is frequent that is why we should use Lago instead of some other well-known solutions in the market? The first case, the most obvious case is Vragan that is a very popular tool. Most people like to use it because it's really easy. You can have definitions of VMs in a Git repository and just call Vagrant up and have it working. But the thing is that at this point of view, Vagrant is more targeted at development. You need a VM to help you write your code not really to run your code. I think it's a different phase of the process. I see it being used more like to create the development environment instead of the testing environment. I would say like that. But it is still a good alternative and actually it is possible to write a Lago plugin to use Vagrant as the provider of VMs. I don't know if someone is working on that. I heard about it some time ago, but I'm not sure. Yeah, as you can change the provider, it would be possible to use Vagrant as well, generate the definition and just build the VMs with Vagrant. Some people ask about Avocado. Amado is here, he did talk about it yesterday. Well, it's a different thing. Avocado is more a test runner. It's not really built the environment. At Lago we have our own test runner that is based on Python unit tests. But it would also be possible to write a Lago plugin to run tests using Avocado instead of using our internal test runner. Actually to be more specific, the test runner we use today is not even part of Lago. It is implemented on your virtual Lago plugin. So basically you are free to do whatever you want. If you are, for example, implementing a plugin for OpenStack, you would be able to just start using Avocado for testing if it was what you want. And as a last example, there is Lava. I don't know if a lot of people know it. I worked with it in the past. It is from Linaro. It's Linaro automated validation architecture, something like that. It is very similar to Lago, actually. But it is targeted at running tests on devices, on ARM devices or Intel devices. It was not really designed to run tests on virtual machines, but the design and the architecture are kind of similar to Lago, but it is for real devices, not really virtual machines. That's it. If you have any questions, if you want to ask something, say that I told something wrong, it's your opportunity. Out of the box, no. Out of the box, no. Yeah. It's possible to do, but I think it needs some code. Not really hard, but I think it needs some code. Anything else? Okay. Basically, Lago itself can run on most, on almost any system that has Livered, as it is now. There is work to part to Debian. I'm a gentle developer. I'm writing an overlay to run Lago on gentle because I want to use it there. But the virtual machines, the question, he asked if there are plans to support other distributions in Lago, other than the Red Hat-supported distributions. Yes. There's someone working on Debian, and I'm working on gentle. Out of the work. It's not really part of my job, but I want to use it. And Lago itself can run mostly anywhere. You have Livered. You may have some issues. If you have something different from SC Linux, if you use something like APPR more, you need to do some manual configuration, maybe. But it is possible to run. The thing is that most of the code we have today will deploy systems on CentOS and Fedora, RPM-based distributions, basically. So, for example, if you want to do some testing, we're using DABS. You need to write a plugin for that. But it's totally possible. We are not tied to Fedora or CentOS or RL. More questions? He asked how we make sure that obviously we use nested virtualization to run VMs inside VMs, that great VMs, something like an inception. How we make sure that this does not affect our all-test results? Basically, we don't have a way to make sure of that. I'm not aware of anything in that way. But for hardware restrictions and stuff, almost all developers of Ovid and of other services are using nested virtualization. So, I would say that running Ovid, at least for developers, with nested virtualization is a more common case than running on bare metal. So, yeah, there's no way to... I think that there's no way to even detect that we are running on nested virtualization and not on bare metal from Ovid. So, yeah, I don't know if... I don't... We don't have a way to detect that, but I don't think that it affects the results in the end. More questions? So, thank you. Here you have my contacts. And it's free to reach me out. We also have... I forgot to put it here, but we also have a logo channel on Fremont. It's called Lago. You can just go there and talk to us. Thanks.


Swift, the beer that's made Milwaukee famous, presents the Halls of Ivy, starring Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Coleman. Good evening. This is Ronald Coleman. And Benita Coleman. Inviting you to join us again on the campus of Ivy College is the guests of our sponsors, the brewers of Schlitz Beer. The taste of Schlitz, the taste so many people prefer, has made Schlitz beer first in sales in the USA. If you like good beer, do as millions of people are doing all over the nation. Ask for Schlitz, the most popular beer in history. That's a Ronald. Welcome again to Ivy, Ivy College that is in the town of Ivy USA. Autumn is the season beloved of poets, football coaches, painters, wholesalers of woollen goods, and at least one college president. Dr. William Cawthunter Hall of Ivy takes a moment from his multifarious beauties to stand at the window of his living room with his wife Victoria. I've never seen the crease so brilliant here, Toddy. Doesn't mean anything. Now darling, what do you mean? Does it mean anything? I suppose it indicates that the arboreal supply of chlorophyll must have diminished with a little more celerity than usual. There we go again. Silly question, silly answer. But really though, I mean, it doesn't mean anything like thicker shells on peanuts or longer hair on weasels. Well you know, tough winch though. My darling, the three choicest words in the English language are spoken by you. I love you. And the three most distasteful they're spoken by me are, I don't know, but in this case I don't. I thought you lived with the Indians once. Didn't you learn anything? In the first place, my sweet, I didn't live with the Indians. I merely wanted to. Because at the time I was an enthusiastic anthropologist. Well, if you wanted to, why didn't you? You always said people ought to do, say, be and think whatever they wanted to within the limits of decency and the law. Yes, I know, but I didn't seem to have the knack of living on cornmeal and fried jackrabbit with a drink of water every two weeks. I sometimes wonder, with the world headed for possible catastrophe, whether we shouldn't inaugurate a cost-impersonal post-atomic survival. You mean, like, how to remove spots from your leopard skin? How to distinguish the edible wild carrot from the inedible deadly nightshade? How to snare a wolf? Oh, well, don't need a choice in that. That's too elementary for an ivy girl. Yeah, I overheard an example of it today. Oh, where? On the sun steps of the library, a boy said to a girl, hey, calm face, and I'll meet you someplace this summer. And what did she say? Well, she said, it's possible I spent the summer under a flat rock. And I thought he'd slunk away, humiliated, and crestfallen. Oh, my darling, I doubt if there isn't in South Deadly enough to wither a college boy. For anyhow, I saw the two of them 20 minutes later in the malt shop, very cozy, over a soup pack. I beg your pardon, over a what? A soup pack. He's two spoons in a big dish of four kinds of ice cream, six kinds of flavoring, cherries, marshmallow, and salted nuts, a dollar and ten cents. Well, the ten cents I've heard is to call an ambulance. But why is this fantastic confection called a soup pack? It's an abbreviation for suicide pack. Victoria, my beloved, without you to infiltrate the campus and report these tribal customs to the would-be anthropologists. Oh, good heavens, look who's coming up the walk, in a high dungeon with a top-down, Mr. Wellman. Oh, doesn't he look healthy? I don't think it's very modish of him to wear a purple face for the brown suit. What happened to his chlorophyll? He should be the first to lose it, spending so much time out on the limb as he does. Let's both wait a minute, he's been swarming in the hall. Morning, Mr. Wellman. Morning, Mr. Wellman. Morning is right. We should all be wearing it. Wearing cloth, Mr. Wellman. Morning, Mrs. Hall. Morning. Morning, Mr. Wellman. Morning, Mr. Wellman. Morning, Doctor! Great! This is no occasion for Dr. Larrick. I said we should all be wearing morning, and that's exactly what I meant. Dignity on this campus is dead. Dead, Dr. Hall, dead!  Mr. Wellman, if I didn't know you were the kind of man who always understates the situation, I'd say you were over-dramatizing this one. Flattery has never swerved me from my goal, Mrs. Hall. Well, in this particular case, Mr. Wellman, what is your goal? My goal is the elimination of the Entropology Department, or at least an admonishment to re-evaluate it. Well, anyway, something must be done about it. Well, it's one of Dr. Hall's favorite departments, Mr. Wellman. I know that, and it only emphasizes the disgraceful activities, the importance of it. It has bitten the hand that treated it, and I... Mr. Wellman, is it? Well, let's pass the generalities and get to a specific. What is the indictment? Do you know a student named Thomas Finley? The one who wrote the article about Ivy College. No, just a moment, please. I read the Finley article, and I enjoyed it immensely. The boys are sharp critics. Is that all you can say about us when he has so thoroughly attacked the alumni, the football management, the professors, the fraternity system, and you? You, Dr. Hall, didn't you read what he said about you? Well, that's the part he enjoyed the most. I thought it demonstrated a rare discernment and a definite kind of courage to say that the president of Ivy was too prone to consider the students as individuals and their problems as his own. The president, according to Finley's view, should be more aloof, more inaccessible. Pronounce should be Olympian. His activities closed in mystery, thus enhancing his authority. I... I disagreed with it completely. Well, something must be done about it, Dr. Hall. Something drastic. No class assignment in anthropology could excuse such an attack on this institution. At the very least, he must retract the article and make no help on our property. No. No? That's what the man said, no. Mr. Wellman, please listen. I'm listening, but I warn you, I disagree with what you're going to say. Oh, probably. And a prime example of tree censorship at its lowest level. Now, as one I certainly do not agree with many of his conclusions, I can only applaud his efforts and the courage of the Ivy Bull in printing it. Well, I must say, Dr. Hall, your attitude is the most... This is anarchy, Dr. Hall. Anarchy. It is treason to attack this institution. Mr. Wellman. Yes, Mrs. Hall. I'm sure the Ivy Bulletin would be happy to print your side of the question if your remarks would be printable, I mean. You meet for the chairman of the Board of Governors at this college through bandy words with a young... to so forget my dignity as to argue in print with a... No. A thousand times no. On the contrary, I shall demand a retraction. I shall demand his dismissal on the grounds of insubordination and ask the Board to see that you, you, Dr. Hall, are reprimanded for encouraging this under-graduate interaction. Good day. Attempt this in a pinhead if I ever heard one. Can he do anything? Why doubt it. But with the Wellmans of this world one never knows. He's a vigilante at heart, if any. And he's always eager to form a lynching party. That freedom of speech and freedom of the press, they're sort of involved here too, aren't they? Oh, definitely. In which connection I agree completely with the late Sintler Lewis. What did he say? He said that everything that is worthwhile in the world has been accomplished by the free, inquiring, critical spirit. And that the preservation of this spirit is more important than any social system whatsoever. But the men of ritual and the men of barbarism are capable of shutting up the men of science and of silencing them forever. Yes, Miss Sintler is well-new, the function of free expression. Vicki, do you know what happens when a safety valve is tied down over a full head of steam? Boom! Yes. Yes, dear. Boom. Here he is, criticism. He met with calm, scrutiny, and reasonable defense. So I shall invite Finley to have dinner with us. Hand me the phone, will you, darling, so I can ask him... I can ask him if I was prepared. Have a kiss. I never do, and you always are. I must say it gives me a splendid sense of domestic security. Having enough to eat in the house always gives me one, too. Hello. Will you please locate a student named Thomas Finley for me? Yes, yes, this is Dr. Hall. No, no, no, no, Finley. Finley. F as in fearless, I as in independent, N as in noteworthy, L as in liberty, E as in enterprising, and Y as in... Yankees, four to three. Yankees. That's right, yes, thank you. That's a very happy little smile you're wearing, doctor. You really enjoy these little freaky, don't you? Yes, I'm afraid I do. What does that word do you use? Freaky, plural of fakers. Is it, um, is it legitimate? Probably not, but you've always said not to be a slave to the dictionary. Use it to make the word you say. And that phrase justifies itself you always say. An orthodox digger of expression is preferred. The prophet Alice, you say. Yes, yes, yes, yes, yes. I am convicted by my own eloquence. Well, I just like to have you know I treasure everything you say. And I didn't know that when you were hanging on my every word that you'd used them to hang me with later. I would have been more careful that Dr. Hall's residence. Oh, yes, yes, yes, I did. Can you join Mrs. Hall and me for dinner here tonight? Yes, I thought we could discuss the article in the bull. And a possible bull in the article. You know, sometimes when a man goes into a barbershop, especially Doc Fish's barbershop on the Ivy campus, he may get more than just a shave. For example, the other day I noticed Dr. Chair was empty, so I... Well, howdy, Doc. How about a shave? Get right down, Mr. Gardner. You're lucky I'm free. And I'm lucky because I wanted to talk to you. You know, I never realized quite what you were getting at when you talk about the uniform taste of Schlitz beer. And then, it hit me the other day, it's just like the barber in business. Well, sir, a man picks his barber for reasons of his own. You know what I mean? Why, yes. And every time he goes to get his haircut, he expects the same kind of a job. Well, sir, what would a customer think? If every time I cut his hair, I cut it a bit different. Well, I... He'd go find himself another barber. Now, with beers, folks look for one that like for reasons of their own. And they expect the same case every time they pour a glass full. How about a hot towel? Oh, fine. Schlitz beer I found out has the same dandy taste, bottle after bottle, year after year. And because of that, the folks who ask for it regular are never disappointed. A fella that likes good beers bound to try Schlitz sometimes. Right? Well, here's one, Tim. I can't hear you. Where do I take the towel off? There. What'd you say? Well, I said, right. Schlitz is first in sales in the USA because of its fine taste. And because of the bottle after bottle uniformity of that taste. People just naturally get the finest when they get into the habit of saying, Schlitz, the beer that's made Milwaukee famous. Right, Doc? Right. As we return to the halls of Ivy, we find the halls and their guest, Thomas Finley, having asked for dinner coffee in the living room. Mr. Finley is a student anthropologist who wrote a rather devastating article on Ivy College and stirred up a campus whirlwind. As he so well says, I've noticed a little late, Doctor, that the anthropologists who write about the bet don't do it till they get home. I should have gathered my facts about Ivy College and then gone to the bet and written them there. It's a very sound procedure, in retrospect. As it is, our own High Lama demands your expulsion, excommunication, and if possible, your immediate execution. With a condemned man, yes, or another cup of coffee? Oh, yes, thank you, Mr. Hall. With my opinion, Dr. Hall asked me over. I seem to have lost quite a few friends in the past 72 hours. Ah, but don't forget you've added at least two admirers. Really? That's kind of surprising. Well, how so? Well, that you didn't take the monograph personally. I mean, as a personal attack, but it wasn't an attack. It was a critical evaluation of university life. I found it quite instructive. Well, you seem to be the only one who thinks so. And I guess you should complain most since it's your college. No, no, no, yours just as much as mine. Besides, if I'd taken every bit of criticism personally... There would have been another Mr. Wellman. And there are in Starley too many Mr. Wellmans in the world already. One. Well, what did you expect your monograph to accomplish, Thomas? Well, to arouse a little self-examination. Get some discussion going. You implied that the average Ivy student is more interested in getting a diploma than in getting an education. They look at a diploma like it's a deed to a piece of land or a guilt-edge bond that they can clip coupons from the rest of their lives. And because they're more interested in the prize they get than what they learn, all the shortcuts are used. All the easy courses. The college model is get in, get by, and get out. But Mr. Wellman implies that you've shaken the very foundations of all things near and dear to him. He is suffering grievously from contusions on his complacency. Well, here we cover. He's what the students call an easy bruise but a quick heal. You wish you'd quite a challenge, Thomas. When you said the average Ivy student doesn't know why he or she is going to college. Well, I believe it, Dr. Holder don't. Some go because their brother or uncle did or because their father wanted them to or because it's socially important to go. But always to please somebody else. To be liked because if you're liked, you get by in the world. Why are you going to college, Thomas? Well, to know why so many of us are angry and selfish, I guess. To find out if I can why we're all fighting so hard to be exactly like everyone else or the other way around to make everyone be like us. Well, Thomas, as opposed to Clarence Wellman, I'm always delighted to meet with a spirit of doubt and inquiry. The world would get a lot farther with doubting Thomas' and with carping Clarence's. You wouldn't be interested in retracting anything you wrote in your monograph, would you? Impossible, Dr. Holder. It's only a rhetorical question and merely for the record. Now, we'd better make some battle plans. Who wanted me to withdraw my paper? Now, Thomas, of all the people at this university, who stands on the advanced outputs of learning and shouts in loud, clear tones, make way for yesterday? Mr. Wellman. The one, the only, and we hope the last. Yes, but I've never met the man. In a word, don't. Go your fine man, a fine man, mind you, in his way. But almost everything seems to be in his way. But Mr. Wellman is chairman of the Board of Governors. Well, now really, Thomas, after the consideration Dr. Holder has shown you this evening, that was a very cruel thing to remind him of. Well, I must affirm a thing, and that Mr. Wellman will lose interest in this issue because the most important yearly event in his life has just begun. Oh, don't tell me he's going to retire from the Board. Bless his little heart, his very little heart. No, it's not that. It's something that has a deeper and more profound influence on the limited but energetic life of Clarence Wellman, the football season. Of course! The Ivy Backfield will block you out of his mind, Thomas. My football to Mr. Wellman is... Ah, maybe you'll have a chance to talk to him after all, Finley. I better make some more coffee or the dash of soothing syrup. Hello, Doctor. Am I being enough at you? Ah, Mr. Merriweather. No indeed delight to see you. Come in. I just happened to be passing this way on purpose and wanted to pay my respects to Mrs. All while I was wearing my best necktie. Ah, Victoria, here's the lower left-hand corner of our potential triangle. You're admired, Mr. Merriweather. Oh, Mr. Merriweather. It's so nice to see you now.  Several times this summer I started to write you a love letter and sneak it into your mailbox, but I couldn't spell frustrated and my wife wouldn't help me. All, how could you be so selfish to take this woman out of circulation for eight weeks when you know that I... Oh, beg your pardon. You have a guest. Yes, I think you two revolutionists should meet. Mr. Merriweather, this is Thomas Finley, an anthropology major. How do you do, sir? Glad to know you, Finley. Any friend at the halls is... Finley, you're the fellow who wrote the article in the Ivy Bowl and held this sacred institution up to mockery and scorn to quote a certain member of the board. Yes, he's a culprit, Mr. Merriweather. Do you want him to blush? For what? For yanking the tails out of a lot of stuffed shirts? No. Now I'm blushing. I didn't mean you, Bill.  Finley, take hands. Whoa. Thank you, Mr. Merriweather. You mean you don't think I'm a dangerous saboteur? Son, I think you're a very healthy infant.  Being a fairly stable character myself, I've always been against mayors having nests. Statements of principle, which I shall remember, and cherished. And probably quote. No, no. Anyway, it's nice we have one member of the board who doesn't think this young man should be boiled in printer's ink. If the football coach catches him, he'll be fried in rubbing alcohol. Well, I don't remember being particularly unkind to the coach. Over emphasis on football, yes, and commercialism and sports. You mean you haven't heard about our star quarterback, Nitro Needham? Well, I haven't. Has Nitro exploded, too? Well, we better have some more coffee, Thomas, and you, Mr. Merriweather. Ma'am, just talking to you is stimulating enough without adding caffeine. And while I hate to be the bearer of Bill Tidings, it seems that Mr. Nitro Needham has gone into a huddle with himself and refuses to play any more football till he decides why he is going to college. Oh, my goodness, and he was headed right for the All-American. Well, Finley, you've really started something. That you didn't realize that self-examinations are the hardest ones to pass. You made a football player wonder, wonder where his real goal was. Well, it's very gratifying, but I hope I haven't overdone it, considering I'm here on a scholarship. Maybe if I hadn't stirred up such... such... such wrecky... Such what? Racky, plural of wreckus. Never heard such a word. Usage makes the word, Mr. Merriweather, and that phrase justifies itself. An orthodox figure of expression isn't his word. Thank you, Victoria. I'm glad to help any time. Mr. Merriweather, have you discussed this thing with Mr. Wellman? It might better be said that I listened to a 20-minute howl of anguish from Clarence. Among his more quotable remarks were that, in the person of Finley, we have been nourishing a viper in our bosom. Made me stop twice on the way over here to get a little snake bite remedy. He also said that, between him and the Alumni Association, they'd find a way to cancel Finley's scholarship. And I'll find a way to see they don't find a way. Clarence also suggested, in a well-modulated screen, that if Finley wanted to criticize Ivy and let him go to Harvard or Princeton, if he could get past our blacklisting... Blacklisting? What a horrible... Excuse me, ma'am, let me finish this while I can remember the more temperate aspects of the harangue. Clarence said that if Finley didn't get married, if Finley didn't get meet him back on the football field, he'd turn the anthropology department into a gymnasium. And that hereafter, he'd keep a sharp eye out for any ungrateful student who would think so low as to kick his mater in the face. Alma, that is. I'm sorry I can't give you a more verbatim summary, but there's a lady present. Well, I think the summary was quite adequate. And quite a wintery summary, too. Oh! Yes, I could feel the chilly blast. Oh, look, Dr. Hall, Mr. Maryweather, if it would save either of you any discomfort or embarrassment for me to resign. Now, Finley... Sir? Yeah, listen, in your article, you indicated a belief that a college president should remain more inaccessible and render more Olympian judgment. Well, yes, sir, but... Well, it's my present Olympian judgment, subject, of course, to reversal, that for a college president to encourage a retreat from honest criticism would be to abdicate in favor of reaction and timidity. I wish I'd said that. This college, Finley, this college, like all good colleges, is dedicated to the principle of knowledge through inquiry. If we encourage none but popular opinions, no cost but the safe one, no approach but the orthodox, without praise, we would be false to our concept of an educational institution. I take pride in having among us the students who has the courage, the initiative, and the insight to point out a line of self-examination and revaluation, which can only be a healthy influence on... on... I'll take care of this point killer. Dr. Hall's residence. Oh, hello, Mr. Elman. Tell him we're talking to the viper. I will say, Mr. Wellman stays with us. For me, Victoria? Yes, but something's gone wrong. He's being sweet. Must be a bad connection. Uh, yes, yes, Mr. Wellman. You say that Mitro needed his father. Well, yes, but we... Well, yes, I... Well, yes, I... Well, thank you, yes, I'd be delighted on the first tea at nine o'clock. Good night.  What happened to the Kansas? The tycoon with the typhoon? Yes, and what about Needham's father, Mr. Halsey, if it's any of my business? Oh, it's definitely your business, Fenley. It appears that Mitro talked it over with his father, who was so pleased to know that his son would take time out from football to think that he is sending Mr. Wellman a generous check toward the new stadium. He thinks that a college which feels secure enough to withstand a little criticism must be quite an institution. In addition to this, World Topics magazine is reprinting your article in full with a six-page spread on Ivy College under the title A College Exams Itself and gets an A for Integrity. A for Integrity, that must be wrong. So, Fenley, you've been acquitted. Go and sin no more. Oh, brother, Needham worried, son. You'd have got a hung jury if I had to supply the rope myself. Oh, well, that settles that. Well, darling, everything's wonderful. What do you so gloomy about? Well, as Mr. Wellman's fault as usual, it's rather disconcerting to don one's armor, mount the charger, raise the bugle to sound the charge, and find oneself drowned out by the enemy's rendition of I love you truly. This Mr. Wellman must be an interesting character. I'd like to know more about him, in an anthropological way, of course. No publisher would handle it. You'd have to write the whole thing in asterisk. Yes, Fenley. When writing about our Mr. Wellman, take a hint from Studded King's verse. A writer owned an asterisk, and kept it in his den, where he wrote tales which had large sales of frail and earring men. And always when he reached the point where copying censors lurked, he called upon the asterisk to do his dirty work. Is the Malkati Victorian? The halls of my days, the barringness of Mrs. Ronald Coleman has been presented by Schlitz, a beer that made Malkati famous. The taste of Schlitz, the taste so many people prefer, has made Schlitz beer first in sales in the USA. Why don't you too enjoy the most popular beer in history? Next time, every time, ask for Schlitz beer. Now here again our Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Coleman. I want to remind you of the urgent need for blood by our armed forces. The love of fair play and justice is in the blood of every American. And it is only fair and just to give our fighting men some of yours to fight for you. Just contact your local Red Cross unit and do make a point of remembering. And so good night from our sponsor, the Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and it's thousands of friendly dealers throughout the nation. Good night.


My name is Kyla Strickler and I'm from the United States. I'll be an E-perceive fellow in 2021, advancing Sustainable Development Goal number 13, Climate Action. I believe that everyone should have safe and reliable access to basic needs. I see engineering as a way to collaborate with people from across the world and underserved and underrepresented communities to develop sustainable solutions that better the lives of all stakeholders involved and improve the planet. As an E-perceive fellow, I will be working with OPIS-12, assisting their team with the modeling of electrolyzer test systems to expand their portfolio, optimize the design for usability and manufacturability, and prototype design changes to validate performance. I want to use my engineering skills to positively contribute to the fight against climate change. I am so excited for this fellowship not only because of the many opportunities to form connections with the other fellows and engineers also working in the engineering for global development field, but also because of the professional experience that I will gain through working with a company who's striving to achieve one of those SDGs.


President de la Madrid and I have just completed one of our most constructive and I think fruitful meetings. It was the fifth in a series which began in 1982 and demonstrated again that U.S.-Mexican relations are based on respect, understanding, open and frank discussion, and mutually beneficial cooperation. The decline of oil prices and the burden of a debt incurred in past years have hit Mexico hard. President de la Madrid's administration and the people of Mexico are making a courageous determined effort to face up to their nation's fundamental economic problems and turn a difficult situation around. In our meeting today, I emphasized to President de la Madrid that the people and government of the United States are ready to lend a hand when and where it can make a difference. The United States, for example, strongly endorses Mexico's recent agreements with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. We hope arrangements made with Mexico's private creditors move quickly so that Mexico can reignite economic growth, evolve toward a more efficient market-oriented system, continue to meet its debt obligations, and meet the economic needs of the Mexican people. As I expressed to President de la Madrid today, the United States is prepared to do its part with commercial and agricultural credits, support for international financial institution programs in Mexico, and by maintaining our markets open to Mexican products, products Mexico must export if it is to prosper and meet its international financial obligations. Mexico's entry into the general agreement on tariffs and trade is also viewed here as a major step forward. This step comprises part of a strategy of economic restructuring which highlights productivity and the creation of a favorable business climate. Toward this end, President de la Madrid and I agreed to give priority to negotiations of a framework agreement on trade and investment and to have it done within a year. Symbolic of our strengthening bonds, I am pleased to announce that the United States today is lifting today our six-year-old embargo on the importation of tuna from Mexico. Former Ambassador John Gavin, I should point out, was instrumental in achieving this breakthrough. And we're looking for further progress in our discussions on fisheries issues. One area of solid agreement was our recognition of the necessity of maintaining our country's strong campaign against drugs. We pledged to bolster our eradication programs and our efforts to bring to justice vicious drug traffickers who have been such a corrupting influence in both our countries. We also pledged to do all possible to attack the demand side of this evil by aggressively discouraging the consumption of narcotic drugs. We can be proud of the proud range or the broad range of cooperation developing between our countries, including border environmental policy, improved civil aviation arrangements, new bridges and border crossings, and our strong energy relations. We plan to strengthen our binational consultations at the cabinet level to better meet the challenges and take advantage of opportunities for our two nations in the coming years. What we have accomplished today builds upon the successes of the past and will benefit both our peoples. It was a pleasure to see my friend, President De La Madrid, again as a good friend and neighbor. We wish you a safe journey home. Hasta luego, y nos vemos. Gracias. Gracias. Señoras, señores, en primer lugar transmito mi reconocimiento al señor presidente Reagan por su cordial invitación para celebrar una reunión de trabajo en Washington. Ha sido un encuentro oportuno y fructífero porque nos ha permitido resultados muy positivos al abordar con franqueza y profundidad diversas cuestiones que ambos presidentes consideramos de la mayor importancia para el buen entendimiento en las relaciones entre Estados Unidos y México. Ladies and gentlemen, in the first place I wish to express my appreciation to President of the United States, Ronald Reagan, for his cordial invitation to hold this meeting in Washington. It has been a timely and fruitful meeting. It has been a fruitful meeting because it has been positive results in allowing us to deal frankly and in depth with various problems that both president consider to be of prime importance for the proper development of relations between the United States and Mexico. El presidente Reagan y yo coincidimos en dar atención prioritaria a los asuntos de la agenda bilateral. Como en el plácito, reconocimos que durante este año han habido positivos avances y acuerdos en la atención de diversas cuestiones económicas y en materia de cooperación fronteriza. Coincidimos en que es necesario y justo destacar tales progresos. President Reagan and I agreed to give priority attention to the topics included in the bilateral agenda. We are pleased to acknowledge that this year there have been positive developments and agreements in dealing with various economic matters and in border cooperation. We agree that it is necessary and just to emphasize such progress. Hemos acordado que nuestros gobiernos realicen a partir de hoy un esfuerzo extraordinario para mejorar la atmósfera de nuestras relaciones. We have agreed that the governments are beginning today should make an extraordinary effort to strengthen and improve our relations. Es esta condición indispensable para facilitar y ampliar la cooperación bilateral en beneficio de ambos pueblos. This is a necessary element in order to broaden and intensify the cooperation between the two peoples. Con satisfacción he confirmado hoy la firme voluntad que anima al presidente Reagan para impulsar el desarrollo de relaciones marcadas por un signo positivo entre los Estados Unidos y México. It is with satisfaction that I have today confirmed the firm determination of President Reagan to give renewed impetus to the development of positive relations between the United States and Mexico. Con este espíritu hemos conversado sobre diversas cuestiones que mucho interesan a los dos gobiernos y en general a los dos países. Permítanme destacar algunas brevemente. In this spirit we have exchanged views on various issues of great import of great interest to the two governments and to both countries in general. Allow me to point out some of them briefly. En primer término abordamos detenidamente distintos aspectos de las relaciones financieras y comerciales. Firstly we took up in detail different aspects of our financial and trade relations. Las recientes negociaciones del gobierno mexicano con los organismos financieros internacionales principalmente con el Fondo Monetario Internacional han sido exitosas al permitir nuevas y más realistas y flexibles fórmulas para enfrentar el problema de la deuda externa. The recent negotiations on the part of the Mexican government were the international financial institutions particularly the International Monetary Fund have successfully opened the way to new and more realistic and flexible formulas for dealing with the problem of the foreign debt. Reconozco que el gobierno de los Estados Unidos en un empeño corresponsable de alto valor jugó un papel constructivo en tales negociaciones que mucho hemos apreciado. I recognize that the government of the United States in playing a very constructive role did a very fine thing and this we greatly appreciate. Es nuestro propósito que México logre un crecimiento económico sostenido y suficiente como base indispensable para reestructurar y modernizar su economía. It is our purpose that Mexico should attain a sufficient and contained growth and as a basis in order to restructure and renew its economy. Para mantener los avances sociales que han sido factor principal de la larga estabilidad política del país. In order to maintain the social progress that has been the basis for the long stability of our country. Y para ampliar la capacidad de cumplimiento de sus compromisos financieros internacionales. And in order to extend its capacity to comply with its international commitments. La solución al problema de la deuda externa se relaciona con la necesidad de mayor financiamiento para el desarrollo de mejores condiciones para el comercio con el exterior. The problem of the foreign debt is related with more finances in order to improve the conditions that will make it possible for us to comply with our foreign debt. México busca implantar una base sólida de exportaciones no petroleras en áreas en las que tiene ventajas comparativas. Mexico seeks to create greater exportations in areas in which it has comparative advantages export that are not oil problem. Los vínculos comerciales entre los dos países dentro de un mayor marco de equidad que reconozca las diferencias en el grado de desarrollo de las dos economías. Así como las condiciones absolutas de no discriminación y no reciprocidad absoluta pueden ser bases de mejores relaciones en el comercio. Commercial links that will recognize the varying degrees of developments of both economies and that do not offer discrimination or absolute reciprocity can be a good basis for the increase of our trade. Ambos presidentes hemos dado instrucciones para que se entable de inmediato pláticas para alcanzar un acuerdo bilateral ampliado sobre comercio y otras materias cuyo contenido será definido y elaborado en los próximos meses para lo cual hemos instruido a nuestros respectivos negociadores. Both the presidents have given instructions to their associates in order to undertake a broadened trade agreement on trade and on other subjects and we have given definite instructions to our negotiators on both sides. El presidente Reagan y yo tuvimos también ocasión de intercambiar algunas impresiones sobre los problemas que enfrentan los trabajadores sin documentados mexicanos en los Estados Unidos. President Reagan and I also had the opportunity to exchange points of view on the problems of the undocumented workers in the United States. Este es un problema que obedece a factores económicos estructurales de ambas economías. This is a problem that has to do with the structural, the structures of both economies y seguramente los lujos migratorios tenderán a descender en la medida en que la economía mexicana mejore. And there is no doubt that as the Mexican economy improves the migrant flows will tend to decline. Quisiera referirme también al tema que el presidente Reagan y yo tratamos como parte muy importante, muy destacada de nuestras conversaciones que es el combate al narcotráfico. I would also like to refer to a subject that President Reagan and I dealt with as a very important part of our conversations and I am referring now to the war against drug trafficking. El gobierno de México sostiene que la cooperación internacional es necesaria para enfrentar con eficacia el grave problema del narcotráfico maintains that international cooperation is absolutely necessary in order to efficiently face drug trafficking. Estamos de acuerdo en que es indispensable atacar simultáneamente y con la mayor determinación todos los eslabones de la cadena delictiva es decir la producción, la distribución y el consumo. We agree that it is necessary to simultaneously attack all the links of the change that is production, distribution and consumption. He manifestado al presidente Reagan la importancia que concedemos a la campaña emprendida por el gobierno norteamericano bajo su liderato para combatir la distribución y el consumo de estupefacientes en los Estados Unidos. I have said to President Reagan that we believe that the campaign that under his leadership has been established in the United States is very important to combat the consumption and the distribution of drugs. We shall continue to strengthen the cooperation between both governments in order to combat this cancer of modern society. I believe, ladies and gentlemen, that as has been said by President Reagan, this conversation has been particularly satisfactory. It is an additional proof of the firm and loyal friendship that unites our two peoples. We have a great deal to benefit from a dignified, cordial relationship of mutually good for both. I thank President Reagan and the members of his party for the very warm hospitality that they have extended to us. And once again I would like to state the recognition of the government and the people of Mexico for the assistance that was given to us by the United States during the earthquakes in the month of September, particularly the very warm friendship of Nancy Reagan who went to Mexico to be with us during those painful times. Thank you very much.


I'm a parent, I have two children at the school. I think it's a wonderful school. The head and the staff are fantastic. But I felt there's a gap they couldn't fill that Mr George fills with his role. I greet parents and pupils at the gate each morning, which is a great benefit to say hello to them. There's a drop-in surgery, so if they need to come in, I also do home visits. Anything to do with their wellbeing or their child's behaviour. We help children on a one-to-one basis in small groups to recognise emotions and be able to express them. He makes us more confident wherever our problems are.  Mr George is really kind to us, let us play lots of games. He's friendly, he's funny. I'm a fellow pupil of the school. I know the community very well, being part of it, so it's an advantage knowing the parents and the children as well. I think it's a cliché to say that it's like a big happy family, but it's his warmth and personality that make everyone feel so welcome and safe in the school. We are such a team here, so this isn't just one award, this award would be split or melted or chipped into many, many pieces. It would be great to me, but it would also be great for the school, the children and the community.


Oh, hey, here's another road check tip. When you get pulled in by DOT, make sure to keep your seatbelt on as the officer approaches your door. Also, keep your phone at your hand.


Daniel, roi'r bwysig i'r brêffordd ysguol, Roeddwch yn wir yn amlwg gyda'r gofod nesaf o'r hanes gael y Llywodraeth a'r gymryd. O adrarchio. Nodio'r hyn yn gweithio'r gweithio. O'n feryd i'r gweithio'r gweithio o'r hoffordd o'r hefyd, ac mae'r gael i'r cyho a'r hanes, a'r hoffordd o'r hoffordd o'r hoffordd o'r hoffordd o'r hoffordd o'r hoffordd o'r hoffordd. It's not your first time here, you've played here before, not in a competitive fixture, but at the end of last season Brent for B behind closed doors friendly, how does it feel now to be sat in the stadium as a Bradford City player and looking out onto the pitch in anticipation for next year? Yeah no, I'm very excited, buzzing, I can't wait to get on the pitch and try everyone what I can do and hopefully achieve the goals that the team has. You met the manager, spoken to Mark Hughes, what was it that he was saying that was selling Bradford City to you and what have those initial conversations been like? You know, just building on last year, last year the team had a great year and it didn't end how everyone wanted to, but it had a great year overall and played some good stuff, so just building on that and hopefully taking it to the next level. How positive is it to come into an environment like this where like you said the season didn't quite end how we wanted it to, but with a sort of opportunity to build on a successful position in the league where we finished and have that disappointment and have something to sort of build to. As part of a bit of a new squad heading into the new year. Yeah hopefully everyone still has that hunger to succeed and take it to the next level from last year and obviously last year was a good season and just building on that and hopefully me being a big part of that is just what I want to do to help the team. Tell us about what you're like as a player, we know you're right back, what can the Bradford City supporters come to expect? Quite fast, up and down, powerful, you know, good defensively, I think I've got a bit to my game and just want to hopefully I can show it out on there. And your career so far, 20 years old like we say at Brentford, what would you kind of make your career so far? I spent a bit of time last year as well at MK Don's up in Ligue 1, so what's kind of brought you to this point now? Just when I spoke to the Gaffer I don't think there was anywhere else I could go that was for me and for where I'm at right now I think it was perfect and hopefully we can have a great year together. Spent a bit of time out in Argentina as well recently, in the 20 World Cup representing England, how was that as an experience more generally? It was good, it was really good as an experience, you know we didn't quite do what we wanted to do out there but I've wholly experienced the team, great group of lads, great group of staff and hopefully I can bring the momentum that I built there into the season. How much do you think that helps as well as far as an experience is concerned being out there in a foreign country with a different group of players, albeit you probably know most of them around your own age. Having those different strings in your bow and playing on the international scene, playing football, playing senior football, playing new team football at Brentford, you seem to have a lot of experience in different scenarios in the belt already. Yeah, hopefully I can bring it here and for me it's just the experiences make you as a player and I just want to show it every time I play and hopefully give the little experience that I have to the players around me and also learn as much as I can at the same time. You spoke about being eager to get out here, you've no doubt seen the crowds that Bradford City can attract and 15,000 season ticket holders in for the next season, I guess that adds to the experience as well doesn't it and that makes it better playing out on a pitch like this in a facility like this when you've got that many supporters behind you. The supporters here are amazing, I haven't seen that at this level ever, it's one of a kind to be honest and I'm just happy to be a part of it and hopefully I can be a big part of it and play my heart out for the fans at the end of the day. How important is it as a player to shoulder that expectation and to be able to show that you can play in front of crowds like that and you can show these supporters what you can do maybe good times and bad times throughout the season but it's about how you can obviously react to different situations, I think that's quite an important part of being a footballer as well isn't it? Yeah 100%, you've got to be a goldfish as a footballer, you can't, whether your last action was good or bad, you can't dwell in it for too long it's about the next action so it's the same here and hopefully can make many good memories together and not be a goldfish about the good memories. Pre-season just around the corner being training, being new teammates soon, looking forward to that. Yeah 100%, I'm excited, ready to go, I've been working hard so I'm ready to show everyone what I can do. You've got to find a message for those brother city supporters of being here quite soon, cheering on your name. Yeah nah, hopefully we all have some good times here isn't it?


Thank you very much. Thank you, organizers, for giving me a chance to share my ideas with you, maybe not ideas, but my struggle with this material. After so many presentations about which is on film or how it is different between this different region, I decided to skip part of my presentation because I will repair that soon. This map we already have, so I won't comment it, but my test area is Szczecin-Lowland. It is an area on both sides of Lower Older River and Szczecin-Lagun and Pomeranian Bay, so it has both sides of contemporary Polish-German border. It's here, the three different views of this area, it's north-western part of Poland, and in fact it is a north-western area of marginal, so that's why I have a problem with this material. I was trained in Greater Poland and on Szczecin-Lowland material, so working with Pomeranian material, I was shocked how different they are from inland tradition in terms of style, ritual, and temporal changes. Going back to archival materials, I was confronted with quite gloomy picture, small-scale excavation, selective manner of publishing if already published materials, or excavating very generalized views and comments and theories based on single observation, not repeatable. So what makes the story more gloomy is the fact that we have retraveled history during the 20th century, and the methodology was not comparable between researchers of this time. No, it's not in this, ah, no, it's in this. Before I start, we already heard that the Ornfield tradition is far from homogeneity, and the Pomeranian is very, very different from this material, and before I start also on a quick chronology remark, saying late Bronze Age, I mean on usually 4th and 3rd Montailles Bronze Age, because based on the Hortes, this is something like this comparable with the Snowden periodization, but with the early Iron Age, I have a problem with Pomeranian materials because they are usually materials that are connected with Gorica group, or Gorica group, contemporary to Hashtag sea, but we don't have any Hashtag sea style on Pomerania, so actually it's the flowing time of Bronze Age, not the end, something new. It's a continuation rather than something new, so I would like to push the border between Bronze and Iron Age a little bit closer to the end of the first millennium before Christ. Okay, here is my test area with all materials I already have. These black belts are field surveys. There are lots of points, but I won't discuss this right now, but there is a lot of material, but very less information we can obtain from these materials. I try to scratch the view that was in our literature, and we have here this traditional way. We have something that is really very close in terms of rituals to Urnfield, but for every of these points there is a bot. And I'm going to discuss it in details. I try to look for long lasting symmetry. And I have two. One is surely long lasting, and the other it's hard to say. First one is Vartin. Vartin was discovered in late 19th century. It is a bar of symmetry. And this symmetry was excavated before Second World War and soon after. Here we have a plan that was published in 1956, I think summing up the previous excavation outcomes based on the description on the map. This is a quite small area. It's approximately one square kilometer, and we have different kinds of materials here. We have a bar of symmetries. In fact, we have three groups of graves, bar of graves. There is one flat symmetry, and there are some traces of settlement activity dated from Neolithic up to the end of the Bronze Age. So this area was in use for more than 2,000 years. Based on the chronology of both grave and settlement data, this is the thing I've said already. The older barrows, early Bronze Age... Oh, this is not Bronze Age, this is a long barrow of LBK. Sorry, not LBK, Funeral Biker Culture. We have also on this group of... on this area 18 information graves in the stone cysts and without stone construction. They are here, they are dated to the early Bronze Age. And then we have barrows, not this. Barrows, these barrows that are dated to late phases of the early Bronze Age, or middle Bronze Age are situated in this area, in the northwestern part of this barrow group. Also, we have barrows that are connected with the Montelius Bronze Age IV and V. And during the final phases of the Bronze Age contemporary with the hashtag C, there is a small flat cemetery here and the other group of flat graves just near the biggest barrow of the cemetery and the biggest barrow is connected. It is a barrow above middle Bronze Age grave. So we have different traditions here. During those barrows, flat cemeteries mostly covered cremation grave. So it does something orn't feel like. There are several types of grave. Grave in Orn could be dug into the older barrow, dug into the space between the barrows and covered by a completely new barrow. The cremation seems to be a dominant way of disposing the dead. There is also a new group of graves, the small flat cemeteries. This is also a late Bronze Age grave. Grave goods in the late Bronze Age phase of the cemetery are very scarce. Mostly we have here amphora type pot orn with long cylindrical neck. This is the fourth stage of the cemetery based on the map. And then we have this final stage. I still don't want to call it early Iron Age, but it is described as such. There are some Iron Age metals or pieces of iron items inside the graves. But still we have barrows over cremation grave. And the other cemetery I chose for comparison is Dolica. Dolica in fact there are two cemeteries in Dolica. Both cemeteries are placed on moraine ridge over small Inna river. Dolica 30 consists of 20 burrows of which only two were excavated. And no surroundings around these burrows were excavated. So we don't know if there were any flat burials or not. And the Dolica 40 cemetery is even bigger. It consists of 80 burrows, but only 8 were excavated. And there was some excavation between the burrows. So we have also information about 63 flat graves outside the burrows. Burrows contained one centrally placed grave chamber with urn graves. There was also secondary graves dug into the burrow slopes. Flat graves consist usually of urn placed within the nest. Here is a group of so-called flat graves.  There are only two metal objects within whole cemeteries excavated. So it is very difficult to build any chronological line between these graves. All I can say that on Pyrzica plain this is the place where the Dolica site is. During the late stages of the Bronze Age the idea of covering cremation graves with the burrow is still present. But it's not the only form of the grave architecture as such. And other thing is that the cremation seems to be rule without exception, but we don't have any skeletal remains dated to the late Bronze Age or with the materials that is contemporary with the late Bronze Age. So we are not able to verify the hypothesis that there was or in fact or against such a hypothesis that there was any other alternative way of disposing the dead. Oh my God, we need a slide. Okay, this is material from the Dolica. Sorry, it's the typical material of the late Bronze Age. Nothing special in that. And it's not very, very different between the graves, so there's no any tips to build this chronology scale. Okay, in or not without it. We have different graves. Most of them are in Ur. There is also a hypothesis that the earliest crematory cremation graves were just distributed, the remains were distributed over the grave. But we have actually two very rich graves, the richest I think. Here we have one. It is in Bania. It was discovered in the early 20th century where there is a cremation grave, where the rest are on the bottom of stone paving and under the stone paving. In fact, there is no above ground structure above this grave. And there are items 62, bronze items that are similar to the style of the third and fourth Bronze Age. There is another grave less rich, I will say. With the same scenario, we have cremates distributed over the floor of the grave with some materials, but it's not very characteristic for chronology distribution. There is also something like four Bronze Age. Most graves are just urn without any metal elements. There are only one urn. Sometimes there is some additional pot and some very, very few fragments of a thermally-altered bronze item. It's hard to say for all fragments. So, going back to the question, urn-feel or not, this question also has a long history and a gloomy history. Generally speaking, it is something urn-feel like. The cremation must have been linked with a very attractive worldview and this worldview was attractive enough for people on the lower order. So, they, generally speaking, bought the idea, adjusted to their own taste and tradition. Except for cremation with the scarcity of grave goods, other elements of the lower order materials, I mean, hordes and pottery style, are not so heavily linked, so closely linked to urn-feel-to-word. There are many traces that are connected with more northern words, so I would say that it's southern bardic, late Bronze Age, and thank you very much.


Thank you, Lucia. And thanks, everybody. It's really an exciting day, and I'm glad to be here. So I'm going to be talking today about some recommendations. Can you guys hear me in the back? Okay? If that was a concern? Okay. Some recommendations on clinical sequencing at scale that were presented at a future opportunities for genome sequencing and beyond workshop that we held in July of 2014. And I think Eric really set the stage very well for why am I talking today about recommendations.


Robert F. Kennedy Jr. ruffled feathers this week when he told CNN's Aaron Burnett that Joe Biden is a bigger threat to democracy than Donald Trump. Let's watch. But do you really believe that when people talk about the threat to democracy that Trump poses, do you really think that that is equal to Biden? Listen, I can make the argument that President Biden is a much worse threat to democracy. And the reason for that is President Biden is the first candidate in history, the first president in history that has used the federal agencies to censor political speech so to censor his opponent. So I can say that because I just won a case in the federal court of appeals and now before the Supreme Court, it shows that he started censoring not just me, 37 hours after he took the other office, he was censoring me. No president in the country has ever done that. The greatest threat to democracy is not somebody who questions election returns, but a president of the United States who used the power of his office to force the social media companies, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, to open a portal and give access to that portal to the FBI, the CIA, the IRS, the CISA, the NIH to censor his political critics. Representative Ro Khanna, meanwhile, was in for a surprise when speaking to his former school history teacher in a new feature for the Atlantic. He asked his teacher what he thought about former President Trump and this is what the Atlantic wrote happen next. Quote, perhaps Khanna was expecting his teacher to talk about the threat Trump poses to democracy. Instead, he revealed something Khanna didn't know. Longo, the teacher, voted twice for Trump. He praised Trump's business background and told us that he worries about urban crime. In 2017, his daughter and son were struck by a driver under the influence of heroin as they were standing on a sidewalk in New Jersey.  Under state law, prosecutors couldn't charge the driver with a double homicide because Longo's granddaughter wasn't born. The driver pleaded guilty to a lesser charge of vehicular homicide is due to be released from prison next year. The tragedy hardened Longo's views on crime and abortion. Quote, I could not vote for President Biden, he said. So that's a, I think, counter to what Ro Khanna expected from hearing that. You know, we're talking about issues that Joe Biden is confronting as he runs for reelection. Let's go back to the top. RFK Jr., I think surprising Aaron Burnett. I was just surprised that they actually played the entire clip because the mainstream media is now used to just cutting off RFK Jr. sometimes when he like veers off script or something. What did you make of his, what he said? I'm actually shocked that they had him on in the first place, let alone actually played the entirety of what he had to say. But he hits on something incredibly important, which is what I've been saying for years now. And it's that the Biden DOJ is perhaps the most politicized Department of Justice in modern history. You not only have the Biden administration being shot down by the courts for coordinating with big tech companies to censor Americans, but you also have the FBI targeting parents who protested school board meetings, people who attend traditional Catholic mass or Catholic churches. There was an FBI member that came out of the Richmond field office that revealed they wanted to basically infiltrate Catholic churches because they thought that they could be places where they were breeding domestic extremists, essentially. They orchestrated a kidnapping scheme against the Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer, had been arresting pro-life activists for allegedly violating the Faces Act. I mean, across the board, if you put all these things together, it becomes pretty obvious that they have been weaponizing the DOJ against their political opponents. And so I think RFK is 100% correct. Yeah, I've talked about that a lot. I've written about that for a reason, particularly the social media pressure campaign that was underway by the Biden White House, by the CDC, by the FBI, by DHS, and obviously it's being litigated at the Supreme Court right now. And I'm hopeful, although not particularly optimistic, unfortunately, that they're going to slap the administration down and say that they can't exercise this pressure. So I think RFK Jr. was speaking to something obviously that has impacted many Americans, CNN and MSNBC, so narrowly focused on the kind of rhetoric Trump has engaged in and the legal things he did well relating to the election that were very bad and that have gotten him in trouble. But that's not voters' only concern. Obviously, they're concerned about their rights being violated, they're concerned about the economy, they're concerned about other things. I think probably the case that RFK Jr. can make, because he's running against them both, because did Trump do enough, or frankly anything, to de-escalate or turn down these out-of-control administrative agencies that he's now running against? He's trying to convince voters that, well, we didn't get him last time, but this time I'm going to be really worked up about it. I don't know if that's a convincing sell. Because RFK has the advantage of going against Trump on COVID the way that Florida Governor Rod DeSantis really wanted to and Trump sort of neutered him in the womb, so to speak, before he was even able to announce his campaign. But RFK Jr. obviously is very big on sort of natural wellness. He's been speaking out about Big Pharma and a lot of the mistakes that were made during the pandemic in terms of the government restrictions. And Trump, of course, was the executive then. So, I mean, a lot of voters that do have sort of COVID amnesia at this point, but if it does come up during a campaign where the majority of Americans don't like either of the two major party candidates, that could be an issue that RFK could really capitalize on. So I heard a rumor that he had asked Tulsi Gabbard, but she turned him down to be VP for RFK Jr. And now we do have an actual VP for RFK Jr. It's Nicole Shanahan, who's a kind of Silicon Valley tech figure, very wealthy ex-wife of Sergei Brin, one of the Google co-founders, but basically a card-carrying Democrat until at least COVID. I think that's their major overlap in their opinions for an RFK Jr. It's definitely not, I would say it's not a selection designed to win like me over. Obviously, there was some speculation that he was going to maybe join with the Libertarian Party, or continuing this flirtatiousness. There were some elements of the Libertarian Party that wanted him to be the candidate. This pick has, I think, frustrated some of that, or even the voices within the Libertarian Party who were wanting him to be the candidate. You know, this is a play, or maybe it's just that...  It has a lot of money to help get him on the ballot or pursue the campaign, but I don't know that it speaks to issues that contrarian, libertarian, independent-minded people had. Is it a play for their votes? It doesn't seem like it to me. Yeah, if anything, I think it pushes back against the popular media narrative that RFK is a tool of the right and that he's sort of in the Joe Rogan right-wing extremist camp. That's how they've been trying to paint his candidacy. And then he picks, as you've said, a card-carrying liberal Democrat, although she does kind of have that crunchy mom thing that is becoming more popular in right-wing and libertarian circles. I saw, she was talking about IVF recently, and she said something to the effect that IVF was one of the lies sold to women by feminism. Basically, this idea that no matter how old you are, you can have a baby and you can, you know, have your career and put off motherhood until you're 40, 50 years old because now we have IVF and all of these other scientific advancements. Oh, what's so wrong with that? It doesn't really work that way, though. No, I mean, any fertility treatment declines in efficacy as you get older because your womb necessarily can't implant the embryos that they create as well as you get older and you have a higher risk pregnancy so you're more likely to suffer from maternal mortality than some of the other complications that might occur with a high risk pregnancy. Well, I think it should be an option obviously for people who want to pursue it. That's their right in my view. Let's end with that Rokana anecdote that he talked about, his teacher having suffered a kind of criminal issue that has swung him further to the right. That framing of that article is about how the representative wants to position himself as like the next leader of the Democratic Party. You know, does it show that these kinds of figures are, I mean, the distrust I think of, frankly both major parties on handling a lot of bread and butter issues like crime and the economy. I think voters are looking for some new voice to show them like common sense policies to the problems they're experiencing in major cities and in other places. I think the story that he told about what happened to his son and daughter is really instructive about some of the pitfalls of criminal justice reform because in reality when you're talking about things like bail reform or lessening sentences and things of that nature, when you're actually going through the criminal justice process, there's a lot of ways that prosecutors use the current laws in order to make sure people are held accountable. So I'll give you an example. I was recently up in Suffolk County with the DA there, Ray Tierney, he's a very tough on crime prosecutor, and he was explaining why the New York laws regarding the Second Look Act and things of that nature that basically retroactively reduced sentences for people who are convicted of the most serious crimes are quite problematic because in a lot of cases if you're trying to get a homicide charge, you're not going to go for first degree murder, you might go for second degree murder or manslaughter, you might even do a plea deal on manslaughter such that the person gets 25, 30 years because you're worried that you might not have quite enough evidence to secure a conviction and you don't want to risk this someone you think is a murderer getting off the hook. But now if you have, you get 10, 15 years for manslaughter under these criminal justice reform laws, you have people who pleaded guilty down from a murder charge who are getting out super, super early and then potentially going on to recommit crimes. So you're kind of taking away a tool from prosecutors that they use to make sure that they're holding accountable the most serious offenders. There's this against people who are accused of far less serious offenses. It cuts both ways. People who have 20 or 30 or more years who have been languishing in prisons since the 80s or 90s for nonviolent drug offenses that we were trying to let out because of the First Step Act. We don't have the resources, the financial resources to keep these people in prison.  Bail reform, we can have a discussion about that because I'm worried about the repeated mentally ill people on the street or drug addicted people who are punching people in the face and how do we keep society safe from them while still having a criminal justice process that you don't go to prison until you have to be convicted of something and that's how you live in a democracy that extends rights to people and it won't always be pretty or perfect but we can't just willy-nilly lock people up for decades on some kind of pretext. No, so specifically with the Second Look Act that have been advanced in places like New York, California and Washington, D.C. is that they basically say if you commit a serious crime and you're tried in an adult court as a minor that if you serve 10, 15 years then you have to be released. A judge doesn't even get to look at the nature of your crime, whether or not you're truly sorry. They don't really take into account the wishes of the victims, families, etc. and so you're basically talking about murderers, rapists, like it's not people who are in there on drug charges. Like these are by nature violent crimes that Democrats are changing through legislation the amount of time that those people have to serve and I think there's an argument as well for saying that we shouldn't just consider the likeliness to re-offend but we should also consider that sometimes people deserve punishment because they've hurt somebody else and it's justice for that person's family or that person for them to serve a long prison sentence. Yeah, I guess it comes down to philosophically what you think the role of the justice system. For me, I wanted to just basically just to keep people safe. Frankly, if there are people in prison who are not a threat to society anymore and because they've been rehabilitated then I don't want them taking up taxpayer resources being locked away. Now these are not always easy things to determine. So I think judges and juries should have more of a role in determining sentences I would say. There's the mandatory minimum sentences I've not been in favor of because that's been a tool for prosecutors to basically you have to plead guilty because you can't risk actually confronting a jury because then if you're convicted they're obligated to give you a certain sentence and I think judges and juries are the people best positioned to determine. Right, they might say in this case what you did is so reprehensible you deserve like a longer sentence where they might say there's some ameliorating factor here that the law wouldn't necessarily recognize but we could give you a lesser sentence and like those are the people directly involved is the kind of paradigm I would like to see. My pushback on that would be that sort of goes back to what you were talking about where we don't want repeat offenders to be let back out on the street constantly and not actually held for things that they're doing because if you don't have a mandatory minimum in a lot of these cases you basically do end up with people just getting tickets and going right back out on the street. That's one of the big things that's been happening in New York City with the repeat shoplifters is in New York you can't even actually arrest someone for shoplifting. You just have to give them a ticket to appear and then of course they either don't show up or whatever. They arrest the people who try to stop the shops first. Yeah, exactly, yeah. All right, well tell us what you think about this. Let us know in the comments. We'll be back with more content in just a minute.


Like where this tree is, this green one? Yeah, you see the green one that is like in the ground? Huh? You see the one up top, towards the road? Yeah. Yeah. Is that what you want, sir? Anyways, the enemy's coming this way. So we'll do right here. Yeah. We probably now need to see the middle. I just like it. So in sniper school, it's like the backing of the targets. Sometimes I'm not like the normal defeating like.


Hey guys, welcome back to come again TV the only place on YouTube. We're all geek culture collides I'm Shannon and today on the show. We're taking a look at transformer siege war for Cybertron This is Starscream. So let's go ahead and move him out of the way real quick. We'll take a look at the package That side same as usual Side you got Starscream there. He is a Voyager class as it says right there on the box there Back of the box. I mean pretty cool Top you got the Decepticon logo Now something that it does not mention on the box or in the district in the instructions That I thought was pretty cool, I wanted to get this out of the way right off the bat because You can't really tell once it's in transforming mode, but you remember the old Superpowers figures dark side if you shine a light in the top of his head His eyes glowed. Well, I don't know if you guys can see that. Let me turn this light off real quick Can you see that? Let's go ahead Turn this other light off real quick. Maybe you can see it a little bit better There we go, pretty cool.  Now It does come with instructions I'm gonna see if I can do this without the directions because I did just work on transforming him He isn't that difficult to transform Now something I don't like is Number one This part right here really serves no purpose. I mean, yeah, it looks like Starscream, but in the original cartoon He turned into an actual jet and this was the cockpit, you know now this figure it he transforms into more of a Starfighter type deal Which is fine But what purpose does this part serve? I've found during transforming It really just gets in the way and it detaches Quite frequently. It's one of my main nitpicks One of my only nitpicks really is that it doesn't really serve a purpose and It's pegged in there so loosely It just gets in the way as you can see he does come with two blasters, which we'll go ahead and take those out For right now. I do like him.  All right. Now you've got a dual Gear type deal here on in the elbow joint What that does is it rotates it back and down So that the arm folds up into itself rotate back and down all right and You're gonna want The side that has the two slots in it to be on the inside Because it they're gonna peg in To those Right there, okay, so then after you do that now when you get them out of the package This part here It's more than likely gonna be up like that. It works either way. It doesn't really matter.   I'm not sure see what I mean if you fold it all the way in This chest piece comes undone and you can't really Can't really get his head all the way in there even though it looks better All the way in once it's fully transformed So we're gonna see how that goes for right now. All right Then you're gonna want to turn the waist all the way around All right, bring his feet In Just like that Now This part here it goes in it's not hollow like some transformers. I've seen and That's so that you see this gear here it can go up and this part Slides right in there and it's kind of tough and it's the same way on both sides now This part is probably the toughest part there Same with this side. There we go And then we bring this down Just like that and the wings clip in just like that thing and take these guns Peg them into the bottom of the wings Now see what I mean. He he doesn't look like a jet like he does in the G1 cartoon He looks more like a star a Starfighter which is weird Because like I said, what is this cockpit for?  I prefer him in robot mode As opposed to the starfighter mode So what do you guys think? Which do you prefer?  Leave your opinion in the comments below Let me know So anyway, there you have it guys. There's Transformers siege war for Cybertron star screen Hope you guys enjoyed the video Take care geeks If you enjoyed that video make sure you hit the subscribe button right there So you can stay up-to-date on all things geek culture Also, make sure you check out one of these two playlists on the side for more videos Just like the one you just watched I'm Shannon for comment getting TV the only place on YouTube where all geek culture collides Take care geeks