Test, test, test. Okay. Hi, and welcome to the presentation by allcews.com. Today we're going to be discussing risk factors for co-occurring disorders. Over the next hour, we're going to define risk factors, identify risk factors for addiction and mental health issues in the following domains. Individual, peer, family, work, school, and community, and discuss similarities and differences between risk factors for each disorder. So what are risk factors? They're actually those characteristics affiliated with persons who are mentally or physically ill. These are things that make it more likely for someone to develop or worsen a condition that they already have or that they could get. That makes no sense. It considers the individual, peers, work, school environment, and the community. So remember, co-occurring disorders are the expectation, not the exception. So whether we are talking about did mental health issues predate the addiction or did the addiction predate the mental health issues, either way, it doesn't really matter. By the time they get to treatment, they've probably got both and we have to deal with both. If you deal with only one, you're going to end up with someone who's in a high risk of relapse. If you take away the addiction, the behaviors that are helping them to survive for right now, the mental health issues will likely not do so well because they don't have any other effective coping skills. If you leave the addiction alone and treat the mental health issues, yes, you might have someone who is functioning a little bit better. They may be engaging in the addictive behavior a little bit less, but we know that the power of that dopamine reward system is strong and the addiction, the addictive behaviors are still going to be there. So people are going to go back to this and while they're still engaging in this behavior and flooding their brain with happy chemicals basically, they're creating an imbalance. So they're not going to be able to fully recover from their mental health issues until the addictive behaviors are stopped. We have to remember that the addictive behaviors, again, are motivated by the time someone has developed a full-fledged addiction, not only by trying to escape the pain of whatever is going on in their life, but also the reward of the dopamine system and the feelings of pleasure, happiness, contentment, relaxation, whatever it is that they get from their addiction. So individual risk factors. Lack of accurate information on the prevalence and risks of use. So there are a lot of people out there who think everyone fill in the blank, everyone smokes pot, everyone drinks, everyone takes pain medication, whatever they think, or they think it's a lot more likely than it really is. Or they don't realize the high risk of use, whether it be the risk of getting caught and having legal problems or the risk of addiction because of kind of monkeying with their brain chemicals. So we need to help make sure people have accurate information on not only how much people are actually using this drug, this behavior, but also what are the risks? How likely is it for people to become addicted to this behavior? Perfect example is internet porn. A lot of people will say, well, everybody looks at porn, and that's not true. There is a certain prevalence out there, but our brains were never wired for never ending novelty, so the risks of use are actually quite high. When we look at genetic vulnerability, some people may be more reactive to certain drugs, certain addictive behaviors. Some people may have a depressed or highly anxious predisposition, if you will. They may have already been depressed or anxious, so when they start using, they feel normal. And it's this feeling of normality that makes them want to come back and continue using. So therein, we're looking at genetic or biological vulnerabilities. Pre-existing mental health issues, whether it be depression, anxiety, or difficulty with socialization, difficulty forming social relationships, all of these can lead to mental health issues that are, I don't want to say ameliorated, but seem to be fixed or helped out when someone engages in their addictive behavior. Now, when we look at it, we understand that it's all of facade. The person is either self-medicating or they are using the drug or the addictive behavior in order to relax enough to engage socially. So we need to help them develop the skills so they can do it without the addictive behavior, which takes us to poor coping skills. People with mental health issues, as well as people with addictions, tend to have poor coping skills, whether it be because they'd never developed them very well or because the coping skills they have are just completely overwhelmed by whatever's going on in their life right now. It depends. One thing we know is they're not able to deal with life on life's terms for one reason or another, whether it's causing a mental health issue, an addiction, or both. We need to help them figure out, find exceptions. When you are feeling okay, I'm not even going to say happy. When you're feeling okay, what is different? How are you coping? What things do you do to help yourself feel better? We can build off those. Use their strengths. Try to reinvent the wheel and say, okay, let me teach you this whole new skill. Ask them what's worked in the past. Build off of that. That will also give you an idea about what new skills might be integrated well because of their prior learning history. And lack of involvement with positive peers. We know that in depression, anxiety, and addiction, and stress management, for that matter. Positive peers or dysfunctional peers tend to make things worse. And positive, pro-social, healthy, supportive peers tend to make things better. They model healthy coping skills. They are able to set adequate emotional and physical boundaries. It's a wonderful thing. Poor health-related behaviors. In an addiction, people don't really care about eating right and getting enough sleep and all that kind of stuff. They want to feel better. They want to feel normal or they want to feel numb. But that's their priority, not figuring out whether they're getting enough protein. Poor health-related behaviors can lead to or compound mental health issues because we're not giving the body the building blocks it needs to make the neurotransmitters. It needs to function and keep that homeostatic balance going on in the brain. And we're also not giving them the energy that they need and the proper nutrition that they need for their body to rebuild. Whether it's mental health or addiction, both depression, anxiety, and addiction take its toll on the body, not just the brain chemicals. But when your heart is beating half again as fast as it should, when you're shaking all the time, you're burning through calories, you're burning through energy. The body needs time to rest and recover. Inability to self-soothe and self-regulate. In mental health issues, we see this a lot. But also in addiction, a lot of times the addiction itself is used to help the person self-soothe or self-regulate. With individual risk factors, we want to look at the person as a whole and we want to ask them, what is it that you are willing to work on? If we could do one thing right now to help you start feeling better tomorrow, what area would it be in? Do you want to look at coping skills? Do you want to look at developing healthier relationships? Do you want to work on your mental health issues? Do you want to work on nutrition and sleep and all that kind of stuff? What is it that you're willing to do right now? People are not going to be willing, most of the time, to do, actually, quote, whatever it takes. And we don't want them to try to change six things at once because we're setting them up to fail. No more than one or two major changes and maybe a third minor change at one time. Just let them master a couple of skills because we know that if they start having success, that will improve their self-esteem, that will improve their sense of empowerment and work against that hopelessness and hopelessness. But also, if we give them these successes, the positive effects not only of whatever it is that they're working on, but also just succeeding are going to have ripple effects, positive effects in all other areas of their life. You don't need to try to just tear it all down and start from scratch. Start making small changes. In both mental health issues and addiction, we see people have a lack of information on positive health behaviors. And I've harped on this before, and I'll harp on it again. Unfortunately, a lot of times we present information in ways that are not helpful for the average person who is dealing with mental health issues or addiction issues, and maybe not even for the average person, period. Most adult learning best practices say when you teach somebody something, especially an adult who has 16 things going on at once, we need to give it to them in bite size pieces. We need to make it applicable to them. It has to be useful, so bite-sized and useful and frequent. So we teach something, and what are the spots, oh, golly, the little commercial things that provide public service announcements. Thank you. Those are a perfect length. 30 seconds to a minute and a half to give somebody a little bit of information that helps them see why is this information that I'm getting ready to hear important to me. They get the technique or the tool or the information that's important to them, and then they get a summary that helps them take it back and go, this is why this is important, and this is how you can apply it. We need to answer, you know, the basic questions. Who is it important for? What is it going to do for me? Why do I care? How do I do it? And, you know, what can I expect? We can also do this by handouts. You know, it would be great if there were little handouts that people could get every single day or little snippets they could get on their phone through push notifications every day. Someone has to be willing to sign up for the push notifications, but that is one thing you can do is give somebody a tidbit every day. Low self-esteem is prevalent in mental health and addictive issues. They don't feel good about who they are. They never learn to be proud of themselves for who they are. And there's a lot of reasons for that. You know, it may never have been there, or they may have just been figuratively or literally beaten down so many times. They just gave up, which also goes to a lack of confidence. Remember, hopelessness and helplessness underlie depression, underlie anxiety, and underlie addiction. So if we can give somebody a sense of hope and a sense of empowerment that can do attitude, we're going to help them on their way. And I take it back to the Serenity Prayer. Now, whether you want to use it as a prayer or a saying or whatever it is that works for you, grant me the Serenity to accept the things I cannot change, the courage to change the things I can, and the wisdom to know the difference. How many times do you have a patient in your office that is getting exhausted, emotionally drained, physically drained, trying to change things that they can't change? It's like leaning up against a building with their shoulder and trying to move it 10 feet to the right. It ain't going to happen. That is not something that they can do. So we need to help them figure out what things can they change? And how can they do it? And then what are they going to do about the things they can't change? If they really want that building moved, what are they going to do about it? And if it can't be moved, how are they going to deal with it, either let it go or change their approach to whatever it is that makes them want to move the building? People need to realize that a lot of their sense of helplessness and hopelessness comes from trying to change the unchangeable, instead of focusing on what they can change. See, that's a snippet that they can use right there. Peers, reinforcement of negative norms and expectations within a peer group. We get our idea about what, quote, everyone does from our peer group. If you're hanging out with a peer group where everyone does smoke pot and everyone does shoot heroin and everyone does fill in the blank, then you're going to get the sense that everyone does do that. I'll give you an example. Social networking can have its positives. And I've got friends in multiple places. I enjoy chatting with them. But I am not a night owl. I like to go to bed between 8 30 and 9 30. That's when I like to go to bed. I like to get up between 5 and 6. But I like to go to bed between 8 30 and 9 30. And for the longest time, I didn't realize how many people did that. I thought I was just an old fogey going to bed at 8 30 at night. And as I've started to talk with people that are in my age group and outside of my immediate social circle, I realize how much more common it is for people to actually go to bed at what I consider a reasonable hour. So it's these norms and expectations that you see within your peer group that you automatically expect are what's going on outside in the macro system. Peers that think alcohol, drug use, porn use, any sort of addictive behavior is cool. Now there are people. I spend the majority of my career working with people in the military and law enforcement. These guys are adrenaline junkies. And they really thrive on spontaneity and they thrive on risk, that rush they get. So why am I bringing that up? Because you can get addicted to adrenaline. You can start doing things in order to get that rush. And if you're not constantly getting that high level of stimulation, some people start to get really, really antsy. So if you think and the peers in your peer group think that certain behaviors are cool, then those are the certain behaviors that you're probably going to reproduce more often than not. Inappropriate sexual activity among peers and ties to deviant peers or gang involvement, mafia involvement, obviously. If you're hanging out with people who are still actively in their, if you want to say, their criminal mind, if they're actively working criminal behaviors, whether it be youth or adults, then it's probably going to be a high risk factor for addiction.  You're putting yourself in situations that are more risky. Now, does that mean you have to cut all ties with peers? Maybe it's somebody you grew up with since third grade and your best friends, but they happen to be dealing drugs. That's a decision that everybody has to make on their own. And if the patient themselves is not addicted to drugs and they want to still hang out with their best friend from third grade who happens to be dealing, there have to be certain boundaries set in order to make sure that the person who is not addicted maintains healthy physical, emotional boundaries and is not put in risky situations by hanging out with this person. It is possible for deviant peers to not be deviant 100% of the time. It's a balancing act. Bullying and hazing leads to a lot of mental health issues. And we're seeing that even more, oh my gosh, we're seeing that so much more with, again, social networking, because we have something called internet inhibition, where people will say things online that they would never dream of saying to your face. There is a lot of misinterpretation and miscommunication online. People take things, sometimes they take things personally that shouldn't be taken personally. And sometimes they take things personally that were meant to be personal, but had no business being said at all. So we look at bullying and hazing, and even in our current political debates and everything, people are just being hateful to one another. So the question is, how do we help youth and adults for that matter? Deal with this.  It's easier said than done. Part of this is making sure that the individual has a strong sense of self, a strong self-esteem, and strong, healthy peers. So they're not relying on validation from anyone and everyone, which takes us to lack of acceptance. A lot of people who have depression, anxiety, addiction issues have issues with needing people to approve of them, because they're not OK being who they are and just period. They need and they want people to validate them, people to tell them they're OK, people to respect them, people to want to be around them. Now, is it wrong to want people to be around you? No. However, if you have to have that in order to feel OK, then you're setting yourself up for a very risky situation. Family, family conflict is common in both addiction and mental health issues. We see this in the addicted family when we talk about the different roles in the addicted family, the hero, the mascot, the scapegoat. There are a lot of different roles that people take on in order to try to survive the addicted family. At a certain point, most of those roles fail to meet people's individual needs. So they start feeling isolated. They start feeling not accepted. Watching family conflict all the time is also just exhausting. However, part of it is cultural. And it's important to understand that some families and some cultures tend to be a bit louder and more argumentative, if you will. Oh, everybody loves Raymond. It was a sitcom that was on some years back. And the two of them fought like cats and dogs constantly. I mean, they were constantly bickering about something or another. You could tell that they loved each other, but they were constantly bickering. Now, is that kind of family conflict going to set someone up to be at risk for addiction and mental health issues? You could argue whether that is or not. Obviously, family conflict, where people are throwing things, telling each other how worthless they are and how they hate each other, that's a whole different level. So it's important to look at the degree of family conflict and what underlies all of it. Some people just like to debate. They like to argue. Some people go into the field of law because they just like to argue. Family history of addiction or mental health issues predisposes people to addiction and mental health issues, whether it be from genetics or social learning or both. In meshed or detached relationships, common to both addiction and mental health issues. If especially if the parents are all up in the child's business or completely emotionally detached, the child has difficulty with acceptance. If the relationships are in meshed, then they feel like they have to be whatever the parent tells them they are supposed to be and they have to feel the way the parent tells them they're supposed to feel. And they feel very controlled, like they can't breathe. They're being puppeted, like marionettes. In the detached relationship, the child often feels unaccepted and unappreciated because the parents just not stinking there. They may be there in body, but they don't pay any attention to the children. So it's important to recognize that there's a healthy level of boundaries and as children grow older, obviously they need more space to go out and try things, but they need to be able to come home and know that there's going to be somebody there to provide them emotional support. And lack of parental awareness. If parents are just checked out, then mental health and addiction issues can develop and flourish before they're even really noticed. It's important that parents be aware. And it's also important in adult relationships, you know, to be aware of whether it's your friend or your spouse or whatever, because a lot of times as outsiders, we can notice things before somebody else does. The same thing works in reverse when someone starts taking antidepressants or going to therapy or making changes. A lot of times the other people, the people in the person's immediate social circle will see the positive changes before the person really feels them. And then, you know, if you point them out, the person may go, you know, you're right. I actually have slept six solid hours for the past week and I'm feeling a little bit better. Encouraging people to be mindful and take an inventory of how they feel. And awareness when somebody starts feeling not so hot. I mean, we talk about relapse prevention and part of relapse prevention is understanding that the relapse happens long before the person becomes clinically depressed or picks up or uses their addiction again. The relapse starts happening long before that and they kind of white-knuckle it and try to hang on until everything just gets overwhelming and it all crashes. Work in school. It's so important to have clear expectations about what is supposed to happen for mental health and to prevent addiction issues. Think about working in an environment where you are overworked, there's little positive reinforcement, rapid unpredictable change, destructive communication styles and an inability to resolve grievances, okay? So think about this. You go to work, you know you're gonna have more to do than you could possibly get done. You know that if anybody opens their mouth, it's just gonna be to complain or to gripe at you. And you don't know from one minute to the next exactly what's gonna happen. You may be transferred, you may be pink-slipped, policies may change, it's just constant ebb and flow. There's no structure and there's no standard. I'm a structured person that drives me absolutely bonkers when things are constantly changing. And then destructive communication where the only thing that is ever said is you shouldn't have or you need to explain to me why you did this, that and the other. It's very punitive, very condescending, very authoritarian. Compound that with the inability to actually stand up for yourself or say, hey, y'all thought I'd take a look at this because morale's going in the crapper, productivity's in the crapper and things are getting bad really fast. So what's the opposite of that or how can we prevent it? We can't necessarily prevent overwork because sometimes there just is a lot to be done. Provide positive reinforcement as often as possible. Try to always make sure that people feel like they have a voice and even if their suggestions are not viable, help them understand why. That was one of the things I would harp on in residential treatment. If my staff was gonna tell the patients that they couldn't do something or that something had to change, they needed to be able to answer the question why. And if a client asked why, they had every right to an answer, not just because I'm the therapist or because that's the way it is. There needs to be a legitimate explanation for why. In treatment, again, patients were already under enough stress. So changing things up and deviating from the schedule threw a lot of people into a tailspin. This rapid unpredictable change, it was important for us as a staff, even if things were changing unpredictably in the agency, it was important for us as a staff to try to shield the patients from that because that's not their thing. Even if it is going to affect them in one way or another, we need to make sure that we present it to them in a cohesive fashion and make the transition as smooth as possible. It's important whether it's at work, at school or in treatment, that we maximize the number of people that succeed. Let's just think about being in treatment, for example. If you're in treatment and there's 30 people in your cohort and 17 of them either leave AMA or are kicked out of the program or relapse or whatever, that's not setting up a good proportion for me to go, hey, this program's gonna work for me because I'm seeing everybody around me fall. Same thing is true at work and at school. It's important that people see, that children see, that workers see, that there is the possibility for success. There is the possibility for longevity. There is the possibility for promotion. And a lot of people have that. If you have a work environment, pardon me, where people don't ever stay more than 18 months to two years, that communicates something about the environment. It communicates that it's a really high stress environment that people wanna get the heck out of as soon as they can, which tells me that it is hard on people's mental health and can lead to some addiction issues and some need to try to numb out some stress. And then environmentally, if addictive behaviors, activities, substances are readily available and affordable, it's gonna be a lot easier for people to access them than if they're not. So if someone is in crisis, if someone is struggling, if someone is in pain, if they're stressed out, whatever word you wanna use, and alcohol is not readily available, they'll probably find something else. If alcohol is readily available, they're gonna choose whatever's the easiest thing to access. The norms need to be clear and discourage use, discourage addictive behaviors. We need to ensure that the climate, and I'm talking about the environment in the house, in the neighborhood, as well as the community, is not depressed. I can tell you I did a week-long seminar in Detroit, Michigan. And Detroit, Michigan has some of the most beautiful architecture I've ever seen, but unfortunately right now the entire city is just impoverished and that beautiful architecture is abandoned and has graffiti on it, and there's just scores of people who are homeless, out of work, depressed, which doesn't set, when you go through that environment, it doesn't say, hey, this is a great place to be. It says, hey, I wanna get out of here as soon as possible. That doesn't create a great situation for mental health issues. If the climate is depressed, if there's a high cost of living, if there's lack of adequate safe housing, people are not engaged with one another, you can see how this feeling would not only discourage healthy relationships, but it's just depressing to look around and see how far things have fallen and how powerless you are to change it. Strong social institutions are also impossible, I'm not impossible, are important, in order to prevent addiction, mental health issues, mentoring programs, Boys and Girls Clubs, social support services, access to medical care, access to mental health care.  There are free clinics that'll help you get antibiotics, that'll help you get your shots, that'll help you get this, that, and the other, but when it comes to mental health care, which can't be taken care of in one shot 15 minutes, it's just not available. So encouraging the development of strong social institutions, encouraging the development of programs that provide free low-cost mental health counseling is really important, not only to prevent addiction, but also mental health issues. So where do we start? I mean, I've identified a lot of problems, where do we start? We need to educate parents about child development, developmental needs, and effective parenting to produce much healthier children, which we need to do it again, in bite-sized pieces, and in a way where parents don't feel like we're saying, you don't know what you're doing. There's a lot of us who are more than happy to say, our kid didn't come with a manual, I have no idea what I'm doing, but I wanna learn. There's also a lot of parents who would take offense to that, so how do we sneak it in there in little bite-sized tidbits, kind of like I sneak spinach into my kid's food? Whoops. Public service announcements, I know I keep saying that. At the bottom of receipts, if you wanna do that, push notifications, pop up ads that show up in Facebook, anywhere people are where they might see something, and I can tell you, on social networking, Instagram, Pinterest, Facebook, if something has a picture, and a few words, is actually a lot more powerful to most people, because they'll look at it, than something that's a half a page of text. So creating situations for our clients, maybe on your website or in your app for your organization, or even on your own Instagram feed that people can subscribe to, that have those snippets of information, those tidbits.  Well, here's how we can help. Is your child having difficulty, your infant having difficulty getting to sleep? Here's how to help your child develop healthy sleep habits. Small snippets, nothing too complex all at once. People can watch multiple videos in a row if it's a complex topic, give them one piece at a time. YouTube is also excellent for that. There are a lot of places people go on the internet willingly, and if there's something they can learn, then great. Teachers, more effective teacher education to assist them in guiding children in early problem identification, self-soothing, emotional regulation, and transitioning from that egocentric all-or-nothing thinking to abstract thought. Now, I'm thinking more preschool, childcare, those sorts of things. Helping preschool teachers and childcare teachers understand not only Piaget's theories, which, you know, great, wonderful. Erickson's theory is great, wonderful. But if you can't take that and apply it to something useful to actually help the child develop, it's kind of useless. We need to translate theory to practice. How do we do that? Role modeling. Again, small little snippets for teachers, maybe at the beginning of every day, they have a little handout about a new technique or some information about how to handle a current problem going on with the children or a child in their particular, in their particular school. For example, when my daughter was in Montessori, there was one little boy who was going through a really rough period and would act out and bite people.  Helping the teachers understand, okay, what may be going on with him? How can he better learn to cope with this? Because, I mean, he was three. It's not like you can sit down and talk to him like he was 13. So providing snippets in places where teachers, parents can get the information. Not requiring people to sit through hour-long seminars or even hour-long videos online. In the community, provide a variety of opportunities for youth of all ages and interests to get involved. Not just the little kids. When my children were little, there were a myriad of places that we could go, parks and what have you. And they would be amused for hours. Once they got past eight and weren't quite adults yet, there were a lot fewer things in the community for them to get involved with except for extracurricular activities. It's important that children have a place to go. Even if it's not extracurricular in the town I grew up in, way back in the olden days. Every Friday night, there was a church that opened up its basement for youth to come and hang out. There was a DJ, there were games, there were things that you could do. But it was a place where youth under 18 could go and be safe and allegedly away from alcohol, drugs and other things. I'm sure alcohol, drugs and other things made it onto the property at some point. But most of the time it wasn't. That definitely wasn't a prominent feature of the Friday Hangouts. Provide opportunities for positive youth recreation. Monitor media messages and enhance those that encourage positive health maintenance behaviors like exercise, nutrition and positive self-evaluation. Okay, so here's my next little soapbox. They're sometimes commercials and there was one for brownie bites and I can't remember what company made it. Sort of irrelevant. But the tagline was brownie bites for when you just need a hug. I'm like, no, no, no, no, no, no, no. Brownies are not hugs. We do not eat to replace our need for human contact. That's not a message that I want to see portrayed and ingrained in my children's mind. I want them to recognize when they need a hug, when they need social support versus when they're hungry. There's a very big difference. Exercise, it doesn't have to be 30 minutes on the treadmill. It doesn't have to be something that is grueling. It can be taking your dog out for a walk. I would love to see some more behaviors or some more messages in the media about how exercise is just getting up and moving. It doesn't have to be playing basketball. It doesn't have to be going to the gym. You can just go outside, walk around, garden. Anything that moves your body is technically exercise. Would I love to see people in their target training zone 20 minutes, three times a week? Sure, I would love that. But I'm being realistic. Our society is not really motivated for that right now. Let's get people outside. Let's get people moving around and at least breathing. And we'll move from there. Nutrition, think about the last two days when you were watching TV, if you watch TV that has commercials. What kind of messages that you saw? I can remember a commercial for Jack in the Box. I can remember a commercial for Hardys. I can remember a commercial for Pizza Hut. Yeah, no healthy nutrition was actually advertised. So what kind of message does that send to people? And messages about positive self-evaluation. We are trying to do that a little bit more, but I think the media has gone from one extreme of having really thin, wave-like models to the other extreme of highlighting people who are not only curvy, but to the point of being unhealthy. And I think there's a medium, a midline in there, where we should encourage people to maintain their health behaviors. Is it good if people who are thin or people who are overweight are happy with themselves? Yes, that's a great message. I would like to see us communicating to youth that we don't have to go to extremes on everything. So mental health problems can cause addictive behaviors and addictive behaviors can cause mental health problems. To prevent one, we need to prevent them both. There are a lot of overlapping risk factors, a lot of overlapping protective factors. It really takes me back to Maslow's hierarchy. I mean, let's get back to basics. Make sure people have basic health needs met. They're getting enough sleep. Our adequate health behaviors make sure that they are feeling safe, not only physically, but safe in their own head and safe when they get online from verbal attacks. We can be our own worst critics and people tend to lash themselves with wet noodles for forever. So if we can teach people how to make their head a safe place and be able to choose what sentiments and what people they let rent space in their head, I think we're 50% of the way there. And then you've got a happy person who knows what they're worth, who's willing to let go some of the stuff that is just irrelevant, forming relationships and developing self-esteem. Hey, go figure. So if you've watched this presentation and participated for CEUs, log into the classroom at allceuse.com and take the quiz. If you've watched this presentation and participated and want CEUs, purchase access to the quiz and certificate at allceuse.com. This presentation was recorded as part of a live interactive webinar. If you're watching it on replay, please remember that you can contact Dr. Snipes on her personal chat page at HTTPS, colon slash slash purechat.me slash qtvx.


on patrol made contact with the elusive enemy when the Viet Cong struck in a variation of his favorite tactics, a surprise attack from the shadows. But the VC already aware he has little chance of winning a stand-up fight. His learning he is being engaged by a fighting force quite different from that he met and defeated a decade ago. His own guerrilla tactics are being turned against him and he is frequently trapped in our ambushes set up by the patrols that are moving constantly. It is through skillful use of patrols of many different sizes and types that our military commanders in Vietnam maintain contact with the enemy and exert the constant pressure which is weakening the VC's grip on areas he has controlled for years by tyranny and terror. Our success with the military action of patrol and ambush backed up by an expansive civic action program continues to win the trust of the people in Vietnam. Many are no longer afraid to give us the information that leads to the enemy's hidden caches of supplies often including a variety of weapons and to Victor Charlie himself. For every patrol of course the way is strung with danger and only constant vigilance can turn up the vicious array of often primitive but surprisingly effective booby traps and obstacles with which the crafty enemy has popped the green earth. Every cave must be thoroughly and cautiously explored. Even a youngster plotting along the road could have a grenade concealed in the heavy burden. It has happened before. The patrol must wait until the road itself is swept with mine detectors. When it moves on it finds the spider holes in which snipers have been or may still be hiding.  Yes every foot of the way is strung with danger. Careful planning goes into every patrol action. Lieutenant Colonel Robert R. Dickie briefs Marine and Army members of his staff on the location and possible strength of the enemy. Then elements of the third Marine regiment are lifted by helicopter or a patrol in force along the Songuvia River 50 miles away. The swift air movement is expected to catch the guerrilla force in that area off guard and reduce the danger of running into enemy ambush. Miraculously the exploding booby trap injured no one but almost immediately at least 30 BC opened fire from the village ahead. Let's rip through the leaves and the Marine is hit. Then the Navy Hospital Corpsman who crawled to help him is also wounded. That's the Viet Cong civilians powering in the ditch along the trail. The action is heavy but finally the firepower of Delta Company's first platoon begins to tell. The enemy tries to disengage. In the village and beyond Delta Company finds what's left of the enemy. The search yields confirming evidence that the Viet Cong has been there in strength. In the tree lines and along the bank of the nearby stream the patrol uncovers a complicated network of trenches and tunnels. After a careful probing, Marine combat engineers are called forward to destroy the enemy fortifications. Dickie's patrol in force has accomplished its mission. Search and destroy. The rivers and streams of South Vietnam are well traveled highways used for centuries in a country where good roads are few. Waterborne patrols of Marines and South Vietnamese troops deny these important arteries to the Viet Cong and protect legitimate travelers from ambushes and unofficial tax collectors. Acting on information from the villagers, speedy assault patrols move in on a suspected stream-side guerrilla base. Always the mission of the patrol is to make contact with the enemy to determine his strength, disposition and intentions to seek him out and destroy him. Marine Lieutenant Richard Nicklin and combat photographers covered such an action during Operation New York. This is the first platoon of golf company commanded by First Lieutenant Terry Moulton. We're on a search and clear mission this morning. This is going to be a methodical search house by house, village by village as we move north. We're looking mostly today for military age men that may possibly be VC. So far all we can see are women and children and old men. There are no young VCs. We have Vietnamese who do the interrogating, asking where the VC are, where they may have gone. We're looking for tunnels, caves, anything worthy Viet Cong may hide. We've just run into some VC here in the area. Right immediately to our front is a group of huts at the edge of a small village getting some returned fire. We've been chasing these VCs since 8 o'clock this morning. It's been a long haul until we finally found them. They just stand and fight. These Viet Cong are elusive. You can't see them. All you can do is hear the bullets as they come at you. They just moved out on a line to assault this position, hitting it with everything they've got. And if there's any VC in there that'll sort of help clean them out. Those words speak of the courage and determination and high resolve of all the men and women, civilians and military, supporting the pledge of President Johnson, that the threat of a communist takeover in South Vietnam will be eliminated. And peace with freedom and the right of self-determination will be won for its people.


Boston celebrated its century-long friendship with the Canadian province of Nova Scotia on the 2nd of December during its annual tree lighting ceremony This year marks the 50th tree donation from Nova Scotia My great aunt Una was one of the nurses that came from Boston to Nova Scotia on a train to help after the explosion so there's a lot of connection between Nova Scotia Boston and personally from a family perspective too The tree is a donation for Boston's help after the Halifax explosion that killed 2,000 people in 1917 International studies professor Eric Goldstein calls the Nova Scotia tree a quote diplomatic gift gift giving is an old tradition and diplomacy back to ancient times and this one is particularly effective because it's gift giving Remembering humanitarian collaboration to celebrate the tradition Bostonians and Nova Scotians performed on stage Including Nova Scotian R&B artist Keontae Beals. The Nova Scotian tree will remain in Boston's common through to February 2022 From Boston Common for the UTV10, I'm Yumna Sukar


The second lecture on Tuesday, we established some convergence rate in H1 with a first-order corrector and also in L2, a first-order convergence rate. In the last two lectures today and tomorrow, we're going to look at another problem, basic problem in quantitative homogenization. That is the uniform regularity of solutions. So here, uniform means that the estimate we're looking for estimate with constant independent of the small parameter, optional. So today, we're going to present the method of compactness. We're using this compactness method to prove the large scale Lipschitz estimate. Tomorrow, we're going to look at another approach to the regularity problem, not by compactness, but by the method of convergence rate, something related to what we talk about in the second lecture. So let me just review what we have done. So here, we're working with a family of second-order elliptic operators in divergence form. So you have a parameter, optional, appear in the denominator of the variable x in a coefficient. The basic assumptions are this coefficient's matrix. A is real, bounded, measurable, and uniform and elliptic. And also, A is periodic. So more precisely, ellipticity means that you have a positive constant mu. So the matrix is positively definite, bounded below by mu. We're going to put an upper bound by mu to the power negative 1. And one periodic means that it's periodic with respect to the integer lattice. For the notation simplicity, we're going to just work with the scalar case, but everything we do today holds for second-order systems in divergence form here. OK, so the question we're looking at is, what is the sharp regularity of solutions we can prove? So we start with, we look at this equation, the operator L, epsilon, defined in the first page. Omega and F are fixed. And we ask the question, what is the sharp regularity of the solution uniformly with respect to epsilon? So here we look at something we did in lecture 1. We show that if you have a linear function that's just the xk, and you add a scaled corrector to the linear function, you actually end up with a solution, an entire solution in the whole space. So we take this solution, and you take the derivative. Here the first term is a linear function. You take the derivative. That's just a constant. And for the second term, you're going to have an epsilon to the power negative 1 comes out, which cancels this factor epsilon. So you don't need to worry about this first term just constant. So what is the best regularity you can have uniformly with respect to epsilon for the second term? And it's clear that unless the corrector is 0, you cannot expect this derivative to be more than just being bounded. It's not even uniformly continuous. So the best regularity we can hope for is Lipschitz's regularity. There's no C1 alpha here. And so there's no C1 alpha estimate here. So the classical theorem I want to talk about. Actually, we're going to present a proof today using compactness method. It is due to Marco Avalinda and Fang-Hua-Lin back in 87. So let's look at an assumption here. So here I come up with the upper indices just indicate the results are holds also for systems, second order systems in divergence form. Assuming this matrix is elliptic, periodic, and the header continues. Domai is C1 alpha. So you solve a Dirichlet boundary value problem. The right hand side is F. The boundary data is G. And the theorem states that the gradient of the solution is uniformly bounded up to the boundary by a constant C. The most important thing here is that C is independent of epsilon times the LP norm of the right hand side plus the C1 sigma norm of the boundary data. So this theorem is sharp in several fronts. As I mentioned, there is no C1 alpha. This is a elliptic estimate up to the boundary, the best you can hope for. But it's also sharp in terms of assumptions, omega being C1 alpha. In general, even for harmonic functions, there's no elliptic estimate on C1 domains. The assumption P greater than the dimension is also sharp. You can see that from the representation of the fundamental solution, even for Laplacian. And C1 sigma norm is also sharp. I mean, you cannot have a C1 here. That's not true even for harmonic functions. So that is the Lipschitz estimate for Dirichlet problem here. So there is also a theorem for the Neumann problem. The assumption is the same. The coefficient is elliptic, periodic, and here the continuous domain is C1 alpha. So instead of Dirichlet problem, we're going to look at the Neumann problem. So the equation is the same. And here you have the co-normal derivative specified on the boundary. Let me just remind you the co-normal derivative of associate with this operator. It's n dot with the coefficient multiplied by the gradient. So this is just the flux in a normal direction. That's the co-normal derivative of the function here. And so here you have the L infinity norm of the gradient, the Lipschitz norm, uniformly bounded by the LP norm of f, P greater than the dimension, plus the C sigma norm of the Neumann data. So here, because the Neumann data is already posed on the derivative, certainly you don't put the C1 sigma data as in the Dirichlet case. You have a C sigma. Sigma is any number greater than 0. So the theorem was proved originally by Kenick, Lin, and myself back in 2013. And there are additional assumptions that the coefficient also being symmetric. Later on, Scott Armstrong and myself removed that condition and also proved this theorem and the previous theorem in a case of almost periodic case. Using the method, we're going to talk about tomorrow here. All right? So I will spend most of the time showing you the compacted method in a very simple setting. That's the interior estimate. So this is due to Avalinda and Fenghua. And in this theorem here, in the previous two theorems you are assuming the coefficients actually are here to continuous. But it's only used in the small scale. So this theorem, you can think, is a large scale estimate. There is no smoothest assumption on the coefficient. This theorem is true for bounded measurable coefficients. So everything in scale can be scaled in a unit ball, B1. You have a solution for the simplicity. Let's just say the right-hand side is also 0. You can have a similar estimate. You have a forcing term there. So I want to simplify everything set in here. So the estimate is the following. So if you average the solution, the gradient of the solution squared on the ball of radius r, r is any number between the parameter epsilon and 1. We cannot go down below epsilon. And that will require regularity on the coefficients. This is bounded by the average on the ball of radius 1. And the constant c is independent of dimension. And the mu is the ellipticity. Again, let me just emphasize that no smoothest assumption is required for this theorem. This is a large scale theorem. Are there any questions? So let's see why this is called a Lipschitz estimate, a large scale Lipschitz estimate. It turns out once you have this large scale estimate, you combine with the classical local estimate. You will have the Lipschitz estimate in full scale. This is a very simple blow up argument. Let's say you put an additional assumption that the coefficient is huge or continuous of all the lambda here. Lambda is anything between 0 and 1. And so we're going to show that whenever you have a solution in a unit ball, then the gradient at the center of the ball is bounded by the L2 average of the gradient on the ball of radius 1. And the constant now will depend on the dimension. The ellipticity constant mu and this lambda and m in the Hüter continuity assumption. So how do you prove this? Well, we're going to do this in two steps. First of all, we know that if the parameter epsilon is greater or equal to 1 half or some number greater than 0, then the estimate here is classical. That is because if epsilon stay away from 0, then the coefficient you have here, x over epsilon, is uniformly Hüter continuous in epsilon. So the classical Hüter estimate will give you this directly. So that's the first observation. So now we can assume that epsilon is between 0 and 1 half. So first of all, we do a blow up argument and we rescale. So you're looking at, so you have a solution. You have a solution L epsilon, U epsilon equal to 0 in B1. And then you rescale.  So you change the variable from x to epsilon of x.  And then you also multiply epsilon to the power negative 1. And then you see that if you take the gradient of V, this epsilon cancel, this epsilon come up, cancel this epsilon to negative 1. You simply have a gradient of epsilon evaluate at epsilon of x. The thing is that this function here will satisfy the equation with parameter 1. That's how the operator rescales here. So V will be a solution for the operator L1. I mean, that's a classical operator. And we simply apply the classical C1 alpha estimate, or Liff's estimate, to V you end up with this inequality. The derivative at 0 is bounded by L2 average on ball radius 1. And once you have this and you just change the variable back, this inequality is the same as this one. First of all, the left-hand side are the same. And by a change of variable, the right-hand side also are the same. So that is the Boolean inequality here. So this step used the Hewler continuity, but it does not use the periodicity. This is a small-scale estimate. So the large-scale estimate come up in the second step. That is the average on the ball of radius Epsilon is bounded by the average of, you can put a gradient here. It doesn't really matter, because they're more or less equivalent by cartography on the ball of radius 1. That's the second step here. The red inequality is precise. Well, not this one. It should be this one. You take R to be Epsilon here. So that is the proof of the full-scale Liff's. Once you have the large-scale estimate, do you have any questions? Because the cartography, they are more or less equivalent. I can go to B1 half by the gradient, and then you get rid of the gradient by cartography from B1 half to B1. Thank you. There? Yeah, whenever you have a local estimate, then it's OK. So this is just completely separate the small-scale and the large-scale here. The large-scale does not use any smoothness of the coefficient here. All right, so now let's just try to prove this. How do they prove goals? The compactness approach, so here, we're going to have to work with a class of matrices, not just one matrix. So I'm going to call m of mu to be the class of all matrix, d by d, that it's one periodic. They have the same period and also same ellipticity and mu to the minus 1 half. So in all this calculation, mu is fixed, but the matrix are changing here. And so the compactness we are doing here, we are working with all the operators of this form. That epsilon is positive, and A is any matrix in the class of m of mu. So we're not just working with one matrix, but we work with family of matrices. And A is also allowed to change, as long as it's in that class of m of mu. So this is the reason that in the first lecture, I actually insist that we're working with a sequence of matrices instead of one. Although if you only work qualitative theorem, you only need one matrix. So what is the theorem? We have proved this in the first lecture. So let's say you have a solution. You have a sequence of solutions in domain omega, and epsilon k goes to 0. And A sub k is in the class of m of mu. And we're going to assume that this sequence is bounded in H1. So the H1 norm is uniformly bounded in k.  That's not surprising, because any bounded sequence in the Hilbert space has a weakly convergent subsequence. Not a problem. The interesting part, the key part is that the limit actually satisfies a equation with a constant coefficient here. So U0 is a solution of divergent form operated in second order with constant coefficients. So that was proved on Monday in the first lecture. And we're going to use this theorem today. Questions? OK, so let me just briefly review how do we prove it. So first of all, we can find a subsequence which converges in H1. We can pass to another subsequence so that a k hat converges as a sequence of a constant matrix that converges to another constant matrix. That just compacts in the Euclidean space. And the limit satisfies the same elliptic, same lower bound, but the upper bound may be different, but only depends on the dimension and the mu here. And then we use a Divi-Kalema or Tata's testing function method to show that the flux also weakly converges in L2. Once you have this, then you know the limit U0 will be a solution, because you can just multiply by a test function, integrating omega, and that's what you need. So that's what we done in the first lecture here. So now let's see how we use the compactness to prove the interior regularity. So this using a compactness and iteration argument here, there are two steps here. So let's see how we set this up here. So everything is happening in a unit ball. We can always scale into a unit ball, center, or origin. And we're going to fix a number sigma. Doesn't have to be small. Any number between 0 and 1. The claim is that there are two other small numbers. One is called the epsilon 0, another called theta. Epsilon 0 between 0 and 1 half, theta between 0 and 1 quarter, small. Which depend only on d, mu, and sigma. It does not particularly depend on the matrix. It only depend on this elliptic constant, mu. So that whenever epsilon is less than epsilon 0, whenever you have a solution in a unit ball with some matrix a belongs to this class, then you have this estimate. So what is this estimate here? OK, so here, this is the average on the ball radius theta. The solution minus its average on the ball radius theta. And then you subtract this very much like a Taylor expansion. It is a Taylor expansion except that we introduce the correctors into this formula. If you don't put a corrector, that's just the second term, which is a linear function multiplied by the derivative. But instead of a derivative evaluated at some point, we put the average of the derivative. There's a good reason for that. We like average. It's because point-wise, the derivative does not converge strongly. So you measure this difference. And at a scale sigma, it decays like sigma to the power 2 plus 2 times sigma. This is the same sigma here times the average of u epsilon squared. So this is the setup here. So it's a first step. It's called a one-step improvement. Once we get this done, we're going to iterate this argument, this estimate, from scale 1 all the way to scale epsilon. This is iteration here. I'll tell you now why we need to have this corrector in this place. Certainly, without a corrector, this is still true by the same proof. However, when you go to the second step, if you want to iterate, you realize that then this term, the constant is always a solution. But if you only have a linear function, it's not going to be a solution. So one important reason here, well, there's much deeper reason than that, is that this guy is a solution to the operator L epsilon. And therefore, you can iterate this inequality repeatedly up to the scale epsilon here. You'll see how this is done in the second step, in the second lemma. So for now, let's just look at how this lemma is proved. Any questions? Yes. There's no, we're working with an interior estimate, so I don't need. There's no omega here. Later on, we're going to talk about the boundary leptes toward the end of the lecture. This will give you interior leptes. We're working with a ball, and then to ball radius 1, and then you have an estimate to a ball radius 1 half, so it's an interior estimate. OK, so how do you prove this? You prove this by contradiction. Compactness, just argue by contradiction. All right? So I'm going to choose a theta. How do I choose theta? I'll tell you later. There's a reason. So we're going to assume that there's no such epsilon 0 for this chosen theta. Suppose there's no epsilon. We're going to find some contradictions. So if there's no epsilon, then any small epsilon k will not be true. So what that means is that there must be a sequence of epsilon k, which goes to 0. There must be a sequence of matrices belongs to this class. There must be a solution to in the ball radius 1. So you can normalize that the L2 norm is 1 so that you have the reverse inequality. So we claim that this is, sorry, where is it going back here? So we claim that this quantity is less or equal to theta to the power of 2 plus 2 sigma times this integral. And here we're assuming it's greater, maybe it's strictly greater than theta to the 2 plus 2 plus sigma. The integral there is already normalized to 1. So here I want to mention that there's a corrector, chi k, but this is the corrector for the matrix A super k. For this matrix, we have a sequence of matrix. So we have a sequence of correctors in this. But they're all uniformly bounded in L2, though. Because the mu is fixed. And then we're going to simply take the limit and I will give you the contradiction. So how do we do it?  So it goes to a smaller ball. It will be uniformly bounded in h1. And therefore, you can find a sub sequence. So that it converges weakly in h1. We can also go to a sub sequence so that u sub k converges weakly in L2 of b1 because the norm of u k is 1. And then we go to another subsequence. Subsequence of subsequence, the effective matrix of a k also converge because they are bounded. They must be converged. The subsequence is a converged subsequence, OK? And this allow us to apply the compacted theorem I stated earlier. That is, the subsequence will converge weakly in h1. So here, let me see, you have let's just look at what this subsequence satisfies. The u sub k squared b1 is 1.  And this is a vector value function thought with the average of the gradient of u sub k squared is greater than theta to the power of 1 plus 2 sigma, OK? So we take the limit. Well, k goes to infinity by the limsub property of upper semi-continuous, they call b1. The limit will satisfy. Well, I cannot get 1, but I know it's less or equal to 1, OK? You take the limit here. This will u sub k converge in l2 while in b theta. So you've got the limit b theta v here minus. We converges to give you this average minus x, OK? This sequence here is uniformly bounded in l2. So this term goes away because if epsilon k goes to 0, you still have an x left. And this also converges because of the weak convergence. So I mentioned earlier that you do not want to put a point-wise, evaluate the derivative. You want to average it here. So b theta, then you have a grade square greater or equal to theta 2 plus 2 sigma, all right? That's what I have on the bottom line there, OK? And that will be a contradiction. And why is that, OK? So the reason that's not going to be true is because the limit v is a solution of a constant coefficient. And a constant coefficient, if the right-hand side, is 0, then there is c infinity. They are analytic, but all we need is c2, OK? So let's just check that. So you have this copied from the last line. And then we use Taylor expansion. This is true for any function v. It doesn't have to be a solution to bound this by the second order derivative in L infinity norm. In a b, theta is less than one-quarter. So I'll just move on to one-quarter here, OK? This red inequality is the c2 regularity estimate for elliptic systems with constant coefficients. So you have the L2 norm of the two-divivitive.


Well, first of all, I don't think the media for being here to help us put this initiative out. I think this is a great idea for the community out there. Like, thanks my command staff for being here as well. And also, special thanks Dr. Thompson with the Ritchie County, he's Ritchie County Assistant Administrator. And we appreciate him being always supporting us all of our initiatives. So we just wanna kinda talk a little bit about this initiative that we have. We're here to unveil a new online tool. This will help our department and citizens. We serve, prepare for emergencies through collaboration. As a fire department, we always try to pre-plan buildings, those structures that we know that we need to go into, the possibility of going into for any type of emergency. This is no different. When we pre-plan those that we go in, we try to identify what a let's get turned on for us, the standpipes, sprinklers, etc., are just anything that's pertinent that we need to know when we go into that facility. So what we're here to unveil today is called Community Connect. And what this is designed to do is, let's say if oftentimes we may get just letters from people saying that I got this type of issue in my home, can you put it in our CAD and we'll put this in our CAD. So what we're doing today is we're getting people opportunity to do what it's called, they're gonna be actually pre-planning their own home. And this will give us information. If we go to that home, if there is some type of issue that's going on, let's say somebody's bedridden, if you have a key or elderly person, they got a key hidden someplace, we can put that, they can put information into that system. And what we want people to do is really put whatever you feel comfortable into that information for us as we respond to your home. And certainly when we get there, we want to make every effort to make sure we're helping you. So this is what we're doing. Actually we're pre-planning, or you helping us to pre-plan your property. The one thing I can say about this also, it is safe, this information will not be distributed to anyone only to the fire service and our responding units as they begin to respond to your location. So what you're actually doing is helping us lay out your property. So we know where all those, if you got pets there, if you got a small child there, again, if you're an elderly person, you have a key hidden someplace, opposed to putting that information on the radio, we want you to put that information in our app. And certainly we're gonna be talking about that and we'll actually do a demonstration how you can get to that app. So again, I appreciate you all being here. This is something that we feel real good about. I think that also it's one of those things that we could not feel good about, but something that's gonna keep the public safe in the event that we respond to your home.   He gonna kinda walk you through this device. Chief Broce. So right now what we'll do, we'll give you a live demonstration of how the information actually works. So our PIO, Mike Desuma, will go into his account and he's gonna show you how he created an account and he's gonna show you what information that he put in there. So go ahead, Mike. Now it'll be on the screen here. So it's real easy. You'll basically log in through your email account. You'll create a password that's unique to you. One of the best features about the system is every year the system will automatically email the individual back, making sure that that account is still accurate and that is being kept up with. So Mike's already logged in. He's into a system. Now, Mike's gonna show you what information he put in there. So he's putting in his basic contact information. Why is that important? Well, because when we get an alarm at let's say two or three in the morning, perhaps the person's on vacation, they're out of town, whatever the situation may be, now we have the resources on site to be able to contact that individual or at least attempt to contact that individual. And it works both for residential properties as well as for businesses too. So Mike's entered his contact information. So go ahead. You don't put your real number there. All right, so now we've got Mike's contact info. He's putting eight, five, six numbers really good area code by the way, same. All right, so you also see a box up there for COVID. Even though that some areas COVID is kind of diminished a little bit, it's still a concern on many people's minds. And so again, now responders have that information. If someone in the house is dealing with COVID, we have that information into the system. He's also gonna put how many occupants reside in the facility. It's extremely important for us when we arrive to the scene. If we arrive to the scene of a residential structure, and let's say when we arrive, two of the individuals are outside, but we've got information letting us know that there should be five outside. That lets us know what we need to do. We also will get this information at the time of alarm. And so what does that mean? That means at the time, the 911 call is sent to the firefighters, they have all of this information. They can make operational and tactical decisions on their way to the truck, on their way to the house and change whatever needs to be done for a positive outcome. Now, show them the pet part. And so here's another unique feature of this system. In many cases, inside the family, your pet is a member of the family. And so we understand that, we believe that as well. So we have a section in there so individuals can also put their pets. So not only for your children, the humans in your house, but also your pets. So Mike has put his pet in there. He's also given us the vet contact information should we need to contact a vet during an emergency. And we also have a picture of the dog. And also we ask citizens to put anything in there about the dog that we need to know. So perhaps if the dog is territorial or the dog's a bit aggressive, that's all information that firefighters would need to know as we arrive on scene so we can take the proper precautions. And then last, Mike, show them the functional needs. So here's the functional needs. So Mike has created a fake person, Agatha Desuma. Agatha is 75 years old. This individual is deaf slash hard of hearing, a vision impaired as Alzheimer's and dementia, and some other altered mental statuses. Again, very valuable information for responders to know this before we arrive. That lets us know if we need to call for additional units, if we need to take further precautions as we pull up to this house. It also is information that we can pass on to our partners in law enforcement. If we arrive to a house and individual has altered mental status, they can perhaps call a specialist and they can also help de-escalate the situation should we need to. Utilities and access. And then utilities and access. This goes back into what Chief Jenkins was mentioning about pre-planning. One of our big features is making sure that we understand the buildings that we're going into. Where are the utilities? How do we cut them off in the event of an emergency? And then how do we turn them back on when we leave if we need to? Well, this does the same thing for your home. Believe it was last winter, we saw an increased number of pipes bursting because of the freezing temperatures. Well, we have this information. When we arrive, we know exactly where the water cut-offs are and we can take the appropriate actions. So I believe that's it for that.  You don't have to add a request. So here's another feature. One of the most important. Here at Columbia Fire, our goal is to install as many smoke alarms as possible. One way to do that is the old fashioned way we call in and we get the request through the system. And now you'll be able to request your smoke alarms through Community Connect. It will go to our public education officer and then we can schedule it and be more efficient in making sure we get these smoke alarms installed. And then we can also track in the community exactly where we're installing them.


Everybody forced here ripping two boxes of 2021 sliked football hobby for Adam M. Appreciate you Adam. Good luck Here we go Got blue concourse rookie Trace Sermon That one's numbered 100 of 199 a Ravens Otto Jamal Lewis here Nice Jamal Lewis. Don't see his auto all the time St. Brown Etienne redemption Chuba Hubbard rookie Senators memorabilia blue prism. There's the two autos not the best autos. Let's see a big color parallel now Silver snapshots Curt Warner a silver premier level rookie Justin Fields gain well premier level Vonte you got a silver phenom or phenomenon Devonte Smith rookie card premier level silver rookie Nico Collins premier level light blue Kyle Trask Go rookie there 26 of 99 silver concourse rookie Jalen camp Brady sensation silver premier level rookie Eli Mitchell neon Trellands concourse base TJ Hawkins in 21 to 25 tie-dye patch card nice Hawk Club level silver Tredavious white Najee Harris premier level Club level tri-color Greg Rousseau The rookie numbered seven of 149 silver field level Jalen Darden who feel level rookie D.I.M.E. Brown 31 of 49 concourse silver Jared Goff Silver club level rookie Kellen Mond Smith Marcette Pits concourse Lance club level a silver concourse rookie Anthony Schwartz Allen Robinson concourse tri-color Daniel Jones numbered 249 of 249 concourse silver rookie Rashad Bateman Frank Darby. All right big second box right here. Come on Need something big Here we go Adam big gold or big green maybe Derek Henry 79 of 99 Jersey card Mariners going to playoffs Silver premier level Jerome Bettis Stevenson raise clinch to right So that's it. Yep worlds are done. I feel the set now. It's just seating Why is it more Niko Collins? Debo same old concourse blue Numbered 143 of 199 concourse silver rookie Rashad Bateman. Bateman's been good this year so far Vante Smith. We've got a Tyler Boyd Jersey auto 58 of 75 tremble How this isn't a Tyler Boyd been his whole career He's been consistently good Silver rookie selections Mack Jones club level silver rookie Derek Gore White field level Mike Evans That's nice four up 35. This is nice to silver field level rookie Jalen waddle in a book blue club level Darnell Mooney 10 of 99 silver premier level rookie Luke Farrell Travis Etienne Kyle Pitts concourse silver rookie Anthony Schwartz Rante club level red Tyron Matthew four of 49 Dwight Freeny light blue auto for 44 49 Digs there. All right four packs left Silver phenomenon Aaron Rodgers silver premier level rookie Kaderious Tony a waddle premier level rookie blue premier level Marquise Brown Number 12 of 149 silver club level Michael Strayhan Tray Lance concourse a Silver concourse Quinn and Williams What an XRC behind the Zach Wilson is Is Traylon Burks There we go XRC Traylon Burks silver concourse golf again That'll do it. Thanks again Adam. Appreciate it man. Get the scars right out to you


Hello and welcome to the Grand Line Review, your source for everything One Piece. And today it's time for more mild controversy because I am back with a whole host of unpopular One Piece opinions from you wonderful Grand Fleet members. Some of which I agree with and some of which I think you're absolutely insane, but that's the beauty of unpopular opinions. And if you're wondering how you can become part of videos like this and all you need to do is subscribe to the Grand Line Review, which will result in regular One Piece content being uploaded straight into your YouTube feed. But more importantly, it will also keep you up to date with our community section and maybe one day you too could be famous like McDurpalds here, who says, Ace isn't actually an interesting character. He's only really relevant because of Marineford. Shots fired by McDurpalds there. Although I do agree, weirdly enough, Ace only became super interesting after his death with the flashback and everything and he's a very poor guy. And also just an important FYI, before we hop into things, today is going to be a sponsored video, the proceeds of which are going to continue to pay for closed captions here at the Grand Line Review and guess who our sponsor is? Hello and welcome to the Raid Shadow Legends ad, your source for legends performing Raids presumably in the shadows. It's a free to play mobile RPG that has nothing to do with One Piece, except that it does because look, here they are quite clearly on a pirate ship sailing through the Grand Line. It's canon now. And who were they, you ask? Well, Raid sports a fairly ridiculous roster of 500 champions, that's what they are by the way, champions, each of whom come equipped with fancy skill trees and millions of artifacts to find and equip, ensuring that no two champions will ever be the same, except for these two, which is a bit awkward. And I really love how absurdly detailed they are, especially this one which I enjoy for personal reasons. And if you happen to be super picky and those 500 champions aren't good enough for you, then well, you've got some nerve, but never fear because they're bringing out new ones. And I like this guy in particular, who reminds me of that horned lizard from the ha ha ha meme. Raid have also released the artifact forge where you can save time and craft artifacts directly as well as a whole new advanced quest system with allegedly amazing rewards. Plus they're also developing the doom tower which both looks and sounds rather ominous. So other than the end of this video, what are you waiting for? Go to the video description, click on these special link things. And if you are a new player, then you will get 100,000 silver, three ancient shards, two clan boss keys and one free champion. All of which can be found in your inbox, conveniently pictured right here with the arrow and everything. All of that and more awaits you. So good luck, Shadow Raiders. Better question though, what am I waiting for? Hit me with some unpopular opinions. Big Mom was always comedic, yet menacing and competent character. Somehow people are arguing if she's the butt of the joke too much on the recent chapters. While I believe it's just to show how the straw hats are more competent and confident than ever. And all right, I'm going to assume that that first competent was supposed to be incompetent, maybe tell me if I'm wrong. But we're starting out with one that I agree with almost entirely. When I was on the river a couple of weeks ago, there was actually a big discussion about this and what it kind of boils down to was whether or not you actually like the Big Mom character. If you do then her comedic usage isn't too bothersome, but if you don't and you want her to be something she's not, well then you're just going to be perpetually disappointed. And I really do think that what Wana was doing is just highlighting the incredible flaws of Big Mom that have always been present. And when I say flaws, I mean character flaws, which to me makes her a very interesting figure. You know, without her crew for like of a better term to babysit her, Big Mom is capable of being outwitted and outplayed with relative ease, yet there is still nothing powerful enough to bring her down. And I find that quite terrifying. But I know that this opinion is unpopular because we also got a whole host of other responses like, Big Mom is easily the most disappointing, Yonko. She makes them seem like a joke, which I find very interesting. Apparently both sides of the Big Mom argument believe that they hold the minority opinion. And we can go back and forth like this for a while. So we will. Big Mom being used for comedic effect doesn't affect her value nor depreciate how much of a threat she is. But I do need to be completely honest. I included this comment out of sheer Australian nepotism because I know Joy Girl and she provided me with this delicious birthday cake, which also ties in very nicely to the Big Mom discussion because I am now craving cake. Not sure if unpopular, but I missed the quirky fighters from pre-times skip. The normal humans without devil fruit powers are a different race from a strange island, but are still weird. Using hypnosis, ramen noodles, skypeer dials, things like that. And I think the new world still does have its fairly quirky fighters, although I do take your point about prominent characters, generally being devil fruit users nowadays. And yeah, there's not a lot of opportunity for figures like onesie to appear anymore. Especially not during the Gionko saga, although I think Dressrosa did a fairly good job of having quirky fighters. There were a whole ton of the Don Quixote family who weren't fruit users and still just super weird, like Dellinger and Lao Ji. They're definitely the minority though. In conclusion, I also miss weird powers and I really don't enjoy that everything seems to be so boxed in with either devil fruits or haki in the modern era. Unpopular opinion. Teach is way smarter than everyone thinks. Yeah, Blackbeard is a pretty sinister mofo.  Where Luffy seems genuinely foolish, Blackbeard to me has always felt like a bit of an act. Although to be fair, the two are still quite similar because Blackbeard is also the kind of guy who likes to take the opportunity to enjoy and revel in life in addition to accomplishing his goals. But there's no way he's gotten this far without being at least somewhat intelligent or at least having whatever the one piece what equivalent of a cute street smarts is. I think Thriller Bark is actually a really good arc with hilarious comedy, epics, scenes and an amazing backstory with Brooke. The reason it gets so much negativity is because it follows any slobby. And that's fair enough. I would also add that in addition to any slobby, Thriller Bark also came directly before somebody arcabellago. You know, the arc that introduced the supernovas and new admirals, Silver's Ray Lee and saw the complete defeat of the straw hats. So Thriller Bark is very unfortunately sandwiched by these absurdly iconic arcs in one piece and yeah, I do feel kind of bad for it. Thriller Bark is more along the lines of what a classic one piece adventure is and I think it is flat out one of the funniest arcs in the series. Perhaps if it had a less polarizing antagonist that probably would have made all the difference but instead we got Gekko Moria, a man whose very existence is also an unpopular opinion. Some anime filler arcs make the world of one piece feel more alive rather than just a conventional straight line from island to island. Hmm, yes, unpopular opinion detected. I obviously disagree but most people know my opinion of the anime and I guess it's hard to argue with the very basic idea that filler does provide stuff and people and stuff and people make the world feel much larger because now there would be more stuff and people in it. A lot of the times it's more when it comes down to contradicting the world itself when it becomes a problem like introducing living dragons during Worship Island arc and then having everyone be surprised that gas but dragons exist when they get to punk hazard. To me that just makes the world feel clunky and inconsistent. Still, I will take anime filler arcs over filler embedded in canon material any day of the week so go ahead and expand the world I guess. Maybe eventually we'll find another G8. The one piece is not real and very unpopular opinion in reality and we're very dare say this is the popular opinion of the denizens of the one piece world. Even after Whitebeard claimed on live television that it existed, I think most people are still very much convinced that it's a legend. Although remember most of the world's citizens apparently don't even know for a fact that devil fruits exist. So their minds have a long, long way to go before accepting the one piece. Unpopular opinion. Dia's Drake, Stretch Manapu and Hawkins are all sellouts. Interesting. I have to assume that this commenter is an anime only watcher and is going off the idea that all three bent the need to Kaido and without giving away any spoilers I just think you definitely need to read the manga. You're right in perhaps one case. The other two though well just once again read the manga. There are certain circumstances that conflict with this whole sellout narrative. Unpopular opinion. Hawkins is top 25 strongest characters in one piece and is also stronger than Hancock. Wow, I feel like this came out of nowhere. I don't even know how to begin to scale that. He definitely means Hawkins, right? As in Basil Hawkins, not like Hawkeye, me Hawk. And what does a fight between Hawkins and Hancock even look like?  So actually with that in mind I suppose Hancock probably wins. And as for this whole top 25 business that's actually a pretty fun claim. I think saying things like top five and top 10 strongest characters is pretty boring because they're quite obvious and mostly inarguable choices. But what happens when you get to say number 23 then things get pretty exciting because all of the big guys have been assigned already. But I am going to try and confirm this as an unpopular opinion though because if I were to ever make a list of the top five strongest characters in one piece I have a very strong preemptive feeling that Hawkins will not be present. Top 50 maybe but the lower end of that top 50. Zoro is the most useless member. The only thing he contributes is strength. He doesn't even have another role other than swordsman. He always gets lost which causes trouble. Most of the other crewmates have a role other than fighting and do not cause as much trouble as Zoro. He's still my favorite though. Lol. I don't know about this one. I think Luffy causes far more trouble than Zoro. But there is both some agreeance and disagreements from me here. I don't know if either of those terms are actual words but I use them. I see Zoro's role is more than just a guy who fights things although I will admit that that's mostly the work that gets assigned to him which to be fair he's very good at. But as for general utility, yeah he's less useful than crew members with more technically based skills. But as I've said in a couple of videos now there are some very key moments in the series where Zoro has been essential from a non combative perspective. And that is basically to act as a vice captain if and when Luffy falters. Because Luffy isn't perfect and from time to time that will happen. At which point the slack is picked up by Zoro. Luffy leads the crew from the front and Zoro leads the crew from behind which also helps him to get not so lost because he has people to follow. Pedro's death was somewhat unnecessary. The fact that no one died in the present made Ace's death hard hitting. Now Oda is increasing the death toll in present one piece and if it's as unnecessary in quotation marks for reasons I assume the user is quoting themselves from using the word unnecessary earlier, whatever. And if it's as unnecessary as Pedro's I'd rather no one die. All right, a few different thoughts here. Firstly, I think Pedro's death was very, very necessary. If the straw hat strolled on into the territory of an emperor with just a handful of people and escaped entirely unharmed and that probably would have been the biggest load of BS in one piece history. There needed to be a sense of consequence for their actions and Pedro was a pretty perfect vehicle for that. The biggest thing he does though is he serves carrot because weirdly enough you know who would have been a completely pointless character if Pedro didn't die. Well, that would be carrot. Without Pedro, she would have just been a cute bunny thing along for a gratuitous ride but instead we got to feel some serious emotion. And as someone who is definitely in the camp that Oda needs to let more characters stay dead and to me Pedro serves a very rare purpose. Not like that pesky pound who ended up being alive. Yeah, that's right. Spoilers for something inconsequential that the anime will never animate. Unpopular opinion. I don't really like the arc that Sanji is introduced in. I am shocked and appalled. I'd also love to know why. For most people, Beratie seems to be that first massive step up for one piece because it has something for everyone really. Zoro fans get to see Zoro versus Mihawk. Sanji fans get to see Sanji in action, his backstory enjoying the crew. And that's everyone right. In this world, there are only two kinds of people. Those of team green and those of team yellow. But I've even heard a shocking amount of people say the Beratie is their favorite arc in all of one piece which is a bit of a stretch for me but I can see it because it has a grand total of like zero flaws. There's nothing I dislike about Beratie so I am genuinely curious as to why you don't. The reverie arc is damaging to Wano. I care too much about everything that isn't fighting Kaido. And yeah, welcome to one piece I guess. Funnily enough, you could probably make the same argument about a lot of arcs. Like for example, Ace versus Blackbeard is ruining Thriller Bark because I care about that cool event more than I do zombies. Or Kaido versus the Kid Alliance is ruining Hawkeye Kylind because all I care about is Kaido. And then reverie is ruining Wano because I am fickle and I don't care about Kaido anymore. I care about Sabo, Admirals and such. So I get where you're coming from. But it has this really masterful way of actually making you care about events that are happening outside of our main characters which is so, so rare for a Shonen Manga. So it is only natural to crave that deliberately denied experience and information.  So at first I thought this user might be commenting on Luffy's well-documented drug addiction but then I realized that they were referring to Ivankov. I want to say you're not wrong though. I don't like the chances of Luffy being alive by the end of one piece because he has a whole grand fleet of death flags surrounding him. A whole 30 minute episode only takes up about five to 10 minutes in the actual one piece universe. Very unpopular opinion here because a whole episode arguably takes up far less in universe time. In fact, there are certain cases where entire episodes have progressed maybe two minutes of in world time, sometimes less. And no, I do not count flashbacks and recap in that time allocation. To be fair though, the Manga is pretty similar especially in Wano. There are big time jumps and then there are times when we focus on specific events in my new detail. Low-gear users are always naked. They just make themselves look like they wear clothes. Oh, this doesn't belong here. Surely this is not an unpopular opinion at all. Either way, we aren't going to top it. So this seems like a great place to end with that thought forever burned into my mind. But what do you guys think? Please do leave your thoughts in the comments below or even join my Discord server. And if you'd like to see more videos like this then please do go and check out some of my other content or even subscribe to the channel for more glorious one piece business uploaded straight into your YouTube feeds. But for now, this has been the ground line review and I'll see you next time.