Our next speaker has invested hundreds of hours into research on remote work. In this talk, Karini will share what she learned about building high-performing remote cultures and teams. At the core of the findings are quite a bit of overlap with values that are core to kid lab. If you are ready to level up your teams and be part of a happier and higher performing organization, you'll love this talk. I should note that while these findings are framed through the lens of remote work, the foundation here, that empathy in teams improves performance is true for all teams. No matter how distributed they may be. Enjoy. Hi, my name is Karine Tan and today I'll be presenting the skill of the future, how empathy transforms remote teams. But about me, I'm co-founder of Kona, the wellness platform for remote teams. We've been building this product since January, 2020 and it's based off of 550 interviews that we've done since then with remote managers across the world. We've been really fortunate to have the time and generosity of all these great leaders and this presentation covers some of our key learnings and the main problem set that we've discovered that we're building Kona around. Needless to say, I am super, super excited to be talking about this with you today. So to dive into our agenda, we'll first go from a high level talking about the transformative power of trust for remote teams. We'll start by talking about the absence of culture and what happens when a company struggles with this culture. Then we'll go into how to measure trust and trust impact on an organization. We'll talk about values and how values can provide a blueprint for your company culture. Then we'll go from a low level talking about empathy, how it's the skill that every single remote manager can build in order to scale not only culture but also trust, how it solves the remote work paradox and how managers can basically be the solution for an entire company's success. Then we'll leave you with some actionable items that we are not just walking away with a lecture but you'll walk away with some learnings for today. So to kick us off, the transformative power of trust for remote teams. I like to start this discussion off by asking the question, what makes a good company culture? Now, if I ask Google, it'll tell me the attitudes and behaviors of a company, but even that definition can leave a lot to be desired. I know that people make a great culture, values, traditions make a great culture, but I also know that toxic companies also have great people, great values and great traditions oftentimes. So we know a good culture when we see one. We hear employees talk about how great their companies are all the time. We know a bad culture because people will be very quick to walk away, but it helps to know where culture falls apart and where it comes into play. So here's a few examples. You might have heard the story already. Just this past April based camp CEO Jason Freed announced a policy banning societal and political discussions at work. This was in response to a racist list of names that had surfaced, leaving many employees very uncomfortable and frustrated. And instead of addressing it right away, it addressed it in a memo, leaving a third of its people to leave after the memo was released. Goldman Sachs Marcus division also saw 10% of their total employee headcount leave. That's a quarter of their engineers after citing burnout, poor leadership and the waterfall effect where one person leaves and the entire team follows. Finally, along a whole string of unfortunate scenarios, we have Cloud Kitchen run by ex Uber CEO Travis Kalanak. It saw 300 employees leave in a mass resignation just this past April. Many cited secrecy, a bro culture and really heavy red tape inhibiting their employee success. Right now we're facing something called the great resignation. We're seeing a record number of Americans quit their jobs breaking all previous records and such. And a lot of employees are returning to the office but they're really assessing whether or not they should stay. That's because if they wanna know whether or not a company not just speaks about values but actually holds them up and fights for them as people. When we look at how all these companies fell apart, we can look to Patrick Guancey on these five dysfunctions of a team. We'll know that the whole, if you look at all these five different examples, the main reasons why people leave and why teams fell apart, it has nothing to do with the technical. It's always about culture. At the base at its foundation is the absence of trust. And as you saw from the section, we'll be talking about trust a lot. Well, trust provides a foundation for the other four. The, when we talk about trust, we're talking about the fear of mistakes not being able to be open about mistakes and therefore not being able to be open about their solutions. We're talking about ego, the lack of vulnerability and the kind of armoring up as Renee Brown describes. We're also talking about the fear of failure and the fear of allowing other folks to basically see that failure as a sign of weakness, perhaps. And when you don't have that foundation of trust, you lead to the other four problems, the fear of conflict, the lack of commitment, the avoidance of accountability and the inattention to results. If you take nothing else from this presentation, please take away this. Trust provides the foundation and therefore by focusing on trust, you'll be able to resolve the other four major dysfunctions of a team. Now, Patrick Lanciani's also cited for saying that teamwork is your company's biggest strategic advantage. And this line of thought absolutely held up through all of our interviews with remote managers. Like I said, we've talked to a lot of them, 550 since January, 2020. And that was like 300 hours of Zoom calls, talk about Zoom fatigue, but everything was worth it to come to this one conclusion. Trust literally transforms remote teams. We've had the great pleasure of talking to some of the best companies in the world. That's the winners of Glassdoor's best place work, some of the other great culture athletes out there. And these companies that win these awards, they always put trust and empathy at the front and center of their culture strategy. Trust transforms remote teams, like I said, and we totally saw this happen with, for example, Hubstaff, which has two teams spread across 19 different time zones. For fully distributed teams, trust acts as glue. It increases productivity, allows them to collaborate better and maintains alignment, despite all that distance. However, don't just take my word for it. Trust Amy Edmondson, professor at Harvard Business School who's done extensive research on psychological safety and trust throughout her career. She defines psychological safety as the belief that no one will be punished or humiliated for speaking up with ideas, questions, concerns, or mistakes. In order to achieve this state of psychological safety, you need to have that base foundation of trust that we've been talking about. And Google actually studied this and found that it's the number one factor for effective teams. The PeopleOps team has cited as saying that teams that prioritize higher psychological safety are less likely to leave Google, more likely to harness the power of diverse ideas from their teammates, bring in more revenue, and they're rated twice as effective by executives. So when you do not have psychological safety, the opposite happens. You have 50% more turnover, 60% more errors, 18% lower productivity, and 37% lower job growth. It's really clear that trust is this key factor, that it empowers remote teams and can destroy them at the same time. So the key question is, how can we use our company culture to ensure that we can build this trust? And I ask this question because toxic cultures have cultures too. They list their values on their homepage. They ensure that they make every employee know traditions. However, where they go wrong is that these company values are not practiced. GitLab's handbook cites to be effective and to impact culture in an ongoing, meaningful, sustainable way. Values must be more than words on a page. They must be lived. And that's great. That makes total sense, but it's a lot easier said than done. So let's look at GitLab and see how they're actually able to live those values. GitLab's core values include credit. It's a really cute acronym that describes how they give credit to one another. And this stands for collaboration, results, efficiency, diversity, inclusion and belonging, iteration and transparency. These values first get baked into all of GitLab's processes. They guide everything including hiring, onboarding, software promotions. They even write little song books about them. It's really cute. But in addition to that, it's kind of vague because collaboration, it can be very ambiguous. What does collaboration mean to so many different people? So GitLab goes out of their way in their handbook to make sure that they describe different subvalues of each value. So folks know what folds up into collaboration. For example, one collaboration subvalue is get to know each other. That is interesting because we don't often think of get to know you as part of collaboration. However, GitLab knows that in order to collaborate effectively, you need to have that baseline of trust. And so part of collaboration is taking break calls and virtual coffee chats and GitLab contribute things that might not directly seem productive, but lead to that value of collaboration long term. They also have a subvalue called assume positive intent. Again, rooted in a lot of trust because when you're fully asynchronous like GitLab is and you're fully relying on written documentation, you need to be able to assume that the other person writing that message wasn't having your worst interest at heart. And this value, this baseline of trust allows folks to really reduce miscommunication and lead to a lot clearer collaboration. The next one, transparency. GitLab is incredibly transparent and they make this a principle. We've actually seen this as the key factor of success for a lot of around teams. They are public by default, which is quite radical. They list everything out in their handbook. They document everything and they put everything in GitLab issues, virtual requests, any teammate in the GitLab company can add input on different aspects that are documented and such. That's how I got all these values to it. I can see a lot of things in the handbook. And so by making a public by default company that requires a lot of trust, trust of other employees, trust of the public. And in that, GitLab is able to really prioritize and demonstrate how much they prioritize transparency as a value. They also make a subvalue of articulate when you change your mind, which I really love because that requires so much trust to be able to say I was wrong and let's focus on a solution together. And so as you can see, every single value is rooted in the baseline of trust, targeting trust as basically an outcome. GitLab CEO says this, similar to happiness trust is something that is an outcome. It's not something you necessarily strive for directly. And so the way that they line their values, the way that they measure their processes, everything should be a forcing factor for trust. And that's where teams go right. That's where trust succeeds and that's how culture can scale trust long-term. Now that's great, but it's a lot easier said than done. How do you make sure that it's not just the top down saying this, how do you make sure that you're actually able to put trust into daily action, put all these values into daily action when you have the tornado of deadlines, the tornado of needs and asks of a team. And that'll be the topic of our next section, how empathy is the skill that every single remote manager can build in order to put these values into action. Now, the reason we're dedicating an entire section to this low-level material is because trust is really easy to define at a high level. You can have people ops teams defining culture, values, et cetera, and you can still have trust fail at an organization. That's because trust depends on those micro relationships, the relationships between a manager and a teammate. So let's look at trust in its most fundamental state. Brene Brown Sight's trust is choosing to make something important to you, vulnerable to the actions of someone else. When we think about it, it's really, really simple. It's a vulnerability trust feedback loop. When you can be vulnerable, when you can show your human side, your mistakes, your flaws, and have that be rewarded with kindness, care, and attention, then that builds trust. And with more trust, you can be vulnerable more often. And so this is about being human at work, and that's the beautiful part, but it's also notoriously difficult to be human when we're completely virtual and completely online. Trust is notoriously difficult to build a remote environment. It requires deliberate effort. You have to book that one-on-one, book that meeting, book that heart-to-heart conversation between the hours of 4.30 and 5. And so in order to overcome that, there's, it requires a lot of skill on the people behind the screens. Among all of our research in this held up, the number one problem was relationship building and loneliness. That's really saying something across 550 managers who could have been complaining about Zoom fatigue, burnout, et cetera. So of these, these were some of the testimonials. You can't tap somebody's shoulder while remote. It's hard to tell how someone's feeling. You have to be deliberate about having conversations and hanging out. And the energy, ease of conversation, kind of body language you would get in a remote office just isn't the same. And so loneliness in relationship building are some of the biggest issues, but it's also because managers are facing huge hurdles. Over this 37 respondents, 37% of respondents had little to no experience managing at all prior to son and work from home. And then you add on larger team sizes. 72% of companies are increasing hiring. And so team sizes are swelling to seven direct reports per manager. As a result, you get a lot of burnout. Managers are already struggling to manage the tasks of their job, the kind of productivity that they're measured by that they can kind of lose sight of the relationship building and trust that deteriorates the case over time and leads to long-term team failure. And so that's the remote paradox. That's the paradox of remote trust. Remote teams cannot succeed without trust and yet remote work makes trust one of the most difficult things to build. This paradox is the key reason why most companies don't want to work remote first. The reason why so many folks are moving towards a hybrid model isn't because employees can't be productive while remote. It's because they can't be trust building while remote. And so when we know that, we know that that actually can be resolved and it can be resolved with empathetic people first remote managers. Now we'll break the solution down to a few parts starting with empathy. We can find empathy as the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. I like that they use the word ability in the definition because it truly is a skill. And it's a skill that remote managers can hone in order to open the doors of trust. There's a quote out there that says, empathy only requires a single passive person to feel for someone else and trust requires the willing vulnerability on both sides. If we can think of it as a door, empathy cracks it open. But empathy requires some practice. It requires emotional intelligence. We can understand emotional intelligence with Daniel Goldman's Four Quadrants. Self-awareness, social awareness, self-management and relationship management. Do I know myself? Do I know those around me? Am I able to manage my own triggers and can I manage the feelings of those around me? This is difficult.  However, when empathetic managers can unlock this skill, they gain superpowers. They can build a sixth sense for supporting teammates in a remote setting. They can give better feedback. They can build trust through words and actions. They guide teammates through conflict and change which I'm sure we've had a lot of this year and last. Remote managers that build their empathy can break the remote trust paradox. And that's why Google has named empathy as a skill of the future. Their chief innovation evangelist, Frederick, I'm gonna put you his last name. Empathy is a skill of the future. Practicing empathy every day as a business leader can help you understand what your employees need and what your immediate team needs right now. It is a skill and it's a skill that we can teach our most important leaders to have so they can scale it across an entire organization. So where do remote managers come into play? Remote managers are the key to scaling culture across an entire organization. A lot of folks make the mistake of thinking that culture is only top down, that people ops company leadership, they're the sole people responsible for dictating values and running certain processes. However, this doesn't work unless every single person at the company lives these values, meaning remote managers are key. As folks in charge of their teams, they're the sole person responsible for enforcing values, meaning that if we can approach it from both a top down and bottom up standpoint, you can scale culture as a whole. Now, let's imagine if every single manager led with empathy, you would have company cultures that completely aligned their values and their processes. You'd have folks that are treated as holistic human beings. You'd have a lot more thoughtful conversations and just care for one another and that in itself makes for a fantastic company culture. So that's our philosophy behind Kona. That's why we've been building this since January, 2020 where the people first culture platform for remote teams and we believe that by scaling culture best practices on the micro scale, we can actually bring teams and entire companies closer together. We're able to see among our initial users, we have some amazing beta testers and customers, we've been able to bring them closer as friends and people where the customers are able to better address blockers and have tough conversations when they have that foundation of trust and they're able to do this all in a fully remote setting. So with 37% of managers managing remotely for the very first time, it's more important than ever to encourage better training, tools and skills necessary for allowing managers to lead with empathy. As promised in the beginning, here's a few ways you can start employing empathy inside your everyday remote team processes. That way you as a remote manager can help your entire company culture succeed. Let's start with kind of the framework of Daniel Goldman's four quadrants. So starting with self-awareness, the conscious knowledge of one's characters, feelings, motives, et cetera. It's about knowing yourself. So a few things that could help. Personality tests, work with me guides, those are often very, very helpful. Bonus points, if you do personality tests as a bonding activity or kind of a one-off, it's very helpful to constantly reference back to these. You can also make it a habit to ask for feedback from your reports and your own manager often. Oftentimes we have a unconscious kind of bias. We don't really know what we don't know. And so it's helpful to have others as a sort of mirror to understand how we show up for them. In addition, it helps to also take breaks to journal, meditate, building this kind of mindfulness will allow you to think more reflectively and work that muscle so you can build that self-awareness. Another thing, of course, is social awareness. That's the next quadrant. And so this is about kind of taking the perspective and empathizing with others, mainly your teammates. The way to do that is first with gratitude. It really helps to show thanks and to be able to celebrate wins of the entire team. And there's a lot of research showing that gratitude has a lot of benefits for mental health, productivity, et cetera. We also recommend, and you probably already do this, but conducting weekly one-on-ones to talk about life outside of work. A few tools like soapbox, et cetera. Now, hypercontext, by the way, they're fantastic for making sure that your one-on-ones cover not only the tactical, but every single element. And building trust during these weekly touch points is very, very essential. And the next thing is to celebrate culture, learn, and volunteer as a team. It allows you to make sure that you can look outside yourself, really see the outside world and realize there's a lot to life outside of just what we do and set our little four-corner Zoom screens. The next quadrant is self-management. This is about managing traders. This is a little bit difficult because you need to have the other two as a foundation. But once you're able to master the first two, or at least get a little bit good on it, you can start to brush up on certain soft skills through coursework and books that those kind of soft skills will allow you to learn a little bit more about where your triggers are, what certain things are affecting your work, for example, your leadership. Next, I would highly recommend learning how to conduct tough conversations. These sort of tough conversations should be embraced, essentially, when we are able to have tough conversations we're able to innovate, we're able to come up with solutions, and we're able to work together. It's a true test of trust, so I'm not gonna pretend that it's easy, but if you're able to approach conflict in a very healthy manner, then you'll be able to really practice self-management. And the next thing is something that a lot of people don't necessarily think about. Keep an eye on your mood, burnout, and PTO. Are you taking an adequate time number of days off? Are you able to make sure that you're not arriving to work tired all the time? These certain aspects of self-management really make sure that you're able to become your best person at work whenever you show up. Please get some sleep, yes, of course, and that's all part of self-management. And the last thing is social awareness. This is what we usually equate as empathy, the ability to recognize other people's emotions and act accordingly. This is a skill that we constantly need to exercise. And even if you're still working on the first three, there is no mastery, of course. There is definitely steps that you can take to start to build your social awareness. I recommend opting for asynchronous check-ins. It avoids Zoom fatigue and allows you to still check in with folks as people. We're not talking about your daily stand-up message of I'm working on this. We're talking about a, this is what I'm thinking about, this is what I'm currently feeling, this is what's going on in my world. I also recommend having, be able to facilitate meetings, basically, and ensure that everybody has a chance to speak. It's really crucial to understand the different kind of communication styles on your team and act accordingly, making sure that everybody feels heard and that all opinions are listened to. And the last thing is incorporating other departments and stakeholders. This is really difficult because it's already difficult enough to kind of manage your own team, but by being able to manage different relationships outside of your direct team, you'll be able to help build that kind of empathy and trust as an entire org. So here's the key takeaway. After, thank you so much for listening to this long presentation, but trust starts with empathy and everyone in your remote company can take part. By scaling it from the top down and bottom up, you'll be able to bring forward your best organization possible. And a lot of happiness comes when folks feel like they can be themselves at work. Thank you so so much for listening. It's been a pleasure to do this presentation and share a little bit of what we've been working on. Please continue to ask questions as necessary. Thank you.


If you want to succeed, you need to associate yourself with people that are further along than you, people that are actually making things happen, the thought leaders, the people who have success already under the belt. You know, they actually want to help you, not necessarily people who are just starting out or people who are not doing that well.


Hello everybody, my name is Pola Woli Lucia, Pola Shady, a librarian at Le City University in Badon, Poyostate Nigeria, and my co-author is Mr Adek Bilero Iwari Ido, he is also a librarian at Afebaba Lola University, Adrekiti, in Nikiti State Nigeria. Two of my presentation is equity in inclusiveness and accessibility of open education in Nigeria. The outline of the presentation we have objectives, introduction, open education in Nigeria, equity of open education, inclusivity in open education, open education and the physical challenge, importance of open education accessibility in Nigeria, challenges of open education in Nigeria, conclusion and recommendation. What are the objectives of this presentation? One, further understanding of open education. Two, more knowledge on equity of open education, better understanding of inclusivity in open education in Nigeria. Awareness of difficulties encountered by the physically challenged in access to open education, understanding of some of the problems of open education in Nigeria. Introduction. What is open education? When we say something is open, it means it is free, not closed, not covered, and it is not restricted. Education is the act of teaching and learning to impact knowledge. Therefore, open education is the making of teaching and learning or educational opportunity available and accessible to all. In Nigeria, open education is available and accessible to the rich, poor, vulnerable, the physically challenged, male and female, single, married, young and old, irrespective of their geographical location. It means open education eradicates barriers to learning. It allows equal access to open educational resources in any format. E.g. husband, lesson or lecture notes. Open education also allows flexibility in learning and makes learning a learner centre. And when we say open education is a learner centre, it means learners have right to participate in the planning. Implementation and assessment. In Nigeria, however, learner centre is relative because learners are not involved in planning and implementation. Open education in Nigeria. Before we go on with the issue of open education in Nigeria, let me talk a little bit about the country called Nigeria. Nigeria is a country in West Africa with about 216.7 million people according to statistical 2022. Nigeria is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of the Gaelic. It is divided into six geopolitical zones for easy management and administration. And the six geopolitical zones are north-west, north-east, north-central, south-west, south-east and south-south. Nigeria is also a member of United Nations Educational Scientific Organization, UNESCO. Hence, education is jamming to power development. Open education in Nigeria. Generally, there is a shift in education in that it is moving from analogue to digital, both in content and practice. However, the digital world supports open education fully. The content of open education is known as open educational resources because they are openly available and can be modified. In Nigeria, open education and distance learning are combined for completeness and to accommodate working-class people and the married women. The adaptation of open education has way from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2004 came about in Nigeria as a result of the visit of some professors to the institution. Open education allows for free resource sharing. However, these materials, though free on the internet, but many Nigerians find it difficult to access because of some steering problems such as cost of internet and data. The diagram on the slide according to Ukibukola 2013. Open education has the elements that surrounds it. We have the most, that is, massive open online courses where learning contents are delivered online. We also have the e-learning that the formalized teaching and learning via internet learning. Distributed learning is a situation whereby a particular topic can be learned several little different learning sections. The learning center education at a distance, that is, it says learners the risk of traveling from a very long distance to another place. And these learners also, they have opportunity to customize the place, the mode of lecture and time of learning. Open educational resources are online digital materials, tools or techniques. Institutional repository, electronic books and other learning materials that are freely available for download. Remains adaptation to support access to knowledge. Though the Nigerian national policy on education go for open education is provision of access to quality education and equity in educational opportunities for those who would have been denied. The truth is not all these elements are practicable as a result of digital divide and cost implication. So equity of open education in Nigeria. One of the targets of sustainable development go for is equity. What is equity? Equity involves equal quality education. It is the provision of educational facilities to all students irrespective of gender, location or status. Profession of equitable access to information in whatever format is critical to individual and national development, especially Nigeria. Equity encourages creating an inclusive environment in the institution's lives. The goal of equity is ensuring equal access to all levels of education and vocational trainings for the vulnerable, the physically challenged by year 2030. In Nigeria, however, there is no equity of open education due to problems of ICT, internet, erratic power supply and terrorism, which is on the increase, inclusivity in open education. This section considers the inclusivity issues of open education in Nigeria. However, it is important that they should be situated within the proper context of inclusive education in the country on which past researchers have reflected or aside. According to ADITO 2014, ZAID and ZAID 2017 are joined to AIC12. What is inclusive education? Inclusive education is the capacity enhancement of the educational system that guarantees the opportunity of full school experience for diverse learners groups, which include special needs for puppies and their peers without disabilities. ILO 2019 defined inclusive education as a process of transforming schools and other centres of learning to accommodate all learners, including boys and girls. In Nigeria, however, we want to talk about challenges of inclusive open education in Nigeria. There is a fundamental misconception of inclusive education to the extent of cultural and policy biases, according to ILO 2019. Culturally, children with disabilities suffer one form of discrimination or the other from the larger society, based on perceived mystic circumstances, are used to their birth or condition, thus resulting in negative attitudes towards them. Nigeria though appears to embrace inclusive education through the universal basic education programme of 1999, the operation of a number of special education schools and programmes specifically for people with disabilities appears to negate the goals of inclusive education that strive to educate all children and youth under the same living or learning environment. Inasmuch as this set of people, I mean the physical challenge, are separated under special educational programmes, it is not an inclusive education. In the same way, inclusive open educational resources is brought with the challenges of infrastructure, infrastructure is not readily available. Although freely available of open educational resources presentation to the Nigeria COVID in the educational institutions has not been adequately done. Academic Liberals who should be the prime promoters of these resources seem to lag in the uptake of open educational resources. They have also found to face daunting challenges in leveraging digital platforms to provide digital information resources such as the open educational resources to the team in consumers of information. In this respect, it built in 2022 finds that lack of formal policies to support the establishment of digital information services, lack of platform for online reference services, was cast keys in the application of digital resources and services for funding of university libraries and users, users lack of skills in the use of online resources, from difficulties for librarians in providing digital information. In fact, our interaction via interview of librarians of higher institutions in southwest Nigeria found that majority of the libraries have no special service for people with special needs, especially those with sight impairment, the visually impaired. Only two universities, the University of Ibadan and the University of Lagos Lightness have services for the visually impaired. The libraries have software readers and laboratory for the visually impaired. In another interview, we found that the Federal College of Education special for you in Ibadan. For your state, perhaps being a specialized institution for the training for special educators or for the training of the physical challenge has similar services like those two libraries. Each library has translators software. Upon request, librarians who create online resources are combating to braille for the visually impaired. Open education and physical challenge. Who are the physical challenge? This refers to any individual with a physical disability. Like from the picture, we can see some sitting on the wheelchair, some are working with sticks. This set of people are referred to as the physically challenged. And because of the physical condition of these people, they are faced with some challenges as regards open education in Nigeria. Some of these challenges are fundamental misconception of inclusive education. What is this misconception? It is that creating of special centers or special schools for this set of people, thereby they are being segregated from the normal people. And this has negates the objective of inclusive open education. We also have the challenge of discrimination, marginalization, because of their condition. Importance of open education accessibility in Nigeria. When we say open education is accessible, it means everybody can afford it. It means the resources are efficient, they are effective and they are satisfied by many people, even with different abilities. However, some of the advantages are open education has a wider coverage of learners in Nigeria. The married, the old, those that live in the remote areas can have access to this education through the use of open education distance learning. Open education has removed a lot of barriers in Nigeria. And open education as well aids development of skills that reduce poverty in Nigeria. It has exposed so many people to the world of entrepreneurship because open education in its curriculum has entrepreneurship for the learners. The open education has helped in developing skills that promote creativity and innovation, which also brings employment in Nigeria. Challenges of open education in Nigeria. There is the issue of marginalization of the physically challenged, that is the people that are not able body. What is this marginalization all about as it is a series of the misconception that this set of people probably they have connection with the evil world. Hence people are not really ready to associate with them. There is the problem of non availability of adaptive technology and specialized softwares even for this set of people. There is the problem of limited access to high speed internet. The problem there is however the problem of cost of data and erratic power supply in Nigeria. Hence it is not totally that means that is open education is not totally free for all. Since not everybody have access to electricity in Nigeria. Even some cannot afford the cost of data. According to Ajaybe Open Sacking and Shoeberson 2015, ICT integration of ICT is a problem in Nigeria. Because we have so many teachers and students who have a less ICT skin and then in accessibility to ICT infrastructure is another issue in Nigeria. There is the problem of infrastructure. The effective power supply in Nigeria does not provide an enabling environment for the use of ICT application. This has led to the damage of electronic equipment such as video recorder and even ICT equipment such as computers. When electric supply is not constant, it becomes difficult to keep high technology equipment such as computers functioning. The greatest educational problems are mostly in the remote areas where electricity supplies may be irregular or non-existent. In the rural areas most schools and homes do not have access to electricity thereby depriving them and causing a great problem in trying to utilize ICT in such locality. We have talked about the issue of lack of relevant software. Probably for the disabled people. Other problems are insecurity. If security is one of the major programs facing Nigeria presently, the issue of terrorism is on the increase. Virtually every day people are being kidnapped either for rituals or for ransom. As a result of this, many Nigerians are leaving their locality to safe in areas. Some Nigerians are presently in the camp of the terrorists. This set of people do not have anything to do with open education. The primary thing in their heart is how to be free from the camp of the terrorists. And because of the insecurity or terrorism in Nigeria, poverty is rampaging the whole nation. And if there is poverty in the country having access to open education, it is not an issue. We also have the issue of race, religion, geographical location of the educational institutions according to Benson et al., 2021. In conclusion, there is clearly a need to evolve a true open and distant education that could cater for all categories of people at all times in Nigeria. And for open education to be accessible and inclusive, we recommend therefore that the cost of resources must be affordable for students. Reduce delays in providing accessible formats. If restructure for the physical challenge be made available. That is, there should be inclusive infrastructure for open education in Nigeria. We also recommend regular special training and retraining for teachers, lecturers and librarians on capacity building so that this set of people can meet up with other teachers and librarians in the world. The national education policy in Nigeria should be reviewed to include inclusive and equitable access to open education. Thank you for listening. Thank you for listening to this presentation. Bye.


So I've got a problem. My Raider A, which is running Freenas, seems to hate these Toshiba drives. And I'm not sure why, but now I've gone through three of them and I'm just done with Toshiba drives. I got them on sale. One of them out of the five I purchased did go bad, which I don't think is a great statistic. And I used the Backblaze Report to determine I kind of like these drives and I like the price on them. When I bought them, they were three terabytes on sale for only $58 a piece. But for some reason, they keep spinning lots of read errors in Freenas. I'm not sure why. So we've been replacing them with the, you know, your standard enterprise type drives. And we got the, excuse me, the HST, HGST NAS drives, which have been a solution, but... So these HGST drives have no problem. These are the NAS ones we got, which, when we put them in the Freenas box, don't give errors. So we've been swapping out one by one and replacing each of the Toshibas with these NAS drives, and it just works. So kind of a puzzle. I don't know if anyone has a suggestion as to what's up with Freenas and why Toshiba drives don't work. I mean, we generally like to use NAS drives, but this was kind of, we added more drives to the radar right in here so they could, because they were cheap and it's for our less critical stuff. It basically keeps mirroring my videos as I create them for a secondary backup of my videos. So it's not our critical group of drives, but a secondary group of drives that we've been in here just to do that. So it's, like I said, not as critical. So I thought, okay, I'll go with it. But it seems like I should probably just go with NAS drives all the time. But if you have some suggestions on that, I'm curious and whatnot. But for now, we're going to replace them in so far each HGST drive, which just will be the second we put in here, no errors at all. Doesn't seem to have a problem and doesn't error out and re-silvers fine off of the Toshiba. And then we stopped the other Toshiba. Now I'm taking out the last Toshiba drive. So everything in here will have the HGGST drives in it. So, how do you spell it? Yeah, HGST, HGST drive center. Anyways, thanks for watching. If you have suggestions as to why FreeNAS does this or if you have problems with Toshiba drives, let me know. These were the Toshiba three terabyte ones. Like, the only one of them is actually bad. The other one just has lots of read errors. But after wiping and erasing it, no more read errors and the drive works fine on other computers. So, hey, thanks for watching. If you like the content here, like and subscribe. And if you have a suggestion on the FreeNAS thing, let me know.


Yes, I know war is an important thing, but it's a such an important thing that we can do without in our lives. World War I, World War II, did you not see enough misery? But since World War II, how many major wars around the world? These days, people are advertising we have smart bombs. We can, from two miles up in the air, from an airplane, we can shoot it through your window. Can you be proud of such things, I'm asking? So the young people should demand, at least from here on, cutting-edge technology should not go into military weaponry. This you must pitch for. This is not going to be achieved overnight, but as a generation, if you keep the throttle on, we could come to that in the next twenty-five years maybe.


So a very warm welcome to the last session for today Later on we come to the fun part a lot of good stuff at the booths So I hope you will enjoy also some relaxing drinks at the exhibition after my presentation in This session I would like to cover the topic of SAF Which is a fascinating technology to build the future generation of storage as we all know The cloud is changing everything. So it's also changing storage in a sense that It's getting unpredictable What type of capacity will be needed when going in a broad cloud project? Today, we have a very stable Data growth every year, but the cloud is changing everything Yeah, if you are a cloud provider or you start to build your internal cloud You never really know which type of workload will probably brought on the storage system when and in watch quantity Now if you take a normal storage architecture of today, typical scale-up rate systems They are very mature. They're very reliable They have a certain scalability But they have a shortcoming when they're coming to the cloud and the data are rising and there's a kind of Divide I call it the petabyte bit divide I believe there is some lots of free space and Front rows. I'm not spitting But there are some shortcomings, yeah So if you scale beyond the petabyte a high-end storage system is very very expensive And they will probably have scalability limits in terms of capacity and performance Another big issue is the rate Construction rate is a very efficient way to care for data redundancy But today we have four terabyte disk if a four terabyte disk fails The rebuild time could be one day two day if it's a fully loaded systems even longer Now imagine the future six terabytes are coming eight will come and ten have been announced So the probability that another disk will fail during the rebuild time Of a disk is rising. So data loss gets much more probable than it used to be Then of course data migration think about you have reached the petabyte divide or hundreds of terabyte And you have to move them after some years to a new storage system That takes a pretty long time is a little in a huge effort And then of course cost per gigabyte. Yeah, we all under a cost pressure There's nothing for free in IT anymore this density data sender space. So it's about Think about new generation of storage infogy So we were as a storage vendor we had a project running now for two years and it's now Finalized and the product is out. We were thinking how could the future of storage look like first We made a requirement list What is actually needed so kind of a Christmas list Christmas list if I can wish something first of all in the cloud I need modular scalability not only from capacity, but also from performance. I need zero downtime You cannot recover petabytes of data or in the future petabytes of data Easily, yeah, so it should always be running it should be Possible to refresh the technology if you have tons of data it should be capable of Refreshing the hardware once it's end of life, but still keep the system going. This is why Everybody is looking at software defined storage because it's separating the intelligence of the system from the hardware And you can replace components and the storage system can theoretically live forever As long as the storage is a way a software is available data management, yeah If you're in storage, you know how hard it is to tune a system and it will get worse when you have tons of data So it should be somehow self-optimizing so automating the service levels to the end users It should have an efficient management to deal with this petabytes of data and Of course, it would be nice if the total cost for the capacity would go down and not go up then Yeah, today what's quite common is a block device and file devices But if you increase the number of files today's file systems will be at its end So we have already customers with billions of files and traditional file systems supported anymore So its object is on the rise object storage will be in the rise and in order to avoid to have different storage silos again like in the past Also in the present such a system should cover object file and Block support Now when evaluating what can be a future technology two years ago, we started to evaluate self Whether it's a software which is also for larger implementations and we were surprised how stable it is running in its core What you can do theoretically you can just put stuff on a cluster of servers and build a very very scalable storage system it's really a Fascinating how this technology has involved and the good thing is it's hundred percent compatible with open stack So if you're on a cloud project, Jeff is a good choice for a storage software to implement it in the cloud environment Now when we were evaluating Seth and we were thinking of a big installation We immediately found out that it's a hard job. First of all installing Seth on a server is a Very easy deal and connecting service is also not difficult But think of failure situations a note in this cluster fails How fast must be the interconnect be between different storage nodes to recover the redundancy again? How do you maintain the whole stack? Yeah, so We did it also in our labs had some old servers because we don't had to go for another investment round So we had a mix of servers connected and it was performing like a big storage system But maintaining it was awfully difficult because every new version of Seth every new patch of Seth Was influencing the drivers so it didn't fit with one storage a server system It didn't fit together with a network component. So maintaining such a stack is extremely difficult So it's kind of a research project internally Then the maintenance part was really awful. Yeah, of course, Seth delivers a lot of main management tools, I mean But of course you have other tools to manage the server to manage the network to manage the drivers and so on so it's Instead of a normal storage traditional storage system You have typically one management console and here now you end up with ten or so. Yeah, because it's a stack Then of course if you look also on a commercial point of view You have now different components from different sources Yeah, the the server from one vendor the connectivity from another the Seth from whatever distribution you have chosen And so on and so so in a in a nutshell you have to deal with Five six vendors for this storage stack So it's also from a commercial point of view Managing the maintenance contract a difficult thing and then of course, it's a troubleshooting in a normal traditional Rate system you can go to one vendor if there's a glitch say please fix it I have a maintenance contract, but if you build it of your own Then this storage system is existing only once in the world Yeah, if you go to a traditional vendor by a normal storage system this system will be a hundred or thousand time out And there is a standardized support, but here you have built your own storage system And you are now your own to do the troubleshooting and then the safe guys say no no It's a networking problem the networking guys you say, you know, it's a server problem somebody says is an operating system problem and so on and so on and This is not real fun when you deal with petabytes or terabytes of data. Yeah so Instead of doing this with we're thinking what can we do as a vendor to make it easier and this is why we said Why not delivering it out of the box and this is what we Recently released and you can see although in the booth After the session is a system we call eternal CD 10,000 the C stands for cloud and it brings everything together the SAF software The compute hardware the storage devices the interconnect and the maintenance so it's the one appliance Which can scale to a huge extent and you have one vendor you can go to in order to solve any problem So this is how it looked like at the bottom you see a cluster of service or we call it storage nodes There are different flavors basic storage node for development purposes Capacity nodes with lower spinning disks to host a lot of capacity and performance nodes with give a very high Oh and they have SSD caches and so on and so forth and they are connecting With a very fast interconnect. That's a infini band. I tell you later.  We have chosen the ink tank and now redhead distribution and We have added a management layer on top Which gives you one single point of control of every component in the hardware And every component in SAF so you have only one management system to run the whole Construction and this is also important. Otherwise you have to deal with five or more management tools Then of course we are contributing to the SAF community. We found several glitches for High performance environments where we need a fast storage. So We are already contributing to the core development in order to fix some glitches At the beginning we will support object level access But also block level access so can you can use it also as a standard storage system? Even if you don't in a cloud project file will be released at a later point of view This is something in the roadmap in 2015 Because SAF related file system is not the brightest one on the market This will be coming later and wrap wrapped around is a complete management Service so whenever you take an eternal CD 10,000 You call one vendor whenever there's a glitch in the core in the SAF in the interconnect So it's like dealing with a normal storage vendor Now what is actually the advantages of such a system? By just adding nodes you can scale more or less endlessly. I show a little bit later how far it goes The construction is made in a way that there is no reason to have any downtime be it in a failure situation or in a maintenance situation It can be refreshed online. So you can pull in new technology without Driving the system down. So it's more or less immortal It will support block file and object And it is also cost optimized because it's built on standard components And it's using standards in this case SAF, which is a perfect fit to open stacked projects Now, let me go a little bit more in detail It was double One more up So in the system Wait a minute. Okay in the system the SAF algorithm is responsible to bring the data in a kind of Intelligent distribution to the different nodes and different discs This is also a big advantage in a sense that All the a file for instance is highly distributed in terms of data blocks within the system Those there's lots of parallel reads and writes if you are using the system. So even with slower disk, it's gets very very fast And it has a kind of a built-in High reliability. It's not a rate system anymore. So the redundancy is you define in one volume I have two replicas. It means every data block is there Physically two times if you see I have higher service level and I'm more careful Then you can decide to have three replicas for five if you say I want to save money There is something like called like erasure code. Then you have a one point three relationship Which is make it marry efficient. So Some people already said yeah rate is more efficient. So it's not too much spare Capacity used It's depending on your service level and you can define it by volume. So you can give different service levels To the end users. So now in case a complete note fails Probably with lots of disk This mechanism cares that the redundancy is done or rebuilt in some instances because Many discs are now writing on many discs So it goes very fast. And this is also why we have chosen in Fini band as a back-end Infrastructure that a note failure can be recovered or the redundancy can be recovered very quickly This was also a learning about two years of testing and developing If you are not caring about the whole system architecture, then failure situations can be very harmful Now I say immortal system. Okay. This is a very bold marketing Statement but in a traditional rate system There is a certain point in time either the system is full and you have to buy a bigger system Or it's so old that you can't get any spare hardware anymore Yeah, and then you have typically have to do a data migration and if it's a very big system Then it can take a very long time What you can do here is just add a note and once the system has detected the note It redistributes data in an intelligent way and you have more capacity now if this Hardware what you are using is no longer longer available then you add the next generation of notes and The system keeps on running and then all after time you can replace the older notes with newer notes Always online. So it's like an organism with some cells Yeah, if some cells on your skin are dying, they are replaced by fresher younger cells And so you can keep the system alive As long as a software in this case safe is existing So probably safe will not exist forever. There will be in 10 15 years some bright new inventions, but For the foreseeable time you can create a very very long lifetime of a system So in fact, you don't have to migrate for a pretty long time now block file and Object access already mentioned file coming a little bit later. It's on the roadmap in 2015 This is also important in order to avoid Newer storage silos because here here for highly scalable systems So why not having every type of data on one system and it's not a good idea to create new silos again so both there may be also a future formats of Storage access so block file an object is just the beginning We expect there will be in more variety in the future for instance a lot of this virtualization guy are Constructing new types of storage access like VMware is now short-lived for releasing we will and such type of access methods So there will be more specialized methodologies in the future, which can be built in such a system now cost optimized first of all Not automatically a software defined storage system is cheaper than a conventional system because as long as you are using enterprise quality disk The total cost of order total purchase price of a system is defined by the number of discs But on the other side there are some things which will bring down the cost first of all Such a system is based on standard x86 hardware. So it needs no special development So the total cost can be and the efficiency the scale of its efficiency is better So the cost can go down Then at the open soft software opens open source of that's F is of course Bringing the cost down Especially in a sense that a lot of functions where you normally would pay extra in a classical rate system for high availability for thin provisioning for Kind of replication mechanisms are these are all extra costs typically priced by volume This is no longer necessary because it's part of the design. It's part of safe Yeah, so it's one software with all-inclusive Seth delivers also a lot of automation feature how to rebuild the system how to rebalance the system how to replicate data Yeah, this is also part of the initial cost. So there's no extra Bringing costs down. So it's affecting more the total cost of storage if you just Would take the raw price per capacity This would probably not make a much difference But if you estimate the total cost of ownership, then it's a completely different picture then of course the The longer on a longer run you have less migration costs Because the system is just refreshed or expanded as you need it. So there They Storage migration project is a costly thing or at least cost a lot of effort if you do it along The long life cycle is also paying back. So let's complete new investments are necessary and Of course as we bring it as an end-to-end support you save also support cost you you get it in one shot instead of having diluted kind of a cost Distribution by many vendors So delivering many services for many components So what is actually then different instead of building a safe base storage of your own first of all Although it's basing on open source. It's a maintenance storage system Yeah, so you don't have to care about it So and if you are on your own, then you probably will face a lot of trouble shooting The end-to-end maintenance are already mentioned Adding new functionality is also an hour roadmap where at safe has gaps. For instance, we will introduce the ember driver We have embedded a lot of SNTP traps to have remote management. So this is all these Extras a normal safe environment Cannot deliver today Then of course integrated management of all components. This is also something you don't get it from the shelf It's a performance optimized sizing So we were testing a lot how to build a cluster environment and to standardize the cluster nodes in order to make them reliable and also very performant in a daily operation and Then also very interesting. We are starting to add apps on top of the system Which can help you to provide intelligent data related services Let me give you an example a real-life example of a one of our customers in Germany, there's currently a better face of a very interesting project That's from the German stock exchange They have built a daughter company which now is using a trading platform for trading IT resources If you go to this platform and it's live if you go to the internet link You see what you can purchase or let's better say rent for a certain time. You can rent CPUs RAM and this capacity and so a lot of and the whole platform is based on OpenStack and Now they have already first customers consuming these resources But of course as this company does not provide resources itself. It is it's relying on partners who are delivering This compute and storage resources. So now put yourself in your shoes You are now a service provider, which is here seller one seller two How much storage which would you purchase? Yeah, you don't have any glue because you don't know How much users will enter this trading place and consume how much storage so for a provider in such a market It's extremely difficult This is why a data sender Decided for this eternal CD 10,000 system because they start very small. They started with roughly 70 terabyte Which are they are offering in this marketplace? But if this marketplace takes finally off Then they can scale More or less endlessly and they have no downtime and so they can offer very good service levels at an interesting price to this marketplace I Said we will bring apps on top of the system so Currently we have added An application called irots irots is an open source data management system Which helps you to build large archives. So it's about data management and retrieval We are thinking about adding sync and share software on top of it to build a kind of a drop-up type of environment So we are currently approaching a lot of ISVs and software vendors Trying to bring them into this ecosystem. I give you now an example of a real-life example from another customer a University in Germany that's in a small city called Mainz They have a new university of roughly 15,000 students and several hundred Professors They had Distributed IT so each department chemistry computer science physics They had their own IT in their own storage and they said no we can't go on like this We have to offer a central IT and with this they wanted to have a centralized storage and they are Oblige by law and by some regulations to keep all the data ten years online all the doctor Thesis is all the test data of experiments in the physics and the chemistry department. Yeah, and of course But 15,000 students in ten years time produce a lot of Stuff yeah, so they had also the problem how How much capacity should we buy and should we buy a high-end system? We cannot afford it. We are a university So typically universities are not rich so they say is decided for an eternal CD 10,000 saying we start small and We are adding more data after time and they put irons on top the irons software is for their Library services and for the retrieval of a lot of tons of data the next step is now that they want to implement a safe sing-and-share Service for the university campus and they want to differentiate which data can be publicly accessed and which not and this is why they are now in the next project Deploying a sing-and-share Software on top of the system Typically use its areas. So what a software defined storage system and this type is good if you have Big data amounts and if you have uncertain growth if you are in the area of a couple of terabytes then It can't be recommended then it's the best thing you go for a standard rate system because a scale-out system Needs a certain basic investment because you have By by by design you need a couple of nodes. That's a system that can really work And if you have only few data volumes, then it doesn't make sense. So Sensible thing to start with is if you are in the area of two hundred Terabytes and more in production. Yeah, of course for test reasons. They are typically smaller now typical usage areas are Open-stack Environments because it's based on self. So it's completely integrated from the scratch If you are any type of service provider being internal service provider or external service provider for the cloud Because then you have this uncertainty How much data you need tomorrow? Telecom businesses we are so we are currently talking to some of the telecoms who are now getting IT service providers Offing offering syngen chair or some data services on top of the typical telecom business University on research organizations. I mentioned before But also in the public sector. This is very interesting because they the public survey sector has tons of files about the sentences text or police or whatever so Having tons of data online Then when you deal with Multimedia because it's a highly distributed system So there are only small data chunks on one disk and they're highly distributed So the read mechanism is highly paralyzed writing mechanisms are highly paralyzed or ideally for streaming and writing media Business analytics in a sense when you have to aggregate a lot of historical data and keep them online for analytical reasons and We we currently have also contact with a lot of financial institutions not for replacing their core storage system This seems to be go on for a pretty long time with standard rate systems But the cloud projects of financial institutions here. We have some proof of concept Now the in a nutshell This is set out of the box without the hassle of a lot of experimenting and Having hassles in maintenance. So it provides more or less unlimited scalability In its first release, it's covering 56 tera petabyte So should be enough with more than 200 nodes. We haven't yet seen a case where somebody has so many data Perhaps the NSA would be a good example, but not a customer of us It has zero downtime by design. It can live forever at least as long self exists Unified in its completeness cost optimized by billing our standard and we are working heavily together with redhead and ink tank Constantly improving the system if you want more know more about the system you find us on the booze C4 This is in front of the auditorium part Actually as Fujitsu is a Japanese company I want to highlight that today a magazine voted that a Japanese whiskey brand for the best in the world and We have it on our booze so you can Test it and perhaps also get some spirits about self on the booze Thank you for listening. If you have some questions, please shoot now. Thank you Please Excuse me yes, the control panel can do magic things you can Say I build pools I can distribute data to certain locations And such type of things so we can we have a demo on the booze and you can see how it's done Whether we have control about the crush algorithm, yeah, so if no questions right now There's the opportunity still today and tomorrow to visit after the booth. Thank you for coming


lecture we had seen how one can make use of the inductance expressions that we have derived in order to write down the voltage equations for a three phase induction machine and then a three phase synchronous machine. We have seen that these expressions are fairly long and the system size, system description is fairly big. In the case of induction machines we have six variables on the electrical side and then one variable on the mechanical side which makes it a seven variable description. In the case of a synchronous machine we had considered two windings on the rotor and three windings on the stator which makes it a five electrical variable description and then you have the speed, so the six variables. So it is a six variable description and the description is also not very simple, it involves lot of rotor angles and the mutual inductances all those things are there. So the question is how do we simplify these machine description in order to make it more understandable and in order also to make it easily analyzable so that you can do as an easy simulation on any digital computer that you might have. So for this purpose let us look at these machines one by one let us take the induction machine first. In the case of the induction machine as I said we have a six variable that is electrical and then one mechanical variable as well and this induction machine is a three phase induction machine which means it has three phases on stator and three phases on the rotor that is what we have and in order that the induction machine works we have seen you would have definitely seen in our first course on electrical machines that the induction machine or any three phase AC machine a three phase winding produces what is called as a rotating magnetic field. And since we have now understood how the magnetic field and the magnetic circuit is to be analyzed we know that a magnetic field is or the magnetic flux is generated by an MMF that exists and therefore if there is a rotating magnetic field we can also talk in terms of rotating MMF waveform this rotating MMF waveform is the net of excitation on all the three phases for example in order to derive the expression for inductances. We have looked at the MMF distribution around the circumference of the induction machine of the electrical machine in the air gap and we had looked at one phase how the MMF generated by one phase is distributed around the air gap and this MMF waveform what we had drawn was a trapezoidal waveform for a distributed winding and this is for a specific flow of current IA some value for example let us say IA equal to 10 ampere this is the distribution having a certain amplitude and then a certain region where it decreases all this depends upon how many turns are wound in the phase that we are considering. We also said that in our analysis it is sufficient to consider only the sinusoidal fundamental component of this so you take the fundamental component this is the fundamental component of one particular phase if this current is at this level let us say this is MMF that is produced if the current now increases then a higher MMF would be produced higher amplitude MMF and if this current decreases a lower amplitude MMF would be produced if this current reverses then this MMF would then reverse and therefore what you have is that if this current is going to change in a sinusoidal manner you would have an oscillating MMF waveform around the circumference of the air gap this x axis refers to the angle around the circumference and this may be the MMF now if you consider the MMF of another phase that would also have a similar nature that means it would oscillate if you give a sinusoidal waveform to it but the difference being that MMF is displaced with respect to this MMF by 120 degrees and it would then oscillate here and if you take a third MMF that is further displaced by 120 degrees and therefore you would have something like this and so that again oscillates in its own plane the net result of all these things if you could do that is a sinusoidal waveform that then moves with respect to time so if you add up all these things at every given angle for sinusoidal excitations that are three phase that means 120 degrees displaced with respect to time then you would get a sinusoidally varying MMF waveform that moves with respect to time and has a constant amplitude so you get a moving waveform which in a circumferential air gap is nothing but a rotating MMF there are good animations of this in the NPTEL web based course on electrical machines one can take a look at this to understand how this rotating MMF is generated now this is a rotating MMF that means what you have is if you take if you mark an angle which represents 0 degrees as you travel around the circumference then the instantaneous amplitude that is this is a sinusoidal distribution around the circumference of the machine and this sinusoidal distribution of the net MMF will have its maximum amplitude occurring at some particular angle and as instance at different instance this is going to occur at different angles and hence you say that is rotating which therefore means that one can describe this net MMF as for example one can call it as F is equal to F hat into may be sin of a where a is this angle and we also know that as T increases this is going to be at different locations and because of that we call it as a rotating MMF if you now mark this angle at which this instantaneous peak occurs let us say if this angle may be 90 degrees so one can represent this amplitude by an arrow at another instance this occurs at a different angle so this arrow has moved at yet another instance it occurs at some other place so this arrow has moved and with respect to space then at any given angle if you want to find out what the amplitude is you can take the horizontal component of that and then that will then determine the instantaneous amplitude at any given angle. Now this interpretation looks very similar to that of your normal phasor representation which you use for an electrical let us say IA you would call it as some IM cos ? T and then you would represent this as a phasor with respect to a horizontal axis which is rotating with respect to time here also there is a very similar situation you have a sinusoidally distributed entity here which is MMF and that MMF we find is rotating in space and therefore if you represented by an arrow that arrow is really rotating in space and therefore we can describe this also by a phasor and this time this phasor is called as a space phasor as opposed to these variables which are then called as time phasor note that these phasors are rotating with respect to time these phasors are also rotating with respect to time here the variation of the phasor is sinusoidal with respect to time here the variation of the phasor is sinusoidal with respect to space and that is why this is then called as a space phasor. Therefore given this arrangement we can represent the net MMF generated by the three phases of the stator by an arrow which is inclined at some particular angle at a given instant of time at some other instant of time the maximum amplitude would occur somewhere else and therefore the phasor should be rotated right. So this is the effect that the three phases of the induction machine is going to give and it is because of this rotating phasor that the machine is able to start and run at some speed. So if this is going to be the net effect of excitation in the three phases we could arrive at this phasor amplitude and the angle of the phasor at any given instant by writing down a mathematical expression of the MMF generated in each phase remember that the axis of the a phase we took to be horizontal. So this is the as axis and axis of the b phase is 120 degree away from that of the a phase and axis of the c phase is 120 degree here. So this is bs and this is cs you might also remember a few lectures back we had also demonstrated that the net MMF generated by these three could be rotating in space by considering excitation along this axis that axis and the other axis and we saw that the net MMF is constant in amplitude but then rotated. So this is the net result a phasor that is rotating in space we can get this by knowing what is the excitation along this axis that axis and this axis. So you have three axis the result of which gives you one phasor. Now if this phasor is what we are going to get we could as well describe this phasor by considering a two axis system what we can do is take one axis along the same horizontal we will call this as the a axis we can take another axis which is 90 degrees to this and call this as beta axis then this phasor can also be described by the a axis projection of this vector and the beta axis projection of this vector. So you have an a component and a beta component which if you call this phasor as f I can call this as f a and call this as f beta. So if I know f a and f beta I know f right. So how to find out f a and f beta so instead of having to know a component, b component and c component we are now reducing it to two components alone and a component and a beta component. So these two components appear to be sufficient to describe the resultant mmf phasor f so how to get this a component a beta of the mmf waveform. So we are essentially saying that whether it is the a component beta component that you are considering or a b c component that you are considering the net mmf should always be the same which means that the number of turns in the phasor in the stator phase if you have some current ia flowing in the a phase and some current ib flowing in the b phase and some current ic flowing in the c phase at any given angle ? if you want to determine what the mmf is you would say ia x cos ? is the mmf component which is provided by a phase a axis excitation at the angle ? similarly the mmf component acting along the b axis excitation it is component at this angle and similarly c component along that angle multiplied by the number of turns is then the mmf component so ns multiplied by ia x cos ? plus ib x cos of 2 ? by 3 – ? plus ic x cos of 2 ? by 3 – ? is the mmf that is acting along this phase. So let us expand this expression so this is equal to ns x ia cos ? plus ib x cos 2 ? by 3 cos ? plus ic x cos 2 ? by 3 cos ? – ic x sin 2 ? by 3 so this is the mmf that is produced at this angle ? let us simplify this expression so this can be written as ns x ia cos ? cos 2 ? by 3 is – half and therefore this is – ib by 2 cos ? and then let us take this expression again cos 2 ? by 3 so – ic by 2 cos ? now let us consider this one sin 2 ? by 3 is sin 120 degrees that is ? 3 by 2 so plus ib x ? 3 by 2 sin ? sin 2 ? by 3 is again so this is – ib x ? 3 by 2 sin ? and therefore we can now group these terms together ia – ib by 2 – ic by 2 this whole thing multiplied by cos ? plus 0 x ia plus ? 3 by 2 x ib – ? 3 by 2 x ic multiplied by sin ? is your resulting mmf. In this expression note that we have some current here multiplied by cos ? and some other current here multiplied by sin ? this therefore means that suppose I had an excitation that is acting along a axis and I have another excitation that is acting along the ? axis this current being ia – ib by 2 – ic by 2 that is here and this current being ? 3 by 2 ib – ? 3 by 2 ic then for that excitation being provided in a coil here and a coil here the mmf is the same and therefore we can say that this is equal to some ns x ia cos ? plus some ib sin 5 where ia is the current flowing here and ib is the current flowing there. So one can now regard the net mmf that is being produced as having been produced by 2 excitations alone something here and something here now the flow of current here is a combination of the current flowing in a b and c axis similarly the current flowing here is a similar combination of the 3 currents now we have looked at this total current being the total mmf being generated by the number of turns consisting in the a phase winding b phase winding and c phase winding. Now we can be a little more general and then say that you have i a as this current and i ? as this current we can now define a relationship saying i a i ? is equal to ia or rather we can write it as 1 – ½ – 0 root 3 by 2 and – root 3 by 2 multiplied by the vector ia ib ic this is what we have. So you can see that i a is nothing but ia – ib by 2 – ic by 2 that is what you have here and i ? is 0 times ia root 3 by 2 ib – root 3 by 2 ic and now you have this ns so multiply this by ns and we can in general have some other number of turns here which I will call as n a ? so whether you want to choose ns as equal to a ? or ns by n a ? as some other ratio could be decided on certain other issues which we will see as we go along. So the equation that is going to relate i a ib and ic has now been derived in this manner in order to ensure MMF invariance which is to say whether ia ib ic is going to flow or i a ib is going to flow in these two windings it does not make a difference as far as the net MMF is concerned that is the meaning of MMF invariance. So now we see that instead of considering these three variables you might as well consider these two variables however these two variables are not the real life variables they are fictitious variables we are only trying to imagine that a current i a and ib is flowing whereas actually the currents are that are flowing are ia ib and ic in the real three phase machine. However since this has only i a and ib number of variables is only two whereas here number of variables are three maybe we can try to recast the equation in terms of i a and ib solution might be simpler and then having found out i a and ib by solving the machine equations we might then try to get back i a ib and ic but you can at once see that it is you can go from ia ib ic to i a ib by these equations whereas you cannot go from i a ib to ia ib ic easily because this is not a square matrix if you have a square matrix then you can easily invert it and then you can get ia ib ic from i a ib but this is not square. So how does one solve the system solve this issue now you would know definitely you would have heard of something called symmetrical components the idea of symmetrical components is that any unbalanced three phase system of either voltages or flow of currents can then be resolved into a positive sequence component plus a negative sequence component and then a zero sequence component now you may remember what these three sequences are what one can show is if you look back on the subjects that you have learnt in order to find out what these things are you know that given va vb and vc you can determine v plus which is this and v minus which is a negative sequence component and v0 which is a zero sequence component or having been given v plus v minus and v0 you can also get va vb and vc these two are interchangeable if you know one you can find the other what can be shown is if you look at the equations deriving these expressions and if you look at the equations we have written here one can show that if you know v a and vb it is equivalent to knowing v plus and v minus and therefore if you want to determine a set which you can either do the transformation from here to here or you want to go back in order to make this description square the information that is missing is that of v0 so if you somehow include a zero sequence representation in these equations then we would hope to have a system where you can go from a bc to a beta or a beta to a bc and this representation if you remember how those are then derived in the symmetrical component expressions v0 is then written as one third of the phasor of va plus vb plus vc average so to say of va plus vb plus vc what we want is only a representation of the symmetrical component and therefore it need not necessarily be one third it could be any number k which is then used to multiply va, vb and vc and therefore if you want to have a system that is a square matrix one can therefore do it in this way so you have i a i beta we said that the missing information was that of i0 so you add an i0 component now the number of turns is still there to be found out that is then equal to the number of turns on the stator here you have one minus half minus half zero root 3 by 2 and minus root 3 by 2 if you want the exact i0 then you should have put 1 by 3, 1 by 3, 1 by 3 but that is not really necessary what we want is a representation of that so I could as well put kk and then this would be i a, i b and i c so with this description added with the description of representation of i0 added you now have a square this become square and therefore one can invert this so if you want if you have i a, i beta, i0 you can multiply by the inverse and then get i a, i b, i c but then we now have to determine what should be the value of k as I said we could fix k to be any value which is which gives us some ease of operation so what ease of operation will you look at now let us say you do want to find out i a, i b, i c from i a, i beta, then you would need to multiply this by the inverse of the matrix here if you find the inverse of this what you would find this for example let us say this matrix is m and you want to find the inverse of this matrix then what you would see is that m inverse is given by 2 by 3 times 1 minus half and then 0 root 3 by 2 minus root 3 by 2 and then what happens is you get 1 by 2k this is the inverse of the matrix that we have written down here you can try to evaluate the inverse and verify for yourself. Now one can see that this inverse except for these 3 numbers here this matrix and this matrix appear to be related as transpose of each other appear to be so except for this row and that if you really wanted to be so then what we have to do is if you can set k equal to 1 over 2k then this matrix and this matrix will really be m and m transpose not exactly except for this number 2 by 3 and therefore if k has to be equal to 1 over 2k what we are saying is k square is half and k equals therefore 1 by root 2 so if you put k equal to 1 by root 2 then what you have is these 3 numbers become 1 by root 2, 1 by root 2 and 1 by root 2 and here also this becomes 1 by root 2 and therefore what we can say is m inverse is equal to 2 by 3 times m transpose so this is a rather good advantage for us it is enough if we remember 1m and then the inverse is simply two thirds of m transpose. So the choice of k has enabled us to get this simplification this is fine next what do we need to do we now have this description n aß and ns completed right how to determine what is n aß and what is ns that is the next issue that we have to address so let us do that there are two approaches that can be taken in order to resolve that issue we are looking at some sort of equivalence between a winding that is placed on the aß axis bs axis and cs axis that means three windings which are there originally and we want to transform this to two windings which is aß and aß how do you establish the equivalence we have said that the first basis of establishing equivalence is that the mmf generated by the two should be the same only then these two are equivalent. Now other than that one can also look at the electrical active electrical power consumed by these two by the entire set here on the one hand you have these three which are going to consume electrical input power here you have only these two which are going to consume electrical input power so what one can say is that say case one is when the net power or the total power is unchanged which means the net power taken by aß, bß and cß together must now be equal to the net power drawn by aß and aß which we have and now of course there is one more variable 0 phase also or one can look at another case where we can say that per phase power is unchanged. So this situation is called power invariance this is non invariance so if we take these two how does the system of equations look like so let us consider that you have let us take the first case one if the net power which is drawn by the three phases must be equal to these two what we have is I transpose a, b, c that means I is a vector consisting of Ia, Ib, Ic transpose a, b, c multiplied by v, a, b, c this is a vector consisting of va, v, b, b, c remember that active power is given by va x Ia x vb x Ib x vc x Ic which is the same as I transpose a, b, c multiplied by va, b, c what we are saying is this is equal to I aß now the 0 is also added transpose multiplied by v aß 0 this is what we are saying and here we have already derived the relationship between I aß 0 and Ia, b, c what we have is Iaß 0 equals ns by n aß multiplied by this matrix m multiplied by the vector Ia, b, c so let us substitute for I aß 0 there so what you have is Ia, b, c transpose va, b, c equals ns by n aß multiplied by m into Ia, b, c transpose v aß 0 and this is nothing but ns by n aß into Ia, b, c transpose m transpose v aß 0 so what we find is that if the left hand side now has to be equal to the right hand side we need to define va, b, c as ns by n aß x m transpose v aß this is what we get now what we have already for I is that we have Ia, b, c is equal to n aß by ns into m inverse into I aß 0 I have just rewritten the expression that we already have in terms of Ia, b, c so it is n aß by n aß multiplied by m inverse so what we see from these two equations is the transformation of the equation which is going to relate va, b, c to v aß 0 appears to be a little different from the relation between Ia, b, c and Ia, b, c now we could retain it like this but it would be simpler if the relationships between v and I are identical which means that what we want is ns by n aß must be equal to n aß by ns multiplied by I am sorry this into m transpose is equal to this multiplied by m inverse so this must be equal to this if the two equations are to look identical that is the manner in which aß has to be transformed to a, b, c is the same for v and I then this part should be equal to this part. But we already know from our earlier expressions that we have derived m inverse is nothing but 2 by 3 times m transpose so this can be written as n aß by ns into 2 by 3 times m transpose and therefore what we get is that if this has to be true then ns square by n aß square should be equal to 2 by 3 or ns by n aß should be equal to root of 2 by 3. So if you choose ns by n aß that is the number of turns on the aß winding here and of course the number of turns in the aß winding is the same as the number of turns on this winding these two are identical similarly the turns on a, b, c are identical the ratio of those two turns is what we have derived if it is equal to the square root of 2 by 3 then what we are saying is that the net input power is invariant it is the same in the a, b, c system as well as in the aß system. So this is one approach another approach is as we have seen the second case that is what we are saying is case 2 is i a, b, c transpose multiplied by v a, b, c this is the three phase system and per phase active power is this divided by 3. If we look at the aß system i aß 0 transpose into v aß 0 by 2. Now why are we saying this is 2 in spite of having written aß and 0 reason is we know that if we have a system of ac voltages which are balanced then the 0 sequence part will go to 0 and by enlarge we deal with electrical systems which are of this nature and in most cases therefore 0 sequence will go to 0. And therefore the active electrical input power is then consumed only by the aß and b and not by this part which is this and therefore we consider this to be having only two phases. So if we have this and then we substitute the expression for i aß 0 again as before what we have is i aß 0 is ns by n aß. So ns by n aß multiplied by m into i a, b, c transpose multiplied by v aß 0 into 1 by 2 which is the same as ns by n aß multiplied by i a, b, c transpose m transpose v aß 0 multiplied by half and this has to be equal to i a, b, c transpose v a, b, c by 3 and looking at this equation we can therefore conclude that these two expressions will be identical if v a, b, c is equal to 3 by 2 times ns by n aß multiplied by m transpose into v aß 0 and we already have a relationship for i a, b, c, i a, b, c is n aß by ns into m inverse into i aß 0. So again looking at the same argument that we would like the relationship to transform v aß 0 to a, b, c to be the same as the relationship that transforms i aß 0 to i a, b, c we would need to have this part of the expression and this part of the expression to be the same and therefore we can derive another condition. So what we want is 3 by 2 times ns by n aß multiplied by m transpose should be equal to n aß by ns into m inverse and we know that m inverse is two thirds of m transpose so 2 by 3 times m transpose therefore what you have is these two terms will be equal if ns square by n aß square is equal to 4 by 9 which means that ns by n aß is equal to 2 by 3. So on the one hand if you want to have invariance of the electrical input power you need to choose ns by n aß to be root 2 by 3 if you want to have input power per phase to be equal then you need to choose ns by n aß to be just 2 by 3 and what is the implication of these two so with this then we can now try to find out what is the relationship between v and i.  So you get this extra factor 2 by 3 as compared to what you had here similarly you will have an expression for i aß 0 also. So in the next lecture we will see how the equations relating v a, b, c and v aß 0 for the invariant case are going to simplify with the choice of ns and n aß 0. We will stop here for this lecture.


India as a project is a public permission blockchain and the thing is it's focused on identity and identity use cases The contributors to India worried about what's called self-sovereign identity, which is a privacy preserving approach to transferring credentials transferring provable statements about a person Between an issuer a holder and a verifier. Let's be a bit more specific about how this works So when you're trying to exchange a credential You've got an agent that represents you and you play one of three roles You're the issuer the person who's going to Claim something about a third party. You're the holder the person who's holding the claim And wants to be trusted or you're a verifier the verifier does not trust the holder But the verifier does trust the issuer so when the issuer gives the holder this claim The credential the holder can then give the credential to the verifier The verifier can check the ledger and see that the pop prep that the public key is Correct and is signed with the correct private key and therefore knows that the holder didn't manipulate it and that the issuer does Stand by what they're asserting about the holder It's very flexible to adapt indie for the governance policies you want for your network So if you're on a network where where you want to make sure that every in every transaction author Is endorsed, you know in these sports that if it's a third-party endorsement to avoid spam or abuse You can also say hey a new endorser requires three signatures from stewards or two signatures from trustees And that kind of process makes it really easy to adapt indie to your your ledger use case So we have this site Understand this is a developer machine try not connect on tried connect on me connect on me as ever names a Mobile wallet that people can use and here I'm sharing my screen I've just got a fresh install. I'm gonna hit the set up button, you know, and I'm gonna put in a really super secure passcode and I'm not gonna worry about biometrics for this use case I accept the Everton license agreement and we come in now there's a scan button so I come here and I've got various Organizations I can interact with let's let's say I've got a job is Suncrest Medical So I need to get my staff passport So when I take a picture of this QR code comes up. I come back to my mobile device and Take the picture. I just realized I can't take the picture while you're seeing me take the picture. Let me do that Okay, so that came comes in so now I've got a connection an Aries connection with Suncrest Medical We also communicate on hyper ledger rocket chat. Hope to see you there There's a process for suggesting improvements. You can get the source code