We will continue our discussion on context free grammars and languages in this class 2. First of all what I would like to do is to complete an argument which partially I did last time and that is about recall this grammar g which had three non-terminals S A and B and the terminal symbols were just two small a and small b and we had these production rules. And what we said was that the language generated by g this grammar which of course by definition and that is why I put this symbol which reads as language generated by g is by definition is equal to the set of all terminal strings which are each of which is derived that is all the terminal strings that you can derive from the start symbol S that is of course the language associated with the grammar g which we call the language generated by g. And the claim was that this language is precisely those strings over a and b where the number of a is equal to number of b this is what I am writing here. So, this is of course is something would be interested in proving because that is what we say is about the language just looking at the grammar it may not be immediately clear we would like to prove what the language is now we also said last time that to do so I need to prove two other claims and there is a derives all strings see there are two non-terminals other than S a capital A and capital B and we would like to claim that this non-terminal generates all strings over terminal symbols small a and small b where the number of a's is exactly one more than number of b's. So, for example, a string like a b a a b here the number of a's is exactly one more than number of b's because there are three a's and two b's. And similarly, the set of strings which are derived starting from the non-terminal b is precisely those terminal strings where number of b's is exactly one more than number of a's. So, for example, if I had written something like this a b b a b here this particular string if you notice that there are three b's and two a's this string therefore, should be in the set generated from the non-terminal b and there are I have said this even in the context of when we are when we are when we discuss regular languages that you see that I would like to prove the equality of these two sets that is the set of all strings which are generated from the start symbol which is by definition in this case of course, language generated by g and in some manner I am describing a set of strings over a and b which is this. This is the predicate which is satisfied by w and therefore, I can talk of this is set of strings over a and b and point is that we would like to show the equality of these two sets and when you show equality of two sets and this is the point we have made in our discussion many times that see this is of the form that I have this set let us say s 1 and another set s 2 and we would like to prove the equality typically this is done by showing s 1 is a subset of s 2 and s 2 is a subset of s 1 what I definitely I hope I have been able to convince you last time that it is the case that this set of all strings which have equal number of a's and b's they would be generated by s how did we do that we said you know similarly, if you look at this that let me let me see this set is let me call this set as you know I am just giving a name p 1 and this right hand side is p 2 and let me say this left hand side this set is q 1 and right hand side set is q 2 and let me say left hand side of this equality this is also equality between two sets this is r 1 and right hand side let me just call it r 2 for the time being I think you would agree that we showed last time was that p 2 is a subset of p 1 similarly, q 2 is a subset of q 1 and r 2 is a subset of r 1 this we proved how did we prove it just we will remind ourselves what we said was that we proved all these three assertions simultaneously by means of what is called simultaneous induction. So, we are using an induction, but over all these three are being proved by induction, but simultaneously we are doing it. So, let us say that this something is true up to a certain length all these three statements are true up to a certain length let us say k what it means is all strings of length k or less which have equal number of a's and b's k will be generated by the start symbol s and so on. Then the induction is over this k we showed that if they are that I take as the induction hypothesis then you know the next bigger string also is something I will be able to generate that is you know these assertions I can prove for the next you know assuming about k and then I can prove for k plus 1 and so on. And it is not difficult to see in order to prove the assertion this assertion for the next length I needed to use these two also and so on to make to prove this for the next length I needed to use the other two for the. So, that is that is what is simultaneous induction is all about simultaneously we prove all these three assertions. So, here our point was that the induction is over length of the strings that we are talking about in this you know these sets have strings and each string has a length and our induction we are inducting over lengths of these strings. Now just so can I say that this we have already done this part now today let me just indicate how do I do the other part so that I can prove the equality. So, basically today I need to at least indicate the so P 2 now I said that P 1 contains as a subset P 2 this is something we prove. Now therefore, I need to prove assertions like this right R 1 is a subset of R 2. If I manage to prove these three also then all six together means P 2 is equal to P 1 and which of course means what we wanted to assert about the language generated by P 2. Now so what is this saying for example, this is saying that every string which is derived from S every string over the terminal alphabet which is over the symbols a and small a and small b every such string has the property that it has equal number of a's and b's is it not. This is what this means that every left hand side is about strings which are terminal strings which are generated from S. Similarly, this is about terminal strings generated from a and this is about terminal strings generated from R. Now again we would do in order to prove these three assertions you would again prove them simultaneously again we will use induction, but now we shall use induction on the length of derivation. So, let me see for example, the induction is now what we mean by this see for example, starting from S I get alpha 1 then alpha 2 that is from alpha 1 I get alpha 2 then alpha 3 so on alpha n and this is an element of the terminal alphabet suppose I have. So, what is the length of this derivation? This is a derivation starting from S ending in alpha n this such a derivation the length is clearly how many times I have used this derivation one step derivation you can see we have used it n times the length of this derivation is n. So, let us let us try to look at the base case which is kind of very very obvious suppose by the way does do you get any string at all in one step any terminal string in one step from S you actually do not if you see what happens is in if you start from S you can only use these two and in one step you can write this or you can write this in an either case you do not get any terminal string. So, we can for S the base case will be let us say 2 so there are 2 strings of length 2 which have equal number of a's and b's which are a b and b a and you can verify that both of these can be derived from S and for now if you want to do everything from length. So, let us say that for A also capital A also we can derive in one step terminal string small a similarly for b one step I can derive a terminal string b in two steps starting from b can you get anything I get you cannot because this will be like if you start from A in one step of course you can get this, but you will see the two steps you cannot, but whatever it is the base case can be handled and I leave it as an exercise what should be the proper base which you can do this. So, let us say that base we have handled and now some what is the assertion that I can I want to say the assertion is that induction hypothesis is that up to k length of derivation all lengths of derivation all derivations whose lengths are k or less they for this these three properties will be satisfied which these properties are of course we have said here. Now, how do I go one more step?  So, that such a derivation so let us say consider derivation of length k plus 1 starting with S. So, you start with S now the point and that is something which is very simple to observe, but once we observe this the proof becomes very clear. So, this will the first is something alpha 1 and then I have alpha 2 from alpha 1 and here I will have alpha k. Now, here what I have that here is first step what could had could it have been either let us say this sorry this or this. So, let us say I have my first thing is first step in that derivation. So, take whichever derivation of length k plus 1 and then I have this. Now, what we are saying see that alpha 2 how do I did I get alpha 2? Alpha 2 therefore, necessarily is something a string which is of the form can you see this that alpha 2 has to be a string which is of the form A and then let us say alpha 2 dash and what is this alpha 2 dash alpha 2 dash is a string which can be derived from the non-terminal B. And now I use the induction hypothesis this string necessarily will be of the total this derivation if I just take out this A which will always appear in alpha 2 alpha all the way up to alpha k. If I take these A's out then I am talking of a length k derivation starting with the non-terminal B. By induction hypothesis this will be some string which has one more B's than the number of A's which will be a string over A's and B's because that is what we are assuming that alpha k is a string over A's and B's and alpha k is of the form A alpha k. So, if I take the leave that first A out what is left if I call that alpha subscript k dash that string has to be generated is something which is derived from B in steps k because the total you know starting from here we are doing it. So, that is total thing was I am sorry this was let us say k plus 1. So, the length was k plus 1 and now we are doing from here alpha 2 2. So, which is which is from here to this which is a length k derivation of B when I do a put a dash taking the small A out and that is a string which has got one more B's than A's and now in front of that there is a small a. So, total number of A's and B's will be equal because so you can see that we can this in this manner simultaneously taking all these three assertions at the same time and we can do a induction point I am saying is now we do the induction on lengths of derivation whereas, in this part we did the induction again we did simultaneous induction, but on lengths of strings. Here is an example of a context free language if you think for a second you will realize that this is not a regular language. This language the set of all strings over A B where the number of A's is equal to number of B's very easily you can show that this set is not a regular set. So, L G is not regular I have at least one example of a language which is not regular, but which is context free because here is this context free grammar which generates that language what about regular languages themselves can we generate every regular language by a context free grammar is it the reason is suppose why this question is important the reason for that the quake the importance is this is the set of all languages which are context free. So, this is the class of context free languages and here for example, I got this set which is not a regular set. Now, they could have been two possibilities when some elements here are not regular is either that this is also a possibility if I say that this set is regular could be that there are some regular languages which are not context free. For example, if this is the picture then this is the regular languages which is not context free what we are going to show that is not the case. In fact, all regular languages will be context free languages. So, that statement in picture what does it mean here is the class of the regular languages when I say every regular language is also context free that means this set this class is a subset of context free class what more I know there are examples of languages which are context free, but not regular. So, this containment is actually proper and this is really the right picture I need to show you this. So, therefore, I need to show that this is the claim that every regular language is a context free language. If I manage to prove this along with the example that I have here of one context free language which is not regular that means the picture or the relationship between these two classes is that the class of context free languages properly contains regular languages. In that sense we have progressed if I manage to show that you know we had some set we described its properties we did many things with regular languages, but we also saw that you know certain simple languages could not be regular languages and here I have a larger class and you know overall what this this course is trying to do is to ultimately be able to capture all languages which are computable in the most general sense. So, you would like to prove this let me give you an example of how would the proof go and then we can formalize that example to see the proof exactly. So, let us actually take a context free language and of course context free language you can describe by a DFA. So, why not take a DFA? So, let me in particular consider this DFA it has two states and it should be able to almost look at this and immediately see what is the language accepted by this DFA and that language is very clear that it is the set of all binary strings where the number of ones is odd. So, let us I will show you how to get a context free language for that language context free grammar for that language that is the set of all binary strings where the number of ones is odd do not care anything about zeros if you notice in this example and the way we are going to do this is will associate a non-terminal with every state of this DFA. So, let me call this state as a this state as b and what we are going to do is if you see what does it say? So, let me first write something that it is very easy that from every non-terminal that I have written which is of course, corresponds to a state my rules are going to be if you consider a transition. So, here one transition is this. So, I will put like that. So, a 0 a we will justify this is a little later a and again starting from a I have another arrow going out which is one followed by b. So, and similarly I would write for b b is you know one arrow is like that. So, 0 b b is also 1 a. Now, that is how I have taken the 4 transitions 4 arrows you know 4 transitions which were there I got these 4 rules plus I need to take off consider one more kind of productions rules which will correspond to all those arrows which are ending in a final state here there is of course, one final state you see. So, starting from a using one I could have gone to b which is a final state in such a case I will also a I will just write one and not write this state you see this arrow this transition I used to define this particular rule a goes to 1 b, but since b is also happens to be I mean b happens to be a final state of the DFA I will also use I will also define another rule a goes to 1 where I just do not. So, this is something which ending not in there is no on the right hand side there is no non-terminal similarly you see this b. So, b can go to see right because b can be rewritten as 0 b, but b happens to be a this kind of removal of the state or the non-terminal symbol I do only for only on the right hand side only that makes sense right. And now I claim the grammar where I have let me define the grammar now b is v and then of course, 0 1 p and the start symbol here is a because that is the state at which was the initial state and these are my productions. Now, notice this in this example why should I how can I claim that this grammar the language for corresponding to that grammar is actually the set of all strings which are accepted by this finite state. So, the idea for that is not difficult we would like to show what is our problem we would like to show that the language which is accepted by this DFA is equal to the language generated by this context free grammar. By the way that it is a context free grammar it is clear because every production rule is of that form that left hand side is a non-terminal and right hand side is a string over the union of the two sets terminal and non-terminal. So, formally we would like to show that the language accepted by the DFA M is same as the language generated by the grammar G and as before again there are two parts in this proof normally that language accepted by M is a subset of the language generated by G. So, and this is the other ways that L G is a subset of L M. So, let us say proof sketch for A for part 1 I need to show that every string which is accepted by the DFA M can be also generated by this grammar G let us do that. So, if I have a string which is accepted by this machine M that such as string supposing that string is if you say a 1 a 2 a n which is where each a i is 0 or 1 and where do you start as a in the initial state is a. So, let me just write it a and then this a 1 came you will be in some state here either a or b. So, this is you know whatever state you are here and finally, there is only one accepting state and here you would have gone to b. So, let me show you the idea with a simple example may be then you should be able to do it yourself. So, let us say I have this 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0. Now, this is a string which will be accepted by a b and let us see how it how for the string the state transition for the machine is going to be. So, let me just writing the string is a little separate I mean the symbol separately separated. So, that I can write out the states clearly 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 here we will start at the initial state a and on 0 remember the machine stays in the state itself. So, a a and on this one from a it will go to b and then b again if you are in state b and a 0 comes you remain there. So, b and then on this one you will come back to a and then here you are going to remain in a here you will go to b and on this also you will go to b. Now, looking at this and looking at this set of production rules I can show you that what will be the corresponding derivation. See I would like to show that since this string is accepted because this string takes the machine from a to the accepting state initial state a to the accepting state b. So, this string is accepted by the machine m and the claim is that this string can also be generated by the grammar g and you just follow. So, this derivation will go like this a you know we will start because that is the start symbol here a. Now, I see what happens here 0 came and then going to state a. So, let me just write this is allowed because if from a I can use this 0 a and then. So, do you see what is happening a this was the old state symbol new state. This is the old state where do you go 0 a, but this is already there. So, now you can see what is happening basically we are traversing this string and keeping track this derivation is keeping track in a way what is the state in which the machine would have been having scanned the string 0 0. It would be in state a now comes a. So, from a on 1 the machine m goes to b and for that I have to capture that I have that that in non-terminal a can generate 1 b. So, this I rewrite this a as 1 b again you can see the same invariant which is in our mind now as we do it holds when that invariant is the you know that partially if you if you come up to a point and what whatever wherever is the state of the machine m is then the grammar also generates the first part of the string and that corresponding non-terminal. So, this is how it goes. So, 0 0 1 b and now 0 0 1 and this b remember that this is seeing 0. So, it is 0 b and you see what is happening. So, this way it will just go on and when you are here after scanning 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 easy to see the machine is in state b and you will see that you can also generate our derivation will generate 1 0 1 and now the non-terminal at the end is b and you see what is happening is here from b on 0 we are going to b which is fine in for so far as the machine is concerned. But now the derivation must end from this b I will just derive since b is a final state of the machine m and corresponding non-terminal b if you notice I have this production. So, this b I will rewrite it as 0 only 0 and there is and then the derivation stops. So, basically this derivation also mimics the way the string is recognized I mean as you present the string to the machine the machine is going from state to state and after scanning some first initial part of the string this machine is in some state and what we are claiming is our generation generative device this grammar starting from its start symbol it would generate that prefix and then it will be in that the last part what last symbol of that generation is a symbol which non-terminal which corresponds to the state in which the machine would have been after generating that prefix, but we have to end somewhere when we end the final state we end in a final state so far as machine is concerned and that we would use a production like this to say that you know there is no more as in this case no more non-terminal in the string that we have so the generations of the of in this particular case stops. So, we have a terminal string I will not formally prove this is not too difficult to prove both these parts. So, I kind of sketched that this side that language accepted by the machine every string which is accepted by the machine name can also be generated by the grammar g and it is not too difficult using the same intuition that every string which is generated by the grammar g is also accepted by machine name for this particular example I will not prove that, but let me indicate what I should do in general right this is the statement which we would like to show which would like to prove and I give you one example given a regular language how in this example at least we know how we could get a context free grammar which generates the same language. The way we can prove this statement is by taking a general regular language. So, let L be regular let since it is regular let m q sigma delta q 0 f be a DFA to accept L and what we will show is we will give you a construction that we define the context free grammar grammar g and let me use this subscript m that means this grammar g is obtained is defined using the machine m from the definition of m such that the language accepted by the machine m which is of course, L is same as the language generated by this grammar context free grammar g subscript m. And let me show you the construction and the proof that it is indeed the case is something we can leave because the ideas are very simple for the proof the construction is nice. So, it essentially it is the generalization of the earlier example. So, this g m remember it is a context free grammar. So, it has to define it I need to define four components v that set of terminals notice already I have got one component the set of terminals for the machine m is sigma and that is the set of terminals for our grammar also p and s.  So, it has n non terminals v is this set where q 1 in fact, let me just make it q 1 because I am using. So, the start state is q 1 itself equal to q. So, that means that what I am trying to say is that suppose this machine has n states and I have named them q 1 through q n then for every such state I have a non terminal and which simple way of saying stating the correspondence would be that you subscript a non terminal name with this state name and s is actually a q 1 what is q 1 q 1 was the start state of the machine m and your start symbol of the non terminal which is the start symbol of the grammar is the non terminal which corresponds to the start state of the DFA. Now, I have said what v is what sigma is what s is and so I need to say what p is and we will go by what we said that if delta q y a is q j delta is the transition function for the DFA. If whenever I have such a thing it will be for every symbol I will and for every state I will have such a thing we add the production we have that a q y goes to can be written as can be replaced by a q j. In addition we also have a q y goes only to a if q j happens to be q j is an element of the set of final states of the machine m. If you see that is exactly what how we define that example context free grammar is easy to see with these rules what I have is of course is a context free grammar and the claim is that grammar precisely generates the language accepted by the machine m and the proof is some the intuition of the proof is again like that you consider either derivation in this grammar in this grammar the derivation will we will know we will start with a q 1 and you will keep generating strings where there will be a non-terminal always at the end and finally, we will replace that non-terminal by something you know that by a symbol of the of this and that is precisely one way you can see that particular string would have been accepted by the machine m. The machine m would have gone through the same sequence of states as the sequence of non-terminals which appear at the end is in the derivation and as we had seen an example. So, it is not too difficult to prove that this construction the grammar that we get is this l g m is precisely the language accepted by this machine m once I prove that then I have proved that you give me any context free language I will be able to if you how will you give me I can I can ask you since l is a context free language I am sorry if you give me any regular language I can ask you that let me start you give me the DFA for that regular course which which generates that or which which which accepts that regular language once I have that DFA here is a construction which through which I get a grammar and that grammar is precisely the language accepted by the DFA and. So, therefore, that regular language is also a context free language and therefore, we manage to prove this.


My New Year's resolution of the 2023 professionally is to swim more. I think a lot of times we skim, we just gather bits of information but we don't really immerse ourselves. I want to immerse myself in learning and being more curious and just generally getting insights and out in the field. A lot of greatest companies were born during the recession time and I think this is a brilliant moment for OpenWeb to be one of the greatest companies for the internet. My resolution is to brand a brand of OpenWeb to the market in the strongest way I could. Our biggest focus is going to be leveraging the assets we have at SiriusXM. We have lots of talent and content. How do we actually take advantage of that, exposing our existing consumers to the content we already have? Continuing to build an interculture on our team. Got a lot of new people and new faces from all kinds of industries and bring that group together to do some world-class work in the coming years is the New Year's resolution for sure. There are some really interesting experiments and tests that we've built into our learning agenda and I'm really excited at figuring out what is the next big thing for building this incredible brand. Take more time for myself in the beginning of the day so I can map better and leave my team with the intention that I've set for myself in the morning. What I'm most excited about looking into 2023 is the continued disruption and innovation that our team at Flock is bringing into the category. Pretty exciting just to think about. It's even more exciting when you're putting in its practice. Recently there are a lot of talks about online toxicity, about the privacy preservation and with of course all the talks around Twitter. All the companies can really focus on investing digital trust. That means safety, privacy and inclusion. I'm really excited about where the major league baseball brand is going to be heading in 2023. We're going to have some really exciting new things for our brand, both on the creative side as well as the technology side, things that we're going to do to better connect with our fans. The impact we can have on our planet.  Sustainability is one of those issues and one of those areas that's really top of mind for our customers right now. Whether you're a B2B company or a B2C company I'm excited to actually see us make real headway on the sustainability front. The buzzwords that I think will dominate the new year will be effectiveness, growth and creativity. Efficiency, focus, prioritization, maybe data and technology as well. Innovation. There's going to be talk about acceleration. There's going to be a lot of talk about disruption and transformation. I'll give you two. One will be recession and two will be more tech stack.


What's up everybody? I'm Evoravut with Long Beach should have happening this weekend It's very very unfortunate with everything going on that we're missing all of our great events But today we are here on torque drift to do some of the FD challenges that are in the PC version We have Long Beach with Dive Jihara and we have FD Irwindale open so we're going to be attempting to get these today We only have two hours and 49 minutes left because well, this is being recorded on Sunday But you guys are getting it today, so make sure you follow me on Instagram and Twitter all which found in the description box below hopefully we can not have a problem with a Our controller today and actually get some solid runs here on torque drift So if you guys are playing the PC version, let me know down in the comments What do you guys think now? I know they did update the look of Irwindale here on PC.  Oh, oh what you can hit That's we're not starting off great And definitely not starting off the best. We should have been fourth gear. Oh my yep. Yep We should have been fourth gear We're going to take a rerun at that because well I'm in fourth gear Alright, so that's our first portable run. I'm gonna try drifting on a controller. It's not something I'm used to and you guys know that being a wheel drifter Okay, that's much better. Oh, don't lose it now. I Should have gone in the second gear. Ah So close that would have been almost perfect. Did we get to 50? We did get to 50 So second try out we got Irwindale. We got the 50 I'm excited. That's pretty exciting for me. Let's go to the next track And see what else we can get So that's pretty exciting to be able to do that get that one complete. We got two FD crates now We're gonna go to Cali Banks So Cali Banks we could battle here on FD. So Cali Banks is you know one of my favorite Tracks could be good for me could be bad for me when I was on the mobile. It was good and bad So we need 65 K in order to get it and keeping in with the FD trend We're gonna take George K's car out. Oh, it's a chase against math fields. All right Why are? math fields is seats sticking out of his car. I think there might be a little bit of a Graphical issue with math fields his car Oh, I should have been in fourth Yep Definitely should have been in fourth gear and then downshift in the third. All right So now that we know what gear we should be in I'm still kind of baffled by a you know math fields of seats right now So we need 65 K in a chase I don't know if George K's car is gonna be able to handle it for me. We may have to go to the BRZ that we got. Yeah, those seats are just kind of kind of sticking out there So we're gonna go try it again. We need to be in fourth gear. So we're gonna have to be fourth gear on the bank Starting third though kick it in the fourth initiate in We're nowhere near close enough Shredding bumpers on George K's car. Sorry man. Oh and into the wall. So I think we're gonna have to pull out the BRZ because I don't think George K's car is gonna cut it I mean you probably would if I tuned it a little bit more, which is probably something I should do Since it is more of the cars I have but we're gonna grab the torque trip BRZ thousand horsepower Those seats though, so we're gonna pop it in the third. All right much better acceleration in this car picking the fourth initiate in kind of a late initiation. Oh It was not ready for that line. Oh So Irwindale is not My friend right now Kelly Banks taking its toll on me Not having a great time trying to chase Definitely a little bit behind there. So we're gonna throw it in. Oh, yep No So Irwindale taking its toll on me not having the best time trying to chase Matt fields his car down So but we all know controller drifting not my thing It's a little bit better Downshift in the third Yeah, we're gonna have to be like on his door and I don't think we're gonna have a car that can do that to get 65k That is unreal We're gonna have to like run his door the entire time So we give us one more shot and we're gonna go open those FD crates that we did win Man, that is definitely going to be a rough one, but let's see you can maybe Get a better start I need as much of that wall as I can All that was a little bit better, but I don't see how I could get 65k So we're gonna go open those two FD crates and see what we get out of them Maybe we'll get a car that we can come back and try and tandem with Matt fields his car It's definitely not easy Definitely need to drive more on a controller to get more used to drifting on a controller because Until wheels for comes on I think I'm gonna be kind of a little bit a little bit wonky when it comes to the handling characteristics of the cars So we're gonna go to the S13. Oh our new motor is here Our pro RB 26 that totally forgot we had that so we do have Some parts that we can test so we might have more power may have 13 to open our two FD crates here for today quick spool and Some money. I'll take it. I will take that diff part because we didn't have it. So we will take it and On our second pull. Okay. All right. We got some parts that we didn't have so let's go to the parts list No, no go to tune and see what we got We did already have an ECU. So unfortunately, we're gonna keep these you we have in it now We'll just sell this one off And then we did get our engine But we also got a pro part here. We're gonna throw that on so we do have our new motor Installed we're gonna sell the V8 because V8 hate people were giving me a little bit of hate So let's go see is there any parts that we can actually Buy to upgrade our car some more We could do that. Oh, we do need we do need these two parts So we are gonna buy this Yes, and then we are gonna buy this Yes, that's fine. We're gonna instant buy the suspension Instant by the angle kit and let's go back to tune and go to suspension and we're going to Gonna lower that as low as we can go we're gonna leave that at 12 confirm that go back Let's continue Go it. No. Oh, we don't have our brakes installed. Well, we need to install our brakes We're gonna do more drifting. We're trying to chase down math fields in this car But we got to set our angle kit here It's a full lock there we go and then let's go try with this car We'll try to chase now math fields with the s-13 Like said make sure you guys follow me on Instagram and Twitter all of which found in the description box below We haven't got anything in Cali banks. So let's do them in row. I think that's I'm in a row Challenge, I believe we got to do that one as well but I'm very curious so we only have seven hundred and 95 horsepower, but All that sounds way better You always seem to do better in our own cars But we can't keep up with him Yep, unfortunately, we cannot keep up with him We are lacking the power and the grip So I don't think we're gonna be able to get the math fields chase challenge down for today Let's go take a look at what the other aspect is maybe we'll try and run an FD section and try and tandem somebody online Take a look back. What do we got? Daily challenge Monroe What is the daily challenge here at Monroe? 3500 chase against OD boxies. Hmm. All right. We'll take out the BRZ. We will try and chase down the OD's Car in the BRZ Shouldn't hit the brakes Feel like we could get this challenge if I wouldn't have hit the brakes And we probably need a downshift coming off that part. Yep. Okay. So now that I'm remembering the track In this car We're gonna give it another go And we are going to try and unlock this challenge Definitely been struggling here on the PC with Controller as I've said many times and you guys can guys can see So it is something I need to Do more of And I'd see where I was going Kind of smack it into Odie. Oh We probably would have had that man. I couldn't see where I was going But we did get 35 Or 31 So I feel like we are just on that That tick of being able to get 38. So I'm gonna give it another shot So close yet so far so Definitely been having a lot of fun doing a lot of recent stuff on the channel So but like I said torque drift, we are going to be trying to do this at least once or twice a week For you guys here on the channel. Maybe one PC version and one mobile version a little bit of understeer and Nowhere near my last run because I kind of biffed the Stark thinking he's starting second gear now I actually just stay behind him It's much better. I hit the wrong button and we just went right into Odie. Oh man, I Hope I would never do that on a real track because that was I hit the Downshift button instead of the handbrake button break them down shift and handbrake again Kind of go right into Odie, but oh Tandeming is not my strong suit right now so We are definitely going to be doing mobile as well because I could throw down a mobile PC not so much yet Definitely going to be testing and trying this more I'm going to be doing some live streams here on torque drift as well on the PC and Mobile I need to I just I forget. I don't need to counter steer as much sometimes So things I'll do here for this episode like thank you guys for watching. I'm over rabbit. I'll see you guys on the track


so apparently this man is posting a little video of his son imitating Bruce Lee he got the little suit with him called body suit but track suit yellow track suit on and anything I gotta see this this chucks that I was looking for I was gonna do an intro and show y'all what I could do yo that was hot I don't like that you're watching sir make more of these videos with you and your son I definitely want to see what else your son can do you should have him if he hasn't already yet I look online see if he did do more videos but he hasn't yet you should have him do return of the dragon with the double chucks I love to see that that would be real fucking cool man enter the dragon to man Chinese connection forgot about that yeah those are all the ones he used so post your comments below let me know if you didn't like it too bad subscribe


We now move on to the second module where as we mentioned earlier in the course outline here we discussed some very important fundamental concepts okay.  But what we will try to do now is understand some of the subtleties associated with these concepts. We will refresh the concept and then discuss some of the subtleties associated with these concepts. So we start with the definition of a thermodynamic system. Now defining a system is a crucial first step in any thermodynamic analysis where we are going to adopt the system approach. In case we are going to adopt the control volume approach then we should of course define the control volume before we can proceed with the analysis. So let us assume that we are adopting a system approach. So defining a system is a crucial first step for the analysis okay. Now a thermodynamic system is defined as follows, it is a quantity of matter of fixed mass and identity on which attention is focused for study. Everything external to the system is referred to as the surroundings and the system and the surroundings together constitute the universe. Now heat and work may cross a system boundary but not mass okay. Let us explore this definition further in greater detail, we will dissect the definition and try to understand each and every aspect of this definition. Notice importantly that the last sentence okay, heat and work may cross a system boundary but not mass tells you that in the system approach or indeed in thermodynamics heat and work or interactions that the system has with the surroundings. Which means that whenever a system interacts with the surroundings there can be a transfer of work or there can be a transfer of heat okay. So for heat and work interaction to be present the system must interact with the surroundings that is a very important idea to remember that heat and work are external interactions of the system with the surroundings okay. Certain important points to be noted with this definition, number 1 valid thermodynamic system need not necessarily be useful for analysis. In other words you can define a system which is valid but one which is actually not useful for analysis because it is so difficult to actually carry out analysis with the system. It is valid nonetheless but it is not really suitable for analysis purpose that is quite possible. And the second point is that it is possible to define more than one valid system for a given problem. So the definition of a thermodynamic system for analysis of a particular problem is by no means unique. We can actually define several different systems for the same problem as long as they are valid systems each one of them can be used for the purpose of analysis okay. Normally the choice of which one to use is guided by the information that is given in the problem, the information that is sought and the ease with which we can do the analysis with the particular system. So that is generally what determines which choice we actually use for carrying out the analysis. Let us try to illustrate the idea of a system with several examples okay. The first one simplest possible example. So we have a gas which is contained within a vertical piston cylinder assembly. So we basically have a cylinder which is closed at the top by a piston. So we add heat to the gas until it expands to a certain volume okay. Now we wish to define a thermodynamic system suitable for analysis of this particular problem okay. So here we can see the piston cylinder assembly you can see the piston the gas that is contained inside it can be it need not be a gas it can be any working substance. So this is the cylinder a mass is placed on this to maintain a certain pressure. We add heat to the gas and it expands to a final volume like this and we want to carry out a thermodynamic analysis of this problem. Now definition of a system for this problem is relatively straightforward. In fact it is a no-brainer. The system that is outlined using the dashed line here is the one that immediately springs to mind and that is a valid system. Notice that this system as you can see here initially encloses said amount of gas that was inside the apparatus. And then as the heat is added the system boundary also deforms this boundary keeps moving up along with the along with the gas and so that it always contains the same amount of mass okay. So it is a valid system primarily because it contains the same amount of mass. So the most important part of the definition is that it must contain the same amount of mass throughout not only just the initial and beginning final stages but throughout the process. So the system that is shown in gray so the dashed line is a system boundary and whatever is enclosed within the system boundary is actually the system. So the system shown in gray contains the same amount of matter from the beginning to the end of the process and it does satisfies the definition given above okay. We will discuss the notion of identity little bit later for now we assume that identity remains the same here obviously we can see that the identity remains the same. The mass contained by the system is also the same so it is a valid thermodynamic system that may be used for analysis. Now as I already said some parts of the system boundary remain fixed during the process while other parts actually move or deform during the process. So for instance as you can see here this part of the system boundary so these three parts which are adjacent to the cylinder actually remain stationary during the process but this part of the system boundary which is adjacent to the piston moves along with the piston and undergoes deformation as the process takes place. The shape is retained but the word deformation is used to indicate that it does not remain stationary but it changes during the process. So some parts of the system are fixed some parts of the system deform in such a manner as to always contain the same mass throughout okay which means that we need to know the system boundary not only at the beginning of the process and the end of the process we need to know the system boundary throughout the process okay that is very very important. So we need to know how the system boundary deforms as the process takes place so we need to know the system boundary throughout okay. This is a very very important requirement because if the system boundary is to be known throughout then the process must take place sufficiently slowly that we are able to identify the system boundary at every instant in time okay. In other words let us say that I am adding heat and I add heat in such a way that you know huge amount of heat is added to the gas. Then the gas expands violently and you know the gas begins to move rapidly. So what happens then is that I will not be able to keep track of the system boundary during the intermediate stages because it is moving so fast. We may argue in this case that the system boundary is always at the bottom of the piston but because it is moving so rapidly the pressure, temperature and volume at the intermediate stages will not be known. The reason why we demand that you know the process must take place slowly is to know the system boundary at every instant not only that but also the pressure, temperature and other properties in the system at every instant in time which is why I must add the heat slowly so that the system boundary deforms slowly and at every instant I can get an ambiguous value for all the properties that I am interested in okay. So the requirement that the system boundary should be known throughout implicitly means that the process must take place slowly it also ensures that the pressure, temperature and volume are measurable at every instant and uniform throughout the system. Notice that if I allow a rapid expansion then pressure in say this part of the system boundary during the process may be different from the pressure that I am measuring in this part of the system boundary because the gas there is moving with a considerable velocity. So the temperatures may be different, pressures may be different at different parts which means that I cannot actually come up with an ambiguous value for the properties if the process is very, very rapid so by demanding that the process be slow I am ensuring that the property values are known and measurable at every instant in time and uniform throughout the system. The next point that we would like to observe is the following wherever there is deformation of the system boundary during the process we can easily intuitively understand that there is work interaction between the system and the surroundings okay. For instance this part of the system boundary is the only thing that deforms so you can see that this part of the system boundary is moving up like this which means that we intuitively understand that this part of the system boundary is actually doing work against the surrounding so it is pushing the surroundings away so the deformation is actually creating a work interaction between the system and the surroundings and since the system boundary is expanding we can understand that the system is actually doing work on the surroundings. In contrast if the system boundary were to be contracting then we can easily see that the surroundings are actually doing work on the system. So the important point is any deformation of the system boundary results in a work interaction either the system does work on the surroundings if the system boundary expands or the surroundings do work on the system if the system boundary contracts okay. So that is very important and let us just summarize that here so either the system is doing work as in this example where the piston and the mass are being lifted and the atmosphere is also being pushed upwards or if the piston comes down or if the system boundary contracts then that means the surroundings are doing work on the system we will look at all this with several examples so that these subtle ideas become clearer okay. So as we said the system boundary expands in the case of the former when work is done by the system namely and contracts in the case of the latter this sort of work interaction is called displacement work and we will derive and we will develop an expression later on for calculating displacement work of a system. As I mentioned earlier this system is not unique to this problem we can also define alternative valid systems some of which may be useful for analysis some of which may not be actually be useful for analysis okay. For instance we can define a system which contains the gas and the piston we can also define a system which contains the gas piston and the mass or we can define the atmosphere to be the system everything external to it may be defined as a system. So we can define this the gas alone as a system or the gas and the piston as a system let me just show that so we may define the gas and the piston as the system or we may define the gas the piston and the mass as our system or I may also define the atmosphere as my system for instance like this. So that may also be defined as a system all these are valid systems and depending on what is actually asked for in the particular problem and what is given some of the systems may prove to be easier to work with than others and again so as I said the decision of the choice is made based on the problem statement and what is required in the problem. So in the next example we have an initially empty balloon which is inflated from a rigid vessel so we have a cylinder or a rigid vessel which contains let us say air at a high pressure and and we inflate the balloon using the from the cylinder okay. So we have we have kept a valve on top of the cylinder we open the valve a crack and we fill the balloon with air from the cylinder we wish to carry out a thermodynamic analysis of this particular problem using the system approach. So we would like to define an appropriate system for this problem. So here we can see again the dash line shows the system so you can see that initially the balloon is empty so the dash line contains the vessel plus the empty balloon and as the balloon expands you can see that this part of the system boundary also expands along with the balloon to enclose always the same amount of mass okay. So you can see that the the system outlined by the dashed line always contains the same amount of mass and you can see that all these parts of the system remain stationary while this part of the system boundary deforms from this shape and size to this shape and size finally. So the system shown in gray which is enclosed by the dashed line contains the same amount of matter throughout and hence is a valid thermodynamic system okay. Now how do we ensure that the process takes place slowly you may recall that we we demanded that the process should take place slowly so that the system boundary is known at all instance in time and the properties of the system are also known at all instance during the process. So the process is made slow by virtue of the fact that a valve is present here. So the valve ensures that since you open the valve only a crack the valve ensures that resistance is provided between the high pressure air in the cylinder and the balloon so that the expansion process takes place slowly okay. You can you should also realize that in this particular case the system has two distinct pieces one is this piece inside the vessel the other one is the balloon itself the pressure in the balloon is different from the pressure in the vessel. So can we then argue that macroscopic approach is invalid after all macroscopic approach said that the pressure temperature and all property should be the same everywhere in the system. Notice that here macroscopic assumption is still not violated because of the presence of the valve so there is a mechanical valve which allows pressure difference to exist in different parts of the system so that is allowed had the valve not been there obviously the pressure would have been the same throughout. So the presence of the valve ensures that pressure difference can be maintained without violating the macroscopic assumption. So let us summarize what we have said so far the part of the system boundary which is outside the vessel expands during the process and since it expands we may infer so remember it was it occupied it almost zero volume in the beginning and then it increases in volume which means the atmosphere is being pushed aside so that means the system that we have identified is doing work against the surroundings which in this case or the which in this case is the atmosphere okay. So the air in the vessel is actually doing work to expand the balloon okay. Now there is also an important question namely on the nature of the balloon material okay. So the question is what difference does it make if I draw this system boundary inside the balloon or outside the balloon does it make a difference the it will make a difference depending on whether the balloon material is thin and inextensible or not. If the balloon material is thin and inextensible then like a child's toy balloon then that means that the pressure inside the balloon is the same as atmospheric pressure because the material is thin it cannot really support a pressure difference so which means that whether I draw the system boundary inside the balloon or outside the balloon makes no difference. On the other hand if the balloon were to be made of say rubber or some other material which is elastic in nature let us say it is made of rubber sheet then the pressure inside the balloon can be higher than the pressure outside the balloon which means that if I draw the system boundary inside the balloon then I get a certain work interaction which is the sum of the work done to push the atmosphere aside plus the work done to stretch the balloon okay because I have drawn the system boundary on the inside of the balloon the work interaction that I calculate for the system will be the sum of both these work components. So as the balloon expands as the air inflates the balloon the balloon expands if I draw the system boundary on the inside like this then the work interaction for the system or the work that is done by this system is the sum of the work that it is required to push the atmosphere aside plus stretch the balloon. Now if I draw the boundary on the outside then the work interaction for the system will be the work that is required just to push the atmosphere aside. So the work that is actually the energy that is required to stretch the balloon material will be accounted for in a different way eventually when we write down the first law of thermodynamics but the important point here is that the work interaction depends on where you draw the system boundary and it also depends on the interaction. So if the balloon material is thin and inelastic then it does not matter otherwise if you draw it on the inside we get a certain value for the work interaction you draw it on the outside then you get a certain value for the interaction. So this also shows clearly that work is very much an interaction of the system with the surroundings both the nature of the work as well as the magnitude of the work depend on where you draw the system boundary that is a very very important concept to bear in mind that work is an interaction of the system with the surroundings. So as we said earlier in case the balloon material is elastic the work done by the air is partly utilized to stretch the balloon material and partly used to push the atmosphere aside. So the total work is the sum of both this in case the system boundary is drawn on the inside and as we mentioned in the previous as I mentioned already in both the cases the process is guaranteed to take place slowly by the presence of the valve which provides the resistance so that the process can take place slowly and again unlike in the previous example the piston cylinder example here different parts of the system namely the air inside the cylinder and the air inside the balloon or at different pressures as we already pointed out. So the air inside the cylinder is at a higher pressure the air in the balloon in case it is thin and inelastic is actually at the same pressure as the atmosphere. Now for this case also we may define for instance the atmosphere as an appropriate system so we may actually do something like this and draw so the atmosphere may be taken as a system and we may evaluate the work interaction for that system. Again if additional details are required then it may not be possible to evaluate those with this system but I would just like to point out that this is also a valid system. If you want to calculate only the work interaction this actually probably is a good choice as well okay. Let us try a slightly different variation of this example and then see how things change. So here in this example we are doing the opposite of just what we did just now. So in the balloon example we were inflating a balloon from a vessel filled with high pressure air. In this example we have an initially evacuated vessel and we are trying to fill it with the air from the atmosphere okay so we open the valve slightly as I said before opening the valve slightly ensures that the process takes place slowly with sufficient resistance and the valve is opened slightly and closed after certain amount of air let us say 1 liter of air has flowed inside the cylinder. Notice that if I open the valve all the way and because the vessel is evacuated the atmospheric air will rush inside and it would not be possible for us to define an appropriate system whose boundaries are known at all instance in time or whose property values are known at all instance in time which is why we open the valve just a crack so that the process takes place slowly. So we would like to carry out an analysis of this particular situation using the system approach so let us try to define a system for this case. Now the system for this case valid system for this case looks like this so notice that this actually is that part of the atmosphere which we would say is 1 liter of air okay so we identify arbitrarily 1 liter of air in the atmosphere and we say that that along with this as our initial system. Now notice that as the process takes place the volume of this part of the system keeps reducing once all the 1000 cc has gone inside we close the valve so there is nothing that is outside the vessel okay. Notice that this system shown in dash line always contains the same amount of mass initially is evacuated this has 1000 cc of air finally this has that air which has gone inside so whatever was here has now gone inside here okay. So this is a valid thermodynamic system and notice that this part of the system boundary deforms whereas the other parts of the system boundary remain stationary and they do not deform. Now one thing that we must one question that we must ask is the following how do I define the shape of this part of the boundary I say this is 1000 cc how do I determine the shape of this part of the system boundary. It turns out that the shape of this part of the system boundary is actually immaterial as long as it contains always contains the same amount or the air that is moving in initially it contains 1000 cc and then the this part of the boundary deforms so it should deform in such a way as to contain that initial air that we identified and until the end of the process so as long as it does that it is a valid system the exact shape is immaterial. We will actually justify this later okay. Now in contrast to the previous two examples the previous two examples we actually started with the air that was initially in the vessel and then we allowed it to undergo a process. Here we actually have to visualize the process how the process takes place and then based on the final nature of the system we actually define or the based on the state of the system at the end of the process that is required we define the system. In other words we say that finally the system is going to contain 1000 cc of air and because the system has always contained the same amount of mass we have to use these two facts together and then identify the system. In the earlier two examples it was easier to do here you have to think things through and then define the system appropriately. The actual shape of the part of the system boundary that is in the atmosphere at any instant during the process is actually immaterial we will justify this later. The only requirement as I said is it must initially contain 1000 cc of air and then always contain that air as the boundary deforms okay. Now define in this manner the system that we have shown here gray is a valid thermodynamic system. We can also infer that because this system boundary deforms work is being done by the atmosphere on the system to push the air inside the vessel okay. In contrast to the other two cases where work was done by the system to push the atmosphere aside or stretch the balloon here the system boundary shrinks which means that work is being done by the atmosphere to push the air inside the system. Notice that work is required to be done to push the air because of the resistance provided by the valve. If the valve is fully open then there is no resistance and presumably no work interaction the air will just rush inside. Now we need to do work to push the air inside because we are demanding that it should be a slow process and the partially open valve provides that resistance. So by opening the valve only slightly we provide the required resistance to ensure that the process takes place slowly okay. The vessel may be initially evacuated the vessel may initially be at a lower pressure also it need not be evacuated it may be at a pressure less than the atmospheric pressure also. In all these cases the air will rush in if you open the valve fully so we make sure that the valve is opened only slightly so that sufficient resistance is provided. So this makes sure that this part of the system boundary I am sorry this part of the system boundary is always known. If you open the valve all the way initially it may contain 1000 CC then this 1000 CC this part of the system boundary will disappear in an instant. We do not know the intermediate positions of the system boundary or the pressure inside this part of the system boundary at the intermediate instance because the air is rushing in at high speed. The pressure may not be the same at all points in the system boundary it may even be less than atmospheric pressure because it is rushing at high speed. So the pressure and other properties will not be known at all locations in the system boundary at the intermediate instance in time. So by defining it like this and by saying that the valve is only partly open or partially open we ensure that we know the system boundary at all locations and also the properties inside this part of the system at all instance. So we may also as we just said infer that work is done by the atmosphere to push the air into the vessel against the resistance provided by the valve that is important. So now we have seen both type of interactions one where the system does work on the surroundings by expanding other one where work is being done by the surroundings on the system because the system boundary is contracting. So this is displacement work we will discuss this in more detail later on.


What's up everyone? It's your girl Kinsey here from Layton Sports Cards and I am ripping 2021 Panini flawless football hobby two box full case break number 28 pick your team got Brandon J Rams Brian K Eagles Brian S Niners Chansey Panthers Dan M with the Ravens Broncos Vikings David R Seahawks Don G Giants Eric W with the Chargers and Jets Gregory J Washington Harper B. Thanks again for closing us out. He's got the Bengals Texans Patriots Pat. I'm sorry the Bengals Texans and Patriots Hilton T with the Packers and Saints Keung Jae H with the Jags Matt M Lyons Matthew S Bills Michael B Falcons and Cowboys Mike D Chiefs Muhammad A Dolphins Nicholas T Steelers Ray R Titans Ryan B Bears Scott G Bucks Sean G Colts Taylor S Cardinals and Tony F with the Browns and Raiders. Alright best of luck everyone again next flawless breaks right after this and there are six teams left Texans Jags Dolphins Jets Eagles and Steelers again all of top tier teams let's see what we can get you Nicholas first up we've got for the Jets to 25 triple patch Curtis Martin Vint Testeverde and Kishan Johnson Jets triple we've got another duo patch this time the 20 Randy Moss and Justin Jefferson that's cool nice one there for the Vikings Moss is a player one they go Vikings and we've got flawless flyers eight out of 20 and James Robinson for the Jags eight out of 20 got rookie Otto to 20 Kenneth Gainwell for the Eagles gotta hear it over go birds there you go Eagles and we've got patch Otto Packers the 25 James Lofton the Packers old school hit oh nice one here this is from 2020 flawless again this is a little little fuzz that just came off we've got RPA to 20 Clyde Edwards a layer very nice hit there Chiefs that is Mike D 18 out of 20 three color and three color um Richard that was Rizum number 38 number 38 we'll mag that one now we've got flawless performances 14 of 15 Steve Young Niners there you go Niners they've got a deep checklist in this too very nice Steve Young 14 of 15 we'll mag that one too all right let me pull on my list again wow again everyone still six teams left for the next break I'm gonna give you the link before we look on the Inners all teams are on sale let's get them filled up all right we're gonna go here first we've got Diamond Guaranteed eight of 10 it's not a current Warner but how about a Kyler Murray Cardinal Ozona the Diamond Kyler Murray that comes with the Diamond Guaranteed as well nice all right well we asked for a shield and we got one already and it's a quarterback and it's a rookie and it is going to none other than Dan out of the first first briefcase of flawless today wow what are teams still doing left we still have two more cases of flawless up next y'all let's fill them up and that's not it y'all that is certainly not it we've got Ruby rookie gem auto to 20 Trevor Lawrence k young jh whoo what a first briefcase Trevor Lawrence on the ruby six of 20 I think it's my third shield burning yeah a little bit of a scratch you can kind of see it right there um on the card right here or not on the card I apologize on the um one touch there you can see it see it with a glare right there wow yeah what a briefcase my goodness number two here everyone we have two more pick your team full case breaks of this right after this break let's get them filled up still top tier teams remaining we have Texans Jags Jets Eagles Steelers so five to go now five to go there is the link breaks right after this one once we get it filled up I can't poke your face that three of those innards are crazy no poker face I can't with that one what is that number that's gotta be like out of two or three I think I because I think it's two I don't think that's a one of one but oh my gosh they're kind of shaky just call my flawless queen Brad can be the flawless king basketball I'm gonna call myself the flawless queen is that all right with y'all all right here we go dang z work guess it's a boomer size and hit we've got two color patch to 15 Heinz Ward nice one there for the Steelers that's 2021 we've got a nice one here two out of five chiefs Patrick Mahomes the second and Tyree kill chiefs killing it too the nice CEH from 2020 and now the Mahomes and Tyree kill they're no longer a duo but that is a sick card to five Mike D on that one what's that say in the middle connections that's cool Brad's a local man Kenzie is the shield queen that's funny we'll nag that yeah my stomach kind of hurts now too it's a big card in there a hollow fame autographs to 20 Alan Fannica for the Steelers Steelers starting to heat up here what's up Caleb 19 out of 20 and Steelers didn't get any hits last one but heating up here that was Nick Nicholas right at the Steelers yep heating up here Nicholas nice one there we've got honored ink to 25 2019 man of the year and Calliott's Campbell Ravens we've got signature glove RPA here to 25 Patriots Raimondry Stevenson nice one there who Fannica and we've got five of 15 patch auto cool one here no who's is gonna be super jealous of this one Randall Cunningham you gotta say it again go birds go birds nice one there five of 15 Philly distinguished and what I say we pulled this guy all the time 12 of 15 rookie auto Davante Smith Eagles man you should have bought the Eagles in this break dude you'd have been happy yeah really there you go Philly one of the last teams taken Brian Kay back we've got Sapphire to 15 Dak Prescott Cowboys 15 Dallas Michael B nice Dak what a case this has been an insane case of flawless all right this next one is sick too we've got a laundry tag one out of three rookie man this team killed it this break didn't hit last break at all but we've got laundry tag rookie Pat from Steelers Nicholas had himself a hell of a day today let's go one of three on the big booth or as a Steelers fan saying when he catches the ball move like the old Keith he really does remind me of Keith Miller that is sick beautiful laundry tag one of three all right I gotta see who has this team closer mojo man closer mojo let's go we've got a booklet Nike Swoosh rookie auto Jamar chase that number to 10 oh my goodness beautiful hit bangles Harper B who he was just here don't call him and tell him to turn around do a U turn turn around Harper oh my gosh mag the mag Harper better bust a U here oh my goodness look at that that's jersey number two dull one out of ten oh my gosh that's what I'm saying work I thought this would have been numbered like out of two or out of three but either way that is so sick hey free rider there were no nauseous this case so you still have a good chance of hitting some nice dealer cards next case bud wow look at that Jamar chase booklet didn't I say I wanted to pull a booklet too I haven't pulled one yet holy cow that is so sick congrats on that Harper again closer mojo is a thing y'all oh and the time here and see goes with that one for Harper all right that'll do it for the first case of flawless we'll rip the second case once it gets filled up everyone thanks so much


Is Century Gothic a conservative or a liberal font? What about Times New Roman? Daniel Tammel and Catherine Henshin, assistant professors of communication from Virginia Tech, conducted a study to find out. They showed a person's name written in several typefaces to participants in an online survey. Then they asked them to rate how liberal or conservative the typeface or the person was. The serif typefaces, those with letters that start and end with small flourishes like Times New Roman and Jubilat, were rated as more conservative than the sans serif typefaces like GilSans and Century Gothic. The study also found that people rated the fonts they liked as more aligned with their own political ideology. We don't know if fonts can override what you already think of something or someone, but it does seem that the typeface's graphic designers use can shape how people will perceive a message or a person, and that includes politicians.


The New York Liberty have their first finals win since 1999, forcing the game forward and avoiding the sweep. It looked like things may have been over for the Liberty, but they took a personal and came back with a huge win at home. John Qualjones put up 27 and Stewie finished with a double-double 20 points and 12 rebounds. The Liberty will have homecourt advantage for the upcoming game, which will likely give them the edge to secure another win and extend the series.


I'm a web developer in my day job, and I do a lot of JavaScript, Python and JavaScript. Okay, all cool things. So a few weeks ago, how many of you have heard of rebuild.sgr? Have not heard about it. Have not heard about it, ah, okay. So a few weeks ago, I did this project, data.rebuild.sg, but before that, I wanted to talk about exactly three years ago. When I was, I wanted to learn about web development, and I saw a few meetups that are happening in Singapore. I kind of wanted to collate them together. And I used to just edit a static HTML file, and this is how it got started on 28 December 2002. And then after that, this is how the page looked like, and it still looks like that. So what I did was, on the left-hand side, we aggregate from meetup.com, Facebook, and even Bright, as well as ICS URL, all automatically through APIs. Every hour, a scheduler or a cron job runs, and we basically populate them. If it's a tech meetup, especially if it's a developer related meetup, whether it's electronics, design, programming language, and it is free, it has a valid location. So with programming, you have all the sort of checks. We list them there chronologically. And on the right-hand side, we query the GitHub API. So if your location, so please go and put your location as Singapore slash any other country. And if you have at least 50 stars and updated in the last three months, we kind of populate it once again chronologically there. And it just runs smoothly every hour. And if you want, you can subscribe to the calendar. But one day, by the way, when we do it every hour, we don't store the information in any database. But one day, we, one of our friend was like, are the past events or the repositories saved somewhere? No, we don't, because they're all in memory. Like, who cares about the past data? You only care about the meetup tonight or next week. So obviously it was nothing. And then, we were like, okay, so what can be done? So exactly a year ago in December, we created a repo called data.webuild.sg. So what we did is we created a bot. And once again, every day this time, this bot kind of commits at 3 a.m. when all of us are sleeping, one for repositories and one for events. The thing about side project is that you want to save all sorts of costs. So this was the cheapest option possible. And throughout the year, the bot was just committing and we kind of just forgot about it until just a month ago, I decided to kind of aggregate all of these JSON files from repositories and events. So are you keen to see the data? Yeah. Okay. All right, so first of all, if you go to data.webuild.sg, there are 10 graphs. I'll go through some of them. So if you want to create a developer meetup, there are a useful ones such as what are the most common event timings? Where are the event locations held? Well, how long is this duration? Sometimes as new people, we do not know. So feel free to access this data for the community for you to organize stuff. So let me give you some of the data. So this is the repositories that were collected. The number of updates, you can clearly, by the way, it went down because it's per week. So I kind of did it on a Monday, so it went down on Sunday, it takes a week. So you can clearly see that the number of repositories with greater than 50 stars updated in the last three months is clearly rising. This shows a young, but a growing community. Yes, clearly shows that, right? It doesn't, it does, come on. So it didn't mean more stars. Sorry? It meant more repositories with stars. Yes, exactly, the 50 stars. At least 50 stars updated. So now this is where I come to the JavaScript community, update activities for programming language. Well, guess which programming language has the highest number of activities? All right, give us some of the clap. So this is kind of adding on to what Sarah said. Thank you all, like the number kind of shows that. But of course, JavaScript because there's front-end, there's back-end, and CIS admin stuff. The next group that I wanna show you is active user groups. So obviously the user group's grade were 177. I couldn't list them down all, but if the user group has had at least 10 events, I kind of list them down here. Guess which group is once again very, very active? There's front-end as well. Yeah, there's front-end as well, SingaporeJS as well. So there's Ruby as well. So once again, let's say you're a JavaScript developer, but you want to learn about Haskell. All right, so just click the link and check it out. Just go ahead and attend the meetups. Or you wanna attend the make-affair or even a university event. So these are very active user groups, and they are queried with live data for the past year. Next, do you wanna know our repositories for programming language, which are the active ones? So once again, as a developer, if the location contains, not match, contains Singapore, it's up here. So once again, let's see which authors are here. Okay, forget about the first one. Colomify is Tim Oxley, who's this, TORS. Are you here? TORS, T-O-R-S, GitHub user. Yachty, Heat, Tim Oxley, Chian. Is Chian here? This is by Chian. But nevertheless, check out all these. And also other programming language, I know Mihail does Haskell, right? So one thing, if you are an event meetup organizer, click these and invite the author to the meetup. Maybe sometimes they are not in the meetup. And lastly, popular event locations. So once again, this file is in GeoJSON. You know the thing about site projects is that even though you have never worked with data science or GeoJSON, you get to do it. So these are the popular event locations. So once again, if you're a new meetup organizer, go and check out the popular event locations. And a big thanks to PayPal once again. Where is this location? Like here? Okay, I don't have internet. But anyway, this is in Hacker Space, one of the popular. And you'll also see the groups that have held their events here. So all the data is here. So if you do not know who to contact, contact one of the organizers from these groups and they will help you out. And finally, I wanted to say that if you have any sort of advice or pre-request, we welcome them just to go there. And as a close-up, I wanted to say that it's not just JavaScript community, I think Singapore. It is growing, as you can see from the data. In the last year, we have had 124 unique repositories updated, 852 update activities, 785 meetups like this for developers, by the way. I didn't even include startups or marketing or other sort of tech meetups. And 178 user groups. It will be interesting to see how these numbers translate next year. But for that, it's not just JavaScript, it has to be the entire community. So if you have a new person out of the industry or a beginning person, bring the person to a meetups like this, help someone contribute a pool request, or contribute to open source, beside the person, kind of nudge the person. And yeah, let's see how these numbers translate to next year. And once again, please feel free to raise a pool request issue. One of the things that data.webel.sg does is this concept called open open source, which means if you send a pool request and it gets accepted, we give you the commit access. So go and read up the contributing. So really, it's like in the spirit of open source and everybody's welcome, raise a pool request. And I hope you check out the other graphs. I would love questions at the end of all the speakers. Thank you. Oh, still got questions. All right, so yeah. So thanks to advices like this, we have started gathering a little bit more of the end points from API. So one of them is RSVP count. We cannot get people who show up count, right? Because it's not from an API. We can get RSVP count, but the general percentage is 50% to 60% that shows up. So from there, you can kind of do an error correction. So that's what we started collecting this year. So maybe in the six months, you'll see some RSVP count. We also started collecting the file size of open source repositories, number of contributors. So if you go to the API and points of Webel, as you see more data, we also started collecting lat long for locations. So let's see. But yes, RSVP count, that's a very good point. All right, allies, you can talk to me on this.


What's going on everyone? Sam here with Layton Sports Cards, and I am doing a five box football and baseball mixer for Synvicta Got a 2022 archives retired 2022 top pristine and three Chronicles H2 football. So Synvicta wants baseball We're gonna give them baseball. Let me just double check make sure it's retired edition, right? Yep retired edition. Here we go Good luck, man Synvicta's live and chat here, so hopefully we'll pull you something big God, that's cool. Nice One-of-one Mike Piazza There we go. Synvicta is a Dodger. That's really cool on a bazooka Nice Pizza Man. There we go We'll take a Piazza not too bad Heck yeah 101 Yeah, Dodger Piazza's a little That definitely takes that That emoji for sure Let's pull you like a wander Otto, Synvicta. That's what I'm hoping man Wander Super Fract are coming out of this really quick. All right. Here we go. Synvicta tops pristine Is this your first box of this? I feel like it is I feel like I haven't seen you open one of these Oh My lord Well, that's crazy. That is a bomb. All right. We've got Refractors Lance Lynn. We got a gold Max Scherzer. Nice That is 250 We'll send you the refractors and the rookies out of this Invicta will keep the base if you don't want them Probably not elusive It's pretty Pretty full at this point Hank Aaron Olson Acunia Mookie Bats So just separate I guess the base and the inserts I Got Shohei Otani on the encased nice one there. That is Base in case No base and also no inserts So do you want the rookies out of chronicles? I'm assuming you do right? No, not numbered. Okay All right No worries Just let me know on the rookies out of Don't need the rookies that aren't numbered have too many of them. All right, sounds good. We'll do we'll do Nick Castellanos and Fernando Tatis Jr. Refractors Give them out to kids. Yeah, we could do that for sure appreciate that Got orange hermod Marquez Numbered one of 25 for the Rockies nice dark horse trade ship right there for sure Could be an astro synvict a never know could be going to your squad Sincere what towns are you near? Yeah All right, we've got Luis heel rookie and gold you're not Alvarez. There you go. Sincere 17 of 50. There you go for your squad very nice for Don, baby Hey, bro, rod crew Sincere, are you ready? Are you ready one solo popular demand auto? Nice hit not numbered on the on-card solo Let's go Sincere. There we go, buddy. Heck. Yeah Now I feel good. I feel good for the Luke now. Heck. Yeah, dude There we go sin. There we go sin. Heck. Yeah, dude Yeah, I can't pull points out of a tops products in Victor. That's that is a a true statement Got Babe Ruth purple Greg Deachman for the Cubs to 99 41 of 99. There you go. Nice one there What's up Jmart? Welcome back. Welcome back. Yeah Trevor story on top base. How about a blue Babe Ruth? For the Yankees 72 of 75 nice, babe There you go, some Victor One more nasty hit for you here Jared Walsh and Max Kepler slice of star for the twins Nice one there Joe Barlow Pat beer lane It is a pretty nice redemption Brandon Marsh Autograph pristine parallel for the angels. That is a rookie auto at least so I know that's a little annoying, but Could be worse Forgot Wander's lie. I was hoping it was a wander, but he's live in this I see super out of this last Last pack yet to get a wander auto So you get a wander purple right here No, Greg Maddox, so that's pretty cool purple to 75 or 99 excuse me That is not 40 of 99 curvy pocket and we've got Jake Burger rookie That is not numbered for the white socks nice one there on the in case All right chronicles H2 here we go. So I guess just I'll just hand you rookie. Yeah, not our numbered stuff numbered and if any hits come out of it All right, see some big low numbered stuff here So you don't want any max or anything sin numbered stuff for super short prints. All right sounds good Daniel Jones Chubb Trey Lanz score T-Law on the crown Nico Collins Eli Mitchell elite Rondale more our silver rookies. You got it and Mack Jones. Let me grab that. There's something in there, right? Eli Robinson Calvin Ridley got silver legacy Micah Parsons Ramon Dre and Ramon Dre again this time to 199 Patriots Kenneth Gainwell silver elite Justin Fields luminance and Jevon Holland I'll pull an auto out of one of these boxes Dynagon Trey Lanz. I'll send you these and Victor because these are like the nicer ones. I think Terris Marshall Ian book Silver Michael Carter Sam Ellinger and Jevon said a monra Mike Evans got Kyle Trask Khalil Herbert James Robinson to 399 red foil Kyle Pitt silver rookie Kenneth Gainwell Panini and Najee Harris Mack Jones Brevin Jordan Ben Raffles burger got Mack Jones on the crown Cadarius Tony orange two ten three of ten nice and big dog. There you go Solid one there Nice Cadarius Tony also got a T-law to 399 176 not too bad pretty good pack for you, man Take that for sure Got Trask and Derek Henry. Yeah, that's one of the lowest number. I've seen come out of Chronicles yet Trevor Lawrence prism black Devonta Smith Devonte Dami Brown on the silver rookie Jalen waddle and Eli Mitchell that'll do it for box one of Chronicles I'll send you the prism blacks to syndicta That's that's cool with you Prism blacks are good to send cool. Last question. Do you want the crown Royals? They're like exclusive to H2 because I could have we won't top-load them. I could just have Sean fish them out if you want them Just a numbered all right, you got it. No problem Corey Davis Aaron Donald Mack Jones not numbered prism black Cleo Herbert and Ramondra got Ian book silver Michael Carter and Felipe Franks Yeah, it's like a little different like the structure of it's a little bit different a Great Iron Kings Trey Lance autograph to 99 there he goes in Victor heck yeah 73 of 99 Trey Lance Heck yeah, congrats, buddy.  It's a $1.99 And a silver Mac Jones to nice Got Zach Wilson and Des Fitzpatrick Got Dynagon kind of gain well Quiddipay and Adafi. Oh, I silver big palm maple palm Jamar Chase, Javonsa burrow Sanders nice silver. We've got Micah Parsons prism black. There you go Gainwell and Elijah Moore Davis Mills on the silver elite rookie Ramondra and Teres Marshall Yeah, you know that Jmart once you open a lot of this stuff You kind of know what to expect so I can kind of get through it, which is good Trey Lance rookie a monra Ian book got Travis ETN on the pink to 49 for the Jags. There you go Got Ian book read to 399 Ian book and my homes Yeah, I mean you're not guaranteed some of the some of the other products hybrids are a little bit better Michael Carter Kyle Trask Anthony Schwartz got CD lamb to 399 cowboys Sam Ellinger silver rookie Scridge, I'm sending you the scourge and Victor. You can deal with it Josh Palmer on the momentum You're getting all the scourges and that will sign the scourge for you some Victor Before we put your cards away, I'm gonna sign your scourge and Victor Scourge, yeah, everybody dropping scourge now. There we go Empty yeah, sign it. All right, perfect Heck yeah, good call on that one. I even think of doing that H.I. Dylan Terry McLauren nice prison black Justin Fields. There you go Yeah, kind of gain. Well got Kellen Mond red to 199 crown Ian book silver elite Jalen waddle and Najee Harris. I Will be so happy Jmart if Scridge signs with Baltimore one day, I will be like amazed that that happens That would be so awesome my home's Cole Beasley It's a 99 Micah Parsons silver auto legacy. There he goes and Victor Heck yeah, dude Nice one there 92 of 99 on the Parsons Elijah more Got Devonta Smith 20 of 99 blue for the Eagles Mack Jones silver again, and then we got Fields and Schwartz It was dang cow. Yeah, those cowboys follow you man. It was the deck last night and now it's the Parsons tonight Mahal or the celly chiefs Anthony Schwartz Chuba Hubbard got Khalil Herbert read the 399 That's very true very true Jmart got Sam Ellinger and Justin Jefferson Probably toward the end of the night. I would say within the next hour for sure Eric I'll make sure to get it in for you Etienne Rashad Bateman Cadarius Tony Jalen waddle got Kellen man to 399 or Kenyan Wong.  There you go Nice one there Sam Ellinger Rondale Moore got Davis Mills silver Chuba Hubbard and clear vision Skrige. There we go another Skrige Yeah, man, it's a lot. It's been a lot of fun. It's been a fun hanging with you He knew you guys Mack Jones flux Eli Mitchell and Kyle Pitts got Sam Ellinger silver elite Rondale Moore and Aziz. Oh, Jalari that'll do it sin Victor. Congrats on the hits man At least we got you some good stuff I would say and we'll get those right out so you will sign this Skrige card for sure