ads heard during the podcast that are not in my voice are placed by third-party agencies outside of my control and should not imply an endorsement by Weird Darkness or myself. Stories and content in Weird Darkness can be disturbing for some listeners and is intended for mature audiences only. Parental discretion is strongly advised. Welcome, Weirdos. I'm Darren Marlar, and this is Weird Darkness. Here you'll find stories of the paranormal, supernatural, legends, lore, crime, conspiracy, mysterious, macabre, unsolved, and unexplained. If you're new here, welcome to the show, and if you're already a member of this Weirdo family, please take a moment and invite someone else to listen. Recommending Weird Darkness to others helps make it possible for me to keep doing the show. And while you're listening, be sure to check out WeirdDarkness.com, where you can find me on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Mines, Miwi, and more. Coming up in this episode. The devil is dead now, and here is his skeleton. That's the headline that ran in the Los Angeles Herald on October 6, 1865, and this was no 19th century clickbait. They actually found real bones that fit the bill. There are a number of tragic cases where people lose all memory of who they are, and for whatever reason no one is able to help them recover their identities. However, few such stories are as complicated and uncanny as the long, long search for the real Charles Jamison. Imagine suddenly, without warning, finding yourself in a completely different life, a different place to live, different friends and family. Nothing is the same. This is what happened to author Carolyn Levitt, and that's only half of her truly bizarre story. A secret aircraft reportedly crashed during takeoff at RAF Boscombe down in 1994, sparking what has been an ongoing and fascinating mystery ever since.  If you're skeptical when I say that the devil's bones have been found, I wouldn't blame you. Even for me, someone who does believe in God and Satan and all the powers of evil and good in battle around us, if you were to say that Satan's skeleton was dug up, I'd be raising an eyebrow so high it had hit my ceiling fan. But here's the story. The devil's bones were supposedly discovered buried under a Japanese temple in 1895. The bones were brought back to the United States where they were said to have been either the remains of a nine-foot primate or a total hunk. What follows is the newspaper article that reported the find, The Los Angeles Herald from October 6, 1865. The devil is dead. Not only so, but his remains have been shipped to New York and are to be seen today in an establishment on Winter Street. The remains of the devil were smuggled out of Japan at the risk of the lives of several men who confessed that they stood in fear of the personages whose bones they were attempting to carry to this country. To be plain, there was found some years ago in the ruins of a Japanese temple a grave in which there were the bones making up an apparently perfect skeleton of gigantic proportions and altogether strange and hideous in appearance, which, according to an inscription found above the tomb, constituted nothing less than the remains of his Satanic majesty as the Japanese understood him. A doctor in Yokohama, to whom the news of the discovery was brought, succeeded in obtaining possession of the astonishing skeleton, and in time conspired with the captain of a tramp steamer which visits New York and succeeded in having the dead devil forwarded to this city. A Miller and Sons, who now have the skeleton devil in keeping, have much to do with shipping men, Captain Williams of the steamer Argyle decided to place in their possession the seven-foot box in which the skeleton was contained. When the box was opened a few weeks ago and the straw and strange wrapping paper removed, Mr. Miller found an apparently perfect skeleton of some creature of gigantic stature. The box was only seven feet long, and in order that the giant bones might be accommodated, those of the thighs and legs had been placed beside the rest of the skeleton. To begin with, there was a terrific head. The skull presented a frontal bone, almost a foot across, showing eye sockets of astonishing size, a square jaw like nothing that anatomists know, and a mouth fully six inches wide, garnished with twenty-eight teeth which were closed and interlocked and of astonishing size and sharpness. Altogether the effect was truly terrifying. The head was articulated to the vertebra and the spinal column was almost five feet in length to which ribs of tremendous proportions and a sternum of immense strength and size were joined. The skeleton was apparently complete from the skull to the end of the pelvis. Beside it were placed witch and leg bones which it seemed at first glance must have belonged to some monster of the gorilla species. The legs apparently had been of the short and tremendously powerful order, which New Yorkers have seen in the Central Park Menagerie when Chico was alive and imprisoned there. The foot was fully fourteen inches long and had but three toes, each of which in addition to being of enormous length was furnished with an almost claw-like nail. Its appearance, therefore, was between that to the human foot and that belonging to a bird of the ostrich species greatly exaggerated. Some attempts had been made to rearticulate the skeleton for the knee joints were furnished with modern couplings of brass and the bones were really ready for mounting. Captain Williams of the steamer Argyle, who entrusted the box and its contents to Miller and Sons a few weeks ago, told them simply that the skeleton was the property of a European doctor now resident in Japan and that the director of a Japanese hospital was authority for the statement that the bones were those of a monster which lived long ago in the mountainous regions of Japan. He assisted the doctor in smuggling it out of the country and apparently believed that it was a genuine skeleton. As a matter of fact the skeleton contains bones of the bovine, equine, human and shark families and having been brought here and sized up by an expert in anatomy they furnished material for an expose of Japanese demonology which is nothing short of remarkable. The skeleton was simply manufactured long years ago and buried beneath the temple at Kutsu to serve the purpose of a clique of priests who ruled that section of Japan by fear at the time. Accordingly, when the skeleton was finally discovered there was found beside it a sort of map containing a picture of the devil in life, together with a full description as to the manner of his death and internment. The map contained a picture which is presented here without any attempt at producing the finer lines which are of Japanese workmanship and intricate beyond measure. Buried ages ago under a temple in the center of an inland province of Japan and one which by the way has been of great interest since to archaeologists it was discovered by workmen who were excavating for the purpose of erecting a new structure on the old site. Thirteen feet below the surface of what had been the cellar of the old temple the workmen discovered an old stone grave bearing an inscription in Japanese characters which being interpreted means the Tomb of the Devil. This together with the discovery of the remarkable bones which the coffin contained caused great excitement among the Japanese and led to a scientific investigation of the nature of the discovery. The herald learning that the remains of the devil as constructed by Japanese artisans had been forwarded to this country requested the water street firm to permit an examination of the bones. I called there a day or two ago and inspected the box and its contents. To the layman the skeleton was apparently that of a giant ape or some similar monster which in life must have been nine feet high and it presented an appearance which was terrifying beyond measure. On Friday last I succeeded in interesting Dr. William J. O'Sullivan the medical legal expert in the death of the devil and the discovery of its remains and in inducing him to visit the Miller Co-operage and inspect the bones. Dr. O'Sullivan was at once pleased and astonished. He examined the bones with great care and said here is something which while it has been manufactured with an art which the Japanese only possess will excite great interest among the archaeologists in this country. The map itself is simply a marvel of that rare work which the Japanese execute and in which they are unexcelled. Coming up there are a number of tragic cases where people lose all memory of who they are and for whatever reason no one is able to help them recover their identities. However few such stories are as complicated and uncanny as the long long search for the real Charles Jameson. Plus imagine suddenly without warning finding yourself in a completely different life, a different place to live, different friends and family. Nothing is the same. This is what happened to author Carolyn Levitt but that's only half of her truly bizarre story. Those stories and more when Weird Darkness returns. Join us Friday January 26th for our next Weirdo Watch Party as we watch Black Dragons presented by Horror Hotel's resident vampire Lainia Queen of the Dark bringing us trivia about the film, the actors and all things horror related in between segments of the show. And then stick around after Black Dragons because Doc Dredd will be with us with one of his popular and fun movie reviews giving his opinion of 2023's award winning horror flick Beneath Us All. The Weirdo Watch Party is always free to watch online with everybody so grab your popcorn, candy and soda and jump into the fun and even get involved in the live chat as we watch the movie. It's Black Dragons starring Bella Legosi from 1942 presented by Horror Hotel's Lainia Queen of the Dark then Doc Dredd's movie review talking about Beneath Us All. Friday January 26th starting at 10pm Eastern, 9pm Central, 8pm Mountain, 7pm Pacific. See a few clips from the film and invite your friends to watch along with you on the Weirdo Watch Party page at WeirdDarkness.com and we'll see you Friday, January 26th for the Weirdo Watch Party. One day in February 1945 an ambulance arrived at the emergency entrance of Boston's U.S. Public Health Service Hospital. Inside was an unconscious middle-aged man whose condition was so obviously grave that the nurse on duty dispensed with the usual formalities and had him immediately admitted. She asked the ambulance driver for the man's name. Charles Jameson, he replied. The man would not or could not say anything more about the patient. Then he disappeared along with the ambulance never to be heard from again. For some time it was uncertain that Jameson would survive. He suffered from an acute stage of osteomalitis, an infection of the bone marrow. He had hideous sores all over his body and his back was badly scarred with what doctors guessed were shrapnel wounds. After weeks of treatment his life was finally out of danger. However the infection left him permanently paralyzed from the waist down and his speech was so impaired that anything he said was almost unintelligible. On top of all of this Jameson was suffering from complete amnesia. He was unable to say who he was or what had happened to him. At first authorities assumed they could trace his identity. Surely there had to be some record somewhere of this terribly ravaged man. But the more they tried to investigate the patient's past the more mysterious he became. The shabby clothes he had worn contained no identification of any sort and they even lacked labels or laundry marks. No one ever called the hospital to ask about him. Inquiries to every ambulance service in and around Boston revealed that none of them had dispatched an ambulance to the public health service hospital on the day Jameson had been admitted.  He was 6 feet tall and weighed about 200 pounds. There was a 2 inch scar on his right cheek. The index finger of his left hand was missing and both arms were covered with tattoos. His appearance was so distinctive that it was thought it might help identify him. But that failed to be the case. The tattoos were a mixture of flags and hearts. Some of the flags were American, others British. One faded tattoo had a scroll that seemed to say US Navy. This led to the assumption that Jameson had been a sailor in the naval and or merchant service, a belief bolstered by the fact that he had been brought to the only hospital in Boston that specifically treated seaman. There was a theory that Jameson had been aboard a freighter that had been shelled and torpedoed by a German submarine, but that could never be verified. However, after being sent Jameson's fingerprints, both the FBI and the military replied they had no record of him, which would not have been the case that he served in either the Navy or the merchant marines. His photo was sent to the missing persons bureaus across the country, but that proved to be just as futile as every other effort to identify him. For years the poor man spent long days sitting in his wheelchair in a blank silence. He rarely made any sounds and seemed to take little notice of the world around him. Then in 1953 the hospital's newly installed medical director Oliver C. Williams became intrigued by this most enigmatic of patients. He felt there had to be some way to learn who this man really was. Dr. Williams decided the only way to learn Jameson's true identity was by finding a way to communicate with the man himself. He devised a simple word game where Jameson would be given a phrase or a simple question and asked what, if anything, it meant to him. When asked how old he was, Jameson stubbornly insisted that he was 49, although it was clear that he was far older. The question how old is your wife made his eyes briefly light up, but after struggling to think for a moment he sighed and said, I don't know. He knew who Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone were, although he spoke of them as though they were still living British statesmen, not historical figures dead for many decades. This communication method elicited information in a very slow and difficult manner, but Dr. Williams managed to learn enough to convince him that Jameson was an Englishman who had served in the British Navy. At one point, while looking at pictures of various parts of England, Jameson suddenly remarked, I'm from London. Unfortunately, all he could add to that was the statement that he lived in a grey house. Jameson said that he had no living relatives, and that he had gone to sea at the age of 13. He recalled that he had attended the Gunnery School at Osborn in 1891 or 1892. When he was shown an issue of Jameson's fighting ships, he recognized the British battleship Belarofon. It was commissioned in 1909 and took part in World War I. I served on her when she was new, he commented with evident pride. When asked what ships he had served on during the Great War, he was reluctant to reply. He said, they were all in convoy, under secret orders, they had no names, only numbers, and if I knew them, I couldn't tell you. Even when it was pointed out to him that the war was long over, he refused to give any more information on his wartime duties. The little information Jameson provided about his career was sent to British naval authorities. However, they found no record that anyone named Charles Jameson had attended the Gunnery School or served in their navy. The British were equally unable to find any record of his fingerprints. More dead ends. At this point, Jameson was able to provide one more clue. He told Dr. Williams that one of the tattoos on his arms was the British ensign crossed over a U.S. shield, with the motto, United. The other was of an English clipper that he had sailed on called the Cutty Sark. When contacted about the ship, London authorities confirmed that there had indeed been a clipper by that name, but it had been retired almost 50 years earlier and no other ship had carried that name since. Then, the Jameson mystery took an even weirder turn. The name Charles William Jameson was found on the manifest of a U.S. Navy troop transport ship which had docked in Boston on February 9, 1945. This was just two days before Jameson had arrived at the hospital. The manifest's information about Jameson was all handwritten in ink, an inexplicable detail in an otherwise typewritten document. It claimed that he had been repatriated after spending four years in a German POW camp. He was picked up by the transport ship on January 24 in Southampton, England. His age was given as 49 and his birthplace was Boston. The manifest also said that he had been a sailor on a ship which had been torpedoed. The name of the ship was Cutty Sark, which had not been on the seas for five decades. Records showed that no Charles William Jameson had been born in Boston between 1885 and 1905. No one by that name had been made a naturalized citizen. No one connected with the transport ship had ever heard of anyone by the name of Charles William Jameson, and they could not say who had made the handwritten notations about him. Jameson was quickly becoming the spookiest amnesiac on record. Authorities in Envercargill, New Zealand, cabled the hospital that Jameson's description sounded identical to that of a crew member of the freighter Hinamoa named James Jennings. As it happened, Jameson had mentioned the ship a few times. He remembered that at one time he had been a mate on the Hinamoa. It had carried nitrates from Chile to England until it was sunk by the Germans. However, the name James Jennings rang no bells with him. Research proved that Jameson's information about the Hinamoa was correct, but the freighter's crew lists did not have Jameson's name or anyone matching his description. It was discovered that a Charles William Jameson had been born in Illinois in 1908. His name appeared in the Coast Guard's file of merchant mariners, but no further information could be found about him. When asked about this man, Jameson replied with only a blank stare. In 1956, a segment dealing with the Jameson riddle aired on national TV. A viewer in Texas thought Jameson resembled his father-in-law, Frank J. Higgins. Higgins had been a chief engineer in the merchant service before he disappeared many years back. As seemed to happen at every turn in the case, this fresh lead just led to more mystery. Higgins, who was born at approximately the same time as Jameson, was a New Yorker who spent his adult life as a sailor. On December 9, 1941, his ship, a freighter named the Francis Salmon docked in Galveston, Texas. It was in port for less than a week before it sailed for Portland, Maine with a load of sulfur. On January 12, 1942, Higgins wife, Rosalie, received a letter from him. He was at St. John's, Newfoundland, about to sail to Corner Brook, Newfoundland. Higgins and his freighter were never seen again. The Francis Salmon failed to arrive at Corner Brook and its fate is unknown to this day. In the words of the ship's owners, she simply disappeared from the face of the earth. Although we will likely never know what became of Frank Higgins, we can at least rule out the possibility that he was Charles Jameson. Their fingerprints didn't match. Thus ended the search for the true identity of Charles William Jameson. He died in the same hospital in January of 1975. Still unable to say who he was, where he came from or how he wound up at the hospital. He was, in the words of the fellow patient, the living unknown soldier. In an intriguing article over at Psychology Today, author Carolyn Levitt recounts her experience with extremely vivid dreams during a medically induced coma, dreams that have continued on to this day. Here's the story in her own words. After the birth of my son, I got sick, really sick with a mysterious blood clotting disorder and because the panicked doctors couldn't figure out what to do, they put me into a medical coma with memory blockers. They didn't want me remembering the pain or any other procedures. But coma is a mysterious thing. Nobody knows exactly what happens in a coma. Some scientists believe coma patients don't see or feel or hear a thing. Others say something different. Some scientists believe that coma patients actually dream. I don't know if I dreamed, but I do remember something the memory blockers couldn't stem. When I woke up, it felt like someone had pulled me violently from one world I knew to another, as if I had stepped from one room to another. I began to talk to Jeff, my husband, to my friends, Nancy and Lindy who had sat by me every day that I had been living in this imaginary town and that it had been well incredible. It had all these stores and my apartment was hard to get to, but it was big and beautiful and I knew the streets, the people, and I knew it was real. They nodded supportively. They encouraged me to talk, but when I told the doctors, they just said, well, you're on a lot of nasty medications. They told me I was just adjusting now that all those crazy thoughts and feelings would pass. Except they didn't. I kept dreaming about the town. By the time I got home, the imaginary town kept coming back in my dreams. So real, so vivid that I knew it was something different than a regular dream. It felt as if it were calling me and I didn't know why or what it wanted or what I was supposed to do. I knew it wasn't lucid dreaming, where you know in a dream you are dreaming even though everything looks and feels and seems like real life because I've had those dreams. This one felt different. I just knew that it was real. The dream kept coming back over and over. I was always surprised to see the imaginary town again, surprised that I knew which streets to go down, that I knew how to progress through it. At first I was living in a house that had no way to get to anywhere at first. There were no subways and the house had a moat and dangerous animals guarding it. The next time I dreamed about the town, I heard that someone I had loved who had died shockingly had actually not died at all. He had faked his death and everyone had agreed to pretend about it, and now he was living in California. I bolted awake, but the dream wasn't gone. Instead, I believed it was true as if I could hold two realities in my mind. I've kept dreaming over the years, always the same town, the same people in it, but things change. I've moved out of the house with the moat into a place close to the subway, now in the West Village, where I've always wanted to live. Do our dreams come out of our emotions? Maybe they do, but I can't figure out the emotions of this dream, other than I have this complete sense of familiarity and wonder all at once. I feel like I need to figure out these dreams. I talk to my therapist about them and she points out, well, they started in the trauma of a coma. It makes sense that they still reappear. Maybe she says, this is just like the way I immerse myself in another world, writing fiction that I live other lives through my characters in order to understand my own. After all, the worlds I write about in my novels feel just as real to me as the world I navigate. But then I talk to a quantum physicist friend of mine who tells me about parallel worlds, different realities that can coexist. Is that just theory or true? I ask her and she shrugs. Who knows for sure, she says.  Maybe I'm processing some cellular memory from an ancestor. Who knows, she tells me. But isn't it exciting? The truth is, I don't know whether to be scared or excited by these strange dreams. All I know is something is happening and I'm choosing to see it as an adventure, to stick around for what might come next, or not come next. Remember that old song, life is but a dream? Maybe in this case it's the dreams that are a real life. Kierlan's dreams of this place feel so real that she even spoke to a quantum physicist about the possibility of parallel universes and alternative realities. Are dreams gateways to other worlds just as real as our own? That's a question. Commenters to her story have raised the possibility of astral projection, as well as the idea that our souls actually exist with multiple lives and that one of those alternative lives may have surfaced during her coma. It's not unheard of for people to vividly dream while in a coma, but Kierlan Levitt's case of recurring dreams of a singular town and over a period of many years seems an extraordinary one. Others have shared their own experiences with coma dreams online. A Reddit thread back in 2014 asked users if they'd experienced any. One claimed that while dreaming they simply continued life as normal. Mostly. In my dreams I was going about my daily business of college classes and coffee houses. The twist would be that I was introducing myself as having been in a bad car accident, but I was okay and in a hospital. Another thread from 2018 contained similar anecdotes, with one person recalling vivid and terrifying nightmares that incorporated the world around me. When Weird Darkness returns, a secret aircraft reportedly crashed during takeoff at RAF Boscombe down in 1994, sparking what has been an ongoing and fascinating mystery ever since. I'm a man of habits. Okay, truth be told, my bride says I'm boring. I like the same stuff and that's what I stick with and that includes what I eat. Even for breakfast, I used to opt for a leftover pizza, hot dogs, hamburgers. Did I mention pizza? Anyway, now that I'm trying to lose weight and cut back on the carbs, I've had to make changes for breakfast. Now, instead of a big heavy breakfast, I just grabbed one of my built bars, the best tasting protein bar on the planet. Built bars satisfy my hunger with up to 19 grams of protein and also satisfy my sugar craving despite being less than 3 grams of sugar. And at only about 150 calories per bar, if I'm really hungry in the morning, I can grab two of them and still feel good about it. Try replacing your dessert or even a meal like breakfast with a built bar. You won't even know it's not really a candy bar. Visit WeirdDarkness.com slash Built and build a box of your own.  That's WeirdDarkness.com slash Built promo code WeirdDarkness. On the evening of September 26, 1994, an aircraft was set to take off from runway 23 at RAF Boscom down, a Royal Air Force Base in Wiltshire, England that is tasked with flight testing and weapons development. As the aircraft made its run down the runway, a malfunction caused the crew to abort the takeoff. Soon after, London Air Traffic Control Center or LATCC was contacted and notified that the entire runway needed to be closed. But followed was a highly peculiar and swift response that is still wrapped in secrecy. It included the mysterious stricken aircraft being wrapped up and presumably partially disassembled so that it could be flown home to the United States in a Lockheed C5 Galaxy transport plane. Despite eyewitness testimony, there has never been an official explanation for the strange events at RAF Boscom down on that fall night in 1994, but it seems quite clear that some kind of clandestine event did indeed occur. RAF Boscom down, today known as M.O.D. Boscom down, Ministry of Defense Boscom down, has long been a major locale for military aircraft testing and evaluation in the United Kingdom. Cutting edge testbeds and recovered foreign tactical jets are just some of the aircraft that have called Boscom down home since its construction in 1917. The British aircraft and armament evaluation establishment, AAEE, begin using the base for aircraft experiments in 1939. And in 1994, the site was placed under the control of the Defense Evaluation and Research Agency, or DARRA, Britain's equivalent to the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Project's agency, DARPA. In 2001, DARRA was split into two parts that became the UK Ministry of Defense's Defense Science and Technology Laboratory, DSTL, and the private company, Kinetic. It was during the base's time as part of DARRA the mysterious incident occurred. Much of what the public understands about the incident stems from a March 1997 cover story in Air Force's Monthly, written by Ren Hoek and Mark O'Vanderwelk, that reads like an aviation ghost story. The story goes like this. On September 22, 1994, my witnesses living near Boscom down reported hearing an abnormal noise approaching the base. According to local television news reports the next day, the noise sounded almost like a freight train or a low-frequency rumbling or humming. A few days later, on the evening of September 26, an unknown aircraft malfunction shut down runway 23 at RAF Boscom down. My witnesses reported that the broken aircraft was quickly covered by a frame and tarpaulins while surrounded by emergency vehicles. While sitting on the runway, the aircraft's rear section was unusually elevated, possibly indicating a nose wheel collapse. Shortly after, the aircraft was pulled into a hangar where it sat behind closed doors for two days. During this time period, it became clear that a cleanup operation was underway. Witnesses reported seeing UK Special Operations Forces at Boscom down, and two Special Operations aircraft reportedly arrived at the base, an Augusta A-109 helicopter from the British Army's 8-Flight AAC, a unit that provided covert transport for Special Air Service, SAS personnel, and a Chinook from the RAF's number 7 squadron, a unit tasked with supporting British Special Operations Forces. According to the two-year investigation conducted by Air Force's monthly, witnesses reported several unusual aircraft coming in and out of Boscom down during this time. A USAF C-12 Huron, used by the DOD for priority air transport throughout Europe, landed in the days following the incident, as did an apparently unmarked Boeing 707. Though the Boeing 707 has not been conclusively identified, there are reports that a particularly shadowy example of one of these aircraft, ostensibly operated by the USAF with the serial number 67-19417 and designated as either an EC-137D or EC-137E appeared at Exeter Airport, some 80 miles to the southwest of Boscom down a month after the incident. It's not clear whether or not this sighting was directly related, but this aircraft, which was acquired by the U.S. government in 1992 and flew in an effectively unmarked gray-white paint scheme for around a decade, was subsequently linked to clandestine activities and the Central Intelligence Agency, as well as Air Force Special Operations Command, AFSOC. It's also worth noting that this jet had previously been on the U.S. Civil Register as N-707HL, with the last civil owner being a company known as E-Systems in Greenville, Texas. E-Systems, which subsequently became a division of Raytheon, already had a long history of working on highly classified aircraft projects for the U.S. government, including the U.S. military and the CIA by the early 1990s. Today, 67-19417 is in storage at the Boneyard at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Arizona, where it's listed as an EC-137D. Perhaps most interestingly, eyewitnesses reported also seeing a Boeing 737T-43 landing at the base that featured the now iconic red-and-white markings associated with aircraft operated by private contractor EG&G. That company famously operated the Janet Airlines 737s that shuttle employees to and from the groomed-like facility and Tonapa Test Range Airport north of Las Vegas, Nevada, as well as other clandestine flight tests and aerospace development locales throughout America's southwest. URNS Corporation acquired EG&G from the Carlisle Group in 2002 and stopped using the EG&G brand in 2009, morphing it into URS Federal Services. On September 28, eyewitnesses reportedly got a glimpse of the partially covered air vehicle when another aircraft was removed from the same hangar in which it was stored. The mystery aircraft was said to have been charcoal gray with inward canted twin tail fins and featured chines extending from its nose section not too dissimilar from those found on the SR-71 or the characteristics we see on stealthy aircraft designs such as the YF-23. The aircraft was reported to be the size of a large fighter jet and its canopy appeared to hinge forward at the front. The crashed aircraft remained in the hangar at Boscom down until a lumbering USAF C-5 Galaxy appeared to fly the wreckage home on September 28, 1994. The C-5's original flight plan had it landing at Ramstein Air Base in Germany until it requested a diversion to Boscom down late in its flight. When the C-5 took off from Boscom down days later after being loaded with an unidentifiable tarpaulin covered object, its destination was reportedly listed as KPMD, otherwise known as USAF Plant 42 Airport. Plant 42 is home to the most advanced military aircraft manufacturing centers in the world, including Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works, as well as sprawling Northrop Grumman and Boeing installations. At that time, two specially modified C-5C's, serial numbers 68-0213 and 68-0216, were based at Travis Air Force Base in California and Frequenton Palmdale, mainly for use in support of various space programs and some clandestine aircraft development programs. They lacked an upper passenger compartment and had other modifications allowing them to carry even larger outsized cargo than their standard C-5A stablemates. In the weeks following the incident, RAF Boscom down was visited by a C-20 Gulfstream 4 with the US Civil Registration Code N604M reportedly operated by the CIA. The same aircraft made several stops throughout England in early October 1994 under heavy security, including Southampton, where Northrop Grumman's facilities in the United Kingdom are situated. The British Ministry of Defense and the US Defense Department both denied the incident had occurred. David Oliver, former editor of Air Force's Monthly, told the Independent that the magazine had no doubt that an incident did happen on the day in question and it has never been satisfactorily explained by the authorities after their two-year investigation. Oliver assured the Independent that Royal Air Force officers had been among the sources of the investigation and that he was sure the report was true. In 1994, Martin Redmond, a member of the UK Parliament from Don Valley, brought up the incident in that legislative body. The response from Defense Minister Nicholas Somas was that he was aware of a press report of such an incident, but that staff at Boscombe Down have confirmed, however, that there was no crash at the unit on that date or, indeed, so far this year. Somas added that the only flying which took place that night was the launch of two Royal Navy Sea King helicopters in support of an exercise. In their March 1997 cover story, Air Force's Monthly makes the case that the crashed aircraft was the long-rumored, never-confirmed Astra, Advanced Stealth Reconnaissance aircraft, one of the more popular ghost stories of black-budget aircraft lore. The article claims the Astra was produced by Northrop and even includes the alleged USAF serial number of the crashed vehicle 90-2414. According to the Air Force's Monthly, the vehicle was referred to as AV6 or Air Vehicle 6 and may have been born from research related to the production of the YF-23, the unsuccessful contender for the Advanced Tactical Fighter, a TF program that spawned the F-22. The alleged Astra is only one of a number of shadowy aircraft which are claimed to have been developed around the same time period. For instance, many rumors and small pieces of disparate, unsubstantiated evidence suggest when viewed just the right way the existence of an extremely high-speed manned aerial surveillance platform. The name, largely attributed to this mythical aircraft, Aurora, derives from a few misinterpreted line items in Air Force budget documents throughout the 1980s that actually belonged to what would become the Advanced Technology Bomber and then the B-2. Sightings of unknown black triangular aircraft are often attributed to Aurora, Astra, or similar apocryphal programs. Several high-profile sightings throughout the 1990s fueled speculation that the United States was operating just such a classified reconnaissance aircraft. In one of these sightings, a trained former member of the Royal Observer Corps reported witnessing a black triangular aircraft refueling from a KC-135 over the North Sea while being escorted by two F-111 Ardvark combat jets. There has never been hard proof of such a high-speed reconnaissance aircraft's existence, especially one in an operational state that would have been flying around the globe on missions at the time. Additionally, by that time, a then still secret revolution in aerial reconnaissance had already occurred, making snapshots in time collected by high-speed aircraft less attractive than using stealth technology to persist over an enemy's territory sucking up intelligence for hours on end. Also, significant improvements in spy satellites made the high-speed and also hugely expensive airborne reconnaissance proposition far less attractive than it once was. That brings us to the so-called TR-3A Black Manta subsonic stealthy tactical reconnaissance aircraft. There were also large numbers of sightings of a broader triangular-shape aircraft during this period, especially over Europe, which led to a UFO buzz. Popular mechanics even ran a cover story in December 1991 exploring the idea of the rumored TR-3A. Of all the possible classified aircraft of the era, Tyler Rogway believes such a subsonic, penetrating tactical reconnaissance aircraft, potentially with secondary electronic attack capabilities, possibly did exist in very small numbers during this time period. This aircraft would have served as a missing link of sorts that would have bridged the persistent and penetrating reconnaissance revelations made by then-Northrop's top-secret tacit blue demonstrator and unmanned penetrating reconnaissance aircraft concepts that began to emerge in the late 1990s, culminating in at least one operational type, the RQ-170 Sentinel. There was also a lot of work being done around the time regarding small and stealthy tactical special operations transport aircraft, with some notional designs seemingly quite similar to the aircraft described. Such a capability would likely be quite attractive to the Ministry of Defense, which could have prompted a joint program between the two countries. This would have occurred after stealth was proven over Iraq during Desert Storm via the F-117. The UK passed on being part of the F-117 program when it was still in the realm of top-secret classification. The public curiosity over the alleged black aircraft grew to the point that then-Secretary of the Air Force, Donald B. Rice, issued a statement in December 1992 calling ideas of such an aircraft nothing but fantasy. The USAF spokesperson added that the Air Force has looked into all such sightings as we have for UFO reports and we cannot explain them. No Air Force aircraft were operating at the times and places of the alleged sightings. That same year, the Federation of American Scientists, or FAS, also concluded that at least the Aurora was nothing but a ghost story. The UK press reported several similar sightings, strange engine noises and deflections by parliament throughout the same period, although none of these was ever confirmed to be related to any black aircraft. One could easily argue that actually admitting to a clandestine aircraft with a sensitive role defeats the point and denials are hardly unheard of in this regard. There is also the possibility that the crashed aircraft at RAF Boscombe was something else altogether. Boscombe was involved in evaluation of aircraft from threat nations around this post-Cold War timeframe. According to the War Zone's Thomas Newtick, it is possible that the aircraft was a captured or recovered foreign-made design being evaluated or tested against Western-made aircraft. Eastern Bloc combat aircraft and helicopters from mainly former East Germany and Hungary are almost certain to have passed through here, Newtick says. It would explain the level of secrecy since this stuff was all highly classified. A lot of the time the presence of these aircraft in the UK is only confirmed through records of transfers in Germany and in other cases where the aircraft ended up on ranges or in UK museums. The War Zone's own Joseph Travithic has pursued multiple freedom of information requests to the USAF, the CIA and the UK Ministry of Defense in relation to the Boscombe Down incident. The most knowworthy response he says he has received so far is a statement in which a CIA spokesperson did not refuse to confirm or deny that any such incident had occurred at all, but instead pointed him to the USAF. We believe your request as written would more likely fall under the auspices of the US Air Force and Department of Defense. Allison Fong, Information and Privacy Coordinator at the CIA wrote in response to a Freedom of Information Act request Travithic submitted regarding Boscombe Down. The Air Force Safety Center responded to an identical FOIA request by stating it had no information about any incident that involved one of the service's aircraft at Boscombe Down in 1994. Air Force material commander and the UK Ministry of Defense have yet to respond to identical requests. The War Zone contributor and former editor of Combat Aircraft monthly, Jamie Hunter, has looked into the RAF Boscombe Down incident on his own too. He says he has yet to find evidence other than accounts that corroborate the fact that a C-5 Galaxy did in fact land at RAF Boscombe on the alleged date. I remember seeing a flight plan for the C-5 which was due to fly into Boscombe Down, Hunter told the War Zone, but I didn't actually see it on the ground. The War Zone also spoke with author and consultant Nick Cook, who at the time was aviation editor at Jane's Defense Weekly and was the first to break the Boscombe Down story in the Sunday Telegraph. While Cook is confident that the incident happened the way it has been described, to this day he remains unsure about what the craft may have been. My former editor, who had some good sources in the RAF and MOD, was contacted to see what he might know about what happened at Boscombe Down. He contacted me and to be honest, it sounded really fanciful when I heard it. Something crashed on the runway, special forces went into action around the site and shut it down. I said I'd look into it, but I wouldn't hold my breath. I contacted a few sources and sure enough after a few calls I was fairly satisfied something had happened. They shut down the main highway, the A303 that runs into Boscombe Down. The cover story didn't make a whole lot of sense. The main cover story was that a tornado had been testing a towed decoy which had gotten stuck on its roller and wouldn't retract. The cover story about a towed decoy was familiar because the RAF had been testing towed decoys for tornadoes and it was quite secret. So if you're going to cover up something secret and do it well, it's best to do it authentically with another secret. So a decoy makes sense, but it was patently a cover story. I definitely think something happened. The C5 definitely came into Boscombe Down. I didn't talk to the witnesses directly, but I read enough witness testimony to say they saw something with a tarpolin on it on the runway. It had to have been American, or have had some American lineage in it in order for the C5 to have turned up. There were quite a few rumors of joint black programs between the U.S. and the U.K. at the time. There was a lot of the Aurora stuff knocking around at the time, but I don't think it was Aurora. It sounded smaller, tactical, deployable, F-117-like. That's sort of size. Certainly something happened, but it was, I have no idea. Evaluating the Boscombe Down incident decades later is clearly a difficult proposition. Whatever the case is, the evidence available about the incident suggests that something sensitive occurred at Boscombe Down on that fall evening back in 1994, but the culprit of the incident remains a mystery to this day. Still, it may be that the incident at the testing base was the closest the public has come to being exposed to a true and still classified black jet of the era, whatever its origins. Thanks for listening. If you like the show, please share it with someone you know who loves the paranormal or strange stories, true crime, monsters, or unsolved mysteries like you do. You can email me anytime with your questions or comments at Darren at WeirdDarkness.com. Darren is D-A-R-R-E-N. And you can find me on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and more, along with the show's Facebook group on the Contact Social page at WeirdDarkness.com. All stories in Weird Darkness are purported to be true unless stated otherwise, and you can find source links or links to the authors in the show notes. My Unconscious Other Life is by Rob Schwartz for Stranger Dimensions and Carolyn Levitt for Psychology Today. Satan's Skeleton was posted at strangeago.com. The Boscombe Down incident is by Brett Tingley for The Drive, and The Man Without a Past is from the website Strange Company. Weird Darkness theme by Alibi Music. Background music in this episode provided by Shadow's Symphony and is used with permission from the artist. Weird Darkness is a production of Marlar House Productions. And now that we're coming out of the dark, I'll leave you with a little light. Psalm 37 verse 4, Take the light in the Lord, and he will give you the desires of your heart. And a final thought. Do not lose hope. Please believe that there are a thousand beautiful things waiting for you. Sunshine comes to all who feel rain. R. M. Drake. I'm Darren Marlar. Thanks for joining me in the Weird Darkness.


Welcome as friends welcome to the hindu news analysis by Shankara's academy for the date 11th of March 2023. Displayed here are the list of articles we'll be going through today. Now let's start our discussion. Look at this article here. It is about a report prepared by the Nithiyog. The report is named production and promotion of organic and bio fertilizers with special focus on improving economic viability of Gaushalas. According to the report Gaushalas can become major suppliers of input for natural farming. Those who do not know what a Gaushala is look at this image. Can you see what they are? Yes they are cow shelters. See the report is saying that these cow shelters can provide inputs for natural farming. If you are wondering what inputs it is nothing but manure and bioproducts made of cow urine and cow dung. This will be significant because nowadays farmers are reducing the use of agro chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides. This is because of economic health, environment and sustainability reasons. So if the Gaushalas provide inputs for natural farming they will improve economically. This is like a win-win situation. Gaushalas will help in promoting natural farming and organic farming. In turn Gaushalas will benefit economically. This will improve the working conditions of Gaushalas. Know that Gaushalas can address the problems of stray cattle also. Here stray cattle are animals such as cow bulls, oxen and buffaloes that roam freely. A particular animal is called a stray when the owner of the animal cannot be determined. The problem with stray cattle is that they have damaged the crops in many parts of the country. According to the report the population of stray cattle is estimated at 53 lakh. So this could be addressed by improving the economic conditions of Gaushalas across the country. Secondly improved condition of Gaushalas help in achieving a Gandhian principle in DPSP. It is none other than Article 48. Article 48 state that the state shall take steps for preserving and improving cattle breeds and prohibiting slaughter of cows, calves and other milch and rod animals. See I am telling you all this because you can use these points in your main sensor. How? See UPSC likes to ask questions related to agriculture and means of doubling farmers income. We all know that agriculture in India has always been based on integrated approach. Integrated approach in a sense growing crops on one hand and rearing livestock on the other hand. If you have visited any village you would know this. Every farmer will have a cattle and other livestock. This is to earn income from these livestock by selling milk, cow dung, goat meat etc. But after the green revolution this approach has changed. This is because the agriculture yield increased due to the use of high yielding variety seeds and synthetic fertilizers. So farmers got their income from cultivation of crop itself. This is good only but think about it. Concentrating solely on cultivation of crops burdens the soil nutrient balance. This again affects the yield of the crops and in turn income of the farmers. So again farmers started to follow the integrated approach nowadays. If a question is asked in UPSC main exam regarding doubling the farmers income then you can write all the points that we discussed now relating to the economics of Gaushala. You can even write the other benefits we get from promoting Gaushalas which is none other than the role of Gaushalas in addressing the problem of stray cattle and its role in help achieving article 48. Now before concluding our discussion let us see some points about zero budget natural farming. Zero budget natural farming is popularized by Mr. Shubash Palekar. It is a process of raising crops without using chemical fertilizers and pesticides or any other external materials. Instead farmers use low cost locally sourced natural products which are based on cow dung, cow urine, jaggery, green chilies and many other natural ingredients. The term zero budget here means zero cost of production of all crops. Zero budget natural farming guides the farmers in practicing sustainable farming that helps in retaining soil fertility. So this method ensures chemical free agriculture and reduction in cost of production. I have given here the principles of zero budget natural farming you can pass the video and go through it. So that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw how the economics of Gaushalas can be improved by making it supply raw material for natural farming. We also saw the other advantages of promoting Gaushalas. Finally we saw some points about zero budget natural farming. With this let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Now let us take up this article for our discussion. It says that two palestinians were killed in a clash in West Bank. One person was killed by a Israeli settler in the occupied West Bank and a teenager was killed by the soldier. See we are not going to see why these persons were killed. Instead we will see some exam related facts about this West Bank region. First of all where is this West Bank located? To know that look at this image here. Can you locate the West Bank region in this map? It is located between Israel and Jordan. See as the name suggests it lies on the West Bank of River Jordan. As you can see here it is bounded by Israel to the north west and south. To the east lies Jordan and it is located north of the Dead Sea. Know that this territory belongs to Palestine. This is about the location of West Bank. Now let us see how West Bank came into being. The entire region of modern Israel and Palestine was once belonged to the Palestinian state and it was home to the Palestinians meaning Arab people. But this was only till 1948 Israel Arab War of Independence. Palestine was among the former Ottoman territories placed under UK administration by the League of Nations in 1922. All these territories eventually became fully independent states except Palestine. Under the British mandate it incorporated the Balfour Declaration of 1917. This declaration turned the Zionist aim of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine into a reality. Here let us take a quick detour and understand what Zionism means. Zionism refers to the national movement for the return of Jewish people to their homeland and the resumption of Jewish sovereignty in the land of Israel. Now coming back to the declaration. The aim of Zionism was fulfilled by Balfour Declaration. This is because through the declaration Britain publicly pledged to establish a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine. So accordingly large scale Jewish migration took place from Europe. The migrant numbers increased in the 1930s with the Nazi prosecution of Jews. Due to this the Arabs demanded for independence and started showing resistance to immigration. This resistance led to the rebellion of 1937 followed by continuing terrorism and violence from both the sides in the region. UK considered various forum laws to bring independence and peace to the region. But finally in 1947 the UK turned the Palestinian problem over to the United Nations. The United Nations proposed two things. One is terminating the British mandate over the region. The other is partitioning Palestine into two independent states consisting of one Palestinian Arab state and the other one being a Jewish state. So when the British mandate ended over Palestine the Jewish people's council gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum and declared independence of the state of Israel on May 14, 1948. This only led to the war of Arab-Israel independence. In this war other nearby Arab states fought against Israel. But Israel clearly won the 1948 war. The end of the war resulted in Israeli forces controlling approximately 78% of the historical Palestine. The remaining 22% fell under the administration of Egypt and Jordan and this 22% comprised of West Bank region and the Gaza Strip. But again a war broke out in 1967. This time the war was fought between Israel on one side and Egypt, Jordan and Syria on the other side. In this war also Israel clearly won. During this war the state of Israel shocked the whole world. This is because Israel through this war seized the remaining Palestinian territories of West Bank, East Jerusalem, Gaza Strip, Syrian Golden Heights and the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula in a matter of just six days. But the Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egypt in multiple stages beginning in 1979 as a part of Egypt-Israel peace treaty. So as of now Israeli forces are occupying West Bank also. Don't get confused okay. There is a country named Palestine. But Israeli forces are occupying the territory of Palestine. This is because Israel wanted to protect itself from the attack of neighboring Arab countries. Now look at the settlement map. By the settlement map you can clearly understand what I am trying to convey. As you can see in this image all the light violet color region is under the control of Israeli forces. And the dark violet indicates the settlements of Israel. Since Palestine also contains Arab population Israel is occupying the territory as a defensive measure. See this is not my reasoning. This is what is said by the Israeli forces. They are saying that its presence is important mainly in the Jordan Valley. Because it is strategically vital for Israel's self-defense. So that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw about the location of West Bank. And we also saw how the West Bank region came into being. So I hope this discussion was useful and informative. Now let us conclude this and take up the next news article. Have a look at this editorial article. This article is talking about the deteriorating relationship between China and the United States of America. The article says that the downward slide in relations between the US and China is appearing to be irreversible. This is because both the countries are confronting each other for various reasons. China is accusing that the USA is trying to encircle China. Apart from this China is also facing unprecedented challenges for its development. This is because of all-round containment and suppression by Western countries led by United States. If you look at the United States the US is continuously accusing China for its trade discrimination policies and spying activities. As we all know during last January a Chinese balloon was sighted over US territory. The US claimed that it was a spy balloon and subsequently shot it down. Because of this event a scheduled visit by the United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken to China was cancelled. This hindered the US decision to restart engagement with China. On one side China is planning a major central Asian summit this year to showcase its strength. On the other hand the US is showing up alliances and partnership in the Asian region. These kinds of activities are not only affecting China and the United States but the world as a whole because if the rivalry continues it may end up in a cold war like situation and it will destabilize the peace in the world. This is all about the editorial given here. Now in this backdrop let us understand the reasons for deteriorating China-US relations and about the implications of the deteriorating China-US relations to the world as a whole. Let's start with the reasons for the deteriorating China-US relations. As we all know both the United States of America and China differ in their core ideologies. See US is a democratic country whereas China is a authoritarian country. These ideological differences are one of the main reasons for the quarrel between the two countries. Despite this fact the US and China have established their diplomatic relations in the later part of the Cold War. After that both countries have worked towards economic progress. See a decade back China rose to the status of second largest economy in the world and established itself into the global economy. This eventually fueled China's growing economic competence as well as its rising political ambitions. So China started to undermine US global dominance through its military and diplomatic means. China's aggressiveness rose further under Xi Jinping's administration. In case of the United States after Mr. Donald Trump became president the US's concern about a threat from China reached critical levels. The Trump administration took confrontational steps towards China. The Trump administration had imposed tariffs on China's exports to the United States. On its part China also reciprocated by imposing tariffs on US's export to China. This turned into a trade war and it started to reverse the trajectory of US-China relations. After that in 2021 Mr. Biden succeeded Mr. Trump. Despite the change in power the policy of the United States of America and China did not change significantly. This is because China followed wolf warrior diplomacy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here wolf warrior diplomacy is an aggressive and confrontational type of diplomacy adopted by Chinese diplomats. It was used by Chinese diplomats particularly against the west during the COVID-19 pandemic when the entire world blamed China for the pandemic. Apart from this currently China is supporting Russia in the Ukraine crisis and Ukraine is backed by US and its allies. Here also there is an invisible confrontation happening between the United States and China. In addition to this many spying balloons of China were spotted over US territory in recent times. This also has hampered the engagement between these two nations. These are some of the reasons for the deteriorating relationship between China and the United States. Now we will understand about the implications of the deteriorating US-China relations. The growing rivalry between US and China may end up in a cold war. We have witnessed the consequences of cold war between US and Russia. If cold war emerges again then there would be a arms race between China and the USA. In addition to this both countries will tend to engage in forming alliances to showcase each other's power. This kind of activities will disturb the peace in the world. Apart from this the rivalry between US and China may lead to a global financial crisis. Now many countries like Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Egypt and even Bangladesh are witnessing financial crisis. This is due to the Russia-Ukraine war and the associated global race in oil prices. So if a cold war emerges between China and the United States again oil prices will continue to rise. So it may lead to a global financial crisis. These two are the possible implications if the relationship between US and China continue to deteriorate. So that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw some of the reasons why the US-China relationship is deteriorating. After that we saw some of the implications that will occur if the US and China relations continue to deteriorate in the future. With this let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this editorial article. It talks about the AUKUS grouping and the Australian dilemma in acquiring a new nuclear submarine. The diesel powered call in class submarines of Australia will retire soon from service. Now Australia is looking to purchase a nuclear submarine from either US or UK. But there are challenges in this. This article is discussing about these challenges only. It also highlights the lessons which India should learn from this. Some detailed content of this article are not much relevant for our exam perspective. So in this discussion we will restrict ourselves to learn what's important by keeping in mind the UPSC syllabus. So I have highlighted the syllabus here for your reference. You can go through it. First here you should understand about something which is called as AUKUS. So what is this AUKUS? In 2021 the US, the UK and Australia announced a security pact in the Asia Pacific region. This pact is called as the AUKUS pact or AUKUS alliance. This pact was signed mainly to build joint defence capabilities and for technology transfer between the three countries. Now the first major initiative of AUKUS is building nuclear submarines for Australia. So now you have understood why Australia is seeking to buy its next submarines from either US or UK. Here you may wonder how Australia could buy a nuclear submarine which uses high enriched uranium when Australia being a non-nuclear weapon state. For this there is a loophole and Australia is making use of this loophole. See the International Atomic Energy Agency has a comprehensive safeguard agreement. Under this agreement non-nuclear weapon countries can withdraw missile materials from submarine reactors. They can withdraw this from the International Atomic Energy Agency monitored stockpile itself. So using this loophole Australia being a non-nuclear weapon state is trying to buy nuclear submarines from either UK or US. You may also wonder how AUKUS is different from QUAD. See the QUAD or the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue is a strategic dialogue between the United States, India, Australia and Japan. It has a shared vision for a free and open Indo-Pacific region whereas AUKUS is more like a technology sharing arrangement. AUKUS as I earlier told is a trilateral security alliance that allows the United States and the United Kingdom to help Australia develop nuclear powered submarines. Now these arrangements remain me of one alliance that is the Five Eyes which are the countries in the Five Eyes Alliance. Mention them in the comment section. Now let us come back to the discussion. Moving forward we will see what are the challenges faced by Australia in this regard. Australia is taking AUKUS very seriously. The call in class submarines will retire soon and this leaves Australia with a capability gap because while Australia's submarine class are soon retiring China is posing a aggressive stance in the Asia Pacific region. Now Australia is seeking to fill the capability gap as early as possible to counter China. But will that happen? Australia has three options with it. No. First is to purchase Virginia class submarines from US. Second is to purchase Astute class submarines from the UK. And third is to make a totally new design by using technologies from all its partners. But to make this decision is not very easy because Australia has its own set of constraints in terms of time, money and building crew. Firstly if we take the US option the US industrial base is already overwhelmed in constructing its own submarine fleets. Which means they are already occupied so the deadline will most probably extend beyond 2040. If we take the UK option the UK will discontinue the Astute class submarines after the 6th and the 7th vessels. Therefore these two are not a viable option for Australia. And the third option through which Australia can build its own nuclear submarines also appears blurry because of the export control regime of US. See the United States has a stringent export control and protocol regime. This could jeopardize the technology transfer agreements particularly in areas related to undersea capabilities and electronic warfare. In the United States there is a classification known as NO FON. This classification prohibits information sharing with non US entities. This is a major barrier for Australia. This is where the author says that India should learn a lesson. The United States is having difficulty transferring technology even with its closest allies. The US export control regime is so rigid and archaic it can't make room for priority transfer of technology to even its closest allies. So considering all this India should be aware that acquiring critical technology from the United States will remain a difficult prospect. Besides these challenges for Australia the regional partners also oppose the move of Australia to operate nuclear attack submarines because no one wants nuclear weapons in their backyard. So we will have to wait and watch for future updates in this regard. So these are the some of the points discussed by the author in the editorial. Moving forward let us see a few points on India-Australia relations. Firstly Australia and India share historical relations and share many common values like pluralistic society, Westminster style democracies that is parliamentary democracy and commonwealth traditions. Then in 2020 both the countries elevated their bilateral relationship from strategic partnership to comprehensive strategic partnership during the India-Australia leaders virtual summit. In September 2021 the 2 plus 2 ministerial dialogue took place and the deputy prime minister and defence minister of Australia visited India. In 2022 there has been series of high level engagement and exchange of ministerial visits. Then a joint naval exercise called Aussie index is carried out between India and Australia every year. Besides this there is a huge community of Indian diaspora in Australia and India is now the third largest source of immigrants to Australia and the second largest source of skilled professional. These are some points about India-Australia relationship. So that is all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw some of the challenges that Australia could face in its process of acquiring nuclear submarine through the AUKUS dialogue. Then we saw some of the lessons that India can learn from the FIASCO. Then we also saw some of the lessons that India can learn from the Australian experience of acquiring critical technology from the United States. Finally we saw some of the important points in the India-Australia relationship in recent times. So with this let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this article. It says that a BJP MP has sought a termination of congress leader Rahul Gandhi's membership of the Lokshapa and notice in this regard was moved to the privilege committee. So in this context we will try to understand about privilege committee. In the course of the discussion we will also see about the procedure by which MP is suspended by the Lokshapa. So first we will understand about the privilege committee. See each house of the parliament and its committees collectively enjoy certain rights, privileges and immunities and its members individually enjoy certain privileges. The privileges committee examines each question involving breach of privilege of the house or the members of any committee referred to it by the house or by the speaker. The committee consists of 15 members nominated by the speaker in case of Lokshapa and in case of Rajeshabha there are 10 members nominated by the chairman of the Rajeshabha. The committee determines each case and see whether the breach of privilege is involved or not. It then makes suitable recommendation in this report to the presiding officer of the house. So this is all about the privilege committee. Moving forward we will understand how a MP can be suspended by the Lokshapa. See the general principle is that it is the role and the duty of the presiding officer to maintain order in the house. This is to ensure that the house functions smoothly. In order to ensure proceedings are conducted in a proper manner the speaker or the chairman is empowered to force a member to withdraw from the house. For this you should know about rule number 373, 374 and 374A of the rules of procedure and conduct of business. As per rule number 373 the speaker can direct a member to Vidra immediately from the house if he finds that the member's conduct is disorderly. Such a member should Vidra immediately and shall remain absent during the remainder of the day sitting. Then moving on to rule number 374. Rule number 374 says that the speaker can name a member who disregards the authority of the chair or abuses the rules of the house by willfully obstructing the business in the house and the member so named will be suspended from the house for the period that is less than the remainder of the session. For example if there are 20 days left for the session to be completed the member can be suspended for the period which is less than 20 days. Then if a member is named by the speaker under rule number 374A the member stands automatically suspended from the service of the house for five consecutive sittings or the remainder of the session whichever is less. Like the speaker of the Lokshaba the chairman of Rajasabha is also empowered under rule number 255 of its rule book to direct any members whose conduct is disorderly to Vidra immediately. Here you should know one more thing even though the speaker or the chairman is empowered to place a member under suspension he has no authority to revoke the order it is the house that must pass a motion regarding that okay so let me repeat even though it is the preceding officers who enforces the suspension of a member it is the house which must pass a resolution to revoke the order okay it is not the discretion of the preceding officer to revoke the order I hope I am clear so with this let us conclude this discussion in this discussion we saw about the privilege committee and also the procedure for suspension of member in both the houses of the parliament. Now let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article now look at this article here it says that Nawab Mohammad Abdul delivered a toast to King Charles III of the UK on the occasion of the latest birthday also the prince showed the historic scrolls of King George III dated 1770 which was addressed to his great ancestor Nawab Mohammad Ali Valaja the then ruler of the Carnatic this is about the news article given here using this opportunity we will see about the Carnatic Wars the Carnatic Wars were seen as a military showdowns between English and the French in the India's Carnatic region somewhere between 1746 and 1763 three Carnatic Wars were fought so all three Carnatic Wars were fought in the 18th century in this discussion today we will concentrate on the first Carnatic War first let us start with the causes of the war the first Carnatic War was seen as the extension of the war of Austrian succession which happened in 1740 in this Austrian succession war England and France were in the opposite sides when the war began in Europe the English and the French companies requested for peace in India to their respective governments the French government agreed but the British government did not accept the request of its company that is the British East India company so the British government dispatched a naval fleet with the view of destroying the French trade in India English Navy under Commodore Curtis Bennett succeeded in destroying some French ships in the Indian Ocean one of the destroyed ships belonged to Duplex Duplex was the governor of the French company so he was naturally enraged and decided to fight back the British and that's how the first Carnatic War started in 1746 after this Duplex sought the support of La Bordonnais La Bordonnais is the French naval commander of Mauritius he attacked Metras and captured it but however La Bordonnais refused to hand over Metras to Duplex and he took rupees 60,000 as brave from the English governor and went back Duplex then attacked Metras and then he captured it he promised Anwaruddin who was the Nawab of the Carnatic that he would give back Metras to the Nawab this was done as a compensation for breaking the Nawab's decree of neutrality but Duplex did not give Metras back to the Nawab so the Nawab dispatched an army under command of his son to recapture Metras the Nawab's army met the French army at Santhum on the banks of the river Adair and in the famous Battle of Adair the large army of Nawab was easily defeated by the small and disciplined French force after this Duplex attempted to capture the English fort at Saint David but the mission ended in a failure and in August 1948 an English fleet tried to capture Pondicherry but it also failed to capture Pondicherry this is about the course of the first Carnatic War now we will end our discussion by seeing the results of the war firstly Britain and France signed the Treaty of Axel Chapel in 1748 and therefore peace was restored in India secondly by the treaty Metras was handed over to the English in exchange of Lubar in America to the France see even though the war did not create any change in the territorial possession of either party in India it had major significance the British and the French forces in India came to know about the military weakness of the Indian rulers after the famous Battle of Adair they found out that even a small disciplined English or French army can defeat Indian rulers large army so this paved the way for duplex and clave to start laying the works for colonization European forces after the end of the first Carnatic War decided to hop from the position of accommodation to the position of masters in India so this is all about the first Carnatic War with this let us conclude the news article discussion and take up the practice problems questions we have four practice problems questions today let us see the moon by one let us take up the first question this is a three statement question three statements are given we have to find the correct statements let us take up the first statement speaker is empowered to place a member of parliament under suspension this statement is correct from our discussion we know that in order to ensure that proceedings are conducted in the house in proper manner speaker is empowered to force a member of parliament to withdraw from the house or place him or her under suspension so statement one is correct moving on to the second statement speaker is empowered to revoke the suspension of a member of parliament this statement is incorrect because this also we saw in our discussion the house is empowered to revoke the suspension if it desires it is not the speaker moving on to the third statement parliamentary proceedings cannot be questioned before a court this statement is correct under article 122 of the constitution parliamentary proceedings cannot be questioned before a court so statement one is correct two is incorrect and three is correct so the correct answer here is option c one and three only moving on to the second question two statements about zero budget natural farming is given we have to find the correct statement let us take up the first statement zero budget natural farming was popularized by subash palakar who is a padma vibhushan recipient this statement is incorrect mr subash palakar is a padmashti recipient and not padma vibhushan recipient so statement one is incorrect moving on to the second statement the main components of zero budget natural farming is bijamitra jiva mitra achatan and vapasa this statement is correct these four are the main elements of zero budget natural farming so statement one is incorrect and statement two is correct so the correct answer here is option b two only moving on to the third question it is a pair based question three pairs are given we have to find which of the pairs are correctly matched actually all the three pairs given here are correctly matched first karnatik war ended with the treaty of axilla chapel second karnatik war ended with the treaty of buducherry and the third karnatik war ended with the treaty of paris so all the three pairs given here are correctly matched so the correct answer here is option d one two one three moving on to the fourth question this is a quiz question for you it is a map based question based on the map we saw during our west bank discussion interested aspirants can write the answer for this question in the comment section the main questions based on today's discussion are displayed here interested aspirants can write the answers for this question and post it in the comment section if you like today's video like comment and share the video with your friends for more updates regarding UPSC preparation you can subscribe to shankarae's academy's youtube channel thank you for listening


The great-tailed greckle has expanded its range northward from Texas to Nebraska over the last four decades, while its closest relative, the boat-tailed greckle, has remained tied to the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico as well as the interior of Florida. These two species differ in their habitat preferences, with the great-tailed greckle being able to inhabit a wider variety of urban, arid environments further away from natural water sources than the boat-tailed greckle, which prefers warmer, wetter, coastal environments. Additionally, the great-tailed greckle has shown greater adaptability to climate change, as it has been able to expand its range into new areas due to the availability of human-altered habitats. In contrast, the boat-tailed greckle has not experienced any significant range expansion despite similar climatic conditions. Our study suggests that the great-tailed greckle's ability to exploit novel habitats has contributed to its rapid range expansion, while the boat-tailed greckle's restricted range is likely due to its reliance on coastal habitats. This article was authored by Summers, Jeremy, Lucas, Dieter, Logan, Corina J, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.