You know nothing I can tell you. You know nothing. We are here ourselves with due respect to I mean I'm not, this is not This is not about everybody in diaspora, please excuse me.  How can you be so foolish to think that you are miles away and you know better than us who are here. I mean this kind of foolishness, I don't know where it comes from. How do you think you are far away if you are to the panel? If you are to the panel, we are listening, we know.  Please. I don't bring that nonsense to me. If you are not being satisfied properly, find people that can do you, not me. I don't do not put a spare me. I don't talk nonsense, but anyway. The problem is which is there is that, which I always find is that when you say the truth, you are accused by one side. Here today పాలెను ఔసా మివికోటికా. ఎట్ట్డికినే. బ్ట్నకోటిను. మావికా. మనూమడికోటికికను. మాసిసలరంమరకమరికపతరంట్ని.olutely e w e  때.  deixa.  xe.  xe. xe. xe. xe. xe. xe. xe. xe. xe. xe. xe. I would want to, at the moment for me, this government is not doing it for me, they are so wrong in so many ways, they have literally failed, the suffering that personally I'm going through and many other people is too much and I'm saying this government should go, let us call for any elections, that's what I was saying yesterday, let us call for any elections, that is my agenda, I want to have an any election, I would rather have Presidente Edgar Chagolungu back into power, he's not the best but I would rather have him than Bahakai in the Ichirema, based on governance, that is my agenda, that is what I'm talking about, now this issue of this God has come up, so because I've got this agenda, then I should not, whatever I know, whatever I've found out, whatever I've been told with evidence, I should ignore it, and I should continue saying yes, yes, this is God, it is God, how can I in the Ichirema, come on guys, come on, I can do that, my conscience cannot allow me, my conscience cannot allow me, that is not the way I operate, that is not the way I operate, I want this government to go like yesterday, but I want them to go not on lies, I will not be part of those people that will fabricate things to implicate Hakka in the Ichirema, no kumutanika for lies, no, Hakka in the Ichirema, if I'm going to call him names, if I'm going to accuse him something, it will be something that I'm convinced about, not something that I'm not convinced about, and I want to tell you on this God issue, this God issue has got nothing to do with Hakka in the Ichirema, yes, the person that is the plane that was used, the person that owns that plane has got relationship with Hakka in the Ichirema, but it is nothing to do, it is not that Hakka in the Ichirema was involved, no, Mu'al-Ampata, Mu'al-Efo'a Mu'umpate, I don't care, I don't care, but you are lying, you are lying, you are lying, you are lying, you are lying, Hakka in the Ichirema is not involved, and I will tell you that the person that brought those Egyptians, those Egyptians is a South African, he knew about this God because he has got some God activities, he has got a mine and whatever, he does business here, and that's how he knew about this so-called God, and he went on an expedition to look for clients to come and buy this God which has been in the country for a long time, and he managed to get those clients, they came in and through this friend who is also connected to, you know, who is known but he just known, and I shouldn't even mention him because yes, I shouldn't even mention Hakka in the Ichirema because look, they know each other but Hakka in the Ichirema knows this person, he runs an airline company, there is an airline company, I don't want to mention his name, I don't want to mention his name, but I'm sure some of you will know him. So, and those Egyptians came, it was supposed to be a transaction that was supposed to be done at the airport, those people, they give them God, then the other guys, they give them money, and this claim goes and the other one remains, that is how it was supposed to be done. Unfortunately, unfortunately some people somewhere along the way, they didn't get their share and that is how they became whistleblowers and blew everything. Now, here is the situation which you have to understand. Now, about the issue of Kabusu, I can't confirm that one, I can't confirm whether indeed the God is God or it is fake. But yes, the possibility is very high that it is fake. Now, let me explain. And therefore I'm going to share with you because I've followed this story. I've spoken not to people, people that are involved in this business. The issue is that there is a lot of God that comes from Congo into Zambia. But the God in Congo cannot be showed like in Dubai. They need documentation to go and sell God in Dubai where most of the God ends up in Dubai. Most of the God, it ends up in Dubai. Part of it, part of it there is also what is this North Korea. North Korea also buys God, North Korea also buys God. But remember North Korea has got sanctions. So usually when they are buying God, they buy it illegally. They use underhand methods to buy their God to take to North Korea. But the God that goes to Dubai, most of the times they need documentation. But the God that comes out of Congo, the God that comes out of Congo, they cannot do documentation because they are under sanctions. So what they do, the Congolese, they bring the God from Congo, they bring it into Zambia. They bring it into Zambia and work out the documentation so that it comes out like it is Zambian God. And then it is exported normally. So the God from Congo is brought into Zambia and papers are done, then they export the God. Is this process starting today? No, the person that I was talking to has actually assured me to say almost every week there is a private jet that carries God into Dubai. So they bring the God from Congo, bring it into Zambia, smuggle it into Zambia, smuggle it into Zambia, then process the papers and export it. And what I am told is actually that there are these agents, there are people that are in Zambia who go and pick the God from Congo and bring it into Zambia. Of course, there is also God that comes out of Zambia. But this guy told me that Zambia at the moment doesn't have the capacity to process bulk God. At the moment, the God that we buy is not so much from Zambia, it is from Congo because Zambia at the moment doesn't have the capacity to process that God. So mostly the God that we buy which goes out of the International, KK International Airport comes from Congo. That's where it comes from. Is this thing starting today? This thing has been happening for a long time. Who are involved? Is it the politician? It's not the politician. It's not the politician as the PF. It is not the politician as the UPMD. It is basically the law enforcers. That is the BAPOLICI ZDRAM and some lawyers are actually mentioned. Some lawyers are actually mentioned. They are the ones that process the documentation. They process the documentation and the God goes out. And it goes out as God from Zambia and it is from Congo. So this has been happening now. What about this God? So this God apparently they said that it came from Congo and it has been in the country they said for about two months ago and they were looking for a buyer and they started contacting different people. And so this guy in South Africa managed to find a buyer. This buyer was going to buy it and then later on they were supposed to take it to North Korea. Now North Korea like I have told you, North Korea they don't need documentation as long as the God lands into their country that's it. So they don't need documentation for them. Now when this guy found this guy, this guy is an Egyptian who was saying okay you can come and buy and then later on they can export it they can take it into North Korea. So when they were buying then they thought look if we are taking it to North Korea we don't need papers. We don't need papers. So why should we use these Zambian guys to process papers for us? So they cut those guys who do papers. They cut them and that is how they just said we will just deal with the guys that are selling God. We will bring the God, we will give them the money, we put them in our plane and off we go. We don't need the papers. But remember this God came two months ago. So everybody in their business knew about this God. Everybody in that whatever it was they knew about this God. So when these guys were moving thinking that we don't need papers we can cut these agents, we can take the God. Unfortunately those guys they laid, they blew the alarms and hence what happened at the international airport. It is not that it doesn't happen. This guy told me almost every week God goes out and he also said that some of it some planes even fly from different areas apart from the international airport. Apart from the international airport. So even other areas are used. Other airships are used to fly God out of Zambia. So it is a fact that yes our Congo God and our God as well has been flying out of Zambia using these illegal means. And mostly the people that are involved it is basically just the people that are in ZDARIA the people that minister of minds and so on and so forth. So that is how that God we came to know about it is because they wanted to cut part of those guys who process papers. So they are like come on we are supposed to make money out of this and you want to just go like that forget it to allow a Polish deal. That's how they blew the deal. Now this new development where the minister has said it is not God.  I found my guy said now have you heard what the minister said the guy said it is possible because sometimes people are scammed whereby because it is an exchange even by airport. So sometimes they may have one box which is like real God and they quickly just give them to test the one which is real God but the other one may not be God. So it is very possible even told me that there is a guy that was scammed I think about 28 million or so. There is a guy who was scammed about 28 million here in Zambia he was scammed. I don't know if it is an Indian but he mentioned he told me that that is very high whereby sometimes you are cheated. So it is possible that these guys because these guys who just came I mean they had not gone through all the God. They were just in the they had not even opened to start checking the God. They were receiving the money. So that after receiving the money they can check this God. Unfortunately that is when everything went sour. So he is saying that there is a possibility that this God might have been fake. He is saying it is very possible but it is also possible that it was genuine God but that we can't tell because those Egyptians didn't test all the God and even this guy the South African guy didn't test the God. So he is saying we can't tell on that but it is very common that these guys come with fake God and they scam you. So it is possible that this could have been a scam and basically that is just the story as I have gotten it. I have gotten this story and this guy that I was talking to he is the one that managed to bring those Egyptians so that they buy God and then later on they take it to North Korea. Unfortunately the deal went sour. I was talking to him he had just landed in South Africa. There are some Congolese also who were involved who have also run away. Some Congolese who have also run away. But there are Zambians who facilitate all this. He even mentioned some of the people that deal in this kind of things but I am not going to mention names just to give you this detail. This is what I have been told. If you have a better truth you can also tell it. Don't start calling me names. Now I am calling you. Now I am calling you. There is a guy who sent me 500 Kuachas. There is a guy who sent me 500 Kuachas. There is a guy who sent me 500 Kuachas. I will give you 400 Kuachas. There is a guy who sent me 300 Kuachas. There is nothing more I can tell you. This is just what it is. This guy I was talking to him because they wanted to get a lawyer. In the morning this guy talked to me because they wanted to get a lawyer. They wanted me to help them. Find a lawyer who can help them. And that is how I started talking to him. But I haven't managed to help them to find a lawyer. I don't know what they have done. This evening I was talking to him. He said I have just landed. But I will call you later.  I will call you later. I will give you the development of everything. But let me first settle down. So that is the whole story. This is the person who was there, is part of it. He is the one that brought the Egyptians. In terms of politicians and whatever. The only person that can be linked to politics is the owner of the plane. But that plane was also just hired. Because this guy in South Africa knows this guy who is the owner of the plane. In terms of other whatever he said no there is nothing like that. So this is the story. About Kavusue he said it is very possible because we didn't know. This is the story. Whether you take it, if you have another story run your story. This is the story that I have given you. And I have given it to you in truth. Not whatever whatever whatever I have just given to you as it is. The problem I don't want to complicate it. Even about money for exemp. Yes. Because the people say you have marway. because some people say no the money was whatever whatever whatever this guy has confirmed this guy has confirmed of course is not the one that had the money but this guy has confirmed that actually what they were buying the god that they were supposed to buy it is about five million that's what he said he said it's about five million that's what they were supposed to to cash so even the money he should be because people and there's no it's more it's more the guys confirmed he said the god that was supposed to buy was about five million so those guys would not have much more than than than what it is a story and if you are sure tomorrow i'm not even going to continue to continue this is a story that i have it is not that i'm intelligent it is not that i'm intelligent it's not that i know everything i'm just lucky that this guy called me in the morning tell me can you help us find a lawyer quickly who can help us with this i said well i can look around but what is it then he started explaining and he explained to me about all this of course and we spoke at lunch hour a little bit later on uh 14 hours we spoke after we spoke nobody never just before 20 hours that's when i was asking him to say but so he said he said it's highly possible because we don't know we this is very common


And you can be playing around with me. I'm telling you. Nde michi tefirondene. Nde michi tefirondene na mipapata. Let me spare you. Mupefu, they are my friends. They are some of my friends who I respect. So, as much as I have changed my heart, I don't want to mess you up. But inka muambokulanchita mess up now mess you up. They are people that I respect. They are my friends there. I mean, let's face it. So, inechende mi romba ko fechakola, mwinsakaula. Mwinsakaula. Don't push me to start talking, to start attacking you because ine na enenga na tampo kudisha mi shinga. Tamu apusuke. Tamu apusuke. They are issues I got inka na ika tapasu. De charo cha tenta. So na papata. Inen shakwata mi na. Inen shakwata pufi na ika nefi corruption fi. Nisha akwa tapu. Nisha akwa tapu. Nama kotin shirea tina tionde tina kotia. Awe na kana. I don't have cases there. I got in tampo kutina. But I just thought I should address this because nimbuna to PF media to the water water. Nami papata. Mwala le tere raba ika nili. De mi chito wu wii. De mi san taula. Chipa tichen uchala puande chi puisha. Kutina chi puisha. Nomba. Nisha le foku chi puisha. Because muriawa nandi. Muriawa nandi shire foku chi puisha. Owa nshindike. That's why. So. We can feed bola paish. Bama mwamba. Nami na tiaa. Te wakuson komona udi. De mi chito wu wii. I've seen. Via PF. Na du propaganda tuenu. You want to start writing about me. Shani, shani. You know? I mean. We have no issues people writing about me. People writing about me. Talking about me. I've got no problem. I have no problem at all. You can talk. You can write. I can even be sharing. I'm actually sharing some of the articles on my page. I will even share. But as you are writing. Imwe. As you are writing those things. Those to my propaganda that you want to start putting up. And I know you. I know you. I know the PF propaganda. Nadimi shiva won. I know you. So. As you are writing those to my propaganda. Are you sure you are going to sustain this fight if I take you on? Are you sure you are going to survive? Eh? Imweba PF. Are you sure you are going to survive? I mean. What I've done myself. Is something that you should actually appreciate. What I have done. Is something that you should appreciate. And you know. Like always. You like to bring in. People who are not part of the. The story. You are now bringing in. I saw on one of the ka platform. You know. They are trying to drag in. Haka in the ichile ma. Like you know. I'm going to Haka in the ichile ma. Is bringing me close. I don't understand you. This has got nothing to do with UPND. At the moment as we are speaking. It has nothing to do with UPND. Nothing. It has nothing to do with UPND. This is all about. Imweba PF. It is all about Imweba PF. It is all about President Galungu. That's all. I mean where is HHS coming in where. Where is HHS coming. I mean. Mausampa. I'm not even talking to Mausampa. Mausampa is on agenda. And I still remain. That. I don't agree with Mausampa. I don't agree with Mausampa. To a certain extent. This is just me. And my reaction is very simple and straight forward. Very simple and straight forward. I am simply. I have simply said. Look. Alewele rapu can't wake. My agenda is not about the PF. My agenda has been on Alewele rapu. It is Alewele rapu that I have. You turned on. It is Alewele rapu. Nothing else. Nothing else. I am simply saying. Alewele rapu will not stand. And Alewele rapu in as far as President Galungu coming back. That's all. That is all. My get it very clearly. It is about the. Wa Longu. Me saying Wa Longu can't come back. He can't. He can't come back. Wa Longu can't come back. He can't. He can't come back. And I explained last time. That Wa Longu according to his character. He can't fight. He can't fight. He can't much. He can't fight him. That is number one. I mean where is the HH coming in there? I have simply looked at the man. I have sat with the man. I have looked at him. I have assessed. I mean he can't fight. He can't fight. Haka indi ichi lima. Wa Longu can't fight. Haka indi ichi lima. He can't fight. Haka indi ichi lima. And then secondly. I am saying look. Me pushing the Alewele rapu agenda. Has attracted trouble for me. Fighting Alewele rapu has attracted trouble for me. And this trouble that it has brought on me. I am not receiving adequate support. I am not receiving adequate support. For me to survive. For my family to survive. And I have cited the issue of lawyers. Yes lawyers come. I have said it. Lawyers do come. But it is a situation of pleading with lawyers. When you are not paying them. Of course you have to keep on pleading. But really. Nani kuwata kuna ineka pride. I also have pride. You have got to le pa pa ta pa ta.  And I have not been helped. There are other issues relating to my family. I have not been helped. I have asked. Not that I haven't even asked. I have even asked. And I have not been helped. And that's where the selfishness is coming in. So there is the issue of cowardice. And there is the issue of selfishness. It is as simple as that. Because no one can tell me to say I have not been helped. I have not been helped. No. And even you are saying No. Mouth for hire. Mouth for hire. Well. How much have you given me? How much have you hired me? Hire me kairi. If you are saying mouth for hire. Hire me. Well and good. I will even be happier. If you hire me at least you pay me. Not now just to use me. How? Use me and those who are close to you It's others. So where is HH coming in? Where is UPND coming in? Where is me going to UPND coming in? Haven't gone to UPND. Haven't gone to UPND. Haven't gone to UPND. But I can tell you. I mean if there is something That I can do in UPND And I can survive. Believe me I'm looking in the camera. I'll get it. And if I can do it, Hey hey hey hey! Hey hey hey hey! Hey, he's not going to ask me How much have you given me? How much have you paid me? How much have you paid me? And if you don't have enough money How much have you paid me? How much of money have you paid me? The number of directly paid me How much have you paid me? Hire me kairi, Hire me kairi. You do your thing.  Naku kakumala kakwa. I am telling you. I didn't have a problem with P.F. Ahhhh I am a pusuke. Tete mu pusuke. So I am telling you. I am telling you. I am telling you. I am telling you. I am telling you. I am telling you. I am telling you. kids kids kids Kids kids kids kids kids kids Just go and start representing myself. But there is no case that I'm scared over TEEKC. No maimunga na tambo kata kumakese zienu. Mualapusuka imu eh? Mualapusuka as a public lawyer. Tampo kula chitana rise ama kese zienu. Because I punch Chairafi inia ure ure Shafi. Na umu na toke bata paba mambala bariria. Shanshani, shanshani. Ure Chairafi eh? Nomba mingiremo, mingiremo. Ntampo kia randa poma kese zienu. Ntampo kia chitana rise ama imu eh? That's him. You can't. But P.F. I may look like an individual. I may look like an individual. But I'm an institution. A very power of institution. A very power of institution we can bring down. Iimu ama P.F. Echa mahala indikatira. Echa mahala indikatira. Nangu ni ma黃 iupenda. Echa mahala indikatira. That's how you arrest me. Ngana, na a randa, na a randa, ma kapko kola wa ama kiri kiti, kiti... Eli sa singuru kenganda wata ni ganda. Echa mahala ibu... Echa mahala ibu lida. eh? It is because ngana hi panga. Na echa ta package information. Eru na echa echa ta anidishi. Irafuma, that is a fact. Echa mahala indikatira.  That's it. Not to kunkaka, not to kunkaka. Pite ni mumma cases yand. Yerema cases ya goa tiawantu, vaisam kuchita attack, vanjikati rapu. Can that be a case that somebody can go to jail for? Iriya case, vaisam kuchita attack.  Do you think that is a case that can threaten me? Ni tiawa inshrefoku ya tampoku ya rumbula rumbula because my locutifia wa fimbi. But really run through my cases. Run through my cases. At your mutiny. How can I incite herma soldiers? Inenjte incite herma soldiers. Does that make sense? You think I can be scared that I'll be jailed for that? I cannot be scared of being jailed for such cases. Those are not cases ya kwa tintine. Nomba imuwe. Ii imuwe. Mune monega nukumoneka, some of you monega nukumoneka, you are jailed boys. Munefu angutampi, kuchina mi piti nama. Some of you, you are jailed boys. Nama cases ya nu, ya abi. Ya abi. Bati kairindi mune nu. So inshrefoku ya nidako, I just keep quiet. Bati ya mama cases nariya muna apama mambala mua Iriya. Nariya muna. So ni tampoku mi shutan, tampoku lalanda. Ii imuwe. So nami papa teniwe, mua inshindika kuna chinaisa kuna nidefuwa ya. Nidefuwa, nidefuwa, nidefuwa nami kia nama drinki. Kairiri kule kava. Awa kashiba di bafili bade noa kod drinki. No mua na. So nami chinaimuksha mama drinki kuna. Bati, that is my point really. I'm not talking at 20 hours, but I just thought I should address this because nimbuna to PF media muala le tere raba iikari. Demi chitovu vi demi san taula chipati chienu chala pwande chi puisha kutuna chi puisha. Nomba, ishilefoku chi puisha because muriawa nandii muriawa nandii ishilefoku chi puisha. Owa inshindika, that's why. So, weekend fi bola pa ishiba mama mamba. Eveni avantu we na tiaa kama na ujandemi chitovu. Anyway bye for now.


In another part of the city, a man is issuing orders to his subordinates. A dark, sinister-looking man whose tight-lipped mile has no mercy on it. His business is creating spirits. Spirits of those who have departed. Joe, that last batch of cloth you bought me was certainly cheesy. My old nature would make better ectoplasm than that junk. Yeah, but you see, Boris, never mind the alibis. Trade it in and get something thinner. Farke? Yes, sir. You still recording famous voices off the air? Yes, sir. Okay. Be my secretary and get a list of the 400 best families. Yes, sir. Call them one at a time. See if you can sell them the idea of having each voice in the family recorded as a memento for their relatives after they pass on. Make copies of each. We can use them in our sentences. I'll load right away, sir. Good. And as you go out, tell Sweeney and maintenance to order two dozen more loudspeaker sets through my radio stores.  Right away, sir. You're sent for me, chief. Yes. Now, look, my apple-cheek little trigger man. Professor Windriff phoned me that he has reason to suspect that some photographs were taken at his seance tonight by patrolman Dan Garrett. The negatives may still be in his possession. Or they may be in the possession of Dr. Frans that runs that little apothecary shop. I want those photographs. Okay, chief. I'll get them. If you meet with resistance, let your conscience be your guide. I got you, chief. My trigger thing is awful nervous tonight. It must be the weather. The perfect colonel G. Show him in. Oh, hello, Mr. G. This is certainly a terrible state of affairs. When did the cops release you? Just now. Someone bailed us all out and I came right to you. I'll bet you left the trail a mile wide. No. I changed trains three times in the subway. Walked through Ralph's department store and then took a taxi here. Good. Well, what do you advise me to do? My business is ruined. Your business?  I killed him. You mean William? I mean you. William wouldn't have the nerve. But William hated his cousin. He was sitting right next to him. And so were you. What makes you think so? A little bird told me. I got five down at police headquarters. They heard the questioning of your people by the police. Oh. Yes. Oh. They said you were playing up to old man Henley. Well... Now say. You aren't figuring on trying to double-cross me on this, are you? Why, no, LG, I assure you. You better not if you know what's good for you. What about those two policemen, Manningin and Garrick?  When the case comes up for trial, they won't be there to testify. Yes, but the photographs. I'm sure I heard the click of a camera during the seance. They're almost dark, wasn't it? Pitch black. Okay. And you don't have to worry. I'll leave everything to me. What do you think I'd better do now?  I'll be out there later. As soon as I've had a talk with William Henley, he'll probably spend a few days on his uncle's yacht. In the meantime, I've got my men guarding everybody concerned. I imagine the blue beetle will stick his nose into this. And if he does, it'll be just too bad for Mr. Blue Beetle. Now look, Henley. I don't think you killed your cousin John. I didn't. I swear I didn't. Well, okay. Now you just take it easy. Play up to your uncle and you'll be the white-haired boy. He always believed anything his son Rodney told him. But this murder, what about that? We're going to let Professor Windriff take the rap. He's all washed up with us. I see. Later, you will introduce your uncle to another medium. We'll go to work on him again in your favor. You'll be his heir. Yes, but he may live a long time and I need money now. My creditors are hounding me and I can't wait. Now, now, take it easy. Take it easy. Just as soon as he makes a will in your favor, he'll meet with an accident. You mean? He'll be talking with his dead son Rodney direct. Very clever scheme, but it won't work. The blue beetle. Yes, the blue beetle and he's going to nip. Can I let him have it, LG? Go ahead. Go ahead, shoot. Your bullets can't injure the blue beetle. But this belaying pin will. Good work, Gus. Good work. You throw a mean belaying pin. He's off like a light. What do I do with him? Tie him up. Weak his body with an anchor and toss him overboard. Okay, LG. Well, Mr. Blue Beetle, you've gone for a nice win. And you ain't coming back. Say, aren't you a bit ruthless, LG? In my records, you have to be. Now you be a good boy and we'll all be rich. Well, what are you going to do now? I'm going ashore. Professor Windriff is going to have a caller and get our big surprise. All right, Gherkin. I'm going to get some sleep. This has been a very crying evening. Yes, sir. Very good, sir. Did you dismantle and hide the phonograph equipment and records? Yes, sir. Everything's been taken care of. Will you be sleeping late in the morning, sir? Yes, Gherkin. Call me about noon. Very good, sir. What? Good heavens. Who can that be at this time of night? Oh, see, sir. It may be Mr. LG, as you call him. Good evening, sir. The master's just retiring. Well, he'll be me. Oh, there you are. Oh, yes. What have you found out, LG? The Blue Beetle paid a visit to Henley's yacht while I was talking with William Henley. Well, how did you get rid of him? He was bathing in the sound with a 50-pound anchor tied to his feet. Great hammer. Yes, he was in the way. Just as you're in my way, Professor Windrup. What do you mean? You're all through, Professor. You almost cleared our racket. I can't wait for the law to take its course. Besides, you might fill the beans. Oh, no. I'm taking no chances.  Drop that, Johnny, or I'll blast you with my magic rays. The Blue Beetle. Yes, the Blue Beetle. You must be a strong swimmer, Blue Beetle. I am, and I learned a few tricks from Houdini. Otherwise, I'd be lying at the bottom of the sound. Get him, Gerkin!  Oh, no, you don't! Not this time, Gerkin. The Blue Beetle's on the alert. And here's one for you, Professor Windrup. Murderers. Now I'll take that gun, LG. Certainly, Blue Beetle. Here it is, right in it. Just a little jiu-jitsu. Now I've got the gun. What are you going to do? You've got nothing on me. Oh, no. I swam back to the yacht after I freed myself from the anchor rope and had a little talk with William. Was he surprised to see me? He's going to talk and talk plenty. He can't prove who killed John Henley. But the photographs Dan Garrett took at the seance can. What do you know about those photographs? The Blue Beetle knows everything. Now listen, Blue Beetle. Those photographs will never be shown at any trial. Pudgy has seen to that. What do you mean? Pudgy's my trigger man. I sent him to interview Dan Garrett's friend, Dr. Franz, the chemist. If the photographs are there, he'll get them or else. Well, Mr. LG, the law's caught up with you. Your racket smashed and you'll burn along with Professor Windrup. Not yet, I won't. I'll seek to tear with his voice. No, you don't. The law's going to send you in the murderous Professor Windrup where you can't cause any more harm. All right, all right, great for the sale. Well, if it ain't the Blue Beetle, Professor Windrup and the limey servant, what a haul. And who's this? SLG, the ringleader of the gang. Just tried to take poison and I hit him. Here, Mannegan, catch this gun. What? Well, OK, Blue Beetle. Sorry to leave so suddenly. Hey, wait a minute, Blue Beetle. You're under arrest. Well, hanged if the Blue Beetle didn't dive out of the window. Well, boys, slip the handcuffs on these babies and we'll take them along. I'll catch the Blue Beetle the next time. And so the Blue Beetle caught and turned over to the police several racketeers. But what about Doc Frans and the photographs? What has happened to them? Has Fudgie carried out the orders of his chief, the infamous LG? Let's hurry back to the little apothecary shop of Dr. Frans. Doc, Doc Frans, where are you? Hello, Danny. Well, what's your hurry? Are you all right? Never felt better in my life, but... But the gunman did... Did Fudgie... Uh, Rosie Cheat, a rather confident gentleman called earlier tonight. I was in my laboratory at the time. Yeah, well, what happened? He mentioned something about some photographs. It was rather insistent that I give them to him. Well, did he... Yes, yes. He pointed the gun at me. What did you do?  Where is he now? I tied him up to keep him from playing with my chemicals in there. Oh, that's great. And the photographs are safe. Everything's under control. Ah, fine. Those photographs will convict Professor Winderp of young Henley's murder. And William's testimony will take care of LG. Uh, what does LG stand for, Danny? According to William, LG stands for Live Ghost, a man behind the spirit. Well, if you'll excuse me, Doc, I'm gonna turn in. The Blue Beetles had a very busy night. And so all loose threads were tied together. And another racket smashed. Thanks to Dan Garrett, Mike Manigan, Dr. Franz and the Blue Beetle. What new adventure awaits the Blue Beetle? This question will be answered in the next episode of The Blue Beetle. Now, here's the Blue Beetle himself to say a few words. The moral of this story is that there's no honor among thieves. In other words, never become associated with anyone in any endeavor or plan. It is not absolutely straightforward. If you do, you can expect to be double-crossed or become the cat paw or the fall guy. Remember to always look up, never down, and to associate only with those persons you can respect. The Blue Beetle is a copyrighted box feature appearing in Mystery Man Comics magazine and the Blue Beetle magazine. The Blue Beetle is on the air twice a week on this same station. Consult the broadcast schedule in your local newspapers. Don't forget to listen in to The Blue Beetle.


So welcome everyone to today's session of the new voices in global security series. My name is Dr. Mark condos I'm a senior lecturer in imperial and global history at the Department of War Studies and I'm filling in today for Dr. Amanda Chisholm who wasn't able to be with us. The paper we have lined up for today is entitled tactical NATO military logistics and major war fighting, which will be delivered by Dr. Ronald T. Dr. T is a PhD candidate at the Department of or sorry at Defense Studies Department at King's College London. He has an undergraduate degree. Sorry, undergraduate medical degree and further postgraduate degrees in management business administration and tropical medicine. And most recently, as I understand it, an MA in military history and strategic studies from the National University of Ireland, may new Dr. T is also a recent graduate of the higher command studies course at the Baltic Defense College in Estonia. So welcome, Dr. T. We're also joined this afternoon by our discussant, Dr. Patrick Bury, who's a senior lecturer in security at the Polish Department at the University of Bath. Dr. Bury specializes in warfare and counter terrorism. And as I understand it also logistics, which is of course going to be very relevant to the topic at hand today. He's a former British Army captain and a NATO analyst. And without further ado, I'll turn it over to you, Dr. T. So please go ahead. Okay, thank you, Mark. Thank you, Patrick for being my discussant. Ladies and gentlemen, welcome this meeting. I'll now share my screen. Here we go. Reflecting three years ago, we wouldn't have been doing this online, but times change. Okay. So, Mark, can you see that first slide? And can you hear me? Yeah, everything. Right. Thank you very much. So welcome, ladies and gentlemen, Mark Patty to this talk on tactical NATO military logistics and major warfare. I'm usually disclaimer at the beginning, and I stress, this is all my personal opinion, not the official views of the Australian Department of Defense. Representations of commercial firms do not imply endorsement and the pictures are not all under open access. They're not copyright. I'm not going to read through the slides. The key one here is I am actually originally a medical doctor by trade. So I'm not a real doctor. It's a study that I'm doing at the moment. So perhaps I'll end up being a doctor doctor. But in and mixed in with all that is a background in the military and a work history as long as my arm with deployments and postings. Enough said, you can read that. Starting from the point of view of what's all this logistics stuff. There is a war going on in the Ukraine between Russia and Ukraine. If you're one of the folks who thinks it's a special military operation. This is not your seminar disconnect now. Okay, it is a war and logistics has come up. We've all seen the pictures of the Russian logistics column banked up north of Kiev, and we've seen abandoned Russian military equipment. The T80 sticker price of about 3 million US, not including GST 2.6 million pounds captured intact with intact fire control systems and everything. This logistics stuff is responsible for that tank falling into Ukrainian hands completely unblemished completely It's not available. It's logistics that stopped that tank. So this talk is aimed to you if you don't sleep with a logistics textbook under your pillow. It's to explain what's the logistics about and why does it matter and how does it affect us. This is about the following points. I will talk a little bit about resilience at the end. I will talk about future war but it's not really future war. And I will relate all this to the Russia Ukrainian war and how it's changing how we do military medical logistics in particular, because that's my area. I worked as a general logistician in the military, but military medical logistics is actually my PhD topic and it's my specialist field. It's that sliver of 2% that is actually quite critical to fighting and winning wars. Oh, quick audience question do not answer. This is not interactive. What is this a picture of five seconds. Think about it. This picture is totally this lecture in one picture. Everyone's seen it. Keep it in your mind. So first to logistics logistics is old. This is a quote from Alexander the great. Okay, it really matters. I think quoted from Ari and one of the contemporary writers. It's been around a long time. Logistics as you may know it this stuff. I mean the commercial world logistics is often using a really imprecise way. It's written on the side of trucks. It's on ads for logistics companies. But it's basically in the civilian and commercial world about warehousing stockkeeping and distribution of goods. It's actually quite straightforward. This is the NATO definition of logistics and the thing to point out here is it is a very wide definition from doctrine. And I put a red ring around medical and health service support because in the NATO military medical and health support on the battle space is logistics. Okay, so when I talk about military medical or military medical logistics, it is logistics. This is logistics as the military know it so right hand chair is a good old Australian Army setting up a deployable healthcare facility in the middle of nowhere for a fly bit and snake written Australian Army training area. And there we have the movement of material in the bottom left hand corner. And the top left hand corner is a reverse osmosis water purification system set up in Vanda arch a during the tsunami. So this is logistics as the military know it. The military know logistics has been different because we are often no role always working in a degraded damaged or non existent infrastructure environment. There is a factor called the enemy who is not just a commercial competitor. And in the situation the mission is paramount. So what are those two pictures on the left is Lollahoe in Bougainville where I served as a peacekeeper. This is not my picture. This is an entire port infrastructure that was destroyed by the tropical heat and rust. We couldn't use any of it, but we were based there on the right hand side as a healthcare facility that we rebuilt after 10 years civil war. And that was where we were conducting civil aid tasks and medical clinics. This is where we work. This is military logistics. A little bit of a word on fuel supply. So on the left is my beloved VW Passat estate 60 liter fuel tank goes about 500 K or 50 miles in an M 25 traffic jam. On the right is an M one a one main Abrams main battle tank 1900 liter fuel tank. It needs to be filled up every eight hours. It's 4000 liters a day. If you do a lot of maneuvering that leaderage figure can increase by 50%. So that's what we're talking about the logistics of supporting offenses and military operation.  Those of you in the know this is clear as clear as ABC. What this is is a tactical map. The symbols in blue are tactical symbols that represent military units. And this is the fantasy that we are still teaching students at military colleges about solid front lines, borders between and almost in Napoleonic lines which are impenetrable. This is no longer the case. The arrow looking at BSA not a UK motorcycle company of the 60s but a brigade support area. And this is where logistics and military medical logistics sits behind a front line supported by layers of troops that somehow magically stop the enemy from penetrating towards your soft logistic area. This is no longer the case still being taught in current NATO staff colleges. Let's talk about Ukraine and the four points that are in the the spiel on the on the internet about my talk. We're going to talk about technical logical advances, Russian targeting behavior, the use of hybrid actors and the nature of Russian offensive doctrine itself. None of this is new. Nothing in this talk is new. It's all been signed posted and indicated in the last 20 years regarding Russia. Okay, so it's more of the same. This is the technological advantages. There are a lot of these unmanned aerial systems or uninhabited aerial systems which is the new politically correct term. You've heard of the barat car TV TV to drone, I believe by Rutkar is the Turkish word for victory or triumph. The harap is an Israeli drone that's been around for 30 years these bad boys are at the altitude that you can see there. In particular can last for 27 hours in the sky. You can't hear it or see it from the ground, but it can hear and see you and you everyone in the audience will have seen the footage that Ukrainian media are putting out on YouTube of Russian soldiers being zapped by uninhabited unmanned aerial systems. They are out there and they're making a big effect on the battle space. What's not in featured are these medium altitude long endurance systems. So these two drones. $200,000 for the DX3 UAS has a three meter wingspan and a 1500 kilometer range 1500 kilometers. Well in Australia that's the difference between Melbourne and Sydney and back again. Okay, the Q double X triple two can go at almost 85% mark which is about 400 miles an hour 450 miles an hour. It can carry to 250 kilogram bombs up to two and a half thousand kilometers. Right. These are medium altitude long endurance systems that can reach out and strike in your rear area that no longer exists. I put it to you that if you load up enhanced explosive into those 250 kilogram bombs, it is not the effect of a 250 kilogram bomb. So putting a 10 fold increase in enhanced explosives, it could be the equivalent of two, two and a half thousand kilogram conventional explosives. So the point of all this is also that the space is constantly being monitored and we see this in Ukraine as well. Planet dot com you can subscribe to planet dot com they have 180 satellites and orbit and they will give you two meter resolution images of the of the globe. Refresh every 24 hours soon every six hours. So in the words of Joe Frazier, the boxer, he can run but he can't hide that there is no rear area. Okay. So the picture on the left hand side is an Azerbaijan drone feed. These are Armenian troops, I think 25 30 kilometers behind the line. They got out of their truck stretch their legs had a cigarette and this is the picture of them a second before they're all destroyed by a Azerbaijan drone. So there is no more rear area and this is certainly what we're seeing in Ukraine with civilians 1500 kilometers behind the line being targeted by Russian missile systems. The challenge is for logisticians to think tactically more on this in the moment. Oh, everyone's familiar with the concept no man's land in World War one. So this is an area that was swept by far that you could not enter dead ground.  So if you have missiles that have a range of 1500 kilometers. If you have bad boys like that Russian intermediate range ballistic missile.  And this is certainly what's being reflected in in Ukraine. We go into Russian targeting behavior willful disregard of international humanitarian law. Now, Russia has demonstrated system partner behavior, a couple of points there to do with placing targets of military value next to churches and places of cultural value targeting medical facilities directly I have that on first hand from colleagues in the Georgian military medical service. And the excuse is always that collateral damage the euphemism for non targets of non military value being hit is that is targeting is imprecise. From what we can see and we don't have enough data to support things at the moment conclusions at the moment we haven't been here long enough to make conclusions. It looks like the Russian Federation up to the same tricks in Ukraine. This is a demonstrated and consistent pattern of behavior. Now, if you say that well it's due to targeting being a very imprecise science. This argument is consistently not holding much water as Tom goes by. With medical facilities in particular getting to the question of military medical logistics. In the new barbarism of war the laws of armed conflict have moral power to whole parties responsible anymore. Now this is a hospital in Syria, hit by accidentally possibly by a Russian or Syrian piloted vehicle launching a missile. That's a whole argument about laws of armed conflict and the erosion of the nation state I won't go into it here but this is one of the symptoms of that. I've ratified the Geneva Conventions that's the good news you get a smiley for that. But you also get a non smiley for how many times medical facilities were targeted in Syria by Syrian and Russian planes in the eight month period, according to two sources between 200 and 300 times by my math. That's at least one to two times a day. Right, the next point is the use of hybrid actors such as private military companies and other proxies. In the rogue's gallery you see the little green men in the middle, the left, Islamic State on the on the middle to the right, Dennis push shillen and the other bloke on the left. Let me move this icon, Pashashnik I'm sorry for the Russian speakers in the audience. They are respected the leaders of Luhansk and Donetsk People's Republic, not recognized by anyone. Pardon my pronunciation. Vladimir Putin's ex celebrity chef is actually the worst kept Kremlin secret, the founder and owner of Wagner Group, which is a Russian extension of foreign policy. Proxies and little green men, none of these parties or entities can be a party to international humanitarian law. IHL international humanitarian law wrongly referred to as the Geneva Conventions, they form part of it, they're not all of it, can only be agreed to and ratified signed and ratified by nation states. If you don't have a nation state, IHL doesn't really apply into this point, being what will future war look like. After Rob Johnson at the future warfare conference in Amsterdam two weeks ago, his answer was how will you know you are in a war. So how will you know you are actually in a war, this is the other problem. Nature Russian offensive doctrine itself is another point I'd like to make here. I won't go into this in detail. Now, most of you, some of you may have heard of Glubokhaya operation which is Russian for deep battle. It's a form of combined arms tactic that was used to success in the Eastern Front in the Second World War by the Red Army. There are several key features of battle artillery which I've outlined there in red is a key feature of deep battle intense artillery barrages saturation of grid squares and areas with high explosive. Russian army, everyone thinks it's a tank army is it has tanks, less of them after going into Ukraine. However, it is more an artillery army with tanks. This very quickly is an organizational chart of a Russian motorized brigade. The little symbols are tactical symbols. The point of this tree diagram. If you look at the red rings, the left hand side red ring actually shows you the number of artillery units in a Russian motorized rifle brigade. That is three to four times the equivalent of artillery in a British Brigade, a US Stryker Brigade or Australian Combat Brigade. They have a lot of artillery. They also have a lot of air defense, which is the one in the middle and they situate the electronic warfare down at brigade level for all of those of you in the know. These assets are intense and focused. The Russian army is an artillery army and artillery is a big factor of the way they do war. And the way they do war is to go into urban areas and just simply destroy them. So the Western approach generally is to identify targets and go after targets of interest. The Russian approach, as has been shown in Grozny in 1994, as has been shown in Aleppo in 2013, as has been shown in Homs in 2013 is about saturating grid squares with high explosive and just destroying everything in that area. And we have evidence of this. That's how they do it. And if you've got a lot of artillery, that's how you do it. The picture at the beginning is actually a picture of the modern logistic battle space. This is a battle space packed with sensors. All movement is seen. You are 100% observed when moving to contact. So as the lady in her dress moves across that red carpet, she's 100% observed. There is nowhere to hide on the red carpet. So even if you employ camouflage trying to cross the red carpet, you will leave tracks. I've seen drone footage of tanks under camouflage. You will see them because you follow the tracks from the drone. There's no point putting a camouflage net or turning a radio. You will see it. It tanks a 70 ton vehicle will leave tracks and grass. There's nothing to it. And lastly, this logistic room services knocked on my door. This logistic target is a soft skin unarmored target with nowhere to hide. And if you put a red sign on the back of that model, it doesn't really provide that much protection. This is an analogy of the modern tactical logistic space. A couple of words on resilience. The definition of resilience of use for this talk is this one by Christopher and Peck, very well known in the supply chain management business. Academia returning to an original state, moving to a new state after being adaptive, being flexible, adaptability, transformation. This is one of the senses of resilience. However, resilience is an overused word. So in the recent integrated review, UK integrated review in 2021, I counted as I was used 85 times in the UK integrated review. And there were not a single definition was given of what resilience actually was in NATO. There are a lot of definitions going around in the system, especially in the latest NATO doctrine that's been released. It's not really that well defined. That's actually one of the reasons why I'm doing this PhD. It's an overused ill defined word. It's a catch all that I think in the end means nothing unless you define it. Very common resilient response curve. Most of you in the audience will have seen it, ladies and gentlemen, it's about a big stress. You've got performance on the left, time on the right, big stress performance drops. Resilience is a measure of how quickly, how readily you return to a functioning state or a new functioning state. So resilience is in that red ringed area of the curve. So when we're thinking about future resilience in NATO with military medical logistic systems, we need to think about dispersal, not being in one place. We need to disaggregate. So we have a central system of command and that central system of command is knocked out the system knocks out systems need to be more self functioning. That's what I define as disaggregation. We have to stop thinking about fixed territorial defence depots. So you recall about eight slides before, either was that squiggly map of the tactical area of operations with the BSA, the brigade support area. It's a fixed aggregated, non-dispersed group of logistic assets, fuel, medical engineers, workshops that can be hit. The aim of all this is logistic resilience. This is a slide of the European Union battle group medical treatment facility I took a month ago when I was part of the evaluation team. This is how they operate. This is how military medical logistic units operate in NATO during article five exercises. So the last article five exercise that I attended, all the military medical units were aggregated like this in an article five conflict.  It's just an artillery shell. If it lands in the middle of that, it takes the whole facility out. This is what I mean by dispersal and disaggregation. And what we as NATO military medical logisticians need to do is to think about operating in a way that's not so aggregated. That may be difficult to do with doctors and medical staff who used to working in these sorts of situations. So word from our sponsor. My PhD is on resilience. It's on how do we deliver military medical logistics in an article five battlefield, which is a NATO article five and attack on one. Is it a take on all major war fighting? How do we assess that resilience? And most importantly, how do we assess define and assess that resilience so that an operational commander can actually assess how resilient their unit is that will save their lives and the units and their function. Anyway, that's the end of my talk. That's my email address with the usual ACL dot ac dot UK domain name, and I'll turn it over to you, Mark. Thank you. So I'll stop sharing. All right, thank you, Ronald. I must say I'm impressed you got through all 30 slides in under half an hour. So well done. I definitely had my doubts. Let's turn it over right now to Patrick could leave had some some comments for discussion. And then after Patrick has given his comments then we'll open it up for questions from the audience. So Patrick, please go ahead. Well, yeah, I just echo Mark's comments that run that was impressive. And if you should start doing some lectures pretty quickly, so you can rattle through your slides that well. Thank you for the interest and stuff. Thanks for that. And there's loads. I thought there was lots of interesting tidbits in there of in terms of like the T80 and the cost of that and the drones as well little tactical pieces of information. But I suppose what I would do is, is wanting to, you know where you sort of finished up about how do you see the Western response to this changing battlefields, you know, and there's a few questions to unpack from that I suppose. So the, the start one is looking at the medical facilities and the way that it's set up in NATO. Yeah, and then looking at Russia's conventional capabilities. Do you think that we need to be as worried about those capabilities as we were before Ukraine or not. They're also there in their will and intend to target, for example, medical facilities against the West. It's a different, it's a different bag of kettle of fish, you know, to attack to do it in Georgia in 2008 versus a NATO hospital. Gosh. I think I'll answer that question at two levels. We have learned. No, wrong. We have seen what they do. And we haven't learned the lessons. Suddenly it comes close to us and it becomes a concern, or it might be a concern. I assess that in the NATO military medical area, there is very little concern. Because the senior people in NATO military medicine are a certain generation that didn't have to worry about that they grew up in a place where the nation state did war, and we followed the laws of armed conflict I think that's the first I think it's slightly a generational I think it's also a denial problem denial not being a river in Africa, but a question of well look really that can't happen to us. As to whether well, there were Georgians, they were Syrians they couldn't possibly do it to NATO. I think that's an assumption I think that's an assumption with respect as valid as saying you know what the Japanese will never do at night time in 1942 because they can't fly at night they don't have good vision. It's not a good assumption. I think we have to assume that will be targeted. I think it is better to assume that will be targeted and redo our doctrine and our tactics techniques and procedures more than assuming that we won't be targeted and the enemy will continue to respect the laws of armed conflict, especially since that enemy may not be a recognized nation state, as I pointed out in the middle of my talk they may be a private military company, they may be a in Islamic state type insurgency they may be a rogue state. I to answer your question. Yes, I believe that this needs to be looked at rather than not looked at. And I don't believe that we want to be targeted. Sorry to put a double negative in there as barbarism advances and as we find mass graves in Ukraine. Why can't that happen to NATO.  It's the quickest way to do it. In theory anyway, I would say you're totally right about you have to prepare for the worst and hope for the best. And I agree. Nevertheless fighting NATO, if you take out for example a NATO hospital in a conflict with NATO guess what's going to happen to your centralized hospitals, etc. Now the Russians will go well we don't care we don't care about casualties in the way that NATO do so. No I agree with you I agree with you I was just sort of being I was just sort of pushing the envelope a little bit. In in in terms of future. So, like what does this look like to you if if you know we've had centralized hospitals and as they do you have generally centralized echelon logistics, it was different in Afghanistan because of the nature and in some way NATO has got a more or has practiced a more. What sort of protected tactical focus logistics in terms of its we surprise in Afghanistan and the Russians have done so far with their soft skin vehicles and absolutely no protection in Ukraine. But what do you see that is kind of what does it look like the logistics of the future done by the West and what where do you see like is it going to be drones warms deliveries over the last tactical mile and robotics obviously what's your kind of sense of how does this work obviously you're going to have to be dispersed and another element of this is not only dispersed but limited comms. Probably, you know. Yes, what what do I see interesting question as a really good question. Unusually from an Australian Army Reserve officer. A lot of my experience has actually been in the Baltics and in the closed space of Estonia Lithuania and Latvia. What we are seeing is the application of. I don't want to go down a tangent your resistance operating concept so it's it's total defense based on making a nation's facilities resilient and that includes health facilities. So what we will be seeing I believe much like the special forces community is will be breaking our centralized treatment areas are logistic nodes into much smaller nodes. And look across the Pacific is what the US Marines are thinking of practicing with contested logistics in the in the South China Sea in the China area of operations if I put it that way. They are looking at many disaggregated nodes that are all self functioning and able to to function when the overriding network of command control is disrupted. And we know that the Chinese protect practice what they call the three warfare's and one of them is systems destruction that is actually written in PLA military doctrine back to this talk. So I believe that we're going to have dispersed nodes. We're going to have decentralized command known as mission command. And we're going to have. The technological advantages of unmanned aerial systems but more to the point unmanned ground systems. So a single unmanned ground system is done by mil cyst in Estonia now can carry one stretch a casualty or two on a totally unmanned vehicle. That has artificial intelligence that can actually work out its best its best route. Its maintenance schedule is all defined by the algorithms in its AI. So I think we're looking at a constrained battle space. We're not going to have the kind of helicopter evacuation you saw and I saw in Afghanistan because helicopters are not flying. There is YouTube video after YouTube video Russian attack helicopter is getting zapped by man pads man portable air defense missiles. We can't do that now. We're going to have to move them out somehow or maybe we don't move them out at all. So one commentator said to me US Army medical officer. This is not blood far forward. This is blood far rear. So instead of pushing blood forward and saving lives. Maybe we just keep it in the rear area for the ones who managed to survive that we can get them back. That's a totally different paradigm. So I think in response to your question summarize it's about dispersal desocrogation nodes, limited battlefield movement, use of unmanned vehicles, changing thinking and changing thinking with casualties and what we're prepared to tolerate. So if it's nodes, does this mean kind of stocks and I'm not just talking medical here, but stocks actually push forward into packs almost and then and then more resilience and I guys this is what you have if it kicks off that's it like you're not going to be in comms you're likely to get anything back so you're you know when you run out of that you're going to be overrun essentially is that what we're looking at. It has to be just once that run before you answer that I just for the audience, could you if you guys have questions we'd like us to field after Patrick and Ron are done the discussion. Could you put them either in the chat, or in the q amp a button below. You can also use the hand function I can enable you to talk about sorry Ron your answer to Patrick's question. Yeah, we need to look at the special forces community for that Patrick, the special forces community I used to operating away from established support in a disaggregated disperse manner in nodes with self contained command and control. I think soft is the way we look at I'm not a soft expert I've actually never worked in a soft posting, but looking at their resistant operating concept that developed, especially to be applied in the Baltics. I think I feel that's probably the way we're going. Just a quick word on intergenerational stuff what we're teaching in staff colleges needs to change as well. So, NATO staff colleges still teaching this nonsense about front lines rear areas forward edge of battle area, as though they are solid trench lines and Napoleonic lines. The reason the Russians got zapped so badly was there was no frontline. They were pushing down roads and Russian hunter killer teams are getting behind the lines and zapping their logistic convoys. There is no longer a frontline. And this is reminiscent of Afghanistan. Very Middle East, but this is one of them. And I suppose so the next one is that the the kill to wounded ratio that we've all become accustomed to growing since Vietnam and even before is going to a trophy basically. And you'd see that if there's a major war and it will come back down to something much more because essentially for other listeners that it got up to I think in Afghanistan the US was able to have basically their medical evacuation was so good that it got to one one death for every 10 seriously wounded, you know, something like that around there because and then when it's usually like in a second or more one to three for a functioning and the Russians are operating at around one to three at the moment. So, so I suppose we'll expect that to go down. I think Ron, you know, with you and I could chat for ages on this but I should open it up or mark maybe what would like to open it up for some questions and comments from the audience. Yeah, there's nothing in the chat or the Q&A yet but does anyone have a question. Feel free to hit the raise hand function I can allow you to talk. Use your vocal chords instead of typing. Nothing yet. I've stunned them to silence. Yeah. I'll jump in then. What do you know you mentioned in the in your presentation about costs being subordinate, you know, to the mission, which, but like, you know, my own research on this is sort of like efficiency has kind of become almost certainly in peace time and to basically even in wartime. The primary judgment on certainly British military logistics, you know, how much is it going to cost and how efficiently you can do this to make savings rather than effectiveness, you know, and military effect which is ultimately what we're judged at in warfare. What's your thoughts on that. My thoughts on that very easy to reply to this one Patrick, I think defense procurement is, it's not schizophrenic that's the wrong use of the psychiatric term it's multi personality disorder. So at one hand, defense procurement is all at best value for money, lowest price, most technically compliant tender LPTC, having spent some time in that contracting procurement area both as a civilian bidding and as a military person designing the bids. It is multi multi personality disorder. What do I mean by that. On one hand, value for money and cost is paramount. However, there will be an urgent situation where that's all put aside and the example of M wraps in Afghanistan is a good one so an M wrap for those of you don't know is a mind resistant armored vehicle. The Pentagon resisted deploying these to Afghanistan, or is it Iraq, until Robert Gates the Defense Secretary actually personally intervened and made them buy it and send it to the troops. The US procurement people were not going to bother because it wasn't that area. There was that disconnect between the operational side and the procurement side. So when I say it's multi personality, what the operational guys often want is not what the procurement guys have programmed five years into the future and suddenly this urgent demand has come up. All the nations as you know Patrick they try and get round this with this urgent procurement program but the fact remains defense procurement is a stove pipe organization. One side doesn't often talk to the other and we don't really know what's going on. So both things are true. Cost is paramount cost containment is paramount, but the mission is also paramount. And I think it's a dynamic balance between the bean counters and the war fighters to oversimplify it, you know, very. The national sense of mission priority really do. Yes. Yes. Yeah, you can always borrow if you have to, essentially. You can support your cause but yeah. Yeah, absolutely. Now it's interesting I remember on the procurement from my own experience. They, they brought out a new blue force tracker personal one for a platoon level, and they've been developing this I think it was with Nokia or something for years, right. I think it had gone through all the infantry trials we got handed this is a new piece of kit it should be handy it was squatty proof. And they gave it to me and we use it for a day or two in Afghanistan, but they hadn't thought this through right, it took a batteries a triple a batteries per unit imagine to run it. Yeah, didn't think about that was for eight hours so you needed to be carrying each person count 24 triple a batteries out in the 40 degree Afghan heat we were just like this is just bananas how are we going to carry all this. Yeah, yes. And it was sacked off from that perspective. Like we were just like this is logistically too difficult for us to use not really that it's sort of half work but so sometimes the things that come through exactly until they meet contact with with the reality which changes, you don't actually know. You don't. Yeah, but I did see the chief of the defense over here say that actually maybe going urban urgent operation requirements off the shelf. You know the future it's for British procurement. And he just said that in the last couple of days so we shall see. We shall see. No, and what about your run with your PhD like are you how are you conceptualizing change, like what, what's your kind of theoretical route on on things. The practical route on things is that I originally started off to design a resilient resilience assessment methodology to be applied at the tactical level. That's too big a project. Yeah, I'm actually limiting it to the first part of that process which is identifying inputs to resilience for a tactical commander. So it's quite a modest PhD achievable objective. The trouble with resilience assessment methodologies as they require extensive databases and you have to be able to examine outputs. You have to be able to examine the result to see the system is resilient. That is much too big for a PhD thesis. That's postdoc stuff. Yeah, yeah, and beyond. Systems systems systems stuff basically you need a whole team. Just very quickly, I've got a two phase research methodology. The first one look talks to experience military medical logistic practitioners and ask them what are the inputs. The second one is, I don't want to jinx this and we're amongst friends here but 99% certain they're going to run my PhD research as part of a Estonian national defense exercise next year. And they're integrating my logistics war game into the exercise to assess how we can engender resilience within the training audience. So that's going to be big. It's a very real world application of a PhD theory, I think. That's pretty impressive.  Yes, yeah. I've come up with a war game myself and I think it's had, I think three or four iterations, UAE jumped onto it, the Estonians jumped onto it, Belgium, Lithuanian and NATO at big risk warrior so it's had a few iterations and it's now in like Mark five so. Amazing. Yeah, that's, that's, that's where I'm going on. I hope that answers your question. Yeah, no that's really, really interesting, you know, really interesting. You can get me an invite for the exercise. Do you want one? Yeah, definitely. I'd be really interested to see is anyone is there any questions there are we. Yes, we do have some questions. All right. First question for you Ron is from Patrick Hinton. I'm not sure if you can read them in the Q&A yourself but I'll just read them out for everyone. Do military medical stockpiles suffer from the lack of resilience and industrial capacity that has been seen on the Western munitions side. Our solutions being pursued in light of Ukraine. Patrick, what a great question. This is why I'm doing a PhD in military medical logistic resilience because class 8 which is the US Australian classification of medical supplies are the least resilient logistic items in your logistic family of items you know of your 36,000 items with NATO stock numbers medical supplies and blood. They're the least resilient. So that's why I've picked them because they are the least resilient. They have shelf life issues. Absolutely. So ammunition goes off. So to speak, we don't have enough of it. This is the denial about 2030 in Libya. The West ran out of munitions we had to use we had to get it from the Americans. The shortage of ammunition is is ignored denied the same with medical supplies but medical supplies are even less resilient. So a unit of blood after one hour at room temperature loses the ability to coagulate it loses ability to do any of the things that we wanted to do to save lives in a resuscitation. Absolutely. They're not resilient. They're the least resilient and absolutely have shelf life issues. They are thermo labile. Very sensitive. We've got another question for you as well run. This one's from Danny Looney. Not sure if it's Danny Danny. The question from Danny is you discussed visual detection with us. How does the increased signal detection compete with the visual. Danny says dispersed forces may need to talk more often. Yes, Danny. That's a great question. I talked about UAS but understand this is a very limited lecture. I can't go into every single part. I made the point that the battlefield is is under constant vision the model walking across the carpet. So there is ground movement target indication radar that can actually detect movement out to 200 kilometers. It's very gross. However, if we see a group of metal objects moving at two miles an hour through a forest, it's probably an infantry unit. Okay, you can then queue in more refined methods of detection. So there's not just the good old turn the radar off stuff, which can lead to accidents.  So when you actually see it across the electromagnetic spectrum, it lights up in infrared. It can be seen from space. Yeah, totally. So your question about, well, are there a whole lot of other modalities? Yes, it's more than just visual visual is important. But yes, there's all sorts of other things to consider in the concept of military medical logistic resilience. It may be virtually impossible to reduce the electromagnetic signature of a military medical logistic unit or will it. We haven't done that yet. We haven't tested that we can disperse and disaggregate them. We actually haven't seen what sort of signature they give out, at least in the unclassified research I've seen. It's not a single study that looks at that with military medical units, which generate a lot of heat and signature like a company or battalion headquarters. I think that's for future research. It's well outside the scope of a single PhD. All right, does anyone have any other questions from the audience for Dr. T. Patrick, do you have any more questions while we're maybe. Well, on that point, it's really interesting. Actually, because I think in Danny's they're asking like, right, yes, disperse units would need to communicate more. I wonder if they'd be able to, depending on the conventional capabilities of the adversary and whether they're, you know, certainly this was something that was being bandied about before Ukraine that Russia had the edge on the EW, the EW front. But I don't know actually how it's still capable, but I don't know if it's to that extent, you know, capable in terms of it would force a disperse on it and a lack of use of comms. But it does, it does come down to that there's another element to this too, which is all tied in which is actually orders and the pace of orders and this ties in with what Ron was talking about in terms of training staff officers, all officers, because the orders process certainly if it's anything like I went through so cumbersome and slow, the tempo and disperse was, yeah, this is it. You know, and I remember looking at Libya and like, God, a militia in Libya could probably organize a company attack faster than a company, you know, over WhatsApp. Now, look, yeah, it's in the clear, it's hiding in the noise. The problem is, when the militia attack, they're not as well trained as the company. If they go through this is a balance to be struck. But there's certainly more to be done there as well. I think about pace and tempo. Yes, I think the militia would use signal. The Stony. Yeah, yeah. Signal, the obsolete use signal. Yes, thank you for reminding me about Danny's question. Danny, your question about units talking to one another is very important. I want to reference Jack Wattling at Roosie on this one. Jack makes the point that there is a tolerance in the west about not communicating. What does that mean?  So even with the special forces training, there's only a certain amount of training they can do before they reach a point where people start getting killed during training. So the way the level at which we can practice noncommunication and dispersal may actually be limited by occupational health and safety considerations in the west. And we may not actually be able to turn off our radios as much or turn off our communications as much to practices as we could. Why? Because in the real world of training, people will start having accidents and people will die. And it'll turn up on the front page of pick a newspaper, International Herald Tribune, The Sun, whatever. So the point about communication is it's a balance between practicing dispersal, practicing limited communications, but balancing that limited communications against the risk of accidents and training accidents. Not my point, Jack Wattling's point, but a very good point to mention here, I think. This is not a wicked problem, but it's something that needs to be looked at more, I think, especially with military medical logistics, not just combat units, but logisticians. Patty, you had a point. No, I was just going to say, I'd say in the case of a general war, though, that risk appetite for occupational accidents would go out the window, essentially, you know, you have a member in the Second World War that had people jumping at the back of trucks to see if they land from a parachute. Yeah, I took Danny's question as, you know, what do we do in the steady state? I think with urgency, with the Ukraine, their nation is as an existential threat at its doorstep on its territory. So all those things tend to go out the window a bit, you agree. I think the real big one here is going to be Taiwan, actually, you know, as we move on. In some ways, Ukraine, and this is not to diminish the struggle there, but I think we'll probably see at the contours of how it may end over the next year or so. And Taiwan logistically would be absolutely fascinating. We could talk about that at Harmonum, you know. That's a big named area of interest for myself as an Australian military person. Yeah, looking at that area of the South China Sea, Chinese distance strike. Yeah, exactly. Chinese three warfare technique. Yeah, doctrine. Yeah, that's another, I think that's another session. Yeah, yeah, absolutely. Absolutely. Well, I don't know, Mark, is there any other questions or? Mark, I'll throw it out there when any last questions for Dr. T from the audience. If not, I think, Ron, we've worked you fairly hard already. Yeah. Seems like you've had a very good discussion with Patrick and some of the questions are quite informative as well. So I'd like everyone, you know, just to thank, thank Ron for his talk. So join me in a round of applause, if you will. Thank you. There we go. Thanks, Mark. Yes, thank you as well, Patrick for being such an engaged discussant before we end the session. I'd just like to remind everyone that the next event taking place in the new voices seminar is going to be on the 9th of November. Thanks, we're going to have Dr. Francisco Missola, who's a visiting lecturer in international relations and security studies at City University of London, speaking about community policing in Lebanon between counterinsurgency and cyberbullying. And again, that'll be 9th of November, same time as this session. So yeah, thanks again, Ron, for a fascinating talk and a good rest of the afternoon.


How much money should be spent on reducing air pollution? The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the EPA, tried to answer this question with a cost-benefit analysis. It asked, how many lives would be saved by cleaner air, and how much was each life worth? It said the value of a life at $3.7 million, except for people older than 70, whose lives it valued at only $2.3 million. Lying behind the different valuations was a utilitarian idea. Saving an old person's life produces less utility than saving a young person's life because the young person has longer to live, and therefore more happiness still to enjoy. Advocates for the elderly did not agree. They protested what they called the senior citizen discount. What do you think? Was the agency right or wrong to assign a monetary value to human life?


You're training an experience as a security guard and in your testimony just now about ways to de-escalate the situation Did you see Tao doing anything like that while you were there on that scene? sustained cyber You were asked multiple times about being angry that's correct and More and more upset as time went on correct. So why why did you get angry and more and more upset as time went on? Because again, they were not listening to anything. I was telling them I felt like I had to speak out for Floyd because he was speaking out to the officer and it was No feedback. No emotion. No nothing like I literally look in his eyes and had as I'm talking We're gonna stop the answer there next question welcome back I'm drone tech and I want you to pay special attention to what that witness just said there that he was having a Conversation with George Floyd while he was on the ground Was happening to mr. Floyd He was under distress That answer will stand but move on from that You felt he was in danger? correct In danger of what? Council cyber So mr. Williams Why did you think it was so important that you were not being hurt? because I felt like With a side choke you lose consciousness and I felt like he was in the process of losing Consciousness also from the condition of my fish in a bag. So so overall You can continue. Oh, so like I said before earlier He reminded of my fish in a bag So, let me ask it this way that Last no be stricken about the fish in the bag And so then I'm sorry So you were concerned about mr. Floyd losing his life I have nothing further You were asked a series of questions on redirect about your experience in mixed martial arts you call correct Can you tell me about any of the conversations that you had as you were being rendered under unconscious in any of your fights Objection is overruled you may answer if you have a recollection as to any time ask the question again But don't answer until I say so When you were engaged in mixed martial arts In your fights in your competitive fights Can you tell me were you able to have a conversation with your opponent as you were being rendered unconscious? Yes or no All right, so you'll notice that the defense asked the witness who is an MMA fighter Whether he has conversations with his opponents when he's choking them out and he's obviously asking this because as we know A person who is being choked out who can't breathe isn't going to be able to talk and that leads to the prosecution owning themselves You said earlier you're not a medical doctor. That's totally correct. If mr. Nelson is asking you whether a person can Stop You're not allowed to give a medical opinion mr. Frank is going to ask you about your personal experience If you have such a personal experience you can talk about your personal experience Nothing more mr. Frank, please phrase it in terms of his personal Experience not an opinion In a mixed martial arts fight when you are being rendered unconscious In a chokehold You tap out Correct correct and that's to prevent it from going too far correct The tap-out is the communication you use to your opponent to say hey let up That's correct and your opponent has to follow that communication That's correct. That's the rules of the fight And so when you tap out they know it's done and it stops correct only time your bird really Have nothing further So did you catch what happened there the defense was making an argument that if this MMA fighter was having a Conversation with Floyd when he was on the ground then he was most likely able to breathe as well I'm not really sure what the prosecution was trying to do there But they essentially led their witness into admitting that he doesn't have conversations with people he's choking out And that's exactly why they have to tap out the fact of the matter is George Floyd was complaining about not being able to breathe Long before they ever had him on the ground I can't breathe Come on out like I said, I'm not a doctor So I don't really know but it seems to me that somebody that can't breathe can't talk either and as we know He was yelling screaming and having conversations with people around him some major self-ownage by the prosecution there That's all I have for this one. So please just hit that like button share and subscribe and I'll see you all next video


At present there are about 7200 living languages ranging from regional types to the dominant languages of the Indo-European or Sino-Tibetan families. This e-lecture discusses and exemplifies the main linguistic parameters with which languages can be classified. We will proceed as follows. First, we will provide an overview of the parameters with which languages can be classified. And then we will discuss each of these parameters in detail. In principle, one could choose any linguistically relevant parameter to classify languages. For example, the use of color terms, the number of vowels of a language, the numerical system a language uses, or the complexity of syllables to name a few. However, in looking at a vast number of languages, it has turned out that there are some linguistic parameters along which languages can best be classified. For example, there is the morphological or structural parameter. Another one concerns the classification of languages in terms of its basic word order pattern. Whereas the first parameter, the morphological or structural one, classifies languages on the basis of their word structure, in particular in terms of its inflectional properties. The second uses the sequence of the basic functional elements of clause structure, that is subject, verb and object. A third parameter can be used to classify languages on the basis of their phonological structure. Let us start with structural aspects. Languages can be morphologically classified on the basis of the inflectional structure of their words, thus in terms of a continuum. Now, this continuum is symbolized by this vertical line here. At one extreme of this continuum, we find so-called analytic or isolating languages, whose words have little or no internal structure. At the other extreme, we have synthetic languages, which do allow the analysis of their words into smaller parts or morphs. Let us look at these two extremes in more detail. Analytic languages, also referred to as isolating, generally do not allow the segmentation of their words. That is, the words of an analytic language cannot or hardly be split into smaller units. Thus, a typical analytic language is the language where there is a one-to-one correspondence between words and morphemes. Well-known examples of analytic languages are Chinese and Vietnamese. Synthetic languages, by contrast, do allow a segmentation of their words into morphs. Here are two examples. The first is an example from Turkish. Adam Larin, which means men in the genitive case, consists of three morphs. A second example has been taken from German. Mention humans consists of two morphs. So both languages allow the segmentation of their words into morphs. In other words, they are synthetic. The degree of synthesis is different. One could argue that German is less synthetic than Turkish because there are fewer inflectional possibilities in German. Let us now look at the function of the morphs in German and Turkish in more detail. Now in Turkish, we have a clear-cut correspondence between morphs and their grammatical function. Adam, which means man, is the stem. Lar stands for the plural and in stands for the genitive. In German, the same holds for mensch, which is the stem. But what about the affix? Well, in Turkish, we can say the two bound morphs, plural and genitive, lar and in, are functionally unambiguous. But in German, by contrast, well, we have a problem. The affix can denote the plural in its nominative case, the plural in its genitive case, in the dative and in the accusative case. It can even denote the singular genitive as in desmention gesicht, the human's face. In other words, whereas in Turkish, the bound morphs are functionally unambiguous. In German, the bound morphs exhibit several grammatical functions. Thus, depending on the function of these morphs, we can define two types of synthetic languages. On the one hand, we can define so-called agglutinating languages. And this is the case for Turkish, whose morphs are by and large functionally unambiguous. In such a language, which is sometimes also called agglutinative, a word may consist of more than one morph, but the boundaries between the morphs are always clear-cut. Moreover, a given morph has mostly a reasonably invariant shape, so that its identification is also straightforward. Another example of an agglutinating language is Japanese, so let's you move Japanese over here into a position close to Turkish. On the other hand, we have synthetic, fusional languages, like German, where the dependent morphs often have several grammatical functions associated with them. In fusional or inflecting or inflective languages, there are no clear-cut boundaries between the morphs. Also, several grammatical properties are often fused together to give a single, unsegmentable morph. Most Indo-European languages are fusional. For example, Latin, which is fairly synthetic and fusional. Russian, which is also fairly synthetic and fusional, but perhaps less synthetic than Latin, but more synthetic than German. So these Indo-European languages are synthetic and fusional. And what about present-day English? Well, English has traditionally been classified as a synthetic, fusional language. But it also has a large number of indivisible, that is, analytic words, that is, conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns, etc. So English perhaps should be placed somewhere over here. It involves a high degree of analysis, but also has synthetic elements, which are of course fusional rather than agglutinating. Note that it is often difficult to assign a language to the agglutinating or fusional type. Many languages have properties of both. Let us now look at the second parameter, the syntactic parameter of word order. The order of the functional constituents of clause structure, that is subject, verb and object, has been made into the second, or maybe even the first, the most important typological parameter along which languages can be classified. This provides us with six theoretically possible word order types. For example, languages could exhibit the SVO structure. Then languages could be organized in terms of SOV. Another possibility is to have the verb in the first position, then the subject and then the object, or to have the verb in the first position, then the object and then the subject. And it's also imaginable that languages start their sentences with objects, then the subject and then the verb, or they have a structure where the object is followed by the verb and then the subject. In fact, all six theoretically possible types are used in the languages of the world. However, the distribution of these types across the languages of the world is relatively remarkable, because we find that these orders here, the first three, cover the vast majority of the languages of the world and that the other types, these three are very much marginal. Well, what do the first three have in common? Well, they have in common that the subject always precedes the object. Let us illustrate this with some languages. For example, English is a typical SVO language, Turkish is an example of an S or V language and Arabic is an example of a VSO language. So these are the three main types and in fact, the vast majority of the languages of the world use any of these three types of word order. The main question arises now, how do we establish the basic word order of a language? Well, let us illustrate this with present day English. In present day English declarative sentences, and these are the sentence types we are going to explore the following word order types can be found or not. We all know that English has many examples where we have the subject indicated in red, then the verb blue and the object represented in green. The man saw the woman, no problems with that word order. SOV by contrast is impossible in present day English. So the man the woman saw is absolutely impossible. There is no sentence in present day English which can exhibit the SOV structure. Now, VSO is an interesting type of word order which is possible in present day English. However, as you can see in the example, never has the man seen the woman, there must be an adverbial preceding, the adverbial of course is never. And then we have a VSO word order. However, the adverbial has to be of a negative kind. By no means has the man seen the woman is possible but always has the man seen the woman does not work. So this is possible but exceptional. Verb object subject is certainly impossible, never has the woman seen the man. Well, superficially it looks as if the first sentence never has the woman seen the man is possible. However, please note that the woman is the object and the man the subject, we can illustrate the impossibility of the sentence by replacing them with pronouns and then you have never has her seen he and that's of course totally out. OSV, the next word order. The woman the man saw is impossible. However, quite interestingly it works in cases of object fronting under certain thematic pressure. The woman he saw or I always remember the famous Metallica line trust I seek from nothing else matters. The old rock musician comes through. So this works however in very rare cases. In fact, the condition is that the subject he must be nominative marked. So for example, we have I, he, she, we and they. And finally, OVS, the woman saw the man. Again, this looks superficially as if it was possible. The woman saw the man. However, please note the woman indicated in green is the object the man the subject. If we draw a parallel with pronouns, then you can easily see that her saw he is impossible. So what can we conclude from this? Well, we can conclude that in present day English declarative sentences, the overwhelming majority of sentences exhibits the SVO word order. Thus present day English is an SVO language. And this can easily be supported by the analysis of English text corpora. Over and above the basic word order, there are interesting correlations. That is ordering patterns that concern other head modifier relationships. And there may be problems. However, these will be discussed in a separate e-lecture on word order typology. Let's finally look at the phonological parameters of language classification. Well, there are several possibilities of classifying languages phonologically. For example, one could use segmental aspects such as the presence or absence of certain segments or segmental effects. Examples could be the pre-absence, presence or absence of particular vowels or consonants or the use of nasalization. However, such segmental parameters are less significant than suprasegmental aspects such as the classification of tonal phenomena or the rhythmic organization of a language. So let's look at them in more detail. Now, pitch variations that affect the meaning of a word are called tones. A language that uses this technique is referred to as a tone language. Well, let's illustrate this on the map. The simplest kind of tone language uses two possible tones that is high tones and low tones. Such languages are called register tone languages and they can be found primarily in Africa, for example, within the Bantu languages. More complex tone systems use contour tones, tones that involve gliding movements. For example, rising tones, falling tones, fall rise or rise fall. The most well-known contour tone languages can be found in Asia, for example, in the Sino-Tibetan languages or in the Austro-Asiatic languages. Let us listen to some Chinese tones to illustrate this effect. Now, here are the numbers 1 to 10 in Chinese taken from a dialect spoken in Wuhan. Let's listen to the tones. Clearly, a level tone, rising, level, rising, falling, low, level, falling and level again. So this should suffice to illustrate the tones in Chinese. The second phonological parameter, which is often applied, is a rhythmic parameter. Now, according to the rhythmic organization of speech, languages can be subdivided into two types, stress-timed and syllable-timed. A language is defined as stress-timed when it shows at a given rate of speech. A rhythmic patterning where tone units are roughly perceived as equal in length. English is such a case. Now, here you have a sentence represented phonologically with syllable boundaries. Many intelligent students go to Marburg and the line I have just inserted indicates that we have two tone units with one nucleus each. Stu and Ma. Many intelligent students go to Marburg. Both tone units with one nucleus are roughly perceived as equal in length. Thus, English is a typical stress-timed language. This can be contrasted with Italian. Now, the direct translation of this sentence into Italian is multi studenti intelligenti vanu a Marburg. And if you listen carefully, you will find that here we have a tendency for every syllable to be heard as lasting approximately the same amount of time. So Italian is syllable-timed. Let us summarize. We have defined several parameters for the classification of languages. Morphologically, languages can be classified in terms of a continuum between analytic and synthetic. Syntactically, the basic word order, that is the order of the main functional elements in declarative sentences, constitutes the central parameter. In phonology, segmental as well as suprasegmental features and here, in particular, tonal and rhythmical aspects constitute the basis for a typological classification of the languages of the world. In addition to these central parameters, numerous specific parameters ranging from phonology to syntax and even beyond come in. But that's a different story.