فایلنگ آپ کیا ملیو گوہر کو دوری سواتہ ہوئے۔ آپ بھی فیلو ملیو میں سکتے ہیں۔ یہ امامیوکر سیش کی شرطانی کی بارے پر بھی روکت ہی ہے۔ اے داری ملیو کوئییییی میں راقصر کرناتی ہے۔ 2014 میں راقصر کرناتی ہے۔ فیلو ملیو کوئییی میں 1984 سے بارے پر بہن میں تھا۔ ملیوکر سیش کیا کام گیا ہے۔ اور کیا بہن سے ملیوکیر ملیوکیی میں کیا ہے۔ مریوکہ نے اپنے خوانیت کے لئے ایدیتی ہے اور فیلومیلہ کے حیرتانی موسکل اکسپریشن ہمارے بہت سکتے ہیں۔ جب اپنے محافظہ لینا پہلے ہمارے بہت سکتے ہیں اور ہمارے بہت سکتے ہیں بہت سکتے ہیں ساریم موسکلہ جانتے ہیں۔ فیلومیلہ ہمارے بھی جانتے ہیں۔ ہمارے ناری دیکھانےugi کرنے کے ساتھ اس کے آہنوں کو مطابق ہوئے اور ہمارے کسی ف��انی کے بارے کرتے ہیں کہ جانتا ہے ... اس حالت سے لیئے کہ میں اس ساتھ سی پرکنے کے بارے میں کھوک کرتا ہے۔ اس آہنوں کے 2015 بہت ایک ساتھ بہت ساتھ دیکھنا چاہتا ہے ، ، پر بہت نوریت پر سید پرinflائیر امارچیٰ سین، انہوں سے پردی three عالیٰ ایک ساتھ مطرف ، امارچیٰ آپی خیاری луч למ�ہن کے بارے 살짝 ، لندن میں making a new global economic research institute because of the possibility of the possibility to explore the possibility of creating a UNU global economic research institute in march 1982มา جو ای مارچہ جو سب سالس objectives ا sect came up with the acronym the wider which is so aptly described our work over the last 30 years ننزے پیس بریارات پرانے میں کم پرانے میںosaہر پرانے میں اہم خدمتہ رہے کے بیٹس ہر حدیث ماری بریار کرنے میں طبعہ کرنا نہیں بائھتا ہے۔۔ circumstance پشاہی contributions سب resultados اور پھرسیک تاکہ د LinkedIn سے مجھے میکوچہ جو ھنی قبیز سٹییکر جزاELL ھنکا آکا ھنکا ھنکا ھنکوی直接 ھنکوان ھنکوان اندیوز ھنکوان ھنکوان جنگزی اور خانیدی جو دیگوٹوں کو بیٹھ پڑھا تھا کسی چھوڑتے ہیں اس لے میں دل میں جو سائن میں سوچنے کی لئے سوچنے کے بڑھنی آنا کے لییکٹسے میں دیکھتا ہوں میں سان کمیتہ لئے ہم کہتی ہے اور کسی چھوڑا اس لئے کسی بیٹھ پڑھنی پوری بہت جو سائن جو بہت مرعبی میں کمیت میں ساہ کرنا چاہتا ہے Ride and honor to welcome and introduce Amartya Sen as the 19th annual lecturer on this 30th anniversary university of univider. Prof. Isen is a man who surely requires no introduction to this audience. Any attempt to make such an effort and do it briefly will advance be faced with difficulty بھی وضحایہ کے ساتھ لیں اطلاقے کیدرانوں کے ساتھ موجود ہیں۔ آمردئی آنسان ہے کہ جو بہت بہت ساتھ کیا تو جہاں عضلہ کو حصول اور اس بہت بہت اع法یی کے وقت میں پر مجھے وطرح modulation بھی وقت ہوتا ہے۔ مجھے آخر آسان کو بھی دروسیت کے بارے میں بھی حلوہ حل او بہت بہت بہت ساتھ بہت بہت بہت بہت ساتھ بہت煽ف ، اس کے مجھے تعلیقیات کیا فرام اiblادہ ثیہت ہے ، لیکن ایک ازامکی پیدایپی ہے اور سیرا کسی دیدایپی میں اس صحیح مجھے سا800 جارہ ہوتا ہے۔ ایسا بیدایپی و کامیٹی اور حال ساپفیی کو پیدایپی ہوتا ہے دیتے ہیں تو 2004 میں بھارہت رضی نمی کامیٹے میں سیادت ہاتھے گا۔ پروزی سن has serve as the president of several economic associations including the International Economic Association. He has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1998 for his contributions to welfare economics and social choice theory. پرو conducted think let an influential اول in the establishment of the institution we are کINE rape being today as we heardم any offers ستبJason pays اٹلی質 دیں نینirens فنسی اینی Access نیئSamar anاتیا ہے لے dream33年었습니다 نیئے اپنی ایکوottle because، مصرحصر کی形ہ ہے دوستی قاعدتر بارے ہمیاری دوستی کارڈی والداری ساری ہوتا ہے اور ہے کہ مجھے حجر پیدا چاہتے ہیں لگا لگا کہ مقادہ رو اطراب جن Lights پر تفاظہ ہے ایسا اجترین حجہ دوستی مجھے حواری دوست کی خارج بھی ہے ایک سیدہ ایک صرحان ترانی بٹی کے دا جب وہ اس جانس بارے میں مساعدتہ لے دے بالم اللہوں میں ایسینات ہوں اور سوالیئے کسی قہار پرمانیت یا توی روحی سے ذات ہے. میں سے مصاب بہت ہوں۔ بہت سے پولی ٹیسیوں کاملیت کے حالاتا ہوں آپ لگ کے لئے ایک نمی کچھ بات کردے میں جو مخلصنات کی جو معاویہ دوگے قیادہ ہے اور پس دے میں انج護دت ہے۔ یہ جانتا ہے اور اسی نظورت دارہ پہلے معاویہ ہے جانتا ہے اور میں ساتھ مفتنہ مرشانی بارکہ ہی جائے السصوح ہوتا ہے When welcoming Amartya Sen as the annual speaker I wish to highlight the importance his thoughts have had on my own thinking regarding egalitarian societies. His article The Quality Of Life, China vs India, in the New York Review of Books in 2011, was one of the most sought-provoking articles I have come across in recent years. عیسی بہت شعر کر جو سبوجہ کٹ آئے لائےation ہے کہ لکھاں سبوجہ سبوجہ ملے میں مجھے کے بارے میں نورجیمان کا فينوشہ لگوار جو بہت اگر جہے بڑے کیا ہوتا ہے. لیکن وہ مجھے بات پر بھلوں کے لئے جو صرف روح کی طرف دیکھنے کے لئے مجھے لئے جہے بہت اُن جائے۔ ہمارے زندگہ پر یہ جو مفادت ہی سامتہ جوبطاعت ہے جب سرگ طرحیق گرو ہے تحقیقی دیموجسی گی جانتا ہے۔ اس کے ساتھ ایکرا جنہی بینیکٹی ہوئے گے آگا، بہت اپنے ایمانہ ہے کسی بگیر ہی لئے, مجھے ساتھ نظر دارے دی잖아요. کیونکہ ہمیں کامیٹر کو بھی ساتھ ذخة ہے جانتے��로 ایکرتی ہے۔ جو بہنوں بہنوں پریکٹیزی کو بہت منمی والے میں طلب سمار نوڈیک کنٹریز میں قرآن میں وطیقان میں کنٹریز یا نوڈیک کنٹر میں رکھا ہے اس کی سنگنے سے بہت سامastopیز کو بہت ویرے میکھن کی تکہیوں ہوں۔ سامانین کبھی نہیں ہے کہ نوڈیک کنٹریز میں بہت بھی نوڈیک کنٹریز میں چیز کی حضور بہت دے اور یہکنٹر کی ضرورت کی بھی وطیقتی کی بہتر کرنا را جانے گی ہے klarهی بہتے ہیں۔ لہذا جو واڈنوں نے کہا کے اجتماعہ کو مجھے سے حیرت جانا ہے ، کے لئے سینا جب یہ ساتھ توقیف کو بہت کے رانے میں اسی بہت معلومت کو بھیٹ کرنا ہے. اس میکرےھاں جندگی کھاک پہنے کے ليشون کے جاتھا ہوں۔ اور اس یہ سن کے گوشیں کہا پیدا ہی کا اشتاد ہی جاتا ہے اور اس ساتھ ممادہ ساتھ بھی ای اور ایک آخفوں نے جو احیادوں نے پرانا ہے جو یہ ساتھ کتا ہے We will continue with that. As we celebrate it's thirtieth anniversary, it is our hope that Our hope that also Until the end, you know why there can continue to play is important role. a М than the young researchers passing through its doors We will continue to embrace the wider challenge of development. We need research and you champions of a more equal world. I urge the youth کرتے ہیں ملو ہمommtف towards معواقظ ملو شاید جاننے کیا کہ یہرید کرنے میں پہلے رؤیت ہوں گے. ہی مشہر والدھارانا ہوں ہوں یہاں جانتا ہوں گے وہاں ہوں گے. جانتا ہوں جانتا ہوں گے اور یہرغم بھی عمل登ہ اور بہت وقت opposite می کا سامتہ کے پ delightful جانیہ سکتے ہوں گے.  یہ آبا ناقر سے بہت melody کیقاڈ نہیں تبدیل ہے۔ لکھاں ٹی خیال ایسا پر ہی سمجھا تھا ایک معاویییتر اللہ ان سیجر کیا جانتا تھا۔ اس kilometres بود شانسرارThe Forum of Vice-Chancellors of the university of Ghana and I were going from place to place and country to country to assess along with the team of the United Nations University of which Cornell was my factor the suitability of the alternative location that had been suggested for situating the new research institute that the UNU جو سالہ میں جانتی ہے کہ مجھے باتناہیت ساتھ آتا ہے۔ خبت مطفیرہ شرطت ہے لہذا rookت ، نہ ہماری مئے لی assembled پر فرمان کا مجھے جانتا ہے جانتا ہے کے لئے اس میں پر ومانیت کے لئے وہ بہت خواہتا ہے جو غرفان کے لئے ہمining پہلے لیڈر لیڈر زیادہ مجھے بہت سے خبت ممادہ کتی ہے کیوں کہ سیش فرمان like ساتھ than ڈیکٹی اور اپنے دوری نکھاہتے ہیں. نظری سے بات سکتے ہیں۔ اگر آپ مرکزی کسی بات سکتے ہیں بھی کسی بات سکتے ہیں۔ نظری سے بات سکتے ہیں۔  بہتر ہن جس کے ساتھ بارے میں محطن کرنے کے لئے ہمارے ساتھ ہوں گا ہمارے نوزوں کا اجازتہ باتا ہی were نیوز میں ا کردی لیتے ہیں کھوپونگ اور میں کے لئے ہی اگر نوز کے بارے میں تصور سکتے ہیں ماٹکاستو کے معایدات کے حالت کے بارے میں کرنا Yayder جارتی ہے۔  یہ نہیں ہم آپ کو ساڑ کرنے کے لئے ہمیں یہ سوانتے کے لئے ہمارے کے لئے سوانتے کے لئے سوانتے کے لئے مجھے رہا ہے۔ لیکن میں حیرہ یہاں ہی بہتنے کیا ہے کہ ہم ایک حیرہ کے تک بہت سے بہت بہت سوالین کی بیطرہ سیدہ ہوا ہے۔ اور ایک حیرہ ہے کہ ایک حیرہ کے تک بہت سوالین کے لانے فرماری تک بہت زیادہ جو چیز ہے۔ جو میں نوانی دور ہے جو سپسی آونے کی ساتھ ہوسکتے ہیں جو سپسی آونے کی ساتھ ہوسکتے ہیں اور اس سیاد ساتھ اندام جانتا ہے میں بعدímانی ساتھ ہوں گا ہمارے اپنے فرمارے own پرسنل ساتھ اندائیٹی اور میں ہم مدیو کے لئے جو انداء ، دیکتے ہیں جس طرح جیار لے کیسے سوچنے کی حالت ہوئے ہیں اور ایک بارے والا ساتھ ساتھ دیتے ہیں وہ ساکتے ہیں اور میں ان کے ساتھ فرماجی کیا جاتا ہوں ۔ اور اس طرح کہ دیکھتے ہوں ، جب آپ جانتا ہوں ، ایک ایسی دیکتا ہے ، اسی رہا ہے کہ ایسی ممتدہ میں مجھے کسی بارے میں مجھے دیکھتا ہوں ، کیا انہوں نے مجھے حقیطتی برائیں گی؟  فنلین دو ہی already very well known across the world. The leading paper of Finland did not have a like the idea of Mati Atisari becoming president of Finland and carried against him what can be described if I am any judge an energetic negative campaign without success I might say. And after some initial support the news paper also carried quite a powerful campaign against wider as well armed with some of the really biased reports on what is going on in wider. I was lucky personally to escape assault but that was little consolation since so many of my close talented dedicated and hard working friends and colleagues at wider especially director Laal Jaivaadana got lots of undeserved attacks. One thing I mean always when you're looking at a slight bit of sad episodes question to ask is did I learn something from it. One thing I positively learned from the episode is how hard it is to get to get misrepresentation to facts corrected in a country with one dominant newspaper having been used to a plurality of wide reach newspaper whether in Britain or the United States or for that matter India the blessing of having a plurality or powerful papers was suddenly much clearer to me if the Hindu sometimes attacks you there's times of India and express there's the Hindu and plenty of others that was not the situation here however over time and this I'm happy to report the financial reporting of what was going on in wider did slowly change and there was more coverage of research achievements of wider and I was told that eventually even the newspaper that seemed to run a campaign against wider in its early days did change its tune quite wholesome so what was wider doing in those early days right from its initiation led by Laal Jaivaadana wider undertook really broad based research what was described with some justified pride as research for action the world was not confined to economics in a narrowly defined sense and the interaction of economics with anthropology sociology politics and history in which the academic exploration that were being perceived in wider فیدریک اور سیوان فیدریک اپل اور سیوان مارلین were concerned among other subjects with the interface of economics and culture including diverse manifestation of social features in the relations within and between communities there were works on a large variety of subjects varying from global finance to comparative civilizations there were other development problems that were also receiving attention in the young institution the two numerous to go to to go through them one by one here for example the work on gender equity and on the growing recognition of the influence of global relations on national and regional economies let me comment a little on the research on hunger and poverty in the early days of wider with which I personally was involved there was plenty to investigate about different aspects of hunger and its far reaching consequences including the role of nutritional inadequacy in the deprivation of human lives and in handicapping the economic and social relations of families and nations سدکو رسمانی from bangra desh who was the resident director of the hunger project played a leading part in the research that wider did on various aspects of this critically important subject سن the team was further strengthened and very much strengthened indeed by the joining of Jean Dres who became a lifeline collaborator of mine with whom my first book was published by wider with whom I have gone on to publish I think seven or eight more books and had to report having a wonderful division of labor with Jean Dres اس کا اگر ایک وشکر دیکھتے ہیں جلushان coordination at de worst جناسل س yapt وہ بعدا اینampaix آئتا ہے تو بناب ایک کار سے رکھاتا ہے اور اپلیٍ ت Yay ایd سا آئیفی سکتتی ہے کیونکہ جائیں معاجل ہی جب ان fierce و کل پی ensure سارو دیکھت کی ذیب کی پر آئیفinci بہت سے ب welfare conna کی کلوں کاتھ رو انسان communicating لیکن today that our ancestors would have found almost difficult to imagine. Why has this global opulence not solved the problems of hunger and undernourishment? In answering the question we had to go into the nature and far reaching impact of economic inequality but also into the way people's entitlement to food, what food they can get and use get determined and makes the relation between food production and food entitlement often quite distant. On this subject I had written something in the decade preceding the birth of wider, which initially had a rough ride I have to say. The director of FAO had initially described and I recollect with some amusement in a BBC exchange shortly after my book poverty and famine came out in 1981 that this is the worst book he had read in his life. In order to soften things when I looked at him and I said you mean the worst book on this subject. The director replied no, this is the worst book I have read in my life on any subject. I told him that that was quite a distinguished position to occupy. In the assessment of one of the leading public institutions of the world. But by the time the word wider got started a few years later a shift from the perspective of food availability to one of food entitlement was beginning to get some traction and indeed became quite a natural and common way of thinking about it. There is nothing in it except in common sense. And the work at wider made it possible to see the past ramification of an alternative approach. Not a food-centered approach but an economic-centered approach aided particularly by the research of Joan Rez and Siddiq Osmani. There was also a different kind of concern that emerged as being really important. And the distribution of food within the family between men and women between adults and children. Not every member of the family earns an income. Infants don't, very old people may not. And in many societies women typically do very hard work at home but are not seen as bread earners quote unquote bringing an income from outside in the market economy. Even though the market-based earners of the family may not be able may not be able at all to do their outside work and earn an income from outside if they had to look after household work as well including taking care of children and of the old and the sick. And even though household work is essential ingredient of the process of generating and earning an outside income. The social conventions in most countries of the world had tended to discriminate in favor of the so-called bread earners and against those household work make that bread earning possible typically women. It's about that time that they, or softly before that WHO had published a study on the intensity of work and among sedentary work it was mentioned household work and it's never been quite clear to me which petition by the way this commission didn't have a single woman member where this particular piece of scientific fact had been arrived at. So then the inequality had to be included into the causal explanation of poverty and hunger. Entitlement analysis had thus to be extended to go beyond legal entitlement and market ownership and to cover also such issues as the use of social norms established conventions of sharing which may determine who is accepted as having an entitlement to what. The work at WIDA also attempted to go beyond the entitlement of people to the resulting capabilities people managed to acquire as a result of economic and social opportunities in addition to their personal conditions such as disability or proneness to illness and aspects of social environment such as epidemiological circumstances. This also was a work I had just started before WIDA came into existence in fact in 1984 the year before I had published a book called Commodities and Capabilities but I can't say that the impact of the book of any kind of traction until a number of researchers and workers here did a great deal of really significant work on the subject. Among others particularly Marcel Nussbaum joined in this work in the late 1980s and vastly enriched the capability based perspective. Poverty it was increasing we've become clear was not just the lowness of income but the deprivation of human capability and that capability depends on a variety of factors and this is where I'm so delighted that Mathia Tisario referred to the Nordic model and that understanding is absolutely essential to understanding the implications of the capability based approach though again there's no originality in that Adam Smith in 1976 has already talked about including people forget and people think of the market economy as being the subject on which Adam Smith was the guru that when at some stage he explains why do we need good political economy he said we need it for two different reasons one it increases people income and they can do what they value most doing this is capability straight forward and because it increases income in the hands of the government so that the government can do those things government has common wealth as he put it so the government can do those things with the government alone can do well and he cited the example of public education in this context and the Nordic model in many ways and in some ways and this is not the time to discuss it the large feature of what they so called East Asian model has had that aspect the classic issues of hunger poverty, gender inequality and other deprivation remain relevant even today and there is no scope for declaring victory in any of these battles though some of the battles are going a lot better now than it seemed possible in 1985 and yet newer challenges have also emerged and our understanding of deprivation has been undergoing very considerable change there are many new challenges so the true thing that the world changing and also our understanding of the world developing there are many new challenges that we have to consider and one of the most important among them is the problem of environmental sustainability our global environment has many problems if the high volume of carbon emission is one I have to say I am often tempted to think that the low level of intellectual engagement with some of the major environmental challenges is surely another there are of course many engaging and well researched studies particularly environmental problems such as global warming and we have good reason to be appreciative of that and yet some of the foundational issues have remained unresolved indeed unaddressed I show the world the rest of the time I have or not have to pointing to some neglected areas of research for actions environmental analysis is seriously hampered by not having anything like an adequately world normative framework involving ethics as well as science that could serve as the basis of debates and discussions on policy recommendations despite the ubiquity and reach of the environmental dangers a general normative framework for the evaluation of these dangers has yet to evolve I think the biggest contribution on that of course was made by group Wunpland in the Wunpland commission report where the whole idea of sustainable development was presented but it needed development particularly I have been concerned with the fact that we have to see not only keeping human standard of living as a guide but also seeing human beings as thinking creatures so that is not just our standard of living but also everything we value if we value spotted owls and we don't want to get them instinct sustainable development requires that not in an extra human perspective but in a human perspective because these are things we do value and this is not because spotted owls affect our standard of living I don't think I've ever seen a spotted owl and if I'm committed to not there going extinct it represents values that we haven't to have and we can reason about so this is group Wunpland plus moving away from a needs based framework to a more human freedom based framework which fits into the capability of quite well while they have been not concerned with reducing emissions and cutting down the use of fossil fuel which are good objectives very good objectives in themselves there's an absence of a broad enough framework for assessing the comparative cost of different sources of energy from fossil fuel and nuclear power to solar and renewable energy and the inclusion of the externalities involved which can take many different forms that the market costs do not capture one of the externalities the evil effects of carbon emissions has certainly received enormous airing and that in its context is an excellent thing and yet there are other externalities that also demand urgent attention and that includes the growing danger from rapidly increasing use of nuclear energy for example in China and India and elsewhere because and they don't have to become a very substantial part of the total energy intake for them to be dangerous entities to exist and that is the position I believe in China and India and a number of other countries yet the dangers and externalities of nuclear energy have received astonishingly little systematic attention in scientific policy discussions environmental thinking has to be multi-dimensional rather than single focus therefore the main message of why I believe even if the focus is something as important as the dangers from carbon emission and this has to be a new application of the approach and meaning the domain of research that this institution has stood for since 1985 and I thought briefly about some persistent biases in thinking about the benefits and penalties of energy use in different forms in the contemporary world first the recent focus on energy thinking had been particularly concentrated away the means of reducing carbon emissions and linked with that cutting down energy use rather than taking energy use as essential for conquering poverty and seeing the environmental challenge within a more comprehensive understanding India ought to do something for example about coal but there is no escape from the fact that India needs more power just to eliminate the poverty that we happen to have there would appear to be an insufficient recognition in global discussion of the need for increased power in the poor countries across the world for example in India a third of the people do not have any power connection at all this is partly of course the politics of dominant classes but there is also an issue of total power supply making it easier to produce energy with better environmental correlates it does be a contribution not just to environmental planning but also to making it possible for a great many people to lead a fuller and freer life second there is insufficient recognition of an empirical fact that may at first glance look rather trivial and when I first mentioned in a class people seem to be amused that I was making a point with look to them like trivial but I believe it has some greater importance than one immediately recognized many areas of the world where poverty is common are also particularly sunny and I hugely and offer hugely underappreciated opportunities for the generation and use of solar power if the scientific and engineering problems using the source of energy including the development of cheaper and longer storage of seasonably or daily variable power adequately addressed the availability of a strong sun of which Bangladesh and India and much of Africa get comparably more than does Europe it depends actually even in summer is alright but in winter no more problem which is currently Europe which is currently the center of environmental activism in the world much to its credit in other ways and this availability people keep grumbling that we don't have any oil but some is like having a lot of oil underneath the ground this makes it possible for many of the poor areas of the world to utilize a gigantic supply of energy if environmentally sound ways of harnessing, storing and utilizing solar energy can be developed this could benefit some countries with very little availability of known stocks of fossil fuels such as large parts of sub Saharan Africa but also other countries where some fossil fuel sources are abandoned such as called in India and in China but the use of which has to be restricted over time because of their impact on climatic change third with the growing recognition of the dangers of global pollution from fossil fuel the attractions of nuclear power have naturally become quite strong the attraction applies inter alia to the scientific community but seems to have a strong hold on global policy makers as well for example in his presentation of data on I quote clean energy the world bank lumps together nuclear with solar and other renewable sources of energy I quote clean energy is non-carbohydrate energy that does not produce carbon dioxide when generated it includes hydropower, nuclear, geothermal and solar power among others is nuclear energy really clean I would argue that this is an absurd diagnosis the climatic implication to reliance on nuclear energy are indeed enormously better than the continued and accelerating use of fossil fuel I said climatic implications however threat from externalities do not come only to climate change nuclear power also has extremely strong negative externalities of very different kinds there are penalties and perils which are not included in the evaluation of market prices at the cost of nuclear power at the part of the cost of nuclear power thereby making the alternative appear to be much cheaper than it actually is from a social point of view energy evaluation as a part of environmental planning demands much more extensive and proving accounting of costs taking note of externalities of every kind for example there are at least five different kinds of externalities that add significantly to the social cost of nuclear power one the possibly huge effects of nuclear accidents as in Chernobyl or in Fukushima Fukushima happened to happen in one of the most sophisticated technically sophisticated countries the opportunity of that happening in many other countries which are not that sophisticated I would have thought is no less to the risk of sabotage a strong possibility in countries like India we still think about what happened to a Bombay hotel not that many years ago three the consequences of possible nuclear theft a potential everywhere but particularly strong and less guarded plants and when you think about the world being dotted with these plants that's a very considerable risk indeed four the difficulties and safely disposing of nuclear waste which will grow over time cumulatively with a huge half life well beyond anything that we can immediately imagine and possibly quite fast if the world comes to rely more and more on nuclear power and five nuclear reactions that may be set off if and when a nuclear power plant is bombed and blasted with conventional weapons in a conventional kermish in a rather limited local occasion this is not often recognized you just drop a standard TNT bomb it's not certain it would lead to a meltdown but there will be a very considerable probability of a nuclear disaster beginning with that probabilistically each of them carries possibilities and probabilities of huge adversities both to the human life and of course also to ecosystems around us even with tiny probabilities of each the sum of the five and I have not even counted in already what we know already about leaks of nuclear power which have gone on in number of countries including in India multiplied by the growing number of nuclear enterprises the sum of this tends to produce very sizable overall probabilities of real disaster estimates of probable harm from terrible to catastrophic could be gigantic but nuclear power is in this sense nuclear power is in any case quite extensive even in conventional terms and if in addition they expected this value or this utility or externalities is added to the cost of power production that some total would begin to move away substantially it's unlikely that in the near future fossil fuel use can be eliminated by nuclear power in fact it occupies a relatively small proportion of the total power supply in China, India and nearly every country in the world with a few exceptions like France though the picture could change in the long run but the dangers of nuclear accident and sabotage and theft can become very large even before nuclear power becomes anywhere near replacing coal or oil and other fossil fuels across the world so that the time to act might well be just now Furthermore to the extent that more safeguards are put into the basic design of nuclear power production and supply and that would never quite plug the hole the cost of nuclear energy will also become significant just market based nuclear energy cost will become significantly larger even in conventional terms an alternative that seemed very small and possibly was only a few years ago but which is coming into more and more serious consideration now is what I've already referred to the renewable energies through solar power and to some extent wind power as well recently the cost of the renewable sources of energy particularly solar have been rolling very fast quite a bit faster than I was expected and without any government subsidy the sustainable energy production in the world is going up right now at about 30% a year and when I say no subsidy it's actually reverse fossil fuel is often subsidized not particularly targeted but that's the way it works out when the energy policy that end up subsidized some changes have happened and I think for the better in India and that was like recently but when the fossil fuel is subsidized and sustainable energy is not and then there is a further distortion but quite aside from fossil fuel subsidy the case for the government deciding what it can do to encourage sustainable energy with the market is doing plenty already but you have to do in a much bigger scale because unlike nuclear sustainable energy can actually over time and fairly rapidly become the main stay of our power based existence there are many other issues to be faced in coming to rely more on renewable energy including of course the cost of storage to integrate the time pattern of energy used with time pattern of energy production and this requires particularly much greater public support and governmental support for scientific and engineering research dealing particularly with the issue of storage and if you think about how scientific progress in the world has taken place whether you're dealing with antibiotics to my child who is the original sulfur disease sulfur drugs all the way to internet the government has played a very big part in making that possible it's not my contention that this problem is easy to investigate and ascertain there are empirical gaps in our knowledge as well as analytical difficulties with the evaluation of uncertainty but the problem is present in the analysis of global warming as well and the recent works of estimating global dangers from emission from fossil fuels have moved inescapably in the direction of including uncertainty inclusive epistemic evaluation the problem of the so-called fat tail emphasized by my colleague Marty Weitzman and others in the probability distribution of dangers from global warming is a good example the comparison between the two sources you prefer power to renewable power from the sun and wind require urgent evaluation with special attention to the respective consequences on human lives and well-being as well as concerns about ecosystems the need to go beyond unidirectional thinking about the environment is extremely strong right now we need the same kind of widening of research as in as was demanded by the challenge of hunger and poverty in which the institution disinstitution wider play the leading part from about 30 years ago this is strong need for radically broadening the priorities of environmental planning and energy related scientific research in view of these empirical and evaluative concerns in normative framework for environmental evaluation would have many demands another requirement is that it has to be it has to have both evaluative soundness and the possibility of informed application and reason public use the issues that have to be considered in developing an applicable normative framework must include one politics and public reasoning two science and epistemology and three ethics and morality I would have liked to have gone into the specific demand more fully today but for the fact that I don't have the time and I can only hope that during the discussion following my presentation we might be able to discuss some of these issues but just to mention a few things the politics and public reasoning about environmental threat involves perhaps the most difficult set of problems to be addressed even though scientific evidence on the fragility of the environment has been growing and is quite firm now the politics of environmental understanding has often been running defiantly again accepting the scientific reading particularly in the United States and it seems to be somehow mysteriously run as a dividing line between the public and the democrats not absolutely obvious why the party of Lincoln should not be concerned with being science and understanding and a basic humanity into the reach of the republican platform however the problem clearly goes beyond party politics the bulk of the American population seem basically unconvinced or only little convinced that the threat is large enough to warrant any great sacrifice today on the part of the present population for example even as president Obama are gathering enough traction for trying to impose some constraints on allowable emissions particularly affecting the older plants and factories the democratic candidates in many states seem to be getting ready to dissociate themselves from Obama's initiative more moving closer to the republican position because the next election gets closer so there is a problem beyond the party division America of course is not the whole world but public understanding and policy making in the USA are important both because it is such a big polluter but also because the willingness of other countries to make sacrifices today would be hard to arrange if Americans go on polluting the environment with little attempt to restrain there have been a lot of research on climatic studies over the recent years and the science of our vulnerability to global warming and other changes associated with massive continuing and typically increasing emissions is as clear today as scientific prognostation can ever be as next turn says in his recent book what are we waiting for and if this is an area where the primary challenge is seen as communication rather than basic science that is not so in considering threat to environmental environment coming from other direction the epistemic aspects of making extensive use of nuclear power as a substitute for fossil fuel has barely started there is a huge necessity of probing research on the rational assessment of externality inclusive costs of energy production and use to conclude I've end by pointing to the need for moving from unidirectional priority to coming to terms with the multifaceted threats that the environmental danger poses it is for example odd that the negative externalities of nuclear energy have figured much more in public fear than in scientific attempts to provide an estimate of the range of values within with the negative externalities of nuclear power can be placed in probabilistic terms if there needs for more politics and public reasoning including on global warming based on scientific evidence there is also a strong need for more scientific and epistemic research in many different types of environmental threats we face today including the likely result of increasing nuclear use across the world this will take us well beyond global warming that is the kind of widening widening that bears comparison with challenges that occupy the wider in its early years the challenges have changed but the need for widening the research agenda has not and I fear 30 years on we have reason to pay attention to the basic approach that why they have been tying to pioneer namely to make our research activities as well as public communication more inclusive rather than exclusive thank you very much I have to I should explain that after any lecture I give standing I look even more decadent than I am because my metal needs freeze when you are standing for about 40 minutes somewhere and I think of it as a blood knot circulating but I am told that's not what the problem is so you have to give me about 30 seconds before I gain whatever mobility I have and then I have to climb up I better give some I think a bit of running would have done yeah I will not waste your time if you take the one on the other side on the other side yeah the method highway is not that you should not have metal needs they work pretty well most of the time it means you shouldn't give 40 minute lectures standing at a place Amatya thank you very much I said earlier on that I was hoping that the Philomela core music would linger on in our minds and I can certainly say the same about Amatya's Wires and Insight full wider annual lecture now we have here some 600 people and there are of course many from Finland but I would like to make the point that they are joined by people from more than 75 countries across the world who have been attending the wider 30th anniversary conference over the past three days I've been saying three decades so many times now I'm sure that we're going to have many questions from a wide range of perspectives in this questions and answer session now the audience can I please ask you to introduce yourself before you ask your question and can I please ask you to be brief we do want to fit in as many of you as possible in this conversation in this question and answer section and I don't want to resort to the trick that we sometimes use namely that the sound goes off it would be better if we can be brief and concise but I do realize that sometimes that's not enough I would also be very keen to hear questions from the younger members of the audience I said in my opening remarks to the 30th anniversary conference a couple of days ago that it is critically important for our profession to engage with the bigger questions in development now this is particularly so for the younger generation so I will give priority accordingly depending on the flow of the conversation and President Addisari please do let me know if at some point you wish to make an intervention now it's a little bit hard to be here and see so many people so what I am suggesting that I do is that I sit and can see more or less in the middle and now I will start here in this side and move around clockwise and I will suggest that we take to begin three questions and then we get the conversation going and I should say that we have allocated almost an hour and twenty minutes for the conversation so there will be time to go around the room and hopefully have a good and insightful conversation with some of the wider problems in the world but also maybe some of the wider solutions and insights so can I invite comments from this side okay start here Hello my name is Ang from Vietnam I am doing my PhD at University of Gothenburg I have been reading Professor Sen since the first day of my economic study and I have a question for Professor Sen is that in your book is identity and violence you have mentioned about the importance of culture and the question is not does culture matter but is how culture matters and I want to ask you and whether you could give more explanation on the role of culture in sustainable development not in terms of environmental issue but it's also in terms of social issues especially in how education would change our perception about our identity in a globalized legislation world and advice to the young economists like me because I'm really interested in culture and I want to know your opinion there was somebody just behind yes a lady there with the glasses I can see at least Thank you I'm Yenegopla from United Nations Association of Finland and I'm really pleased to have heard this wonderful lecture and I would like to ask your opinion since you mentioned the need for new research agenda and you mentioned sustainable development goals sort of you mentioned sustainable development and now we have new sustainable development goals coming and I was thinking that could there be like a moral issue like oil drilling in the Arctic for example that would be sort of a research agenda issue as well it has been in the NGO campaigns but how does it show in the research field Thank you Okay and then here Jim Davies I'm from the University of Western Ontario in Canada Prof. Sen in your book on economic inequality which I think came out in 1976 that you put a dedication I believe to your children and you said that you dedicated it to them in the hope that however they decided to measure inequality in the future there would be less of it we've seemed to have seen some hopeful signs that on a global level at least there is less inequality I'd be very interested in hearing your comments about that trend and how hopeful you think it is This was the first three I think a match I think with that you're my memory My memory may be a little better than my metal knees Let me go into reverse order I'm delighted you mentioned that you wrote a 73 book on economic inequality which is a dedicated thing no matter how you measure it there will be less I think it's partly it's expressed what I wanted to think about the future of the world since I do regard inequality to be a major issue and have thought that sort of my life but partly also the book also also deals with the fact that that criteria may differ and when the particular measures of inequality may differ but quite often what you're talking about is not sensitive to which measure you are using and that's why I'm saying no matter how they decide to measure it there will be less of it and so the intersection partial ordering to talk of it in mathematical terms is a big thing in the book لاران's dominance is the oldest kind so I'm delighted you mentioned that because that comes up in every way and today there is in some ways you could say that inequalities have expanded, in other ways it has gone down quite a lot of it is going down due to China in fact sometime India is included in it کسامکس اور اس کے بخچے جو کہ جو ہی ایک چانہ ساتھ بھی ایک سودت اہموے والدہ چانہ کے حالتے ہوتا ہے ہی قاعد پر امیر ہی مرعا آجانی ہے کیونکہ کیا اصل کالیتوتی ساتھ بھی جو ویڈلی سیرہ اور بیسکہ گبین کیا جو خوش کرنے کیا کیا کے حضت میں بھی سیرہ سے 7 کانویڈی کیاتی لیسے عکمی کے لیسے انچانے آجانی کیا شروع بہت بھی ہمیں بہتنانکا ہے اور ہمیں اواما ارواح اور اواما کے دل پر پر حیرتت ہونا چاہتے ہیں جس کیا مجھے اپنے علاوہ بہتا ہے ، لہذا اندرسی جانے کیشکتے ہیں جب میں بھی ا گیکسار آئے because we got human rights and Democratic rights to be important that there are some issues to be addressed there particularly in the context of political context in election multi-party election big thing. If it's a part of inequality that you're looking at, then that's not, so there isn't an intersection. صورت کیا مجھوے بطرح لکھتا ہے۔ ا Νود کی طریقے پر سب کے مجھا کروئے رہا ہے۔ ویکسی تقریب کہ کل ہوتے ہیں۔ تا کہ ہندیر کیناس د پر مجھے بنا شہر؟ کیسی مجھے دوشہ د آئے جس کے لئے ہی پر مجھے بطرح چیز ہے اگر میں شہر سے مجھے دوشہ اپنے مجھے باتیں سے بھی صحیح جانتا ہے جانتے عام اور بھی ساحانہ بھی انہ باتے کی پارے گست کہ وہ کچھ جب بات بیرے گل شخص ہے ہے اور ہمارے بیرے کبھی بیرے گل شخص مجھے جاتا ہے تو انہ بیرے گل شخصا ہے اور یہ دوسر کی مخیل پر بیرور ہے اگر ہمارے گل شخص مجھے گل پیرے گرشہ بیرے گل شخص میرے گل چاہتے ہیں۔  ذہب اس سے بہت بہت سالیہ بہت بہت بہت ناہی معاہت جانتے ہیں. جیسے میں میں سیارے موجود آپ کی وجہ اینجا وقت ہے. ہے خوبصورت ہے عقلے کے فقر تقریب کے تصریح کرنا ہے۔  میں پیداہ باہئے کہی ہے جو میں پیداہ باہائی ہوتا ہے تو مجھے کھر چاہتے کیا بھی کاملی کے حال ہے؟  جس کا ایک ساتھ بھی کسی بیات میں مجھے ایسا مجھے گہا ہے اور میں علاقی کریں ۔ اپنی مصرحوں کے مطمئے اقرآن میں مہارٹ ان کو حالت مہارٹ کرنے میں پہلے ہے بھائی چاہتا ہے اور تھا کہ اسی ایک مہارٹ آپ مجھے لگے سب سے بھی لوگ بھی تجاب ہیں انہوں کے بات کے ساتھ بھی آپ کے ساتھ آگی تھے کہ آپ میں حوالیت تھا جس کا حقہ ہے اپسٹیوبہ ہے میں بہت اکستمکہ ہے میں اپسٹیوب بہت بہت ایک بہت بہت ایک بہت بہت بہت بہت ہے پہلے جاتا ہے جو یہ جو دیکھ کے ساتھ نے ساعدہ میں آڈا ہے جو میں معاہ بہت نکلیہ میں مجھے گارنے میں براءت ہے لیکن سے اپسٹییات conferences جو بہت نمیز کیا ہے اور یہاں بہت میکنی ہے کہ میں یہاں چاہتا ہوں اور بہت میکنی ہے کیونکہ یہ سید فرصہ کے بہت کچھ ہے کہ کسی چیز کیا گھرنا چاہتا ہے سبنٹین سیٹس کیسیچ گرنے میں بہت اپنے بارے کے بارے کے اہمیہ سبنٹین سیٹنم now 250年 تاہتا ہے میں آج دنسا ہوں گے سکتا ہوں جو today ہمارے پارے جانتے ہیں جانتے ہیں منتجی کے بارے کے بارے میں means again a very interesting question about the role of culture and we spent a lot of time in why the early days and I think there's one way of thinking about culture which is that culture is important another way of thinking of culture is culture is a part of life and what is important is the richness of life in which culture could play a big part or a negative part لیکن اس سے پرانج فرے نعود ہوتا ہے آ۔ آپ کی احوالیہ ہوتا ہے سب Warm ہوتا ہے پرانج فرے نعود کلسی class بہت ایک دii میک you بیٹا جانتا ہوتا ہے میکنے کی از حقا جندہ اپنی ساک کے مجھا ہوتا ہے کرے یہی باتا ہے گوزان میکنے کلسیığہ ایسی جانیت سید میں دیکھنا چاہتا ہوں کہ اس کے جانیت سید میں چاہتا ہے گو ہوتا ہے اور کالتіا ہے۔ یہ جانیت سیدی آنٹی ہے۔ سید پر بنت بھی ک於ان اور کالتیات کی تعلیم کی تعلیم ہے۔ بنت بینٹی کی تعلیم ہے۔ ویدارت کے بارے میں اچھیں اللہ پر کلکھتے کیشتنی دیدی۔ جو یہ اپنے بہت اندفائیت سے منتقلتی خود میں ساتھ لیتا تھا لیکن یہ بہت ساتھ رہا تھا وہ آخر کے بارے میں ساکتا تھا شکروں کے لئے وہ اپنے بارے میں نام پر سکتا تھا جو جانتا ہے جانتا تھا جانتا تھا سوچنے کے بارے میں مرنے کی بارے میں نام پرہنے یہ نہیں ہے اس نے کہا لیا کہ کچھ مجھے زیادہ خوبصورت کرنی了 But every name is gone. جیسا مجھے قرار جا ہر تھا جو کبھی یہ ہے پر اگر مجھے رہا چاہے، سبنٹی سیگسیچ، You can take the liberty of informing me and telling me that you with Adam Smith. لیکن مجھے جو یہ ہے ان کا فغرہا جو انہیں بھائی ہے اور کا اپنی بناہ بھی ہوتا ہے۔ جو سیبہ جو ، ان کو آنےیں بھائی ہو ہے ایک ساتھ سب کرے ہیں کہ قرات کیانے کے لحیح دارنے ساتھ ان اپنے بھی بارے میں مطابقہ باکنے کا قرآن ہوئی جائے گئےクرجاک اور اس طرف امریکیں حالت dumplings ، ٹھپٹی و ٹرینی بھی لگے تھا ، سب ہمڈا کی پر محفوظ اìز مجھے جانتا رہتے ہیں ، اور بیٹھنے سے یہ زیادہ حیاتی تھا We depend on each other And we depend on each other's approval and disapproval. That's a very important thing. This is a very important, even in the context that you are referring to identity and violence, I think, And I do talk about that a bit. And so thanks for that reference. It depends on what part of culture you remember. For example terrorism is a very big thing in the world today. Even in the nuclear context it came up. پر تھاریزم جنڈلی لیٹے ہے. لیکن یہ جو ایک زیادہ کیا ہے جلد ت Δیری ہے سیدہ احدیہ حضرت کی شات لائی یہ دھارا ہے مظلم باتوں کو نور مجھے مظلم ہوتے ہیں اور ہمارے لائے اندرسی شخص کے بکتی حضرت ہونا ہے مصمقات اور اربادت کیا ہے۔ اور yet، کرنے میں بہت کچھ اکسی طرف فیترای لئی سامکتا ہے۔ لاکھی جب کون بات کیا ہے کہ میرے لوگوں کو سامکتا ہے سامکتا ہونے تھا اس because well it depends on whether you take what is claimed province to be a part of the culture about the violent and forceful conversion and so on and many countries are metrics i've had that in地ہ a ڈ 말씀드� presenters at some stage including temple being destroyed and so on and that we used the word algorithm today remembering ninth century arab muslim mathematician al-qarazmi from whose name the term comes from whose book al-jabr mokabila comes the term algebra half the world of mathematics at that time will be related to india and arab get huge credit to india and in fact and came from the ab and the old the big book begins always with praying to Allah and so on just doesn't prevent you from doing the highest level of math now what is the islamic heritage do you think of the killing of the in tridel or the doing the highest quality math these are the people who preserved Aristotle and Plato when Europe destroyed it and they had to be وید فرانٹ لیٹر فرماع I'll give you an example some of the cultural contrast think of the word sign in trigonometry sign you know you remember that your trigonometric notion where does it come from the first use of it was by one of the pioneering trigonometry in india called I have had and and I feel personally linked because when the Nobel museum wanted two objects of mine I gave them a copy of I have had original book not the original copy but if we've been up from 401 ad and and and also I gave them my bicycle which I carried data on gender inequality and boys and girls and also some food thing today the bicycle and there is are you about so I have had called it the sign after explaining concept called it Gia Alter Gia is a diameter Gia Alter is a radius and if you remember your trigonometry you could see why it's but we call that he abbreviated it and often called it Gia when the Arab translated it they translated it as a Giva now Giva has no meaning in Arabic but Arabic like Hebrew doesn't have any vowels it's constant written and vowels you could imagine like Qabir and Akbar are basically the same name KBR so the later generation of Arab mathematician and idea of what was translated four times grammar was translated six times into Arabic because they were very interested in studying it and developing it and threading it so so then a later generation called it not Giva but Jeb Jeb is a good Arabic word یا بے او او او کوب now when 1150 Gerardo of Cremona in Italy translated into Latin the word Jeb in in in in in in in his book on on mathematics he translated the كیف او بے او جیب او سینوش which is the Latin word for a way and a care case go go and that's where the word sign comes from so in one word sign you'll see three different cultures the the Latin based European culture the Arabic mathematical culture the Indian mathematical culture in Sanskrit happening in put together so it's that totality that we have to look at when we are looking at that wider view if i may use the word wider of culture is what we have to look at in order to understand culture and not the narrow view with which i associate the کلاف of civilization so thank you for your question okay um i think we will check that a lady over here thank you my name is hedi qailan i'm from the university of coven hagan and i have one question regarding the issue that you already addressed namely terrorism so i read on the uni wider website your text your question i i couldn't hear the word yes so my question is on terrorism terrorism okay my favorite subject yeah exactly so i read on the uni wider website your text on this annual lecture and you highlighted the issue of terrorism and conflict as a challenge for development economics research for the next three decades so could you please give some advice to young researchers and young economists on how to approach this issue in the research and i would be interested in hearing your comments especially regarding data collection and the issue of scarcity of data on this area thank you thank you and we go all the way to the back i love the way shin has a special equity i'm from amas college um how can public services in health and education be made more efficient in developing countries in particular how can market mechanisms such as the role of performance incentives for health care workers and school teachers be implemented to improve efficiency thank you okay and there was a gentleman to the very far end almost towards the wall uh yeah my name is petri mink and i'm an independent scholar here based here in Helsinki finland and if i understood correctly you have been written also on migratory issues so my question would be now because we have during recent months there's been a growing concern here in europe and also here in finland about the the reason growth of migration or immigration to europe so my question would be from the point of view of development and development economics uh what europe should do now in relation to this issue and the other question because you probably can see some to the future as we all to a certain extent also from the point of view of development and development economics uh what how do you see the prospects of of migration let's say from africa and from the middle east to europe let's say in during next 15 years okay thank you i seem to hear a very young voice i just want to say that that's an absolutely definite sure priority so if there's a very young voice that wants to come in then i can guarantee x's okay i think let me begin with the hardest question namely what should europe do i think um it should do several things and when i say several things it should do it does not mean that that will solve the problem that's not the right way of thinking about anything i have a book called the idea of justice and among the gambles i have on the what is basically a hobby and approach to justice thinking in terms of ideal justice is that that's not the way we proceed i mean we it's always worth thinking about that but you need a theory of justice which also can while recognizing it at the one end also talks about what steps could be taken right now if that duality we need now um it applies here too in some ways central to that recognition is whether how strong is our human identity no i'm not talking here about border control i'm not talking about anything just how strong is our human identity now ultimately i think human identity being more important than it seems to be in national thinking is a dramatically important thing to cultivate the it's not the case people don't have it otherwise somebody asked the question about end euros it's amazing how much people are ready to sacrifice for the sake of their human identity i was very privileged for three years to serve as president of oxman before it became a kind of much more of a complex international structure when things were out of simple many years ago and i was very trapped by the fact how people were risking lives when we did lose lives at different places in the world would go to serve causes of people they have not only never met they're barely new but they knew about the suffering and the fact that they could make a difference so that is in some way the kind of thing that human identity can produce and if you think about the the nature of global history to think of it in terms of you know we have generated it ourselves and nobody else that actually does not really explain why some countries have been so much richer today than than they were in the past in that phase part of engineering of science or political organization in which it will take Europe lot of european genius and and and work has played big part but it has also it's not only based on that it also has borrowed the chinese science and used indian and arab mathematics of which i give an example گراد of kema now when he was translating arab work he was contributing to the renaissance and indirectly to the industrial revolution so we have to think about that interdependent world and human identity to be able to place the problem in its proper perspective and some people who i greatly admire like people who take such huge risk to serve as in angels i mean the really some of the angels are really hard angels to work in because of the dangers and the hardship involved they already may recognize certain things that a much bigger recognition of that is really quite important along with that comes the division between say religious i grew up at a time of religious turmoil and bengal where i come from has had very little communal violence in the past and no communal party had won an election in bengal until 1946 it's always been secular parties if bengal is a muslim majority area they're muslim chief ministers but they were not for secular parties think they'd go wrong and then again bangladesh have been able to construct a situation where it's very had huge features of secularism the dominant culture is a secular politically secular personally religious most people ہے it came remarkably at me when somebody asked me to be a patron of a function in Dhaka called bengali international and they were very worried about islamics and very worried about about secularism being under threat and they came to me and i arranged lines for them and of course, the secularism, none of them is lunch because this happened to be جو خود بھینے میں مرم� Weehad جو المہارے کو کسی کسی مخصور نہیں ہے میں آپ کے آئے بہتراری دور کی جائے کے لنے کی ایک بھی مجھے جانے میں دیکھیں اور یہ بھر جائے گے دائی ہے جو اپنے مجھے دور کیا ہے اس مطمخصور کے لئے اس دور میں جانے میں دیکھ لی۔ کیا بھر ہوچھا ہے شوہرہ بہترہ پیئیم پر مسلنے کے لی دور جو عبادہ مجھے میں کسی طرف دور جانے میں رکھتے ہیں ہی 90 سیکنٹوں کے ساتھ کوران کے 3 منٹوں کے ساتھ بڑھوٹ گیٹا کے 3 منٹوں کے ساتھ بھائیو اور 3 منٹوں کے ساتھ بڑھوٹی سپیٹا کے ساتھ now for 8% of the population to get 3 quarters of the time is a lot of secularism indeed and i think it is possible to construct it because Bangladesh was lucky it had a great leader in the form of Sheikh Mojib Orahman and and who could actually make that as a way of seeing yourself should then so happen that in the history of Bengal 46 was where the first victory of the communal party but by 54 Bengal is a very different Bangladesh is a very different identity they are playing with namely the identity of being a Bengali and the impasse on the loan language movement became a dominant factor now that in some context could be also a divisive one different in the context your fault the first world war with the division between germans and british and the french was massively important religion was not and yet now people would think of that division to be almost nothing where the division between being christian are muslim is enormous there's a time when man called Gautam Putta who established buddhism was going around why and his disciple like Ashoka while on one side you should argue for their perspective but all the other side talk about everyone and yet in Burma now called Myanmar officially you have found the same buddhist people belonging to buddhist monasteries being in the forefront of killing muslims in in in in Burma so i think it really depends on how important we make this our human identity to be and recognize the multiplicity of identity it allows us also to fight one identity battle with another like Bangladesh did use the language against the division between hinders and muslims and similarly you can think of it in many other contexts so i think this is the way to look at it and coming back to the european question that would be also ultimately the solution to the problem i and i'd say that i'll say two things and i didn't say the second thing where i wanted to get this point through i think right now it is a question i think germany with which i was german policy and i was some was critical was critical of the finished policy too on the subject of austerity and i don't think that was an ultimately it was not a very intelligent policy inside any policy that in order to kill greek's problem reduce the economy by nearly 30 percent cannot be must have to have a different economic theory in their mind something has gone deeply wrong in that thinking but then the germans have actually even though they have changed stop that now about enormously more than any other country did in this respect and really lived up to some of the leadership role that you might face i think the solution now will have to be of this kind um understanding where the tensions i don't think the main tensions are coming right now from africa and they are now the main tensions are coming from terrorism hit middle east and that's why terrorism is such an important thing today to stop it i think most of the refugees are coming from places like syria and so on and i think so the question there the whole world has interests in cultivating global peace europe has too not just because of its refugee problem but also because of its refugee problem so there are many things that europe can do right now to make the problem a little easier and reduce injustice in the world rather than going for ideal justice but if we are inspired by ideal justice the idea of human identity has to play a very major part in that i'm sorry that was a long answer through the question did i see yeah so we will take one more here the lady sitting yeah and then i'll move over to the back half of this side riham is from egypt um assistant professor at the praetish university in egypt my question belongs to the main region i just want an idiot in egypt yeah where in cairo that's end of cairo okay okay so my question is uh i want to to know your opinion about uh what's going on on the on the main region you know as we all know that actually the as a result of the uprising and the in we do have a lot of instability in the region not only with nothing come with record you not only hold it yeah okay my questions regarding belong to the main region uh we we all know that uh we are facing instability we're not only um yeah you're not only um yeah going to the to say security issues and the conflict but also the economic problems becomes worser after the uprising we have for example high rate of unemployment among the graduates inequality rate and blah blah blah i'd like to know what do you think about what do you think the the the development strategy that should be developed it should be followed by these countries in order to to to recover to recover from what they are facing um and actually i would like to know also in addition to the achieving democracy and its principles and following as a start for for achieving development is it could be the initial step that should be followed by these countries or as they call for the government authorities in these countries they are calling that we are going to achieve economic growth and and after after that we will make it inclusive thank you okay so okay this gentleman at the very far end and then said lady just above my name is george university of Ghana and professor sen i like your work on the rational values he's over here oh okay yeah maybe i'm too dark sorry university of Ghana yes i like your work on the rational fools thank you what i want to know are two issues one is how far has the rational fool changed since 1977 and how would with the advent of the network world how are they how is the network networking influencing behavior and development into the future and again i would want to know those rational fools how well do they influence policy with advent of social movements that are carrying various parts of the world and what would be the implications for development especially poverty and inequality in africa thank you okay the lady just behind but up a bit thank you my name is true shedvin i am from sida the swedish here send sida or swedish sida swedish sida my name is true shedvin um i think we are all grateful to you for widening our perspective on poverty to a multi-dimensional perspective on poverty um so we all now talk about poverty as resources but also as power choice opportunities and related to that security but then when we assess and measure the developments of poverty over a period of time we quite we kind of struggle in keeping that multi-dimensional perspective and we fall kind of back into monetary measurements of poverty what is your advice to us in improving the way that we assess and measure poverty so that we keep all the dimensions also when we look at the developments over a period of time thank you okay thank you please go ahead a matcha i was just trying to signal to the left hand side over here that i will come back yeah actually let me follow the questions in the uh actually i'm going to leave the question from gana to the last because i want to say something about alex cooper in that context so i begin i begin with the the questions from the from the lady from ida i think this is a very important question i i certainly happen to think that democracy and development are not only important in themselves but also democracy is a part of development that one has to recognize development is not only not just increase in GDP is not only is no is it just the expansion of human quality of life or life expectancy but also a society in which human beings are free to express their view to work for their view to try to persuade others so public dialogue is very important public reasoning is very important and i think that very central to development both because it enriches human life and also because that's the way we can get policies corrected like if we are going to change the the the kind of single focus anti global warming but not worry about nuclear danger we have to get that into the dialogue so democracy is very central for that now you pointed out and you are absolutely right to do that lot of people are tempted to say why don't we have first economic growth and then we will do democracy i think there are many problems with that first is that it's not clear that not having democracy will necessarily have economic growth i mean when people say we don't like democracy they're opting for a basket in which they you may be china or you may be north korea or or somalia or somewhere you know i mean there are real problems and they're dealing with north koreans are very fine human beings and not any difference from south koreans and yet why is the country in the mess and why is there no development so i think it depends and if you look at even china china had the worst largest famine in recorded history in which when i originally wrote about it also in new york review suggesting 17 million debt i was told that it's impossible people couldn't have got away with that but by the time the by the time the i published the mobile search paper on that the estimate then was 30 million now the chinese government themselves talk about 42 million and this happened in china which in many ways was progressing much faster than in india it didn't happen in india that doesn't mean that there's nothing to learn everything is negated by by the by the china famine another way of looking at it the lower mortality in china compared with india really means that every six or seven years more indians died than died in the china famine so it you have to take these lessons rather than saying which one we do china had a big problem in 79 as i already mentioned when suddenly one morning abolished state universal health insurance and one stroke went from a canada type system to a us type system of health care and that wasn't an improvement it wasn't an improvement in chinese condition it's not an improvement in u s condition and i think there were many other things you can similarly point out so could china have achieved the same rate of growth is that abolished democracy no reason whatsoever people used to say that about india also that india because of because of having democracy india didn't have any growth but when india was growing at seven and a half eight percent a year it was still a democracy so much so that the government we generated it lost office shortly after there couldn't be a bigger test of democracy than that so i think i think that contradiction is an imagined contradiction doesn't exist we have to and it's similarly like the identity the fact that you may have a strong universal human identity doesn't take away the pride that you might have when you finish identity the fact that you can enjoy the music that we had you can enjoy the the the wonderful experience that that finished society produces nor do you have to have live in a place without a sauna i discovered that my place the room i was in in my hotel may or may not count as five star in every state but it does have two so nothing within my family i've never had a sauna but since i thought i might suffocate myself in heat and not be able to come and i haven't yet tried it so i think if we have to we feel contradictions exist when none do so i'm delighted you raised the question now the see their question that was raised i think here i want to do say something measurement is a much easier thing than people tend to make it now i wear many hats and among and i get bored with the subject i teach so i'm very this year i'm teaching a course in mathematical economics and a course in the in the in the medical and public health school two years ago i taught a course in postgraduate mathematics along with a mathematical my colleague of mine very major and because that used to be a lot of my interests very early in my life now one of the problem is measurement and the way we learn mathematics at that time there was a great book there was no human being called burbaki a french french author but not an author really a cluster of people who wrote under the name of burbaki and the way to the days you read general topology or or set theory it begins where is measurement measurement begins with ranking now rankings are not necessarily complete you might be able to say certain things you might be able to say look i think i think everything can say that i was so far to live in i don't know in in one country another live in britain rather than another country which is much poor but that doesn't mean you should be necessarily be able to compare living in britain as well to France as well to Finland as opposed to the u s you may not be able to say that answer that doesn't reduce the fact that it's a ranking it's a partial ranking what burbaki called preordering when you have a preordering and when it becomes complete then you get a complete ordering when that complete ordering has certain structure you can attach numbers to it not not all orderings are numerically representable when you have some more structure those numbers have certain characteristics so if you double one you have to double the other it becomes like weights and heights and there are various intermediate degrees which we also in that class went through but the beginning of it is ranking partial ranking now when somebody says for example that we need to pay more جسٹنش تو اکارتیر بہتی ہے دوڈنس موز wayaneی اباب باifeس ساکتے ہیں کیوں کیوں جسٹا جسٹا جو اکارتے کیا موزن پروگ کیوں کیوں ہم اکارتی کرتے ہیں کیوں ہم حالت پریئید کے انجام تکر سووجتے ہیں جسٹا actually ایک لئے ہے جسٹا جسٹا جاتے ہیں اگر لوگ کی نظر لائی ہے پر سلح مجھے نظر مجھے نصر کلчر ہے ہائی ہے ، ایک نظر جو اپنے نظر پیضیر کی نظر مجھے نصر کلچر ہے اس جب انہوں کو بہترہ دکتے ہیں عجزہ کو جو لوگ اہموں میں طرف حکم حالتی ہے دیکھوڑ کی نظر جائے یہاں بھی حقیط لائے اطاف اگر لوگ کے طرف میں 1776ین کے قاویت کا بود کی از کہتی ہے مجھے کہ انہوں سے فالیٹکچیں مے دا کیا ہے۔ ہی اپنا جو حق ہے کہ اس طرح بلکہ کو حق جاتا ہے۔ انہوں کے عمل and Putting کی وجہ ساتھ اہم ایک حق۔ کے حال آئی برائیبار اور حال آئی برائیبار تاہیی برائیبارörenی بڑیی مجھے ہیں۔ لیکن ہی کہ میں مجھے ہم منطلیہ لوگوں میں ہم اس کے حال کو بھی گا ہے۔ خامانرگی نموزوں میں نہیں اسے سب سے بہت اصیقت لے بات ساتھا ہے۔ ان کے لئے بہت بہت کی کامانرگی میں بہتانا ہوتے ہیں اور کامانرگی نموزہ کو دیکھ سکتا ہے اور ڈیوے ہی نہیں ہے کہ اگر لوگ بہت بیت کامانرگی نہیں کو ایک تعلیم نہیں ہے. چاہتا ہے تو لیکن if you if something is better than another you know that the other cannot be giving a higher number than the first day. جسیک باتوں کے لئے دار جانتا ہوں ، امام ایک خود بہت سامنے کے دورے میں گرہا ہے جسیک باتوں کے لئے سامنے کے لئے سامنے کے لئے سامنے کے لئے سامنے کے لئے chatteringеле میں بہت امام امام امام آبا کہا بہت سامنے جو ہوں ہماری فیالی بارے متavilion اس میں سمجھا ہوں اوماسی صورت پر کیا د آج ہے۔ اور صورت پر آج سے محق کی بارے کے لئے لوگ مفتہ ہے۔ دیکھا سمجھے جاتا ہے۔ میکنے والی درمکرزی سے میکنے ہیںeria کیا سامیے درمکرزی کوئی مستکرے داری ہے میکنے کون ،기�ussia کیا میکنے کی ہے تو لیکن بہت سے میکنے درمکرزی جب آپ درمکرزی کے ذکر طرفی سے سائے سائے کے دوروں میں لکھا ہوا ، میکنے کیا وہ لکھا ۔ وہ ایسا جانتے ہیں اپنے جیبان اور بھاری بیٹھےگی اور چانا آپ بھی آپیاں بھی یا قامت آپ میں بکتے ہیں لیکن وہ جو ایک جانتے ہیں اپنے جانتے ہیں کہ ہم کسی جو مقامت عنہ جاتا ہوں باہر کی اجیزہ ہے اور اس پر پر پر اباہر کا ایک ان پر användی ہیں۔ کیا کیا؟ آپ چیزا ہی پر گلتا ہے۔ اجیزہ کہنا چلیں گی، 136 ، difícil 129 ۔ جو میں اس پر پر اگر ہوا اس پر کیا ہے۔ یہ کسی بھی انسان ج madness نشاؤشتا ہے۔ کیا کیا اگر چلیں گی؟ اگر چلیں گی ہے تقفیم باتوں، جانطر اس جانتے ہیں۔ اگر جان کب۔ جانطر اس آہاں کیا کیا؟ now i have to go to Ghana so alex corp of that alex you come from the university of Ghana i promised to go to university of Ghana for six months when alex visited deli when i first met him and he was a great talker and he talked me into agreeing to go to Ghana for six months but then of course he himself quit and went off to UNU and so and then i couldn't go to Ghana because no one renewed that offer i'm not offering to go again now at the age of 81 but i that time would have been a good time but he was not only a good talker alex was there when i arrived and came here the huge reputation and this is interesting since he's so important for wider early days he had the real reputation as a classicist which was his subject and very often when we would discuss things about mosques versus Helsinki bits of greek and latin would flow into our conversation he was also a great dancer he had a huge reputation for excellent ballroom dancing he was a few years ahead of me but one occasion i actually danced with a i could never dance but someone was trying to teach me and who claimed that she had danced with alex corp on the greatest dancer but he failed in a project in my case and but after that he didn't give a diagnosis he said you know you'd never be able to dance very well because you are too hesitant you're trying to figure out you have to lead that's what alex corpong did and you would never be able to be a success in life because you don't know how to lead now i don't think of it often actually and think very uh nostalgically about alex corpong leading us but the big thing that i learned from him was of course and i'm taking this opportunity of the ghanian question to um to talk about that and it does relate to the question about you know you said about rationality and rational fools and so on about taking the multi-dimensional aspect of rationality when i asked him what did you learn i mean you're from Ghana and you're spending your time doing greek and latin and and and and it would be like me i send my a lot of points i'm doing Sanskrit but i have to ask always the question what do i benefit from that and he said he got a perspective which he couldn't have got without that classical education it's the vet now when people complain about rational fools it's not rationality i was complaining about and i was a little shocked to see and my friend Joe Stiglitz must have been a great rough that the messages that are put on the board Joe is put against rationality and economics now i don't think he is he is against rational fools in economics he wants rationality he wants like all of you do want to have reasoning argument and do the right thing and the rational fool characteristic is a guy who cannot tell different between question which have already come up in this discussion that it is in my interest it is a better thing to do this will be the right thing to do i will do it i will vote for it these are completely different proposition only a rational food could confuse that it's like saying as a finish then finish person if i cannot attach any important to world identity human identity because i will finish identity already yeah that's a distinct identity but you could value them all that's the issue and i think um i'm delighted that you like rational food because that's one of the papers i spent a lot of time trying to convince the world about and and i would need your help but also because it makes me think about some of the really nostalgic relations i was thinking of especially when i heard about his death recently about what i learned from what i learned from alex cooper was learning of greek and latin and the perspective that he did and i think the quotation from his daughter which i گیر he would have given it to of course in original greek that is one of the many different ways in which we can learn from widening our education one of the objectives that cooper had for wider right from the beginning i can't help add that the present chair of the wider board is the president vice chancellor of the university of garner and i can tell you that he both knows how to lead and to dance so yeah here missy yeah i'm a missy from beijing normal university china china china yeah beijing normal university so professor just mentioned the global incoming quality have been declined largely due to the fast economic growth in china so that means my question is that you say when the china the move from the lower middle income country to the middle income countries that really you say contributing to the you say equality impact on the global incoming quality but we suppose the china continued having fast economic growth so nonetheless you say GDP per capita in china is quite close to the world average so when the china continued the fast growth that become high income growth yeah high income countries that will have decent equalize impact on the global the income inequality you say that is where an increase is an inequality in the world so my question is that if the country is so important for the change in the global incoming equality the weather you say that make the measure you say measuring your global incoming equality become less important so they will suppose a country you say from the low income country to middle income come to work yeah decrease global inequality when it become high income country and decreasing yeah increasing inequality yeah yeah that is my questions yeah thank you that was a gentleman here yeah professor shen namaskar my name is seh pul barwa i work in a hilsinki based consultancy called lindfore in the area of forest environmental economics i proudly admit to you that the very reason i started to combine economics with my forest study is because of your work and you're winning the noble price and economics in 1998 i have two issues that i would like to know your thought and opinion on the first thing is that be brief okay yes sure in past 10 to 20 years there have a lot have been talked about and and written about micro credit and is its role in poverty reduction i wanted to know what is your thought on that i mean micro credit is role in poverty reduction social inequality and other thing you have touched upon already a little bit is the role of secularism or secular politics in promoting poverty reduction uh sustainable development and social justice thank you very much okay there's a lady in the front thank you um professor sen i of course like everybody here i know who you are but you have to tell others okay this morning i came to breakfast at the restaurant and i saw professor sen sitting there so i went to him and i gave him a big hug because i wanted to thank him for all the things he gave us and he was very sweet you know thank you very much so i have two questions um and and i appreciate all your work but especially the part that does with gender equality and the role of women in development um the first question is it is now becoming more and more than i'm sorry i'm going to use your question my question okay um it seems like all the nice things we do to push through development you know for humanity are great um but if we look at for example the impact of education and health we now have people who live longer and that's a great thing especially if you are in rich countries and you are working and you have a nice retirement plan but if we look at poor countries now we have the children who are educated leaving and going to the cities or to other countries and there and the older ones are left home without anybody taking care of them especially if they're really low income this is more true for women because on average women outlive men and so um i was wondering if you think that there is two two levels one is if we need an international effort to address this the people aging longer but especially women without anybody to contribute to their livelihood and second whether we didn't state this should be taken on by what is becoming now more fashionable again um the role of a developments developmental state um and as you know um in in recent years we have been contributing the higher growth in many emerging countries to the active role of a developmental state is that something that we should be looking at also thank you okay thank you You're more questions than you are Yeah Now yeah these are actually excellent questions also so i'm beginning with the last since i'm i think the problem that about educated people leaving family and going about it's a big serious issue and it's a it's something that has to be addressed in some way rather than shutting off education i think انہوں سے مجھے پیانت ہی سے بہت بچا ہے. میں بہت پیانی کھوک مجھے بہت بچا ہے. میں بہت بچا ہے کہ ہمارکنی تک جانتے ہیں جو اہمارکنی کھوک مجھے بہت بچا ہے آپ پہنچ پر بہت بچا ہے. باپتروان نہیں تھا. ورش جاتا ہے، بھقی پہنچے سچ کیا جس کو کچھ یہاں پ 레ٹ ساتھ ہیں اور مجھے بھقی رکھنے کو سیک to ہی بارے جلو�ہ دارے ہیں. اگر کسی جانتا ہے بھقی پہنچے سچ outcome بھی بادہ کرےہتی ہے۔ انٹری مجھے بارے میں کبھی کم باران کے نحدث تھے جانتا ہے۔ریس کجھ اپنی شخصوں سے کبھی جا رہی ہے۔ ملتو ملتو بہت سکتا ہے۔ بہت سے رہے ہیں۔ میں بہت بہت زیادہ جانا تھا، بہتر ہے جو کافت ہے جانتے ہیں۔ میں چاہتے ہیں کہ اگر اندیا کے لئے بہت امیرٹ کیا سکولنگ among دنیا میں بہت امیرٹ دی۔ بہت خیلی میں آپ کو فرمال خود دوجدیت ہے بہت ایک سنماری تصور مہموشہ ہے انہیں اہم منتصر پر سلنے کے لئے انہوں کا مہموشہ کرتا ہے اور وہاں آپ یہ آپ اگر آپ اگر کاری سیارت مہموشہ کرتے ہیں اسٹے کو ا کوئی اسٹے کے سٹس کیا ہے۔ جسی طرح انٹسار سینمہ جاتا ہے۔ یہ بیٹھو کوئی ثانت سارات یہ ہے۔ حیرتہ آپ مہمار کیا سپا گفت کے بیٹھانے کا مل سے بننا ہے۔ اپنے ہی کسی کہا جانتا ہے کہ کہا جانتا ہے۔ بہت پھر مل سے بھائی ہوتا ہے۔ لیکن میں ہمیرہ برگ جو ایک بیٹھا ہے۔ اور�ید میں سب rain بست کی کوشہ کیا ہے�صح میں سب rain بست بسری کرہا ہے۔ ایک حیث جاب اسے جنگیت کے لئے اور ٹنگ فالیسی کا حیث سبھیagger ہے اور اسی آنی اینا پران کے لئے اہم میں فیخ ہی بھی بھی کرنا چاہتا ہے۔ آنی اینا کی حال میں جو گریش ہوتا ہے جو نیک بھی نظر کے لئے جسار ہے۔ محصولتی ہے کہ جو اس بہت ہمارے درسی کے کامنے کو مالی طرف کہ حقیقتِ مالی کا لینبیت کرنے کے لئے ملی کا حقیقتِ مالی کا لینبیت کرنے کے لیے کیا ہے؟ مرالتی ہی ہی نہیں ہے۔ مرالتی ہی ہی ہی ساتھ مرالتی ہے۔ ہے that some of the biggest mistakes are made by very clever people and I think this is one of the so I think we have to rethink on on on the job situation and how important it is how جہاں جانتے ہیں کہ ہمارا بہت ساری سوچار ہیں. لہذا یہاں بہت بہت ساری سوچار ہے۔ اور ہمیں ایک پرانا سمجھے گا، مجھے بہت بہت بہت چیز ہے۔ اسمتہ ہمارا ہمارا مجھے بہت سوچار ہے جانتے ہیں، ایک پرانا جو کچھ کیا, باتتا ہی ہے ، میں کہ ہمیکروکیٹی میں جو رہا ہے اسی ملک رہا ہے ، چاہتا ہوتا ہے کہ ہمیکروکیٹی ترارک ہے ، بیٹوی میکروکیٹی اس بہت بہت اپنی تہالے بہت چھوڑی ہے اور میکروکیٹی اپنی تہالے اپنی بہت چاہتا ہے۔ آپ مراماندوھوں میں ساکتے ہیں ، آپ ایک بہت ساکتے ہیں ، وہ خود ملک ہے اور هذا کامی رہا ہے۔  I mean these in the context we're doing important things whether the claims are made on favor among them was more than what could be justified that's a different kind of issue and we don't have to deal with that issue I think I have to go on because I think Finkan tell me easily he keep you on short مننم لعلے یہ بچی ہیں۔ اھ! وہ آنو ہے کہ ہے کہ میں رہتے ہوں۔ ابا Santrando دور میںALONDA جو سال بھی ایک words ہے۔ 420AD نے ب practise حکم ہوسکتی ہیں۔ اسapt ، وہ youngsters فرم 선ات ہو جائے جو ا Acho Door Won Joeodor الن۔ مجھے دیکھے کہ حالت کی حالات آی отправ Constitution اصنب کابا۔ پ میں اورہصل کٹا ہے۔  It's the thing that Japan has started in 1868 with the major restoration, then South Korea Taiwan and then all of China combining a market economy along with nachk Just market economy the state two for reason that as I quotedscreaming making out but that that combination work very well that combination does not mean that the بہت بہت خاصہ ہے بہت آج یہاں سے احتاہتی دہتا ہے جب ہی اہم کم کنگر تقمتی ہے بچانا فیہنی پر ایک ایک دل کچی پر دیا ہے حالت میں بات ہے سیلے ترمام وہ اولی جینانگیige دے ہوجاتا ہے 868 ای دی ایک بچانے مشاہی خوش جو م avocado اس ترمام سینی کے بات ہم تنصرٹی جانتے ہیں جانتے دیکھو تھا اس پر ترمام کیا کی ترمام کیا ہے اس کا ن份 پرستانoreی کاردو مستثرے حیان walnut الحالے کی ت׳ کر Hilfer has طازنر پرستانا پرك ج sean ایک لے ہوں برو کنوٹک راکھا ہے but it was translated six times the first time and four oh on or four of four of five ready à ع قرشتنہ آئے تھا۔ 1868 میں کامیادہ کاف پر کاف کیا بھاتا ہی تھے۔ یہ بیٹھ کے ملی بسیرٹم کی سکتے ہیں۔ سکتا ہی ساف یہاں کاف کیا بھی جائے تھے؟ ویڈی کے ملی بھاتا ہے۔ بیٹھ کے ڈیڈی کی ساف سے ملی بھاتا ہے۔ اور معلومتکار سامنے میں سفر مزروں پرسیم میں بہت مجھے گئے ہے۔ ایک ہی بہت ایک بہت مزرے بسکتے ہیں۔ MATTE於 next سوائے کہ چینے کے حال میں آپ کو پرسیم کیا ہے یہ دنیا میں سامیہ چینی کے حال میں یہ رہا ہے ایک سیکتیریانسم تھا جھو ہے کیا گے چینے کے حال گھو ہے مزرے پرسیم téléphone نہیں ہے پر اچھا یہ دینتی ہی بہتندہ ہے.  It had a huge impact on expanding education in China itself. Ultimately I think in what we are called the East Asia Model. I think it would apply to the Nordic model as well. I'm sorry I will be cut off now. I² Thank you for the question. I know that there are lots of more questions, but I have gotten very strong signals up from the back. وہ now going to make the secondary education free. That's what I call trying to run thezk original in the country. They have also decided that half of thedamn post members of parliament have to be women. They are still short, perhaps two or three. I am not surprised that the president that retired  sehe اپنے نوانبہ سامنی مو ابراہیم پرائس حسید آنویل پرائس وہ جب ابنے نوانبہ سامنے بہت سامنے سامنے سامنے بھی آگا ایک کے پرائس میں ساتھ تھی بہت ایک لئے ایک بہت سامنے کے لئے مجھے گا لیکن میں جانتا ہوں جب میں جیننے کیسے اور پھی خاہتی ہے۔ سமیلیوں پہنچ پر عام بیشتا ہے کہ ہماری باتی ہوا کرنے کے لحاظت مہارے سامنے کے لحاظٹی کی بیشتا ہے۔ ہماری باتی جو بہت سمجھا ہے اسرف لکھنے کے لحاظت بھی مرتبہ ہوں گا۔ کیونکہ مباہ اولا میں ایکنوائی سماہ گشام بھی تعملا جاتا ہے۔ اس کا حق ہے کہاں میں سمجھا رہا ہے اور ہم مجھے جو بہت سمجھے ہوا۔  اور اس کے لئے بادا سکتا ہوں کہ میں بھائsstہ لگتا ہوں ، اب تھی کنانا رہا ہوں کہ میں اچھا ہوں ، اپنے اچھے جو دویگs کو عام لیگتا ہے ، جب جو تفیل کنانا ہوں ، پ완ید میں thinly Suit دارتا ہوں Dragات پیچھ سکتا ہے۔ ہم دل سے سکتا ہے۔  سومیکو دور، دکتا نادیہ ویدارگو، بھکنو فاسو، دکتا سمیر دیشاہمہ from ڈیر اور دکتا سوراب سنگل from ڈیر، آئی اور بھائی دوسر حوال want to signal as strongly as we can the importance of the younger generation driving the next decades of much-needed research for action in development in the spirit of Prof. Senn. Prof. Senn you wrote the very first wider working paper on food economic and economics and entitlement published as wider working paper number one in February 1986. Now this was followed by now more than 5000 wider publications over 30 years including the best ever selling volume on hunger and public action authored together with Chandra's which I have right here next to me. I'm tired as a small token of our deep appreciation we've kept for you not a book from thousands of years ago but the very last copy of the original print run of working paper one. Nadja, Nadja can I ask you to present on behalf of Wider, Wider's first working paper to Prof. Senn and I hasten to add we do have reprints of the working paper for everybody in the audience to take before to leaving tonight it's at the exit as you go out. Prof. Senn can I ask you to join the front row. Okay, thank you. At the very beginning of this afternoon I promised that the Philomailet choir would return. So can I ask you to remain in your seats and enjoy the music with Prof. Senn's wider annual lecture in your mind after which you're all invited to the reception outside. Thank you very much Prof. Senn.