years later the Congress of Tokyo to be terse the emphasis point is CCPS so to clarify about the union bodies not as a weakness of the committee to updating about the to strengthen from committee to council so consultive council for process studies so studies means is a very important to the academic levels we're on the same page about to make a very detailed analyze and to analyze and detail but the important thing is who is making as a final decision so it is very complicated about the issue but the study is very important so not only the analysis but also the practical tools for the handling of UPU so to learn more quickly about the CCPS decision and the study fighting is very a point so the documentation and results of the CCPS studies should be emphasized as a Tokyo Congress as well so it's skip to the ITU approach answer last one is a long term approach so I'd like to pose a question about the three diamond dichotomy the first one is diversity first one is software or non-biting approach versus hydro or jurisdictional approach last one is discretion versus convergence so there are strong commonality not only the UPU but all of the needs international organization including further committee so another point is to maximize cost effectiveness and competitive phenomenon how to strive such as current status should be concluded as three points first one is competition so in tandem with the privatization our sector we have to compatible between the competition and speed this is a commonality between the rising cost of employees inflation pressures macroeconomic situation even so generally as well as reducing about the manpower for manipulating even so AI is developed but the accuracy and reliable services is the end of last result so we have to have a credence for postal services so in a sense the UPU have a vital role for the usage of 150 years accumulation of expenses so as I clue thank you very much and great contribution for the interview in advance thank you merci pour avoir aussi respecté parfaitement le temps à partie Thank you very much for having stuck to the time that was allotted to you thank you for giving us these different analyses I will now give the floor to Etienne Morales whose presentation echoes the first contribution that we heard he will be coming back to the political dimension of postal services and will look into solutions when postal services are interrupted what are the challenges which states in such situations have to face we'll have the example of the Cold War and the tensions between Cuba and the USA with this contribution between embargo and bypass routes 1960s and 1970s Etienne Morales wrote a PhD Cuba and the world recalling that airlines and postal services are very closely linked and achieved a distinction for his PhD Etienne you have the floor for 15 minutes Good afternoon one and all first of all I would like to thank the organizers of this colloquium especially the international bureau of the Universal Postal Union who has invited us here as well as the scientific committee Leonardo LaBaurie who invited me to speak here not only about airlines which is my field of specialty but to take up other issues that are not really in my area of specialty strictly speaking by means of an introduction I'd like to talk about a document which you can see at the Cuban Postal Museum you see a replica of the European Postal Union it's an envelope from 1971 that went to show that air mail between the United States and Cuba transited through Spain in my contribution I will be telling you about the postal embargo around Cuba in the early 1960s and the strategies that were put in place to circumvent this embargo there was a postal blockade around Cuba but the presence of this envelope at the Cuban Postal Museum goes to show that there were solutions to circumvent this embargo I'd like to go back to the development of air mail after the Second World War it started with Pan American Airways which was the first airline in the U.S. and Havana ever since Pan American Airways developed its network in Latin America through postal contracts it had a monopoly in Latin America until 1945 this monopoly finished after the Second World War and with regard to Cuba it's a company called Expresso Aero Interim and McConnell went a contract for postal services between Havana and Miami opening up to competition made it possible to decrease prices air mail went from four dollars per pound to eight cents per pound it is now possible to send mail through air mail air post traffic statistics of that time go to show that there's a huge increase you see a diagram which shows in red inter-American air post traffic and in orange transatlantic and trans-pacific air post traffic which doesn't decrease quite as much now this increase in volume goes hand in hand with a decrease in price and therefore source of income have to be diversified mail which used to be the basis for their turnover between the two world wars this source of income decreases in favor of passenger and fret postal relations by air between the USA and Cuba these two countries have a particular relationship ever since 1898 but following the second world war the link between Miami and Havana is the main air freight link for the United States this is where most freight goes to from the United States so there's huge dichotomy when it comes to air mail in terms of volume there are usually three times more letters going to Cuba compared to letters outgoing letters from Cuba another major destination in Spain at the time with the opening up in 1947 after the first service postal air mail service that's a major break if we think of the colonial history of the Spanish empire it only takes 24 hours to go from Spain to Cuba Iberia and Cuba de Aviación shared the market so a Spanish company and a Cuban company air mail frequency matched to the frequency of flights you see advertisement here for the Cuban company which shows the exchange of mail in the context of migration there's still quite a few Spanish people living in Cuba and here you see on the advertisement someone opening a letter that comes from the other side of the world at that time before the revolution the presidency of the president especially under the presidency of Batista postal contracts are the opportunity to receive hidden subsidies under Batista the Cuban company received a $50,000 in subsidies underhand whereas the total cost of postal services is $150,000 so it's underhand manner to support business in the hand of his cronies now the idea is to moralize the economy at the turn of 1961 now coming back to the postal embargo around Cuba things went south around the summer of 1960 when Cuba decided to nationalize oil refineries American companies present in Cuba and that's when there started being problems in the dispatch of air mail and the press it was one of the tasks of postal services to send newspapers and the press they were considered as propaganda and were therefore destroyed in American airports and Latin America airports in Marike Olduski the minister of communications in Cuba said we are under attack even when it comes to letters in air mail then came the missile crisis for a few weeks Cuba was cut off from the rest of the world this is something that we see when we look at the dispatches from diplomats diplomats can still send telegrams the diplomatic pouch we cannot circulate let us say you will read this whenever you can Hugh Thomas historian from Britain said that the most important aspect of the missile crisis for Cubans is the fact that Pan Am flights were interrupted between Cuba and the USA in October 1962 Cubans no longer have any solution to leave Cuba and mail which still circulated despite the severing of diplomatic relationship between Cuba and the United States no longer flows directly at this stage the Cuban chancellor receives telegram from the postal union from the of the Americas and Spain inviting it to a conference to which it had not been invited it received it by mistake at the same time right around 1962 Cuba had been excluded from oh yeah here you have an excerpt of the letter of the time mocking the postal union of the Americas and Spain now which just follows instructions from the State Department in the USA and follows a long piece from a former guerrero attacking the United States and the defending the inalienable right to communicate and criticising economic sanctions at this point in time when direct lines were interrupted it is mainly Iberia which is in charge of flights between Spain and Cuba continue to fly passengers and air mail but no longer transports freight it says that it continues to transport and dispatch parcels for humanitarian purposes as well as exiles Cuba tries to circumvent the embargo by opening other lines to Nassau for example in the Bahamas an agreement pre-revolution agreement allows Cuba to have lines but measures are taken to print passengers to get off planes and Buenton that comes out of these flights may continue to the United States but the lines are organised and therefore the line is interrupted there may have been an intervention by the Cuban government at the Universal Postal Union to criticise this fact I didn't have time to make any research but there doesn't seem to be any request in this regard I looked at what happened at the IKO and at the UPU Cuba criticises neocolonialist stance but not the embargo directly there are other measures that are coupled with the embargo there are many examples of checking mail here's one on the screen it is the link between embargo and checking the mail François Miquéran travelled to Cuba at the time and in the letter that he sent to Anpajo at the time he sent his card where nothing was written he sent a letter with the news saying that from Cuba it was not possible to send any mail because the fact that the mail was checked with the end of the direct flights in 1963 there were certain schemes that were developed medication food clothes were sent from the state via third countries not subject to embargo and I'm trying to move ahead as quickly as I can because time is running out and time is of the essence and this is a first card from 1962 we see that there's an internalisation of a parcel post by consumers from Cuba and Florida and we see that it is possible to send objects of a very little value like chewing gum for less than 10 pesos it was possible to send that via parcel into Cuba and in 1968 there was a parcel that exploded in Havana the Ministry of Telecommunications called this is a 90 Castro magazine and the idea here is to send a parcel with a bomb to Fidel Castro so this possibility of sending parcels was immediately suspended at the time because of this incident and thousands of parcels were circulating in various airports including in Europe including Madrid airport and here parcels are suspended play on words with suspended for Cuban people in exile and everything was controlled the content of the parcel, the weight of the parcel in the 1970s there's an improvement in the circulation of letters and parcels so there are new air services, new flights are opened up to the end of or the lifting of certain sanctions by the organization of American states and if we compare the pre-revolution levels with the 1970s 140 tons in 1957 part of the revolution and more than 850 tons of mail in 1970 so we see that the flow of mail grew significantly over that period but the lack of direct relationship between Cuba and the United States and I'm talking about postal relations this existed until 2016 and Barack Obama visited Cuba at the time and decided to revive the direct postal relations between the US and Cuba after a long period of no relations at all it was an assumption of direct mail between Cuba and the USA so oh yes I've been told to stop my presentation but I'm nearing the end so the opening of mail all of that seized parcels with bombs this is also something that is seized in terms of political economics so this can be analyzed I can tell you that in Cuba this is considered something that can lead to speculation and counterfeit goods something that is considered as being an attack against the freedom of movement of goods in particular of mail and it is considered to be a form of trade with Fidel Castro and his regime and we know that there have been various concrete arrangements that have made it possible to keep alive these very important postal relations thank you and sorry for having overshot the time that was allotted to me thank you for this presentation we now come to the last presentation we're going to listen to Rajiv of Venugopal Canada Post Corporation Canada he's going to speak to us from Canada can you hear us? yes sir and can you hear me okay okay thank you very much so Rayef Venugopal is a general manager of international relations in Canada he has also worked in the new Brunswick government also in the Canadian Senate and he's presenting a contribution entitled Delivering Diplomacy the Universal Postal Union's Role in a Post-Westphalian Global Order quite a title, a new dimension altogether you have the floor thank you very much chair and thank you for giving me the opportunity to share some remarks I do apologize for not being there in person and joining the conference virtually. I have spent a lot of time on that stage as well as on the floor and burn over the past few years as Canada's head of delegation to the UPU and of course in this Abhijan cycle as the co-chair of committee 2 of the Council of Administration quite honestly earlier in my career if someone had asked me about my thoughts about global postal business I probably would have shrugged my shoulders and had a blank look on my face but these days I must admit that the global postal business is not only my professional focus it is an academic passion it's been about 10 years since I've been in the classroom and I do miss this aspect of looking at the UPU and certainly looking at my work quickly for those of you in the von Steffen room a few words just enjoy the experience and breathe in air deeply. The UPU is one of the great multilateral wonders of the world and a testament to the dream of a world in which multilateral governance and the single postal territory were once little more than ethereal imaginary concepts and nothing more than fairy dust I want to thank the conference organisers for giving me this opportunity to speak to you and given that I have a deep and abiding disdain for PowerPoint I have no slides now I am a political scientist by training and therefore view the world through the lens of power now given that this is a historian's colloquium I'm told that a political scientist is a cousin to historians I was told however that economists were discouraged from applying and that accountants would have to pay a registration fee just kidding there one of the formative events affecting modern geopolitics was the conclusion of the piece of Westphalia in 1648 which ended the 30 years and the 30 years war that ravaged Europe as a result of the creation of a new international order that displaced the rule of religious orders and the rule of kings the global system of sovereign and border delineated independent states was born in this system states within their territories had exclusive use of coercion, of force to ensure conformity with domestic laws as applied to my interest and career in global postal affairs and having this colloquium convened I was curious to better understand how the UPU operated in this system in which sovereignty was at the core of the international system but the UPU was afforded the opportunity to pursue its mandate for the most part as if those borders didn't really matter now in this regard I've tabled with the conference organizers a fairly lengthy conference paper I encourage all of you to not only read it but comment critically and I hope that my IB colleagues and member country colleagues who I'll be seeing later in April for S5 will also have the opportunity to read the paper my previous experience studying international relations and geopolitics involved challenged to multilateralism that one would associate with the travails of the UN Security Council, UN peacekeeping and humanitarian intervention where conflicting interests of sovereign states was de rigueur. When I joined the post and specifically the international team I was surprised to learn how global post deliver items between one another as if sovereignty was not a barrier and that it was a given that the unions members were aligned in pooling their sovereignty to achieve shared objectives. In 1874 as we've heard throughout this conference 21 countries or entities came to burn to align on terms and conditions under which they would exchange global globally postal items amongst their respective geographies. An agreement emerged that we would know as the Treaty of Burn which would eventually result in the creation of the universal postal union as we know today. At that 1874 table there were multiple dynamics at play including the significant influence of colonialism, the growing and waning of empires and even resistance to some of the core principles that would later define the union including differences over freedom of transit. The first observation I had in writing my paper had to do with this apparent paradox between on the one hand an international order defined by individual sovereign states with borders and on the other hand the notion that borders were permeable in terms of the work of the specialized organization a state made possible by its members agreeing to pool or share their sovereignty in order to achieve a common system. Such a trade-off as one can imagine would be very difficult to pull off unless strict terms were in place. Here my second observation is that the UPU has been able to pursue its multilateral work given that it has worked hard over the years to stick to its lane meaning that it sticks to issues within its postal purview and generally avoids implicating itself and its members into sensitive areas such as territorial sovereignty diplomacy etc. Put another way, the incredible latitude that the UPU enjoys today is not being constrained by the bounds of sovereignty or that the UPU enjoys this latitude is a function of its specificity. Of course from time to time temporal issues will rise to the four which motivate member countries to comment on those issues particularly if they impact any aspect of postal exchange. To limit the diminishing of the postal focus of what would become the UPU the US Postmaster General at the time Montgomery Blair in 1862 called for a postal conference that would be attended later in Paris led by postal experts and not the usual brand of diplomats that did not have postal expertise but specialized in perhaps more general areas. My paper discusses various aspects of the Union's creation and background considerations. In order to dig a little deeper into specific issues and understand how the UPU could balance its need to exist in a world defined by state sovereignty while also having the great gift of being able to conduct its business across a single postal territory my paper examined two specific areas freedom of transit and one of the UN SDGs, SDG number 5. With respect to the former freedom of transit the paper provides some history into how the concept evolved but takes a specific look at recent changes to the customs regimes in place for Europe specifically the impact of import control system released to simply referred to as ICS-2 and its application to the members of the European Union which were 27 plus Norway, Switzerland and Northern Ireland. Without delving into the technical matter that is explained in the paper the main issue of contention appears that implementation of this new customs regime by the European Commission requires electronic data for postal items flowing to or through the previously named countries to be sent, acknowledged and cleared electronically prior to the items being dispatched. Here is the idea that the new requirements would apply to items both destined to the EU and going through the EU in other words being transited to another destination country which has been argued created an impediment for member countries trying to move items internationally across the single postal territory. Nearly all member countries from outside the EU believe that this is a violation of the freedom principle and treats transit items in a prejudicial manner. What is driving much of the debate and contention has to do with understanding how EU member countries treaty obligations overlay with their obligations to the European Union and what to do regarding the philosophical conflict between the two concepts. Given that the European Union is governed as per the very same supranational governance construct that rules and regulations of the EU it is not an easy philosophical nut to crack. What makes the issue even harder to grasp is the proliferation of other multilateral agreements such as the GATT which is now the WTO, the WCO and IKO agreements that all contain provisions concerning freedom of transit and or principles of non-discrimination that member countries both in and outside the EU 27 plus 3 have agreed to. Notwithstanding the various efforts undertaken by the Director General the International Bureau and the bodies of the POC and the CA to work in a collaborative fashion with the European Commission to find a suitable outcome, the issue today remains delicate as both multilaterally governed communities appeared to have conflicting or at least apparent conflicting aims and objectives. Having said that, interviews that conducted in the preparation of the paper seem to pardon me, the danger of having a mobile connection. The interviews that I had conducted with subject matter experts from the European Commission as well as designated postal operators from France provided balanced input into how the issue is perceived by the European Union. Here the third observation I have is that the UPU is located at the nexus and confluence of supranationalism and state sovereignty management of the UPU and the need to remain 100% focused on resolution of postal operational issues which may become a proxy for complicated governance matters. With respect to the UN sustainable development goals there is an emphasis on the implementation of 17 goals intended to serve the common benefit of humanity. One of them, SDG 5 relates to gender equality. Here we can see an excellent example of how sovereign member countries accept that the UPU has a role to play in pursuit of goals common to the UN system while at the same time accepting that their inherent sovereignty accords them the right to retain deeply held domestic positions. In this case, two member countries had differing views on how gender equality policy should either include or exclude reference to LGBT rights or should be exclusive of them. Both countries which had definitely differing points of view raised their positions in open sessions of the postal operations council delicately but without prejudice or malignment of the other points of view. Here the fourth observation I wish to share with you relates to how important it is for the Union to deliver on its specialized and technical mandate while at the same time navigating complex social issues that may involve deeply entrenched member country positions that are not subject to negotiation or at least not subject to negotiation in real time on the floor of the room in which you're sitting today. In my curiosity regarding the intersection between member country sovereignty and the founding of the Union I was also curious as to whether creating the single postal territory was a uniquely normative and qualitative undertaking or whether in the spirit of Morgantau's realism there were perhaps other motivations at play. Here the paper looks at several examples of how member country and empire interests may have been influenced in what would become the Treaty of Bern. And I think in the previous papers there's been some discussion on Turkey's reasons and some of the diplomatic challenges they had in 1874 with regards to the Ottoman Empire. We understand that in the case of Japan that there were certain geopolitical factors as well that informed itself in terms of joining the Union later on these are all interesting aspects that I look at in the paper. As a political realist it seems to me that in 1874 a confluence of complex geopolitical interests that Paul Kennedy discusses in the rise and fall of the Great Powers resulted in the original signatory seeking a way to maximize a few things including acquisition of weapons, equipping of armies, establishing transportation networks, building their industrial base and most relevant for us improving communications between the telegraph and the post. When Swiss chair Eugene Morel pointed out in 1874 that the goal of the 21 founding fathers at the table sought to replicate what the ITU had already done for the ubiquity of the telegraph there may have in fact been a larger calculus at play a geopolitical calculus. My fifth observation therefore ponders whether the immutable laws of power politics are at play in considering concerns over freedom of transit in 2024 implementation of the SDGs and whether there is a need for today's Union of 192 diverse members to be mindful that the latitude the UPU enjoys is proportional to the discipline it has in not straying too far from its specialization in postal matters. In conclusion the UPU has survived a number of existential crises over the past 150 years. During my involvement in UPU affairs I have been a participant in some rather great debates concerning serious issues such as the potential withdrawal of the United States from the Union the upending of the terminal due system and the COVID-19 global pandemic. To be certain there have been other political issues which have drawn the UPU into quasi-diplomatic territory some of which were even featured at the 2021 Abidjan Congress. Despite these challenges however the UPU has deep experience as a trailblazer in the area of global multilateral governance. It is in my experience a north star for the conduct of global multilateralism and a shining example of how a commitment to supranationalism and a defined and delimited mandate can serve the lofty goal of globalization. My sixth observation is that the historical care that the UPU has paid to not passing too deeply into what Montgomery Blair described as quote the usual dilatory course of diplomacy and the UPU has stuck to its postal mandate and raison d'etre has served it well and will in the future allow it to conduct its business across the single postal territory. To conclude the UPU is at an inflection point on its journey and serving its members and humanity at large this conference which is dedicated to looking at its past will no doubt inform the future to which it aspires. I hope that I've done justice to the paper I've tabled with the organizers but perhaps more importantly to the attention you have afforded me. Thank you and Chair if I may just two more quick comments as I listened to the various papers that were presented today reflected them on my on my own paper I asked myself the question well so what what are what are these risks that I'm discussing in my paper and what why should historians care about them and what can it tell us about the road in the future on ICS to release to if member countries that will be discussing this issue are unable to come to an understanding on what overlapping or at least touching jurisdictions require barriers may go up various regions of the world may reciprocate what they see as limitations on the freedom of transit principle and the single postal territory will erode on the basis of freedom of transit with regards to governance and the SDGs there is a risk that common non-technical goals and aspirations can take the center stage and actually replace discipline consideration of technical and specialized postal issues and the UPU ends up behaving in a way that Montgomery Blair originally in 1862 had warned against which is the usual course of diplomacy so again if I could conclude on on a single point it would be that the future of the UPU will be bright but it does have to always remember the reason for which it was created thank you Chair Theorique Thank you for your presentation we have a very diverse panel you have seen that we have certain recurring themes globalization the universal values of the UPU and we could also almost talk about deglobalization when we talk about secessionist movements with the tensions that can arise between states with postal services I think we have four or five minutes left so we can take one or two questions yes thank you Sébastien Richet I have a question for Mr. Baines you mentioned the role of stamps the materiality of these stamps in secessionist states was there a strategy to do with the network of post offices or postal staff are you getting at with the question Mike Koopis sorry am I audible I'm not quite sure of the intent of the question can could you rephrase that sorry my question was regarding the networks of post offices and postal employees the symbol of the stamps but what about the postal network and the staff any strategy by this composition of posts or not do you know that or you have any no information about that not that I I can't quite see the connection between the symbolism which was a kind of process of decolonisation or symbolic decolonisation itself and what networks are being referred to networks within countries or between the network inside sorry now I'm going to have to pass I'm not quite sure of the thrust of the question okay we will speak about that after thank you the question was were there networks of post offices in secessionist countries yes I'm sure there were and there was staff as well but was there a secessionist strategy that used or called on the networks or the staff as there was with the stamps did the strategy include postal networks and staff did postal networks and postal staff were they part of a secessionist strategy like the stamps that you showed I think this is a discussion for after the meeting because I think you need to find yourselves on the same page let's go on to the next question heritage an administration that a postal system an administration that already existed and I can only assume that they bought into the as officials of the secessionist states they bought into the vision of the leadership and the political elite of those states that's just an assumption I can make I'm sure it didn't hold true for all officials and in as far as they continued to serve the state they I would imagine did feel convinced that what they were doing is correct in disseminating the stamps and the symbolism that was used as messengers of state sovereignty on these stamps that's probably about as much as I can say about that thank you we will take another question yes a question for Mr Rajiv Venagopal that was a splendid paper I look forward to reading it I'm slightly surprised at the invocation of Montgomery Blair as a expert non-political inspiration for the UPU he did not attend and attended who wrote the Republican platform in 1860 this is a political project which the United States is trying to insert itself into international affairs during the Civil War Von Steppan tried to reshape the institution following the Franco-Prussian war and then Rufi tried to beat back and successfully did the German proposal to honor Steppan to affirm the French which he did with the Marceau sculpture which we have today I admire the commitment of UPU administrators to a narrow technical mandate but that mandate has a politics and the organization has a politics and it seems to me that in a historical congress we need to recognize that the organization has been and will remain embedded as you know so well in an international geopolitical order in which the movement of goods people and information has a politics so I guess I'm asking to respond to that but I am surprised about the re-conceptualization of Montgomery Blair one of the wildest in Lincoln's cabinet thank you sir if I may respond but let me reciprocate I found your presentation outstanding and captivating and I was sitting roughly in the chair that you are in when the United States rose to make its notice of withdrawal from the UPU in 2018 so you're sitting in an auspicious spot in the room in regards to the comments that were made by Montgomery Blair to the then US Secretary of State my readings and preparation in the paper suggested to me that what Blair was looking for was for the conference, the Paris conference to focus on the technical and operational in other words the specialized mandate that global postal exchange would require now that's not to say he wasn't a wily political actor unto himself but what I gathered is that he was trying to differentiate any mandate that would be accorded to what would become the general postal union then later the universal postal union he tried to differentiate what would be the political mandate and what would be the operational mandate so that's the distinction that I'm looking to draw not to say that he wasn't a political character or had political influence but it seems to me that as we look back in order to look forward it is precisely in these areas of politics and diplomacy that the UPU finds itself in perhaps forced waters but not waters in which it naturally swims for example when we dealt with the potential withdrawal of the United States from the UPU or as the record will show there has been treatment of various other issues such as the Russian invasion of Ukraine these are areas that typically we see the postal experts per se step back from and we tend to have the involvement of diplomatic or member state actors that tend to take over in those discussions and there's a whole host of other geopolitical diplomacy type issues that would fall to their address in their discussion but as the further that the UPU with its international bureau and the representatives that sit in the POC and the CA that represent their countries, the further they stray from that postal mandate I think the more dangerous waters they swim in. Does that address your comments sir? Does that in any way address the point that you're making? Thank you I think all right go ahead. I'm afraid to say that the time is over. I would like to thank you the panellists for very interesting presentations the last presentation of the day and I give the floor to the organizers for the following events. Thank you very much.


Welcome to Go Mustang Sports season previews. It's back at it here at Mustang Stadium. I'm Dave McHugh joined by Laura Martin head coach for the field hockey team and coach I know you've probably been looking forward to this season coming off a record tying record season of 10 wins last year The momentum seems to be there. I'm sure you're looking forward to getting the season underway. Yeah, it's been exciting time just keeping in touch with the girls over the summer and Hoping to take this program onward and better and taking it to that next level Obviously every team loses some players a graduation, but you bring back a really good core You've got your leading score returning the goalkeeping forces there You got a lot of players and key positions who are returning. That's got to help with that momentum just a little bit I'm sure yeah, absolutely. I mean every year you have the challenges and some strengths that you're that you're working with And this year fortunately enough I think that we're carrying off of some strong individual players and a strong core unit So we're we're excited for it. The girls are pretty fired up actually How much is it maybe the preseason almost changed? How much is the team a little bit more gung-ho going into this year coming off as such a successful year last year? Well, I think that they they recognize that they're getting better and and a big Big thing for us is we want to earn respect. We want to we want to show Some strong contenders actually who we are and how we are improving We have a large freshman class So basically for every freshman there's an upperclassman that's sort of their mentor. So that's actually worked out well for us so Every you every time I talk to you you have great goals Big goals large goals when a national championship. Yeah, it's great things to have I know that's your focus but as a team one of these players had in their head in this preseason Have they had they had their own underlying message to each other? No, I I mean, I try to relate to the team and I think they've brought on to this Is you never really get anywhere if you dream small? Mm-hmm. So why not shoot big and I always will so you know again? We're shooting for a national championship. Sure. We're going for it I don't you know and then we'll do everything within our means to get as close as we can to that goal And it seems that it gives respect from the conference Coaches seem to think you guys are going to be at least a player in the conference this year What's it mean to kind of go back at this map conference once again with a team that's got this kind of confidence? Well, I mean, it's just another opportunity to climb that ladder, you know and the more you play with You know the team you get the opponents you get used to what their styles are what their tendencies are I've been familiar with them as a coach, but the players haven't necessarily been so so now They're starting to get a feel for it as well So it's an exciting time to try and you know play that chess match and figure out how to beat the opponents Last year one of the challenges you guys played a lot of road games not a lot of home games It flips that this year you have a lot more home games It seems obvious, but what do you need to take advantage of there to to have a successful season? Pre-game meals True. No, I don't I mean a home game Advantage is very nice because you're used to the turf. You're used to the lighting And it's also wonderful to invite friends and family and and and recruits to our beautiful stadium. So Never never will turn down a home game if we have an opportunity Of course, you start on the road, but your first home game is against usually a perennial favorite nationally in Rowan That's significant. Certainly a significant game That along with what other games you guys kind of key in on this year Well, I mean the conference games are huge So that's always the main focus and and well, you know We're continuing to build on that in preparation for the conference game So we have a pretty broad based schedule. So Rowan is a contender Consistently nationally ranked they could come to us early this year. So we we lost to them but just slightly last year it was a battle and And I know the girls are looking forward to that competition because they play a nice game and they're well-coached I know that was a theme maybe even going into this year turn around those close losses. Yes When you when there's anybody who comes to a game whether it be a student of Family member who maybe knows their daughter very well or just a casual fan Who are some of the players that maybe they'll end up keying on and should know about? Yeah, I think without contention Caitlyn Dempsey coming back Is with a returning leading scorer and conference and all-american recognition that sort of a thing Certainly she's gonna be marked probably and mark pretty tightly But we also have she's a tri-captain and we also have Ariel hop who has come back She primarily played defense last year and we're trying her in some different roles this year So we have some surprises coming up and then we do return Meg Gill and she was out with an ACL tear And she's a senior as well So the three of those is seniors and tri-captains of a very strong core unit To propel us to the next level and of course, there's also Allison Cagle who was recognized in the Mac She has speed and stick skill and and a bit of a fiery tenacity So it's good to have her as well. Every sport deals with real-changers field hockey has a couple this year one Pretty significant. You can actually now stop the ball with the stick above your head. Yeah Yeah, kind of a lacrosse feel so with some dual dual athletes. That's a good thing But yeah, absolutely. They now are permitting the stick stop above just based on danger So that can create a little bit more of tactics with the with the overhead And certainly maybe with our goalie and her pun clear so some different tactics And another one that changes is the own goal scenario that's if it is to be an own goal It has to be shot by the by the attacking team inside the arc Yeah, actually what they've done is they've eliminated the own goal So the attacking team has to go inside the circle and shoot for it to be Considered a goal, which is nice in case of a weird bounce on those really long Yeah Really didn't have any attempt to go back and forth So we're all confused anymore and not only the fans but the coaches so we'll stop the game to have long conversations I wonder what's going on? Last thing before we let you go your final thoughts heading into the season as we get ready to face it off We need to work on faster distribution of our passes and we need to work on our press We're still not getting strong enough pressure with our press Our communication in the backfield is outstanding. So I'm very pleased with that And we've cleaned up our penalty corners both attack and defense After reviewing last year's performance on both those levels statistics were not high So we've revamped that and I think people are gonna be pleasantly surprised. Oh, that's great We're looking forward to starting off the season here shortly. And of course the first home game here on September 6th against Rowan Thanks for joining us. We'll talk with coach throughout the season. Of course, you can watch the games on SUTV as well for coach Laura Martin. I'm Dave McHugh for Go Mustang Sports


Are you in quarantine? You must remain at home. You cannot be in any public places including work, school, supermarkets, shops, church or attend any social activities. This message is brought to you by the Bureau of Health Education, within the Ministry of Health and Wellness and this station.


We are doing inferential statistics and I told you in previous lecture that there are two basic components of inferential statistics. Number one, estimating population parameter and then number two, testing hypothesis. Basically, all the concepts are interrelated and they are connected and estimating population parameter is very much linked with the testing hypothesis. So, aajam particulari statistical testing karenge hypothesis testing kanda, let us do some definitions and try to understand what do we mean when we talk about testing hypothesis. So what is logical hypothesis testing? Basically we hypothesis testing is a statistical procedure that allows researcher to use sample data to draw inference about the population of interest. For example, like we talked about the average IQ of the university students that is 100. We drew sample say 50, 30, as much as we drew sample and we thought sample that is greater than 100. And our sample mean, average that is 15, now we basically have to go with an assumption, we will start with a neutral assumption and we will make some assumption about the population. Overall, university students average IQ that is 100, like mu is equal to 100. But you collected sample and your mean is 150 in that sample, your EI. So now, how we will test the population parameter, what will happen? We talked in last lectures that it is not possible to study the entire population and we talked about how we estimate the mean or standard deviation of the population. That was point estimation or by making confidence interval and estimating the mean of the population between the two values. So now if we say that the average IQ is 100 but your sample is 115, then we will make some assumptions. So that is what hypothesis testing does, it allows researcher to use sample data. So you already have a sample data, which has the average mean of 115. So you will use this data to make some assumptions about the population or draw inference about the population. Now how will you draw inference, you will either say that the mean of population is not 100 or you will say that the mean of population is 100. So this is we are going to test the assumption through testing hypothesis. So hypothesis testing is a statistical method that uses sample data to evaluate a hypothesis about a population. So your sample data, your statistical data you have, you will use that data to draw an inference about the population parameter, whether the population's parameter will be the same or not. So we will use different statistical tests in the future. Starting with the logic of hypothesis testing, what is the definition of hypothesis? Hypothesis basically is an assumption or is a tentative statement, right? Hypothesis is a good hypothesis that is testable, any statement that you can test based on the sample data and you definitely make assumptions about the population. So let me say hypothesis is an assumption made about a population, remember hypothesis is tentative statement which we test, after testing we evaluate the statistical value and then on the basis of its statistical value we decide what inference we have drawn about the population which we will do step by step in a moment. Before we select the sample we use the hypothesis to predict the characteristic that the sample should have. Before we select the sample we use hypothesis, that means before collecting the sample you make a hypothesis and then you test that assumption. Now you will say that if the sample is not collected then how will I make an assumption, right? So basically I would like to talk about deductive and inductive approach, mostly when we are doing deductive research then we already have theories, our theoretical framework like you will do the thesis, you will do the research then you have to give a clear theoretical framework. So our theories, our research is already guiding us towards one side, right? So then we make a hypothesis on its basis and then we collect the data to test the hypothesis and then we test it and then we draw the inference about the population. Next we obtain a random sample from the population and finally we compare the obtained sample with the prediction that was made from the hypothesis. That means we will first see what it is, we will make a hypothesis on it, we will collect the data, we will test the data on the sample and then we will draw the inference. Let me give you an example of the logic of testing hypothesis, first let's say there is a stock market and there is a XYZ company in the stock market whose shares are there. If I draw it here then over the last 10 years the fluctuation of the shares is like this. So from 2000 to 2020 the rates of the XYZ company shares in the stock market are like this. Now you can see that there is a zigzag in it and there are ups and downs in it but if you look at it overall then you can see that the trend is increasing and in 20 years the price of the shares has gone up significantly. Now we have to make a hypothesis on it that whether the company's shares are profitable or whether the XYZ company which we have seen the data is like there is a trend which will continue or there is a trend of increase in the price of the shares or it is just a random noise that it is zigzagging and so we then make a hypothesis for it. So the logic of hypothesis testing is that whatever assumptions you have in the real world you keep it in a hypothetical scenario and then you test it to make it real to make it concrete. So the basic idea is like having reason about the real world by setting up a hypothetical world. I mean I have a real world data like the price of the stock is up and down but overall a trend is there. So I want to take this example from the real world and I want to make it a hypothetical world where the XYZ company which is the stock's price of shares is in an increasing trend for the last 20 years but against that we will talk about the null hypothesis or alternative in which we can say that there is no such trend, this is a random noise or this is just a random walk. The observed patterns of the data are then compared to what would be generated in the hypothetical world. So just as I have told you that our previous 20 years of data, if I base it on that then I will say that there is a trend of increase, so I will build my hypothesis which is research hypothesis then I will collect some more data about the XYZ company and then I will test that it is just a random noise or there is a trend in the price increase. So hypothesis testing helps us to test the real world problems in an objective way, put a statistical test on it and then we install inference that what are the things happening in the real world that we can test and what conclusions about the bigger population we can give. When you being a scientist always remember that we are interested in the bigger population, we want to draw inference about the bigger population rather than just the small sample. So in the next video we will see what are the steps for hypothesis testing,


You can cancel out of that in the super dash. It's really cheap. Oh, no, I'm gonna do it again. Oh, no! How's it going, everybody? Dato doi here back with some more Dragon Ball FighterZ rank matches. This time, playing a suggested team of Beerus and base Vegeta, both rocking A assist and Genemba in the back with B assist. It's been a while since we've played some Beerus, so hopefully we can do a pretty decent job of keeping our opponent in check here. I'm trying to throw out some orbs, honestly, maybe not at the start of the game. All right, I'm gonna do it. All right, we got pinned down for a while there.  Oh, you know what? I did not expect... I did not expect it on the first, not even really not... I guess it was a soft knockdown, but it wasn't a sliding, so I did not expect the tech, the UI-exclusive tech out of the corner. I'm cool with that. All right, Beerus, come on out. Whoo, set the orbs up. Why not? Oh, I... Oh, the van is strong after that, dude. Oh, wow! The Beerus has just swept me up into the... into the kinks. Two bars, I wouldn't be surprised if he switches out, at least he gets a bit of blue health off that way. Oh, I will take that. I'm not gonna go for the switch out though. I'm perfectly fine, just... Oh, I wish those couldn't get swept away that easy. I would love to, like... If those were a bit more controlling, that would be so sick. All right, not gonna get anything off of that. No, unreal, dude. I can't believe that 2M did he connect. Genemba, by the way, Rocky out with this insane... I like this color for Genemba. DP, I vanished into it. Probably shouldn't have done that. I had a lot of time to visually confirm what was happening. Oh, 2H! Kick him in the face, why not? Keyblast. You know what? I really, at this point, I have no one to blame for this, but myself. I am running into these... I am running into that DP assist like nobody's business. Beerus though is back on the field, so we kind of have the situation we want to start with anyway, which is Beerus on point, Energy Cutter Assist. I tried to set up an orb. Oh! Oh no, why did I not take that? Me and my orb, DP assist. Oh, wow! I didn't think that would hold me down. I thought that would actually help me. That made me look calling up for the DP assist real awkward, didn't it? Oh, back in the corner with the base Goku auto combo. Just up... again, I thought I'd drop out of that. Hit stun, pretty good. Wow, now all of a sudden we're in the... we're far behind. We gotta get Genemba to step it up. I can't believe that even gave us a chance to confirm the 2H. That's a big hit for us. Here we go, level three. You know what? Why not? Pick him up, pick him up off the ground, base Vegeta. Now, what's the mix? What is the mix? Did we just go behind? Just... I kept it real classic on that one. No mix-ups there. I was just... I told him exactly what was coming. But I jumped, I was like, you better block eye. And he did not. Air to air, behind the back. Ah, too slow. 2H on the other side. I think he threw a button out so it didn't really matter what side. Tech? Yep. Counter? No, spark. Okay. Behind the back. Stay in that corner, stay in that corner. We don't want to see no movement. That was a mistake. I tried to spark. Spark there. That's hopefully gonna give us the win. Oh, vanish. Defense? Alright, I was really hoping for a quick game one. Not gonna lie to you. We shouldn't be in too much trouble though. He can level one, he might even level two, but that's gonna kill both of our sparking time. So not really... it's not a one-sided loss. Hard cancel luckily went pretty well. What are you doing? Step on this man's head. Hopefully that hits. Yes! I love that super frigid number. The fact that you could just hit that from wherever. Look at this. I know we already talked about... Can we talk about that color for Genemba again? Actually, you know what? Down below in the comments, let me know what your favorite color is. Not for Genemba, obviously, but just in the game. Give me the character and the color. I'm trying to see what your guys' taste is looking like. Again, we got an early hit, so we're just gonna go out in a base Vegeta. Nothing too... He just keeps doing it! Let's go! If you're gonna keep doing that, I'm just gonna 2M. I just gotta take the 2M. We could even try to low-profile, actually. If there's a lot of characters that have a button that's too low for you and Goku to hit... I don't know if base Vegeta is one of them, but I would assume he probably has something. No offense Vegeta considering his short stature. We could probably slide under that with a 2M. Oh ho ho! Get a beerous back out of here. We're killing it this game. Set up a little bit of the orb. No problem, no problem. He just punched for no reason. That was uncalled for. I definitely should have been swinging as well. Alright, we're in the corner, which means we have a little bit... Right, you just 2H there. For some reason, I was like, I really want to squeeze out an extra 50 damage. Oh my god! Why did we go so high? DP! DP again! He's not biting. He's not biting. He's not biting. Yeah, that makes sense. The beam is definitely going to beat those. I should have respected that option. Just trying to get some orbs level away. He's going to have to go into base Goku if he wants to kill. I think that was a little unnecessary. I didn't even hit. I'll tell you what though, the damage was definitely not unnoticed.  Alright, with 3 bars, I mean... Come on, at that point, at that point, why not? Why not cook with Janemba? Hit him with the glass shards. Hit some glass. Dude, that move is so good. I wish I would have teleported again. Man, that is so sick. I love the teleport. It's really... I think it's pretty good too. Now, what's not good is I don't think his green orb is that great other than very specific setup. You really have to be a Janemba pro to use that orb move. I feel like anybody could use the teleport. Oh! Let's not even talk about that one. I don't think people are ready for that one. Down! Let's take a wood chip, throw it at him. Alright, so now we're just up against Super Saiyan Goku. I might even look for a projectile counter. I could have conned him without... Oh! What was that? That was so random. Man just said, alright, enough talking. That was not a projectile. Okay, we're not going to fall for that same trick twice.  Oh, if we would have teleported... I tried to see the thing is I tried to teleport behind him. I just didn't run up far enough. That would have been amazing. Alright, beer is going to come back in. Try to finish what Janemba started. Dragon rush? Nice tech. I'll give it up. Wish I could have done more. He tried to get random on me again. DP always going to work. Nine times out of ten at least. And I'll take that percentage. 2S? I didn't even know what was happening there. DPX again? Okay, I don't want to... There we go. That's exactly what we were looking for.  You can cancel out of that in the Super Dash. It's really cheap. Oh no, I'm going to do it again. Yeah! Man, I threw a whole orb at him. That was uncalled for in my professional opinion. That was not necessary. But already up 2-0, can we bring it home with this team? This is a pretty high rank rosé as well. I really wanted to keep beating up on Goku. Maybe I should have gone for the auto-comer to switch around. But this is going to be okay. He did it again. I didn't think he'd do it that time. I'm not going to lie. I didn't think he'd go for it again. Not in that scenario at least. I thought he was a little too... Alright, nope, nope, nope, nope. Oh, that actually... I got to trust that movement sometimes. Try to set up a couple of orbs. Oh, try to dive down as well. Just ended up getting me hit. Hopefully he doesn't... Ah, he's going to switch out here. Yeah, I agree. Switching out probably the best decision. I would have confirmed a little more off that. Maybe. I actually don't know. Maybe he didn't want to risk it. I'm going to switch out as well actually. That's not my place. Not my place to be leaving Beerus in there like that. Oh, what is with the rabbit? Unneeded, uncalled for. Well, I eventually got 2H, but I should have gotten 2H a little earlier. I was playing reckless. Thanks for G to come on in. I'm going to... I'm going to do it all. That was not good. Let's go. He blocked that. Wow. Wow. I tried to get a counter off, but it just came out a little too slow. I didn't have the time. If it did... Ah, that counter is so satisfying to hit. Oh, wow, the key bless to the face. Oh, I'm getting too attached to the idea of a counter. There's no need to make these moves. Oh, my confirms. Wow. That was really good. That was really good. I'm impressed by that. Okay. Okay. Now we're just down to one base Vegeta. If we make this... I don't know. Y'all got to like the video. I couldn't think of anything else. I'm playing like... This game was not in my... It was not my best. Bro handed his controller over to... Not even his big brother. He just handed it over to his father. He's like, Dad, this guy is really annoying.  Are we dead for that? Okay. Well, he dropped that one, but... All right. We're going to spark just because it'd be embarrassing not to at this point. I'm still not giving up, by the way. I have not surrendered. The idea of me losing, it's not even in my vocabulary. Seven bars. That's because I like holding seven bars. That's really the only reason. Now, how many dragon balls? I'm desperate to know. Oh, I could definitely work with that. You know what?  I am going to kill him. That means we have to build up two more bars. That's okay. Got to land two more auto combos anyway. I'm holding you guys to that. I know nobody agreed. Nobody bet on that. If I do make this come out, I want to see some light. I would have had to waste a bar to vanish, and I didn't want to do that. I was just thinking about that. Technically, he could drop it. Oh, he was playing fast and losing. Okay, okay, okay. Hold on, hold on. We didn't get it. We didn't get it. We didn't get it. That was so close, though. For what a sloppy game that was, we definitely almost brought it back there with the Shenron. Bro, let me get Shenron on speed dial real fast. My games will go a lot different. I'm adding Shenron to my fave five. I think nobody's going to get that reference. But if you guys have been enjoying this video, definitely make sure to go down below, leave a like, and subscribe. We're going to keep going. I just wanted to thank you guys so much for the support on the channel recently. It's been a lot of fun. I'm looking forward to the next DLC character for Fighters. Whoever that is, it should be coming out relatively soon. So if you want to stay up to date on that, I'll definitely post whenever that happens. I dropped it. Oh my goodness. I'll definitely post whenever that happens. So subscribe to stick around if you want to keep up on that. Now, we can go back to talking about how I dropped an integral combo. No, don't even try it. Do I want to go base Vegeta here? I'm not going to get the Smash property, but that's fine. We'll just get him back in the corner. I'm giving. I am not expecting that in the air. That seems like something you would more do after a sliding, just to be a little cheeky about it, I guess, is the best way to put it. I don't know, just a little more unexpected. Sit down. I saw you try to hit a button. Oh my reflect into Key Blast. That was pretty insane. I did not enjoy being on the receiving end of that. Do I go to really squeeze a lot of damage out of situations like this? Level one probably going to switch out for the blue life. I don't disagree. Again, getting that blue life is pretty integral. Love to see it. I'm happy with that. Okay, I thought he'd do something. Oh, exactly what you want to see. That is beautiful. I don't know if three level ones would kill here, but I'm definitely open to the idea of trying Galakun. It's not going to kill. It's not going to kill. Oh, I lie sometimes. It's been a long time since I was a counten mathematician and cashier on the side, but I definitely still have a little bit of those skills. Not too much though. We'll take that midscreen, so we got to go with the easier option. I don't even know when that dropped, but I got hit with the UI wake-up option again. I am not a fan. Oh, okay, we had to throw an advantage. I thought that would kill with just lights. That's fine though. Still ended up being the same result. You're sliding in. Let me hit him with this. I should have definitely confirmed off that. Oh, and I missed that one too. That's good. That's good. No, that's fine. That's all good. You can't get me through the orbs. Let's go. Oh, why'd I do that? I'm doing it again. 2H that. I don't want to see that. That didn't work. I just wanted to freestyle that real quick. You want knee drop. Knee drop. Knee drop. You know what? If I knew the base Vegeta loops, that could have been a knockout, but I'm not that kind of guy. Do you assist to hold me back? Do you assist to hold me back? I'm out here. Is that 3-1? I'll take that. You know what? This was a bad color for base Vegeta. We talked a lot about good colors at the beginning of this video. Ignore what I said. I am obviously not a professional. I don't know what I got base Vegeta dressed up here as, but thank you guys so much for watching this video. Hopefully you enjoyed it. If you did, let me know your favorite moment down below in the comments as well as your favorite color for whatever character down there as well. And hit the like button and subscribe if you want to stay up to date on everything Dragon Ball fighters and fighting games. And if you want to watch more videos right away, there should be some on your screen. Other than that, I have been Datadoya and I will see you in the next one.


Question. What's wrong with the following sentence? If a writer cares about grammar, they'll use pronouns carefully. Answer. Nothing. Traditionally, it was seen as an error to use a plural pronoun, they, to refer to a singular antecedent, a writer. How many writers? One. How many does they mean? Usually more than one. It doesn't match. The traditional way to fix the error was to replace they with a singular pronoun. If a writer cares about grammar, he'll use pronouns carefully. How many writers? One. How many does he mean? One. That's a match. Error corrected, right? Here's the problem. Traditionally, when the gender was unknown or unimportant, like it is in our example, the masculine he was used to mean anyone. It was that same logic that produced words like business man, mankind, and all our other gendered language. Well, the second wave feminists of the 1950s and 60s objected to this, and our whole language changed. We started saying business person and humankind. Easy enough, except when it came to the issue of pronouns. It became standard to write he or she, a convention that lasted decades into the 2010s or so. If a writer cares about grammar, he or she will use pronouns carefully. But people were dissatisfied with the solution. The phrase he or she is a mouthful. It doesn't come naturally, and it still places one gender ahead of the other. Some writers and publications used variations, such as she or he, or alternating he and she, each time the situation came up. But those solutions aren't much better, especially when we consider that some people don't identify as either male or female, and so they're still left out of those constructions, making them inaccurate. We don't mean only men or only women. We mean anyone, any writer. The basic problem here is that English has no gender-neutral singular pronoun for these situations. People have tried introducing some, such as she or he, but they haven't caught on. As we explained in our introductory video, that's the difference between prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. Descriptive grammar describes the language we already use, rather than prescribing the way we should use language. And that's exactly where our current solution comes from. The pronoun most of us use for this kind of situation in everyday speech is they, which is why the example at the beginning of this video might have sounded natural to you. That's the way you would actually say it. And so more and more, people accept the stogiest linguists have given in and agreed that this is a common, standard, correct usage, not an error. We call it the singular they. That just means the word they can be used now as a singular pronoun, rather than being saved exclusively for plurals as it always was before. In fact, the American Dialect Society, a body of more than 200 linguists, named the singular they as word of the year in 2016. In 2019, the Merriam-Webster dictionary followed suit, naming they as its own word of the year to recognize this change in its usage. And it's not the first time our language has changed this way. According to historians at the Oxford English Dictionary, the pronoun you has undergone the exact same transformation. For a long time, it was used as a plural. The correct singular pronoun was considered to be thou until about the 17th century. And like today, the transition produced controversy. In 1660, the founder of Quakerism, George Fox, wrote a whole book about the foolishness of using you as a singular. Robert Loth and Lindley Murray, grammarians from the 1700s, made their students take tests that emphasized thou as a singular and you as a plural, only and always. If that seems silly to you now, it's just a testament to the way that language can evolve over time and a strong indication that the singular they is the language of the future. End of the present, too.


Hey, this is Brett and this 2022 Ram 2500 Crew Cab Shortbox Tradesman Level 2 is stock number 13340Z. I am here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, your new and used Ram and heavy duty truck headquarters. This 2022 Ram 2500 has the 6.7 liter Cummins diesel engine. It's paired up with the 6-speed 68 RFE automatic transmission. This one has a max tow capacity of 18,840 pounds and has a max payload of 2,231 pounds. I found those on Ram's tow guide website. It'll be linked in the description below. This truck has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop as a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck is 100% ready to go. I'm going to go all the way around inside underneath, start it up, take a look under the hood in this video and give you the most accurate representation of the vehicle as possible. Flame red clear coat is the color and I shoot all my videos in 4K. So if you have HD capabilities, turn them on right now because it is your best way to check out the quality, condition options and of course cleanliness of the truck before seeing it in person.  No major dents or dings that I saw anywhere on it, only about 9,000 miles on this truck. If you like the video you can subscribe to my YouTube channel which is youtube.com slash Summit Auto. Click the bell notifications and you'll get updates on the videos I do each and every day here at Summit Automotive. This one comes with the chromed 18 inch steel rims with the chrome covers. Firestone Transforce HT tires, these are LT27570R18s and they have probably 80 to 90% of the tread left on them, maybe even a little bit more. Frame and underbody is like new. Front fender is absolutely perfect, you get the halogen headlamps, crystal clear headlight lenses and the front bumper is absolutely perfect as well. I really didn't see many imperfections on this truck, I didn't see any dents, I didn't see any dings, there's really no major scratches or anything on it. And as you come around to the passenger side, front fender looks great and the passenger side rim no major scuffs or scrapes. As you go down this side of this 2022 Ram 2500, take note of how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror like the paint is. I take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and you just cannot make the trip down but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle, you can see the truck here, the truck and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. If this video helps you make that buying decision, let your salesmen know that you saw the video that I was helpful and that Brett sent you and then I can keep doing these videos. The back tires have just as much tread as the front tires and the frame and under body is extremely clean. It does have the air suspension which I'll show you in just a little bit and explain how that works. Has all the remaining factory exhaust so it hasn't been altered in any way. And it comes with the very nice chromed wheel to wheel factory side steps. They are in excellent condition, really nice to get into the bed of the truck from those steps, passing their side boxes, absolutely perfect. Rear bumper is in really nice shape, no dents or dings and it does have the rear bumper step, full towing package of course with the receiver hitch, four pin and seven pin wiring and the tailgate is in really, really nice shape as well. This one comes with a spring and bed liner, fifth wheel and goose neck prep package. We do have the ball for the goose neck as well, seven pin and four pin wiring in the bed. You can also get the LED bed lights and the button to turn those on and side box tie downs. The bed is exceptionally nice, I didn't see any dents or dings on there and that spring and bed liner goes onto the tailgate as well, shuts nice and solidly and for full disclosure, this back rim, really nice shape too. So you can kind of see the rear airbag right there. So what happens is when the load gets too heavy it pushes up on this lever and then it'll tell the airbag to inflate with air, so the back end of the truck levels out. If you ever see the sticker, you know it's got that system. Once again down the rest of the side the truck, very nice and clean, has the heated fold up tow mirrors, they fold in like so and have built in directional signals. Inside, the tradesman level two group gives you the black and charcoal cloth interior. In the front you get the 40, 20, 40 split bench seating. There are no rips or tears on the seats. Comes with the factory floor mats, auto headlamps, power windows, power locks and power mirrors. Back seats are just as clean as the front seats, no rips or tears back here. It does have the latch, child safety system. For any child car seats you may have, it has the power sliding rear window with the built in rear defrost. Once again seats are in very nice condition and you do get a storage area underneath here. This one does have the goose neck ball right there. Floor mats keeping your carpeting looking like new and it does come with side curtain airbags. Child safety locks on the back doors and the bottoms of the doors all look very, very good. We'll hop inside, check out the miles, the radio and everything that this truck has to offer on the interior. You can see that this truck has 9,457 miles. You do get the digital instrument cluster right there. Digital speedometer as well, instrument cluster is very nice and clean. Comes with the multifunction steering wheel, Bluetooth and information center controls on the left, cruise controls and gear selector on the right. Remember this one has the 6 speed, 68 RFE automatic transmission. You do get your 4 by 4 shifter on the floor and this one has the Uconnect 5, 8.4 inch touchscreen radio. You can see it does have the factory navigation system which is pretty awesome for a tradesman package. There's highway 41 so you can see that that is working nicely and then you get all your different media and SiriusXM, AM, FM. You can connect this to your Bluetooth cell phone via Android Auto or Apple CarPlay. You can check out your backup camera which I'm going to turn that on. You can check out the backup camera. You can see that is HD now so it's super crystal clear and you can actually zoom in when the truck is running to get over your receiver hitch to get your camper truck boat or camper boat hooked up the first time. Anyways, down here you have more tactile climate controls, factory brake controller. You have the alternate trailer height so you can actually program two different trailers if you've got a heavier one and then that'll automatically pump those airbags up to where you need to. Toe haul mode, factory exhaust brake and you do get six auxiliary upfit switches. Down here you get two USBs, two USB C's and an aux jack, passenger side format and seat are in excellent condition as well and once again the headliner is in very nice shape. Very clean. It has map lights, SOS and assist buttons and power side and rear window button. It does have the auto dimming rear view mirror. I did want to show you the tire and loading information sticker real quick as well as the VIN sticker. Alright, let's start it up and take a look under the hood. Starts right up. No check engine lights or anything like that. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video you've been able to verify the quality condition options and cleanliness of this truck all the way around inside and out. Under the hood we have the 6.7 liter Cummins diesel engine and the engine bay is very clean, runs very smooth. Once again this truck has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop. It has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck is 100% ready to go. Just about one of the cleanest trucks we have on our lot as well. There's your emissions sticker. And I would highly recommend this truck from a quality and condition standpoint. I don't think you'll find too many as nice as this one. And to see more pictures of this truck and one of other 550 new news cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, wranglers, halftones, recorder tons, one-tons, you name it. We've got to go to that website right there. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com. And if you'd like to check out more HD videos, you can go to youtube.com slash summitauto. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. Click the bell notification to get updates on the videos I do each and every day here at Summit Automotive. In fact, in a second you'll see a link to subscribe to my YouTube channel on the upper left. Link to more Ram 2500 truck videos like this one, the upper right, link to this vehicle on our website and the lower left and a link to one of our latest YouTube videos on the lower right. Quick those, check us out. We're super excited to help you with this ultra clean 2022 Ram 2500 tradesman level two, crew cab short box in flame red clear coat. Thanks again for checking out the video. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on the YouTube channel. I really appreciate it. Thanks again.


When we downplay the role of dreaming, and we've done that with sleep for a long time, what happens is waking dominates, and we are wake-centric. It's similar to ethnocentrism. We believe that waking is the gold standard for consciousness, and if you have waking that is not modulated or tempered in a rhythmic fashion by sleep and dreams, it's runaway. And we are, as a culture, we're hyper aroused. This is sort of hidden in plain view. I was just in California, and I used to live there, and I love it. But you know, you can't not speed on the free way because everybody is going above the speed limit. And I think it's true with the psychological pace of life. We're a hyper aroused culture.