re to chapin's briefing and that there there are two items that uh i think are important to the commission please so one is um in recent past throughout the summer i've been trying attempting to address an unsanctioned skate park issue on the southern connector contract one south of home avenue there was uh some development of a quarter pipe that was not sanctioned or approved by the council and uh gave them that group the opportunity to address that the council and have their consideration of their request to have it continue the council elected to deny their request and that was driven in part by staff's recommendation to deny their request since they didn't provide all the right uh i guess conditions or circumstances that would make it make it safe and limit the city's liability there is likely going to be continued conversation about the balance of other amenities that are out there that were developed in 19 early 19 but actually late 1990s um so just stay tuned on that if you have questions you can contact me well i'll give you a deeper briefing on that but uh our insurance care has raised exception to the idea of it continuing and then the second piece is public works is working very closely with parks and recreation and v-trans to do really a coordinated effort to bring passenger rail to city of burlington but also to uh relocate the bike path segment between college and king street and then it's progressing you uh will likely see work this coming week what what we call early season work for the passenger rail project which is scheduled to start next spring right now they're doing some utility work at college street the trans project is doing utility work at college street but we are also doing uh force main relining there as well at the same time the Vermont rail systems will be looking to realign their rail system to be a single track but be a straighter alignment for passenger rail the this early season work is intended to set elevations for the passenger rail boarding in an unboarding location so it's it's critically important network occurred before the frost is in the ground and we are working very closely with them and other rail operators to make this happen some of which requires city property rights to be exchanged to allow this work to to continue so just thought you should be aware of that activity nice update all right with that bring it to gen item nine commissioner communications uh commissioner gillman objective sorry nothing for me thank you we're glad to uh glad to have you back with us here uh commissioner o'neill um okay i think i just have two things um one was about um the the the public comments at the beginning of our meeting um on the the Burton property and the infrastructure when will that come before us are we going to deal with another half i guess i guess i've here i'm hearing a lot about this issue from people and i go to red rocks regularly so i'm also concerned about just that narrow narrow bridge and and when it's going to when we can um you know have a say in it um if we're going to have a say in it and um what are the other possibilities being considered including the busing suggestion great yes we could bring a report to the commission next month if you wanted on the briefing uh on our roadway reconstruction that's actually actively underway uh our planning efforts to evaluate the addition of a sidewalk or a shared use path along the corridor uh we can discuss you know what we've done to the bridge historically and what's uh in queue uh it is it is an area that where there's a lot of interest uh and i have to say uh we've done a lot of reinvestment uh in that area and there's uh i think a lot more coming down the pike so if the commission would so like uh let the chair know and we can add it to the agenda for next month okay thanks i think does it mean certainly for me the more we're informed about some of this it's easier than to speak in an informed way when when folks ask us questions um so thanks absolutely and i want to be explicit i don't think there are uh specific things that are coming necessarily to the commission uh soon uh the work right now is just a roadway reconstruction of an existing facility um the d rb has already issued the permit for the project so there certainly is a role for kind of future considerations of whether we build a side path or sidewalk uh long-term planning in that area uh those are all fertile discussions whether we rebuild a bridge to a two-way traffic uh or two lane bridge uh but there are no imminent kind of permit related approvals that this commission would need to provide okay so we just deal with the d rb issues as a commission okay um my other my other point um i have is 127 and park street um we're still dealing with um complaints i know it was on c-click fix the and i saw a response um from public works on the i guess is the new flashy light thing that's going to go on there um i really guys like these are kids crossing like going to school and it's 50 mile an hour traffic and sure you might blow by that sign that says 25 before you get to that intersection but like what can we do as a city to to deal with that intersection um like short-term long-term fix i don't know is this a place for a rotary maybe it is um but that that's a really big intersection and you're coming off of 127 and you have you know a seven-year-old walking to school it it it makes me panic and think how are we serving our how we're serving our kids so um what can we do can we lengthen the the light the the pedestrian crossing signal um are there any things that we could do in the short term to just try to make it safer before we rethink like how we slow that traffic down off of 127 great we're uh yeah we're we're uh responding to the concern and we've taken a number of actions this year we have lengthened the red time prior to the walk signal to reduce conflicts we have we are putting up that radar speed feedback sign permanently we adjusted the speed limit approaching that intersection going southbound we added this year as requested a new pedestrian signal at Manhattan and North Champlain that was requested and i'm excited to say we are getting a consultant under contract this winter to look at the design of Manhattan Drive and whether we can tighten the intersections both at Manhattan and Park and Manhattan and North Champlain uh so there's a lot of good work that has happened and City Engineer Baldwin is working on getting approval from the state to clear out the the section of the fence to allow greater visibility so uh we we've got three or four different active strategies underway right now and uh we recognize that the transition from a limited access roadway to a neighborhood is a difficult one in this intersection uh was not designed uh decades ago with a multimodal activity in mind okay thank you i mean i guess i'll just keep i'll just keep asking about it but i appreciate that and i and i know i know that that many of these steps have have been taken and i appreciate that um you're looking to kind of get a consultant there because i feel like we need we need a bigger better solution to slow that traffic down before someone gets hurt thank you yeah and we look forward to engaging you and the public in that uh discussion around uh those intersections and what intersection changes we can uh really implement in the short or long term based on you know the the cost and uh other considerations thank you all right thank you commissioner now commissioner overby um i only had one thing uh i had been asked by former commissioner jared wood about the uh asking some of the the recycling folks when they emptied the bins to not leave the lids open apparently there's um he was he was told that they he's concerned about them filling up with snow in the winter and rain and he was wondering if it would be possible to somehow suggest that that the folks that empty those are flip the lids shut or lay them down or something like that so that they don't end up catch basins for the large ones at this point which have no drain holes on them um and so i said i would relay that um that concern along um and i do want to second the commissioner anneal the bonkers concern about the the speeds and the the traffic coming up to that intersection and i would maybe suggest that i've seen in places where there would be a lights and a sign that basically says uh you're approaching a stop light and in fact you know there are speed bumps and they've done this so that you start hitting speed bumps at that point where it changes you know not speed bumps but those vibration bump things like you have right coming up to a um uh a toll booth so there's a sign that's warning so right around where you're about the 25 mile an hour thing you've got a thing that just says you know you're going to be whatever speed bumps are ahead or vibration bumps or something like that we're going into you're going into a neighborhood i'm just suggesting that is an an option that might we you might want to add because i know it is 50 to 25 people just not paying attention and they might be looking up to see do i have a green light and they're just looking more at the light than they're looking at anything else so those are my comments thank you we got the same call from jared wood i have followed up uh we are clarifying with our recycling collectors that the proper way to uh finish their collection of a bin is to close the lid so we are addressing that and then second uh to your issue of rumble strips we have looked at that one of the considerations is the number of residential units immediately adjacent to the intersection and there are folks who would very quickly uh get annoyed with listening to cars hitting the rumble strips 24 hours a day so we have to find the context sensitive solution that works with the neighborhood as well as uh with the intersection could could they be put back farther down um not right right before you hit the stoplight but at that point i don't know how many feet it back it is where it goes to 25 because you really don't need it right at the stoplight you need it at the point where you're trying to get their attention which would be back where you've already put that 25 i i don't know i'm just suggesting it obviously people that are in a hurry are being they're more focused on getting where they're getting than they are paying attention to the the traffic i remember correctly we uh stepped down from 50 to 35 to 25 so that people had enough time to be aware of the reduction in speed and actually not have it be a speed trap because there's certain standards of practice that are required so right you know the hope was that because you stretch it out a little bit that people are getting it early than late and uh so it'd be interesting to see if there's been a shift in behavior now it's been kind of in existence for a while but well that's a good point maybe you need to just put some of those sensors out there and see if you actually do see a transition from the 50 to the 35 to the 25 then you would know i mean how how what's the percentage of people that are are doing that because there's some people that are just going to speed anyway i mean yeah thank you very much and and i appreciate i'm sure that jared i know the guys in my neighborhood flipped the little small bins on their side when they're empty they don't leave them catching water but those also have bit drain holes so i guess the big ones are the big his concern of the the large ones so thank you very much for considering that all right thank you christian overby christian archibald i think here ends yeah thank you just a feedback on the uh south nuski av changes it seems that the timing of the lights will need to be revisited at some point with significant traffic backups now with the reduced lanes uh so that's one observation i had also i'm curious we at one time explored at the top of church street replacing the stop light which is not a standard application for a crosswalk situation i wonder how the new dynamics on south nuski will change top of church street in that crosswalk scenario and if we could maybe that would help us migrate a little bit easier to an rrfv in that location so i can just bring that up as a couple of observations about the south nuski changes a couple of questions uh i would love the honor director spencer if you could on a status update on one mentor veil as yes absolutely on the on the first one we have identified um a signal timing plan to update the corridor on whenuski it has not been implemented yet it's the old timing plan but so great minds think alike we are evaluating tweaks to improve the throughput on the three lane configuration on the one interval av there should be an email in your inbox this afternoon the signs have been put in and the the spaces have been remarked and if it's uh working great if it's not providing the desired outcome please let me know and we'll continue to work on it yeah great i did see your email i just thought for public benefit it might be worth just sharing a little bit of an update so thank you for that i really appreciate especially the painted lines to to be more standard they're not so far off the roads and how right away properly navigate ironically i did drive by after seeing your email and saw uh someone parked on the green belt there right so you know i i you know i i guess when you have pavement in the green belt the assumption is going to be i can park there and i just wish i know what phil was mentioning you know putting up the signs would deter it but you know you just know people are going to park between those signs and i know there's only so much to do there i'm wondering if we can explore using some of the quick build planters or other items to kind of provide some beautification and at the same time discourage behavior that we don't want to see that be i would love that if some kind of cheap solution kind of digging up that pavement it's not it's not cheap or putting in curb it's just not cheap so yeah something like that would be pretty cool okay yeah thank you for that or another question jumping to another part of town had a comment about the cones on north baths along the bike paths there or sorry i should say the bike lanes on north bath is that not redundant right because we already have marked lanes for bikes why the cones and apparently it's creating a bit of a hazard especially for delivery drivers or people making quick stops right that was a request uh from the new north end and uh we uh received the request to look at additional protection the north aft quarter plan does talk about future protection of the bike lanes the bike lanes in their current form are either marked as bike lanes or their buffered bike lanes which means there's a painted buffer but the long-term plan for north avenue is to provide some level of protection given the pandemic and early on in the pandemic that neighbors were reluctant to ride the bus there were requests in the new north end to try protection with temporary cones we had public meeting that the city councilors organized they got feedback based on the feedback we heard and the codes we had available we agreed to do a season-long effort and after we're done it'd be good to get some input and feedback from folks on what worked and what didn't but the cones will be coming down by the end of this month so in the next week or two uh because we can't manage snow uh with those cones and that's great thank you very much uh sorry I had a list trying to check it out here uh I don't want to get into a larger discussion at this point you're considering the hour as commissioner communications but about setting expectations upon how do we as a community adapt to department's needs in this time of the pandemic so understanding you can't so readily hire say summer interns right so that slowed things down but just to give you an example right our recycling it was last week did not get picked up on its scheduled day right so you know took a few phone calls and it sounds like you know the things happened a couple people called out they were sick or whatever and just couldn't get around to it but but it took significant effort and most of the week but everyone with a question marked over the head saying what's going on here but we readily see communication about you know projects like you know digging up north that I've over near scout and and things like that so wondering when it comes to the nuts and bolts of the city like recycling for example or water or things like that what can we do to take care of those rent and butter type issues as well as we do with uh some of the expansion projects or the capital asset program that we have yeah public information manager Rob Goulding do you want to jump in uh we've been using Vermont VT alert more these days to try to help with that Rob do you want to jump in yeah thank you I think uh Tiki our commissioner Arshenbal I think you raise a really good question one that I really appreciate um one thing we have added recently is a mail chimp account that I think I think uh some folks on this call may have signed up for already and I'd encourage you to do so if you want to hear more regularly from DPW and sign up right from our homepage right on the uh updates screen what that's intended to do is to hit some of these more nuts and bolts things that I I agree I think you know I think on the project side we have greatly enhanced both with my position but also with the amazing amount of work Norm's team does Megan's team does you know the coordination we're doing it to let folks know about big projects and major impacts um I do think that we've taken a step in the direction of hitting some of these you know to to keep using your phrase because I appreciate it and I'm very focused on it the nuts and bolts um Director Spencer has has made it clear that things like that need to be looked after as well I am trying harder and harder to coordinate with our maintenance team who you know they're they're in early they're often in late and they're working their tails off and I think one of the things I need to improve is how I coordinate problems like misrecycling with them because one of the categories you can sign up for on MailChimp right now is a recycling update and we've used it once before where I had some advanced knowledge that uh recycling uh had not been picked up in the neighborhood and so what we wanted to do and what we did was proactively communicate on that you know and it's a small listserv right now we only have a few hundred people signed up but my intent is to get you know massive amounts of people signed up there to let them know about some of these smaller things we've already this uh last week and next people have a reminder blasted out our our fall leaf pickup communication so people are aware of when that is and they get reminders of when that's happening because these are the small things that I think give us you know I think everything we do gives us an enormous amount of credibility but it's these little things that folks expect to hear about expect us to get right especially on the communication side and I take that very very seriously so I agree with you that if if uh you know if one address misses a recycling pickup maybe that's where C-click fix really comes in handy the person can report it of course to get an answer but if it's a neighborhood and we're delayed by a few hours we're delayed by a day we're worse and and there are always as you said good reasons for that the team is working their tails off or they're sick um I still you know it is still my priority that we're letting people know MailChimp is but one way for these non-urgent items Director Spencer's raised VT alert which I definitely encourage everybody to sign up for for these more urgent issues uh well water advisories hopefully we don't have any more but we've already had two water main breaks major road impacts from these are things we've been using VT alert increasingly regularly for so um I think one thing you know in terms of the commission role here is to help me bridge the gap on the technological divide because everything I've communicated right now is uh our tools that we're using text messages emails robo calls for but if you know if there's other ways we can help bridge that digital divide uh you know I think we're all ears so thanks for raising that I think we agree pretty much uh very much with you on that thank you for that and I'm very sympathetic to how hard that must be to communicate those those types of issues uh for length of day you know you're only one person and you know the staff works on basically around the clock so yeah it's gotta be really hard so thank you for entertaining uh it's probably a good time for you to make a plug I think we have Leith Pickup coming up in a couple weeks November that that is sorry I'm putting you on the spot now yeah fall Leith Pickup is um on the schedule for and I'm just gonna double check because I think last year I gave I gave everybody the wrong date director Spencer gave everybody the right date and I corrected him and I turned out I was wrong you're shot a redemption here so to make sure I uh I don't get it wrong and you know don't get reprimanded when you folks leave the call just get it is uh scheduled for November 9th it'll go that entire week uh you're being asked to leave your leaves out that Monday for eventual pickup throughout the week it's maybe slightly different um uh that needs from the maintenance team but November 9th that Monday set your leaves out by our degradable bags by uh by 7 a.m. and they'll be picked up throughout that week but by Friday and if they're missed you're absolutely encouraged to give us a call or or you see ClickFix to have those picked up great thank you that is it for me I appreciate it very much thank you Professor Barr thanks thanks a lot of great comments here it's encouraging to hear all these topics come up and and be discussed um I only had one um from the npa that I attended the word wanted uh an eight npa and it it's involved it involves sidewalks again and I think that first all I'll start start with saying that amazing job that we've been doing bbw's been doing with sidewalks in the city um but one one constituent supported by another was was talking about um some tripping hazards on the sidewalk along pearl and uh near the uh health and rehab center so just just throwing that out if somebody could go down there maybe it's grinding uh you know to level if it can be ground um that's that's one of the one of the things that came up from that and then the only other thing I have is that uh just it jumped into my head when I'm when we were talking about rumble strips and trying to make some changes to the to the surface of a road to help reduce speeds and so forth uh there's a lot of different ways for traffic calming and and reducing speeds um but what one of the things that the mutcd talks about is is actually using paint and there's there's some really good changes in the paint and the color of the paint uh or or the width of the pain as you get closer to an area that that lets you know that this is a slow down area um runways use it all the time when you're out there you can see where planes are coming in so that's just a thought it's a it's an easy thing and it doesn't as as was discussed create rumble strips in front of somebody's house because no matter if you put it at the intersection or down from the intersection somebody's going to be affected by that uh the rumble strips so just those are the only two things that I wanted to throw out so thanks all right thank you commissioner bar commissioner bows uh nothing for me thanks all right um on nine of say briefly I am um celebrating the reduction in conflict points on when you ski out it just it feels feels much better cruising through there it's not absent of conflict points but it's uh vastly improved by my view I'll say zero report on the integrated plan survey reminded me I took that that survey and uh was very very impressed with the uh language in detail there it was not um you know not not your standard uh form had one through five it was uh it prompted a lot of uh at least for me I think above average uh uh thought and processing of uh sort of the options at hand and I'll um I'm hoping that correlates with the quality of what you're receiving from having done that survey but I was uh impressed with how that was organized and yeah I guess that's all all I have with that I will close out agenda item nine let's move forward to agenda item 10 adjournment and next meeting dates scheduled for november 18 motion to adjourn the motion from commissioner bar second oh who got it was it commissioner gillman with a second nice okay is there any discussion around that motion all right all in favor who say aye aye all right I for myself any post all right we are adjourned in 942 thank you all


I wouldn't say this is overly for clubbing. I wouldn't say this is overly for a date, but it has a nighttime vibe and that's exactly what they were going for. Hey, what's up guys, it's Josh here. Today I wanna do a little review on Abercrombie & Fitch's Fierce Night. Now this is a fragrance that a lot of people have suggested to me to review for a long time. I just tried Abercrombie & Fitch's Fierce Reserve. Although it wasn't the best fragrance ever, it didn't beat the classic Abercrombie & Fitch fragrance. I really enjoyed the kind of tone that they were going with and I actually do hope that they keep Fierce Reserve around for a little while. However, the new Abercrombie & Fitch Fierce Night and Fierce Reserve so far have gotten pretty good high marks for me and I'm really enjoying them and I really hope that Abercrombie keeps them around for a while because I do think they're on to something. Citrus, bergamia, lavender, foliage, musk and woody elements. Now, seems like a pretty simple scent and in my opinion it is a very simple scent. When I first smelled this fragrance, it reminded me of Abercrombie & Fitch's Colden. Fierce Night smells closer to Colden than it reserved us and it almost has a little bit of that Colden kind of look because Colden has what looked like a dark green to me and this kind of looks like a dark green but kind of similar. I do not think these should have the Fierce name on them. This one in Abercrombie & Fitch Fierce Reserve just because there's almost no tie into the Fierce. I think Abercrombie wanted to say, hey, we're gonna make a really good fragrance so we're gonna call it Fierce so you go and buy it because it's gonna be good. Although that is part of the reason that I bought it and I do think the fragrance is good. It has almost no comparison to the original Fierce and in my opinion this smells way closer to Colden versus anything else.  He actually tried this out amongst a bunch of friends. He said this was definitely his favorite out of the batch and he was even showing some girls and apparently the girls that he showed liked this fragrance a lot more than reserve. Comparing this to reserve and to Colden. Reserve, I really like it. It just is a little hard to pin down. It's a little hard to understand what it's going for. This is much simpler than Fierce Reserve. Right away when I smelled it I was like kind of a little bit turned off because it was so simple but once you compare this to Fierce Reserve this is kind of a tuned up picture and I do think that people might like this a little bit more just because it's very linear. It doesn't really change too much versus Fierce Reserve kind of dances between a lot of different fragrances. The pros is that it's extremely likable. It has a very, very good presentation. It has some classic Abercrombie and Fierce vibes. A little bit of that Colden vibe. Actually a good amount of that Colden vibe to me but then also it has something like yeah that kind of smells like Abercrombie. Abercrombie has this little tint that they'll put on fragrances. It's hard to describe but it just smells like Abercrombie and I do smell that in this fragrance which I really do enjoy. This is very, very good for the night, surprise, surprise. You know what's funny about this fragrance is that you think of nighttime, you think of clubbing or date nights and stuff. Although you could use this in any situation with night it is a general night scent. I wouldn't say this is overly for clubbing. I wouldn't say this is overly for a date but it has a nighttime vibe and that's exactly what they were going for. Very, very, very safe. Now I will say that I really liked Abercrombie and Fitch Colden but compared to this fragrance I found that Colden has a little bit of an extra vibe to it, a little bit of like this earthiness to it that's a little hard for me to pin down. If you take the Colden DNA and you make it more likable and you kind of insert typical cologne vibes into the Colden DNA in my opinion you get this and I felt that Colden was already super, super likable but I do think that this actually is a tad more simple and likable, it just is. So I gotta say very safe and very likable with Fierce Night. So let's jump into the cons of this fragrance. The cons is that it has average longevity and projection. Now this is all Abercrombie and Fitch fragrances. I feel like this is a tad, like just a hair weaker projection than something like Colden or something like Fierce Reserve. Now it's really close in the ballpark. I wouldn't say it's bad but I would say it's right in the middle, maybe lower middle, but at the same time it will get the job done. If you are in close quarters, if someone does hug you they are gonna smell it probably a few hours later but it just doesn't have a lot of good projection along JVD, most Abercrombie fragrances don't but I had to include it here. Not for the high heat obviously because it's Fierce Night. It just isn't a summertime scent. It isn't a high heat scent. It's more of a slightly cold weather scent and another con is that it is very simple. I found Colden to be one of the more simple Abercrombie and Fitch fragrances as it is and I do find that this is even more simple so kind of had to put that in there but at the same time it doesn't smell like any designer really. It just smells in my opinion closer to Colden. What situations is this good for? I think for the gym I think this is okay. For the gym I think this is good to okay. It's not the best but it's generally really likable. It's somewhat light, it would be good. A date I would say this is good. Not overly great. It's sexy but you could find fragrances that are sexier. It's okay for a date is passable. Classroom yes, this is probably one of the better ones. I would say Abercrombie has very, very good classroom projection, close quarters very, very good work. I think this is okay again. Not really super bad but not really super something I would recommend for work so right down the middle. And then for my smell rating I'm gonna give this a smell rating of between a 7.5 to an 8 out of 10. The only reason that I wouldn't rate this fragrance any higher than that is just because it is a little simple but 7.5 to an 8 very solid. For likability this is definitely its strongest suit. I'm gonna go with a 9 out of 10. I don't really think anybody is gonna dislike this fragrance. Even if you got a person who's like I really don't like strong fragrances. I don't like when people wear perfumes. This is a fragrance that I think people are just gonna like no matter what. It's very likable, 9 out of 10. And then longevity and projection. I'm gonna give this between a 6.5 to a 7 out of 10. Now I wanna say I've definitely smelled fragrances that are weaker than this. This one was just about average, maybe just the slightest bit below average but a lot of people online and other people have said that they get good longevity and projection with this one. I've tried some extreme powerhouse fragrances so I'm kind of putting this in the realm of every single fragrance ever created. I'm talking about fragrances that'll last in your clothes for like days up to a week. Comparing those to this fragrance I gotta give it a 6.5 to a 7. It's my final verdict on Fierce Night. I actually do enjoy this one. It's not something that overly impressed me. It's not something that I'm gonna jump to and grab for like I wanna wear something special. Doesn't really scream that. But for the recent Abercrombie releases and because I like Holden, I do think this is a very good fragrance compared to all the other fragrances they released, you know, 2016, 2017, 2018. I did really like Authentic. It's the one that kind of smells a little bit like Aventus. That one's kind of more for the warm weather. But this one, it just has more of an Abercrombie vibe than Authentic and I do think this actually projects a hair more than Authentic. So if you're watching from Abercrombie, please keep this and Fierce Reserve available for at least a little while. I really do like the fragrance. I really think that it is a slight step up. We're not back to like the top tier Abercrombie's where it was like so, so, so good. People don't even understand. We're not that high, but we're kind of climbing the ladder. I think the worst thing you could do is get rid of these fragrances quick because the chances of you just creating another one that's gonna be as good as a reserve or as good as Fierce Night, kind of low. I like all the stuff about it. What do you guys think of this fragrance? Have you tried this fragrance? Have you not tried this fragrance? I'd be very interested to see down below. Yeah, I tried a pretty good amount, maybe like between a half and a third, somewhere between there. But thank you so much for watching the video. You are the best. We're on the road of 50,000 subscribers. I couldn't do without any of your guys' help. Thank you guys so, so much. I'm having a great day out here. Hopefully having a great day at home. See you all in the next video. Peace.


Howdy everyone welcome to the next session. I want to introduce to you Ian Smith This is a man who has stood up to tyrants in his state.  So he's had a he has a wide national effect He's also very knowledgeable about globalism and the effects of globalism on masculinity in the family And he sports an Odin beard worthy of any frost giant killer Good afternoon. I am very happy to be here for my second year at the 21 convention last year I spoke amidst the COVID quote-unquote crisis and in the middle of a very nasty and and lengthy battle with the entire state government of New Jersey I gained notoriety two and a half years ago on the national stage because Somebody came along into my life And told me that I wasn't allowed to provide for my family. I wasn't allowed to do my service Which I am extremely passionate about to the community and Basically told me that everything that I hold of value and all value that I can provide Was no longer needed wasn't necessary My business partner and I decided that we were gonna reopen our gym and well, I guess the rest is history and I've come today to share with you Some of the things that I've learned along the way What we did two and a half years ago was probably One of the most proud moments of my life one of the biggest accomplishments that I've ever had as a young man however Before I tell you about that before I tell you about the lessons I've learned I'd like to also tell you about my greatest failures as a man and my darkest moments as a man Because this isn't a highlight reel And I'm by no means a perfect man In fact far from it, but I am a trying man, and I am a growing man And I think that that's an important thing for all of us to remember today And I hope that after I tell you the stories of how I wound up here that I can leave you with a lesson or two And maybe answer some questions for you about Masculinity and what it looks like in today's modern world It's a question that I only began to ask and be asked Two and a half years ago when I decided that I wasn't gonna close my gym. So Once again, my name is Ian Smith Pretty regular childhood Nothing out of the ordinary I was raised by a single mother who did her absolute best To raise me well. She did a pretty good job But I think as all of us here in the crowd and everybody watching understands that You can't raise a man being a woman But there's something else missing as I was growing up. I always looked around for some sort of example how to be a man and I started to form my identity and I Decided that I wanted to be tough But I didn't know what that meant. I decided that I wanted to be strong I didn't know what that meant. I decided that I was opinionated and that I had Strong beliefs, but I didn't know how to express them. So as a young teenager. I grew wild I grew restless and reckless When I was in college 19 years old 20 years old, excuse me. I was a hard part of your Had no respect for anybody Authority good or bad I didn't really have a set of values only what served me best in that moment. I Was good at getting what I wanted and That usually meant stepping over or on people to do so Something I'm not proud of Always got my way one way or another and And it eventually wound me up in in a lot of trouble in April of 2007 I woke after a night a very typical night At college. I didn't leave the campus that night Looked like any other normal college night for a kid who lives on campus 20 years old having everything paid for them student loans Barely focusing on school doing the bare minimum to get by trying to make make the most of that time there Drank in excess what was Considered normal for me was definitely in excess looking back at it and I went to sleep that night The next morning I woke In a hurry late to work didn't really have a real job It was doing something for my parents Woke up with about a half hour to get there and took about an hour to get there So woke up in a rush. It was the end of the school year. So I threw some stuff into my car. I Got in it and I just started barreling toward my destination About 20 minutes later I Became the sole reason For an automobile accident in which took the life of a 20-year-old man Barreled through a stop sign going well in excess of the speed limit Well in excess of what was posted and well in excess of what was even reasonable Why because I was a selfish asshole and I didn't really care about anybody else in the world around me I just needed to get to where I was going Blew a stop sign and t-boned that young man. He was dead on site I Remember the accident very vividly and it's probably something I'll never forget and came to after the collision and Didn't really know what happened.  I realized that it was serious hopped out of the car and Ran over to the other vehicle What I saw Was the worst thing that I've ever done Saw a young man trapped in a vehicle that had collapsed on him with absolutely no chance of helping Fast-forward went to the hospital For some reason or another I sustained minor injuries a couple missing teeth a lot of glass in my forehead, but I was otherwise, okay Still smelled like alcohol because I had drank so much the night before that it was pouring out of my pores And there was still alcohol present in my system So not only did I do something terrible and Make a huge mistake I'd look like a genuine piece of shit in the process nine o'clock in the morning, and I still had a above the legal limit blood alcohol level the next weeks go by and Trying to deal with this feeling bad for myself asking why How did this happen? How did I not see it coming? Why didn't I just roll over and go back to bed that night or that morning? And you know the only way I can describe how I felt In those couple weeks afterwards My phone would ring and it wouldn't even elicit a response. I wouldn't even look to see who was calling.  She's a public school teacher or was That I should speak about what happened And I didn't want to do it but Being the selfish asshole that I was at the time. She said, you know what it might look good for your sentencing I said, okay Went they put me up in an auditorium full of 500 kids Had no idea what I was gonna say I just got up there and I told my story and afterwards The principal of school came up to me and he said, you know I've been doing this for 20 years.  I mean I've done presentations for years and years and years for these kids and he said you captivated them Do you mind if I give your number to some of my colleagues? said sure wound up speaking at 25 schools before I Was sentenced to five and a half years in prison and Right before I was sentenced It's a very strange feeling when you know you're going away. There's this sort of ticking clock over your head Feels like very hard to stay motivated to stay focused to even give a shit You know, I had already felt bad enough about what I did And now it kind of seemed like my life was over too 20 years old facing down ten years in prison for What was totally Something that I never meant to do that was an accident that if I could change places with that young man, I would didn't matter though justice had to be served and Couple weeks before I went away never slept very well I would sleep a couple hours a night no matter what I did I'd always relive that scene getting out of my vehicle walking up to the other vehicle and seeing a young man trapped dead I Went into the mirror I assume I went to the bathroom and it was we hours of the morning And I remember kind of having a moment Where I caught a glimpse of myself in the mirror and I was still still pretty banged up I looked like two-faced kind of from Batman I had hit the windshield with one side of my face so I had all these scars and Cuts all over it and I was missing teeth on this side but pretty normal looking on the other side and I I looked at myself and I actually started to laugh Because I thought look at you you fool Look at what you've done.  I Remember thinking to myself What now? Where do I go from here? What do I do? How do I make this better? Can I make this better? Should I even try and I sat there looking at myself for a while and I came to the conclusion that not only should I Change my life. I had a responsibility and a duty to do so I had a responsibility to the young man who was killed Because my my recklessness and carelessness and if I didn't Strive to be a better man and if I didn't strive to somehow repent from my sins that That that would be an insult To the young man who passed away and an insult to his family and to everybody that I hurt By doing what I did so I resolved that in there that I would figure it out I didn't know what that meant. I didn't even know who I wanted to become what my values were or How to get there fast forward 21 years old The gavel bangs. I'm sentenced to five and a half years in state prison. I Don't remember a whole lot that day a lot of crying Kind of like being at your own funeral You're surrounded by family and nobody really knows what to say. It's not a whole lot to say people are just trying to be there for you and Before my sentencing a Family member of the young man who passed away came up to me outside of the courtroom and Said to me are you Ian? I said yes. She handed me a card and she walked away opened up that card and in it just said We don't hate you We hate what you did and I Remember feeling a huge weight lifted off of my shoulders Because that was forgiveness like I've never experienced and And I felt an even greater sense of responsibility moving forward because somebody had given me that gift That probably wasn't very easy for that person to write And to say the gavel bangs I hear my mom's scream as I'm sort of ripped away from her and off I go 21 years old kid from the suburbs who's Pretended like he was tough his whole life, but really wasn't Getting thrown in with the big dogs in in one of the roughest County Jails in Jersey You know and and that's never fun. You go in and you might get two shoes One's probably the wrong size your pants are probably three times too big and they're still wet from whatever laundry the prison offers and you know you're kind of sent in to this Holding area, and I was just trying to take it all in and I remember sitting there a couple days in and It was actually a weekend and I had made a friend in this older gentleman who was getting ready to to serve 18 years and I remember we were we were playing cards, and I I was like man a week went pretty quick like I wasn't too bad and And then I started to compute how many more weeks I had to do And I remember feeling like the walls were closing in And I couldn't breathe and I started to just absolutely panic because it was hundreds compared to that one So I was shipped off eventually to state prison and the first year Was about learning how to survive Prisons are a little micro societies They all operate a little bit differently depending on the demographic and who's in it and what the ratio of Groups are in there and that was my first experience With tribalism I had never experienced it, you know, I wasn't I wasn't in a fraternity in college. I wasn't a On sports teams or anything growing up. I didn't have that that bond Between men where You're willing to go to Really really far extents to protect each other and to make sure that not only are you okay?  I never really wanted anything that bad I was never really deprived of anything to the point of discomfort and Hunger and all of these all of these feelings that I've never really felt before Feeling alone feeling desperate feeling completely powerless Being told when you're gonna eat what you're gonna eat how much you're gonna eat When you sleep when you wake up when the lights turn on when the lights turn off Where you can go who you can be around with what you dress like What type of materials you can read what type of television you can watch what type of communication you can have with the outside world? You don't get anything you have to earn all of it. So About a year in sort of figured my way through things and I was approached many times To join these different groups. I just kept saying no hip saying no kept saying no Eventually I ran into a little bit of trouble with this particular group and wound up in a little bit of scuffle and because of that I wound up in solitary confinement Not a fun time When you don't know who you are Being alone is a very scary thing Very very scary thing being alone and being unable to be distracted Was one of the scariest things I've ever had to face down That was 22 years old And I knew nothing about myself. I Didn't know what my fears were. I didn't know what my dreams were I didn't know what my values were and everything that I thought I was was just sort of a projection There was not a whole lot of substance to it. I may have said things and acted certain ways But I never lived any of these things And I remember how loud The silence was and how intimidating it was But I'm actually very thankful and grateful for the opportunity Because I had to sit with myself for weeks No contact nothing to do. You're gonna sell 24 hours a day You might come out to make a phone call every three days for about 15 minutes Well, other than that it's 24 hours a day. Just you and your thoughts and Eventually I Started to use the time well at first. I would just try to sleep because I was trying to be distracted and I was trying to escape Because there was all these nagging questions That were that I could hear that I didn't want to answer that I didn't want to address Or that I was too scared to even think about and eventually I got myself a pen and a paper and I started to write some things down Started to answer some of these questions and I took the time to figure out What I wanted What I wanted to be What I wanted to do and the mark that I wanted to leave on the world


China has very old civilisation and Europe has a number of old civilisations and both of them are aware that the future of our species depend on living in harmony with the environment. Europe has had the tradition of the last 20 years of protection of the environment and China has arrived at this position through its planning process and through its civilisation as a matter of fact. So Europe and China together will lead the world in terms of cleaning up the environment and removing the threat of CO2 which is incredibly dangerous for our species at the moment. So I'm looking forward to both blocks working together to deal with this issue. I think China will be able to deal with the third world much more effectively than than the former colonisers and I think Europe will be a beacon and will get copied by a lot of developed countries such as America because there will be a lot of new technologies flowing from this green revolution and Europe is going to be is to the forefront of these at the moment being caught up by China but together we can affect a transformation in the way we make electricity the way we use energy and the amount of energy that we use. Well it's a rather philosophical construct the way it's interpreted in China. China had this series of invasions that happened over the last 200 years and where people like you know the British, the Americans, the French particularly the Japanese just invaded and slaughtered at will and their whole civilisation was brought to the brink of destruction and they regard this time as the as the century of humiliation and then along came Sun Yat-sen, Dr Sun Yat-sen and Mao Zedong and you know they achieved you know the people's product of China in 1949 and they began to realise every leader in China realises that you know to be rich is good, to be rich is powerful, to be powerful is free to determine your own future as a civilisation, as a subspecies on the planet. So this is seen, it's seen as very important to their national ability to to determine their own future and help determine the future of the world. They see you know being rich, being powerful as a necessary component of that and if they look around and if you look around history it's the it's the rich and the powerful that have dominated trade and you know political events, military events as well although China has absolutely no interest in military conquest. It prefers to live in harmony with everybody else according to the precepts of Confucius. I think it's great what has been proposed in China. First of all it's directional, they're going in this direction and China has consistently confounded the West with its ability to deliver on its promise and it's made many promises to itself. The wealth of China has increased by a factor of 15 since Deng Xiaoping set China on this on this current course. So despite a hesitant start in Shenzhen when there was only 183 trades in the first 100 days since they set up the the carbon trading scheme there and notwithstanding the fact that Chongqing has pulled out of the of the initial seven zones that were targeted, my feeling is that China will achieve what it sets out to achieve provided that it learns from lessons of its own recent past. It's there's a voluntary element in others a free market element but there's also a compulsive element to it. You should do this. This is our target, this is what we will achieve. We're going to learn from what goes on in the provinces and in the cities that's the way that's the Chinese planning methodology. It is the most democratic, it is the most profound planning methodology that I've ever read about or heard of and it goes on to today even the way they transition from one leadership group to another leadership group keeps a consistency of planning going. So if China says it's going to achieve 45 percent reduction I for one would believe that until evidence of the contrary emerges.


Tape's up and we're away. Certainly Dawler's made a smashing start. Then up to Smarzlik, having dropped back three in time. Here he comes, fabulous move from Smarzlik. Made a big long straight down the back. Right from the get-go. Yeah, absolutely. Comes off the outside gate, doesn't get there. Beauty just beats him to the corner here. Perfectly timed cut back. He's actually got three riders ahead of him at that point. Look at the speed he generates, the confidence that he rides through that gap. Well, Jason Doyle, I don't think he would have known what hit him there. He was just about to turn into the corner. Tape's up, away we go. Mickelson's made a good start on the inside. Martin Bashalik electing to go high and wide. He's going to get speed here. Oh, look at that from Frick. You're right. Brilliant stuff from Max Frick. Where did he find that from? Mickelson trying to repay the compliment. Pushing hard up the inside. Martin Bashalik now. Brilliant stuff from Martin Bashalik. Charges up the inside. Block pass there. Water move from the side. Martin Bashalik right now as the upper hander looks good. He looks good on the bike there. Just runs out really wide. A little bit of a mistake from him there because that helped Mickelson to run across his run there to get out of the throttle. Meanwhile, Max Frick's hit the front with that injury that we know he's hampering him quite a bit. Bit cautious. Tares. Mickelson runs across. He knows he's coming. But that man, Bashalik's watching all this going on. Just runs straight down the inside. Hits himself in front. Runs across Mickelson. Doesn't give him a clean run around the outside. Great ride from Martin. Tech's up. We're in the way. Uli's made a good jump. But Dudek just about there. Here comes Holder around the outside. But Dudek has pushed Uli wide. Holder. Brilliant. That's just opened up beautifully. Chopped back to the inside. Long back straight. We see it here so often. Holder. His meeting's on track. This is going to be a real battle, isn't it? Between himself and Bashalik. Absolutely. Uli made a good start there. But Dudek just used that advantage of being on the inside of him. But look at that from Jack Holder. He just gets his wheels in line a little bit earlier. Runs down the banking. And let's Dudek know that he's coming as they enter turn three on the first lap. Great ride from Jack. Didn't really carry a lot more speed than anybody else once the race settled down. Didn't really go away from Dudek. Down now. Takes her up. We're away. Becker's got that. He holds the inside. Here comes Lingwin round the outside. Becker's going to be vulnerable down the back straight and he is. Oh my goodness gracious me. Freddie Lingwin there. Clowns the fence. Dole didn't give him a lot of racing room. But Freddie Lingwin is surged to the front. Lou Becker was just pushed aside. Gets awfully tight down the back straight on the opening lap. Jason Doyle actually makes a decent start from gate three that hasn't been working. Freddie Lingwin here. High wide line. No room there. And he still squeezes through. Let's have a look at it from this angle. Riding up the berm. He's up the berm there a bit. Tony Rickardson style. Oh he's had a shape. Yeah absolutely had a shape. And everybody doing very well to stay on there. Lou Becker once again he's at the front. You know he really is mixing it at this level. But there the determination of Freddie Lingwin squeezes past the outside of Jason Doyle. Then up the inside of Lou Becker. Super ride from him. Down in second place. This is a tight battle between the two British riders. Down the back straight for the final time. Lambert now. Lambert round the outside. He's got lots of speed. Robert Lambert. What a smashing ride from him. He just couldn't make it count. And then he squeezes his allegiance to the outside. Actually Dambele got defensive. That was probably his mistake. He went around the inside, gave the room and the grip to Robert Lambert. And he took full advantage of that. Smashing ride from Robert Lambert who's had a tough night but has come through in flying colours there. And puts himself into the semi-final.


We don't usually cover the regular, unusual anomalies found by the countless Amity UFO investigators out there, who are tirelessly combing the terrain in and around our neighbouring planets, moons and asteroids, in a search for possible alien craft, artificial structures or even ancient ruins. Although some of these formations can indeed be intriguing, they're often easily disregarded as mere natural formations. However, our next anomaly, we believe, could be seen as a considerable mystery. Since its launch on the 9th of March 2003, the probe explorer Hayabusa has completed several interplanetary flybys, travelling a total of 2 billion kilometres to arrive at an asteroid known as Itacaua, or more precisely, 25143 Itacaua. On September 12, 2005, successfully carrying out numerous scientific observations of the asteroid since then. However, what is astonishing regarding this new research is what has been found within these new images taken of our space-travelling neighbour. It seems, during its enormous orbital journey around the cosmos, it's picked up an unusual passenger, clearly no normal space debris. This mysterious object, now perched or possibly impaled upon the front of the asteroid, looks for all the world like an artificial satellite. A huge perfectly spherical object, with three clearly distinct yet not too damaged legs or more likely receiver antenna protruding from the area which impacted the asteroid. It's resting upon the so-called Wumerra Desert District of the Space Rock and was clearly not there the last time it was photographed. Could this object possibly be a satellite from an alien planet? Maybe still active? Did the asteroid have an extremely close call with a possible alien neighbour, avoiding an impact we would have never learnt of? Itacaua is a Mars crosser asteroid and interestingly it was the first asteroid to be the target of a sample return mission by a space-going nation and is still the smallest asteroid ever photographed. It was discovered in 1998 by the Linear Project and was given the Provisional Designation 1998 SF-36. However, in August 2003 it was officially named after Hideo Itacaua, a Japanese rocket scientist. Maybe Hideo spotted something. The object it now carries is clearly not of normal formation. Not only does it not look natural, but displays a symmetrical design similar to those found within our own artificial objects, such as satellites. And due to this object being caught floating through space, just like our own satellites do, it's undoubtedly a very compelling anomalous object. Was this small asteroid chosen for the first major exploratory program above all other asteroids because the Japanese knew something we didn't? Just what could this object be? We just hope they explore it further. And whatever they discover, they share it with the world. Less 1 and 2, the Lincoln Experimental Satellite 1 and 2, were essentially identical experimental communication satellites. Less 1, launched from Cape Canaveral on 11th February 1965, accomplished only a few of its objectives. Apparently because of the misfiring of the ordnance circuitry, the satellite never left circular orbit and ceased transmitting in 1967. Because too, the twin of Less 1 fared much better, it achieved its planned final orbit on 6th May 1965. However, Less 1, the American satellite, abandoned in 1967 as a piece of space junk has mysteriously began transmitting signals, and amateur radio astronomer in North Cornwall accidentally picked up the signal and after cross-checking with various lists, has identified it was Less 1 built by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and launched in 1965 and has been drifting out of control ever since, Phil Williams from near view noticed its peculiar signal and suspects it's caused by a tumbling end over end. He believes every four seconds the solar panels become shouted by the engine, it gives off a signal, a particularly ghostly sound as the voltage from the solar panels fluctuates Phil says. It is likely that the on-board batteries have now disintegrated and something has caused a transmitter on 237 MHz, the lead for decades to have been dead and lost to the vast emptiness of space to mysteriously start up again. Phil says it's remarkable to think that electronics built nearly 50 years ago, 12 years before Voyager 1 and long before microprocessors and integrated circuits, is still capable of working in the hostile environs of space. What do you think of the less's mysterious signal? Has it been hijacked by aliens attempting to make contact? Let us know in the comments. Thanks for watching, subscribe for more. Undoubtedly, one of the most spectacular and beautiful planets of our solar system, Saturn. Although other planets, such as Jupiter, also own a ring, they are too faint to see without powerful orbital telescopes. An Earthly physics-defying polar storm, spotted by Voyager in 1981, had wind swirling in a hexagonal shape. This most peculiar of storms was confirmed by the infamous flyby by Cassini in 2006. However, Saturn's rings are not just made up of mountainous-sized blocks of perfectly pure eyes. Intriguingly, there does indeed exist claims by ex-NASA employees of objects of extraterrestrial origins and or interest locked within the orbit of this gigantic planetary orbital ring, with some going further with, which what others claim are tin-pot theories that said objects are, in fact, sending our planet peculiar radio signals. We find Saturn, and indeed the secrets it may be hiding, especially within its spectacular ring, highly compelling. We can visit other people with their habitation. We can keep track if there's something very important to be developed from the moon. Later we can explore the moon and develop the moon. We should go boldly where man has not gone before. Fly by to comets, visit asteroids, visit the moon of Mars. There's a monolith. They are a very unusual structure on this little potato-shaped object that goes around Mars once in seven hours. When people find out about that, they're going to say, who put that there? China's U-2 rover, currently exploring the surface of our moon, has exposed an intriguing discovery, a mysterious object that many are labeling the hut. It is a cube-shaped curiosity, which oddly just appears to be resting upon the moon, as if once placed. In previous videos we have examined similar anomalies many believed to be obelisks. We can visit other people with their habitation. We can keep track if there's something very important to be developed from the moon. Together we can explore the moon and develop the moon. We should go boldly where man has not gone before. Fly by to comets, visit asteroids, visit the moon of Mars. There's a monolith. They're a very unusual structure on this little potato-shaped object that goes around Mars once in seven hours. When people find out about that, they're going to say, who put that there?  A moon, which not only appears to be hollow from one side, but is on a decaying orbit which does not make sense, almost as if it were a ghost of the past, earthly calculations revealing that the moon should have disintegrated into Mars long ago. Yet the moon still exists, along with its mysterious so-called monolith. Yet I digress. The thing that makes these objects so interesting is how they seemingly appear to have once been placed where they have rested for untold millennia. No contact trail, no debris, dust plume or disturbance at all, and, most importantly, no crater of any form. Unfortunately, however, according to Chinese space officials, it may be a long time before the rover reaches the object if at all. One major reason is that U-2-2 isn't active most of the time. The solar-powered spacecraft cannot operate during the 14.5 Earth-day-long lunar night, nor for roughly 24 hours after sunrise and before sunset. U-2-2 also stays offline during lunar noon, as temperatures at that time can reach 127 degrees Celsius. What is this object? Another photographic study and detailed research into its precise location needs to be undertaken. It is an object which we find highly compelling.


Let's get a good solid definition of epithelial tissue. What exactly is it? Like how would you define it on a quiz? Epithelial tissue is a sheet of cells that line a space.  But I guess when we're talking about in reference to the space, the epithelial tissue is found lining the edges of the space. So think about this. My skin is lining a space. This is a space, do you agree? Guess what kind of tissue is found on the superficial edge of my skin? It's going to be epithelial tissue. Open your mouth.  What is a mouth? What is the space inside your mouth? It's your oral cavity. The oral cavity is lined by epithelial tissue. I can't help it. Your entire digestive system is a giant tube with a space in the middle of it. And that space, guess what, lines the inside of the tube. It's epithelial tissue. So no matter what, if you see a space and there is a tissue next to it, chances are excellent that that is an epithelial tissue. So characteristics of epithelium, you're always going to see it next to a space. Now, I say that for, let's see, baby histology students. That's you guys. I'm not a baby anymore. For the histology students, sometimes we look at a slice of something. And there's a giant space in it, like right in the middle. You're like, dude, what is that? I'm looking at a chunk of muscle and there's this huge space in the middle. Why? I wouldn't expect a space there. It's not a space. It's an accident. It's like an artifact of the process of making the slide in the first place. And that's something that you'll just get used to. You'll get used to seeing, oh, I would expect a space here. I wouldn't expect a space here. This is why histology is, I think, kind of challenging for students, because it takes time.  So find your spaces. And then you'll know that you are finding your epithelium. Epithelial tissue is closely packed. Closely packed. The cells are closely packed together. I feel like I want to draw you a picture. So let me just do that. Look at how closely packed my cells are. What? These are all cells. Are they square? There are cells that are cuboidal in shape. They probably don't have these nice sharp edges that I've drawn. But look, this is a space. So what kind of tissue is this? It's epithelial tissue. And you know it because, whoa, here's a space. And I'm telling you that it's a real space and not some artifact in your slide. Look at how closely packed these puppies are. Are you kidding? That's awesome. They also, okay, because they are so closely packed, this is another characteristic. They're avascular. Do you know what that means? They're avascular, which means there's no blood. There's no blood supply. Think about your skin. We already decided here's a space. So we have epithelium lining the skin. So, oh my gosh, I can't even remember what I was going to say. There's no blood supply in the epithelial layer of your skin, but there are cells in there, right? And so what's the purpose of a blood supply? Thank you very much. I got there. Blood brings food and retrieves garbage. Do you think these guys need food and need their garbage taken away? They absolutely do. So guess what? They need a supply of blood, but it's just not in the epithelial tissue itself. They do need a blood supply. And look, how do the nutrients from the blood actually get to the epithelial tissue cells? They have to diffuse in. So the cells are like, we're starving. Send us some food. The blood supply is not embedded in these cells. The blood supply says, okay, I'm sending it over, and diffusion happens. And that's how the epithelial tissue gets its nutrients. So that's kind of an interesting characteristic. Let's try this one. They are epithelial tissues are highly regenerative. If they're highly regenerative, that means that they get scraped off and they'll just replace themselves, and they do it fast. They go through mitosis fast. Mitosis. I love mitosis. You remember that from Bio 1? So they make copies of themselves. They can replace themselves. They can regenerate themselves very quickly. In fact, there's some awesome fact about your intestines. Like your intestinal tract replaces all the cells like within 12 days or something crazy. Are you kidding? That's so fast. All right. What else do you need to know? Ready? They have the BM. What is this BM? You speak of a basement membrane. Epithelial cells, epithelial tissues, have a basement membrane. So I'm not going to write down basement membrane. I'm just going BM. But you, OK, I'll write it down. Basement membrane. And it's found on the... OK, are you ready for this? On the deep side of the tissue. And look, we need a word. We need a word to describe the space because the fact is that epithelial tissues, this is my sixth one, it's going in another color, they're directional. So we need a word here.  Like if I just rolled it across the room, it's not going to look any different no matter how it lands on the other side of the room. Epithelial tissue, if I rolled one of these cells across the room, it has an end, an edge that attaches the base to the basement membrane, and that's the basolateral side. So the basolateral edge is the edge of the tissue that's close to the basement membrane. And then the apical edge is the edge that's close to the space. So the apical edge is also called the luminal edge. And the fact is that you have lots of tubes in your body. And epithelia line those tubes. The space in the center of the tube is called a lumen. So I'm going to do a little cross-section of this blood vessel and show you the lumen. This is the space inside. It's called a lumen.  And what kind of tissue are you going to find lining the lumen? An epithelial tissue. So this would be the apical edge of the tissue, and this would be the basolateral edge of the tissue. Does that work for you? All epithelial tissues have this directional, directional terms that we can use to describe their sides. They're polar. The cells themselves, the tissue itself is polar. It has an apical end and a basolateral end, which means that the cells are polar. They have an apical end and a basolateral end. Okay, good, good. The basement membrane, you know what? The basement membrane attaches the cell to, attaches the epithelial tissue to this mess. What in the world? What is this mess? Welcome to the world of connective tissue. And we are going to talk about, like, what is that? These are cells. These are fibers. Oh, my gosh. Connective tissue is a mess. You're going to love how organized and clean epithelia is because once we go into connective tissue, we're going to be like, ugh, it's a mess in there. And it is. So let's look at the fact that they can form sheets. Think about this. Okay, you ready? If I have a sheet of epithelial tissue, and then I take it and I crumple it up, it still is a sheet. It's still, each piece of that sheet that got crumpled up is still lining a space on some level. And I could stretch it back out again and see the space that it lines. The point in telling you that. And in fact, maybe I'll just show you. I think I have, oh, yeah, no, that's not it. Look at this. This is a space. And this, do you see how, what kind of tissue are you going to expect this to be? I'm going to expect it to be some sort of epithelial tissue because it's lining the space. It's crinkled and crumpled, right? It doesn't have a nice clean straight edge, but that's okay. We wouldn't expect it inside your body to find like any clean straight edges. So we can have them in sheets. Then not only do you have sheets of tissues that can take up different shapes, but then you chop them into different slices. And that, like, you can see why histology, for those of us who are directionally or spatially challenged, it becomes challenging to visualize the original organ or whatever that you took the slice from. It's another reason why I think histology is difficult for people. Let's do the last one. The last one is, I think, I want to tell you about it because I want to make sure that you're cool with cover or line. I want you to think about this. Here's my hat. My hat is covered with epithelium. Do you agree with that? In windy land, that, like, if I have an organ, I'm going to cover it. I'm going to put a blanket on it. I'm going to pull up its covers, tuck it in, and it's a nice little covered heart. What cavity is the heart sitting inside? Yes. I know you remember that. It's sitting inside. Let's call it the pericardial cavity, just so, I mean, we know it's also in the mediastinum, which is also in the thoracic cavity. That's awesome. But let's just go with the pericardial cavity. Look, epithelium lines cavities. Do you see the difference in my wording here? Here, the epithelia is lining the cavity. Here, it's covering an organ. Do you see that? Do you follow it? You know what's really fun to think about sometimes? I look at this and I'm like, whoa, that's crazy. But that's what my notes look like in a traditional lecture. Like, that's what the whiteboard looks like. I love that. All right. Next, we're headed into, we've got their characteristics. We understand things that they're going to do, but now we're going to talk about their functions. This is who they are. Let's see what they do.


So this algebraic geometry lecture will be mostly about de-singularizing an algebraic curve. So this arises because, as mentioned in an earlier lecture, function fields that are finitely generated over a field and of transcendence degree one sort of correspond to non-singular projective curves. Hot Sean gives a way of getting from a function field to a non-singular projective curve by constructing the curve directly from the function field. We're going to use a different way of doing this. First of all, if a function field is transcendence degree one and is finitely generated, then it's generated by two elements X and Y with X being transcendental over K. And there's some polynomial relating X and Y because Y is algebraic over this. And this defines an algebraic curve and you can easily make it into a projective curve. So this gives you a projective curve, possibly singular. So the problem is how do we get rid of the singularities because then we will get a non-singular projective curve. So what we want to do is to show how to resolve singularities of a curve. And the method we're going to use is sort of due to Isaac Newton except he didn't stated in terms of desingularizing curves. He stated in terms of finding a sort of expansion of solutions of algebraic equations using a kind of power series. And we're going to show we can resolve singularities of the curve FXY equals naught by repeated blow-ups. So what we'll do is we'll have a very simple algorithm. Whenever there's a singularity of the curve, we just blow up at that point and just keep on doing that and we'll show that that eventually produces a non-singular curve. We're going to assume the characteristic is equal to zero. This proof doesn't actually work in characteristic P although the result is still true in characteristic P greater than zero. So the first thing you do is we're going to change coordinates. So the singular point, we're going to assume the singular point is zero, zero in a fine space. And we look at the lowest degree terms. The lowest degree terms are going to look like something like ANY to the N plus AN minus one Y to the N minus one X plus A naught X to the N plus terms of degree greater than N that we don't really care about. So N is called the multiplicity of the singularity. And this, the lowest degree terms form a homogeneous polynomial. So it has roots are in one dimensional projects of space. And what these roots correspond to is kind of the directions of the singularity. What I mean by this is suppose we've got a singularity. It might have some bit coming in like that and it might have another bit coming in like that. So you can think of this singularity as a sort of having two singular curves going off in this direction here. So and one singular curve going off in that direction there. Now the lines through the singularity give you a copy of one dimensional project of space. So the roots of this homogeneous piece just sort of tell you what direction the various bits of the singularity go off in and what their multiplicities are. And blowing up the point means you kind of separate out the different directions. So what would happen for a singularity like this with kind of two lines coming in with that direction and one line coming in with that direction. When you blow it up, you would separate out the line in this direction from the lines in that direction. So this singularity might have multiplicity three and when you blow it up, you get something of multiplicity one corresponding to this line which is non-singular and something else of multiplicity two corresponding to this line here. So what you see is one blow up reduces the multiplicities unless all n points of p one are the same. In other words, the degree n terms a n y to the n plus a naught x to the naught must be equal to a n y plus alpha x to the n assuming a n is non-zero. Let's take a n to be non-zero. So in this case, there will be the singularity of n lines all going on in the same direction. If you blow it up, we will still have a singularity of multiplicity n. So well, if it reduces the multiplicity then that's fine. We've made the singularity simpler and we can keep going. So we can now concentrate on the case where all n roots of this homogeneous polynomial are the same. Now we can make a change of variable. We just change y to y minus alpha x and the degree n terms become just y to the n. So we'd have y to the n plus terms of degree greater than n. So what happens now? Well, let's look at an example. Suppose you've got something like y squared plus x to the nine plus y to the five x cubed. Let's think what happens if we blow it up. Well, blowing up this point at nought corresponds to changing either x to x times y, which you can easily check. Doesn't produce any singularities. Or we change y to y times x. Remember, blowing up, we have to cover p one by two copies of affine space and do some coordinate change and the coordinate change turns out to look like this. So then it becomes y squared x squared plus x to the nine plus y to the five x to the five x cubed equals zero. And we can now take out the factor of x squared and get y squared plus x to the seven plus y to the five x to the six equals zero. And you look at this and it's not entirely obvious in what way this has improved. You see the term y squared has stayed the same. That's fine. The term x to the nine has become x to the seven, which is arguably better and the term y to the five x cubed has become y to the five x to the six, which is arguably worse. So it's not at all clear in what sense blowing up has improved this singularity. Well, let's draw a picture of what's going on. What we're going to do is to draw something that is more or less the Newton polygon. What we're going to do is we're going to draw a square quadrant of points and we're going to have each point correspond to some monomial. So this will be one, this will be x, this will be x squared, this will be y and so on. And up here, we have a term y to the n corresponding to the smallest degree monomial in our singularity. So here are the monomials of degree n and the only one is going to be y to the n. And then there are going to be some other monomials of other degrees, for instance, we might have a y to the nx squared up here and so on. So we have the various other monomials. And the question is what does blowing up do to these monomials? Well, if we have y to the n times some power of x, you can see that's not going to do anything because we're going to change y to the n to y to the nx and then divide by x to the n again. So all these monomials kind of stay put. Well, what about something like y to the n minus one x cubed? Well, we change y to y times x. So we get y to the n minus one x to the n minus one plus three and then we take out the factor of x to the n, which gives y to the n minus one x to the three minus one. So what happens is monomials here, just kind of go one step to the left. And similarly, monomials down here go two steps to the left. So if you've got a factor of say, x to the seven times y to the n minus two, it becomes x to the five times y to the n minus two on blowing up. On the other hand, monomials up here get a bit worse. So if it's in terms of the form y to the n plus one, something the power of x will increase. So blowing up kind of shifts all monomials with whose power of y is less than n to the left and shifts all monomials whose power of y to the n is bigger than n to the right. You can see this happening. So x to the nine is down here and gets shifted to x to the seven and so on. And now we seem to have finished because we can just keep blowing up and we shift all the monomials to the left until at least one of them hits this line. And then we're back in the previous case where we can reduce multiplicity by blowing up. Well, that almost works, but there's one problem. So we say blow up until some monomial is on the line y to the n minus i x to the i. So as soon as we've got a monomial on this line, then we can blow up and reduce the multiplicity. Well, there's a slight problem. If we do this, the monomials of degree n might be another nth power. And then you see the problem is we're going around in circles because we start with some monomials on this line of monomials whose power is n.  And as long as we don't have an nth power, we reduce the multiplicity. If it isn't nth power, then we shift monomials to the left until some of them are on the line. But then if it's an nth power again, we just seem to be going round and round in circles. We keep on making change of variables to make this nth power a power of y and then blowing up to move things to the left. And it's not at all clear that this process ever terminates. Well, let's think about what's going on. So if we've got our monomials like this, so here's y to the n. Now, the first time we blow up, we might shift everything to the left. We might shift this one to the left and then blow it up. Well, we can get, getting rid of this term corresponds to making the linear transformation y goes to y plus something times x squared. So that will sort of get rid of the term here, where this is y to the n minus 1 x squared. The next time we go through this cycle, the problem is caused, we might have a problem caused by something here. So we would then try and make the transformation y goes to y plus something times x cubed and so on. So let's try and think about what happens. What we do is we keep on applying transformations y goes to y plus something times x to the n for n being equal to two, three, four, five and so on. And there are two possibilities. First of all, this stops. Then what that means is eventually we get some sort of expression where this term, we've got a term in y to the n and this term here is zero. So the term in y to the n minus 1 x is zero and there are some non-zero terms here. So we can all, so we can keep on making this term here by making these substitutions y goes to y plus x to the n. So we can, every time we cycle through this process, we can always arrange that this coefficient here is zero and possibly, but there may possibly be non-zero terms down here. Well, if this term here is zero and the terms down here are non-zero, then we can stop because y plus alpha x to the n is equal to y to the n plus n alpha x to the n. So the n is equal to y to the n plus n alpha y to the n minus 1 x and so on. And this term here is non-zero if the characteristic is equal to zero. So this is where we use the fact that the characteristic of the field we're working over is zero. So this shows that either we go through this process an infinite number of times or it must eventually stop and we get something that isn't the power of a linear term in which case, blowing it up one more time will reduce the multiplicity. Well, there's one more problem. What if we get an infinite number of substitutions y goes to y plus something times x to the n. In other words, whenever we keep doing this, we never end up with, if we make, we keep on making this coefficient zero and what happens if these coefficients are never non-zero. Well, if this happens, what we do is we find an infinite power series. The substitution y goes to y plus something times x squared plus something times x cubed and so on transforms our original polynomial to a power series of the form y to the n plus powers plus terms in y to the something that's greater than or equal to n. And what this means is the original polynomial is divisible by some power series to the power of n where this number n is greater than or equal to two. And this really can happen sometimes. For example, if our original polynomial was y squared minus y plus x squared or squared. So this is the equation of a kind of circle passing through the origin except we've squared it. Then you find if you take this polynomial f x y and keep blowing up points, then you never do resolve the singularities. Well, the reason for this is that this particular polynomial has singularities at every point because it's a power of some non-trivial polynomial. You see, if our original polynomial was divisible by some positive power of a power series, then if we test for singularities, we find it would actually be singular at every point. So this is not possible as the original polynomial f x y has no multiple factors. In fact, we're assuming it's an irreducible curve. So it has no factors at all, but factors don't really matter. What causes problems is multiple factors. In fact, as I mentioned, this process really does break down if you allow multiple factors because if you're defining an algebraic curve, it doesn't have multiple factors, but you can, as we'll see later, we can define sub-schemes defined by a polynomial with multiple factors. And for these sorts of sub-schemes, you cannot resolve singularities by repeatedly blowing up points. They have singularities at every point and you can blow up points until you're blue in the face and they will remain non-singular. So this process gives an algorithm for resolving the singularities of polynomials, provided the polynomial has no multiple factors. So I mentioned this proof was sort of due to Newton. Newton actually proved something slightly different. He showed that you could find something called a Prisa expansion for any algebraic function in terms of something called a Prisa series, which are named after Prisa, but are in fact originally invented by Newton. So I'll say something about that in the next lecture.