Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you very much. Now that we have Nancy properly placed, she and I welcome you all to here to the White House. Senator Childs and Congressman Bennett, our distinguished guests and ladies and gentlemen, good morning and again a welcome. We're here to thank the, to mark the progress, I should say, of the fight against drug abuse and to commit ourselves to an even greater national effort in the months ahead. Within the last several years, I think America has come to its senses about drug abuse. We raised a battle flag and declared war on one of the gravest problems that I think is facing our nation. Action replaced debate. We knew the fight wouldn't be easy, but we also knew that we couldn't afford to lose. We're fighting for the health of our children in the future of America. Well, we've made a lot of progress during these past three years. Permissive attitudes are giving way to a new sense of responsibility. Hopelessness and helplessness are being replaced with optimism and a willingness to join together in the fight. Concerned parents are banding together and hundreds of community and business organizations have joined the ranks. Education programs are erasing 20 years of wrong-headed attitudes about drug use. And we're taking aim where it counts the most, teaching the drug users and potential drug users to say no to drugs. At the federal level, we've taken strong measures to crack down on big-money drug traffickers and to catch drug smugglers in the act. Yet we all know that we have a long way to go. About one fourth of our nation's young people continue to abuse drugs or alcohol, and too many children are still getting into drugs every day. And thousands of teenagers are killed every year in auto accidents due to drunken drug driving. As you know, Nancy has traveled across America visiting schools and treatment facilities seeking every opportunity to promote an anti-drug pro-achievement generation. In her travels, she's come home to me with stories of heartbreak that she's seen and broken dreams and families and lost lives. But she's convinced, and she's convinced me, that all of us, if we work together, become more involved, more knowledgeable, and step up the fight, can save a generation and help preserve its promise and hope. And doing just that is the heart of our 1984 national strategy for prevention of drug abuse and drug trafficking. The 1984 strategy will be released next week during National Drug Abuse Education and Prevention Week. But let me tell you that we'll be striving to reinforce the program that is now in place. We're on the right track. We don't need to change direction, but we do need to step up the pace. The federal government will redouble its efforts to stop drug trafficking, punishing drug traffickers, and increase international cooperation to control narcotics. But ultimately, victory can only come from the dedication and commitment of private industry, public organizations, local government, and citizen volunteers. We need to get more people involved, particularly in prevention programs. And we'll be calling on the American people to help us. To win this fight, we're going to need the kind of help that those of you here have given to your communities and to all of us. And I know that for each of you here today, there are thousands of other caring Americans who are also giving of themselves. None of you ever expected any reward for what you did. That's the way it's always been in America. But believe me, I'm delighted that we have the opportunity to recognize you today. As chairman of the Texans War on Drug Committees, Mr. Ross Perot is helping to make Texas one of the worst places in the world for drug users, pushers, dealers, and traffickers. And his committee is now a model for many other states. Mrs. Marsha Monat Shuhard and Mrs. Loretta Ciswinga have contributed unsparingly of their time, energy, and talents to make lasting contributions to the National Drug Abuse Prevention Program. Mrs. Shuhard was the inspiration behind an acclaimed TV documentary and is the author of two important books on the dangers of marijuana. Mrs. Wenger's Drug Abuse Education Program is reaching communities all across America. The unselfish efforts of these two ladies are changing attitudes and saving lives. DC Comics, a division of Warner Communications, represented by William Sarnoff, and the Keeler Company, represented by Thomas Garvin, have worked together to produce and distribute three million drug awareness comic books. And the popularity of their comic book characters is helping to educate our young people about the dangers of drugs and the reasons for them to say no. McNeil Pharmaceutical, represented by Jack O'Brien, is the driving force behind a drug abuse education program that establishes our nation's pharmacists as a local source of credible information and technical assistance on drug use and abuse. And today, their program, Pharmacist Against Drug Abuse, is in 85% of our nation's retail pharmacies. Each of you is demonstrating the unique American spirit of volunteerism. In your own way, you're helping resolve the drug abuse problem in a more effective manner than we could ever do with large federal programs.  And now, I'm going to ask Nancy to help in handing out of the awards. I'll do respect for Attorney General Smith and the Justice Department and all the others in our drug abuse program here in the attempt to intercept and keep drugs from crossing our borders and coming into the country. I think we all know that the real victory will only come, not when we keep on just trying to take the drug away from the customer, when we take the customers away from the drugs. And that's when we win this fight.  As part of our drug awareness campaign and our national strategy, I will now sign a proclamation designating the week of September 23rd through the 29th as National Drug Abuse Education and Prevention Week. And I want to thank Senator Childs, who sponsored the proclamation in the Senate, and Congressman Bennett, who sponsored it in the House. And would they please come up here and join us? I know that both of you have a strong personal interest in this proclamation, and we're grateful to you for it.


Everybody for us tier ripping the sports card Almanac multi-sport personal box edition volume three got one box for Spencer B And he's got box number 92 Thank you Spencer. Good luck Fracture of cartilage.  Yeah, what is that?  That's Chris Paul and Darren Williams 7 of 50 or Tehran Williams. That's nasty, man Such a cool card new Orleans Hornets. Remember those days 9 5 Jim mitten 10 centering 10 edges 9 corners and surface both got a 9 5 Dude that is so freakin cool. Congrats Spencer. It's awesome, man. They were rookies that year, right? 0506 that's sad. I think that I think that's correct. Heck. Yeah, man. We'll get it right out to you


Good afternoon and welcome to the Private Property Show House edition. If you're looking for that perfect home, if you're looking to start your family in a new home, this indeed is the show for you where we travel around South Africa and you see more amazing homes, which are for sale. Of course, we have other shows coming to you every day this week. We have someone doing Guacumalo with the Private Property Podcast. That's every weeknight at 7pm. And of course, if you're interested in farming and agriculture, well, we've got Mbali on the ones and twos every Tuesday and Thursday night at 8pm. If you're still looking for that perfect home, join Chad Vaviros as he tours mansions, loft departments, townhouses, gorgeous, gorgeous homes around South Africa. And last but not least, we do have the first time home buyer show. Are you looking to build your property portfolio? Are you looking to make that first investment and purchase that first home? Well, this is the show for you. That's every Wednesday night at 8pm. The first time home buyer show. Good afternoon and welcome to the Saturday Show House Edition. We start off in the gorgeous Cape Town, Big Bay, four bedroom house, two bathrooms, three garages, this absolutely amazing single story home, perfect for a young couple with young children. And it does, of course, offer a fabulous lifestyle on this estate. It is also within walking distance to the beach. What more could you ask for that Big Bay in Cape Town? Absolutely gorgeous. And we head on down the west coast to a two bedroom house in Langeban country estate, two bathrooms and two garages. Of course, this is a stylish home with views of the lagoon. It is, of course, new to the market. And again, if you're a family looking to scale down to a lock up and go home, this one is definitely for you. And another great investment is this three bedroom house in Platterclaw with two bathrooms and two garages. Of course, this is elegance at its best in a prime location within Cape Town, which is still quite secure. It does have upmarket finishes throughout this home and is of course positioned in the middle of a popular security estate. As you can see as we go through these gorgeous rooms, it is massive, lots of space, patio area, veranda, balcony area, of course for you to relax outside on those hot summer days that Cape Town has to offer. And we all know that Cape Town does have beautiful views and living in Platterclaw is just one of the best views that you can get from this Cape Town area over here. This is one level home with 180 degree views of the city. It is fantastic and of course complemented with abundance of natural light through every room in this house. This is Platterclaw again a four bedroom house, three bathrooms and two garages. And just like that, we move over to Durban Quazulu Natal an eight bedroom house in Durban North, eight bathrooms and one garage. Of course, this is a wonderful solid home in the heart of Durban North. As you can see throughout this home, it is an expansive home for a perfect large family. Of course, you heard it is eight bedrooms, so it could also be a B&B. So master your own destiny and make that call right now. This is an eight bedroom home, eight bathroom with one garage in Durban North. And still in Durban, we move to another big home over here. It is a six bedroom house, five bathrooms and three garages as we go through. I mean the bathroom, the staircase, the cupboard space, the rooms everything in this home is completely modern and absolutely amazing. If we move to the lounge area, you will see that it does have an open plan lounge and the dining and kitchen allows for easy entertainment. And here we are in Peter Maritzburg, Montrose five bedroom house four bathrooms and five garages. Already the outside view absolutely amazing. This mansion over here is gorgeous from the moment you enter this home to the moment you leave, you will want to stay and never leave this property. This is Montrose, a family home. Space, of course, is the name of the game. It is brilliant and elevated above Montrose so you can imagine the views from the second story. And here we have a six bedroom house in Ashburton, six bathrooms and three garages already from the outside. You can see how massive this property is and as we enter it is of course beautiful and versatile just over two hectares. That is massive. This home is known for being paradise found in the lap of the Thornfald yet minutes away from town. This is of course Ashburton six bedroom house over here. And here we have a four bedroom house in Montrose, still in Peter Maritzburg. This one of course is on Victoria Country Club Estate. If up is where you belong, this is definitely the home for you. I mean look at the lighting from the kitchen appliances that are already fitted just for you. Love the white walls and the white furniture throughout this home. It is of course an open plan area which overlooks an expansive entertainment for Randa with the garden and of course a swimming pool. This home is absolutely amazing. Four bedroom house in Montrose yet so spacious. And you know how we do it here at Private Property. We end off with the bang and this is the, it is exactly that. This is Oak Park, Peter Maritzburg, four bedroom house, three bathrooms and two garages. Words cannot describe what this home has to offer. As you take a look from the entertainment area to the bar area to the swimming pool to the open plan lounge area, if this home speaks to you do not waste any time and make that move. This is an amazing investment over here. That is Peter Maritzburg four bedroom house.


My name is Sam Vaknin. I'm the author of Malignal Self-Love, narcissism revisited and despite the informal attire, I am a professor of psychology, even professors of psychology can be casual. So today we are going to discuss ego functions and how narcissism had evolved as a concept from Freud to Jung to Kohut and to Honai in reverse order, Honai and to Kohut. Now you see, there's a big, there's a great disagreement about what constitutes narcissism and this disagreement cuts wide and deep and even within the psychoanalytic community, not to say cult, the disagreements are very profound. Let alone when you exit psychoanalysis, when you exit psychodynamic theories, when you venture into object relations, the British school, other schools and then further, there's a serious problem to agree what is pathological narcissism and today I want to give you a view of the concept and its evolution from a historical perspective, but before we go there I'm going to answer one question as had become our habit. One of you had written to me to ask what are ego functions? I keep mentioning ego functions, ego functions, I keep saying that the narcissist has no ego, so he has to outsource his ego functions, he has to import them from the outside from other people and so what are ego functions? I have discussed the ego in previous videos and I encourage you to watch them. There is a big mess, big confusion about using the term and so for example all the self-styled experts and wannabe coaches and what have you with or without academic degrees keep saying that the narcissist has an inflated ego when actually the narcissist doesn't have an ego at all. The narcissist is indeed selfless in the sense that he doesn't have a self, he doesn't have an ego. Ego and self are not the same thing by the way, the self is more of a Jungian thing, ego is more of a Freudian thing, but the narcissist definitely doesn't have that entity, that construct, that performs critical internal functions. This is why the narcissist is parasitic, it relies on other people to perform functions that usually are carried out internally by healthy people. And what are these functions? Number one, reality testing. The ego's role is to alert the owner of the ego to reality. It's to tell the owner of the ego, listen, what you're gonna do is wrong, it's gonna have repercussions, it's gonna have implications and consequences which are adverse and you don't really want to do this. So the ego monitors, the ego in a way is hyper-vigilant, it monitors the environment, it surveys reality and it brings back information and data to the individual trying to somehow modulate, moderate and control impulses and urges and drives, trying to modify behaviors in ways which would render them sublimated, socially acceptable. So the ego distinguishes what occurs in one's own mind from what is happening simultaneously in the external world out there. In other words, the ego is the personality construct that is in charge of informing the individual what objects are external and which objects are internal. The confusion between internal and external objects, in for example, psychotic disorders, in narcissism, in borderline, this confusion is an outcome of an ego that is malformed or not fully formed. Ego formation had been disrupted by trauma and abuse in early childhood. The ego negotiates with the outside world. It requires perceiving stimuli, evaluating them, classifying and categorizing them and predicting the outcomes of actions. So reality testing is a crucial component of surviving in the world and functioning in in the world and on the world. In other words, reality testing is the foundation of agency, personal agency and self-efficacy. Of course, reality testing can be distorted, can be, for example, reality testing deteriorates in stressful conditions and the stress. And reality testing can give way to delusions, to hallucinations and anyhow reality testing is very selective. We process only 5% of the information, the data, that we get from the environment and reality testing also is clustered. It is divided into clusters. So there are many deficiencies. There are many glitches and bugs in reality testing, but all in all it works well when the ego is healthy, when the ego is integrated. The reality testing works well. If we observe deficiencies, chronic deficiencies, chronic malfunctions in reality testing, we can safely say that there's a problem with the ego, either organic medical problem or psychological problem. Reality testing. The second function is impulse control. It is the ego which is in charge of managing aggressive or libidinal erotic wishes. So it is the ego that postpones gratifications, that delays action, prevents immediate discharge or immediate release of the impulse via behaviors or even via symptoms. So when we see someone who has problems with impulse control, we can safely assume there's a problem with the ego.  These kind of people have problematic ego. Number three, regulation of effect, regulation of emotions and feelings without being overwhelmed, which is a prime indicator that, for example, people with borderline personality disorder, people with schizoid personality disorder, and to a large extent, people with narcissistic personality disorder don't have an ego. Simple. Because the borderline is manifestly and overtly emotionally dysregulated. She's overwhelmed by her emotions and also she mislabels her emotion. The narcissists and the schizoid had chosen a different solution. They had repressed their emotions so deeply that they no longer have access to positive emotionality, only to negative emotions. And in the case of a schizoid, sometimes not even to negative emotions. So when emotions are absent, we know that they are not regulated and we can safely assume there's a problem with the ego. The next function is judgment, the capacity to act judiciously, responsibly, in an adult manner, identifying possible courses of action, anticipating and evaluating likely consequences, making decisions as to what is appropriate under given, in given circumstances. Object relations that I keep mentioning all the time, that's an ego function. Ego function. Ego is what makes object relations possible and mutually satisfying. Someone without an ego is incapable of having external object relations because they keep confusing external and internal objects. The individual can perceive himself as a whole, complete, separate, boundary, bounded object entity. Only when he perceives other people as similarly bounded and boundaryed and separate. Separateness is critical. If we don't perceive other people as separate from us, we merge, we fuse, we lose our own separateness, and this is the role of the ego, object relations via separateness. They see irony. You can get close and intimate with someone, only if you recognize their autonomy, their separateness, that they are not like, that they are not you. Okay, next thing, thinking, cognition. Yes, believe it or not, the ego is responsible for logical, coherent and abstract thinking. In stressful situations, we can see that thought processes become disorganized and chaotic, speech becomes disorganized, word salad, for example, is schizophrenics. That's an outcome of the ego being overwhelmed by too much data, too much information, too many stressors. The presence of chronic or severe problems in conceptual thinking is associated with a lack of ego or a totally fragmented ego. For example, in dissociative identity disorder, in schizophrenia, in the manic episodes in bipolar disorder. Next is defenses. I keep mentioning defense mechanisms. Well, all the defensive functions, all of them are reside in the ego. The role of defensive functions is to protect the individual. And they protect the individual by wording off, fending off, firewalling, input, data and information, which would be very powerful, very potent and identity threatening. So defenses first develop in infancy, and then we have very primitive defenses like splitting, denial, projection. As we grow up, as we become adults, we develop much more sophisticated defenses, rationalization, for example, intellectualization. And we develop internal boundaries between the ego, the superego and the id to use Freud's lingo, to use his tripartite model. Tripartite model. So the ego is responsible for defense mechanism. Now, those of you who are possessed with more than 100 IQ, tiny minority admittedly, would immediately ask me, wait a minute. If defense mechanisms are intended to fend off information, to create an echo chamber. If they are, if they collude with a confirmation bias, in the sense that they filter out information which is ego dystonic, unpleasant, challenging, etc. Then how can this be reconciled with reality testing? Defense mechanisms falsify reality. They falsify reality by excluding certain data and certain bits of information. So if they falsify reality, how can the ego do both things at once? Maintain reality testing and falsify reality. It's a very good question. And the answer to which is unknown. I must tell you that this is one of the major conundrums in the concept of ego. And in the derivatives, for example, ego therapy and self theory, Kogut's self theory, which we will discuss in the next video. So there are internal, inherent problems in the very construct and concept of the ego. And this is a major one, possibly the biggest one. The next thing is synthesis. I've just mentioned that the ego operates defense mechanisms. Some of them are very primitive, projection, denial, splitting, and they're supposed to die. They're supposed to disappear as we grow up, mature and become adults.  Adults sometimes use defense, primitive defenses, but this is usually when they are seriously stressed in a crisis and so on and so forth. But generally they're more mature. They're more mature because they have accomplished something called synthesis. The synthetic function of the ego is the capacity to organize and unify other functions within the personality. It enables the individual to think, to feel, to act in a coherent and cohesive manner. In other words, it is the core of identity. When we say, for example, oh, I know this guy, I know he's not going to do this. It's against his character. It's not in character. This is the synthetic function. The ego synthesizes everything so that it presents to the world a coherent, cohesive, immutable, but close to immutable, close to unchangeable, definitely predictable version of who we are. And this is our identity. And people come to rely on our identity. They come to expect certain things from us. They come to expect that we will not act in certain ways. And it enables the individual to similarly rely on himself. An individual which is synthesized, whose ego is synthesized or whose ego performs the synthetic function, is an individual who is at peace with himself. He knows himself. He knows his limitations. He knows his strong points. He knows what he can accomplish and what he cannot. He knows the difference between fantasy and reality. He knows to which behaviors he could expect of himself. And often you hear people saying, I can't believe I did this. This is so out of character. These are people with ego problems. They are most likely cluster B or some other personality disorder. Only people with personality disorders, with severe fissures in the personality with a disabled ego would say something like this. Because the identity is lifelong. It prevails. It exists largely unchanged throughout the lifespan. Many things can change. Behavior can change. Beliefs can change. Many things can change, but not the core identity. Core identity persists throughout the lifespan. And if someone acts in a way which is ego dystonic, negates his core identity, and himself is shocked by his behavior, then something is wrong with this kind of person. The synthetic function of the ego includes the capacity to integrate potentially contradictory experiences, ideas and feelings. And this is the beginning, the glimmerings of an answer to the previous question. This ability to synthesize allows the ego to reconcile somehow the reality testing, proper reality testing, with the reality falsifying qualities of defense mechanisms. The ego synthesizes these two and subsumes them in what we call a narrative. So the ego is in charge of creating narratives. It's the storyteller. It's the scriptwriter. It's the director of the movie that is alive. And so the ego, for example, accommodates ambivalence.  You could love someone and de-aggrade someone at the same time. And it is the ego that synthesizes ambivalent feelings, ambivalent effects, ambivalent emotions, and somehow creates a narrative that accommodates both. Obviously the more intelligent you are, the more imaginative and creative you are, the easier it would be for your ego to function. That's a major problem in personality disorders. Because people with personality disorders who are intelligent and imaginative and creative, they create narratives. They don't have an ego. They don't have a functioning ego. But they have the synthetic function. They create narratives that compensate for the lack of ego. And these narratives, because they're imbued with intelligence and creativity and imagination, these narratives are very difficult to contradict or to break. In therapy, these people are so, they've got their act together when it comes to the narrative. They are so convinced of their narrative. And of course another name for this narrative is personality disorder. So these narratives, people without an ego or with a dysfunctional ego or malformed ego or non-integrated ego, they come out with compensatory narratives known as personality disorders. So these are the functions of the ego. And I will not go into each and every one of them. Each and every one of them deserves its own video, because each and every ego function is very critical and so on. But that's an overview. According to Freud, Freud's theory is what we call a structural theory.  And there are three parts. Later he added more. There are several principles. It's a bit like the diagram of a physical machine, like a car, you know? And so it's a structural theory. And there are libidinal errors or life-oriented impulses. They are aggressive, fanatic or death-oriented impulses. There's libido, there's distrudo or mortido. I mean everything is neatly in its place. There's an id. The id is primitive. The id is childlike. The id has urges that it cannot control. It's impulsive, it's reckless, it's crazy and so on and so forth. A bit like your husband. And there is the ego. The ego controls the id, modulates it, modifies it, modifies it, prevents it from acting crazy. There's a superego which monitors both of them and supervises them, kind of judges them. Sometimes we call it the inner critic, if it's highly sadistic. And so in Freud's structural theory, all these impulses are continuously in conflict. And they are in conflict with each other and they are in conflict with other processes. But they are all bound by the limits of reality unless you are psychotic. Only psychotic people inflate out to embrace and fuse with reality. So psychotic people have no boundaries. And they confuse internal with external. And so they have something called hyperreflexivity.  This happens also in schizoid personality disorder. The schizoid person expands to include other people. And he's so terrified of this process because he's not psychotic that he withdraws immediately. So at first he expands, he gets terrified and then he withdraws totally. And then he's not in touch with anyone. He becomes a lone wolf. That's a schizoid element. And so reality imposes strict boundaries, strict limitations on what the ego can accomplish and on ego functions and on all the drives and urges and energy which are embedded in the ego and in the totality of the model. And these conflicts between these parts, if they are not properly managed mainly by the ego, they lead to what Freud at the time called neurosis. Neurotic symptoms. And today we don't call them neurosis anymore, but you know, they lead to personality disorders and so on. And the idea is to reestablish the checks and balances, to reestablish the harmony between these. Each one has its role and of course each role limits the other functions, the other constructs roles. But conflict can be managed, can be avoided in order to generate psychological agency in order to bring things to consciousness without disintegrating. In order to manage the energy that is pent up in the unconscious and of course, most importantly, in order to allow the ego to function. And in ego psychology, this is called defense analysis and I will discuss in my next video, I will discuss the history of the ego and how ego suddenly become narcissistic when it's actually the exact opposite. Ego is realistic, not narcissistic. Ego would never be grandiose for example. So psychologists hope to try to help the patient gain control over structures, internal objects and processes by actually strengthening the ego or building it up from scratch. Just remember, ego is the opposite of narcissism. So when we say ego death, we're actually saying someone should become a narcissist. That's how much these gurus and mystics and coaches and experts towards whom I have the most profound contempt know what they're talking about and how they all mislead you. Thank you for listening. Next lecture, the historical antecedents and development and evolution of the very concept of narcissism. You can learn a lot about narcissists and their relationships with other people by listening to the next lecture because this was the starting point. People like Freud and Jung, they were shocked by narcissistic manifestations and narcissistic misbehavior and narcissistic traits within relationships, for example, between daughters and fathers, between sons and fathers, between husbands and wives. Ironically, the beginning was relational. They were studying relationships only much later with the development of personality theory and individual theory. Much later, we atomized psychology. So today we discuss the individual as though it is totally out of context, as though relationships don't matter, as though we could isolate an individual in a laboratory without anyone around and still learn everything about you, which is, of course, art and nonsense. Psychology needs to go back to its roots. Relationships, context, society, other people, emotions like love. Thank you for listening.


playing left field Brett Gardner that's right go get your gardening gloves go get your hose get your rakes it's time for the guardie man to get in the garden adding second playing right field Jean Carlo Stan that's right Stan hitting third playing shortstop D D Gregorius Gregorius we're gonna all be gregarious when DD's in the lineup yo-yo cleaning up the center fielder Aaron Hicks a a wrong that thing fifth the second baseman Glaber Torres Glaber day and it's the Glaber of the month and I tell you there's nothing worse than really intense Glaber pains batting six the first baseman Greg bird oh there's a bird loose all right he's loose in Fenway Park I'll kill that bird batting seven and D aging tonight now third base Miguel and do hard oh mr. Miguel he's gonna go too far and do our that's a bad one awful batting the catcher Austin Romine oh Austin Romine he's so fine oh and batting night the plate third base tonight Neil Walker Walker that's right Neil Herschel Walker aka Neil Walker Texas Yankee there's the worst worst stretch of time you've ever spent on the show


In this video, we're going to look into the so-called numerical tower, and this is an extension to the video earlier that we did on abstract versus concrete data types. So in the previous video, we only said that, okay, there are concrete data types, and we can classify them into so-called abstract data types by looking into common behavior. So what do different concrete data types have common in terms of behavior, and then they are grouped together into one abstract data type. Now we will look into a way of how we can formalize this a bit more using Python. This is a bit of a more theoretic lecture, but it gets a couple of points across of how to think when you want to become good at Python. So let's go ahead and create a new notebook and call it numerical tower. And let me first go ahead and paste in some diagram of something that you should know from your high school math courses. So what do we see here? We see a couple of circles where the inner circle is always a perfect or a true subset of the outer circle. And in the inner most circle, we have the set of so-called natural numbers n, which as an example, we see the numbers 0 and 1 in there. So what is not in there are negative numbers. And then we have the set at the set set, which is the set of whole numbers. So it's not only natural numbers, but whole numbers, so to say. And the addition to the set n is simply the negative number. So if we look at the number 0, 1, minus 1, and so on, if you look at the group of them together, we call that set. And then we don't see that we don't have any fractions in here. So in the next level, we are going to add fractional numbers, which we call rational numbers in mathematics. And the abbreviation is the so-called set Q. And Q has here, for example, it has different kinds of numbers. So any number that can be expressed as a fraction, of course, is part of that positive or negative. And also any number like 1.333 and so on, which is really like 4 over 3 here. So then in the next set, we add the so-called irrational numbers. So numbers like the square roots, e, pi, and so on. And we call that set the real numbers. And then there is one more set, which is the set of complex numbers.  But let's say you want to truly go into the details of data science, of machine learning, for example. I suggest you go ahead and study some linear algebra. And in order to do so deeply, then it's quite useful to know complex numbers as well. So what is this here? So why am I giving you this picture here? Well, this picture is kind of a classification. So just as we, in the previous video, classified concrete data types into abstract ones. What we do here is we also have a classification, but we are classifying different kinds of numbers. And then the different classifications, they also have a certain relationship among each other. And in this case, that is what is called the numerical tower, the natural numbers are a perfect subset of the whole numbers. The whole numbers are a perfect subset of the fractional numbers, the rational numbers, and so on. So it's always a perfect subset of the next layer, so to say. So how can we model that in code? So we have, if we look into the two innermost circles, so the natural numbers and the set of whole numbers, these numbers in Python, we could express as simply the integer type. So if I say one or also negative one, these are, of course, examples of whole numbers. So there's no data type, no concrete data type that is there to model only natural numbers, but the integer data type more or less is the sum of, or it's basically the outer circle here. So it's the circle set of only the whole numbers. And the natural numbers are, of course, part of that. Now we want to model rational numbers. So one way to do that with the built-in data types that we have seen is we could use basically fractions, so to say, by using the division operator. The problem here is one over three gives us back a floating point number. And we saw in a previous video that floating point numbers are inherently imprecise. So what we could think of, we could say that the floating point numbers are kind of an approximation of the set of rational numbers, but really they are not. Because we can have other rational numbers or other floating point numbers, I want to say. For example, if we import the math module, we could look at math.py and that is also a floating point number, and this is, of course, an irrational number. So something that we cannot express using simple fractions of integers or whole numbers. Therefore, the floating point data type is not a good model of the rational numbers. In particular, the floating point data type is really a model of the real numbers, which includes the rational numbers, but it's not only the rational numbers. And then also, just briefly, I want to mention how we can create complex numbers in Python. We use the J notation. So if I want to say the number one, so the complex number with a real part of one and an imaginary part, also let's say one, we write it like this, one plus one J. And this is the complex number with real and imaginary part of one. And so these are different data types, and the complex data type is also a type on its own, the complex data type. Now the question is, how can we classify the concrete numeric data types? So what we can do in Python is we can go to the so-called numbers module. So let's go to the Python documentation, the library reference, and let's look for the numbers module here. And it's right above the math module, which we know already. So if I click on the numbers module, what we see here is a class called number, uppercase number here. And then we see a class uppercase complex, the numeric tower begins here. Then we have a class called uppercase real for the real numbers, then rational for the rational numbers, and so on. Integral are basically the whole numbers, so including the natural numbers, of course. So what we could do is we could use them in Python code, so let's say we could import the numbers module, and the numbers module, as I just said, has these classes in it. So for example, let's say real for the real numbers. Now what can we do with these classes? Well, first and foremost, we have to understand that these classes here, they are not constructors. So they are not like the built-in int or float constructors. We cannot construct objects out of them. There are so-called abstract base classes. Abstract kind of implying the notion of an abstract data type. But an abstract base class is really just a blueprint of what all the different concrete objects that are of this type that adhere to this base class, to this abstract base class, must satisfy. So what we see here is, for example, any complex number must have a real and an imaginary attribute. And we see a couple of small things. So the real class here says that it has to support conversion to a float. So this must be supported. It has to support the round function and so on. So in other words, this is also a summary, so to say, of different behaviors that numbers in this case, only numbers, can have or may not have. And what we could do is, we could go ahead and use these abstract base classes, in this case the real class, together with the instance built-in function. So if I say, I take the integer 7 and I ask the question, is the integer 7 an instance or an example of the real abstract base class? And the answer is true. And the reason why this makes sense, first and foremost, is the real base class, the real abstract base class, is an abstraction. So it's a classification for the second innermost circle here. So this one here, the rational numbers. And of course, the integer that we just used is, as it is a natural number, it is also included in the set of rational numbers. Therefore, and also in the set of real numbers, I wanted to say, so therefore we get back a true. So now the next question is, is the number 7 an example of a complex number? And the answer is, of course, true for the same reason. All the complex numbers, they also incorporate the idea of whole numbers. So therefore, any concrete data type, like the int data type that models whole numbers, also adheres to the abstract blueprint, so to say, of what all complex numbers have in common. And in really, you have to see this from the inside out. So in other words, the most generic kind of number you can have in Python is basically the complex number or a complex number in the abstract sense, not in the concrete sense. And the natural number is basically the most specific number you can have. So this is kind of like the ordering here, so to say, from most generic to least generic. And we can use these base classes to ask the question in abstract terms does the object in this case 7 fulfill certain properties or does it have a certain exhibit a certain behavior and namely the behavior that is written down here in the numbers module, right? So that is the first example of an abstract base class. We will see further abstract base classes in future videos when we talk about the other abstract data types that I introduced in the previous video like a sequence and collections and these kind of things. But this video only regards numeric data types, numeric tower. So one way this could be useful is remember the video we did on input validation and one of the strategies was type checking. So in the type checking strategy, what we do is we check if the input to a function, for example, is of a certain type of a certain concrete data type. And sometimes what you want to do is you want to you want to enable so-called duck typing. So you want to enable that a function. Let's say let's go ahead and use as an example the round function. So the round function, for example, takes an integer as its argument. It accepts it. It can work with it. It does. It may not make sense because we know that rounding the integer gives us just back the same integer. However, it supports the operation in abstract terms. So if I go ahead and let's say if I round one over three, I get back zero. So let's say let's give it three decimals. So I get back 0.333. The round function also supports flow. So we see that the round function supports integers, but it also supports floating point number. So the result of one over three. So let's check why is that? Well, as we see here, the round function must be supported by anything that is regarded a real number in the abstract sense. So what we can conclude from that is the only numbers that do not support the round function are complex numbers. So let's try that. Let's try that for now. So let's go ahead and use the round function and let's pass to it 1 plus, where is it? 1 plus 1j. And let's see what happens and we get a type error. And it says complex number doesn't define blah, blah, blah, round method. We don't really care about the details of the error message so far, but really what that means is it doesn't make sense in the abstract sense to round a complex number. And the reason being is complex numbers are really two dimensional numbers and rounding always needs to work with numbers that only have one dimension on the real axis, so to say. And complex numbers don't have just one axis. So to say they have two dimensions, therefore the round function doesn't work with it. So if you ever want to build a function that accepts different kinds of numbers that adhere to the same abstract idea, then what you could do when you implement a type checking strategy, instead of hard coding some concrete data type, let's say like int or float in the instance function call here, you could use instead the abstract base class here, like for example real or complex, and that does the same check, but it is a more broader, it is a broader check, so again the real check here basically allows as we see the number 70 integer, but it would also allow, let's do that here, the floating point number 7.0, this is also true. So if you only want to check that the arguments that are passed with some function that you implement adhere to some notion in the abstract sense simply replace the instance check, the type checking check with a way you usually would use a concrete data type just replace it with the abstract base class here, so the abstract data type, so to say. So in other words what we learned from that is that the so-called ABCs, abstract base class are really the model that we use for abstract data types. And we will see a couple of more of them. So now this is probably one of the more theoretic videos in this course, but I still want you to get the idea that all of the theoretic concepts, the classification schemes, the abstract data types, they are actually written down somewhere in the documentation, in particular in, for example, a numbers module regarding numbers, but also in another module where all the other abstract base classes are summarized. And all the notions that are developed in this course they are really founded on the Python documentation. So when I said earlier in the other video that it makes sense to know these terms, it makes sense because it enables you to read the documentation a lot clearer. It makes it easy to understand the documentation. And whenever you do that, just to give you one word, if you do a type checking strategy for input validation and you use an abstract base class, we call that goose typing, so to say. Why is called goose typing not so important? But remember duck typing, the word duck typing really means that two objects of a different data type they walk and quack alike. So in this case, the 7 and the 7.0 they behave in the same way in some context. Therefore they walk and quack alike. So they are the same objects, so to say, the same type in terms of duck typing. And goose typing is the notion that we basically use an abstract base class to make this check work. Okay, so this is a little bit of theory. I know maybe you don't like too much theory here, but you will see that sometimes in code that this is useful. Okay, so I will see you in the next video.


Let's review the long tail why the future of business is selling less of more by Chris Anderson Read this book and you'll understand the appreciation of the invention of the long tail and its descriptions What is the long tail now that the market has changed? They're not just big players that are hogging all the sales now There's a digital distribution where it's easy free Amped up the digital market where niches are the new realm create any niche and it'll be brought up to the market If you are into business you must always adapt to where these niches these filtered niches or niches are Rotating to the market where anyone all over the global world can bring a market all you have to do is share All you have to do is make everything available and help me find it This is an entrepreneur's dream just a whole new digital age that is rising nine to five is gonna slowly die This book came out about 2006 and Chris Anderson is one of the editors for the wired magazine Which is a techie magazine and so this book has a lot of old references But it is a must-read to see kind of the changes that what happened not just so much the newest books This book is the long tail look how clubby music start with house music in Chicago And then eventually move to England where the rays start to happen and eventually these raves Expread it all over the world niches create great things as long as they're abundant cheap and there's unlimited variety Now we have the freedom of choice some of these other big targets were were movies porn Blogs and when hyperlinks became on blogs they completely destroyed the New York Times Even with Amazon Kindle arm, they're just destroying the market You can understand things through New York Times the fake news and their slogan was all the news that fits to print And that is a very arrogant mark They want everything to come to them, but it ain't gonna happen You can't just deserve the market or deserve the attention let the free market run free The new media is taken over the old media. Everybody has a chance.  The ads are we're always placed to brainwash you like a zombie now that they're targeting ads and the ads have To be toned down where TV is dying YouTube is a great example as well as Amazon books Where the digital books are taking over as well as blogs on the internet where you can start a website for what $15? Here are some very interesting points that I learned is that this type of Nishes in this long tail where word of mouth is amplified Hollywood studios and VCs are almost completely the same They will bet on the small players to get to that rising star the big hit where they can market even more Blogging is authenticity and it has an individual voice. It's not a paid spin So all these ads that you pay are probably not even worth it You have to pretty much grow organically and the interesting thing is its recommendations So the book into thin air when that was popular touching the void Which was an old book maybe 10 or 15 years earlier got a ton of interest because it was recommended next to an increased It sells so all these book sells just because you publish a book it could be a good hit later years on you just have to make it available Think about the lost books not read internet recommendations that can cause cross-pollination if you want to get deeper into a subject you could take the next Medium next to it and take it even deeper the future is live streaming as well as consulting where Colleges and school becomes outpriced outmatched and becomes a debt and burden to people where it could store your life In the United States, you are unable to forfeit on student loans Hence consulting is a future it does make you think you want to get rid of all ads because all ads They just want to brainwash you get to the products get to the point get to what the things that will help you products Not so much you want but ones you need or also the ones you're avoiding but need and these things are recommended into your face Go straight to the core and read this long-tail book. Do not ignore this book. This is a oldie, but goody