Y cwysel yma yn cael y cyfnodio am gyda'r ysbun yn ei hunain, ac mae'r ymddun i'n gwneud yn y cyfrif precendol, mae gynnylch i'r ddweud, mae'r defnyddio allwch chi'n gofio at ybydd f치as ac mae'n cael ei fod yn cael eu cyfrif iawn. Mae'n gwybod eich gofio yma, ac mae'n arddangos gweithio'r economiynau. Y Model Fyrma'n Gweithedwyr yma eich gofio'r economiynau iawn sydd yn ymgyrch am Yn Llyfrgell, ac yn ymgyrch ar Yndyn ni, ac mae'r ffordd yn ymgyrch am ddeudiwyr ymgyrch, i gyfnodol, i gyrfaenol, ac ymgyrch ar ymgyrch, mae'n gwybod i'r brifysgol yn ymgyrch i'r cyfrifesol ymgyrch uchymu. Dyma'r concept rhaid o'r ymgyrch yn ymgyrch yn ymddiolol i ddodol. Ymgyrch am ymgyrch ar ymgyrch ar ymgyrch yn ymgyrch ar ymgyrch, has resulted in the loss of biodiversity. Ecosystem provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting systems services have been a way of trying to actually start looking at what ecosystems can provide and how we can start attributing a cost to it.� Though this leads into the natural capital WHERE you are attribiting a value to ecosystem services and it's the whole mentality that if you add a value to something and you have to pay for something you then have buy-in and ownership so this then tries and sets up the chain WHERE you can sync economic development human well-being and a maintenance of economic services that can then lead to a benefit bdiodiversity conservation So, great apes in Asia. As you can see, there's not a wide distribution. It doesn't cover the Asian continent. It is specifically located in two islands, so Malaysia and Indonesia, of which, I mean not Malaysia, Borneo and Sumatra and which it's split in between Malaysia and Indonesia and in Malaysia and Borneo specifically in Sabah. We have two species of great apes. We have Sumatran orangatang and we have the Borneo orangatang, which is split into three subspecies. The Sumatran orangatang is critically endangered and as you can see is only focused in northern Sumatra and the Borneo orangatang has a much larger population and obviously a much larger island to cover. So, I've specifically looked at Indonesia, obviously because the amount of orangatangs that we have in this area and how we can relate that. And Indonesia is quite far ahead in its progress towards readiness for a red framework and how, I've kind of tried to put it in the context of how Indonesia is actually one of the countries that's quite suitable for the adoption of red. So 100 million hectares of the forest in Indonesia actually belongs to the Indonesian people and is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Forestry. So the legal framework already exists in Indonesia to protect forests and to protect endangered species such as orangatangs. 85% of the CO2 emissions in 2005, which totals over three gigatons of carbon dioxide, was attributed to deforestation and degradation. So any actions that were put in place which would reduce that could clearly be attributed to the reduction of deforestation and degradation. The government committed last year to the CO2 emission reduction pledge of 26% by 2020. Now this was President Cecilia put forward that if Indonesia received international funding that number could actually be pushed to a reduction of 41%. In March 2010, $5.6 million was released by the UN Red Task Force for the Red Implementation Phase in Indonesia. So the threats that forests face in Indonesia and also in turn Great Apes, economic growth in Indonesia has been measured by IMF at 4.6 to 6.3 per year in the last 10 years. The target that's been set by the government for by 2020 is an increase in economic growth by 7%. By 2020 to achieve this, land use cover changes planned include 10 million hectares to be dedicated for pulp and paper and 9 million hectares for palm oil plantations. The problem is that we have with protected areas that we have ineffective forest management units. A lot of the protected areas within Indonesia are very underfunded. There's quite a lot of conflicting legal framework. We and ZSL have been working quite a lot. ZSL Indonesia have been working with the round table for sustainable palm oil. We've been looking at how to maintain and monitor HCV areas. HCV areas within palm oil plantations are not considered forests. The only forest in the interpretation of the Indonesian legal framework is that if it's forest it has to belong to the forest estate. So that means that it belongs to the government. Once it's declassified and taken and removed from the forest state then it starts becoming forest that can be utilised and it gets declassified further and further until it gets to a point where it can be land which can be used for any other purposes which is when it becomes suitable for palm oil. In that sense then the forest that's within the palm oil is no longer considered forest. So although the figure I gave you of 100 million for forests within Indonesia that's what's been classified as forest by the Ministry of Forestry and that might not necessarily actually be pristine or forest that can be suitable for great apes. So there is conflicting legal framework so what's considered HCV is not protected and must be paid taxes etc must be paid as if it's a production landscape. There's a lack of law enforcement due to the legal framework confusion. Funding for work to determine what is forest is slow in coming and as a result the same issues I think were faced globally with apes poaching, encroachment, human wildlife conflict. What was production forest is converted to agriculture and other land uses it means that the orangutans, in particular the great apes are pushed to them or marginalised and then we get more and more human wildlife conflict as well. So challenges to implementation of REDD within Indonesia. We have land tenure issues on a global scale in the recent report by forest, the globally on land exclusively communal customary use and ownership rights so those where you can actually show direct linkage to the indigenous or local people only 17% of the REDD projects put forward for not for profit projects showed direct indigenous ownership rights, 2% of those for profit only projects. So there's a lot of disenfranchisement for local and indigenous people when it comes to looking at how REDD projects are starting to be issued and implemented. In Indonesia there's indigenous adat law and decentralisation also adds to the mix of land tenure issues. Spatial planning, the government renster which is with a review of the spatial planning within Indonesia has to be reviewed with the target of this 7% of development with 19 million hectares to be given over for both pulp and paper and palm oil. Spatial planning in Indonesia due to decentralisation actually makes, you have the overview that's issued by the central government and then it's the provincial government and then the district that are responsible for actually deciding how to set aside land. So again that adds to it more layers of complexity. Time scales, VCS methodologies, I don't know if anyone here has a REDD project I'm sure we're going to find out but for someone who's been part of a REDD project one of the things is that VCS methodologies are taking up to 12 to 24 months before they're approved. For example we're working in a peatland and for the peatland rewetting it took 14 months before it could be approved and when you have a project that needs to be funded for those 14 months and you've got a grant for three years that's quite a long time. Verified carbon standards, sorry. So this is the voluntary carbon standards, one of the voluntary carbon standards and is the one that's adopted by most projects at the moment who are aiming for voluntary carbon. So REDD frameworks, the REDD framework the 2010 to 2012 deadlines that were set by the UN and also by the Indonesian government, it looks like that might take longer. Market confidence because the frameworks are taking so long buyers are starting to lose confidence so the market has actually become depressed particularly in regards to the compliant market. So challenges to additionality, so safeguards not providing threatened species such as apes and safeguarding community interests. Most voluntary projects now try and ensure that they have CCBA which is a standard that's focused on communities and biodiversity. This standard though is not a trading standard, it's a stacked standard which means that it's an additional to once you have received approval from one of the voluntary standards. So for example if VCS approve your project, if you have CCBA gold standard on top of that it doesn't mean that you get any extra money but it does mean that you are showing that you are paying attention to safeguarding communities and safeguarding biodiversity. Now this can be, there's a CCBA standard and there's a CCBA gold standard. Now as I said this doesn't actually add value to your project but it will add salability to your project and you can show that the safeguards are being followed. This is for only projects on a sort of more coarser scale, you have a national safeguarding standard that's being proposed which is the social and environmental standard. Implementation strategies, obviously on a project level ameliorations such as alternative livelihoods are much more likely adoption for the implementation of red. If you start looking at national scales then enforcement, so the physical removal of people who are in areas which have been set aside for red is potentially something which could happen and again then you have people who have become disenfranchised, civil societies, safeguards are not met. The paradigm shift of why you're giving me money to leave this forest alone is quite a huge mindset to change and I think it's going to be one of the things that's going to be the most difficult which leads into the expectations not met. Social and environmental expectations both by all the stakeholders that are consulted during a project. For social you have to have your community on board with your F pic and once you have your red project approved one of the things that people are seeing which is where Terry started showing us how civil societies are starting to move against red is that the activities, the red activities that are being taken up by projects are actually more of the easier, simpler environmental aspects such as the reduction in forest fire risks. The social activities are becoming more complex as expectations are higher and that leads to whether people are actually being compensated for the loss of earnings or alternative livelihoods are met. If it's just compensation which is quite often what projects do originally work their budgets on that means that again people still don't have a livelihood they've been provided with a compensation mechanism to give them an income but then there's nothing stopping them from earning more again and that's going into the forest and trying to harvest and use the resources within the forest so it's a double bonus for them. The easiest option that quite often projects have been doing so far is that they are more anti-poor, anti-community options. I'm not going to go on to displacement of activities or leakages because I think we covered that quite well in Terry's project. The opportunities in Indonesia are quite large for red as I mentioned and quite high so we had the letter of intent from Norway which pledged US$1 billion over seven years which resulted in the forest moratorium which was a two year suspension on all new concessions for conversion of peat and natural forest for palm oil and also for forestry. This was allowing for readiness preparations and a planning review which was the renster I referred to before. The WRI and the PHK have identified 23 million hectares of degraded forest. Now if we look at the fact that we needed to get 19 million hectares converted to pulp and paper and palm oil the degraded forest is there but there is the issue of what is degraded forest which is still quite contentious. Red has quite high level political support. The role of the forest was acknowledged by the president providing roles in both food and energy security, economic and climate change which was during the C4 forest day last year. MRV orangatangs, the way that orangatang populations are surveyed, the methodology and the base reference level to orangatang populations which was the PHBA in 2004-2005 provide clear tangible and easily demonstrated ways of monitoring orangatang populations. Great apes do lend themselves to the CCBA gold standard and orangatangs in this way whereas for example tigers which are much harder to monitor provide much more of a difficult concept for the CCBA gold standard. The red framework so far, Indonesia is in its pilot phase or the readiness phase and at this point it's a nested approach. So there are 44 red projects that have been submitted to the Ministry of Forestry and within those 44 projects they are mainly spread between Papua Sumatra and Indonesia. The key focus for the pilot projects is to identify and demonstrate how to address the fundamental drivers of deforestation at a local level. Now I've just put up which we talked about earlier which was the voluntary carbon standard at the moment because there's not a compliant market framework available in Indonesia. Most projects are moving towards the voluntary carbon market which is this VCF and CCB. One of the results of Durban was the agreement to establish a global green climate fund where these funds come from is unclear and the fungibility of credits is still unclear. So pilot red projects that want to continue, one of the possibilities is that they start selling percentages of their credits now on the voluntary market and they keep the rest back until they can start selling on the compliant market. However we've not been told whether or not that is possible and the way that the market forces work it seems that that might not be an approach. Ok, very quickly because I'm running out of time. This is something that was mentioned yesterday and I just put an example up which is the cost of peat versus mineral forests. Not that I'm putting one against the other but in reality one of the key market forces that we're facing in Indonesia is palm oil. So the revenue that you can get, and this was the figure from yesterday, you can get $1,300 per tonne from palm oil at the moment on the market. Now mineral soils can produce around 4 tonnes per hectare, 6 tonnes per hectare which gives you over $6,000 per hectare. In peat it's much more lower production, about 50% less so it's 3 tonnes per hectare. So after planting your palm oil you will start getting a revenue within 5 years and you're looking at a revenue of those figures. So quite a vast amount. So for red to be able to talk to people and try and put red forward as an alternative income to palm oil. For mineral soils we have to have a guaranteed red carbon credit price of $17.5 US dollars per carbon tonne. For peat because it's got such high levels of above and below ground biomass that number is a lot less. So peatlands much more afford themselves to voluntary carbon standards because the price can be quite low. As you can see there it's $6 at the moment but the compliant market is $10.24 at the moment. So again at that price at the moment it is we wouldn't be able to try and convince someone who is going to be planting palm oil that red is a better solution because already they have lost $7 per hectare. So just to show the orangutan densities the way that for mineral soils are much more biodiverse than peatlands however for great apes peatlands have proven to support much higher densities of orangutans. So if you look at it in a context of great apes that's quite a good story. If you look at it in a context of biodiversity it's not such a good story. And just going to put something else in here which is beyond red and this is the wildlife premium. Now this was a premium that was put forward by John Sidensteker in the World Bank of WWF last year and this is something that it was an ideal which is a premium to be paid additional to the carbon market which the additional premium would be focused purely on conservation activities and that would be the conservation activities of a charismatic species such as an orangutan, a tiger. However talking to people in the field sort of who are interested in potentially buying carbon credits they think that this is something that's a conservationist dream and is not going to be actualised. They believe that if a red project has CCBA gold standards then they should be looking at key biodiversity areas and they should be protecting species that are vulnerable or irreplaceable and therefore it's implicit so it's very unlikely that the wildlife premium will actually be realised. But the one thing that they did say was that if projects, red projects did have a charismatic species such as great apes then they would have a lot more confidence in buying because even if the project itself wasn't showing much additionality they would improve their CSR and the salability of the credits in the future.


How's it going everyone Caleb here with leading sports cards next night? We've got one twenty twenty-two select baseball hobby for Nick s Good luck Nick. Thank you very much Just one sec here Appreciated Nick. Let's see what we can find best of luck on a man. Let's get right to it like Patrick wisdom Guillermo Harita their patch autographed to 25 braves Nice one there for you to get it going Nick Cody Bellinger Redemption Adam Frazier. Come on, man. Wow spark signatures.  That's what I'm saying KJ That's what I'm saying try color a keel, but do in Fuego Ozzy Elvis Think we are in Fuego Eli Morgan there on the patch not numbered patch Silver fragment select stars. Yeah, I know I'm a little bit concerned for tomorrow Vaughn a little bit scared You're on to something there for sure Silver diamond level Josh low. We got a rip again tomorrow. Hopefully they're gonna be okay Greg Deekman there to 149 on the light blue Appreciate you guys all tuning in tonight. You sure you're ready like this stream Helps a set of ton helps more people find the stream. Wow. How about a lightning strike? SSP insert of Corey seager Awesome box man Congrats again Silver hinge in Ryu Double-tax left Little break what a box Marcus Strowman five of five On the gold patch What is going on? You go in Fuego Castellanos Everything we touch at the moment pulling the heat babe Try color matte brash. I told this Garcia moon shots Louis seal Chris Taylor to 199 Silver Pablo Lopez Thanks again so much, man. I appreciate that Nick. We'll have them all well protected and right out to you Thanks for grabbing up that select baseball happy box nice box man


Whenever we're quiet for just a few seconds, I know my nipples are Possibly gonna be under attack. There's two ranks. You need some Corbin. I'm Rick and you can follow us on Instagram and Twitter Foreign juicy content Remember those dancers we saw the other day the two girls two girls doing the belly dance derivative. This is another one I think it's Friar or after what was that after? That means after but this is called you rom Charlie Lila bold performance Hey Lila Charlie Lila Into my private parts. Oh, yeah, I hope they do that move. That was my favorite part of the movie But this is the same girls it's not saying their names here got a lot of messages From stupid babies about that and saying here watch this watch that now you've been introduced to Some great great dancing and that we sure were We asked you thank you for more of their stuff So please down the comments and this other performances of theirs. This is a longer video I think the dance is only about three minutes ish Okay, and so the rest is commentary. That's not sub so I'm just gonna stop it after the dance. Oh, okay Yeah, I did not realize it was amazing performance amazing performance wonderful just like the last time like this unique combination of these Dances I did not realize That was such a difference in height. What do you want to do like way far because remember when that one popped up They must have staged it in a different way so that from the visual field on the camera They look like they were comfortable. I don't know see that big of a difference in I don't know if she's that short Or if she's that tall, I think it's probably both.  Yeah, because it looks like it's a good 10 inch difference in height But which is also really cool to see because you often don't get pairings of dancers at that height But yeah, I didn't notice that in the last video. We did. Yeah, that was uh, yeah, that was incredible. They should They should have hired them to choreographed Bianca to make her performance even better Yeah, no, it was fun That's just because it was Bianca. No, it was actually everything about it was great. Yeah, but their dance was better I disagree it was different But it was better. No, it wasn't better. No was was different You can't say these professional dancers are better than Priyanka who is not a professional dancer I wasn't comparing the dancers to Priyanka's dancers as a whole I was comparing this dance number the dance number is Bollywood bias guy over here.  It's amazing. You're bringing the IQ level of the channel down with every video We're gonna be around 18 soon. See it's 69. We're good.  Don't listen to this old man What does he know? He's like he's 69. I guarantee they're smarter than you and they understand exactly what I said Anyways Why is that song? Is it the bass line that's sexy? Yeah It's the bass line and the fact that it only takes like a small step up But it's a very very sexy song and their their choreography was very complimentary very very sexy Really nice. They only had a couple of two teeny little spots that I know they'd be watching it too We would like where their synchronicity together wasn't exactly spot-on But that's super super nitpicky because the rest of what they did was so darn good How are these are these shows like exactly like the ones that we have here like obviously look like they had a button and yeah I don't know it looked like it was set up like a GT yeah The button to strike people out if you don't want them on on stage, but it looks like they want them on stage Yeah, I don't know if I get the golden buzzer. Yeah, cuz a GT each judge has a golden buzzer They can use once per season for somebody who just advances to the live shows But the other thing I kind of missed but I didn't miss we talked about this when we saw them before It's like where do they build with their dance numbers whereas this didn't have anything as far as like extra set design lighting and smoke It was just them dancing, but I I love this blend of Indian dance belly dance and They were like they added a lot of contemporary kinds of dancing like krunking and hip-hop and body lock Are they already like? Like choreographers like do they do they choreograph for Bollywood like I was saying like I was joking before They should do Priyanka, but like are they wouldn't surprise me if they were at all unless They they may have do they do their own choreography? I assume they do but a lot of dance teams have a choreographer behind the scenes Then you meet the choreographer afterwards so not most dancers Do their they can do choreography as well kind of goes hand-in-hand, but not necessarily when they're performing So I'd love to know was this their choreography. Yeah, let us know yeah and more dance from them and other dancers We do enjoy dances that the dance Let us know


Good morning, Basel. How are you today? It's really amazing, everybody looks so happy and awake today. It must be either the 5K run or the pancake breakfast. Thanks for that, by the way. By the way, some of you may have recognized a song that was just played because it used to be the Formula One theme song. And we've chosen it intentionally, of course, because it fits quite well to the title of our keynote. Move fast and don't break things. But also, as a reminder to ourselves that today, and now we only have ten minutes to talk, so let's get right into this and talk about speed. Right, Danila? Right, because, as you all know, speed wins in the marketplace. And that has also been pointed out in the book by Metstein where he talks about migrating to cloud-native application architectures. And he underlines that speed is the central aspect to innovate fast and to deliver value more quickly than your competitors do. And in the context of software engineering, this means that we need to go away from yearly or quarterly updates towards deploying software in a daily fashion or even in continuous builds. So speed is important. But the question is, what brings us up to speed? And most importantly, what allows us to move fast? And what you need is a platform, like SAP Cloud Platform, that allows you to easily build, test, and deploy applications in the cloud. And since we all know that there is not only one cloud, SAP Cloud Platform supports you in bringing your applications to all of the big hyperscale cloud providers, so wherever you need to host your workload. And I lost my track. Give me a second. What I'm trying to say is that if you have a strong platform, it acts as the foundation of your cloud-native journey. And since we all know that this journey can be tough sometimes, SAP Cloud Platform brings some additional capabilities, like business and platform services. So for example, it allows you to easily connect to your existing landscapes. Additional runtimes like the SAP Java Build Pack and, of course, data and storage services, like the SAP HANA in-memory database, which in this environment is exposed via, guess what, a service broker. So Daniela, is this enough? No, we don't think this is enough. It's not enough to go extremely fast. You also need to ensure that you have safety nets, that you have pit stops in place because you need to ensure that you do not break things. So if you think of a typical deployment pipeline, you have quality gates, including functional tests and security scans, as well as acceptance tests in place. And this already provides a really proper safety net. But there may be cases where only a blue-green comparison shows that a new application version is performing poorly. And with having a software intelligence solution like Dynatrace integrated into your deployment pipeline, you would get information about the fact that your new application version is performing poorly. And Dynatrace would also reject that this new version is being promoted to production. But Dynatrace provides you with much more. You will get an all-in-one contextual monitoring solution that supports the full stack from the end users, from the applications, down to the infrastructure level, all dependencies between your microservices, your apps, containers, processes, hosts, data centers, all of that is detected automatically by Dynatrace. And on top of all that, the Dynatrace AI engine will also detect if one of your CloudFoundry applications or one of your CloudFoundry platform components, like DiegoCells, are having problems. Now, you all can imagine this requires quite some integration work to work perfectly together, which is why SAP and Dynatrace partnered to improve both SAP Cloud Platform as well as Dynatrace to give our customers the best experience when monitoring applications with Dynatrace on top of SAP Cloud Platform. And of course, this also requires quite some work on all the various levels. So for today, we've prepared a little demo to show you at least some of the things that we've been working on recently. And in order to have a demo that is both fast and reliable, we decided today to go for a short video. So Theo, please play the video. There we go. So we've been using the SockShop, which is an open-source microservice-based web shop that you can use. It employs quite some different technologies. You can buy socks, amazing socks, by the way. You can check it out, add it to the card, review your card, and if it fits your style, you can purchase it. And all that is, of course, deployed to SAP Cloud Platform. So let's see how it looks like in the Cloud cockpit. And first of all, since our web shop is already popular all around the world, we've decided to deploy to multiple hyperscale cloud providers. And also to five different regions. So we have one in the APJ region, North America, South America, and in Europe. So let's see how it looks like in the EMEA region now. And more specifically, let's drill down to Cloud Foundry Spaces. So we see here we have a staging space for our integration tests and a production space. So let's see how it looks like in the production space. There we go. So we see all the applications that make up our stock shop deployed in a blue-green fashion. This, for example, is the cards, microservice, which exposes the cards API. And we see some additional information like the build pack, for example. Yeah. And speaking about build packs with Dynatrace being integrated in various build packs, it has never been easier to connect your Cloud Foundry application with a Dynatrace monitoring environment. All you need to do is create a user-provided service. And then you will see something like this nice dashboard which provides you with an overview of the stock shop applications and all the services and their performance. And we will now take a closer look at the technologies that are used by stock shop and we will focus on the Apache and Node.js processes. More specifically, we will have a look at the cards process of which we currently have two instances running. And we are now on the process group that is representing the cards process. And as you can see, Dynatrace automatically picks up Cloud Foundry-specific metadata like the application or the space. And since recently also the organization in which the application is running in. And we have also supplied custom metadata via environment variables. And what is also really nice is that Dynatrace is aware of the fact that we do have a blue and a green version of this cards service running in that environment. And we are now switching to the blue instance of the cards service and there you again have all the Cloud Foundry-specific custom metadata available. Cool. So we have seen how it looks like in the Cloud Cockpit. We have seen how it looks like in Dynatrace. But how did it get there? Since we are of conquerors, we have decided to set up pipelines. We have a dedicated pipeline for all of the microservices that make up our stock shop. So let's see how the cards pipeline look like. Well, obviously the pipeline is triggered with every new Git commit to a certain branch. Once there is a new commit, we build it, we deploy to our staging environment, we run some health checks, some custom health checks, and we deploy to our production environment where we finally run some load tests. And this is exactly the point where we ask Dynatrace in our pipeline whether this change can safely be promoted to production. So let's see whether we can create a pull request that breaks this pipeline. So we switch to pull requests. Yeah. So there is a pull request, no surprise here, that adds a check to the stocks when an item is added to the card. And now this time, there is an exception. We implemented it deliberately in a bad fashion and we will just merge it now. Of course, you could run this check already by just creating a pull request, but let's just, for the sake of this demo, merge it and fast forward a bit. I love this stuff. And now this time, we can see that Dynatrace rejects this commit and it's not being promoted to production. So let's find out why, Danila. Yeah, let's analyze this deployment and the change and the impact of the change in Dynatrace. So on the service details screen, you already see an increased response time of the new version that has been deployed or that has been created by this change. And if we now compare the two service instances, the response time increase becomes even more apparent. And of course, we could drill down here even to the code level in Dynatrace, but we also want to talk about the subtitle of our keynote. Exactly. And the screen is screaming already quite heavily. So let's go back to the slides, please. So some of you may have recognized that our talk also has a subtitle, which is how we will build applications in the future. And a few talks before ours, there was a nice saying that the future is now. And this is basically what we believe. And we believe that the future is now, and it has to be fast and safe. If you want to find out more, we're more than happy to meet you at the SAP and the Dynatrace booths. There's also going to be another session at 10 past two, I think, in room Cairo, exactly, where you get some more insights even on the technical details. Thank you so much for having us. Wish you a great rest of the conference. Thank you. Thank you.


Hello everybody! E here. Welcome back to another book review, the first book review of 2019. Happy New Year by the way. Let me know down there in the doobly-doo what you have planned for this year if you were tackling any big challenges or anything like that. Let me know down there so we can come back to this video at the end of the year and look at our goals for the year and see what we accomplished. This year I'm only trying to read about 52 books, a book a week. If I do more, great. If I do under, that's fine too, but that's what I'm going to shoot for. I'm going to try and absorb more in previous years. I have read loads of books, 100 to 120 books, and I only remember about half of them. In 2018 I read 65 books, roughly about 70. I don't actually know as of shooting this video how many I will have completed, but I remember more about those books than I do the year before when I did 127, I think.  But jumping into the review, let me know all that stuff down there in the doobly-doo what kind of goals you have, how many books you want to read if you're going to read more or less in 2019. Let me know. But today we are talking about No Exit by Taylor Adams. This was a book of the month club selection and I am so glad I did not pay full price for it. The book is okay. I ended up giving it one star on Goodreads only because it upset me so bad toward the end. I didn't actually finish the book. It's the first time I've ever given up on a book when I've only had, I think I have like 75 pages left to go, but I predicted the first twist, then I predicted the second twist, and then I predicted the third twist and three strikes you're out. I just didn't care anymore. It got super repetitive and it just felt like it was never going to end, so I went ahead and ended it. What started out as a terrific premise was completely ruined by the author's inability to hide certain information. The very first twist was phoned in way back at the beginning of the book because the main character just assumes that there's, I don't want to give any spoilers, they just assume something about the parking lot and I just thought it was the most foolish thing possibly could have done and some of the other stuff is phoned in also, but nothing is more phoned in than the twist about page 200 with regards to, like I said I don't want to spoil anything, but it's one of those books where all the surprises feel forced in such a way that it's like it can't be that obvious, can it? And of course it was time and time again, so unfortunately I'm starting out the year with a one star read just because the book was so horribly phoned in. The writing has potential though, so I would be willing to give Taylor Adams another shot because it's not the story telling or the writing that I had a problem with, it was the actual plot and the ham fist at attempts at twists. Now let me add this, I go over to Goodreads and I look at the reviews for this book and I see a bunch of positive stuff about the twist, so I'm not sure if it just didn't work for me because I'm an author and I know these tropes, I know how to use these things and usually me knowing how to use them keeps me away from using them if you get what I'm saying, but have you read No Exit by Taylor Adams, if so let me know what you thought of it down there in the doobly-doo, but until next time, I have been E, you have been U, this has been another book review, I'll talk to you guys later, bye bye!


Okay Yeah, that's like Okay That's upper. That's upper Manhattan to George Washington Bridge. I know I 95 you went to Columbia. Where did you go? Oh? There Columbia University that looks like his whole foods in Edgewater It's Jeff Sanbello his last day in Northeastern, New Jersey Okay, there he is Um natural Competitive strength training and powerlifting athlete Okay George Washington Bridge. We're gonna swing over his upper Manhattan Washington Heights, I suppose Harlem and that's I think that it's got to be it's either a cathedral or Columbia University Yeah, and then here we have a beautiful day considering all the icy cold The damp rain we've had every day since Jeff has been down And See you see those those buildings my street is right right at the yeah, that's on a cliff Okay, here. We got shot of Manhattan. It was supposed to be like Just a partly sunny, but evidently the temperature got mild and that's a nice dog. Yeah people. Yeah English bulldog is that no no that's not English bulldog. Oh cool Hi beautiful See, he's a good owner because he's got the dog on the leash. Well, he's not pulling. He's not pulling and yanking them either That's a nice dog because he has control Boy or girl? I won't You're in half. Oh good. I Think she wants to find a boyfriend Yeah Then you got to find places for they got find homes for the pups. That's the only thing about breeding Okay, Jeff Sambelle Here's the walkway and And you know what this is very nice weather You know I wish there was a sunny every day Wouldn't it be a fantastic if it would have been the best vacation if it was like this the first day you came down But you know that like Like the pow said on a Star Trek the weather is the weather what can be done, right? Yeah Yeah, the weather the weather is the weather. What can be done? And we had that all that freezing rain It's really nice. Oh, that's some dogs. Oh, yeah, yeah people people doing their thing.  Oh Look at that. There's a ferry boat to police Billy clubs. Don't worry. Oh look Does that go to Staten Island? It's like a tour. It's like a tour boat.  I will never stay the Hasbrook Hilton again There's some town. What are these townhouses? What are these townhouses? Yeah, well River Road is kind of it is kind of busy then we go down the Go down the oh the in-ground pool. Yeah, that's for the people that live in that Hoity-toity townhouse. Thank you, James.   There will be a hoity-toity a townhouse or Kind of mini and more of it how you want to call it, you know, they see they got benches and One of my I wonder if Ken create would have to get a Street Street the one with the crane on top that is that's the new north from tower, okay? Okay, that's by that's they're on Central Park to be honest with you. Wow, and then Hudson Yards is To those tall buildings to the right So you look the New York City like Trump did why wouldn't you go to Columbia?  Queens going up with father Fred Fred Trump. Why didn't he just go in there? And there's NYU New York University. Oh, geez. Where's that? That's somewhere at that Yeah, but Trump would ever lower himself to that No, he would have to he would insist on Ivy League school Beautiful Well environmentally they they're they're pretty those are just punks They're pretty strict with pollution nowadays, you know, I mean that you know, there's oyster beds There's your English Bulldog. You were talk you were saying English Bulldog to the other one He's a half of have a pool have a nice have a pool now English Bulldogs Have to they don't like extreme temperatures here like a heat waves or freezing cold You mean the nose Because for a while there they would really go in for the smashed in face Dear So they're breeding them a little healthier That's when I first met her I thought she was part Bulldog and part like boxer or something Her mommy explained to me that no, they're just breeding them a little healthy The the original Bulldogs did not have breathing problems and they're probably Yeah, doing the right thing and they're not but before a female just got heavy muscle I mean for a female she's a tough-looking girl. No, she's I would think it was a young male No, look at look at the bulk on her Yeah, I mean for a female and she doesn't mind played in the snow. She doesn't mind going out what it's really really hot She's yeah slow, but she'll still walk and and the breeder told you that the the issue is not with With with her is there improving on it. I know boxers also have that problem also too Yeah, well, that's good, that's good. Yeah for exaggerated features.  Yeah. Yeah, I mean for a female. I never seen a female that heavily muscles Gorgeous day, there's it Manhattan skyline Here's another hoity-toity There's Thurston Thurston howl of the Thoid You know what they should do.  Yeah Yeah Jeff Sambella, I'm certainly happy. We got at least one Beautiful day what were otherwise for your last day. It's I just it's just a shame. We didn't have every day like this Yeah, you know the days have been coming here to bring stuff to the apartment. It's been even clearer than this A lot of the Brother I Don't get my I better get a nice tea in my head What a guy I saw your picture you won't fuckable either My grandmother All have blue white Naples all the girls are they from Naples Naples a blue eyes in April From Boston Man was his size but wider. Well, he's a power. He's a powerlifter.  Yeah, we just went to a wake Yeah It was no big deal. Anyway, no no big loss. I just say anyway Stopping me.  I had a good day, man. Thank you, brother Thank you. He's a nice meeting you Yeah, I'll be great if I see him again, you know when I come come to the walkway Okay, we're getting a nice shot of the Manhattan skyline on the Hudson River Beautiful day God bless a beautiful day at least one great weather day for Jeff Sambelle's last day. I tell you networking is very Underrated you never know who you're gonna meet when you just simply talk to people talk to strangers Very powerful to This is gorgeous weather, man. It's not cold. It's not too hot. It's fresh air I can even smell a little bit of brine.  How much of that alcohol? Have you been drinking a lot of alcohol? That's the answer. We drink a lot Okay, so now I know that the the tall old church-looking building is grants tomb and In Ulysses that's great as in Ulysses that's great and to the left is With the crane is Columbia University being I guess Modified Yeah, whatever Edifier Okay, there's the Nordstrom Woolly bully Like I give a million fire for the house, but then let's get the money once you get money in your pocket You're gonna spend it right? Yeah, we're gonna live That's true You know I mean you're gonna vacation for a year Trust me. I see people money. They they always end up poor And then they got nothing They didn't they just put it in the bank It always goes There's a crocodile you see the duck is stick this nose out. I thought there was a cracker now rocks I know it's funny though. Yeah, no a northern crocodile Cocoa Drillow as they say in Spanish Cocoa Drillow Cocoa Drillow Cocoa Beach Oh, there's uh the Japanese I Believe Matt Matt submit sewer Japanese market an archer Street, which also goes up to where My future apartment's going to be Woolly bully You know it's it's it's drastic change, you know It's a shock to the brain Remember What is that insane to the membrane insane to the brain?  They'll tell you Yeah, well that's what the Jay Lollie says in the Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Teacher for 40 years. He says if you're if you're if you're in a fight and it starts raining heavy You got to deal with it. You got to deal with change. He said. Oh No, I'm sorry. That's not miss so it as Trader Joe's which Supposedly was started by the brother of the ones who started all these markets Yeah He's walking like the penguin from Batman Yeah, he's walking like the penguin I think he's got to take a dump to be honest with you Yeah, usually if you got the urinate real bad you start dancing. You start doing the Irish jig Like Eric Doyle Orange puericare, yeah, this is like a shop. You're shopping yellow and orange yellow and orange Let's see Rick then tease. Okay Thousand is it you think he's really charging a thousand dollars ahead now first for seaman ours Why is it always nine nine dollars like Call it 700 bucks.  Yeah, I mean it continues I'll tell you one thing There's no way There's no way I'm carrying an umbrella like like Mary like like Mary Poppins Yes, I agree now men men will throw like a Gorton's fisherman raincoat on them Yellow ring Yeah, it's got it's got to be a way it's got to be an easy way to continue on the walkway Never know Eventually Eventually it becomes saltwater towards the New York towards the New York Harbor But there's a there's a boat was that a bar river barge There's Jeff same Bella with the New York skyline in the back waving And yeah, it's like some kind of I don't know River barge There's a west side highway right with the traffic Oh look the GW bridge is Over there Here's another boat. There's another tour Ferry a ferry. Yeah, there is a ferry from Edgewater that goes to Midtown Manhattan.  We we came off of you know, so It means that means high tide Now we'll be all right It's high tide You were scared you're getting a skid I'm a skid It's just in Bell Just in bells gonna come back possibly 10 pounds of solid muscle this July of 2019 for the foot for the big kahuna Kettlebell competition at Nationals the nationals, but he's doing Long cycle and snatch He's competing in Pennsylvania. Well, we we got some Sun, you know before This is a George Washington bridge in the background if you could see it and I-95 the comfort The come oh the ones your ones on top of the cliff Now they're they're overlooking my street where I'm gonna move to So I have to put the Bagua mirror Facing them. I have a feng shui Bagua mirror that's supposed to repel Negative energy entering the home or a building Yeah, you mean like a bowl mastiff We're about a Captive bread philosophy raptor I still say they should domesticate those giant fruit bats You know well vampire bat I've seen them they actually feed them like cows blood out of a bowl And they they would go great in a in a in a parakeet's cage.  There's too many happy endings. Oh Instructed it didn't have enough towels to wipe off all the happy ending Oh, like like when I was rubbing the Turkish lamp to see if a genie will come out Squirt, you know, that was a South Park episode. They did a joke about the shake weight and Actual fluid squirt squirt came out of them I can picture those those steel May spell seminar people Trying to bring back the shake weight just to shake people down for more more money I can picture them doing it Anything for a buck Now that's a boy. I think that's a boat massive Yeah, but they actually lie around a lot they don't they don't require a lot of room for running Actually, they like to lie around But yeah, but they drool. That's the only thing No, well because they drool There's a bull master for a second There's a genie A genie with a weenie Oh, that's that's a That's 60x. So 60x means x construction vehicle Japan puts a lot of construction Machines And we have um Kamatsu, Kamatsu. Yeah, Kamatsu is the most the most popular here. Trump used a bunch of Kamatsu Yeah, that's the most popular one here and that I see in the u.s. Is Kamatsu obstacle course now. We got a calm down. Uh, I mean it is overcast now But you know, uh Because Okay, I don't know how I don't know how well you can see Manhattan skyline now, but We're on the Hudson River Edgewater, New Jersey to walkway natural drug-free strength training kettlebell lifting And a power lifting athlete Jeff Zambelo You're gonna be in high intensity training Between now and july you actually began. Um, yesterday morning Yesterday morning It's like Pippi long cycle or is that pippy long stocking? Oh long cycle. Oh here baby crying Where's where's Krampus when you need him the most? Funny Oh Krampus Krampus, where are you when we need you? Where's Krampus when you need him? The king of disciplinarians Krampus There's a gw bridge. I assume That the 18.3 sony megapixels is picking it up I hope so Remember the commercial sony no bologna. Oh, that was an old one, right? Oh here comes the sony. Oh tried to peer out on the pier Yeah, they should have uh, they should have like, uh, like street performers I wonder if they need a permit though It says pull and then it says, you know what?  You know sexy though. You know so handsome Tiki no tiki no washi And then the the owner of the chain is known is known as his royal tickiness Now now here's the the places that the The fine Italian gentleman says go for a million dollars each, right? Overlooking the Hudson River I'm sure the I'm sure the location in the view has a lot to do with that Hey weeping willow tree I used to get spanked when I was a kid by uh by the branches They they really whip you Yeah So Oh, yeah, look at look at the shape of the bricks that that when 200 years old when you see round stones like No, when you see round stones like that, Jeff, that means it's like you just said 200 possibly 300 in real person. I've seen those in pictures and photographs. I've seen them in Salem mass Oh, yeah, well, I see them in jersey only, um Around historic landmarks Okay, the sun is peering out I-95 George Washington bridge And uh, we are leaving we are departing from edge water.  Jeff Zimbello Says farewell for now How much of the New York skyline is in the background, but it should be um the sun is is Peering out adios for now competitive all natural athlete strength athlete extraordinaire Jeff Zimbello Says so long from edge water from the Hudson River to the New York skyline and the lovely walkway here And uh, and that's it. Yes, sir Yes From what I understand, let me see if I can get a close-up of this all in I got a close-up of Jeff. There you go. There's Jeff and that's Jersey City And uh, I got a close-up of uh, hold on. It's Jersey City Is the New York skyline Hudson Hudson Yards Is the new north from tower Hold on and uh Grants tomb the famous grants tomb Columbia University Okay Hold on. Let me get a close-up double bicep pose There he is Jeff Zimbello has received a great deal of grams of protein this weekend after his competitive kettlebell and powerlifting event Both in Prince Edward Island and Dover, New Hampshire And he is now Even one last flex One last flex with the skyline There he is one more flex with the skyline behind you There you go. Beautiful. Beautiful. Jeff Zimbello. This is for Kent Thason All right, Kenny. Kenny, how tall are you? How tall are you, Kenny? Kenny's gonna get a kick out of that comment. All right, Kenny Oh, yeah, beautiful Another shot of the new Nordstrom Tower by Um Central Park the tallest building pretty soon when it's done in the western hemisphere All right There we go. It's a close-up of the Nordstrom Tower and uh The sun's coming out. Oh, I forgot to vote my sleeves. Beautiful.  We're Oh, we got all right. We got enough horseshoes There's never enough horseshoes never enough shoes that is glare on this side Yeah, like like right here where the shade is we'll get some horseshoes We'll get some horseshoes with the skyline in the background. There you go. They had a horseshoe The horseshoe This is an honor of mr. Ken Thieson Shout out to Ken Thieson the great horseshoe of zeff of jeff sam bellow. You don't buy these at walmart The horseshoe kick them by these at walmart No, not at all Not at all. You don't buy those at walmart. You don't buy those at walmart. Anyway, that's it. Hey, Kenny, how tall are you? What was that again? Hey, Ken Thieson, how tall are you buddy?  But anyway, bye-bye everyone This has been a mega lab 21 production


Hi friends, so continuing with the sessions now we are on two serves of same order. We have seen what are serves what are Similar serves and we have also solved a few problems around that now in this session We are going to study serves of same order. Okay. Now serves those serves So I will be writing what is meant by serves of same order Serves Serves are Said to be Said to be of Same order when when is that same order and what type of serves are? Serves of same order when? they have When they have All when they have got when they have got the same Root symbol Okay, so those serves will be called serves of the same order for example Root of five that is square root of five square root of three then Square root of four to the power five Square root of X to the power three all are Serves of Same order Same order and in this case order is to Order is equal to two because you are finding the square root. So order is two similarly third root of four Third root of five square third root of Y and X to the power Four by three all are Serves of Order Three okay, so this is what? Serves of same order are called the same order so the order is to then you know quadratics. These are also called quadratic Serves quadratic Serves and These are order three Serves are called cubic Serves Okay cubic Serves Now, let us understand how to reduce Serves of different orders Serves of different orders to equivalent Serves of same order Okay, so we want to reduce Serves of different order into equivalent Serves of same order. What does it mean? Let us say I have Cube root of two and let us say third root of four Now clearly this order is two here and the order of this Serves is three here. So they are not Similar neither they are of same order. No, so how to reduce them to same order Serves So what do we do? What is the root here second root of two isn't it? So hence what do we do first step is? find the LCM LCM of Two and three Two and three so which is equal to six okay now We will be reducing both the Serves to the order of Six how to do that? So clearly two to the power Root two is nothing but two to the power half Okay, so what can I do? I can write two to the power half can be represented as half into three one by three into two by three You have a two by three. Sorry. So this is what we can say About square root of two which is eventually two to the power three upon six So that means it is sixth root of eight Isn't it so that is how I can say or I can Equate two to the power half as sixth root of eight now What about third root of four third root of four is nothing but four to the power one by three Again, I'll make it sixth root. So to make it sixth root. I'll do two by six Isn't it? So hence it is nothing but sixth root of four square, which is sixth root of 16 Isn't it? So what do we observe? We observe that now both of them are of sixth order Order order six and hence now they are a same order. So it isn't it. Let's take another example Example number two. Let us say we have sixth root of three and Eighth root of two Eighth root of two now both are of different orders. What is the order here? Here the order is six and here the order is eight. So we have to Convert it into same order third. So what is LCM of so step is LCM of Six and eight What is LCM of six and eight it is 24, isn't it 24? So let us Convert both into 24th order third. So what do we do three to the power one by six is nothing, but Three to the power four by 24, isn't it? So hence it is 24th root of Three to the power four. So hence it is nothing but 24th root of 81 Correct next. What about Two to the power one upon eight is nothing but two to the power Three upon 24. Isn't it three upon 24 is one by eight. So hence I can write this as 24th root of two cube Which is equal to 24th root of Eight, right? So hence now we see both are of order Order 24 correct now I have reduced Two serves of different orders into two serves of same order This will be very very useful when you are doing mathematical calculations with surge So for to practice more you can download the worksheet and work on those problems


In today's video, we're opening one of Yu-Gi-Oh's worst sets ever? What's up guys, we're back with another booster box opening. We have a first edition Shadow Spectre booster box, which when it came out and around that time was considered one of the worst sets ever. But I personally actually really like this set. I think it has really cool cards in it, like the Divine Dragon Nightfell Grand, Ghost Rare, Ultimate Rare, and Secret Rare, all possible in this box. This one was actually purchased for me by EX Gamer in the car support video. Go check it out if you haven't seen it yet. Really appreciate him supporting with this. And EX Gamer, you know, you've heard his name before, he sent us some stuff. He has now bought this box and wants me to open it. We also have a giveaway. I'll be giving away this Yu-Gi-Oh Trading Card deck box, which came out of that third party box we opened the other day. You guys can go check it out. It's actually pretty old and pretty nice looking to be honest. You can write your name back there, classic. All you have to do, like the video, be subscribed, turn on notifications, let me know down below. Will we pull a Ghost Rare, you know, Ultimate Rare, something awesome in this box? And what do you want to see from this box? And because I wanted to have a little extra fun, we have a few extra packs in here as well that I'll be opening myself. So first of all, let's get this box open, Shadow Spectre's first edition. I think it's came out in, I'm not even 100% sure. Okay, so let's try to figure it out. So if you look at it, it's Xexl. It's got the little Xexl guy, little ghost guy. I've never watched Xexl, so I don't know who they are. And it has Ultimate Rare as a ghost, so it's before 2015. So it's got to be, and if it's after 5Ds, 5Ds was the last set in 5Ds. What was it? Extreme Victory? That was 2011? I think for Extreme Victory, because Duals Revolution was 5Ds. That was 2011. Orcs was 2012, and that's his Xexl set. So we're looking at probably somewhere between 2013 and 2012, if I had to guess. While I'm trying to figure that out, I'm going to guess, if I had to guess Shadow Spectre's 2013, what came out in that? It was like Lord Attack, Yon Galaxy, so let's do two from the back. Alert. If I had to guess, well, I have to guess.  Not bad, we'll take it. All right, we got an Ultra Rare right off the bat. So okay, my official guess for Shadow Spectre's. Man, how far in is Xexl was it? This is actually tougher than I thought. I feel like it's not 2013, but maybe it was. What else was 2013 besides Attack Yon Galaxy? Wait, Attack Yon Galaxy? That's Xexl? I guess it is. There's a Super Rare. Wow, this is so hard. Let me try to think. There's, could be 2012. It's definitely possible. Age of Overlord, let's see what we can get. I'm leaning toward 2012. Bankersaw, we have Tourette, we have Lilirap with Pit Knight. Normally I would have looked it up, but now it's even more fun because I'm just trying to guess and figure out what it is. And you guys can see if I'm wrong or right. Okay, I almost dropped my Metal Raiders pack right there. Let's grab that. The 25th anniversary. Can we get the Picanium off? That'd be pretty amazing. Before we get the X-Gamer or something crazy. We have a little Bottom Dweller. We got Hunter Spider. We have Ring of Magnetism. Tongue. Feral Imp. Stimpak. Elgin Egotist. Oh, and a Solemn Judgment, which will be worth zero very soon, thanks to Rarity Collection 2 having seven versions of this, which will be fun to collect, but not so fun for our Metal Raiders openings. KLOB, okay. I got official guess. So Orcs is 2012. Lord of Tachyon, 2013. One, two, three, four. I think Galaxy Eyes, what's Galaxy Eyes? Photon Dragon set. It's called Photon, not Hyperdopa. Photon Shockwave was 2012. Shadow Speck. It's a lot of 2012 sets. Lesser Dragon. There's got to be a 2013 in there somewhere, and I can't really think of any other 2013 sets. What are their other Xexal sets? Galactic Overlord. That was 2012 as well. A lot of 2012 sets. Oh, I just did three. Wait. A lot of 2012 sets means that it's probably 2013. Okay, Earthbound. I mean, back then they didn't have two. This is a core set. So that's a lot of core sets I just said being in 2012. It's got to be 2013. Got to be 2013. One, two, three, four. I can't even think of any others. Lord Tachyon. We've got, what's that other one? What's the silver set? Convertible and Carnot. Don't even bring me back to the stream. Please no, not more Carnot. Age of Overlord. What's the silver set? Oh, what about Return of the Duelist? That was 20, why do I want to say 2014 for that one? Maybe that was like the last Return of the Duelist. Is that even Xexl? I think it is, but I could be wrong. Okay, I'm just going to say 2013. It's got to be 2013. It's got to be. One, two, three, from the back for Metal Raiders. Come on, Leogun. We have Flame Cerberus, Rainbow Flower, Commonary Attack. I got to stop talking about what year it was, which is Apprentice and Baby Dragon. That's a classic. One more pack and then we're going right to EX Gamer's booster box. See if we can pull him something amazing. One, two, three, no four, because that would be a Ultra Ruxus Special. Beva Warrior. We've got Forest. Kagamusha, Trial of Nightmare. We've got Succubus tonight. We have Tyhom, Laser Cannon Armour. We have Pot of Greed and a Celtic Guardian. That's a pretty good pack right there. Pot of Greed and a Celtic Guardian. Nice way to end it for me. All right, Shadow Specters. We have 24 packs. Best card in here is the Divine Dragon. I felt Grand Ghostrare. If it's PSA 10 worthy, it could be pretty nice. One, two, three, I'm from the back. I think is what we do. We have Numbers Overlay Boost. Bujingi. Shout out to EX Gamer's for supporting by picking up this box and having me open on the channel. I appreciate it. Vivid Knight and Dragon Shield. Sometimes I will sell stuff and it will be available for you guys to purchase for an opening. Which is pretty fun. It's good for me and get the content. You guys all get to watch it. So shout out to EX Gamer. Shout out to everybody who supported recently, you know, recently in the live stream from Phantom Nightmare.  Job went crazy on the donated subs. James also went crazy on those. So not subs, donated memberships because it's YouTube. Yeah, so it's a little bit, it's the same thing. It's not a little bit different. It's the same thing except for it's I just did the wrong pack trick. Drew, Drew, except for it's on a different platform. So we have Baby Raccoon. We have Pump Princess. And yeah, I definitely did that wrong. I don't even know where the foil could be before. Could be wrong. Not totally sure. Let's see. We have one, two, three. We've got a battle and box and rabbit puncher. Baby Raccoon. Vampire Graze, Mythic Tree Dragon. White Dragon, Wyber Buster. Night Day, Greffer. Aratama. And Secret Sect, Druid, Drew. We're getting a serious reflection over there on the boxes. You guys might not be able to see that because of my face. Okay, Vampire Graze. Speaking of face and grace, we have Ghostric Vanish. We have Tree Dragon. Ghostric Scare. Malice, Severus, Fork. White Dragon, Wyber Buster. Burst for Birth. Oh, and an Armored Kappa. Our first Super Rare for EX Gamer. It was an XC's, which means it could be good. Most of the good cards in here are XC's. The second best card, you know, it's Divine Dragon. I fell Grand Ghost. Then the Ulti. Ghostric Alicard. Ulti's in here. Divine Dragon. I fell Grand Secret Rare. We've got number 46. Jagoo Leon, which is pretty cool. It's an Ultimate Rare. That's also a pretty cool Dragon card. We have Vanish. Last. This one only says it's 11 bucks, but I'm pretty sure if I click in, it's more than that. Oh, we got a Crimson Knight Vampire Bram, another XC's. Basically, we're in the XC's era, obviously. So, you know, it makes sense because it is Xexl. A lot of XC's cards. Kind of a big thing at that point. All right, let's see. One, two, three. We have Secret Sec Druidru. We have Battlin' Boxer. Tantan. Bershingi Bore. White Dragon. Gardena. Arm Protector Dragon. Number 65. Maliceverus Knife. Still a lot of packs left. Still a lot of chances for EXGamer. We have a couple XC's cards. Will we get something crazy for the king of Raid Shadow Legends himself? We have Scare. We have Maliceverus Fork. We have Stein. Battlin' Boxer. Cheat Commissioner. And Black Dragon. Collapse Servant. One day, I will catch EXGamer in Raid Shadow Legends. I am only level almost 38. He's level 82. Yeah, it's pretty hard. I think max level is 100. He's almost there. We have Maliceverus Knife. And, yeah, Blue Dustin. Oh, that's creepy. We have Sacred Servants. A Battlin' Boxer. Ripguard. And we have Risebell. Bershingi Crow. And the Skellisaurus. The Skellisaurus has appeared. When you see the Skellisaurus, you'll have bad luck for seven years. Oh, I better look away. One, two, three. Uh, that's the Skellisaurus guy. He talks about the Skellisaurus. Yellow Bellied. Oni. We have the Fittest. Actually, that's I think that's that might be the Skellisaurus right there. Actually, he might have armor on there. Specter. We have Ga Ga Tag. Maybe that's before he becomes Skellisaurus. And Mythic Water Dragon. Yeah, Mythic Water Dragon. This is right around the time of Lord Attack Yon. I feel like 2013 was a good guess. Hope I'm right, because then I'll feel really awesome about myself. We have Ghostrick. I really wish I knew all the sets, like when they exactly came out. I know like the first original, I know the first 11 easily. Actually, first 14, I know. But then once you get the GX, well, I guess I know 15, because I know Lost Millennium's first. But it gets a little dicey there about which ones where, you know, I can kind of piece it together pretty close. But yeah, it's pretty tough. Resets, Sue. And then once you get to Zexal, I'm pretty lost. Swords of Dawn. It's the Ghost Rare! I was chit-chatting. Oh, the first edition, Ghost, Divine Dragon Knight Felgrin. From the same guy who just pulled the Blackwing Dragon Starlight, who pulled the Yada Starlight. EX Gamer is the luckiest man in the entire world. Nothing has changed. And by the way, this is a beautiful looking one. Let's check out this thing out. Is this thing gradeable? Wow, was that the last pack on the right side? Did I even shuffle these? I don't remember if I even sh- I think I just opened it. Okay, not a lot of scratching. There's a couple of scratches down there, but this is a pretty nice looking Ghost Rare. Back looks really good. Yeah, EX Gamer does it again. The Ghost Rare! Oh my goodness, wow! I told you guys, on these lots of boxes I've had, I got them all at once. I have had so much luck with Ghost Flares out of these. It's been insane. We have a Centipede. I can't believe we just pulled that. That's amazing. If I had shuffled them up, who knows? Could have been first, could have been last Pump Princess, classic. Yellow Belladoni. I was like, wow, we haven't really pulled that much. Just two foils. We have one Ultra, one Super, and a Ghost. First edition. Oh my gosh. EX Gamer. I need to ship you your package, because at this point, there is so much in there. You just need to get it. Ghost Rikstein, we have armed Typhlosion over there. We have number 65 Gen Buster. That's another good card. And a Draggard. That's hilarious, like a little dragon. It's like a little baby dragon on steroids. Very nice. That's our first foil. That's not an Xyz. That's pretty funny. I can't believe we just pulled that. It was out of nowhere. I don't even remember what I was talking about. There's like nothing to do with anything. It was just random stuff. Ghost Rik Vanish, Secret Sec, Jura Drew, Virginia Boar. We have Ghost Rik Stein, Arm Protector Dragon, Grisail Prison, and Battle in the Boxer Rabbit Puncher. Okay. We have Vanish. We have Drain Dragon, Malsever's Knife, Battle in the Boxer Ribgard, and a Dustin Mop. Yu-Ki-Oh-Nah Mansion, and Swarmacros. Oh, and a Ghost Rik Lantern. That's pretty cool. Little Lantern. That's a classic card. I feel like Ghost Rik people, you know, MBT's favorite archetype. Okay. You guys aren't seeing all this stuff, but I am just completely losing it right now because of that Ghost Rik. It's thrown me off my game. I'm like grabbing sleeves instead of packs. I'm talking to the editor instead of opening, like while I'm opening the packs. So it's like, it wouldn't make any sense. So you're going to have to cut that out. Yeah, I'm struggling big time. We have number 64. And it goes to your ghoul. Maybe that's why I grabbed the sleeve. I knew there was a ghoul. I think that this Ghost Rik is maybe the coolest looking artwork. Ghost Riks just have banger artworks. Maybe that's why people like them.  So it's probably because of the banger artworks, right? One, two, three. I'm a big fan. We have the big win. Ooh, I'll take that. We have Dragon. I feel like that's EX Gamer right now with the big win. We have Ponpoko. See, look, he supported me. And not only did he support me and it was great for me, he got a co-stress. It's a great win-win for everybody. I love when that happens. It's always a nice win. It's a win-win, right? When everybody's happy. We have Secret Sec Druidru. The terrain to the Tsuchinoko, Tan Tan, Ruxen Special. We have, oh, Tan Tan. Isn't that Farfus Cat? We've got a Ga Ga Ga Tag. Bouginki Boar. We have Survival of the Fittest. Bouginki Crow. Ooh, and a Lady of the Lake. Secret, you get a Secret Anagost? If we get an Ulti in here, this is like the ultimate box. Lady of the Lake. All right, that is pretty nice. Wow, this is quite the box. No Ulti, so maybe that replaces the Ult. Or are we gonna get an Ulti, too? What if we got the Divine Dragon Eiffel Grand? Ghost and Ulti. That'd be pretty amazing. Tan Tan. We got more Cat Action. Saber. We've got a Ruxen Special Pong Poco. Ghost. Intrigue Shield. Oni. Togambam. And Secret Sec Druidru. Only a few packs left. First Ed. First Ed is shown. Oh, that completely ripped that pack. Oh, no spoilers. One, two, three. Dragon Shield. The Sleeves. Ruxen Special. Ghostric Vanish. Soul Dream Dragon. Prump Princess. Maliceverus Fork. Got Saberhawk. We got Sacred Serpent's Wake. Gigantic Castle. And a Vampire. What did I say? Two packs left. First Edition. Can we pull something amazing? Here we go. One, two, three. We've got Ghostric Jiangshi. Black Dragon. Chain Ignition. Graffur. Ghostric Mansion Specter. Arrasatatsu. Bujingi Raven. And Maliceverus Spoon. Final Pack Magic, right? No, never mind. Not Final Pack Magic. We've got two more packs. EX Gamer. I want to get you the Ulti, too. Ulti Ghost Secret Box. I don't know if that happens very often. That'd be pretty amazing. We have Ghostric Jiangshi. We have Secret Sec Juridru. Vampire Kingdom. Yuki Oni. Cha-cha-chan. Specter. Pump Princess. Peralis. Ghostric Witch. Eh. Never mind. That's it. That's it. Okay. Last Pack Magic. If you guys have enjoyed this video, don't forget to subscribe to the channel. Make sure you shout out EX Gamer in the comments. Make sure you subscribe, guys, for more epic content. One, two, three. Hopefully more Ghostrips pulled soon. We have a Soul Drain Dragon. Vampire Kingdom. Battle Boxer Rabbit Puncher. Cha-cha-chan. Ghostric Scare. Maliceverus Fork. Ghostric Stein. We have the Bujin Regalia. The Mirror. And... Oh! Ghostric Alicard. We'll take it. More Ghostrics. I mean, it is Shadow Specters. Makes sense why the Ghostrics are in here. We're pulling so many of them. Overall, we didn't pull that many foils, I feel like. I guess we pulled eight. That's a decent amount. So, uh, that was pretty fun. Shout out to Tomefo Show, Puffin Zidoo, Mernesto, Deanna, America Doitster, Anonita Show, Ian Musa, Jr. Barting, Robert F., Thomas McLean, Changelang, and Adelso Galcia Jr. Thank you guys for supporting the channel. I'll see you guys next time. Peace.


Who here can get into rocks? Well, they're here for the right time. Join me in welcoming graduate student in Earth and Space Sciences in University of Washington, Michael Kepin. Thank you astronomers and astronomy enthusiasts for having a humble geologist out. I will try not to make a fool of myself. For here it goes on. What if I were to tell you to forget everything that Josh told you in the last talk and probably all of your common sense about this field of astrobiology. And if I were to tell you that we actually do have evidence of alien life. And it is on the surface of our Earth and it's unlike anything that we see living on our planet today. And what's more, the reason you have not heard about it is that it's sitting buried in the north woods of Russia. I'm being dead serious and I'm not talking about this. I feel I need to defend that we are actually doing science here. And so I am not talking about that but I am dead serious, I swear. What I'm talking about is this rock right here and many others like it. What you are looking at is a two billion year old stromatolite, in other words a microbial mat made of photosynthetic microbes that grow on top of each other. It's not the prettiest specimen here but this is basically a columnar stromatolite that's growing upwards this way. Here's a hand sample of a smaller example of the same thing. You see these layers here. I've outlined them for you. These are photosynthetic microbes growing on top of each other and a trapping mud that is dissolved in shallow water in between their cellular matrix. And this type of life, like Josh was saying in the talk before this, was prevalent on Earth for much of Earth's history. In fact almost all of it, about 90% of it. Here's another example of the same thing. This is a 1.3 billion year old stromatolite. You find these things everywhere. If you look if you're at rocks that are more than a billion years old. They have much nicer layers. And then what you're seeing is that they're thicker on the top. This is how we know it's not just some random set of entry structure. In fact the fact that these are thicker on the top is diagnostic because if this was just sediment, say filling into a little divot, it would be thicker on the sides, shallower on the top. But this sort of anti-gravity effect tells you that these are microbes that have a competitive advantage when they grow on the top of the mat because they need sunlight to do photosynthesis. This is just to say that when we look back at Earth's history, the vast majority of it was another planet that contains life unlike we see it today. And just to put this sort of into a more quantitative context, if we're thinking about looking at planets out orbiting other stars, we're going to look at them somewhere in their period of their history. We don't exactly know where. You saw on Josh's postcard of the planets. It could be plus or minus a few billion years. If we look at Earth's history four and a half billion years ago to today, of course we know that humans are newcomers. We've been around and bought for less than two million years. Animals in general are also newcomers. We only had animals on Earth, so just about 600 million years. But we think that microbes have been around for nearly all of Earth's history, all the way back to basically the oldest rocks we can find. And this brings another question which I'm trying to pick up where the last talk left off on, which is why was Earth a microbial planet for the vast majority of its history? And this has to do, again, with oxygen. I think that you and I breathe every living animal on the surface of Earth uses its metabolism. We think that there is less oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere, early in its history, even in its middle history, and only recently has there been a lot, perhaps that's what limits animal life. Because what we do as animals is we use oxygen to respire carbohydrates. For instance, you eat a Crunchwrap Supreme, it's loaded with carbohydrates amongst many other chemicals. You react with oxygen that you breathe as you slurp through your straw and drink your Baja Blast. And you get energy, believe it or not, out of that reaction. You also produce some byproducts and it can be potentially explosive. But in all seriousness, without the oxygen, you're not eating Crunchwrap Supreme or any food, seeds, plants, whatever. And so what we can do is look at these inflection points and think of oxygen and say, did one of those enable animals to persist? So the first of these, we call the Great Oxidation Event. Yeah, it's extraordinarily creative. And before this point in our history, we think there's essentially zero oxygen in the atmosphere. Just trace, trace amounts. And we see, accordingly, evidence of microbial life. This here is another stromatolite. This one's three and a half billion years old, found in Western Australia, the oldest stromatolite on the earth. Although that is a point of contention. And I'll leave it at that. Now, after this point, perhaps we would get more oxygen. Maybe we'd start to see more complex life. But in fact, it's more microbes all the way through. Up until through this whole middle history, you can find these stromatolites. This is, again, the one that's 1.3 billion years old. And it's not until about 600 million years ago that we have an event that we sometimes call the Cambrian Explosion or, in broad terms, the rapid diversification of animal life where it goes from basically no animals to abundant and diverse animals. You get things like trilobites. From this point forward, all of the motile, multicellular, intelligent, and even today, blitheringly unintelligent life is only possible because of oxygen. So it is both to thank and it gives and takes. This gives us a picture where perhaps there is some threshold, some level of oxygen that you must exceed in order to make animal life possible on a planetary surface. And it stands to reason maybe we crossed that threshold around 500 or 600 million years ago. This jives very well with our reading of the fossil record where the oldest animals show up right around this time, but we have microbes going back nearly as old as the Earth itself. This begs sort of two questions. The first is, given this disparity that the Earth only looked like it does today for a very small sliver of Earth's history, would we recognize the Earth as inhabited if we looked, say, 2 billion years ago as a, for instance, a remote river, say, picking the Earth just over 2 billion years ago? Could we say, A, that it wasn't inhabited? And, B, in taking it a step further, could we say anything about whether it had complex life or not? We know, in the case of the Earth, even if it didn't have, say, animal life at this point, we know it was a planet that came to support animal life. Might we miss identifying such a planet if we were to find it when we were doing our remote observations? So that's a question I want to motivate to talk with. And I'm going to approach it in the following way. So the goal here is to take what we had as a picture of this broad-stroke picture of atmospheric oxygen levels and try to get into the nitty-gritty, get a very precise record of oxygen and then see how that corresponds to the timing of these evolutionary events. And we have a tool for doing this. We call them redox-sensitive elements. And if your winders are going on right now, there's one slide to explain what that means, that you can refill on a beer if you care not to listen to it. But I use clip art from the figure, so it can't be that bad. So, what is a redox-sensitive element? It is, as the name suggests, an element that's only mobilized during weathering in the presence of oxygen. So basically, they hang out in the crust. Without oxygen, they won't be solubilized. What are some examples of them? All of the stuff in the middle of the periodic table that you don't probably think about, except for back in high school chemistry, molybdenum, selenium, rhenium. You probably thought about rhenium at some point, so that's good. Now, the basic premise here is that these elements, again, they are only mobile in the presence of oxygen. And if we look at, say, marine sediments, the mud at the bottom of the ocean, but clutch the stuff that falls out of the ocean, we should see more of these redox-sensitive elements in those sediments at times, and there's a lot of oxygen in the atmosphere. If there's a little oxygen, there shouldn't be much. Again, if you're more for pictograms, here they are, here are the elements in the crust. If you get weathering without oxygen, they stay clear. If you add oxygen to the mix, it reacts with them, they become soluble, and they can get enriched in marine sediments. So, for those who did not pay attention, actually, I could have just done it in one sentence. The high levels of redox-sensitive elements in a marine sediment means high oxygen levels in the atmosphere at that time. All right. So that's our basic premise. We're going to use that thinking, and if only we could find marine sediments that go from the modern era all the way back through its old history, then we could just measure those elements and we should get a really nice picture of oxygen levels. The problem with that is that old rocks, among them, old marine sedimentary rocks, are exceedingly rare. How rare are any of these? Here is a rough approximation of what the Earth looks like, of a recall, you know, not larger than Africa. And Mr. Besslin, I could find a good foot part there. If we wanted to look at rocks that are from the first half of Earth's history, so more than two and a half billion years old, we can find them in these places. That's not too bad. There's a fair number of places. For whatever reason, they happen to be really remote areas, but that's good news to a geologist. We like to just camp out in the middle of nowhere. That's just fine. But if you just take it a step further and you go to the first one third roughly of Earth's history, rocks older than three billion years old, it's a much more dire situation and it gets worse and worse the further you go back. So we have these precious few archives of the rocks that we are desperately sampling to put together this history of atmospheric oxygen. And so what do we do? What does it involve to do this work as a geologist? Sometimes you get to go out to the side of a mountain and you just hack off a piece of the old rock. Here's some black shales. This is formerly an organic rich marine sediment. This one's 260 million years old. It's in Wyoming. Now, this is all well and good, but these rocks aren't exposed like this. These rocks get weathered over time to get covered by the soil and the trees and just all the stuff that the geologist doesn't want. So this, for instance, was only exposed because they built a highway and they blew dynamite into the side of the mountain. So that was great. A lot of times that's not the case. And so what we're doing is we drill into the continental interior to recover these archives of ancient marine sedimentary rocks. So what we're doing here is a drilling project to recover 2.6 billion-year-old marine sediments. This is University of Washington Professor Roger Buick hands up because something apparently went right finally in the drilling process. So that's actually a huge castle of the whole enterprise getting the samples, but then what happens? So we get them and we get these little chunks of rock. We cut them with a rock saw. Then you put your fancy lab stuff on. You dissolve it in really harsh acids. You purify the element of interest. You take that solution. You put it in a fancy machine, a mass spectrometer. It's tuned to give you a very precise measurement of a single element in many cases.  And that's what we're doing tonight. We're going to show you some data and we'll talk about it. And then this could go on indefinitely if you sign up for something called a PhD. But let's talk about some data. So I'm going to show you three examples of elements that people have looked at to try to piece together this history of oxygen, three different studies. The first one is molybdenum. I don't know why they started with that. I don't know if they did. This is from a paper about a decade ago now, published in Nature, and it was the first to really blaze this trail of taking this approach. They gathered hundreds, if not I think a few thousand samples spanning Earth's history looking at the concentration of molybdenum. And what they found was pretty neat. These are their data. And you'll notice one thing that really stands out is this huge increase in the enrichment of molybdenum around, say, five or six hundred million years ago. That was when we, like I was saying I think that this rise to near-modern oxygen levels happened. Maybe you can pick up on a little increase here between two and a half and two billion years ago. And in fact, this data is part of the framework of data that we need to put in this picture together. That there is little oxygen, there is a stepwise increase, and then you reach the modern levels about six hundred million years ago. We're calling this one's a log scale, this one's not. So this looks huge here, but you may want to look at it. So that's all well and good. And then it stands to reason we should be able to look at other elements and see something similar. Or if it's different, it's because maybe they're slightly different. The next one people looked at, or at least in this exhaustive fashion, is uranium. And they put together even larger data. It's several thousand measurements. And here's the data that they generated, papered five years ago. Now, they see this large increase around six hundred million years ago. Instead of this stepwise increase here, they actually see this between two and a half to two million years ago. And they sort of postulated then that maybe we're in fact not looking at a stepwise increase. Maybe there is transient period of higher oxygen and then it got lower and then it came up again. Anyways it was an interesting idea. It would be nice to see that support in other systems. And that's what we tried to do. We picked a third element, selenium. It was the one that the dart did when they threw it at the board. And we said let's get several hundred samples together. We actually did it all once and compiled a lot of other data that had been published. And what we saw was this trend, which is another case of this peak here between two and a half to two million years ago. And then again the large increase around five to six hundred million years ago. So this all supports the idea maybe that there is this slightly higher levels and then it got a little lower. But there's more. We followed up on this and just recently we analyzed some examples actually from that same area in Russia that I showed you in the picture at the beginning and we see this. In fact we get to modern or even exceeding modern levels of selenium and ratio. And this is actually also seen in other elements. Now this is really something interesting. This may be telling us that we are approaching or at basically modern levels of atmosphere adoption at this time. What this would tell us then is that this curve is a little over simplified and in fact the history of oxygen enters atmosphere looks something like this. And maybe you don't really care if it's this one or the other one. Why is that an important finding? Recall back to this early slide I showed you the history of biological evolution here. We used to have this neat story where it was that there was low oxygen and then it got high enough across the special and then there were animals. But now it appears that there is this time where there may have been high oxygen levels even approaching modern. Now we can't really say precisely how close. Maybe not even with an ordered magnitude. But it stands to reason it's approaching modern levels and we don't have any fossil evidence or chemical evidence of animals being around. And this may have persisted for geological timescale such that to a remote observer there's some chance that you could catch us in that speak. So what does this mean then if we're going to use this as a framework to understand exoplanets? Recall like Josh mentioned the James Webb space telescope is going to launch in a few years. We've heard that before but I think it's going to finally launch in a few years. And it's going to capture some photons that come from distant stars pass through the atmosphere of some exoplanets beam that data back to Earth and it may potentially give us something that qualitatively at least tells us something like what this diagram is showing. If you draw your attention to the bottom spectrum this is looking at a stellar absorption that has these bytes out of it. These are certain molecules in the atmosphere that are absorbing this outgoing radiation. And in this case it allows us to detect perhaps oxygen. And as Josh was mentioning if you can carefully scrutinize other gases that are present in this atmosphere and even ascribe biological origin to the oxygen that would be really cool. We could maybe start to get to the point where we might feel good saying there's life or potentially life in other planets. Now this would require a lot more follow up work but let's even say we get to the point where we are certain that it's biological oxygen. There's a caveat here that even very high oxygen levels like those of the modern Earth even if they are confidently interpreted as biologically produced we can't take that as evidence that the biosphere that may be persisting on a planet has complex life as we would define it because we now know that there is likely this period in Earth's history where oxygen is fairly high but we don't think that there are any animals. Now that's just one vignette and I'm trying to now take a step back to the bigger bigger picture and say that that's one thing that studying the earlier can tell us about the search for life on exoplanets. Generally speaking I think this sort of way of viewing Earth's long history is instructive if not essential for understanding what we will be seeing in the atmospheres of these distant planets because while we do only have a single example Earth as the only inhabited planet we know in the universe in fact if you look at the four and a half linear history of Earth it effectively gives us these alternative Earths if you will different faces of the inhabited planet, the different points of its evolution and by studying these and knowing what they look like we will have a much richer catalog of what the habitable planets can look like in terms of their atmospheric composition which will really come in handy when we try to interpret what we're seeing. And so I hope that both this talk and the one before it indicates that not only we need astronomers in this coming era of exoplanet science and we want to say whether any of these planets are in habit but I think it will also require collaboration with field geologists, geochemists, geochronologists so on and so forth to make this happen. And just very last thing I want to close with maybe an inspiring note which is something that I heard an astronomer from Harvard say a few weeks ago which is that only one generation will ever get to make the discovery that there's life beyond our planet. We have the telescopes going up. We have this understanding of Earth's long history coming together. We have the tools at our disposal to make this a reality in the coming decades and so let's be that generation. Thank you. Please come close if you have a question. All right, so the question is that these events, these increases in oxygenary history, were they perhaps caused by some extra-terrestrial impact or something like that. The prevailing theory is that it was in fact a Earth-based cause because the amount of material flux basically to get that change to happen requires anything perhaps hundreds of millions of years of continued oxygen production and burial of reduced matter and so if you had to conceive of a single extra-terrestrial that could shift the whole system in that way but if you were to aggregate things like that at a time it could be some some contribution but you can see that's much more smaller than Earth-based causes. So the question was I focused a lot on animal life, but what about plant life? Is it perhaps even possible that plants producing oxygen preceded the animals that came from the Ural Islands? Something that that effect was very, very likely to be true in two ways. One is not necessarily to do with plants but with the first oxygen-like photosynthesizers which are cyanobacteria those are essentially required to get oxygen to accumulate in the atmosphere and something about their evolution either directly or evolution in the long-distance results in the around certain natural first rise of oxygen. The second one, what I'm showing you is a team of modern upstream worlds that actually I didn't go into here but the very very way to say it is that there are two pulses to that. The first one did not quite get to very modern bodies and we could not reach nearly exactly the amount of oxygen that we have today until plants were widespread because they are able to produce much more oxygen and very much more carbon. And that occurred probably four years ago in the post-nation of the development of the Ural Islands. That's why land plants took off trees Yeah, so why are the old rocks so scarce and hard to find? The reason the main reason they are so scarce has to be because dynamic profitability to recycle itself. So the first thing anything that's possible in the deep ocean oceanic crust is going to be subducted. And the subductions are on the off the coast of the Tascadia margin of Washington to do. There's oceanic crust going into the earth, it's gone. So none of what we're looking at was on the deep deep ocean. Some of it's on the continental crust that's underwater. So all of the stuff that stands on the continental crust that then is coming to the region. And when things do arrive it's typically when they are bought by the fire-raising slaves. Not really but in the curves, in virgins and plates of great relief. There's a lot of potential in that stuff that wants to get brought back down into the marine spaces. And so if this marine truffling recycling erosion is removed it's been erased most of the rock wreck that's in the western parts. Essentially just locked the things in the sea that could be on different continents. So how do we locate where those places are? Well, this has been that sort of map up to the aggregated work of generations of field geologists going out into the field. We map what is there to get a feel for what types of rocks there are. We don't know any chance that relatively you can figure out the succession of what falls below or beneath the rocks. But we don't know the absolute age that's going to take the same amount of time. You can get a sense of geotechnology you can measure some isotopic system at the pace of time and you can figure out the absolute age of the rocks. So that map is the only constant that creates an angle. So questions about why we exceed the spikes in 11 or this union. If they are produced by the same means it's still a nucleus of that process that's in parallel with all of these. The earth has the same amount of time to begin with by releasing these spikes at certain times. That just has to be the ability on the surface. And so what it's telling us is that at that point it's not going to bolt first. All of a sudden it has more of a lift going on. It's that more of it is being transported to a new set of elements. Whereas before that it's standing up to that crust. So the question where does the movement of all these elements before it's mobilized is present in different post-minerals in the crust. So most of it will be broken into some of the instances where present sulfide minerals cross a pirate in the most common but you get sense of the future of the movement of civilization. That's how it gets sensitive to oxen. Thank you.