Hello viewers. This is a much awaited special video brought to you by Shankara Ace Academy. Day before yesterday, the UPSC civil services preliminary 2021 examination concluded. And from then on we have been getting numerous requests from the aspirants to discuss the question paper. So this is a video on those lines. And this is going to be a comprehensive subject-wise discussion by our subject experts come faculties of Shankara Ace Academy. In this discussion, we are not only going to discuss the correct answers, but we are going to discuss how to arrive at the correct answer, why to eliminate a statement and how to eliminate a statement. So we are going to have a 360 degree discussion of a question. And in this discussion we have taken series A question paper of problems. We have also uploaded the answer key for all other series in our IIS Parliament website. So this video will be helpful for those who have attended problems 2021 examination. And it will be also of great help to those who are preparing for the problems 2022 examination. It will guide you on how to approach a question in the examination. Along with this, I also have another important announcement regarding mainstreaming 2021. As you know, mainstreaming is the most comprehensive UPSC mains 2021 test series conducted by Shankara Ace Academy. And this test series starts on 24th October 2021. So those who want to participate in this test series, please register now itself. So with this, let us move on to the question paper discussion. Students, we are going to discuss about the economics questions which are asked in the yesterday's preliminary examination. So question number one, consider the following statements. The governor of the Reserve Bank of India is appointed by the central government. So we have to check whether the statement is right or wrong. According to the Reserve Bank of India Act of 1934, this statement is right one. According to the RB Act of 1934, the government is empowered to appoint the governor for RBI. So RB Act 1934 validates the statement number one. Now comes the statement number two, certain provisions in the Constitution of India give the central government the right to issue directions to the RBI in public interest. So here the tricky part of this statement is certain provisions in the Constitution of India. That is given in the question. But it is not given in the Constitution of India. So even though we may have some opinion, other things are given in the union list, banking is one of the union list. Even though we may have some perception like that. But here these things are given to the government under the RB Act of 1934. So the statement becomes wrong one because of the word Constitution of India. RB Act of 1934 has empowered the government to give directions based on the public interest. So the statement two is ruled out because of the inclusion of the word Constitution of India. Now comes the third one. The governor of the RBI draws his power from the RB Act. It is a right or wrong statement. So the governor of the RBI draws his power from the RB Act according to section 7 of the RB Act of 1934. So statement three is right one. Statement one is a right one. But statement two alone is wrong because of the inclusion of the word Constitution of India. If it is given as RB Act of 1934, then second is also right one. So here based on the statement given by UPSC, statement number two is wrong. Statement one is right. Statement three is right. This takes us to the option C. So C is the option to the question number one. Now question number two students. With reference to casual workers employed in India, consider the following statements. All casual workers are entitled for employees provident fund coverage. So even based on the recent Supreme Court ruling, Supreme Court has mentioned that all casual workers are entitled for employees provident fund coverage same like the regular workers. So the employees should not deny them the benefits. So they should also be given the benefits. So based on the recent Supreme Court verdict, so we come to the conclusion that statement number one is right. And second one, all casual workers are entitled for regular working hours and overtime payment. Statement number two is right or wrong means all casual workers are entitled for regular working hours. Even though the employees they have the flexibility of calling them at any point of time, but here also the statement says that entitled for regular working hours and overtime payment. It is right or wrong means yes it is right. So statement number two all casual workers are entitled for regular working hours and overtime payment. Sorry it is a right statement. Then comes the third one. The government can so first one and two are the common thing students. Actually we would not get any doubt from the statement one or two. But here we will be getting more confusion only in the statement number three. So what the statement three says means the government can by a notification specify that an establishment or industry shall pay wages only through its bank account. Here we may have a confusion sir the word only is given. So is it only okay is it possible for the government to make it mandatory on the employees? We will get doubt like that. So what is the point is here is the government actually based on the recent amendment changes what the government can do is government they can pass a notification and they can classify a particular group of industries coming into the category of notified industries. Once the things are notified once the industries are notified by the government then those industrial players those employers they have to mandatorily make the payment only through the bank account. But if the industries are not notified by the government then those industries they are entitled or they are permitted to make the payment through the cash form or any other form which is convenient to them. But the industries which are notified by the government for those industries the rules will become immediately applicable. So mandatorily they have to make the payment only through the mode which is specified by the government which means only through the bank account. So in that angle so here it is not given as all the companies. So here it is clearly given that government can by a notification specify that an establishment or industry. So government whether government has got that power means yes government has got the ability of giving notification and then classify them as notified non-notified industries then for the notified industries so when the rules will become immediately applicable. So this is about the statement number three. So here the only should be approach in that context. So this makes us to accept the statement number three. When we accept the statement number one and statement number three this takes us to the option one and then second one two. One, two and three when we take all the three statements in a combined manner so it takes us to the option D. So option D is the right answer for the question number two. Then students the next one is which among the following steps is most likely to be taken at the time of an economic recession. Students we all know that economic recession is a downturn in an economy. So at that time we expect the government to provide the maximum possible stimulus packages to the economy. So what are the things which the government or the activities which are done by the government. If they have the ability of triggering or stimulating the economy then we call them as the steps which will support the economy to revive. So now we are going to have a check on those statements which has got the ability or potential to revive the economy or to accelerate the growth of an economy during the time of recession. So we are going to have a check on the statements. So number one cut in tax rates accompanied by increase in tax increase in interest rate. So here the first part of the statement is right cut in tax rate means you are bringing down the tax rates you are slashing the tax rates. So when you do that automatically so it is an incentive given by the government to the to the to the to the industries as well as other participants of the economy. So you are stimulating them you are supporting them but when you increase the interest rate so it is not incentivizing factor. So it will disincentivize the economy it won't support the economy so it won't help the economy to rebuild. So statement one is ruled out because of the inclusion of the word increase in interest rate. So this is not the right one. So statement one is wrong. Second one increase in expenditure on public projects. Public project means government when they invest in public projects so government will do expenditure when the government starts doing expenditure. More money will be pumped into the economy when more money gets pumped into the economy. Then it will be having the more money circulation then the economic growth will increase will improve demand will improve and then people will get more jobs. So it is a more money supply so this will result in the revival of the economy. So second one is right because you are increasing the expenditure which will increase the demand of an economy. So the the main objective during the recession is pressing the demand accelerator. This move this move means increase in expenditure on public projects will press the demand accelerator of an economy. So undoubtedly second one is a right statement. So B is the right answer according to the up to option number two. So now let us have a check on the option C and D also then let us come to a conclusion. So this option C is increase in tax rates accompanied by reduction of interest rate. So here the same thing increase in tax rate here the in the first statement number one first part is right cut in tax rate slash you are slashing the tax rates. But you are increasing interest rate that is wrong. But in the third statement increase in tax rates. So it is not a right move. So the first part of the question is ruled out. It would not support the economy for revival. But second part accompanied by reduction in interest rate reduction of interest rate is a stimulating measure. This will definitely support the growth of an economy but the first part is wrong. So the statement three can be ruled out because it is not a because as a complete statement it is a wrong statement. Because it is a part of right and then wrong measure. So statement C can be ruled out. Now comes the statement number four reduction of expenditure on public projects. So it is exactly opposite to the statement number two. So when you say that statement number one is statement B is right means then automatically statement D is ruled out. So when the government cut down the expenditure automatically it will bring down the money supply of an economy. So the growth will be curtailed and then it won't help the economy during recession. Instead it will magnify or aggravate the recession of an economy. So statement four is ruled out. So based on this we come to the conclusion that only option B is the right one. So this is about the question number three. So question number three answer is option B. Now let us move on to the option number four. Consider the following statements. Other things remaining unchanged. So here you should give importance to this word unchanged. Other things remaining unchanged. Market demand for a good might increase if. So it is a microeconomics based question. So here the question is checking the awareness of a student about what happened to the demand. Demand when the other things remain unchanged. So you have to make a comparison between the statements. So statement number one. Price of it substitute increase. So it is statement number one. Let us analyze the statement number one. So what the statement says means price of the substitute increase. So here you should have the economic understanding what is meant by the substitute goods in economics. So what are substitute goods means let me tell you some example. For example we have two goods or any number of goods. A good which has got the ability of replacing a particular good. We call it as a substitute good. For example when you take any cool drinks for example Coke or Pepsi. Instead of Coke you could consume the Pepsi also. Or tea or coffee whatever may be the thing. So the thing is a good which can be consumed in the place of another good. Here imagine there is a good A on good B. Good B if it has got the ability of getting substituted in the place of A. So here when the price of the substitute increases automatically demand will get shifted to the product A. And because of that A will witness a price rise. So the statement number one is right one. Because price of the substitute increases means it will automatically lead to the increase in the price of A. So accordingly the statement one is right. And the price of the compliment increases. So here the second statement we have to understand we should have the clarity what is meant by complimentary goods in economics. For example complimentary goods are like supporting goods. We may not consume the good all alone. So the good needs the support of the other goods. For example you can take the example of bread or butter or bread and jam. So these things are compliment each other. So here the thing is moreover they are independent of each other. So here independent so when we consume so we could compliment each other. But here price angle they are independent. When the price of the jam or butter increases in no way it will result in the increase in the price of the bread. So they are independent. The price levels remain independent. So accordingly the compliment increase will not have the impact on the price levels. So statement two can be ruled out. Then comes the third one. So here students the good is an inferior good and income of the consumers increases. So here it is clearly given that inferior goods. So we should have the understanding what is meant by inferior good in economics. Inferior goods means these are the goods which are lower in price. Which are normally consumed by the people at the lower income levels. When your income is lower normally you prefer to consume those goods. For example take for example groceries. Groceries are anything groceries or you could take for transport the mode of transport whatever may be. So groceries means what you will do means for example take for example rice or anything any groceries what you are purchasing. Normally we opt for buying the groceries which are low priced in nature when we are at the low income level. But when the income improves we do not buy more number of or we do not spend more on those inferior goods. What we do means we try to shift our focus on the goods which are high priced. Which means high priced means we shift to the quality. So inferior goods means these are the goods which are consumed by the people due to their low income level. But when the income improves they do not spend more on those goods instead they keep the they actually shift the focus to the other high priced or high quality goods. So here accordingly the statement number one is sorry statement three is wrong. The good is an inferior good and income of the consumers increases means it will not increase the market demand will not increase instead the market demand will come down. So here statement one market demand will increase whereas statement number two market demand will decrease whereas statement number three the market demand will decrease the focus will get shifted. Now comes the statement number four the price falls. So that is the normal thumb rule of economics economics based on the general logic when the price falls it is a triggering factor for increasing the market demand for goods. So accordingly if the price falls in an economy automatically the demand will increase in the economy. So accordingly statement one and four are the right statements the demand will increase during the scenario of one and four two and three are ruled out. So answer to the question is one and four are the right statements. So option A is the right answer. Now let's move on to the next one. Next one with reference to urban cooperative banks in India consider the following statements. So you know that this question is asked by the UPSE because recently we have the we have made some changes in the urban cooperative banks by doing the amendments in the Banking Regulation Act of India. We made the amendments and we have made respective changes on the urban cooperative banks based on this aspect the question has been asked by UPSE. Now let's look at the statements. Statement number one they are supervised and regulated by local boards set up by the state government. It was the case earlier but now they are coming directly under the control of RBI. So statement number one can be ruled out okay based on the amendment they directly come under the RBI. So the amendments as empower the RBI to directly control or supervise the activities of urban cooperative bank. So completely it's the wrong statement references the Banking Regulation Act amendment of 2020. Okay so the statement number one is ruled out. Second point they can issue equity shares and preference shares. So here student is not given they should go for public offering. So they should get listed these things are given it seems a simple statement they could issue equity shares and preference shares. Yes they can issue because when they start they will start always with a particular amount of paid up capital. So automatically the concept of shares preference shares everything come in. So statement number two is a right one then comes the third one. They were brought under the purview of the Banking Regulation Act 1949 through an amendment in 66 it is a factual one. So here the UPSC checks our understanding whether it was on 1966 or based on the recent amendment. Okay just they are trying to confuse us. So very simple one. So if you had prior awareness that the urban cooperative banks were brought under the control of the Banking Regulation Act on 1966. Automatically we will just we will accept the statement. So statement three is a right statement and the year 1966 given in the statement is right. So not after 19 not after 2020 from 1966 onwards the urban cooperative banks were brought under the purview of the Banking Regulation Act of India. So statement three is right. So two and three are right. So based on this we are going for the option B. Option B is right answer two and three are the right answers. One alone is wrong because it is given that it is not under the it is under the local votes now after the amendment the things got changed. Okay shall we move on to the next one. Now the next one it is a conceptual question. Indian government bond yields influenced by which of the following. So we all know that yield is nothing but it is a return on investments. So you know about the coupon rate or the interest is the returns what we generate based on the principle. But yield is quite a different concept where it is a returns based on the investment. So here we are going to have a check at the statements whether which among the statements are right. So statement one actions of the United States Federal Reserve. You all know that in the financial market whatever decision taken by the Federal Reserve will have a huge impact on the other economies of the world will be a not only ripple effect will be having a significant impact. So whatever they take based on that the investments will come to our economy investments will move or the interest rates so in all the areas it will be having the significant impact. So statement one is undoubtedly right one. Second one actions of the Reserve Bank of India definitely Reserve Bank of India whatever action whatever announcements they are doing in the economy accordingly money supply may increase or decrease. Interest rates may undergo a change and all these things happens correspondingly will be having impact on the yield. Because yield is actually because there are certain things first you should understand how the yield is connected. Yield is based on the other macroeconomic perspectives of an economy. For example yield is connected to the prevailing interest rate of economy yield is connected to the money supply in an economy. So all these things and then based on the RBA monetary policy based on the Fed actions so all these things are interconnected with the yield. So based on this we accept that state number two is right it is a conceptual understanding. Then third one inflation and short term interest rates. So short term interest rates actually gives an indication about the short term value of money. Short term value of money gives an indication about the availability of money in an economy or how costlier is the money availability in an economy. Accordingly we will be having the demand for the securities in the economy. When the money supply is plenty then the demand varies. When the money supply is in a deficit level then the demand changes. According to the change in the demand for the securities the interest rates on the yield will be simultaneously affected. So this is the understanding what it should have. So here the statement number three is also right inflation and short term interest rate. So directly it will impact the money value of an economy. So statement one two three all three are right. So then comes the question number seven. Consider the following foreign currency convertible bonds, foreign institutional investment with certain conditions, global deposited receipts and non-resident external deposits. So students actually it is a very tricky question. Many of you would have felt difficult or somehow you attended but the thing is you would have felt difficult while attending the question. Let me make the clarification because technically saying during the days of your preparation most of you would have learnt these things under the foreign institutional investment category. But now the VPC has asked a question which among the following can be included. So normally when the question is asked normally we write these things under the example for foreign institutional investment. But here the question is very clear. So which means which of the above can be included. Which means even though we call them as foreign institutional investment which of the above can be included in FDA which has got the possibility of getting included. So here you should have the understanding students. So normally the foreign investments when they enter into our country we normally classify them into two segments. One is foreign direct investments and the next one is called as foreign portfolio investments. Foreign direct investments we say that the investments which are coming with the objective of doing the business in our economy having the long term which will stay in the economy for longer period like that we may make some definitions. But foreign portfolio investments means here we say that these investments are entering into our economy with the objective of making some short term speculative gain. So just they are getting invested in the market for some short term gain or from some medium term gain like that. But here you should have the understanding there for example FDA you all know we all know. Foreign portfolio investment means here we have some examples like foreign institutional investments and then here we say that NRA investments or person of Indian origin PIO. All these investments which enter into our economy and apart from this here for example mutual funds hedge funds everything come under this FII. So all these like this we classify the foreign portfolio investments. But here students we have a ceiling when the foreign portfolio investments are entering into our economy FII or NRA for example. FII when they enter we have a ceiling saying that in maximum amount up to which FII investments can take place in our economy is 24% age. On the same angle when the NRA and PIO here I am not talking about the individual investment. Individual means it is a different category 5% age like that it is some other numbers. But here overall NRA and PIO when they make investments then we say that it should be maximum of 10% age. But here also we permit them so when they want to increase the level you can increase up to the maximum level of 24% age. Here from 24 the FII investments can be increased up to the permissible ceiling. For example some sectors we say up to 30% age. Some sectors we say that it is permitted up to 49% age. Some sectors we permit up to 74. Some sectors we permit up to 100% age. So up to the maximum possible permissible limit we allow the foreign institutional investment to go up to the permissible limit. 24, 30 or like the 49 or 74 or 100 like that we allow it. But here for institutional investments they are called as FII's or FPIs. Only when they come within the level of 24 or when they come within the level of 10% age. But here when they exceed this level but before exceeding you should get the prior permission from the Reserve Bank of India and all. When it exceeds the permissible level then these foreign institutional investments they have the ability of getting called as foreign direct investments. But normally they are technically they are foreign institutional investments. So in that dimension the question is asked by the UPSC. But normally when they are within the regular limits we call them as foreign institutional investments. But when they cross the limits then actually they become the direct investments in the company because the limits are going beyond. They become the direct investments in the company. So then we start calling them as foreign direct investments. So now we are going to approach a look at the statement which among the things or things can be included in the foreign direct investments. Which means now we get the point. So when they cross the limit when they go beyond that it could be included. So among the four which can be included now we are going to look in that perspective. Now point number one. Foreign currency convertible bonds. So undoubtedly so when it is within the level of 24 or within level of 10% for NRA and PIO we call them as the foreign portfolio investments or FIIs. So here when the bond investments becomes a huge source of fund mobilization or when they becomes a huge source of resource mobilization for the particular company. Then when the RBI or the government approves it then it has got the ability of getting considered as foreign direct investments. So I am going to mobilize my funds through the convertible bonds. You know that convertible bonds are the bonds which has got the ability of getting converted into equities after the particular point of time. So when they become the equity investments automatically they become the stakeholders, they become the promoters, they become the foreign direct investors in the company. It has got the ability of getting considered as the foreign direct investments. So statement number one is right. They are convertible bonds. And next one is foreign institutional investment in certain conditions. So here the word foreign institutional investment in certain conditions which means which means it is open ended. Here the UPSC has not given what are those conditions. So we have to go for the assumption when the conditions are permitted to make them investments in the long term. So short term actually is the nature of the FIIs but here the certain conditions. So then it has got the ability of getting classified as foreign institutional investment. And then apart from the global depositor receipts. You all know that depositor receipts are the certificates which are issued by the companies to the foreign investors. For example, when you have Indian companies, when they want to, when they plan to mobilize the funds from the global market, they go there. Then they issue the securities in the overseas market. Then for corresponding the security, you will be having the, then for the particular security, you will be having the corresponding quantity of shares which are mentioned in those documents. Which means the depositor receipts what you are selling there has got the ability of getting converted into the equities. So you can convert them according to the market value of securities. When those receipts are issued beyond the permissible level, beyond the FIIs ceilings. Then it has also got the ability of getting considered as the foreign direct investments in an economy. In this angle we assume that, we assume that okay it has got the ability of getting considered. But normally so many things are, it is normally all these things are classified as FII means yes, it is FII. When they are done within the level of 5% age 8 or 9 like that. Because within this point also you should have the understanding student. For example, when the FII limit is 24% age means, normally FII they invest in our economy through our banks, through our fund managers only. They make their investments into, in our securities. When they do that directly up to 24% age we do not permit in our economy. Or to be first they set a limit ceiling level, permissible level which means 24 is the cap for the particular sector. Then they permit the investments only up to 22% age which means 2% age lower than the permissible level. Then once the level gets hit, which means before 22, 24 is the level, 22 is the permissible level, lower ceiling. Once the 22 gets hit means then for each and every transaction which happens beyond the 22 we should get the permission from RBI. So RBI monitors and checks whether it is exceeding that or not. So like that we have some regulations for FII, 24% age means from 22 level we will let the banks to accept the flows and to make the investment. But beyond that okay we do not permit them each and every step should go through the RBI. Like that 10% is for NRI PIO means up to 8% age we let the things to happen freely in the economy. Beyond that RBI steps in, each and every step is monitored by the RBI. So in this angle when it goes beyond that it could be considered as the foreign direct investment in the economy. So that is the basis based on which we have arrived at the answer for this question. Now comes the fourth one. Sir why not non-resident external deposits? So either it is the NRE account or NRO account or foreign currency non-resident account FCNR. So these are considered as the deposits which means they are the liabilities of the banks to the customers. They are not the investments made on securities. They are not the investments made on the promotional capital of the company. It is the money actually received by our country but that is not the investment. So in that sense we could not exactly say or we could not classify it as the investment. Even it goes beyond any level NRI investments or FDI, NRI investments when goes beyond certain level FDI within the level it could be FPA. But these accounts the money which they have deposited with the banks or the liabilities of the banks no way they could be classified as the foreign direct investments. So in that way we are concluding that statement one is right, statement two is right, statement three is right and statement four could not be considered as foreign direct investment. Students this is about this question. So answer to the question is statement one is right, two is right, three is right. So actually UPS has asked this question so definitely many of you would have felt confusing. So actually it is the nature of the question. So here we are at this answer based on this logic. Now the next one. Consider the following statements. The effect of devaluation of a currency is that in necessarily. So question number eight. So is that it necessarily. The effect of devaluation of a currency is that it necessarily. So it is a conceptual question. So we have to approach a statement in a conceptual manner it is not factual. It is very simple question most of you would have enjoyed writing answer for this question. So what is the answer is statement number one. Devaluation improves the competitiveness of the domestic exports in the foreign market. We all know that while preparing for the examination we understood that devaluation they are the two opposite process. And you know about the objective behind the devaluation. Devaluation is the process what we undertake in an economy mainly with the objective of promoting the exports to improve the competitiveness. So in a devalu our things automatically our things will become more competitive in the global market. For example okay so for example imagine that I am exporting a pen. Pen at the price of one rupee one dollar. So here when the currency is at 70 rupee. So for one dollar earning I will get 70 rupees. So that is the earning which I have made through my export of one pen or water may be the commodity. So one dollar has fetched me 70 rupees. But when the government devalues the currency 70 will become 80 rupees. One dollar has become 80. In this scenario if I have made an earning of one dollar through the sale of my pen or through the export of my pen. So here what will happen is I will be able to make extra 10 rupees. So in this angle people are actually incentivized. So devaluation actually incentivize the people to go for exports at the same time. But here look at the statement improves the competitiveness. It is not about whether the exporters are benefited or not. So this is the idea of what I am transferring in your mind. But the statement is improves the competitiveness of the domestic exports in the foreign markets. For example my currency when they get devalued. So what happens for the respective foreign currency they need not spend more. For example look at the scenario one dollar is equal to 50. It is the case scenario number one. Scenario number two one dollar is equal to 25. 25 rupees. So in this angle for the 50 rupees. For example when my currency take the scenario number one dollar is equal to 25. For example when my exchange rate is 25.  Because the product is 50 rupees. But the exchange rate is one dollar is equal to 25. So here they have to pay two dollars to buy the product which is priced at 50 rupees. But when the currency gets devalued. So here the foreign people they will normally they could be able to buy with the one dollar. So here my product will become more cheaper in their market. When they become more cheaper the product will become more attractive in the market. When they become more attractive in the market then there will be competitiveness of the product will increase. In this way demand for my product will increase. When the demand increases overall sales will increase for my product. When the overall sales increases then overall revenue increases then you go back to the first point which I was telling which I was briefing you. When I earn more then when I convert into my respective home currency I could be able to make more earning. So here the logic is when the exchange rate is one dollar is equal to 25.  But when the exchange rate gets devalued for 50 rupees priced item they have to spend only one dollar. So the money which goes out of their pocket comes down. So this makes my product more attractive more makes more competitive in the global market. As a result more people will start buying so my product competitiveness will increase. At the same time you go back to the point which I have briefly at the start. So people also here the exporters are normally they also got incentivized. So they will be attracted to do more exports people also they attracted to buy our commodities. So we will be having the increase in the competitiveness of our products at the global level. So statement number one is right one. Second one increases the foreign value of domestic currency it is exactly opposite no students. So when the statement number one is right devaluation means it is the process what we are trying to bring down the value of our currency. So how this could be possible increases the foreign value of domestic currency decreases the foreign value. It is not increase it decreases the value of foreign currency it is wrong statement. Then third one improves the trade balance yes it may happen. So when my product gets when the product gets higher sales or sales increases in the global market. Then correspondingly I will be exporting more exporting more then I will be getting more revenue. So this will help the economy to address the gap or the trade deficit could be could be addressed. So these are the possibility so statement three is right. So it is not wrong improves the trade but it but we cannot exactly say it will happen it may happen. So the statement three cannot be rejected statement three could be accepted. So based on the understanding statement one is also right based on three years is also right. When you look for option so we find out that one and three option is not there. So I am not saying that option three is wrong option three can also be considered. But it is not like assurance it will happen it may happen in the economy. I am not saying that it will happen I am saying it may happen. So when it happens automatically so sorry by considering the right statement one and three are right. But here the option is given only one and three choice is not given. So we are going for the option A does it mean that three can be completely ruled out. So option one is right so this is about question number eight students. Now the next one which one of the following effects of creation of black money in India has been the main cause of worry to the government of India. We know that black money is the most disturbing event happening in the economy to the government of India. So based on this this question is asked by UPSC. So we have to check which one of the following effects of creation of black money India has been the main cause of worry. So you have to look at the word main cause of worry. So when you place the arguments are why not this why not this yes everything is right. But here main cause of worry among the four which one stands as the top most one top most worry. So here so when you when you think diversion of resources to the purchase of real estate. So is it not worrying the government when it plays your argument yes it will play it is definitely it is the cause of worry to the government. But here the question is not about one and two and three and four whether all the things three are right. Like the question is not framed. So we have to choose the best among the four. So diversion of resources to the purchase of real estate and investment in luxury housing it is right one. And investment in unproductive activities definitely. So we went for gold bonds and gold monetization everything based on this second one is also right one. Third one large donations electoral bonds large donations to political parties and growth of regionalism it sounds fine. So third is right one. So all three seems to be the perfect one is we cannot exactly deny them. Fourth one loss of revenue to the state extractor due to tax evasion. Here when we look at the fourth statement all the three automatically they come under the fourth statement. So when the diversion of resources happens it is a loss of revenue to the government. When the unproductive assets happen okay investment loss of revenue to the government and also current account deficit. Import huge import of gold and all. Then large donations to political parties yes obviously okay so it is a cause of worry to the government. So in this angle so all the things are worry but among the things the major worry to the government is loss of revenue to the state extractor due to tax evasion. Okay students so based on this we are coming to conclusion statement number four. D is the answer for the question number nine. So we are discussing the answer based on the series A so accordingly I am telling the serial number. So that may be changes in the serial number based on the question what you attended. So now the next question is tenth one. Which one of the following is likely to be the most inflationary in its effects? So the question is which one of the following is likely to be the most inflationary most. The thing is among the four we have to pick the scenario which is most appropriate. So repayment of public debt so here you may have some valid argument. So repayment of public debt means debt when the government example government there are internal debt external debt and all. So here when we make the repayment to the people automatically okay when the government repays the debt the money will increase in the economy. And then the money gets increased in the economy correspondingly be having the more money flow and then demand pull and all the things inflationary no. Like that we may place our arguments yes we have some level of validity. But here the counter argument is here the money what the government is repaying is not the new money created by the government. It is the money which is the existing money gets repaid by the government. So it is like shifting of money from one place to another place. In the previous case government would have been done the expenditure but here the people they got the diversion of money so they may do their consumption or investment expenditures in the economy. Then statement number two borrowing from the public to finance a budget deficit so it is completely not inflationary. Borrowing from the public it takes the money out of the system money goes from the economy to the government so it is completely anti-inflationary. So statement one has got some least chance of becoming the answer. Statement number two does not have the possibility of becoming the answer borrowing from the public will cut down the money supply and then this will attack the inflation at its roots. Roots means the demand will be curtailed so B is the wrong option. So then comes the option number C option C borrowing from the banks to finance a budget actually here also banks when the government is borrowing then the government would have got their needs fulfilled because they have got the money from the banks. Here it is the same like shifting of money from the banks to the government and one more sense if the government has not borrowed then the government would have lent these money to the industrial players or the individuals. These people they would have got the money so here the government has drained the money which was existing or available which was ready to be given to the people or ready for the economy they have absorbed it. So it is actually not going to make huge inflationary impact it is like shifting or it is attacking the money availability of the people. Next one comes the fourth one creation of new money to finance a budget deficit. So we all know that when the new money gets pumped into the economy even during the recession time we are arguing about the pumping the helicopter money even now we are discussing about the creation of new money for reviving the economy. So here the creation of new money to finance a budget deficit always increases the money supply from the existing level when the money supply increases automatically the thumb rule of inflation comes in. Demand pool and corresponding inflationary pressures will arise in the economy. But so the thing is answer is D undoubtedly so we could go for theoretically based on the theory. But in practice so the answer is let me conclude that for the question number 10 answer is D we have no doubt about it. But here based on the FRBM when you think just additional information I would like to add here. Based on the FRBM regulation we know that so the government has been mandated through the FRBM Act so government should not go for the monetized deficit. So when you approach in that angle so you may have doubt about the statement but here in those things are not given so we will not look in that way but just I am giving the value addition to this question that is all. So answer is undoubtedly option number option D so 10th one is over. So now comes the next question 11th one. The money multiplier in an economy increases with which one of the following. You know about the money multiplier concept. Here the question is about when does the money supply or money multiplier will increase in the economy. Increase in the cash reserve ratio. So will it increase the money multiplier? No. What it will do? It will reduce the money multiplier because more money will go to the RBI. The existing money in the system will come down drastically. It will not increase the money multiplier instead it will reduce the money multiplier of an economy. Second one increase in the SLR. Same thing SLR what will happen? You are keeping most of the money in the government securities or in the prescribed format. So as a result what will happen? Here the money will be invested only on the government securities you are confining them to certain investment levels. So this will also this won't lead to the increase in the money multiplier. Next one increase in the banking habit of the people. When the banking habit of the people the cash what the people or the cash transaction what the people will get reduced. And the more money goes in the system. When the money goes in the system gets released in the economy is loan. Then actually then money will do its travel or will do the velocity process. Then money once again comes into the banking. So each and every time when the money enters into the bank what they will do? They will release into the economy. Money will get multiplied in the economy for many number of times. So the third statement has got the possibility of increasing the money multiplication in the economy. So this is about the statement number C. Statement number C is right correct. Then comes the statement number D. Increase in the population of the country. So population increases means okay so population when you ask when you have the complication counter arguments. When the population increases when they earn more when they have the more money when they go to the bank bank and all what will happen. So these things are not given the question. So increase in the population of the country. So whether they may be rich they may be poor. So we are not sure about those things whether they have got the banking habit. But the third one is exactly hitting the target. So increase in the banking habit of the people. So this makes us to go for the option C. So undoubtedly option C is the right answer for the question number 11. Okay now we are moving on to the question number 12. With reference to Indian economy demand pull inflation can be caused or increased by which of the following. We know that the major cause of inflation demand pull and cost push. And then also we have the structural inflation bottleneck or other things. So demand pull inflation says that when the demand increases in an economy automatically will be having the increase in the price of an economy. So the question makes a check about what are the scenarios of increase in the demand of an economy. So you have to check what are the statements or what are the scenarios where we have witnessed the increase in the demand of an economy. Now look at the question with reference to Indian economy. So in Indian perspective demand pull inflation can be caused or increased by which of the following. Statement number one expansionary policy. We all know that expansionary and contractionary these are the two sided policies what we follow. Contractionary aiming to cut down the expenditure. So and then expansionary is the thing what we do or undertake to increase the growth of an economy. So here when the expansionary policies are implemented in the economy government will pump in more money into the economy. When the more money gets pumped into the economy then we will be having the more money supply when the money supply increases automatically. When the money supply increases then automatically the demand will increase. So this will lead to increase of inflation. Question is about demand pull inflation. So statement number one will create demand pull inflation in the economy. So statement number one is right. Then comes the statement number two fiscal stimulus. So we know that when the government decides to stimulate the economy what the government will do like the earlier discussion what we have done. When the government increases the expenditure then automatically so more money will circulate in the economy. So fiscal packages. You know about the recent thing. Admin will borrow stimulus packages like that. When the government supports the economy through the fiscal measures automatically this will create more money in the economy and then when the more money gets created in the economy or more money circulation gets created it will lead to inflation or demand pull. So second one is right statement. Then comes the third one inflation indexing wages. This is a tricky statement students. So inflation indexing. I am fixing. I am adjusting the wages according to the inflation. So definitely the wages are going to be increased. Wages increase means along with that money circulation will increase like that we may think about that. But here we are indexing the wages with the inflation. We are not increasing them beyond a substantial level like those things are not given. Just we are adjusting them according to the inflation. So this will just try to nullify the impact of inflation. It won't create that much new demand in the economy. So demand which is about to decrease so they will try to equalize it. So it is a thing which will try to nullify and neutralize the impact of the inflation in the economy. It won't lead to more demand pull factors in the economy. So the statement 3 can be taken out. So the statement 3 is not the right one. Then fourth one higher purchasing power. So you know that obviously the inflation is directly proportional to the income abilities or purchasing power of the people. If the people have got the higher purchasing abilities then automatically they will get the ability to spend more in the economy. When they spend more automatically the demand gets triggered. Then automatically this will lead to demand pull inflation in the economy. So fourth one is right. Then comes the fifth one. Fifth one is completely wrong. So I think you won't expect my explanation. Rising interest rates. So interest rates when it increases it is a kind of tight money policy. RBA angle you know that there are two policies. One is tight money policy. One is EC money policy. Tight money policy when it gets implemented by the government. So the interest rates will be raised by the RBI. Sorry, sorry. Tight money policy when it gets implemented by the RBI. Automatically they will follow the method of rising the interest rate like CRR or R4 rate or whatever it may be. When it happens so this will cut down the money supply in the economy when the money supply gets cut down. Automatically inflation will be controlled. It won't lead to demand pull. It will reduce the inflation of an economy. So fifth one is rolled out. So you take the fifth statement out. So we are arriving at the option one is right. Two is right. Then four is right. So then based on this we go for the option A. A is the right answer. So now next question students. Next one is question number 13. With reference to India consider the following statement. It is based on the recent current affairs students. Current affairs. With the prayer understanding sometimes some of you would have got confused. So let's have a check about the clarity on this. Retail investors through DMAT account can invest in treasury bills and government of India debt bonds in primary market. Earlier you know that they were permitted to invest in secondary market. I think most of you may not be having doubt about that. But now the thing is through DMAT account they are permitted. Are they permitted to do in the primary market? Yes. Based on the February 21, 2021 recent thing RBI Retail Direct or RBI Retail Guilt Account. So these things are permitted and then RBI has mentioned that people are going to be permitted for doing the transactions in the security market directly. So the statement number one is right according to the recent announcement made by the RBI. So it is based on the current affairs. Statement one is right. We are accepting it. Second one. The negotiated dealing system order matching. Shortly it is actually students. It is called NDSOM. So we call it like that. NDSOM negotiated dealing system order matching is a government securities trading platform of the Reserve Bank of India. Yes. So the thing is whether it is a government securities trading platform. We should have the understanding about that or any other platform. Next one is of the Reserve Bank of India. So yes it is started by the Reserve Bank of India. On 2005, RBI has started this negotiated dealing system order matching electronic window for doing transaction in the government securities and also for other money market instruments. So it is a fact. So second one is right. Then comes the third one. Central depository services limited is jointly promoted by the Reserve Bank of India and by the Bombay Stock Exchange. You know about the functioning mechanism of the depository. Because in a security market when you want to do transaction, so automatically the role of depository and the clearing corporation plays a very important role in those aspects. You know about the depository like CDSL and NDSL. Like that we have the central depositories in our economy. Now the question is about who are the stakeholders of those CDSL. CDSL is promoted by RBI and Bombay Stock Exchange. It is given in the question RBI and Bombay Stock Exchange. But what is the right answer? Bombay Stock Exchange is right. RBI is wrong. Then who are the promoters? Who are the stakeholders? Apart from the RBI, so Canada Bank, HDFC Bank. So these banks are the other stakeholders. So the thing is our point is RBI is wrong. RBI is not the promoter. So the statement 3 is wrong. So when you take the statement 3 out, automatically we are ending up with options. Statement 1 and 2. So this takes us to the option B. Okay students. So statement question number 13. This is the answer for the question number 13. Answer is option B. So now the question number 14. With reference to water credit, consider the following statements. We all would have heard about or read about micro-credit or micro-finance. What is micro-finance? We all know that micro-finance is the concept of two important aspects. One is micro-credit and micro-savings. But here the same micro-finance tools are used in the form of water credit. So here the question is all about that. We are going to have a check of those statements. What are those statements? Let us have a look at the statements. It puts micro-finance tools to work in the water and sanitation sector. As I told you, micro-finance is about the two important processes. One is micro-credit and micro-savings. Triggering the micro-savings habit of the people and then triggering the micro-credit habits among the people. So here micro-credit is given to the people for accessing the sanitation and drinking water facility. So many times the credit is not given for these activities, for ensuring building the toilets or for drinking water, tap water to build those facilities. The loans are not given. But here the micro-finance concept is implemented for providing these facilities. So it puts micro-finance tools. What are the micro-finance tools? Micro-credit and micro-savings. So here the micro-credit we have converted into water credit, giving small loan. So the thing is, first statement is right. It puts micro-finance tools to work in the water and sanitation sector. Second one, it is a global initiative launched under the ages of the World Health Organization and the World Bank. No. So here it is actually not for profit organization. It started by the two people, Daman and one more person. So the two people jointly they started this organization. So it is not the initiative of the World Bank. Two individuals came together and then they have started this initiative. So it is not for profit, non-government organization which is doing the role of water credit activities across the world. So second one is wrong. Then comes the third one. It aims to enable the poor people to meet their water needs without depending on subsidies. Exactly it is the right one. We have made the people or the poor people to become the... We converted them into water consumers. By giving the micro-credit, we have made them as consumers of water. So and then we have just saved the time for the poor people for fetching the water and those things, how much time. They can productively use them for other income earning opportunities. So the statement number three is a right statement. So statement one is right. Statement three is right. But two is wrong. This takes us to the option C. One is right and three is right. So it is taking us to the option C. So for the question number 14, the answer is C. Okay students. Now the next one. In India, the central bank's function as the lender of lost resort usually refers to which of the following. We know about the functions of RBA. Here the question is about the particular peculiar function, lender of lost resort. So when you have the fund shortage, when you are not able to mobilize the resources from multiple sources, don't worry. RBA is there for your rescue. So that is the point conveyed in this statement. So here the UPS is checking our awareness. What does it mean? Lender of lost resort means for whom? Who and all can get benefited under the lender of lost resort function of RBA? So here the thing is let's have a look at the statements. Lending to trade and industry bodies, when they fail to borrow from other sources, no, RBA is not doing this direct lending and all in our economy. So when they are not lending, okay, RBA may not be able to mobilize the resources from multiple sources. So that is the question. If you borrow from other sources, no, RBA is not doing this direct lending and all in our economy. So when they are not lending, okay, RBA may lend to the banks. Banks in turn they may provide or the RBA or the thing is and all, okay, we have the mechanism like the all India financial institutions, okay. So but here RBA is not directly involved in this activity. So the statement, lender of lost resort doesn't mean this. Providing liquidity to the banks having a temporary crisis. Yes, we know that when the economy, when they are in the crisis, economy goes to the banks. So we depend on them. One more option is financial market. Apart from the regular mechanism is banks. When we are in shortage, we go to the banks. But when the banks, when they are in shortage, when they are not able to mobilize the funds, when they have the temporary mismatch to comply with the regular requirements. So when they are not able to mobilize the funds from the economy, where they will go. So here the thing is, so we have the choice that RBA is there always for the support, for rescue, lender of lost resort. Whenever there is a crisis in the economy, RBA will come for rescue. So here the lender of lost resort indicates that RBA will act as a lender of resort to all the banks. Banks, they should act as a lender of lost resort to all the customers, when the customers, when they are in the crisis. And at the same time, when the banks are in the crisis, here RBA will come for the rescue. So that is the meaning of this statement. So normally when you, when we approach a statement in a general angle, we may think that, so it is applicable to everyone. But the meaning of the statement is only, statement number two is right. Statement number three, lending to governments to finance budgeted deficits, no. So that is not the meaning of the lender of lost resort. So statement three is ruled out. Statement one is ruled out. And so select the correct answer using the code given below. So the answer is only, two only is the answer. So one is taken out and then two is, three is taken out. So two is the option, two only is the right answer. So this makes us to choose the option two. Okay students, so we have completed the economics part. With this we are completing. 31st question, with reference to Sausat-Yohini temple situated near Morena, consider the following statement. It's a circular temple built during the reign of Kachapa Katha dynasty. The statement is right, that Kachapa Katha dynasty between 10th to 12th century A.D. During the 10th to 12th century A.D., in the Mathiparadayas area, this Kachapa Katha dynasty ruled it. They were more or less feuditories, feuditories of Chandallas. Even before that they were the feuditories of Harsha. After Harsha, Chandallas started to rise. Chandallas of Bundelkhand, after the Chandallas of Bundelkhand, more or less they were vassals. From that, when Chandallas started to decline, they ascertained their independence between 10th to 12th century, this Kachapa Katha dynasty. So maybe new. Even one theory says that at the cost of this Kachapa Katha dynasty, only the Kachvahas, Kachvahas of Amber. But how far the theory is proven true or not? Some historian put forward the theory. That is because the Kachvahas were little later, 13th, 14th century onwards, the rise of Kachvahas. So first statement is right. It is the only circular temple built in India. Wrong. It is one of the circular temple, but not exact circular as that of this Saushatha Yohini temple. We can't say because it's exactly the circular end. But if you come to early temple, early temple of ancient Indian history, some of the temple platforms as well as the sanctum sanctorium resembles that of the circular. But many of the ancient circular temples were under complete ruin. So the second statement is wrong. It was meant to promote the Vaishnava cult in the region. It's simple. Yohini, the female version. It's very easy. Third statement, you can apply the logic. By application of logic, you may answer. Sometimes it does not work. But here, Yohini, the other name of God as Parvati. So third statement is wrong. It designs, has given rise to popular belief. It was inspired behind the Indian parliament. Yes, it's a much old. It's a much old GK question. Even in 2019, 18 itself, it's widely published in the newspaper itself. That's what, here if you see, this is what exactly the temple. And why it is the Chausat means, it's a 64. It's a Hindi word. It's a 64. Why 64 means, if you see here, the chambers. There's all the 64 such a chambers are there. You can see in the picture. And that 64 are dedicated to, in this, if we are 64 such Yohinis are there. So that's why here, the temple itself is called Chausat Yohini. It means 64 Yohinis. And some says that it consists of 65 chambers. 64 chambers for Yohini. And one, one is the king Goddess dedicated to Devi. So that's why 64 plus one, it's the right thing. So 64 dedicated to the Yohini, one chamber is dedicated to Goddess Devi. So 31st question, answer, C is the answer. So this three pick would give exact idea why the name. 32nd, which of the following ancient town is well known for elaborate system of water harvesting and management by building a series of dams and channeling the water into connected reservoir. It's very easy. If you knew the some sites, important sites of Indus Valley, Solatio and if you study the features, some unique features of Indus Valley sites, this Gujarat area, the Gujarat area is Kachkateva region is always prone to the water deficit, drought prone area. So water management in Indus Valley is emphasized here. So with that itself, you can easily come to conclusion because Kalibangan, Kalibangan is located here though it's also located in the fringe of the desert area, but it does not run because Sardilaj river others are there. So you can easily ruled out Raki Gargi, Raki Gargi impossible because it's a flood plain area as well as the Roper, Roper is in the Rupnagar, Rupnagar of the present Punjab where plenty of water, the river channels are available. Thus, if you apply the general logic after studying the Indus Valley civilization, you can easily answer this question. But what are the other interesting information about this Dolavira is? Two things. Dolavira is one more exceptional. Normally all the industries were divided into two. One is the upper town and the lower town, but it is the Dolavira, you could see the middle town also. So this is exceptional. This is a old UPSC question, but they went one step ahead and asked the water management system. Recently one IIT graduates, some IIT graduates from one of the IIT's did extensive research in the Dolavira and they impressed of the hydraulic engineering technique. Even that can be used in the present day. Even today in metropolitan towns we are using every house shall build the water harvesting mechanism then only the respect to municipal corporation is giving the approval of construction of the flat or individual house. So such a water management system has been followed 3,000 years before in that itself. So one is a broad prune. What's the purpose of storage? Dam is this Dolavira. Dolavira is located in the mid, in between the two seasonal river. One seasonal river is Mansar, Mansar river. One seasonal river. Another seasonal river is Manhar, M-A-N-H-A-R, Manhar river. So it's located between these two seasonal river. Thus if excess water they have to store it because it's always broad prune area. So that's a significance of the Dolavira. So by logic, by applying logic you can answer E-A. So these are all the examples. So exactly this is a water harvesting mechanism and here also water is being stored in Dolavira. Exact picture is taken. So these slides will give you an idea, an in-depth idea about the study of Dolavira. In the first quarter of the 17th century, so it's very important here. So what is the first quarter, 1600 to 1625. In the first quarter of the 17th century, so it's a question is very specific to the year. In which of the following places, factories or settlements of English seasonal company was located. So one is the brooch. Brooch is none other than present-day part and parcel of the expanded Surat. We already discussed in this. You know very well, in 1608 Captain Hawkins mission was sent to the Mughal ruler Jahangir. Initially Jahangir gave permission to set up the factory at Surat. That is a astral brooch. When the company wanted to set up the factory, they failed because of the presence of the Portuguese. The Portuguese were strong in the west coast. They refused to set up. They never allowed the British to set up. Though Jahangir gave permission, but the Portuguese pressure, the English couldn't set up the factory. That's why in the Indian gap, they got permission from the Bishop Golconda bombing ruler and they set up the factory at Masli Patanam. And at last finally, in 1613, they set up the factory brooch present-day Surat. And Chikakulay is the Shrikakulam. Shrikakulam was not the... no one constructed the factory. None of the Europeans constructed the factory in Chikakulay. So present-day Shrikakulam in the northern Sarkar, present-day Andhra Pradesh. Thriknopali is the hinterlander. It's a hinterland in Tamil Nadu where the strong regional rulers were there. And at the same time, since it's a hinterland, landlocked one, no need to set up the factory. Because what is factory? Factory is none other than it's a empty good-own, it's a warehouse where goods are stored and a ship is called from Britain and uploaded in the ships and returned back. So major factories were set up all along the coastal land, but Thriknopali is a hinterland that is ruled out. So 33 answer A. That's one only. So this picture will have an idea. Here is the Surat. The ashtway is the brooch. It's the brooch. Near Masalipatnam, in this area only the Shrikakulam is there, but no such a factory in this area. This is commonly called in early modern times called the Northern Sarkar area. Next, 34th question. From the decline of Gupta. So when Gupta started to decline with that frequent invasion of Hunas from that 550 onwards, the Gupta started to decline until the rise of Harsha. Harsha started to rise 606 because Harsha came to power in 606 and continued to rule in 646. So decline of Gupta's around 500 or 550 BC, 550 early. So in that 75 to 80 year, in the early 7th century, that's why it's very red. Which of the following kingdoms were holding power in Northern? This map will have a very clear cut idea. So Gupta's of Mahada. Yes, exactly. So they are the Gupta's of Mahada, popularly called later Gupta. Even the early Gupta's also ruled from Padaliputra, but the early Gupta's ruled Majarpatt. Up to this area, they ruled it. But later Gupta's just confined. Just confined to the Mahad region. Once upon a time, the Haryanga dynasty was found by Bimbisara, the same region. So later Gupta is right. Next, Paramars. Paramars of Dar, commonly Paramars of Malwa. They belong to the 10th. Nearly they come to 9th and 10th century, but it is not at all there. So Paramars of Dar would come around here, but a little bit later. So this is ruled out. Then Pushyapudhis. Then Pushyapudhis. Pushyapudhis of Daneshwar. Yes, here is there. Pushyapudhis of Daneshwar. Right, Maukaris of Kanauj. Here is there. Then Yadavas of Devagri would come here. Yadavas of Devagri would come here, but they belong to the 12th to 13th century. Even in Medival, Alavadhyenkelji, Malikafur attacked and he got rich tribute from the Yadavas of Devagri, Rula Ramachandra Deva. So they belong to the slave and Khilji dynasty period. This is ruled out. And Maitrakas of Allavi, exactly. So that is right. So answer is 1, 3, 4 and 6. So this map will give a very clear cut picture of the kingdoms existed around the 6th century AD. With that only, what Harsha did in 606, Harsha at last started to unify. Because there was a good relationship, good relationship between the Pushyapudhis and Maukaris. Even the Harsha's own sister Rajasri was married. Married to the Maukari ruler Grigavarman and Sasanga story. After the death of Grigavarman, this Harshavardhan came to power. And he unified both the kingdom and he transferred the capital of Pushyapudhis from Thaneswad to Kanoj. That's a significance. That's why he threw out the medieval part, Kanoj, an important place that was the capital city. Because ancient capital was Padaliputra. The early medieval capital was Kanoj and the medieval, proper medieval is the Delhi and Agra. And that early modern India was Calcutta and 1911 onwards Delhi. That's all about the history of capital city of India. Next, according to the Portuguese writer Nunes, the woman in Vijayanagara Empire was expert in which of the following. So answer is wrestler, astrologer, accounting and so forth saying, here only one thing you will come to know is the accounting because that education was just confined. Even in the Vijayanagara period, the Brahmanas, well-educated people, they would have concentrated in all the sphere of the academic as well as in the court affairs. So you might have messed up either with the things. But if you ruled out accounting, that's no answer. So its answer is the D, because it's a pure factual oriented. Not only in the prelims, even for mains as well as history optional, they're asking like this question because Vijayanagara was visited by so many foreigners. Dominga Payash, Abdurashak, Barbosa, Nunes. So so many foreigners visited there and what they saw of the Vijayanagara kingdom, they wrote as such. That's why the foreign account of the Vijayanagara kingdom is much important because local account may be influenced, but foreign account may not be influenced in that Nunes account is important. One more thing, Dominga Payash, if you see Dominga Payash, Dominga Payash mentioned about Sati. Abdurashak mentioned, he was a Persian ambassador to the court of Devaraya too. He mentioned about the economic prosperity of the kingdom. Each what they looked, they started. So this is more or less factual information. This is exactly taken from the history optional book J.L. Mehta Volume 3. J.L. Mehta Volume 3, from that book it's as such taken. It's an important thing, answer D. Next, with reference to Madhanabali of Andhra Buddhist, which of the following statement is correct? Answer is the C, but we have to discuss the other important thing. Pingla Vangaya designed tricolor flag, tricolor flag of the Indian national, tricolor Indian national flag here. That happened, Pingla Vangaya a great designer from the Andhra region. He proposed it and almost he designed the tricolor flag and popularized or submitted in the 1921 Vijayawada. Vijayawada session of Indian National Congress. He gave the proposed flag, but that is not the original tricolor flag. If you see the original design of the Pingla Vangaya, saffron and green. It's accepted that it was at the recommendation or advice of Gandhiji in between the white stripe is added in between. So it's related to 1921 Vijayawada session. So not related to the Madhanabali. Patabi Sritramaya led the Quit India movement of Andhra from here. It's a well-known topic is there because Quit India movement was started August 9, 1942. What happened is that on August 8 itself, all the popular leaders of Congress were arrested. Top from Gandhiji, Jauharlainir, Mallon Abul Kalamasa, Pradeshi Congress leaders. All the Congress leaders were arrested including Patabi Sritramaya. The movement before the starting of the movement itself, they were arrested. That too he was arrested and jailed in Ahamadabad. Normally it would not come. And Madame Blavatsky and Halini Alcott set up the headquarters of Theosophical Society at Adair. Adair is in Chennai, part and parcel of Chennai. So automatically the Rabindranath Thakur translated from Bengali to English. It's very interesting. What happened is in 1919, Rabindranath Thakur was invited by his Irish friend. We can't call in British friend, Irish friend. His name is James Cousin. James Cousin, he was a teacher of BTE college. BTE means full name is Annie Besant Theosophical College. Shortly called Besant Theosophical College. So that's a short form. Full name is Annie Besant Theosophical College. Shortly called the Besant Theosophical College. He was the principal. James Cousin was the principal of that college. Rabindranath Thakur was invited. When he was staying there, even in the college itself, Rabindranath Thakur sung the song in Bengali. Later at the request, he translated into English version. Who helped? Rabindranath Thakur for translation was the wife. The wife of James Cousin Margaret. She is much involved in Theosophical Society and much close to Annie Besant. So when he was at Madanapulay translation of National Anthem from Bengali to English in 1819-19. 37th. Consider the following pairs. Bursa Home. Bursa Home, a Neolithic settlement. A Neolithic site in Kashmir near Srinagar. It's a Neolithic site in Kashmir. It's well known for pit dwelling. Here is the pit dwelling. Pit dwelling. So why pit dwelling in Kashmir area means, nowadays we do how the jerkins and woolen cloth during the winter. But in those times no such origin. Just cotton was cultivated during the Neolithic, not other product. So during the winter time, due to the severe winter that people of the Kashmir in that culture themselves would dig the earth and construct a house by digging the earth. And would live during the winter period. So this is what. So rock cut shrine is ruled out. Because lethichage period there was no religious related monuments. Chandra Kedgar in West Bengal is well known for terracotta. This is what exactly some terracotta figures from the Chandra Kedgar. It's a well known map based question for history option in this. All are well known. And Ganeshwar. So Ganeshwar is the Chalcolithic site. It's an important Chalcolithic site in Shikhar. Shikhar district of Rajasthan is well known for copper artifact. This is some of the copper artifact forever, artifact forever Perusal. Along with Ganeshwar, another place called Adranjikera. Another place called Adranjikera in Uttar Pradesh that's near Delhi. These two are well known for copper artifact of the Chalcolithic period. Thus, one is ruled out. Two and three are right. Answer is D. D is the answer. 38th question. Consider the following statement. It was during the reign of Yiltutmish. Yiltutmish period is 1210 to 1236. That was the period of Yiltutmish. Chengiz Khan reached Indus in pursuit of his fugitive Khorizim prince. The fugitive prince name is Jalaluddin, Jalaluddin Monk Barani. Jalaluddin Monk Barani, Chengiz Khan's Indian invasion is around 1221-22. Yes, it was during that Yiltutmish period, Chengiz Khan about to visit India. What happened normally is that Jalaluddin Monk Barani, Chengiz Khan started to invade from here and he attacked Afghanistan and in this area, the Jalaluddin Monk Barani was defeated and he escaped. And he was about to come to Delhi and he decided to ask help from Yiltutmish. But Yiltutmish was so clever that though he was ready to give asylum, if he give asylum, definitely you have to face the Chengiz Khan invasion. The Yiltutmish calculated that. Then it's difficult to face the wrath of the Chengiz Khan. So what Yiltutmish cleverly avoided, Chengiz Khan's Delhi invasion is, he asked Jalaluddin Monk Barani, rather than asking help from me, you ask help from that Sindhu ruler Kabacha. Kabacha, that's why this Jalaluddin Monk Barani, the fugitive Khorizim prince, rather than coming to Delhi, he went to Sindh region and Kabacha gave asylum. That's why Chengiz Khan crossed Indus but didn't come to Sardaraj, that is to Delhi, rather than in pursuit of his friend, that is Edimi, he attacked Kabacha and ravaged the Sindh region. It was one of the foremost region, the Kabachas declined. Thus Yiltutmish did two things in a single stretch. One, not only avoided the Chengiz Khan invasion, other thing is by using the Chengiz Khan, he attacked and defeated his enemy, Archrival Kabacha. So first statement is right. It was during the reign of Muhammad bin Tukhlak. Muhammad bin Tukhlak period is 1325 to 1351. It was during the Muhammad bin Tukhlak, the Taimur, that is Amir Taimur occupied the Multan and crossed the Indus. Amir Taimur invasion is 1398. So this was the Amir Taimur period. At that time even MBT Muhammad bin Tukhlak died, Farosh Tukhlak also died after that. So later Tukhlak rulers started to rise because the first was Gyasuddin Tukhlak. Gyasuddin Tukhlak period is 20 to 25 GT. Next MBT is 25 to 1351. This is a period of MBT 51 to 88. That is a period of FST that is Farosh Tukhlak. Then 1388 to 1414. So exact year of the later Tukhlak is 1388 to 1414 in this period. This period is called later Tukhlak. It was during this period exactly in 1398 Taimur invaded. At that time who was the later Tukhlak ruler was Muhammad. Muhammad III was the ruler. When the Muhammad III heard that Amir Taimur crossed Indus on the way to Delhi, he escaped from the capital and went to the nearby kingdom. Though much easy for Amir Taimur to ravage the entire Delhi region. Second statement wrong. It was during the reign of Devaraya II of Vijaynagar Empire, Vaskodagama reached the coast of Kerala. It's a well known year is Vaskodagama 1498. Devaraya II belonged to the Sangama dynasty. Because Vijaynagar was ruled by four dynasties. One is Sangama, Salua, Tulua, another is Aravidu. But it's very easy if you have overall idea the Sangama dynasty. Sangama dynasty itself is over by 1485. Because 1485 to 1505 Salua dynasty started to rule. The first ruler of the Salua was Salua Narasimha. So if you have the basic idea you can definitely ruled out that Devaraya would not come because Devaraya II is exactly around 1420. Because you don't want to have the exact year of Devaraya II. But you have to know when Sangama ended, when Salua, when Tulua, when Aravidu. If you come to know 1485 the Sangama era was over. One of his commanders Salua Narasimha started the next dynasty, Salua dynasty. So it was during the Salua Narasimha period Vaskodagama reached or at least Salua dynasty period. That's wrong. That's why 38 answer is A. Next 39 is Francis. Francis Xavier. Francis Xavier was one of the founder of member of Jesuit order. So before entering into that you should know what is Jesuit order. Or simply called order, order of Jesus. It was started in 1540 by the igneous Loyala. Even if you come to Chennai, the very famous science art and science college is there. Loyala college, the same person was responsible for founder of the college, Igneous Loyala. Along with Igneous Loyala, this Saint Francis Xavier founder the Jesuit order. Then what is Jesuit order? What's the purpose of Jesuit order means it's a world history. Because of ideas of Renaissance, Renaissance religion, the Roman Catholic was questioned. The so many superstitious beliefs existed in the Roman Catholic was questioned. Because of the questioning of Roman Catholic, one reformation was started in Christianity called Protestant. Protestant reformation was started. Galvinism, Martin Luther started the Protestant reforms. They attacked the Roman Catholic and superstitious beliefs. Now wanted to counter. So normally reformation means the Protestant reformation. Now what is the Jesuit order means it is the counter reform. It's the counter reform movement within Roman Catholic. So what's the purpose of the Jesuit order means to again bring back and to popularize the Roman Catholic with what damaged in the name of the Protestant reformation a counter reform movement was started with a permission from the Pope by Igneous Loyala in 1540s or 1500s that said Jesuit order. Why what's the purpose means to propagate Christianity at length and breadth especially to work in the poverty-sticken area especially to improve the status of the economically lawyer group and the social discriminative group affected by the lawyer community that was aimed. Whether confined to India? No. Throughout the Asiatic region this Jesuit order was popular. So don't confuse with the Christian missionaries and Jesuit order because Christian missionaries are there. Almost all the Europeans propagated Christian missionaries. If you see that in India first organized Christian missionaries. Missionaries is Sirambur, Sirambur missionary in Kolkata, Joshua, Marshman. But here particularly the Jesuit order it's a counter reformation movement. So first statement is right. Francis Xavier died in Goa and a church is dedicated to him. The church is there but he was not died in Goa after that he went to Japan. Why not? He was the first Christian missionary to Japan and later died in China. China around 1550s he died exact years 1552 he died. So the second statement is wrong. The feast of Saint Francis Xavier is celebrated in Goa each year. Yes exactly December month December 3 exactly during that a grand feast is celebrated. So first statement is right. Third statement is right. Answer C. 40th question. With reference to the history of ancient which of the following statement is RR correct. Mithakshara was civil law for upper caste. Daya Baha was the civil law for lower caste. It's highly ruled out because there's no difference for the higher and lower caste. Both related to the civil law related to the division of the property. In this Mithakshara rest of India. Daya Baha is confined to Assam and Bengal region. Even in some version law book it is given that only in Bengal because major part of Assam was considered to be part and parcel of Bengal. That's why but exact is Assam and Bengal region. So first statement is wrong because Daya Baha Assam and Bengal Mithakshara rest. So here school of law in the screen you can see the school of law. One is Mithakshara and Daya Baha the Mithakshara school is divided into this much almost rest of India. Right again the furthest split is given. Daya Baha school in Bengal and Assam. So this week would give a clear cut idea. Mithakshara is the domination. Daya Baha is just confined. So civil law for upper caste and lower caste it's ruled out. Second in Mithakshara system son can climb right yes the second statement is right. Then Mithakshara system that deal with the matters related to the property held by the male member only. Whereas Daya Baha related matters related to property held by both male and female. No both related to the male only that's a difference. Then what are the other so answer is B. Then what are the other difference is if you see Mithakshara the son that's why it's given. The son has the right of property by birth the second statement. But in the case of Daya Baha no right only after the death of the father he has the right. So what the second statement first half say means by birth itself son is the co-owner. He was the co-owner of the property. But in Daya Baha he can't climb from the birth as a co-owner that's a different thing. And the next thing is right in that Mithakshara is the son can ask for partition. Even during the lifetime of father itself son can ask for partition but definitely not in the case of Mithakshara. So these are all other differences are there related to inheritance related to property related to the other property division with other relatives. So here the second statement alone is right first and third are wrong statement answer 40 B. Next with reference with reference to history of ancient India. Bhava Puti, Hastimalla and Shemeshwara. Shemeshwara is also called Shemendra. Shemendra a famous Sanskrit poet a famous Sanskrit poet from Kashmir around 11th century. Because related to Kashmir we do have limited sources. The earliest source mentioned about the Kashmir is Nilamath Purana. Nilamath Purana in the Purana period itself it mentioned about the Kashmir. After that what's a well-known source is the Rajatarangani. Rajatarangani by Kalhana and Rajatarangani by Jonaraja. These two are the well-known source one is the Nilamath Purana. Another is Rajatarangani of Jonaraja and Kalhana. But in between is the Shemendra. Shemendra comes. So after Shemendra only this Kalhana because Kalhana version is also Sanskrit version. So it's a right Hastimalla. Hastimalla from Canada he was during the period of Hoisalas. Hoisalas Dwaranudra the Hastimalla a very famous poet Canada poet. He was part or during the period of Hoisalas. And Bhavapatti belong to 8th century a Sanskrit poet from Maharashtra. And very famous work of Bhavapatti was Malathi, Malathi Madhava. Malathi Madhava. So all are the playwrights. Even though some may be the jains one or two are the jains. But here playwrights is the exact answer. Because a student would get struggle only in between this. So B is the right. Consider the following statements. The Montek Chimps photo reform 1918 or Government of India recommended granting of voting rights to all the women above the age of 21. It was not at all given in that. Even in Britain, even in Britain itself only 1928 women franchised. In that only the universal adult suffrage was given. That's a both equal voting rights to both a male as well as the female. In 1919 one thing is first time the air recollection system was introduced. But limited franchise, limited franchise to all. Both male as well as the female. What kind of limited franchise means based on payment of property? Sorry having the tax. Another is payment of the tax and having of the property. So based on this payment of the tax and property holder eligibility criteria. So first statement is ruled. The Government of India gave women reservation seats in legislature. They didn't give that exact reservation. They have given in the name of separate electorate system. Already 1909 gave first to the Muslims. And next it was extended to the Sikh, Jains, Anglo-Indians, European 1919. 1935 it was also extended to women even to the depressed class community also. So second statement alone is rights. 42 answer B. 43 with reference to August 8th. It's very expected. I have been expecting it for lots of years. It has been asked. That's a easily keep it in mind. 88 is a very famous date. What happened in this? Gandhiji's very famous Gowalia tank speech. Gowalia tank speech it's a place in Bombay city. In front of the thousands of people he have a very fierce speech. And in that speech only the Quittindia movement resolution was passed. And why not? In that speech only the famous slogan do or die. Do or die slogan was there. Gandhiji clearly explained about the entire Quittindia movement program. But what happened on the night itself? On the very night itself all the leaders were arrested. That's why on August 9th. August 9th when the movement was started all the leaders were arrested. That's why the Quittindia movement is also called people movement. So that's the right thing. The Viceroy's Executive Council was expanded by including more Indians. Congress Ministries resigned. Congress Ministries resigned in way back itself. December 1939 itself. Crips mission proposed an Indian Union that happened in March 1932. When the Crips India mission failed then only Gandhiji started the Quittindia movement. So these two are ruled out. This is not there because it was Crips mission itself was rejected. So answer is A. Next. Who among the following is associated with songs from Britain? A translation of Indian religious lyric in English is M.K. Gandhi. When he was in Jail in 1930s in Yeravada Jail. Yeravada Jail at Pune. When he was in Yeravada Jail because after Dandi March. After Dandi March Gandhiji was about to go to doing Salts at Yagraha in front of the Darsana, Darsana Salt factory, a government owned factory in Gujarat. But on the way itself Gandhiji was arrested and was jailed in the Yeravada. Why not? Even later also after second round table conference also Gandhiji was arrested and put in Yeravada Jail. Only in the Yeravada Jail at Pune he went for fasting. Fasting unto death. So when he was jailed during civil disobedience movement he wrote this book. It is inspired from where is the Upanishad. From the Upanishad because if you see the Upanishad it's mentioned about Atma, Jivatma, Paramatma. Otherwise in English soul, matter and its relationship is discussed. Even if you go through the glimpses of the book, Madhya is related to Atma, Atma related thing. So it's inspired from Upanishad because Upanishad is considered as a source of knowledge of the ancient literature. The answer is Mohan Das. B.G. Tillak died in 1920 itself. Just before the starting of non-cooperation movement, Tillak died. Javkarlai Nero, though arrested because Javkarlai Nero is not that much towards religious one. Sarojin Naidu may be little bit confusion with this, but exact answer is Mohan Das Karamchand Gandhi. Next with reference to medieval, which of the following is the correct sequence in ascending order in terms of size? So here the word ascending order is important because many candidate committed mistake. Yes. What is ascending order is first empire. First let us have empire. Empire is divided into provinces. Provinces, province one, province two, province three. The provinces during the Mughal period are called Subha. That's why the head of the provinces Subhadar. Again the provinces are divided. Divided into district called the Sarkar. It was Sersha. Sersha popularized the term Sarkar and he was considered to be the real founder of district administration, especially in Bengal region. So Sarkar after Sersha, even Mughal took the same concept of Sarkar from the Lodhis Sersha administration. So Sarkar the districts are again divided into subdivision Pargana. Pargana is very similar. Pargana is very similar to present a Thasil. So Thasil level, district level, province level, the national level. So this is what the descending but the question is ascending. So Pargana Sarkar Subha. That's a answer. Who among the following was associated as a secretary of the Hindu female school which was later known as Bethune school. Full name is J. E. D. Bethune. J. E. D. Bethune school. He was a Dutch watchmaker. He was a Dutch watchmaker and the friends of Ishwar Chandra Vidya Sagar because Ishwar Chandra Vidya Sagar determined for women's education with efforts of Ishwar Chandra Vidya Sagar and the contribution of the J. E. D. Bethune started the Hindu female school, later called as Bethune school. It's a well-known question. With this one more is Hindu college. Hindu college at Kolkata by Rajarra Mohan Roy and his friend. In that one of his English friend is David Hare. David Hare played a vital role because these two are frequent questions in UPSC. So any person, any person in Norway, any person in South, Devendra Nathahur or Mahirishi Devendra Nathahur though associated with the reformation, Tatvapadhanipatrika, Sarojaninayadu much later. So the answer is Ishwar Chandra Vidya Sagar. Yes, in the context of colonial India, Shanavas, Premchigal and Gurupakshin Dhillon are remain but as officers of the here, the three stalwarts. All are related to the INA trial which was held on November, November 1945 at Red Fort. So all were put under trial at the Red Fort. That's why it's famously called Red Fort trial. Red Fort trial because after surrendering of INA, Subha Sandarbose again returned. He decided to return back to Japan for asking again the Japanese help. What happened to him? Flight crashed. We're not going to discuss. If no Subha Sandarbose who were the other top rated leaders in INA is these three leaders because on behalf of all the INA soldiers, these three stalwarts were put under trial at Red Fort. That's why it's famously called Red Fort trial. It's an open answer. It's a well-known thing. Next. With reference to Indian territory, which of the following states? The Nizam of Arcade was emerged out of Hyderabad state. Even you can use the word the not Nizam of Arcade. You can use the word Nawab of Arcade because Arcade rulers are famously called Nawab. Nawab of Arcade is Hyderabad. Yes. That next slide would have. So here is the Nizam territory. Nizam territory is this much big. In that Nizam territory only, the Arcade is there. So from this map, you can have a clear cut idea. When Nizam started to diminish the Nawab of Arcade himself carved out. Nawab of Arcade. One of the Nawab of Arcade was Anwaruddin Chandasaki participated in the second Carnatic War. So from this map, you can have a clear idea. From the Nizam's dominion only, Nawab of Arcade was carved out. So first statement is right. Second statement. Mysore kingdom emerged out of Vijayanagara. Yes. In 1613, Krishna Rajendra Udayar, the governor of Mysore, created this Mysore kingdom during the Aravidu dynasty ruler Venkata II. During the period of Venkata II of Aravidu dynasty of Vijayanagara, this kingdom was started by Krishna Raja Udayar. That's why Mysore kingdom was ruled by the Udayar dynasty. To understand that, you have to link these two maps. The first, if you link the two maps, you will get an idea. Here, here is the Mughal. Here is the Bhagimini. And here is the Vijayanagara. From the Vijayanagara only, the Mysore. If you link these two maps, you will get a very clear-cut idea. Because you would have discussed in modern India. Bengal kingdom was carved out from Mughal. Hyderabad was carved out from Mughal. Avad was carved out. But the story of Mysore was entirely different. It was carved out from the Vijayanagara kingdom. So, the second statement is right. And third, Rohilkand kingdom was formed out of territory of Ahamudusha, Durani. This was ruled out because Rohilkand kingdom was formed here. It was formed. Rohilkand is part and parcel in the Uttar Pradesh, presently Uttar Pradesh area. It's a Rohila chief. Rohila Muslims settled. That's where Rohilkand. So, the third statement is absolutely wrong. Because Ahamudusha, Durani, his intention is to plunder, not to conquer India's territory. So, this statement is absolutely wrong. So, the third is wrong. Answer, 1 and 2, A-L. Next, which of the following statement is correct? Ajanda caves in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra is in that gorge of the Wahara river. Yes, if you visit or if you just to see, nearby the caves itself, there is a deep gorge. Even if you visited, I visited there. Even if you visited there, you can see. Even June, July, you will get the waterfalls. So, that is right. Sanchi stupa lies in the gorge of the Chambal river. No, that's a entirely different thing. Because Sanchi stupa, right, Sanchi is located near Indore here. But the Champal, Champal is near Gwalior. That's a much different. So, Sanchi is here. Champal is here. Champal river near the Gwalior. So, the second statement is ruled out. Third, Pandulena caves, right, is located in the gorge. Actually, Pandu, it's a Pandava caves. Pandava caves is located in the Pachhmari, Pachhmari sanctuary in Maharashtra. That's a near Nagpur. Near Nagpur, this is located. But Narmada river is Jabalpur. So, Nagpur just above the Nagpur, the Panchapandava caves are Pandulena caves. But this Narmada is starting from this Jabalpur region. That's why third is also ruled out. Amravadi stupa lies in the gorge of Godavari. No, Godavari flows like this. That Amravadi Krishna is here. Amravadi is located all along the bank of the Krishna, not all along the bank of the Godavari. So, fourth is also ruled out. Answer is, it's a Joe history question. And the fiftieth, the twenty-fourth is declared to be the international mother day by UNICEF. Normally everything is right. But here is the UNESCO. A day is declared means because it's a duty of the UNESCO to declare this and to preserve the culture. So, by the first person itself, you can eliminate the statement. The demand that Bangla has to be one of the national language was raised in Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. This is history because in 1948, at Karachi, now only the capital of Pakistan was Islamabad, but the original, early capital was Karachi. At Karachi, constitution of Pakistan to be framed for that heated debate is going on in Constituent Assembly. Even some of the East Pakistan member moved a resolution inside the Constituent Assembly for demand Bangla to be the national language because already Urdu will be the national language, Bangla to be that, but it was rejected. It was rejected by the Constituent Assembly when this information was known. There was a widespread protest and gathering in Dhaka, that is in the East Pakistan region. So, second statement alone is right. Thank you. Hello everyone. So, I am Karthikeyan. We will be discussing on preliminary question papers that are subjected to geography and question number 52 in the series. With reference to the palm oil, consider the following statements. The first statement says the palm oil tree is native to, native to Southeast Asia, whereas it is native to Africa. So, the first statement becomes wrong. When the first statement is wrong, I am straight away going to elimination of this, this, this, because one is given there, one is given there, one is given there. One is eliminated. After elimination also, I am looking into the other two statements. Palm oil being highly versatile in manner, it has an ability to be used in many of the places. And you look into it, the palm oil is the raw material used for some industries producing lipsticks and perfumes, which is true and also used for biofissiles. So, the second statement is right, third statement is right. By the elimination itself, you come to the answer. The answer is B, Bombay, 2, 1, 3 only. We move into the second. And this is the question which some of the students had queries as well. See, the question is very important. In the question, we have been looking into the details of the question first and then we will look into the map. The question clearly says, with reference to in this river systems, generic, overall in this river systems. The following four rivers, they are given four, Chenna, Geelam, Ravi, Sattelaj. Three of them pour into one of them. So, three rivers pours into one. We do not know which three pours into which one. And this one is joining in this. That is what the first statement says. Three pour into one and one join in this. Direct. The second statement is a continuation of the same question. So, among the following, which one is such river, which one is such river that joins in this direct. So, they are asking about this one river, which is joining the indirect. So, looking into the map, which is also been given on the screen, you will be able to see Geelam joins Chenna, Ravi joins Chenna, Sattelaj joins Chenna. And three rivers flowing into one of them. So, Geelam is flowing into Chenna, Ravi is flowing into Chenna, Sattelaj is flowing into Chenna. So, the first statement, three flows into one of them stands through here. And which one of them joins in this? Say, just Chenna. We will have been there. Some of the students have been having a doubt on why cannot it be Sattelaj. So, I will also explain why it is not Sattelaj. Because the first statement will not fulfill the conditions for Sattelaj. The first statement clearly says three of the rivers has to flow into one of the river. Sattelaj, in Sattelaj, you do not see Geelam flowing into Sattelaj. You do not see Ravi flowing into Sattelaj. Some of the students are also asking this question where Chenna is flowing into Sattelaj. But Chenna is one river which is flowing into Sattelaj. The first statement clearly says three rivers flows into one. Look on the other side, Geelam is flowing into Chenna, Ravi is flowing into Chenna, Sattelaj is also flowing into Chenna. So, both the statements, whenever UPSC gives such kinds of questions, all those words, all those terms, every single statement has to stand true. Only then the answer is true. So, both the statements stands true for Chennaab, not Sattelaj. The answer is A. Chennaab. With reference to India, Didwana, Kuchaman, Sargol, Khatu are the names of which of the following. They are given glaciers, Ramsar-Witland sites, and also Manguru areas, Saling Lakes. If you are looking into the book, Environment, published by the institution. So, you will be able to clearly see that Ramsar-Witland sites would have been given in the appendix. Manguru areas have also been given in the appendix. So, these names are not listed in any of those. You have not come across any of these names. And Ramsar-Witland sites are very less. Your Manguru sites are also less. So, if these two are eliminated glaciers, the answer is Saling, which is very factual. But where do I find it? It has been given in the book from the first edition. It has been there in the Environment book as well. The answer is D. Saling Lakes. These are the following rivers. Bramani, Nagavalli, Subarnareka, Vamsadara. Which of them rise from eastern gods? The question is very clear. Eastern gods, it has to rise from. So, the origin has to be from the eastern gods regions, not from some other areas. So, among the four rivers, your Bramani comes from Chota Nagpur Plateau. Your Subarnareka comes from Chota Nagpur Plateau, which will be central uplands, not the eastern gods. Nagavalli, Kalagandhi district in Odisha, Vamsadara, again from eastern gods regions. So, the answer is 2, 4. The option is V Bombay, 214 only, Nagavalli and Vamsadara. Straight forward, simple straight forward map related question. The Global Ocean Commission grants license, the next question, 56. The Global Ocean Commission grants license for seabed exploration and mining in international waters. It is a very general information and also the basic fact, which all of us know, it is in seabed authority. The Global Ocean Commission has been created to create awareness, not to give permissions. The first statement is wrong. If you eliminate the first statement, you eliminate all three. So, the answer is only, availability is 2 and 3 only. Now, look into the statements also, to ensure that what you eliminated is true. India has received licenses for seabed mineral exploration in international waters. We have been doing it in the ocean. Rare earth metals are also present. It is a very general statement. It is not specific to India, right? Which is also true. The answer is B, Bombay, 2 and 3 only. A statement is wrong. Consider the following statements. In the tropical zone, the western sections of the oceans are warmer than the eastern sections, owing to the influence of treatments. Here, the words has to be important. They are given western section of ocean. So, they are defining, it is a western section to the ocean. Western section of the ocean, they have been defining. Second statement is in the temperate zone, westerlies make the eastern section of ocean warmer than the western sections. Very simple is, if you know the trade winds, equator, trade winds will be flowing in this direction. After that, you will have westerlies flowing in this direction. One basic thing, if you know onshore winds, the answer is readily available. The trade winds will be carrying the water, onshore winds, so it will be carrying the water. So, from the one area, it will be dumped on the other. So, the water from the eastern side, from the land, water is being carried and being dumped. So, when you do, the warmer water moves along with the onshore winds and deposited on the western side of the ocean, western section of the oceans. The warmer waters from the eastern section is being carried to the western section. What happens to the eastern section, sir? Because the warmer waters on the surface is moved, what will happen? From below, a welling will take place. The colder waters from the below in the ocean will come up. This mechanism has been done because of trade winds. Same way, if you go to the northern side, when westerlies have been there, again, westerlies will be blowing. It will be onshore winds. All of a sudden, carry the water. Warmer waters will be moved from the eastern section to the, sorry, western section eastern section. Eastern section receives the warmer surface water in the western section in the temperate region. Colder water rises up. So, this region will be cooler. This region will be warmer. Simple onshore winds logic, applied with the trade winds and the westerlies, according to the latitude. Answer has been available. Verbatum to verbatum is available in the books. Answer is both 1 and 2, 58, 59. These are questions which has been UPSC preliminary in geography, especially after certain numbers of years. We have seen these kinds of questions before, 2016-15 in UPSC preliminary. It has again been reappearing. Nice to see large number of questions in geography as well. Leave litter decomposes before I step in. When these kinds of questions has been given, word to word. Every single word has to be true. Eliminate by the words or find the answers by the words. I will show you both the things. Leave litter decomposes faster than any other biome as a result of soil surface is often almost barren it has been given. In case of mangrove forest, soil surface is never barren or partially barren because it is a mangrove ecosystem. It has been filled with water. So water will be available. So barren as a concept will not be there. So I am eliminating sir. Then with respect to any other biome, so one has been eliminated by the first statement. I am still dwelling into the statements. Coniferous, if you go into the coniferous, is the soil surface almost barren? If you have been walked on any of the coniferous forest like pine forest in India, Himachal, Shimla, any of the parts of Himalayas are Ooty, Kodakyan or Moon or any parts wherever you have been walked on it, you will always see undecomposed leaflet the coniferous pine needles will be piled up on the land surfaces again first statement denies these. Dry deciduous forest what will happen in a deciduous set? Deciduous leaf shedding will take place. So large amount of leaf has to be shed and it will remain water without water for a period of time and that is why this is deciduous. Monsoon forest, if you have been taking into consideration like the central parts of India, you will be able to see a large number of dry deciduous because rainfall is not available. It is dry in the region. So soil will be more divide of water. Decomposition rate is also slower. Some amount of the litter will also be there. So again I am eliminating by the first statement. Tropical rainforest still remains true. You will also ask a question sir. Tropical rainforest, large number of species will be there. I will come to that when I say that the answer is. Apart from the trees, vegetation is largely composed of plant forms that reach up to the canopy vigorously. Is it possible in a coniferous? No. You see only the conifer tree. Possible in dry deciduous? Not at all possible sir. But if you have seen in even in movies, wherever it has been shown with respect to the rainforest ecosystems or Tarzan kind of movies, you will be able to see the large number of vegetation will be going up to the canopy. You will have been rope like structures would have been hanging and all those things. By climbing the tree or growing as this is the keyword. Epiphytes. Where does Epiphyte grows? Again your environment book has an answer for this straight away. Epiphytes will be present in an area where sunlight cannot reach the soil surface. And that is why Epiphytes gets adapted and grows on the surface of some other trees. So that because it is growing on the height of the other trees it will be able to get absorbed the light. And that mechanism is only possible. Epiphytes are present only in high rainfall region. And within that your coniferous will not have high rainfall. Your dry deciduous high rainfall, your mangroves again nullified by the statement of barren soil again tropical rainforest. This is more likely description of. So by which word by word, word by word has to go. If you have been asking the question you said that you will answer for the first statement with tropical rainforest. Tropical rainforest has a large amount of biodiversity, large amount of species will be there much much closer density will also be there. But 2% of geographical land mass supporting 50% of global biodiversity. So large amount of need for nutrition will be there. On the other end temperature will be extremely high rainfall is also extremely high. Warm and moist climatic condition goes on. Because of the warm and moist climatic conditions all kind of your micro organisms which will be doing the process of decompotion will be acting very very very fast. And only if they act fast they will be able to liberate the nutrition. And those nutrition will be taken by the tropical rainforest biodiversity will be able to grow. They are less of, they will be barren of it. Sir is there any statement where I can find sir? NCRT you will be able to see if you move from iniquity or humus content will be very very less. In polar's humus content is also less. That humus is what they are given in different words. Apply it you will be able to get it. The vegetation of savannah consists of grassland with scattered small trees scattered small trees. One, they are also given grassland. So they have told what is the ecosystem savannah. But extensive areas have no trees. The forest development in such area is generally kept in check by one or more or a combination of some of the conditions. They are asking the condition. Which is the already asked UPSC question earlier. You can see it in the previous questions papers. That has been asked and that time they are given two choices.  Fire and rainfall that is the two choices that has been given. Now combination of choices has been given much more. What happens in a savannah ecosystem? Eight months of non-availability of rainfall will be there. Extreme summers will be there. Three months rainfall will take place. This is a normal scenario which will always been seen in a savannah ecosystem. If you have taken the Go Cheng Liang book, Sativated Physical Geography by Go Cheng Liang you will be able to find it very clearly. The diagrams would have been given. The facts would have been mentioned as well. Environment book again has been very specifically speak with respect to environment book of Shankar academy. It will again very specifically speak with respect to fire and rainfall. How it influences savannah ecosystem? Again two books you do have. So this has been already been existing. So fire is the case. How does it please? Even if you have not seen anything or any of the red of the book and if you have seen the Lion King movie, when there is a fight takes place between the scar and Simba. If I am right with the kid Simba Simba and there will be an accidental fire will take place. Before that scenario when scar has been ruling the ecosystem would have been largely exploited. All the animals will leave the ecosystem and the female lion will go to the prince and then say come back and rule like your father and all those fire when they fight accidentally fire will create. Fire will burn all the grassland ecosystem. Followed by it a rainfall will come. After that fleshy green growth of grasses will grow and then again all the animals will come back. A very good melodramatic thing would have been shown as well. That is the Havana ecosystem. Two things happens here. One is fire and another rainfall. So seasonal rainfall not throughout the year. Fire takes place. Why fire? Eight months of summer grasses will be dried. So potential for natural reservoirs of fire is available. So fire easily takes place in it. So two and four has to be there. Burrowing animals and termites do not have any role to play. Soil properties not the flow. How about grazing herbivores? They will be consuming only the tip of the plants especially the trees. When the tip of the plants have been consumed by the grazers, grazing herbivores the plant leaf will not be able to grow further which will be stunting the growth of the plant. If the leaf, if the branches are not well developed they will not be able to attain the maturity. Again an adventious bird comes from the stem. That will be so again by the camels, sorry giraffes. So again the next day giraffes will consume. So this will be hindering the growth of the trees. So tree will not be able to produce full growth of the branch. So flowering will not be possible. So seed setting will not be possible and also when the seed has been fallen down the fire will burn all the seeds. Tree seeds. Sir grasses also is burnt no but grasses will have rhizome. Rhizome will be present below the surface of the soil. The fire only burns the surface soil. The fire will eliminate seeds of trees. Fire will eliminate all the seedlings of the trees if it is also available. So in that case trees have been less. Savana remains as Savana. Ecosystem remains as Ecosystem. So grazing herbivores also play. So it is a combination. Interrelationship your environment book clearly speaks about it again. So you have straightforward answer from that, from your geography and environment books. 61 Answer is C. So 62 with respect to this question always tell people to read NCRTs from for geography especially. And people always have the difference of opinion but all the time there are many of the instances where UPSC has asked questions of geography from 6th, 7th or 8th, 9th NCRTs. This is one such instance. You find the NCRTs you will be having this answers. The amount of water in the rivers with reference to the water on the planet earth consider the following statements. The amount of water in the rivers and lakes is more than the amount of groundwater which is not true. With respect to fresh waters, the surface waters floating or starting rivers or the lakes do not have large percentage they have very less percentage. Ground waters 30 percentage. So the first statement is wrong. It stays there otherwise. So one is eliminated. So there is still a possibility of answer can be either B or D. The amount of water in the polar ice caps and glaciers is more than the amount of groundwater which is true which they have more than 60 percent. 67, 68 percent. They have a large number of percentage close to 70. So the answer is B2 only. The black cotton soil of India has been formed due to weathering of basaltic lava flow. So in that case your granite is eliminated. Basaltic lava, shale and symptoms they are not primary, they are not igneous. So again eliminated not brown for a soil. This comes from basaltic lava flow, fissure volcanic. The answer for 64 is B Wombay. With that the rest of the questions will be followed by the other faculties as well. Thank you. Hello everyone. My name is Susharitan and I will be discussing the science and technology questions. So first let's start with question number 25 in your question paper. Magnetate particles suspected to cause neuro degenerative problems are generated as environmental pollutants from which of the following? First let's talk about magnetite which is a mineral that is contained in iron ore with molecular formula Fe3O4. So what causes magnetite pollution? In fact they are called as magnetite nanospheres. So these particles they are suspended in air and they are generated because of two important processes that is combustion and friction derived heating. Two important processes by which magnetite pollution is caused. So first statement breaks of motor vehicles. Yes when we apply breaks whenever the brakes shoes depreciate they release small tiny or minute particulate matters called as magnetite nanospheres. So the first one should be there in the answer. Now coming to the second one engine of motor vehicles yes all the internal combustion engines they undergo friction even though we add lubricants and everything there will still be friction and it will generate magnetite nanospheres. So second one should also be there. Now coming to the third one. Microwave stows within homes. Yes there are few science papers that talks about magnetron. So what is a magnetron? How foot is cooked in a microwave oven? It has magnetron. So these magnetrons they generate microwaves. So these microwaves it will excite the water molecules present in the foot. That's how it is cooked. So there are evidences that this particular magnetron this can be source of magnetite pollution which means third one should also be there in the answer. Now coming to the fourth one. Yes power plants are one of the major source of magnetite pollutions because the pipes that runs superheated steams they generate a lot of magnetite. So fourth one should also be there in the answer. So one two three four should be there in the answer which means the answer should be D. Without any doubt we couldn't find the exact source about magnetite pollution in telephone lines but based on elimination since all one two three four should be there in the answer the answer should be D. Coming to the next question question number 65 with reference to recent developments regarding recombinant vector vaccines with respect to recombinant vector vaccines consider the following statements. So first how vaccines are developed there are three broader approaches by which a vaccine can be developed. Let's take covid for example for demonstration purpose let's consider the covid virus. The vaccines that are developed for against the novel coronavirus COV-2. First we can use the entire virus that is possible if you are going to take the entire coronavirus and if you are going to make modification to it and then produce a vaccine that's a whole microbe approach or whole virus approach. Second one subunit approach. If you are going to use only certain parts in the virus and if you are going to produce a vaccine that's called a subunit approach and the third thing genetic approach. If you are going to extract genetic material from the virus or if you are going to transcode your own genetic material that will help to fight against a virus or a bacteria then that's called as a genetic approach. So here we have provided the mind map three different types of vaccine approaches that is whole microbe approach subunit approach and genetic approach. Now let's talk about three different types in the whole microbe approach first inactivated vaccine second live attenuated vaccine third viral vector vaccine. So keep in mind we are discussing only about the whole micro approach where the entire virus or the bacteria is used for creating immunity against a disease. Three types of vaccines. So first let's talk about inactivated vaccine. So this picture is taken from the World Health Organization's webpage as they have clearly mentioned. First thing inactivated vaccine. So this particular vaccine this will destroy the genetic material in a virus or a bacteria. So the entire genetic material is destroyed and if the destroyed virus or the killed microbe is injected into your body it will trigger an immune response. So it's called as inactivated vaccine. The best example for inactivated vaccine is co-vaccine co-vaccine developed by Barth Biotic is an example of inactivated viral vaccine that fights against coronavirus disease COVID-19. Next let's talk about live attenuated vaccine. So this live attenuated vaccine it will use a virus or a bacteria that is weakened. The virus or bacteria that's used in this particular vaccine it would have lost all its virulence which means it cannot replicate it cannot reproduce and this is considered to be safe. This is called as a live attenuated vaccine. So right now we don't have any live attenuated vaccine for coronavirus at least in practice or that has been approved. Third let's talk about viral vaccine, an important approach. So in this approach we'll be taking a safe virus. So the green here denotes a safe virus. A safe virus is taken. Safe virus means a virus that does not infect human beings or that does not cause disease in human beings. So that particular type of safe virus is taken and then the proteins are embedded on this safe virus. So these are proteins of COVID-19 for example or proteins taken from SARS CO2. So only the protein part is taken from the SARS CO2 virus wherein the entire virus is something else that is in case of viral vector vaccines used for coronavirus it is adenovirus. So this particular adenovirus which is extracted from chimpanzees. So this particular type of adenovirus it causes disease or common flu in chimpanzees wherein it does not affect humans. So what we do here is we take adenovirus and on to the adenovirus we embed the proteins of coronavirus. So when this is injected inside our body through intramuscular means this will trigger immune response and this is non replicating in nature which means it will not reproduce it will not replicate but the entire thing will be destroyed but it will trigger primary immune response. Now the question is about the third type that is recombinant vector vaccines. Let's consider the viral vector vaccines that are approved for coronavirus this is right now that is Covishield or let's consider Janssen vaccine by Johnson & Johnson. Let's consider Sputnik v or AZ-T1-22 all these vaccines they use the same method that is viral vector vaccine. If you notice Covaxin destroyed the virus or removed the genetic material from the virus but it did not alter the virus wherein this one it is a genetically modified organism because adenovirus is modified with the proteins on to it. So the first statement genetic engineering is applied in development of these vaccines definitely yes even if you go to the Covishield website. So in their data the fact sheet about Covishield vaccine they would have specifically mentioned it contains GMO that is the vaccine contains genetically modified organisms but it will not replicate which is considered to be much safe. It will trigger immune response. So the first statement is correct. Second one bacteria and viruses are used as vectors. So vector is plainly a carrier. This is going to carry the protein or any other antigen that will trigger immune response. That is the overall idea which means anything can be used as a vector. Virus can be used as a vector or even bacteria can be used as a vector. If you see the recent science paper that is given here it is possible to use bacteria and virus for vaccine delivery. It is possible. Any microorganism that is living can be used as a vector which means the answer for this statement is C both 1 and 2. 65 answer is C. Now coming to the next question. Let's talk about hereditary diseases. So in the context of hereditary diseases consider the following statements. So first statement. Passing on mitochondrial diseases from parent to child can be prevented by mitochondrial replacement therapy either before or after in vitro fertilization. So this is the first statement and second statement a child inherits mitochondrial disease entirely from mother and not from father. So first let's talk about mitochondria. Where is mitochondria present? If you take the entire cell outside the nucleus mitochondria is present in cytoplasm. So what is the function of mitochondria? First important function I think starting from classics we would have repeatedly studied this. Mitochondria is considered as the powerhouse of the cell correct because it produces adenosine tri-pospin which is the energy currency to the cell. So that's why mitochondria is considered to be powerhouse of the cell and one important thing to note here is DNA will be present inside the nucleus generally but mitochondria they have their own set of DNA this is called as mitochondrial DNA and this mitochondrial DNA sometimes it's also called as maternal DNA. So why this is considered to be the maternal DNA? The principle is simple when fertilization happens the nucleus will be transferred from the father. When sperm and egg fuses the nuclear transfer happens wherein the entire cytoplasm especially mitochondria it is acquired only from our mothers which means all of us have mitochondria acquired only from the mother. So mitochondrial DNA is also called as maternal DNA which means if you can if mitochondrial DNA is going to cause a disease then the if mother has a particular disease related to mitochondrial DNA then in that case the child will also have a higher probability of getting that particular disease so how do we avoid this first thing the mitochondria can be replaced that is we can take a healthy mitochondria from some other female and the faulty mitochondria can be removed and replaced with healthy mitochondria so this is called as mitochondrial replacement therapy we are going to replace faulty mitochondria with healthy mitochondria this is the overall idea so the second statement is definitely correct that child inherits mitochondrial disease either entirely from mother and not from father fathers do not contribute to mitochondrial DNA wherein the DNA present inside nucleus it