What's up everybody and welcome to another edition of the Falcons final whistle. I'm Scott Bayer with me Tori McElaney and Ashton Edmonds We're coming to you after a week seven result that did not go the Falcons way The Bengals beat them soundly 35 to 17 at Pay Core Stadium in Cincinnati All three of us are back home in the ATL We're gonna try to make sense of not only what happened in this game But where the Falcons go from here how they can improve and the state of affairs in the NFC South which spoiler alert It's pretty up for grabs right now shockingly so after Carolina beat Tampa Bay and The Falcons and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers are still sitting atop of the division at three and four. So first of all Let's focus on this game first before we go big picture y'all Ashton your initial impressions on this game overall. It wasn't a game that went well for Atlanta Where where do you think that it went wrong? Yeah, I mean, I think the biggest thing was a lot of players were hurt I think that's what hurt the Falcons the most Early in the game. I mean Tyler Boyd used for the touchdown with two minutes into the game the game just started but like the secondary was beat up and I think Joe Burrow just capitalized on Knowing that I think You know, they they knew that the Falcons had a lot of injured players and you know, especially on defense And I just think they capitalized on that and and just you know Kind of made the most of that situation and you know, they had all three of their receivers were healthy So I think it was just easy to find those open pockets and and you know Capitalized like I said, Tori, what were your takeaways from this one? I had a lot of takeaways But none as big as this is the first game that the Falcons have played that I don't want to take anything from And I say that because the first six games of the season I felt like even in losses There was something kind of a redeeming quality of which you could take from it and something that you knew You could build off of this this loss to me was the first time that I felt like I would like to leave the loss where it was and After I do my notebook tomorrow like not even look at it again because I think that the Falcons are better than what they put on the field on Sunday against the Bengals I Completely agree with what Ashton was saying where I think the the Bengals played the game that they wanted to play I never felt like the Falcons were dictating the game I always felt like the game was in Cincinnati's hands to to change and to dictate and for that and that alone It's that that to me was my biggest takeaway on top of of course The statistical day that the Bengals had in comparison to what it was for the Falcons I mean, I'm sure we'll get into all of that later But just that was my overarching feelings as we kind of headed back to Atlanta. Yeah I mean, I I understand what you're saying Jake Matthews was saying I spoke to him in the postgame locker and he said that the one thing that we can't do is not learn from this Pardon the double negative But we have to correct everything and not let those mistakes happen again But so I can understand what he's saying. Okay, I can also understand what you're saying and I don't think that they're completely Disparate, right? I think when it comes down to it is that there were errors of execution Right, and then now we can bring Ashton's opinion into this thing that they were super beat up in the secondary and that fact was compounded by AJ Terrell leaving in the first quarter with a hamstring injury and being ruled out of that game Their secondary was decimated and it seemed like the Bengals Didn't even really feel like running very much And they and and they saw a weakness. They exposed it Right. Well, then since we're on this topic right now Okay, have the Bengals created some game tape that other opponents can use or do you think that this is a situation of Cincinnati knew what it had Joe Burrow Jamarche's Tyler Boyd and T Higgins and Against the beat-up secondary. Is this an individual matchup situation or are there things? Positive or negative that can be extrapolated about the Falcons and how they defend Like to understand my question like is there like yeah, was it this matchup or is it something grander at play here? I Think it's honestly probably a little bit of both I think that we have seen moments where the Falcons defense has struggled to stop In offense that kind of looks like how the Bengals operate. I think about the Rams I think about the Tampa Bay game and how these quarterbacks have been able to take advantage of the Falcons secondary At moments now is this a formula that other teams can replicate down the road? And I believe that's kind of what you're asking. It's like right honestly It it kind of does that is the one thing that does worry me Moving forward because it's now we've seen games a few games where the Falcons secondary and the past rush not getting there and kind of this problem extrapolating a Circumstance and and so it's not just defense too I know I'm harping on defense a lot because of the statistics that was Joe Burrow and those three receivers for the Bengals But it was an offensive problem too when the run is not working the Falcons Struggle to move the ball and when they are in obvious passing Situations, they struggle to move the ball and to move the chains because of that I think there is almost this formulaic type of look at the Falcons where it's like if you put them in passing Situations and then also if you as an offense are passing the ball is that a recipe for success against the Falcons? I think that is a big much bigger question that I'm not sure I can answer fully yet But there have been moments where it has felt like that over the course of the first seven weeks of the season Yeah, and just kind of as you were talking I was briefly thinking back about the quarterbacks that I've seen face the Falcons this year And Joe Burrow was the best better than a 45-year-old Tom Brady at that on at that particular week better than Matthew Stafford back in week two No offense to Gino Smith and his comeback player of the year Run right now, but Ashton looking at what Joe Burrow was able to do we you and I talked a lot during the week kind of away from things that record Just about how how the bangles kind of take advantage of those passes within Zero to nine yards in the air and turn it into 15 20-yard plays What did you think about kind of Joe Burrow's operation and Do you need an elite quarterback to kind of execute this? This strategy like that we're talking about Yeah, and I think Joe Burrow did a great job in the air today I think he found the Falcons weak spots on defense as soon as Cornell Armstrong came in a game I mean he started targeting Jamar Jamar Chase, you know, I think maybe like two or three times back to back And he's an experienced quarterback, you know, he played in the Super Bowl last year He's relatively young but he still has the NFL experience and he can read defenses and know Who to throw it to win the throw it to him and you know, he knew AJ Terrell was was banged up He knew Casey Hayward wasn't in and I'm sure that you know his coaches and a player study The secondary and knew that we had a lot of young players in the secondary, you know, Richie Grand Jalen Hawkins Like these are relatively young guys So I think Joe Burrow knew the weapons that he has in the trio with Tyler Boyd T. Higgins and Jamar Chase and you know, he utilized his weapons and you know, I think he like I said, I think he found He found all the weak spots in the Falcon secondary and just you know capitalized from there Yeah, I think AJ Terrell's status is gonna be something to monitor closely as we move forward here with Casey Hayward who And I guess you can come at me in the comments but who I think has been or was the best Falcons cornerback not the most talented but the best most consistent Falcons cornerback through the first six weeks wait with him being on injured reserve and Even a rookie like D. Alford who's good in space and good making place on the ball him being unavailable and then AJ Terrell Going out and being ruled out quickly. That's generally not a great sign But that secondary which was a strength and had a lot of depth Is just in a different place right now I think Darren Hall has some talent Cornell Armstrong was kind of thrown to the wolves talking to him afterward He said he wouldn't have given up the opportunity no matter who he was playing And he wants to do better next week Isaiah Oliver just came back. They just got the secondary together Only to see injury kind of fall apart there You know, I just think that that was definitely difficult and kind of going back to everything that we're saying here is it was Coaching for the bangles understanding the state of the secondary where it was at how much it got worse with AJ out and an elite level quarterback with Elite level targets taking advantage of their strengths and ultimately it came down to it It's not like this game was without fight for the Falcons The second quarter flurry there with a 16-play drive. That was a touchdown and then a 75 Yard strike to Demir bird followed by the amazing Avery Williams punt return to set up young way coups field goal Which also gets to a point. I'm not kind of abandoning the script Tori. I'm sorry Go ahead. No, you're good But I'm gonna let you kind of take it from there because you asked Arthur Smith a Question and we talked about all these explosive plays and all these stats and all these big-name players doing big-name things There was a part in this game that you brought up to Arthur Smith That I think is really important because it's boring and you could overlook it in a box score But there was a pivotal series in this game that really changed it more than anything else Which series and which kind of sequence were you talking about there with coach? Yeah, so it was the opening three drives of the third quarter and You look at where the Falcons were they were down 28 17 They had just you know, you just talk about Avery Williams setting up young way coups field goal They had got it within 28 17. You go into halftime.  They you have for Sean Evans who Allowed like no gain on second down and then you had Cornel Armstrong with a pass break up on third down and so Cincinnati gives the ball back to The Falcons they it was a turnover on downs I'm pretty sure on on fourth down if I'm remembering correctly and then so Atlanta gets the ball back So now you're like, okay Well, the that first drive of the third quarter It didn't go as you wanted to but then they get the ball back and they don't do anything with it Not only do they not do anything with it Tyler Algiers dropped for three on first down Mario to a sack for a loss of one on second down and then you're I mean, you're looking at third and very long and It's a situation where you had two good chances Offensively to do something with a defensive stop in sandwich between those two three and out that to me Was a moment that was the most discouraging I know we could talk a lot about the yards that were garnered throughout the whole entire four quarters, but that probably Let's say five minutes swing was really tough for me to move past because I felt as though the Falcons scored touchdown in that opening Drive. I mean, you're looking at a diff you're looking at a one-score game a Little ways through the third quarter that completely changes how you feel Moving forward, it gives you a little bit moment of momentum It puts you back into the game because then after that it just kind of went I mean Cincinnati went and scored on their Second drive of the third quarter. So it really to me that moment that five minute period was kind of what Sealed the deal for the Falcons in this game If I'm reading this correctly in the second half I hope I'm reading this correctly had the Falcons had drives of net yards net yards of one yard gained Seven yards gained and nine yards gained over the course of the third quarter where the Bengals have been really good this season In the fourth quarter again, if I'm reading this right, it looks like they only had 23 Net yards in the fourth quarter and that's that's where we're gonna shift a little bit to the offense here And I just wanted to bring up a couple of numbers number one The the Falcons ran 45 offensive plays to Cincinnati 66 Average gain at 4.8 yards And here's the interesting thing right that I've mentioned I feel like we all have kind of talked about this that there might be a time where The Falcons are gonna have to go get a win or press to get a win by throwing 35 times right by really trying to work the ball through the air to try to make it up and you look at the play disparity Here and we're talking about 29 runs. They ran more than the Bengals for the same per carry average and I only see now there could be penalties that have would have eliminated drop backs, but there were only 13 attempts So even when they're behind multiple scores the Falcons still aren't passing I want to make this very very clear before we go forward. This is not a question of we are not questioning play calling That's not what's happening here. I don't do that.  Okay, what what I think that we're doing is try to extrapolate truths about this team, right? And that's where I want people to focus and understand what we're talking about here We're not saying should have called the pass when you call the run Arthur that ain't it. Okay, that's base level Rhetoric that doesn't have any place here diet tribe over This this type of play disparity. I think it does speak to what the Falcons do Well, they they run the ball well But they have not found that type of consistent passing rhythm without the benefit of a play action pass or a big strike or something like that This team is not, you know, kind of balanced in that same way right now. I mean, that's just the way that it is Yeah, it's funny too because I feel like we've been saying this about the Falcons But in like the opposite conversation like with the Matt Ryan in the pocket It was always a conversation of oh, they're not balanced because they can't run the ball Like they're not running the ball as an offense. I feel like for the last I don't even know how many years that has been the problem is it wouldn't when you're talking about the balance of the offense now it's kind of flipped on its head and it's Kind of the other side of the coin where it's like the Falcons can run the ball and and do find success doing that But again going back to what I was saying earlier when earlier when they are in obvious passing downs It's it feels like it's either hit a llama days the key as their bus Do you know like that's kind of what it feels like? but I I think when you look at this offense, it is something that they have to Clean up because we go back to now. There's a formula for how to defend this team When you look at it How much can this offense kind of take the more film that is put on other teams radars? Because the Falcons are at their best when they do have a bit of mystery in what they're doing offensively Can we say that they were still mysterious? You know getting into the third and fourth quarter of of this game and I I mean and then it even goes back to The Rams game in week two this scene this start this has started to feel like a similar topic of conversation over the course of seven games is like The Falcons are having trouble in those obvious passing downs Yeah, and I mean but the other side of it is if you go back to the Browns game, right? They were in trouble and they weren't passing the ball well and they barely threw the ball at all and then they decided to you know to run the Run the ball a lot. Shall we say I'm not going to repeat? I will say I will say too with with that like it I felt like the game was different Like in this game in this game, you're fighting from behind at one point You're down by what 18 and you're still running the ball like that is It's not wild to me because I can understand doing it because it was it was what was working for you And it's kind of your roots as an offense, but it does make me wonder like What's the confidence level in being able to throw the ball and when you know That was something that not to like compare apples to oranges But when you talk about what the what this offense was last year It could go out and get big chunks of yards throwing the ball downfield now. Can we say the same thing here? Yes, I mean you can because Marcus Mariota connected for Demir or bird a 75-yard touchdown, but it's like doing it consistently That's the difference. It's like one play is great, but can you do it through four quarters? Right, and I mean if you're throwing in completions on first and second and ten and setting up third and long That's not good either But I I do think that if the Falcons are playing their game if they set the tone and can dictate tempo And create turnovers something that they didn't do Yeah Against the Bengals then you create Situations and recipes that are ripe for victory And I don't think that it's outlandish to say that that is a winning formula for them They need but they can't get in these types of situations against I mean I joe borough's elite level quarterback, right? I was searching for my adjective there, but nonetheless Um, I do think that that the Falcons have a winning formula Um, I think that I'm sure other teams probably think that they have a beatable formula But do you have joe borough is pj. Walker joe borough? Is Yeah, it is can't because even the rams who I think had a similar Um concept even matt stafford couldn't execute at the level that was required to put that game away So I will also say though. I do think the trio of receivers that the bangles have Very different than what matthew stafford has with the rams. I I do think that this was honestly a recipe for Uh, it was it was yeah, it was gonna be it was gonna be really tough for the falcons Like going in you knew that this matchup like wasn't one that really Like turned in the falcons favor at all and the bangles are hot You know, they're hot. This is cornel armstrong's first like very first game of the season, right? Yeah practice quite elevation Yeah, uh, yeah, I mean like you said he was thrown into the wolves. I think this is probably the toughest game I mean, I think it's only gonna make him better.  Okay. I think we've done a pretty good job deciphering what this game was Um, and maybe some question marks are things to identify About, you know, how the falcons can win maybe how they can be beaten What means to get fixed in order to eliminate those strategies? All that said, right Arthur Smith said in his press conference making no excuses And I think that was important that they're they're also thankful that this only counts as one You lose 35 to 34 you lose like this still just one loss Um in a wild result considering everything that carolina has been through recently Tampa bay lost to carolina by multiple scores So go figure new orleans lost to arizona on thursday night We are in the middle of an nfc south race that is looking strange Yeah The falcons lost a game But didn't lose any ground in the division is really what i'm trying to get at and I think that that's something I wrote about in my column I think after the initial frustration of the fan base wears off from what they saw today They will come to realize that opportunity Still exists and maybe that the not only are the buccaneers vulnerable But maybe the falcons can fix what fix the problems that they have find ways to surge and scrap out and get victories and be alive in december And find some consistency find some rhythm. That's something that they haven't found yet something that rachawn evans Said ashton. I just said all that stuff, but really kind of entering week eight here with with an ability To go out there. They get carolina twice chargers who lost today and then yeah, this isn't in order, but chicago washington um Pittsburgh that That they they do have an opportunity to get in rhythm and kind of establish themselves You know as a uh as a contender in this division Oh, yeah, most definitely. Um, I mean they beat a really good brown steam a really good seahawks team already These are really good teams that have been winning, you know consistently over the last few weeks But I think going into week eight against the panthers the panthers, you know, they don't have baker mayfield They have a lot of young players Their team is kind of pieced together as well. Um, they did execute against the bugs But I think the falcons do have a great chance at winning That this this upcoming sunday against the panthers to go for and for I think this was the toughest three game stretch And I think they played relatively well through it. Um, but I think this last game, you know, it kind of hurt them But like I said, they were hurt For the most part all around with the defense and you know, the offense just wasn't executing And I think after they watched film this week, I think they when they see What they can clean up going into week eight against the panthers at home They, you know, they went to at home already. So they have that momentum. I think, um, I mean, I think the falcons have a great chance at Going above 500 going into week eight, honestly Yeah Go ahead. Go ahead. No go for it. All right I was just gonna say like, you know of of the places where I feel like this team has been over the last like three years The fact that they're three and four right now is not like the end of the world I mean to be completely honest, I feel like there are a lot of people that did not think that they would get to Week eight at three and four. Um, I would have win against the bingles have been fantastic Yeah, I would have but that didn't happen and it showed this team what it has to work on and I mean, it's not I think Arthur Smith has said it before and I think I even said it like last week on the podcast where it's like Being objective after a win is just as important as being objective after a loss And I think the falcons probably learned more about themselves in this loss than maybe even the win last week and Because I mean it goes back to what we were saying about like formula for winning versus a formula for getting beat Like what is the difference in that for the falcons? and I will say like heading into this stretch of games over the course of the next probably like month I feel like it's a good opportunity for the falcons to we talk about identity a lot to against some of these teams Really capitalize on who they are As a team and as a as units and and all of those things. I I think it's really important That they solidify that over the course of the next month because like what you're saying if you're getting into december And you're playing pretty hot. That's that's the perfect time. I mean we talk about it with uh scott's a padres fan And so we we were talking about baseball like in the context of it's like all about who's hot At the end of the season that it really does feel that way And I feel they I feel like there are kind of sprinklings of that in Then fl season two, especially right now where anyone can beat anyone on any given sunday I think that is so important. There's not a lot of Parity in in NFL football right now. There's a lot that of just people being kind of on similar levels I mean you just saw the panthers beat the bucks and I eat the falcons are three and four, you know, there are there are a lot of things across the league that I think make it Interesting when we're looking at where this team goes from here Yeah, I mean you you bring up unexpected losses. Washington beat green bay today, right? What? Yeah That makes it makes zero logical sense if you were to analyze that game heading into it. Um, Taylor hynicky versus erin rogers seems like a lopsided outcome turned out to not be that way and But nonetheless, that's why they play the games. That's why So many of these teams even the bangles which look like an absolute juggernaut In week seven or four and three they've stumbled A lot of these teams have stumbled so uh, hi like how you recover how you kind of bounce through it um, and if you can get on a couple Two three game hot streak and go three out of four like the falcons just did you can find yourself in a good position Um, you know and those are all things to monitor. Um, you can definitely always Keep an eye on and monitor this falcons final whistle podcast by subscribing to the falcons podcast network Please do it on apple podcast spotify if you're a night owl Come to our channel or just subscribe but come to our channel around 10 30 11 And you can be like the first one to get it or if you're more of a youtube subscriber They go up at 6 a.m. Right and early and they're with you for the rest of the week So thank you guys so much for engaging interacting With the podcast. Uh, we definitely appreciate everybody downloading and listening and we'll talk to you all again next week


Hey everyone, this is our second episode of looking into Azure Lighthouse from different perspectives. Today we're taking the perspective of the ISV or the independent software vendor who just like you may have issues with deploying, managing, and supporting their workload in a customer's subscription. So if this is a scenario that you find interesting or that you're experiencing right now, stay tuned because we're going to be talking with Joseph Foscato from Sage about this very subject. Stay tuned. Hello, Joseph. How are you? Very well. Thanks and you? I'm fine. I'm fine. I hope you're back from vacation. I hope that was a good time for you. Yeah, it was great. It was great. So you are an ISV or what they refer to as independent software vendor. Yeah. What is your usage of Lighthouse? Yeah. So traditionally Sage has hosted many customer installations inside the Sage instances of Azure. So and then it's right. It's really easy for us to manage everything because we own the main credentials. We are global administrators and when it's easy for us to manage all this stuff, right? But since probably one year and a half ago, since Sage started to move to the SPC program, that is the Sage Partner Cloud program, is the way to provide, okay, so instead of Sage managing all the infrastructure and everything which initially is close to other business partners to do some additions. So then why don't we extend this, the mechanism, the hosting platform that we have right now to our partners, right? Right. And based on that is when we faced the first blocker and we said, right, because right now we are able to spin up and create new resources in our subscriptions because we own them, we have the global administration and so on, but then we said, okay, but if we are using someone else's subscription, we cannot do that. We need some global permissions and we don't want that from there, you know? And that's why we have some discussions with Microsoft and is when they point it out to say, okay, why are you are not using Lighthouse, which is a service that allows you to do something in someone else's subscriptions without having a global administrator, password, secrets and so on. And that's why we started to work on that because as I said, right now we are deploying our solution for our business partners in their subscriptions. So Sage doesn't own them. And then we are able to spin up new resources like virtual machines, storages, databases, backups and whatever required for us to work. And not only this, we are also provide the ability to extra services or manage services for the partners. Related to backups and restoring and all these actions that are related to the normal maintenance of an updates of an installation, a customer installation. And actually the users, the Lighthouse actually allows us to do that in a controlled way because the business partner has to consent Sage to access to the subscription because we need to first have this consent from them and they are aware of that. We are doing this running a PowerShell with a template and so on. Maybe it's not very user friendly but we are adding some extra stuff in that PowerShell related to registering some other services that we need to spin up new things, right? Okay. And one this consent is granted that our business partner is also the owner of that. They can remove at any moment. So because they can say, I'm not happy with that or I don't want they can remove. They are the owner of the subscription. And all we have, there is the power let's say to do all the required actions to spin up new customer installations. And as I said, as many resources to make our financial and accounting solutions to work there. So that's basically the usage we are giving to Lighthouse and actually I think it's quite, it fits very well in what we wanted to do.  Has there been any other significant benefits to starting using Lighthouse? Actually, the fact of having a unified locks. Okay. Outditing and to be able to troubleshoot some things that are issues and probably deploying this infrastructure and so on is something that allows you to see what's going on. And I think this is an important thing to have a unified way to see for that business partner that this for us, a business partner can host several customer installations. So then it's easy also for us to go there and deep dive and in case of emergency trying to find out and for troubleshooting. I think that's a really interesting point. But mainly, but mainly we are using, we're supposed to deploy these in arm templates and so on. They are quite robust and well, hopefully this is not much usage of this login. But I think that's another of the benefits of using Lighthouse. Okay. So you've got ability to deploy anywhere with proper authorization and access customers that can or partners that if they're not happy because it's their own description can basically manage your access and then logs that so that the customer and you have an audit trail of everything that was done. All right. Yeah. That's right. Oh, that's very cool. What has been the feedback from your customers at this point versus the old model that you had where you deployed everything in your own subscription? Well, actually, if we deploy in our own subscription, then the partners that have probably new add-ons to add there, they didn't have access to that. So right now, that's why Sage opened these to the partners to maybe install on the virtual machines that we are basically providing other add-ons that may be more specific for project management that maybe this is something that we are not managing and other utilities that they may use so far. I think it has a good accept this very well. And I think there is a lot of things to discover in the next months because we have just launched that I think six months ago and the partners are still being familiar and educating and moving on on that. So but I think it's an interesting way of extending and including other third-party business partners engaged in the business, you know, to extend the product. So if I get it right, you're deploying your solution into the partner's environment or your customer's environment and then because it's their environment, they have access to add to put in their own add-ons or third-party add-ons which they would not be able if they were in your own subscription. That's correct. I had never thought about it. That's brilliant. No, no, I think that's a good initiative. And also, I think Lighthouse helped us to also do that. So great. Because we are the products that we are deploying are let's say desktop on-premise products, right? And we are providing these cloud capabilities to these desktop products because as I said, from that point, we are able to spin up new sites with a few clicks and then provide all the backup and all these extra, let's say cloud, more cloud services to our end partners and customers. That's great. If there was one thing that you'd say or is there anything that in Lighthouse is working for you but there are things that you wish would either be added or modified? Well, with Lighthouse, I think right now the granularity is at subscription level and then our resource group level. But you cannot go, for example, on top of that. You cannot manage anything related to after-directory, for example. So this is something that I don't know if this could be extended with Lighthouse or maybe there are a lot of limitations that I'm not aware of. And when you mean make changes to Active Directory, you mean like adding users and groups? Exactly, yes. These basic actions, let's say to add users, groups and these kind of things that right now is not possible at this moment. Okay, so when that need to happen, what you just tell your customers will go add this user and add this group because it's an added layer of manual steps or complexity. Exactly, yeah. Okay.  What has been in retrospect looking at before Lighthouse and now with Lighthouse, what's the business impact that you've seen for your company? Basically, as I mentioned, initially Sage hosted in their own subscriptions all the infrastructure. So then the business partners have no access to do anything there. And the idea to deploy the Sage Partner Cloud Program is just to give the partners the ability to extend and build on top of Sage solutions other add-ons from other third-party companies, ISBs to give a complete or a full set of capabilities application to the customer. So... Has that translated in your business partners actually suggesting or promoting your solutions more to their own customers? I wouldn't say that is to provide to the end customers a complete enterprise solution for financial and accounting. So imagine that maybe a company that needs extra project management and maybe the solution from Sage from a specific country is not providing that. So at least the partner will have the ability, the over business partner have the ability to install this project management solution just to meet the customer, the end customer requirements. So that's a lot more customized. Yeah, a lot more collaborations between you and your partners. That's very cool. And I can assume that your customers are very happy to have that pick-and-choose kind of approach to, okay, I need this and this, and this partner can provide the third part that I need for my solution and be able to collect with that and you be able to supply the foundation for that collaboration to be that. Exactly, that's correct. Yeah, that's probably to meet as much as possible all the customer requirements of their business needs. That's wonderful. Well, Joseph, thank you very much for taking the time to speak with us today and have a great day. No problem. Thank you very much. Thank you much for the opportunity. Thank you. So the conversation with Joseph Moscato from Sage really kind of went through how ISVs can leverage Lighthouse for the benefits of their customers and partners. Now let's bring in Arkana Balashkarishnan and give us a quick demo on some of the popular ways or scenarios that are being used by ISV with Lighthouse. Hi, Arkana. Hey, Pierre, thank you for having me on here. So what do you got to show me for today? Yeah, so I want to show you just maybe one super popular use case that we've seen ISVs use Azure Lighthouse with. As you know, a lot of ISVs deploy their apps and provide solutions to customers. A common thing that customers end up asking their ISV partners is related to support. Hey, ISV partner, I've got this app from you. Can you offer end-to-end support, which includes managing issues related to Azure as well? So the customer isn't wanting to go to the ISV partner for issues related to the apps and then go to Microsoft separately for issues relating to Azure. And many times they would just rather go to the ISV partner. In these scenarios, what the ISV partner can do is they can get just enough and just write access with Azure Lighthouse to their customer. So in this case, we can pretend I'm an ISV and I'm managing a customer called Microsoft. And as I'm managing Microsoft's customer subscription, I have an issue with... I've got a ticket from Microsoft to me. And I basically know that there is an issue in this particular subscription that Microsoft has asked me to deploy their app into. So as part of it, I also get access to support requests. So without having to go to the customer or direct the customer back to Microsoft, I can now directly on behalf of the customer, right? Say what my issue is, right? So let's say there is an issue with Kubernetes configuration because I'm using Kubernetes for my app. And so I can select a technical issue in here. And then when it comes to selecting the subscription, I can pick subscription that the customer has given me access to, right? And so in this case, I'm literally going to pick the same subscription that the customer has given me access to. I'm going to go and say, hey, I have an issues with my Kubernetes AKS service, right? And then I can kind of go through the rest of the... All the information that I need to provide. This is again a huge value add, right? Because as the ISV, I don't need to coordinate and kind of go between me and the customer, tell the customer to take this back to Microsoft. I'm doing everything together, which really reduces that support, supportability, response times, resolution times, et cetera, right? And so this is a very popular use case. In fact, a lot of our ISVs that are using White House to provide these kind of advanced support services to really have been able to add that additional value to their customer, and it also adds more value to them. As you can see here, this basically auto-selects the support plan as well, right? So as I'm going through the support scenario as the ISV, I'm still leveraging the customer support plan. So let's say the customer has an EA agreement and they have higher supportability plans with Microsoft. It just basically means that the ISV is able to leverage what the customer has in terms of support plans, and yet they're the technical folks who have the know-how, who have the information relating to the ticket, and so this really speedens up the supportability process. This is just one of the many useful ways that ISVs are leveraging Azure Lighthouse with their customers today. You know what, Arkana? I love that. One of my old roles at Microsoft, I was in Premier and I dealt with enterprise support, and this was one of the really sticking point is when you have a customer on one side and a partner on the other side and there's a problem with the solution, and then it's like, okay, can you ask the partner to give me this log? When the partner says, can you ask Microsoft to check this? And you're being the go-between as a customer. That's not a position, first of all, that the customer wants to be in, but it's also not necessarily their expertise. So having the ISV take over that entire and be the single point of contact for the support is huge. Absolutely pure. Yeah, you've experienced it personally as well, right? Absolutely. The changing of hands is a troublesome problem. And Joseph briefly mentioned this as well, but this is the activity log, right? What has happened in the subscription? There is a single source of truth with Azure Lighthouse. The activity is written into the subscription, right? So in case of issues, the ISV, maybe a downstream managed services partner, the customer, Microsoft, we're all seeing the same thing, right?  Which is really powerful, especially in the support scenario to solve the pain point that you've experienced previously. Yes, that's huge. Thank you very much for showing me this because I had not really thought about the support implication of Lighthouse with ISVs, but now that you mention it, I do see an absolute benefit to both the ISV and the customers. So that is great. Thank you very much. Thank you for having me here. So thank you very much, Arkana, for showing us that support, though those demos on how ISVs and Microsoft can help support our customers. Thank you very much. It was great.


Polling officials at polling unit 084 in Roushary, Rakhubu in the just north local government area of Plateau state were held hostage until Sunday morning over faulty bimodal voter accreditation as the Beaver's machine. The presidential and national assembly elections were suspended at the polling unit on Saturday night when boating could not continue due to hitches with the Beaver's. However, the INEC officials were released with intervention of the electoral officer of just north Fred Oboji who came in to attend to the malfunctioning Beaver's. Addressing the voters, Oboji urged them to remain peaceful and not take laws into their hands. He also said that the resident electoral commissioner of the state has directed that voting continue in the area. Please see what is happening. And I'm sitting myself and cutting explanation from the community, from electorates. And the resident electoral commissioner has directed that voting continue. And I'm going back to him now and with the head of one of the staff of the ICT here, go back to the office to feed it back. This is the situation. We're back to you very soon. Meanwhile, the ad hoc are here. So as soon as possible, vote to see commensura. You can conclude your voting. I want to urge you to be peaceful. You don't want to record any violence and I want to commend you peaceful conducts that are there to help you have a successful election. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Next speaker's name is Andreas Lüge-Obsen from Coalition. He's an architect migrated from traditional physical design towards interaction design, both within research, teaching, and business. He's developing and designing projects that bridge the physical and the digital attributes for a wide range of both public and private clients, such as Saksabank and Audi also. So talking about physical exception handling, here is Andreas Lüge-Obsen. Here he is. Thank you. And thank you for inviting me. And I think I could be a good person to put after Peter's excellent talk, actually, because I'm one of those guys who could sit around in some of those studios that Peter just talked about. My name is Andreas. I'm educated as a real architect. You know, I can draw, animate, and stuff like that. But I have migrated into the stuff that most of you probably do. And I've been around up here earlier and been a part of some of the institutions up here. But I'm a part of Coalition, which is a small design company situated here in Aarhus. And we do a lot of research and development within the gap between citizen participation. We've done a lot of that. And then advanced interfaces. We do all the other stuff as well. But today I will talk about what we do in the real world and a bit about how we do it. And I'll frame it to the public realm and urban spaces, because physical computing could be many things. But that's where I'll look at it. The physical exception handling, it's a cool title. But there is some truth to it. We can catch a lot of exceptions doing software. But sometimes physical exceptions, they are pretty heavy sometimes and hard to handle. So firstly, I'll just set the stage. It's a one minute movie just showing a bit about how we work, a bit about the physicalities, the different contexts, the different tools and methods that we use. So it's analog, it's digital. Physical is light, software is hardware. It's multi-user setups. It's pretty fragmented. I'll turn to some of these examples later on. But that was just a really quick introduction. So being in a public space, in the public domain, or part of the city, we always think that it's important to remember that the city is built on top of the city. Sounds a bit naive, but it is. The city is made up for centuries by layers of different infrastructures, different ideas and concepts, building traditions. And everything kind of blends together into the city that we know. But most often we tend to think that we can go tabularasa and start from nothing, from scratch. But being inside the city, you kind of always have to add on to something and the smart city concept is, in my opinion, the frosting on top of an already smart city. It's extremely smart already, but we add some new layers to it. And for some reason, and this is just a bit of food of thought that you can bring home, I think it's peculiar that we never question whether we should go digital or not. It's, and for people like you as well, I mean digital is always the answer for some reason. We are in the same boat, I admit, but it is sometimes a bit fun that we can't solve some of the things in an analog way. The way we work with a lot of our urban installations is that we try to find a hook, some simple way for inhabitants, pedestrians, citizens to engage in our environment or in our installations. And we do that by mixing function and fun, so working on the functionality, which is already ready part of something and adding some playful fun layers, or we play with the serious and the surprising, or we play with the informative and the ambient because we are almost vomiting from the constant flow of information and communication that this place wants to push to you anytime. So if you can sometimes turn it into something else, you can create that surprise that will kind of reach out for people.  So a good example on that, and again, I return to some of the tools that we work with that Peter was referring to, Storing, it's a bit of hardware production. But again, we approach these projects from a wide range of perspectives because we look at them from the city or try to solve them both in digital and in physical manners. So we can prototype and we can test a lot of things at home. But the point is that we can prove that the part of the system is working, but it's first when we approach the real context that we can actually understand whether this will be, I mean, in the end, will end up in a neat way. So the concept here and the kiss concept is basically a tunnel which was already there. It's a standard tunnel. It's the city as it is. And on top of that, it's a physical layer of light that solves the functionality of the light, the amount of the lux that needs to be provided in the tunnel. And then the little gimmick that when you enter the tunnel, you turn on the light. When you leave the tunnel, you switch off the light. And in that little simple concept, which is fairly hard to implement in a neat way, you have a lot of potential in play and in engaging for anyone who approaches the tunnel. So the project still provides the functionality of a tunnel that is lit in some way. And at the same time, there's a lot of playful features. So the hook here is basically your presence, right? It's really simple, but you become part of your physical surrounding in a public space. No nemy, no nemy, they need it. So it requires being around. It requires understanding the infrastructure, the software, the steel, the bricks, the concrete, the humans being around there, the rain, traffic, heat, noise, all the annoying things that, for instance, the drone capturer from Tama is confronted with as well. And then, of course, the idiots, I mean, people like you who are not interested in using the stuff the way that I intended it to be used that you need to design for, right? Of course, there are vandalism, but there are also people who are trying to spoof the system or to play around with it, and most often in fantastic ways. So in an example like this, I was part of testing it when we implemented it. Imagine the first thing that I drew on that humongous facade, just imagine it. Anything? Yes, I did. And because of that, we decreased the tail or the possibility of drawing on this facade because people are creative when they get new tools in their hands. But again, the hook here is the stuff that you already have in your pocket. It's the mobile phone or your cellular. It's not even an app. It's a web app, so you don't need to download anything. But it's the idea that you reach out and let people touch the urban surface. In a simple way, there is a queuing system. So when you hook on, you end up in a line. You are automatically locked off, and the next ones in line are connected, and you can play around. So again, this is not a hardcore interface. It's not a critical system, but it's a really easy hook, and people can become fairly creative using it. And again, yes, there's a lot of software in this. Not a lot for you, but there's software in it. But I will still say that it's a small part of the equation. I mean, understanding and utilizing the existing city, understanding the urban squares. Where can you be situated? Where do you have good spots for gathering, understanding the fuzzy users? It's a really broad and fuzzy group of users. They are young. They are old. They have no knowledge of technology. I mean, perhaps they have their phone in the pocket anyway. But helping that stuff out is quite complex. And my point is that when you mix up the software or the app and apply it to a physical space, you have a way better experience than you have by just using a regular app or something. When I prepared this talk, I thought about which apps that had made great memories. I mean, that I have great memories about is absolutely none. I mean, I played Candy Crush, and I'm at level 3,600. And that's the only horrible memory I'd have because it's eaten all my time. But I think that applying technology to physicality brings something. And I'll end up with this. And that's another example. The function is urban furniture. It looks nice when it's not in use. It just has a certain pulse. It wakes up in the evening by itself. And then whenever you approach it, the hook is just, we know you're here, and you're welcome. So it's just adding a small color based on your mass. So it's a range of large capacitive sensors inside it. And the idea is that there's no meaning in this, apart from the fact that you can play around with it. But the physical exception handling that I talked about is the problem is here that people started jumping on them. And even though they were tested in many ways, people found out, and we have videos of that on Instagram, really drunk people, jumping up and the light goes out and they jump down or land on it. And they actually not broke them, but kind of deformed some of the plastic shells. And my point is that sometimes software is simpler to tweak than the physical world is. And because of that, anything that you can catch before implementation of the physical, at least, is really, really important. And that comes to the conclusion of my talk that some of the challenges that we have is that we can simulate and prototype a lot of things. But simulating and prototyping takes out a small part of the entire equation. And so sometimes you prove wrong by just proving something with a prototype. I'm not talking against prototypes. I'm just saying that you need to add it up sometimes and remember that it's only a small part of the equation. Another problem that we have with these very integrated projects between physicality and technology is that, at least in the building industry, many things are split into subcontracts. And it's pretty hard to hand over projects like this to subcontractors that say, now, this is fixed. And then they leave. And I mean, it doesn't work with the physical or it's woven badly together. Most often we come in late with projects like this, which makes it even harder to weave into the API of the physical fabric, if you could say so. So that are some of the problems that we are facing. So my conclusion would be that physical exceptions, they should be caught. And digital ones, they might be tweakable. Thanks for listening.   I'm sad about the stuff being easier to tweak than the physical world because it makes so much sense. But sometimes I guess that's not the way people act. They think we're going to put it out there and then we're going to see what happens. But when you're creating, you've got to get it as fast as you can before you bring it up. But I actually think there was a nice talk from this guy who just sat down. Sorry, I can't remember your name. But I mean, that building software is also building on top of the city, of the city, of the city in some sense. And sometimes we would like to sweep everything and start from scratch, which is not possible. But still, sometimes it is much easier to tweak parts of software. I know you cannot necessarily change the entire structure. But it's hard when something is built to tweak it. Plus, there is a mindset of what you're saying with the smile.  But really, that is the type of arrogance that stopped you from creating innovation. I mean, the fact that you're very aware of this is, no, you're not that case. But there will be people that are saying, hey, this is how you should be using it. What great case that I like to bring up sometimes is there's this young guy. And he was broken up with by his girlfriend. And she blocked him on all media. Like, he couldn't get in touch with her. So he went into mobile pay. Because he knew he could write a message from mobile pay. And he keeps sending her one crone. Just one crone. I said, please, unblock me. And like, please, you know, I was media to do the mistake. But that's such a good example of the creativity of how just doing it as it was absolutely not intended. Yeah. So thanks a lot. Thanks. Oh, really? And um. And um.


Hi everyone, Sean with jaspyscasebreaks.com here doing 2017 Panini Flawless Baseball 2 Box Case Break Random Team Number 5. 29 spots, Rays and Diamondbacks, Combo, All-Cardship, so here is the list of customers from Bryce Wise, back up to Jay Gohans, and the teams from the Diamondbacks and the Rays Combo spot down to the Nationals. Dice roll here to Randomize, both lists, three and a four, seven times. Seventh and final time from Aaron Pettit down to Anthony Venturino. You see seven times there on the Randomizer, seven times on the Dice, and now seven times on the teams. Seventh and final time for Baltimore Orioles down to Minnesota Twins. Seven times on the Randomizer, seven times on the Dice. Aaron Pettit with the Orioles, Alex Valdesacos with the Marlins, Matt Lieber with the White Sox, Jay Gohans with the Phillies, Fawad Kori with the Cardinals, Gary Martin with the Indians, Greg Diatri with the Metz, Joe Christian with the A's, Shane White with the Astros, John Stallone with the Brewers, Richard Schneider with the Braves, Omar Zahui with the Yankees, Bryce Wise with the Rangers, Joe Lancaster with the Reds, Roy D. Pietro with the Mariners, James Dondaro with the Dodgers, Noah Davis with the Nationals, Omar Zahui with the Jays, Brandon Hall with the Tigers, Steve Birch with the Padres, Jay Gohans with the Royals, Ryan Kasin with the Pirates, Joe Christian with the Red Sox, Jonathan Arnaldi with the Rockies, Barry LaFranco with the Cubs, Shannon Rex with the Diamondbacks and Reyes combo, Aaron Pettit with the Angels, Jerick Corfage with the Giants, and Anthony Venturino with the Twins. Trade window is open. Give it about a minute or if no talks of trades we'll close it early. There you go. Trade window is open. Rex has the Reyes and Diamondbacks combo up for trade. Bass is loaded, has the Indians up for trade. Rex will openly, will trade the Reyes and Diamondbacks for the Yankees if Omar is here. Barry's offering up Cubs for Phillies if Jay's here. Sounds like Omar's keeping the Yankees, Rex. He's asking for me to pull him fire. Another 15 seconds, guys. So Barry's got the Cubs up for trade, Rex has got the Diamondbacks and Reyes up for trade, and Gary's got the Indians up for trade. For the people in the chat, any trades between you three? If not, we're gonna close up trade window. 10 more seconds. Going once, going twice, going three times. Yeah, I don't think Ryan's in here for the pirates, but we're gonna go ahead and close the trade window. There you go, guys. We tried. Barry's asking Cubs for Seattle. I don't think Roy was in the chat either, Barry. But here's our case. I love the all-black cases on these. Really nice looking. Good luck, everybody. First up, Dual Relic, Jose de Leon. 15 out of 25 for the Los Angeles Dodgers. This is the final list there. Dodgers is James Dandero. Nice two-color patch, Hunter Renfro for the Padres, 5 out of 25. You can see a little bit of the gray there. Three colors on that. Padres, Steve Birch. Paul Wainer, 4 out of 10 for the Pittsburgh Pirates. Dual Bat Relic for Ryan Kasen. Nice Paul Wainer there. Memorable Marks, Brian Dozier, 42 home runs in 2016, 8 out of 10 for the Minnesota Twins. Anthony Venturino. Danesby Swanson, 2 out of 20. Rookie Otto for the Braves, Richard Schneider. Memorable Marks for Chris Sale, 274 strikeouts in 2015. Chicago White Sox, Matt Lever. It's got a nice signature. Doesn't really come out as a Chris Sale, but it's nice. And Andy Pettit. Greats for the New York Yankees. 10 out of 10. That's for Omar. And last non-encased, triple three-color patch and auto. Alex Bregman, 14 out of 20. Four of the Astros, Shane White. Rex has got Diamondbacks and Reyes combo spot. Well, that one moved. So we'll look at that one first. Frank Thomas. Auburn University, 12 out of 15. I'm almost assured that that's going to be the White Sox. It's got to be White Sox, right? Wallace Baseball. I looked it up. I think I looked up because they have a lot of Team USA ones in here too. Let's look at Frank Thomas. Let's pay a few. Frank Thomas. Alma Mater, Parallels, all White Sox. Yeah. He's all on there for the White Sox. So that is Chicago White Sox and Matt Lever. If anybody wants to see the checklist I'm looking at. There you go. I think this one over here is a gem. Mickey Mantle, 15 out of 20. New York Yankees. Omar. And George Brett, four out of 10. Gold Otto, memorable marks, 3,154 career hits for the Kansas City Royals and Jay Goans. Nice. Starting off with, stuck to the next one. Three color patch and Otto Hunter Renfro for the Padres. How do you buy, Adir? Just go to the website right above my head there. Jaspyscasebreaks.com. San Diego Padres, Steve Virch. We got more breaks going tonight still. Triple Relic, legendary trios. Tony Gwyn, Stan Musial, Rod Carew, four out of 15. That's going to be a randomizer and a nice one. San Diego, St. Louis and the Angels. San Diego, Steve Virch, St. Louis, Fawad, Corey and for the Angels, Aaron Pettit. Nice Gwyn, Musial and Carew. One happy person, two sad people. Another randomizer. Yonman Kata and Andrew Benintendi, eight out of 25. You got White Sox, Matt Lieber and Red Sox, Joe Christian. Back to back randomizers on that one. No randomizer here. Ken Griffey, senior. Cincinnati Reds, 18 out of 25. Joe Lancaster. You don't see a lot of senior. That's pretty cool. Very nice. Do another randomizer. Tyler Naikwin, Trey Turner. We do. We've got Washington and Cleveland. Noah Davis with Washington Cleveland with Gary Martin. Third randomizer. Eric Hosmer, five out of five. Another nice one for the Kansas City Royals. Jay Goans. Adir, the stuff that's on our schedule is sold out. The stuff that shows spots are still available is not sold out. Josh Donaldson, five out of five. Flawless finishes, gold auto. Four of the Toronto Blue Jays and Omar. Another nice one for you, Omar. Congrats, man. Great looking signature. Our final non-encased auto. Memorable marks. Mike Piazza, 427 career home runs, 10 out of 15. It's Dodger's version of Piazza. Going to James Dandero. There you go, James. Congrats. Absolutely, Omar. Those are the encased hits or the non-encased hits. This is the gem. Chris Bryant, 11 out of 24. The Cubbies. Barry LaFranco. Try to trade. Couldn't trade Mojo. There you go, Barry. Nolan Ryan, 4 out of 15. The, uh, the, what is it? Inspiration for the Big Hit Express. The Ryan Express. California Angels edition. Aaron Pettit and the Angels. Aaron Judge, 8 out of 10. Flawless finishes. Gold autograph for the New York Yankees. And Omar. There you go, Omar. Congrats, dude. Nice finish to the case. Now we got some randomizers to do. Not too shabby, dude. So we got three randomizers to do. First one up, triple team randomizer for the Padres, the in, sorry, the Cardinals, and the Angels. We also have White Sox, Red Sox, and Washington, Cleveland. So three randomizers. Same dice roll for all three. Let me get these set up. There you go. So all three randomizers are set. Same dice roll for all three. Four and a six, ten times. Tenth and final time. Goes to St. Louis and Stan Musial. That's for Fawad Corey. Congrats, Fawad. Uh, your call, Omar. You can always inquire, like, send us an email and we can let you know the cost on that. If you want to, use the support button right on the head, the home screen for Jasper's Case Breaks. Just click on this yellow, orange support button right there in the corner. Ten times on Chicago Boston randomizer. Tenth and final time. Goes to Boston, and Andrew Benentendi. That's going to Joe Christian. And our final randomizer, Nationals and Indians. Tenth and final time. Cleveland, it stays with. So that's going to Tyler Naikwin, Cleveland Indians, Gary Martin. Nice dual auto there for you, Gary, to finish it off. That's the end of it. Here's the triple relic. Tony Gwyn, Stan Musial, Rod Carew, four out of 15, going to the Cardinals. Fawad. The dual relic, Yon Mancada and Andrew Benentendi, eight out of 25. Going to the Red Sox, Joe. And the dual relic, Trey Turner, Tyler Naikwin, six out of 25 for the Cleveland Indians. And there you go guys, that'll do it. That was 2017 Panini Flawless Baseball Two Box Case Break Random Team Edition, number five from Jasper'sCaseBreaks.com. I'm Sean, Jasper'sCaseBreaks.com. Thanks for hanging out, and we'll see you next time.


the next lecture in the course remote sensing principles and applications. In the last lecture, we discussed in detail about different spectral indices that are available to us with special emphasis to monitoring vegetation. We also noted what all the different ways or different spectral bandwidths in EMR we should come by in order to derive those spectral indices and I also introduced you some simple applications or some simple themes where such indices are being applied. So, from this lecture and next 2-3 lectures, we are going to see in detail about the thermal infrared remote sensing. Before going on to this particular topic, I would like to tell an additional point about the spectral indices that we discussed in the last class. While finishing the last class, I just briefly mentioned about various indices. But we have to be careful when we use such indices obtained from different satellite sensors. That is, for some of our applications, we may be needing to combine data in the last 30 years, 25 years and so on. Our application may be like spanning over very long time interval. Under such circumstances, we will be in a position to gather data from more than one satellite sensors and use it in kind of like a time series. Say for example, first 10 years, I use data from a sensor called AVHRR. The second 10 years, I want to use data from modus. Such kind of scenario may occur. Sensor may go, maybe like taken out from the service and a new sensor might have replaced it. Under such circumstances, we have to switch sensors as our application needs data over a very long time period. Under such circumstances, we should be really careful. That is, we cannot quickly replace or suddenly replace this vegetation index data obtained from one sensor with another sensor. Because the vegetation index that we have used or that we have obtained will depend on sensor characteristics, the spectral bandwidth of the sensor at which wavelength, like what is the central wavelength and the bandwidth, what is the spectral response function of the sensor. All these things will influence the vegetation index. So, mixing data from different sensors is not a straightforward task and we should always be careful when we want to combine data from multiple sensors, especially when we are going to use it in one single time series. So, first one year data from this sensor, second one year data from another sensor. We should not do this. There should be some sort of intercalibration has to be done when data from two different sensors has to be combined and used in one single time series. This is one important point we have to remember. And second point that we have to remember is the spectral indices that we obtained are susceptible to be or they will be influenced by the sensor viewing angle and illumination geometry and also atmospheric effects. Even some indices are capable of reducing the effects of atmosphere, but still some residual of atmospheric effect will always be there. And also the sensor viewing angle, solar illumination geometry, all these things will influence our vegetation index. So, we should always keep these things in mind. When we want to arrive at some really important result or some high impact result using analysis of such vegetation index, we should keep these things in mind. We will we have to try to remove all these effects to the maximum extent possible before we use them. So, these things are important points that we should keep in mind. Then we work with data, especially the spectral indices data obtained from different sensors. Okay, coming to today's lecture. Today we are going to start with the topic of thermal infrared remote sensing. So, what exactly thermal infrared remote sensing is? So, thermal infrared remote sensing deals with measurement of temperature of the surface and using it for various applications. So, we will see what thermal infrared remote sensing is, why is it called so and what are all the different or what are the difficulties we may encounter while processing the data from thermal infrared satellites and maybe few important concepts that we should know. So, let us get introduced to the concept. Before moving on to the concept of thermal infrared remote sensing, I would like to quickly recall the basics of heat conduction methods that we have studied in our high school physics. So, when heat energy has to transfer from one point to another point in space, it can take three different paths conduction, convection and radiation. So, conduction is a process is a heat conduction process in which heat energy will be transferred from point A to point B by physical contact of molecules in the medium. For example, here there is like a stove that is burning and we have a pot of water to be boiled just kept over the stove. So, along this vessel, so this vessel most likely we will use metallic vessels during cooking processes. So, this will be like a good conductor of heat. So, the heat energy supplied from this burning stove will be transferred along the vessel through the physical contact of molecules like this vessel is a solid in which the molecules, the solid molecules will be tightly bounded with each other. So, first the heat energy will reach the molecules at this point where exactly the flame supplies energy to it. Then slowly through this physical contact the heat energy will transfer from molecule to molecule. So, the molecules themselves may not move, but due to this physical contact or closely packed configuration of molecules, heat energy will move from one to the other. This is conduction. So, molecules will not move, but heat will be transferred from one molecule to another. Next is convection. Convection is the process of heat transferring through physical motion of molecules in the medium that is after heating up the vessel the heat energy will move towards the water molecules. So, the water molecules near the bottom of the vessel will first get heated up and as the water molecule gets heated up it will start moving towards the upper surface and cold water from the upper surface will move towards the bottom. So, slowly there will be like a transfer of water molecules from top to bottom and bottom to top and those molecules that are moving from bottom to top will transfer this heat energy to the other parts within that particular vessel. So, here heat energy is transferred by proper movement of molecules within the medium the molecule itself will move taking the heat energy away from one point to another point. The third way of heat transfer is radiation a non-contact way that is if we go near a burning stove we will feel the heat or if we go near like a burning furnace we will feel the heat from certain distance. So, similarly solar radiation reaching the earth surface all these process they need not have any medium heat energy can just transfer from point A to point B that is where we learn to that electromagnetic radiation energy transfers in form of electromagnetic radiation. So, this is a radiation principle even without any medium energy will transfer from one point to another point. So, in thermal infrared remote sensing we are going to concentrate on this particular way of heat transfer the radiation rather than heat transfer I will say energy transfer in a more generic sense. So, radiation way of energy transfer but why I mentioned all these three conduction convection radiation normally when we study about earth and its different processes energy transfer occurs from one part of earth to another part or from one medium of earth to another medium in all these different ways. And later when we discuss about some common applications of this thermal infrared remote sensing we may have to use this conduction convection radiation way of heat transfer. But in this lecture the introductory part of thermal infrared remote sensing we will concentrate on the radiation way of energy transfer from one point to another point. We all know that any object above the temperature of zero Kelvin will emit radiation on its own due to its own internal energy content that we have seen. And that is the major process that drives even like the earth system like sun's energy is like due to its own internal temperature. Sun is emitting energy because of its temperature and that radiation is reaching the earth and that is driving the major processes within the earth surface. So, not only to sun all objects on the earth surface including humans living things non-living things everything will emit energy due to its own temperature and its internal energy content. And it is possible to measure the radiation coming out of this particular object any object and use it to calculate the temperature of that particular object. Say one of the very common example that we see in our everyday life is taking our body temperature using a handled thermometer like a non-contact thermometer. We might have seen in several spots especially during the covid pandemic times people or medical workers will point a non-contact thermometer towards our forehead or near our wrist. So, that is essentially a radiometer which will measure the amount of radiation coming out of our body and using that radiation it will estimate temperature of our body. So, if the temperature is lower than our normal body temperature or equal to the normal condition they will let off or they will ask us to take quarantine measures. So, that is a very good example that we use in our everyday life. Similar concept when applied for earth observation we call it as thermal infrared remote sensing. So, the average temperature of earth surface is around 300 Kelvin we have seen it and most of the objects on the earth surface will have temperatures in the range of say plus or minus 60 degrees from this value say maybe from 250, 260 Kelvin to maybe 330 or 340 Kelvin. Most of the objects will be in this range typically except extreme conditions. So, at these temperature range say 262, 330 or 340 Kelvin average temperature range the emission from the earth surface if we look at like the blackbody radiation curve we have seen in earlier classes the emission from the earth surface will typically peak around 9 to 9.5 micrometers wavelength. For example, like this is like the wavelength this is like the radiant flux density. So, if we use Planck's law to measure this the curve may look something like this where this peak will be something around say 9 to 9.5 micrometer in wavelength and this energy may start something around say 3 to 4 micrometers. So, earth's surface features when they emit radiation it will not be even near the visible range that is like our live examples because of its own temperature the earth's emission will start to occur something around say 3 to 4 micrometers in wavelength and sometimes for hotter surfaces it may be around like the SWR range but not in visible range. So, starting from this SWR range the emission from the earth surface will start to peak and it will reach the peak around this 9 to 9.5 micrometer wavelength and then slowly it will start to fall after it and it will have like a long tail and it will continue. It will it will not reach 0 immediately but it will continue as like a long tail for quite a long wavelength. So, this peak in energy around this 9 to 9.5 micrometer is essentially where we have to measure the radiance and use it for calculate the temperature of the object that is emitting it. So, in general rather than talking about just 9 micrometers we will tell it in kind of like a range 8 to 14 micrometers. So, which is essentially the long wave infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. So, any radiance measurement or any radiometric measurement that we do in this 8 to 14 micrometer wavelength range will help us to understand the thermal properties of the object or using that measured radiance we will be able to calculate the temperature of the object. Actually this is the primary reason why remote sensing in this 8 to 14 micrometer wavelength is also known as thermal infrared remote sensing because the remote sensing we are doing helps us to calculate the temperature of the object and also to understand the thermal properties of the object especially in earth surface conditions. In some other planets the thermal conditions will be completely different the black body radiation may be happening at a different temperature or like a different wavelength range. But for earth remote sensing when we observe it in this 8 to 14 micrometer wavelength range that will help us to understand the thermal properties of object and hence the remote sensing we do in this band in the LWIR band is commonly known as thermal infrared remote sensing. So, I told you 8 to 14 micrometer is like the common range for under normal conditions. But under some extreme conditions that is volcanic emissions or very strong large scale forest fires then the emission from such burning features will be occurring in this 3 to 5 micrometer injectors. Let us say this is let us assume it is a black body curve for object at 300 Kelvin. If we want to draw like a same similar curve for an object at say 700 or 800 Kelvin it may look something like this. So, the peak may be occurring in a shorter wavelength energy content may be high this may be for 700 to 800 Kelvin something in that range it may take a different form. So, normally forest fires and volcanic emissions will have very high temperatures and emission from them the radiance from them will be peaking around this 3 to 5 micrometers. So, essentially for normal earth monitoring activities the remote sensing will be done in 8 to 14 micrometer wavelength. But for this monitoring the extreme cases such as forest fire or something monitoring has to be done in lower wavelength in the SWIR range 3 to 5 micrometers. But now we will restrict our discussions to only 8 to 14 micrometers wavelength that is the thermal remote sensing we do under normal conditions. So, even though this 8 to 14 micrometer is like a generic range most of the satellite based thermal sensors use the wavelength of 10.5 to 12.5 micrometers. Because we know the peak wavelength or peak emission of our earth occurs around 9 micrometer to 9.5 micrometer or sometimes 10 micrometer depends on the temperature. But the 9.2 to 10.2 micrometer wavelength has a very strong ozone absorption band which will prohibit us from monitoring the earth and under this particular wavelength. So, basically even though the earth's peak emission occurs in this range 9 to 10 micrometers we will not be able to measure that because of ozone absorption band in the atmosphere. And hence most of the satellites will move towards the longer portion 10 to 11 micrometer range in order to observe various features on the earth surface. And using this measured radiance we will be able to calculate the temperature of earth surface objects and the temperature we calculate is commonly known as land surface temperature. So, now we will get introduced to the concept of a black body. What a black body is when we learnt about the emission from objects we used Planck's law. So, we said if an object is at a given temperature T that particular object will emit a certain amount of radiation at a given wavelength lambda. This relationship is given by the Planck's equation we know how to calculate it and we know the some certain Planck's curve for objects in different different features like what is given in this particular slide. So, here like each curve given here is example of the black body radiation curve for objects at different different temperature. This we have already seen. But Planck's law gives us a maximum limit for the emission to occur that is if an object is at a given temperature T under the restrictions imposed by thermodynamic laws or physical laws an object can emit this much energy that is like a maximum limit. So, using Planck's law whatever we are calculating will define the upper limit of radiation. So, no object will be able to emit more than that at a given temperature at a given wavelength that will be like the emission maximum it can happen. But most of the earth surface features may not be able to emit radiation with that particular level or they will not be in position to radiate energy to the maximum extent as defined by or as allowed by thermodynamic laws. So, in general for most of the earth surface features the emission from them will be less than what has been given by Planck's equation. So, the ratio of these two that is what is the actual radiation coming out of an object at a given temperature T at a given wavelength lambda. So, the actual value divided by the radiation value calculated by Planck's equation and this ratio is known as emissivity. So, in a more common or loosely it is telling emissivity is the efficiency with which objects can radiate energy. For example, let us say let us take this particular example say this object at 2000 Kelvin temperature and at this particular wavelength say around 1.6 micrometers approximately it is emitting radiant emittance of around 40 watt per centimeter square per micrometer. So, this is like a spectral radiance or spectral radiant flux density. So, this value of 40 is like a maximum limit for this particular object at 2000 Kelvin at 1.6 micrometer wavelength. But in reality real life earth surface objects may have radiation less than that let us say it has just 36 watt per meter square instead of 40. So, as defined by Planck's equation the energy that should come at is 40 watt per centimeter square per micrometer. This is like the spectral radiant flux density. But in reality the object is emitting just 36 watt per centimeter square per micrometer of wavelength. So, if we divide this 36 by 40 we will get a value of 0.9 and this is known as the emissivity for that particular object and that particular wavelength that at 1.6 micrometer. We again to be specific I write it as spectral emissivity. So, spectral emissivity or in general emissivity is the ratio of the actual radiant flux density emitted by the object at a given temperature T divided by the radiant flux density defined by Planck's law for the object for a black body at the same temperature. So, this ratio is one of the important property that we should know about all the objects if we want to calculate the temperature of that particular object using remote sensing principles without knowing emissivity we will be making errors in measuring the temperature of objects using thermal infrared remote sensing. Again we will just quickly get recap to the basic class. We have studied this in detail in the earlier lectures. But just as a recap I will tell you the first and foremost primary law that we will normally use is the Planck's law that will tell if an object is at a given temperature T at a given wavelength lambda what will be the radiant flux density that will be coming out from an object. So, this will basically define the spectral radiant flux density at a given wavelength lambda what will be the emission. Integration of Planck's law in the entire EMR range 0 to infinity wavelength will give us the Stephen Boltzmann law sigma T power 4. So, this will give us the total radiant flux density not spectral but total and the peak wavelength of emission for an object at a given temperature T the wavelength at which peak emission occurs is given by Wien's displacement law. So, these 3 laws are basically the fundamental laws that we have seen in detail in the earlier classes but we will use them commonly especially Planck's law we will use very repeatedly in thermal infrared remote sensing and its calculations. So, coming back to emissivity. So, I told like emissivity is like an important property of all objects. So, all objects will have lesser value of emittance as prescribed by Planck's law and one more important thing that I should tell you is objects which emit radiation as defined by Planck's law are commonly known as black bodies that actually I should have told you before itself. So, I told you that this thing the Planck's equation defines the upper limit of the curve and the objects which behave that or which obey that particular law emits with that particular maximum efficiency they are called black bodies and real life objects normally found on the earth surface will not emit radiation as defined by Planck's law they will have lesser equation and the ratio is what is known as a spectral emissivity that we have seen already. So, this is like the general equation that we normally use for calculating the emissivity the actual radiant from object to the radiation of or the radiation as governed by Planck's law. For a given spectral range we can use like we or we can define a broadband emissivity like this something like this say within a given range say between 10.4 to 11.2 micrometers what will be the emissivity means we can integrate these laws or integrate the radiation using this limits. So, here an example is given for the entire range of EMR spectrum from 0 to infinity but if you want to calculate say between 10.4 to 11.2 micrometers what is the spectral emissivity like a band average emissivity means you can do it using this kind of equation. So, the denominator is basically the Planck's equation what is given by Planck's law or Planck's equation and the numerator is given as a numerator indicates the actual radiation coming out from an object. So, such objects are called non-black bodies that is who objects which has emissivity less than 1 are called non-black bodies we will see in detail and those objects which has emissivity is equal to 1 are called black bodies. So, non-black bodies and black bodies. So, in general most of the earth's surface features are non-black bodies they may not be able to emit radiation with a maximum emissivity that is emissivity is equal to 1 they cannot satisfy Planck's law the radiation from the common objects will be always less than 1 and actually under earth's surface conditions strictly speaking no object is a black body even what people use in satellite calibration systems etc are hypothetical in nature like hypothetical black bodies they are close to a black body the emissivity may be around 0.9999 or 9995 something like that very close to 1 but they will never reach 1 okay. So, strictly speaking all earth's surface objects most of them that we encounter in our everyday life are non-black bodies. So, black bodies are the objects which can emit radiation as governed by Planck's law with maximum efficiency emissivity will be equal to 1 for it throughout. So, maybe we will see how objects are classified based on this emissivity little bit in more detail. So, as I said objects which has emissivity is equal to 1 they are known as black bodies. So, for them emissivity will be equal to 1 in all the wavelengths maybe we will see in this particular slide this is wavelength this is emissivity. For a black body emissivity will be a constant and will be equal to 1 throughout whatever the wavelength we measure such objects are called black bodies. There are certain class of objects for which emissivity will be less than 1 but it will be constant throughout under all wavelengths of our discussion. Such objects are called gray bodies that is here like this particular line. The emissivity is less than 1 at the same time it is not varying with wavelength it is a constant line. Such objects are called gray bodies and there are a certain class of objects for which emissivity will vary it will not be a constant it will vary with wavelength and such objects are called selective radiators. An example is given here this line that has like a varying emissivity value with wavelength. So, most of the earth surface features are selective radiators maybe example for like a gray body we can say a calm deep water body without any disturbance. Water body under thermal infrared wavelengths may have emissivity close to 0.98 or 0.99 and so on. But only under thermal infrared that is even that is not like a perfect gray body. Within the wavelength range of this 8 to 14 micrometers water body can be treated as closely to a gray body. But almost for all the earth surface features emissivity will vary with wavelength maybe at 8 to 14 micrometer wavelength they may be like a constant we may think them as like a gray body. But we know that the black body radiation curve does not stop at this particular range it is it has a long tail it even extends up to microwave wavelengths. Under such wavelengths emissivity may vary. So, strictly speaking all the common objects that we know on the earth surface are selective radiators.  So, essentially this curve is like a as given by Planck's law and this dark black line is for a gray body that is with a constant emissivity maybe if we know let us say the emissivity is 0.8 then the radiant flux density for this particular object will be 0.8 times as given by Planck's law it is a constant it is very easy to calculate it. But let us take an example for a gray body sorry a selective radiator. For a selective radiator since emissivity varies with wavelength the radiant flux density from that particular object will be keep on varying at certain wavelength it may be very close to 1 at certain wavelength it will be it may be less than 1 and so on. So, at each wavelength the emissivity will be keep on varying and without knowing the emissivity we will not be able to calculate its temperature. So, without knowing the emissivity means most likely we will end up in a under estimated value of temperature unless we know the correct emissivity value and if this emissivity varies with wavelength that complicates our things we must measure the emissivity of object at all possible wavelengths right. So, emissivity is kind of one of the most important concepts to understand in thermal infrared remote sensing and without knowing emissivity we will be underestimating the temperature of objects. So, as a summary in this particular lecture we discussed or we got introduced to the concept of thermal infrared remote sensing why it has got such a name why it is known as thermal remote sensing and we got also got introduced to the concept of spectral emissivity. With this we end this lecture thank you very much.