On behalf of Beyond Law CLC and legal, legal elites, we welcome Dr. A. Vijay Lakshmi, who's a professor in the Tamil Nadu Doctorate in Bedkar Law University, a school of excellence in law. It's always quite impressive whenever we join hands with the legal, legal elites under the age of Adilakshmi. And whenever the session has been taken up by Dr. A. Vijay Lakshmi, it's always so subtle that everybody can understand, not only the students, but the lawyers also. Since we will be running short of time, though Thirukram has joined with the more we have done in a lot of sessions, I'll straight away ask Dr. A. Vijay Lakshmi to make us understand the concept of pain, how it has evolved, and what are the facets of that. And thank you, ma'am, for accepting our invite, for sharing your knowledge. Thank you. Thank you, sir. Thank you so much. Again, it's a great pleasure in joining with Beyond Law, along with our own favorite, Adilakshmi Ma'am. And this platform is also one of the most interesting and very close to my heart platform, because so that I can connect with people through this platform. And I want to thank, sir, for giving me this opportunity again for meeting you all through this online platform. So as said by sir, so let us get into this session today, what we are going to discuss today is about concept of bail under CRPC. So what are all the basic foundations and what are all the basic things you have to understand about bail, and not only bail, and the prospectus relating to cancellation of bail, bail bond, surities and everything. So with this, let me share my PPT. So will you permit so that I can share my PPT, sir? Yes ma'am, we are longer. So this concept, what we're going to discuss about is only about the bail concept under CRPC alone. But comparatively during the session, I will compare the bail prospect concepts about some other special laws also, when it comes to the procedure aspect. So other than that, it is purely, and it is 100% is going to be with respect to CRPC alone. And that has been allowed, just check it out. Yes, sir. So whether my slide is visible to everyone? It is good, it's very good. Okay, okay, thank you. So as per CRPC, the bail procedure comes from section 436 to 440, and each and every section of under this chapter is a law. It's not simply a provision, it's a law from section 436 to 440 of CRPC. We're going to speak about what is bail, what are the different codes where they are empowered to grant bail, what are all the conditions that the courts may impose while granting bail, what are all the criteria the courts may take into consideration while granting bail, and what are all the grounds for cancellation of bail. So these things comes within this 436 to 440. So what are the basic concepts behind this bail is that our golden principle of presumption of innocent. So when we are presuming every person as innocent, until unless the case has been proved beyond all reasonable doubt, and due to that long-fending investigation process, a person should not, that is a suspected should not languish in prison. And the denial of bail is also to some aspect, it is violative of article 21, personal liberty because unless the case has been proved and the person considered to be an innocent. So bail would be somewhat satisfying the principle of presumption of innocence, which has been granted under article 21 of the constitution. And the denial of bail, the grounds for denial of bail, or the grounds which has been submitted from the state or to the prosecution side is that when bail is granted, there is a possibility of tampering of evidence, there is a possibility of abuse of bail condition, and there is a possibility of person move on to some other place and jumped out of bail. So that is what it has to be handled very carefully by granting or dying bail. And as far as bail is concerned, there was no any unique or standardized definition given by the CRPC. It's only an understanding, it's only the interpretation or the understanding of legal fraternity that bail is a release of a person with some condition. But when it goes to the law lexicon to search about the definition for bail, it says that it is the security for appearance, the person who has to be released during the pendency of the trial. So bail is a temporary release during the course of this or till the completion of trial with some imposition of securities or conditions or somewhat. So with this, what all the thing comes under section 436 to 440 is 430 speaks about bail procedures for bailable evidence. And 437 speaks about bail for non-bailable cases and bail which cannot be or which shall not be directly approached to the high court or as well as the principal session school. And 439 speaks about discretionary powers of high court and the court of session with respect to bail. So this is the thing comes within that. So here it says that bail should cover, bail should not always be granted with or without securities, but it should be come with bail bond. So if you could see whatever the bail release, whatever the bail ordered by the court, it may be from the magistrate court or to the supreme court or high court, they will come with the one thing, bail bond is a mandatory, but surety depending upon the facts and circumstances, gravity and the intensity of the crime, surety may or may not impose. And depending upon the demanding of surety also. So the quality, the quantum of imposing or directing the person going to be released on bail also depends upon the facts and circumstances of the case. You could see that it starts from surety worth 10,000, 25,000, 1 lakh. In some cases it may up to several lakhs also. So if it is a case relating to impersonation or cheating or criminal breach of trust, if the amount or if the quantity or the value of the property involved in the particular case, if it exceeds more than that, then the equivalent amount should be submitted as surety. And as because the discharge of surety will not be a ground for extinguished a bail order. So comparatively, there is no time limit for bail order. So when you have the anticipatory bail, there is a time limit for executing the bail order. But in case of bail, general bail, there is no time limit for bail order. And more particularly, there is no concept of resjudicator in bail. Suppose if you have the first bail application has been dismissed and in the second bail application is going to be filed, the court shall not dismiss a bail on the same ground that it has been already considered. But what they will ask is that, what is the new or what is the change in circumstance? In the first bail application, the investigation may not be completed. In the second bail application, the investigation may be completed. So the first bail application, some report has may not be arrived. In the second bail application, it may it might have been arrived. So resjudicator concept shall not be applicable to bail applications. And there is no limitation of submission of bail. So you can file any number of bail even after the dismissal of the bail application. But the only thing is that we shall not come with the same point which has been considered in the earlier bail. So we have to give what is the change in circumstance compared to the first and the second bail. So then bail mandatory. According to CRPC, under what circumstances bail is mandatory. So not all the time. So the first part we discuss about bailable and non-bailable efforts. Again, there is no definition for the term either bailable or non-bailable, cognisable or non-cognisable efforts. If you check it out, it state that the first schedule of Annexure 1 will be cancelled. Ma'am, you are not changing the slides. So I'm changing the slides. No, it's just the first one only. I'm sorry. Okay. Just then I will stop this sharing and I'll come again. Is it just changing now? No, it's not even coming forward. It's just showing what type of slides you've created. I think you will have to reshare it. Coming here. Is it just changing now? Yes ma'am. Now just try that. Okay, okay. So right now your slide showing is bail under section 436 to 440. Ah, yes. So this one. Is it the conditions of bail? It shows the SC held at the bail cover. Yes, yes, yes, exactly. So then bail is mandatory. So when we discuss about this, the definition or the concept of bailable efforts or not bailable efforts, cognizable efforts or non-cognizable efforts, there is no definition, but it speaks about the annexure and the schedule. So in the schedule you could see at the end of the CRPC, there is a tablet column which has been annexed. In the tablet column it comes with the provision, definition, punishment. The next column is bailable or non-bailable, cognizable, non-cognizable, then tribal by whom. So the offenses which are false under the category of bailable shall be considered as bailable. The offenses which are being shown as non-bailable that shall be considered as non-bailable. But if you come to the special act, then they will give the answer in the offenses itself. Or in the chapter offenses and penalty, the last provision they will state that all the offenses under this act are bailable, sorry, non-bailable or cognizable. So whether it is concordable or non-cognizable, mentioned in that, for example, in NDPS cases it says all are non-bailable and cognizable. For customs act it says some cases are bailable, some cases are non-bailable. They'll give the provisions. But under CRPC the annexure or the schedule is a rescue for us, is a guide for us to decide whether the particular case is bailable or non-bailable. So under the category or under the caption of bailable offenses. So those are all coming under the caption of bail is mandatory. So bailable offenses falls under this bail is mandatory which the provision says procedure says under section 436 of CRPC. So what is this, again the definition between bailable and non-bailable. So it doesn't mean that for non-bailable offense there is no bail at all. And for bailable even the Supreme Court has to or should grant a bail, no that is not the thing. So bailable and non-bailable speaks about the power of releasing a person on bail. If it is an mandatory bail comes under the bailable offenses section 436 gives power to the IO or the police itself to release a person on bail. So it's like a concurrent power of section 436. If any of the accused wants to surrender himself before the police station if the offense falls under the bailable category. He can surrender himself before the police station where the FIR is pending. And by submitting his own bail bond with or without surety the police or the IO is empowered to release the person on bail. In case if I'm apprehending arrest my client is apprehending arrest in the hands of police. Even if he surrendered himself before the police station for bailable offense. Then the person can file an application before the court that is before the magistrate court seeking bail. So this 436 gives you the concurrent power to either approach the police station or the court for seeking bail. So if it is before the police station it gives the police officer in charge of the police station nothing but either the sub inspector of police or the inspector of police to release him on bail. And depending upon that again if the FIR consists more than three charges more than two charges. And if all the charges are bailable category then only section 436 will apply. Out of these three charges if any one charge falls within the non-bailable category police officer shall not release the person on bail. Though one charge is a bailable charge. So then if any condition what are the conditions that can be imposed by the police? So it says that either he may come to the police for signing every day or giving the surety or bail bond is mandatory. It may be by the police or by the court the bail bond is mandatory surety it depends. And the condition is that they should not tamper they should not go and cause any disturbance to the witnesses or evidence. They should not go out of the scene of crime or jurisdiction of the police station. If any default if the condition that has been imposed by the police if it has been default if it has been not properly compiled with the person who has been released on bail then next bail shall not be granted by the police. The person has to approach the court only. So the first bail if it is a bailable offense then the police is empowered to release the bail and impose the condition. And if the condition has not been followed the bail may be cancelled and the second bail application has to be filed only before the court. And bail bond is be there and the surety amount or the bond amount should not go beyond the capacity of the person to submit himself for the bail bond. And surety is in the description of the police either with or without surety. And I will inability to seek bail with the surety within a week could be a ground for presumed that he is indigent. So which means where the person is not in a position to prepare or to arrange any surety or any person or any valuable worthable surety for his condition. So the surety may not be coupled to be given. So section 440 and subsection one and two which empowered the court to release the person even without bail bond. So bail bond is mandatory in all cases but there are some aspect, some circumstances where the court is empowered to release the person even without bail bond also. So the second mandatory bail section is section 167 subclass 2. So this is not comes within the bail chapter. This is in the investigation chapter from section 154 to section 176. Under this section 167 is also a concept which speaks about bail. This is called as a mandatory bail. So section I think 53 and 54 speaks about if a person is arrested he should be produced before the nearest magistrate without delaying and the person should be produced before the magistrate within 24 hours. So under section 167 it says then investigation not completed within 24 hours. So the CRPC gives power to the investigating officer and the police to detain the arrested person in his custody for 24 hours only. If the 24 hours is going to lapse it is his obligation and it is the procedure the person should be produced before the nearest magistrate. So when such a person has been produced before the nearest magistrate here you could see that it says about nearest magistrate not the jurisdictional magistrate as because the person may be arrested in somewhere else from the place of occurrence. So even though the exclusion of time is there for calculating this 24 hours to avoid this delay the code has enumerated has mentioned that before the nearest magistrate. So if the nearest magistrate though he is the jurist whether he's not a jurisdictional person he's not competent person to try the case but 167 gives power to the nearest magistrate or the jurisdictional magistrate to receive the person. So when subsection one says that if the investigation not completed within 24 hours the person should be produced before the nearest magistrate. Subsection two speaks about if such person be produced before the nearest magistrate what is his duty? So subsection one says that if a person produced before him he has to ascertain three mandatory aspect while passing the first custody report custody order or what we are commonly and colloquially stating regarding this remand order. In the first remand order the magistrate who is going to pass the judicial custody order has to ascertain three thing. One is whether the grounds of arrest has been informed whether right to bail has been informed whether right to a legal aid has been informed. By ascertaining this the magistrate has to sorry send the person to judicial custody for 15 days. So the computation of 15 days starts from the date and time of arrest not from the date of occurrence not from the date where he produced before the magistrate. So the 24 hours starts from date of the arrest and 15 days starts from date of the arrest. So and the 15 days starts from date of the production. So for example a person was arrested on 28th and the person was produced before the magistrate on 1st of August. So the 15 days commences from 1st of August. 28th day which means the date of arrest shall be computed for the second class that means one second subclass two. So the magistrate has to send the person for 15 days. If you verify 167 subclass five it speaks about the power of the executive magistrate. So this 167 subclass one speaks about the judicial or metropolitan magistrate. Subsection five speaks about the executive magistrate. Executive magistrate is not empowered to send any person to judicial custody for 15 days. He is empowered to send to judicial custody for seven days only if it is for the purpose of executive magistrate. Now let us come to the subsection one. So 15 days a person can be sent for judicial custody or remand. So the 15th day is going to be elapsed. No charge sheet file which means investigation is still going on. No bail granted by the either session score or by the high court. The person is still in prison.  So what the magistrate has to do on the production of this 15th day is up section two. So the magistrate can further extend the remand. So it is not an automatic provision where the magistrate will on his own will extend the remand for further 15 days. The IO has to submit a petition for extension of remand by mentioning the reason. Maybe the autopsy report is pending. Maybe the forensic report is pending. Maybe the, still the investigation is pending or the 161 is pending. So he has to mention about the reason and he wants the person to be in the custody. So the magistrate has to extend the remand for further 15 days. So how long this 15 days can be extended? How many slots this 15 days can be extended? Extended is answered in section 167 subclass two. If it is a case which is punishable up to 10 years the magistrate is empowered to extend the remand for how many days. And if the offense is punishable more than 10 years which means like death or imprisonment for life or imprisonment more than 10 years. If those offense, if these kinds of offenses there how long the magistrate is empowered to extend the remand. So if there must not be any final report submitted and the bail has not been granted by any other court then the mandatory bail will come to this. So the granting of bail is as section 167 subclass two but imposing surety or condition shall be the same what the bail chapter says. So if it is an offense which is punishable up to 10 years and if the investigation still continuing and if it is a 60th day it is the limitation time. So on completion of 60th day. So 60th day calculation starts from the data for us. From the data for us the 60th day has to be calculated. Within the 60th day, 60 days a person may not be released on bail. Still the investigation is continuing. Then the magistrate is empowered to release the person on bail provided bail application shall be submitted. The magistrate shall not automatically release the person. So it is a rise and that rise should be comes from the arrested person. So the person has to furnish a bail under section 167 subclass two for release. So under section 161 subclass two there is no restriction or there is no any limitation though the magistrate is not empowered to try the case. Even for a murder case if section 167 subclass two a magistrate can release a person on bail. Again I'm insisting provided star sheet not submitted and no bail grant has been granted. So under these if by ascertaining these two and without giving any notice period to the public prosecutor by ascertaining non submission of a final report and not released by any other court then the magistrate will release a person on bail. And for the offenses punishable more than 10 years the period of limitation for investigation is 90 days. From the data for us within 90 days investigation has to be completed. If still if it is being continuing then the magistrate is empowered to release the person on bail. So under for this under section 167 subclass two the conditions again whatever the condition the magistrate deemed fit for the particular case it can be granted. So for example the person arrested person without knowing that or he was not aware that investigation has been completed or any final report has been submitted. If he files any bail application before the high court if it is a case of murder. So under section 439 and it is the 92nd day or 9050 day or more than 100 days. Still investigation continuing no bail granted. So under his presumption he filed a bail application before the high court. If the court then the court will ask the public prosecutor what is the stage of investigation. If the people says that still investigation going on not had completed and if the person is in prison for more than 90 days it is a description of the court high court either to grant bail under section 439 or direct the petitioner to approach the appropriate forum by filing this bail application which means nothing but section 167 subclass two. Under 167 subclass two he can approach the concerned jurisdiction magistrate court where the FIR has been submitted. And additionally the court may give direction to the magistrate court to consider the bail on the same day. But the release on section 167 subclass two will come very rarely because what the IOs will do means either before the 60th day or 90th day they will submit the final report. But under section 173 subsection 518 they will come with another request for extension of investigation. So just to close the doors of 161 subclass two they will submit the final report and subsec under section 173 under section 173, 3 and 5 they'll come with another request now they got new information there is a new development they want to investigate further they want extension of investigation. So 161 subclass two never bother about whether it is a preliminary investigation report or the initial final report for 161 subclass two there shall not be any report filed under section 173 submission of this final report or Chalan or the Chashi. So this is mandatory bail under section 167 subclass two and 437 this is the bail application filed before other than judicial magistrate court it may be before the CJM or CMM. So here the offenses with the dead sentence or imprisonment for life or offenses more than seven years. And for this they have to follow the procedure for giving notice to the public prosecutor and the public prosecutor has to submit the remarks which has been received from the investigating agency and depends upon the instruction and depends upon the submission of the public prosecutor bail may be granted. And here it is not a mandatory bail 437 is not a mandatory bail. So it is an usual bail application where you have to follow the procedures where you have to file a bail application copy should be given to the public prosecutor two days or three days time shall be given to the public prosecutor to give the information then based on the merit the bail may be granted. And here the person who by granting bail under section 437 the offenses shall not be punishable with the death or imprisonment for life. So which means from three years to seven years. So the jurisdiction of section 437 comes within it may start from a JM court itself JM CJM or MM or CMM. Sometimes it may leads to additional court also. So here the only limitation and only provision which restrict the powers of granting bail is that no bail under section 437 if the bail application consists of an application for an offense punishable with the death sentence or imprisonment for life. And bail to co-accused shall not be a ground for bail. So most of the time our advocates will argue before the court that co-accused has been granted at bail. The quantum is there. The hierarchy is there. A182, A3 and A4. A1 shall not go and state that co-accused of A5 granted bail. But A5 may state that A1 granted bail because the status and the rank depends upon the overt act or the involvement of the accused person in the state defense. So if the primary accused has been granted bail then A3, A4, A5 can quote that or state that but granting bail of A5 shall not be a ground for granting bail for A1. And when it comes to section 439 it speaks about the bail or discretionary powers of a session court or the high court with matters relating to bail. So as per the hierarchical position from 436 and 437 we can as a time offenses punishable more than 10 years and up to that sentence, bail application shall be submitted only before either the session's court or the high court. So here if you could look into the provision of section 439 so it doesn't say is that session's court or high court. It says session's court and high court or high court under court of session. So it's the liberty of the person to file a bail application before the high court directly but practically what we will suggest is that let us exhaust the remedy one by one. If any bail application dismissed by the court of session then we can move to the high court may on the same grounds but without approaching the session's court directly approaching the high court if the bail application is dismissed then we have to wait for the second bail application for change in circumstance and you cannot come back to session's court for filing the bail application. So exhausting the remedy in the lawyer forum then approaching the higher forum is advisable with respect to this 439. And there are some which is these provisional these procedure has not been mentioned in the provision in section 439 but some practical procedures are there. So second bail application has to be filed before the same judge who dismissed the first bail application and bail applications for offenses under prohibition act. Though it is a concurrent possibly you have to approach the session's court. And the third one though there is no time gap or there is no limitation of time for going for the second bail application you shall not submit the bail application immediately the second day the next day of the dismissal of the first bail application. So the second bail application should be granted before the same judge who dismissed the bail application has been enshrined in this particular case law. So why in the sense the judge or the presiding officer who dismissed the earlier bail application has akin to the facts and circumstances. And the second bail application should come along with the first bail application. If it is being suppressed if the second bail application suppressing the fact about the filing of filed the first bail application and its dismissal is the ground for dismissal of the second bail application. So simply for the convenience of filing the bail application before the portfolio judge who is sitting now will put to a trouble. So we should not suppress the fact about the earlier bail application. But any bail application dismissed by the lower court shall not be a grounds to be mentioned here. But any bail application filed as a dismissed by the high court has to be mentioned. And what are all the conditions that may be imposed by the court for granting bail while granting bail to any person? So the person shall attend the condition of bail bond. He has to submit a bail bond. So bail bond is nothing but an undertaking or an assurance given by the person going to be released about his good behavior during the release of bail. So I shall not indulge in any activity or the same activity. I will not go and tamper the evidence. I will not go and cause any disturbance to any evidence. And I will not flee away from the country. So sometimes you could see that the court will impose condition to surrender the passport. Sometimes the court will impose condition to submit the property document if it is an misappropriation or forgery or cheating. Sometimes the court may impose condition to stay away from the place of occurrence to avoid the person to tamper evidence. Sometimes the court may impose condition some other jurisdictional police station within the same place. So usually generally the condition may be submitting the bond and he should not commit any offense. He should cooperate the investigation properly. He should not directly or indirectly go and make any threat or cohesion or any misrepresentation or false promise with any of the evidences. And the nature of the gravity in some offenses, they may ask to stay if the offense has been committed in one place, in place A. The court may ask the person to stay in place B. And from there he has to appear before the jurisdiction sometimes he may give the jurisdiction police station and there he has to comply the condition. So depending upon the fact of the gravity of the case the court may impose the condition. And while granting bail under section 439 the offenses shall be punishable with a dead sentence or imprisonment for life. So whatever I told you that it has to be first approach the session's court and then comes to the high court. And no entry bail should be granted. Sometimes the court may, the parties or the advocates may request the court for no arrest till date. No arrest, so till this particular thing. So this is interim bail. So interim bail is not a matter of right or interim bail shall not be granted. So it has been given in this state of UP versus at the government. But depends upon the case. Sometimes if it is possible to argue in the court the bail hearing itself that it is a false or false case or it is a very any other emergency that has to be conducted by the accused. So he presents his mandatory or he has been implicated with an ulterior motive if it has been justified. And if the council convince the court with a discretion some courts are granting the interim bail. But other than that no interim bail shall be granted. And section 438 speaks about the anticipatory bail. But the provision doesn't speak as an anticipatory bail. The name of the section is not anticipatory bail. The name of the section is again, power of the high court and court of sessions in granting bail. So anticipatory bail means seeking bail before committing an offense. It is not such a thing. Or it is not an advanced bail for granting sorry for collecting some offense. So for anticipatory bail the major, the primary thing is that you have to justify or satisfy the court that the party or the petitioner is apprehending arrest from the hands of the police. That is the first thing. Sometime you may not aware about the police station. You may not aware about the crime number. According to your presumption and assumption you may give the respondents detail. But the PP will come up with an instruction no complaint pending or filed against the petitioner in so-and-so police station. No complaint has been filed. But still you are apprehending arrest. The police station may ask you to come for any inquiry or the police officer is asking to come for an investigation. But without any complaint submitted by the any complainant. So if you inform the court that no your lordship, I'm being called by the police for an interrogation. My client has been called for the investigation. The petitioner here in hand has been called for the police for any inquiry. So if you are giving satisfaction sometimes even without crime number or information about the police station and depending upon your assumption AB may be granted. But the mandatory thing while filing anticipatory bail is that you have to give the correct police station and the crime number. Crime number may or may not know. But police station must be there. And you have to give what are all the possible offense that has been filed against you by the de facto complainant. And this anticipatory bail is a bail to be granted or to be executed at the time of release. You could see the prayer. The prayer in the bail is that in the above circumstances spread before this honorable court to enlarge the petitioner on bail in crime number. So also pending before the respondent police and pass such other orders and the surrender justice. So this may be the prayer for the bail application. But for the anticipatory bail application the prayer may be in the above circumstances it is spread before this honorable court to release a person on bail on the event of his arrest. So this anticipatory bail is that if any arrest is there if you show the anticipatory bail if you executed the anticipatory bail arrest shall not be made. And this provision is a protection for any false complaint or any malicious prosecution or any false case arrest or false arrest or false case. So it is at the event of arrest. And there is a time limit for executing the anticipatory bail. So usually from the date of order within 15 days the anticipatory bail should be executed. So which means you have to submit appropriate surety before the court and it has to be executed. If the time is lost again you have to come for extension of time for executing the anticipatory bail. And in order to file the another bail application you can come with an application for extension of time for execution of anticipatory bail. And sometimes they will seek modification in the surety also. The surety is too high for that case. You can ask for the modification of surety also. So what are all the things that can be considered while granting anticipatory bail is that nature and gravity of offense. For very rarely you can get anticipatory bail in murder case or the case punishable with a life imprisonment or that sentence. So then antecedents, what are the previous history? What are the previous conduct of this person standing before him and asking seeking anticipatory bail? And what about his influential perspective? Whether he is a person who easily go and tamper the evidence or who easily go and cause any injustice or he may move out of the place of occurrence or country then anticipatory bail may not be granted. So whether the accusation here regarding this anticipatory bail made with the view to injuring or humiliating the applicant. So if any complaint made against the petitioner who made this anticipatory bail, the complaint should not consist anything against the humiliating factor. There are some special laws. Though it is like an open box category that for any offense anticipatory bail may be grant, may be seek. There are some provisions. There are some special acts are there. There they says that anticipatory bail is not permissible, shall not be released on anticipatory bail. And the condition as usual, he should be follow the condition imposed by the court and the police should not go and tamper the evidence will support or to cooperate the investigation and to furnish bail bond and surety. And should be entertained rather of an unusual and interested only for the higher judicial because this anticipatory bail provision is available only to the sessions court and to the high court not to the JM court or any other court. So it is being given to the apex body of the state for granting this anticipatory bail. And place of residence or the occurrence may not fix as a jurisdiction. But here the anticipatory bail is big place where the police station jurisdiction comes is the jurisdiction for filing the anticipatory bail. So again, it is a concurrent jurisdiction. It is always advisable to approach the sessions court then come to the high court. It is not, there is no any standard or there's no any hard and fast rule in submitting or in making grounds for submitting this anticipatory bail. And if any anticipatory bail has been dismissed by the court of sessions, the bail application for anticipatory bail can be made before the high court immediately on the same grounds. As because it is not the court where dismissed and you design a second bail application before the sessions court. According to the high court, it is a fresh anticipatory bail application. So you can come up with the same grounds which has been dismissed by the sessions court before the high court also. And within 15 days it has to be executed. And even with the, as I told you without the crime number also for, without crime number also you can submit the bail application. But it is not an, it's not just like a guarantee to go and commit some offence. By getting anticipatory bail I can go and commit an offence. That is not anticipatory bail. There must be possibly some complaint may or complaint has been preferred against the applicant for seeking this anticipatory bail. And there are some limitations where anticipatory bail shall not be granted. So far as I told you death sentence and imprisonment for life very rarely anticipatory bail may be granted. So they shall not be granted immediately. So and the offenses which involve the offenses which has been given by the petition and his petition shall not be the offense which directly impacted the socioeconomic condition and the integrity or interest of the society. So if those offenses has been involved anticipatory bail shall not be granted. And anticipatory bail though it is for a simple offense APP or sorry, PP should be given instruction for getting the information from the investigating agency. And anticipatory bail is another version. Not all the time anticipatory bail can be asked for, seek for the offenses committed or any complaint has been preferred. Anticipatory bail is also a platform to withdraw or to cancel the non-ailable warrant issued by the magistrate court. So if any NBW issued by any magistrate court under section 70 of CRPC, the warrant can be recalled by two aspects. One is surrendered before the court where the NBW has been issued and to recall. And the second one is filing an anticipatory bail. So by filing an anticipatory bail and getting a bail it has to be surrendered before the magistrate court and to recall. So recalling of NBW can be done through anticipatory bail also. And any summons has been issued by any court or any notice issued by any court during the course of trial maybe due to 311 procedure or 91 CRPC procedure. If any notice has been issued that can also be a ground for anticipatory bail. If there is any change in a modification in the charge that can be also a ground for anticipatory bail. And in SCST prevention of atrocities act it is deliberately stated that no anticipatory bail. And this prevention of anticipatory bail for this SCST act it is not violative of article 2421 of the constitution has been interested in state of MP versus Ram Prishnabaldia's case. So in this case it has been challenged it is violative of article 4121. The court state that it is a case which is affecting the interests of society and the integrity. So the permission of no anticipatory bail for this SCST prevention of atrocities act is not a violative article 21 and article 14. And recently POXO cases also most of the court are taking very strong hold that no anticipatory bail for offenses under the POXO cases. And no anticipatory bail for this NDPS case and as well as the Prohibition Act. So Prohibition Act is that this illicit act, manufacture, process, transport, selling, possession. So for those act there is no anticipatory bail. And as well as the NDPS case also no anticipatory bail. And the next one is regarding cancellation. Under what circumstances the bail can be canceled? And who can ask for cancellation of bail? Cancellation of bail should be submitted by the investigating agency through the prosecutor. So the state only filed the petition for cancellation of bail. So what are all the grounds that can be taken into consideration while any cancellation of bail has been submitted? The first and foremost thing is that the person who has been released on bail committed the offense or committed the same offense either who is any trial is pending or any conviction has been passed. So second time he is convicted of offense which means he's consecutively committing the offense means no anticipatory bail shall be granted. And if he intentionally or with the intention to cause destruction towards the witnesses, if it is been proved no anticipatory bail will be granted. And if any threat or cohesion on his side no anticipatory bail will be granted. And if he moves out of the country if any for collectively we can take it in such a way that if any bail condition has been tampered with has not been followed then anticipatory bail shall not be granted. And if the, which means the AB will be canceled and while for going for the investigation or interrogation if he causes any disturbance to the police or if he obstruct the police power then AB shall be granted. And sometimes the de facto complainant with the leave of the court can file this cancellation of anticipatory bail. And here it is not a procedure that the presiding officer who granted the bail has to cancel the bail. So that is not the yardstick over here. It is only for the second bail application where the second judge the second bail application should be heard by the first judge who dismiss the bail application. But that is not the condition for cancellation. It can be done by any judge who is a portfolio judge of the court. It can be dismissed the bail application. And the next bail application which again not falls within the category of bail chatter is section 389 and section 390. So this is called as suspension of sentence. So it is not bail. So bail means before conviction it is bail. After conviction it is suspension of sentence. So the petitioner, here it is a petition for the candidate person. The candidate person requesting the court to suspend his sentence till the disposal of the appeal. So here two aspect read come. For example, today is the judgment day fixed by the presiding officer by the session score. Today they are going to pronounce the judgment or order. So I'm already come to the conclusion the case is going to end in conviction. So the council is ready with the suspension of sentence petition on the date of this passing judgment without filling the imprisonment, the sentence portion, the sentence. Once it is been pronounced either on the same day or the next day, he will file the suspension of sentence petition before the court where the sentence has been passed after paying any payment of fine has been imposed. So any fine is imposed, it has to be paid and the receipt has to be annexed and it has to be submitted before the council trial court itself. In such case the trial court may suspend the sentence till the appeal is filed. Because once appeal is filed this suspension will be lapsed. So the sentence will be suspended till the appeal is filed. So usually regarding this execution of sentence the sentence will start to run from the date of order itself. On the same day itself that's what on the date of order both the party should present before the court on the date of pronouncement of judgment. Sometimes the court may cancel the bail also as the person to come to the court. So in such circumstances, if the person if the accused is present if the case ended in conviction immediately the court will hand over the accused person to the IO and in turn IO will get the warrant from the court and he will produce the person before the consent present. To avoid this the suspension of sentence may be submitted before the same trial court. So the trial court is empowered to suspend the sentence till the time of appeal. While filing appeal petition you have to go along with the suspension of sentence petition also. Criminal appeal along with the criminal miscellaneous petition criminal MP. So first appeal has to be get numbered then only MP will come. So while submitting the appeal petition criminal MP in criminal appeal. So the prayer in this appeal the suspension of sentence petition in the apparent court is that suspending the sentence till the disposal of the appeal. If the appeal is disposed with reverse in judgment reverse the sentence passed by the trial court or any modification then automatically the suspension of sentence will lapse its value. If it is confirmed the execution of bail bond will be cancelled and he will be taken back again. So the suspension of sentence application if it has been filed before the high court the criteria is that at least one third of the sentence should have been punished by the appellate. If it is more than 10 years if it is less than 10 years the same data filing application by getting the instruction from the primary prosecutor the sentence may be suspended. But if it is more than 10 years the criteria is that he should have been one third of sentence sold by the appellate in the prison. Then only the application will be considered. So the factors that has been considered by the appellate judge or the appellate court while granting the suspension of sentence is that whether the grounds of appeal involves question of law on the prime of AC of the charges. Because that is our grounds of appeal. There was an error in consideration there was a non-concentration of a point not properly appreciated by the court. So when that there is a prime of AC regarding the charge while granting while sanctioning the conviction whether there is a likelihood of unreasonable delay in disposal of appeal. So after two years of serving sentence after three years of serving sentence if it comes for that and if there is a possibility of the appeal made coming come for final hearing after a long time then the suspension sentence may be considered. So the suspension of sentence should be done only when appeal is filed. It shall not come as an individual petition. It has to come with the criminal appeal petition. So criminal MP in criminal appeal then only it cannot file as a MP directly before the high court or before the sessions court. So any appeal for acutal under section 378 of the CRPC has been filed. Then it should be come with the leave, special leave warrant against the arisen person, acutate. So for example, the trial court acuted the person the accused in that particular case. And against the acutal the state has been for appeal against acutal. And if the appeal has been taken into notice it has been admitted means then the appellate court will cancel the bail bond submitted by the accused in the trial court and he was arrested again then he has to submit the suspension of sentence petition or then he has to submit the bail application under section 390 of the CRPC. So 389 is based on the appeal against conviction and 390 is based on the appeal against acutal. And as for section 389 and 390 it is the power of the either sessions court or the high court that where not other court is empowered to suspend the sentence under section 381 and 390. So Supreme Court is not a court of appeal. So section 389 and 390 shall not lie before the Supreme Court. So you cannot ask for suspension of sentence before the Supreme Court as because it is not a court of appeal. So suspension of sentence happened only before the court of session and as well as the high court and it has to come along with the appeal petition. And if any fine has been imposed that should have been paid by the trial court before the trial court itself. And if it is more than 10 years of imprisonment minimum one court of sentence should have been served by the person who has filed this application. And cancellation of bail these are again for this suspension sentence on overall for not properly following the condition imposed while granting bail. And 229 year of IPC speaks about offenses which are being tampering this evidence again committing the same offense coming under the offense punishable under section 229 year of IPC and the section 439 which means bail granted by sessions court and high court. So they are the cancellation of bail should be submitted only before the high court or the court of session. And if any bail has been canceled he'll be arrested again. He'll be sent back to the prison. He has to serve the he may be an adult person or he may be the remand person. So Supreme Court also canceled bail provided if the bail is granted by the high court. So bail granted by the sessions court cannot be canceled by the Supreme Court. It is only done by the high court. So any bail granted by the high court can be canceled by the Supreme Court. So these are the provisions coming under this cancellation of bail. So these are all the aspects. Yes, I will share this PPD with sir. Sir will share with everyone. So these are all the applications or these are all the provisions or procedures where when you are going through this bail it may be bail or anticipated bail or it may be the suspension of sentence or it may be the mandatory bail comes under the CRPC. And there are other special laws are there. For example, journal justice act. There it speaks about the bail where bail can be granted by the special journal police unit itself. So there they are itself they can release a person on bail. So you need to approach the court for bail application. And for NDPS bail can be filed before the special court that is NDPS court only we can file the bail application. And for that another bail up for example, if it is a domestic violence act or a post or it may be any special act relating to women and children and children court or this Bahilla court would be the court where you can file the bail application. So some special laws will come with the provisions of bail procedure for bail then the special law should follow. Customs act that Customs act will have its own bail procedure where you have to file the bail applications. So CRPC is a general law where the any special law doesn't have any procedure for bail application that CRPC will come to your help. So with this from every day from day to day several jurisprudence are coming regarding to granting of bail or any cancellation of bail. So again, it depends upon the fact and circumstance of case you cannot apply the same judgment for another case unless the fact is something same or something different. So with this bail and the judgment should be taken into consideration. So now we can go for any question. Just checking it out. Yes, I will share the PPT, no issues. This is a bail petition can be filed right after the accused is arrested in a on bailable offense irrespective whether I think he's just highlighting. Yes, under what circumstances honorable judge magistrate refutes the bail application. So that's what I told you, right? While depending upon the information given with the public prosecutor if the investigation is still pending or the person is more influential or he is an hysterical already he has been involved in such a nature of crime or he is a person who can easily go and tamper the evidence and the polices find it difficult for conducting investigation and his involvement in the case overtaxed and the involvement in the case are to be taken into consideration while granting bail by or refusing bail by the person. When we file bail petition for a person who committed the offense of double murder. So there is no question of either single murder or double murder. So three or two, two count. So it may be one or two. It is only before either the sessions court or the high court where offense is punishable more than 10 years or imprisonment for life and for submitting bail application there is no limitation. Even you can file bail application immediately after the arrest but granting bail only depends upon the circumstance. So the law never says that for a murder murder offense you have to file the bail application after three months or six months or one year. Even immediately arrest you want the liberty to file the bail application. So that is not the thing where you can go for this double or triple. The bail petition can be filed right after the accused is arrested in an unavailable case irrespective of whether it is a single or double murder. Yes, that's what I'm telling you. So single or double or triple is about the question of investigation but being the petitioner you are having the right to move bail application. It is your right to move bail application. Then if you have gotten bail and the offense is compound double and I reach to a settlement with the complainant but the opposite lawyer says I have reached the bail by indulging the party. So you have to be careful whether if it is a compounding offense avoid moving bail, try section 320 of CRPC. If 320 of CRPC failed, then you can go for a bail because if 320 is applicable if you're coming for 320 negotiating settlement of case between yourself definitely there's a loss for the advocate. He's going to lose something he's not going to get the case. So in such a case, what I would say if there is a chance where there is a compound double offense now first try that scope try to compound your offense if it is compound but need not to go for bail itself you can very, very close the case and come out. If the compounding of offense is not to work out if the negotiation settlement is not to work out then settlement is not to work out then you come for the bail but compounding and going for negotiation the PP may says it is and you are going and tampering the evidence but you can show the authority to show the proof that it is only the 320 procedure, not about tampering of evidence. I'll just go one by one. In anticipatory bail sometimes the police is not interested in arresting you but I always apply for anticipatory bail the police is called and now he will be inclined to arrest how will you predict when I should apply for anticipatory bail and when I should not? There is no time for life of an anticipatory bail. There is a time for executing anticipatory bail. Once the anticipatory bail is granted it will travel till the arrest will be made. So it doesn't mean unless otherwise the police change the crime number. The police tries to arrest you for some other case but anticipatory bail what has been granted for your client for this particular crime number of a particular jurisdiction police station there is no limitation how long it will prevail. It will prevail till that's what the prayer says that at the event of arrest. It may happen anytime that time you can show the anticipatory bail. Then how many days we can get bail in ACST prevention of atrocities case. So in ACST prevention of atrocities case it depends upon again it's a description of the processions court and as well as the high court but here regarding the ACST prevention of atrocities act again it involves what was the offense committed under the act itself. Because under the act itself it gives the gravity. There is a hierarchical status of gravity of offense. Some it depends upon the court sometimes even one month they may grant this bail. Sometimes depending upon the stage of investigation the court may grant anticipatory bail. There are some cases even after one year the court may not grant anticipatory bail but in some cases within 10 days they may grant anticipatory bail. It depends upon the intensity of the case where you can go for this anticipatory bail. ACST. The questions which are in general I think we shouldn't take them. Yes, yes, yes I'll just move on. In a sense personal question as well as the why court is doing, why the court is not following. That cannot be answered myself because it is the presiding officer's now. And it is all case to case business. Yes, my court was some like on prevention of money laundering act, bail petition and AB before taking into it. Yes, this is something relating to that procedure bail and anticipatory bail regarding this prevention of money laundering act. You have the liberty because this involves the executive power, executive agency other than that law and order police it is an enforcement department. And depending upon the powers given to the enforcement department where and when I can go for bail once the arrest has been made according to the procedure any arrest information has been informed then you can go for this bail. Other than that you cannot seek that anticipatory bail unless otherwise you have to have this AB shall not just like that apply for this PMLA cases that is not possible in anticipatory bail because you have to very clear about the agency before where the opposition is because they will come that it is a confidential matter where ED may come, when or where ED may come. So that is not possible bail norms. Okay, 41A even after issuing 41A can we apply for this? That's all, that is the question of 41A. 41A gives power to the police where the offense is punishable with the seven years. And if any notice has been issued for you to come and appear before the police station if you appear before the police station then arrest shall not happen. If you are not obliged the petition you are a client haven't obliged the petition definitely you can go for either anticipatory bail or if anything has been arrested has been made you can go for bail. 41A is also a ground for anticipatory bail. That's why I told you any summons or notice issued by police that is a ground for anticipatory bail. But what they will do what the people will thought that instead of giving fees to a advocate let us go and surrender and we can avoid the arrest procedurally, technically speaking. And in most of the cases either the court refuses the bail or PPE is against for bail why is that happening because of year? No, not like that. Never, it's purely on merit. It depends upon the year, that is the thing. And bail procedure in the section 498 ACRPC whether the accused is arrested before applying for bail. With the accused arrested before applying for bail then bail only come. Anticipatory bail will be helpful to you to prevent the arrest. If the arrest has happened then you have to go for normal bail. And I'm not talking about this NIA sorry I'm not getting into this NIA. Thank you. Because the things that. And thank you so much. I will share the PPT with sir. You can share with your. We will share it on the website. Okay, sure. Thank you so much for your patience. The two on a Sunday everyone has been gathered and it gives me immense pleasure again to meeting you all in this platform. And thank you for all for your attention. Thank you so much for yourself for inviting me on Sunday. Thank you. And share something. Thank you sir. Thank you to Avila Chumayam who has helped us to connect.


Welcome to PDAC 2024, the happiest place on earth. Today, we're with Steven Braga from Romeo's Gold. Good to see you. You too. How's the show been for you? It's good. I think it's well attended. You know, I think there's a lot of people here that are, you know, the breakdown has been nice to see, a lot of retail, a lot of retail investors walking around and of course the who's who of the of the majors are here. So we're planning on having lots of good conversations. And they should be stopping by the Romeo's booth because you've had some really good news lately out of Nevada. That's right. We're really excited by our Nevada assets.  We have a massive property in Northwestern Ontario just north of the Musselwhite mine. And then of course, the newer asset is Kincaid in Nevada to marry up against the longer term asset we've had there called SCOSA, which is a former producing gold mine. Right. So that's an October 12, 2023 press release that kind of summarizes your Nevada situation. So you have scurns, possible porphyry, possible three porphyries. That's right. Three that we're going to be investigating this summer. And a line of mineralized boulders that are really interesting. You know, we're seeing some copper results up into the high teens now on surface material. So 13 to 16 percent, it's exciting. And you have a pretty good geologic team, don't you? Sure. We do. I think we've got the best, of course. John Bigsock, our VP of exploration. Well known for Musselwhite. That's right. And he's doing an exceptional job of continuing to move all three projects forward. Absolutely. Which is hard to do. It is. We're a small company with a very modest bank account and a modest market cap. And we're excited to be able to move these things forward and, you know, look at how we might be able to potentially find some partners to bring forward. So what's happening over the next three months, Stephen? Well, we're going to certainly, you know, when you look at the targets in the Golden Triangle, we have to wait for the snow to melt. So at this stage, we've got probably until June before we'll be active up in the Triangle. And then in the meantime, we'll definitely have a program down in Nevada at Kincaid. We've got some surface work we need to continue to do and, you know, building up a little bit. What's your drill? Will it be RC or diamond? It's going to be diamond all the way. But I don't want to get ahead of myself. This year, we're firmly focused on doing some soil sampling and just really getting a better understanding. You know, every time we step foot on the Kincaid property, we find new targets. It's an extraordinary area. You know, I think we're north of 25 targets now of former working minds, pits, add-its. And every single time we go to the property, again, we find a new something around a corner we haven't gone through yet. I have a solution for you. Stop going to the property. We'll stop finding new targets. Well, now we're really creating a bit of a hierarchy. And what did happen is we're starting to see a bit of a pattern. So John was really interested in some new target areas outside of the core Kincaid block. And then last year, we staked an addition to it. And again, more exciting results, some boulders that we identified in that press release that you mentioned, where we're looking at up to 13% copper in one of them and good gold credits. So there's lots of excitement going on. We'll check in with you in a few months. Appreciate it. Thanks so much, Pete. PDAC 2024 with Romeo's Gold.


This is a poem I wrote myself, and I do that in a local, this one is called The River. Truth I love as I sail, a curve, mass, and hole. No matter how fast the waves may roll, or how big the storm may be, I never give up. And when I die, my soul shall once more roam this beautiful and mysterious ocean.


The best kind of doors are the doors you have to explain. Welcome, welcome to Unhinged. Today, we do have a very special guest, Mr. John Pauley, ready for the next one?  And I thought self-tapping screws were bad enough. Oh, what in the world were they think? Like, okay, kudos. If you're gonna put it up with Velcro, at least you use the really good Velcro for the stronger stuff. But that's a 400 pound or 300, 400 pound mag lock. Like, you're gonna open that door and the mag lock is just gonna come with you. Like, you've made the- Well, don't worry. It doesn't look like there's a lot of extra wire. So it's not gonna go far. I'm six foot three. It doesn't have to come far before it gets, wow. Like, that's just scary. And I'm sure that I know why the new integrator is now involved, because the old integrator was told, please don't come back after it fell on the third or fourth person 10. I mean, the fact that they didn't know how to mount it, they got the mounting plate up. Like they screwed the mounting plate in. So that piece is up. So they ran out of screws. Like Phil's forgot to tell operations, hey, we got you the mag lock, but we didn't get you the screws to go with the mag lock. Not that that's ever happened or anything. Again, not everybody can put blind nuts in, but you got the hard part done already. Oh my gosh. I'm kind of without words, because that's- Another speechless John. Oh, wow. Which makes me wonder if they did that. Is it wired up to code with a request exit and a 30 second button? And isn't it breaking a leg of power locally? Or is it breaking a leg of power back at the panel? Or is it doing any of that? And if they put it up with Velcro, did they put the button up with like chewing gum? Or are we gonna see more of the duct tape? So- Or command strip or something. Yeah. What if we want to move this later? So I feel like the mentality behind it was, we're doing this because it's temporary, but yet we drilled a hole through the door frame to run the wire. So it's not really temporary. If you've got a hole already drilled in, go ahead and finish the job. Yeah. I don't have much to say about this. Like it's really hard to rate this because it's almost like, was this a joke? Like was someone trying to pull a prank on here? But no, it wasn't. Like this was how someone set up the install and Christopher here ran into it when he was sent out to, you know, make it right. So shout out to Christopher here for helping the end user here. But I mean, I don't see anything wrong with the Maglock. It just wasn't installed correctly. Like I don't want to give any fault to alarm controls. Like that's one of our companies, right? Like that's quality Maglock just installed correctly. Yeah. I don't see a fault with the Maglock and looking at the room behind it, it looks like it may even be a brand new install. Cause the floor looks clean. There's no crepes and scratch marks or any of that stuff. Like it looks like where they're at is probably a fairly new facility. But at the same point, it's like, why would we ever do this? Now I'm going to give a shout out to Sia and then some other folks, they have now created an alarm tech journeyman program, if you will, or a security technician program through department of labor. I was not involved with it. Just, I love the concept because we are lacking that in our industry. I know there's some other things that are being pushed in South Carolina. Where there's a group that's doing some things with the local community colleges to create certificate programs and things like that for security technicians to be able to not make mistakes like this. And so shout out to all the groups that are trying to better the industry and say, hey, let's not drop a maglock on John's head. Yeah, no, love Sia and what they're doing with that program there. Got to give them some love for that because the industry is obviously hurting for quality technicians. You touched on something, John. It does look like it could be new construction. This is probably just the low bid installer that got the job because he made the biggest mistake on his estimating. Like I don't understand the low bid concept in general. Like, yeah, you want the best price but that's usually the person that made the biggest mistake when pricing out the job. Like why would you want that company to be the one that is delivering you the end result? Low bid within reason, right? It's the low bid that I remember somebody told me that they took three bids and the first bid that came in if it was significantly different than everybody else's it immediately got dropped because they missed something, right?  I remember doing a job years ago that everything arrived for the job and I went to go put it in and my top contractors looked at me and said, hey, John, we have all these cameras. We don't have a single mount. We don't have any wire. Whoops. Wire and mounts were never included in the bid. You know, operations versus sales. And I poke a little bit of fun at that. But at the same point, we had to go buy some wire before we could even start the job. Yeah, that's no bueno. And I almost feel like that's what happened here was like, oh, the mounting screws were not in the cost, right? Like that's not what they're counting on it but the Velcro is good. We can throw in the Velcro. The Velcro's first. We got the heavy duty Velcro because the technician can pick that up at Lowes and on the P-Car. You know, I am actually happy to see if there's wires going to that lock versus it trying to be a wireless lock because that's no bueno either. A wireless mag lock. I mean, Bench, of all the stuff we've seen on here, would that be that out of question? No, I've seen no. It's there, technically it's mounted. Oh, I'm sorry, it doesn't work. I don't know why it doesn't work but it's ready to go. Will you please sign off on it and say that we installed our stuff? Place a service call if it doesn't work. Yeah, also when you're dealing with mag locks, that brings a whole another level of life safety codes involved as well. So, mag locks can be tricky. I know a lot of integrators love going to a mag locks because it's supposed to be a simple install, right? And it's less expensive the way to add access control but if you're not careful, you can get in really big trouble when you're installing mag locks. You can and just as a general, I try not to install mag locks with my stuff just because, again, it's got to have an automatic and a manual release. It's got to feel power locally at the door as well as at the panel. It's got to be tied into a firearm panel. All of these things add more complexities and then you've got to get a firearm vendor involved unless you are the firearm vendor in that process. And those code compliances immediately, now you've tied it to a firearm, so now you've got the fire marshal that has to be involved. And so a lot of companies don't want to have to take the risk or the potential risk of a mag lock and a code compliance with what they're doing. So I typically try to go away from mag locks if I can. Same thing with share locks. Now, sometimes, especially hercolite doors, things that are very unique doors, you can only do that. And the other thing is like this, not every technician knows how to do it and do it well. Not every technician knows how to cut in a strike and do that well either. So gauge the level of what your technicians can do. And that's not a slam on the technician. Get them training if they need training, but at the same point, if they don't know how to do it, don't ask the guy that's been in the company three days to go install a mag lock. He's probably going to do the best he could with the Velcro he had. With the Velcro he had. Exactly. Hey, I think it's hard to give this one a knocking score, but John, what do you think? Well, life safety-wise, I think you've got a little bit of a problem because just as soon as it energizes and hits an armature plate, it's going to pull the thing clear off. It's going to hit somebody in the head, not knowing the rest of the install. It makes me question the rest of the install. And so I would want a AHA or somebody to look at the rest of it and make sure all the other code compliance pieces are there from a technician level. Like, you know better than this. I don't know that I would go, a 10 is all that, but I see this falling and hitting somebody in the head and there's blood involved. So probably a seven or eight because somebody's going to get that knocked down whether it's a mag lock or not. I feel like if we had a little bit more information, we could easily give this a 10, but we don't have that information yet. And so from a liability standpoint, life safety, like, yeah, it's high. I would say eight. I don't know, guys. I'm like sort of close to a 10 because your building isn't secure, right? Unless they have another lock, which why would you have that? You have no building security and you've created a liability that is going to injure or already has injured somebody. Yeah, you pull hard enough on that door and those wires are just going to come undone. Like they're just going to rip out. Yeah, it's going to stick to the armature plate. That lock is coming off if you yank on that door hard enough. So the only thing you could think of is that they also were locking the key lock on the front doors, but still I can see where you're at Mia. You're not secured at all. It does appear like it's an exterior door. You can see a little bit of the weather stripping there and the light behind it. I didn't think about it from a security standpoint. This is really bad. Yeah, I got up on the life safety like it's going to fall on my head. That's the first thing I thought of is there's blood in my future. I was thinking someone's going to get sued, like. Yeah, now you guys are both taller than I am. So I probably wouldn't get hit in the head with this. So then if you, so, so Benji, if Mia asked you to go through the door first, she has prior knowledge that, you know, duck. Whatever, John, you know I'm stuck there holding the door open and checking out the hardware. So you're going with the 10, Mia? I feel like it deserves it since you can't secure your building. Yeah. It's just, it's minor thing of security. I mean, that's what we do, right? No big deal. It's like playtime on the playground. Okay, so I think we got eight, nine and 10. That's pretty bad knocking. Yeah. Okay, last but not least, John, you ready? If you want to be featured on a future episode of Unhinged or if you have a picture to submit, you can email me at Mia at doorhardburnards.com. Thanks for watching.


you know, we have to resist that and fight that and understand that it has to be better. Um, and those are things that that that get you beat. And so we have to um, you know, eliminate it, work to eliminate it, practice, you know, make sure that whether we're under center or we're in a shotgun or whatever the play may call for, uh, that we're able to execute and do our job. I mentioned the small victories and focusing on that with despite it's trouble, it struggles. What would you say are some of those victories and for you, you know, is that something that you guys are you're focusing on as well? Well, I mean, I think that that's, you know, that's basically, um, something that we believe in as far as developing players is, is you have to have small victories along the way.  Um, so that's that's that's a huge component for development of players, whether they're young players or veteran players. Um, you know, I'd say that there was some, you know, we ran the ball fairly well yesterday. I know we didn't do a great job there down in the red zone. Um, but the team periods, we started off. I think that was probably our best day running a football, um, with whoever we had in there and it didn't matter. And so I think that that started off and he had some nice blocks that thought his pad level was good. And then, you know, that carried over to some pass protection today. That that was positive. So, you know, again, that's that's something that's always critical is that they see improvement. They feel improvement and that there are some small victories along the way. Even your situation kicker, we think you'll be more inclined to opt for field goal attempts that you might not normally just so those guys get a chance to kick in games in the preseason. I think that we have to find opportunities and again, you know, where the extra point is, um, you know, those are just as important. I mean, that that's a that's a 42 yard kick. You know, and so making sure that, you know, not excuse me, that that's a 32 yard, 33 yard kick. And so, um, make making sure that that we are evaluating those guys in the game. The timing, the speed off the the edge that we're going to get in the preseason, the the the jumper, you know, technique that those guys are going to have to block as tight ends and wings. Because it's hard to practice that out here because that play guys are going on the ground and, getting a push to where we're getting some lift on making sure we get some some rise on the football that you're going to get in the game. So we're going to try to find as many opportunities for these guys to kick in the preseason as as we can. Are you seeing the rest of the wide receivers take advantage of the opportunities from guys like AJ? I think it shows up. Welcome back, Buck. No radio show today.  And I think that that's just a product of, you know, hopefully the competition that's there at some of those spots that are open.  And that was good to see. Must really get into a flow. And I think you saw start to build some confidence, you know, as that seven on seven period went along. Yeah, I mean, these guys have been going. And again, it's smart to to be able to manage these guys.   And you guys like Jeff and AJ, we just felt like they're gonna play a lot of football for us. And, you know, we'll give him a day off and and see if we can get a couple of days of rest and come back on Monday. We're gonna have the officials in on Monday and Monday and Tuesday. You know, we're going to be big days for us as we lead up here to Atlanta and trying to see, you know, where we are and what we're going to look like in that football game. Doing everything that we asked him to do, continue to come in and focus, meet and hopefully get ready and be great for the season. It comes to Farley and Rayton's, you know, basically neither of them played a game last year. I guess Rayton's got the one, but how much does that add to their challenge, the fact that they didn't play at all last year? The challenge they face now? I mean, I think it's a huge challenge coming from college to the National Football League. Anyways, whether you played, you know, 40 games in college or you played 15 or 16 or 20, I don't know. So that they're going to keep working and we'll see how they respond when we put them out there in the preseason or the regular season. Is there, I guess, any added rust that they need to work out early on? I mean, I think after six months or seven months, you know, I think that there's a rust level that occurs for everybody.  So, you know, I think that they get a lot of pretty good reps out here in a way that we try to practice. And, you know, I know it's always going to be faster in the games and in preseason and preseason to regular season. I get that. But, you know, hopefully we'll have them ready to go when we put them in there for the game. What have you thought of as Patrick so far? I mean, it's fast to be better. You know, I think that inconsistent, you know, like a lot of young players inconsistent.  You're ready to compete that when the ball's thrown your way that you make plays on it. And when we ask you to block, you go in there and block. And, you know, Dez has done it sometimes and sometimes he hasn't probably done it quite as well as, you know, he needs to. What have you seen from him and what are some of the things to stress with him? Whatever I just said about Dez, you could just put in Weaver. And I think that would pretty much take care of it and point techniques. I think again, you could just say whatever I just tower that inconsistency went. Probably be a pretty good quote to insert for him and any of the guys that are that are rookies for us. Talked about the need to get, you know, to have extra offensive linemen to get a guy's experience this quality a week or so into camp that sort of a benefit for you a bonus. I mean, whether they're experienced or inexperienced or just blocked their guy, it's even number go to the right when it's odd number go to the left and try to finish until they can learn the playbook. So it has been unique to have these guys for a 30 minute meeting or an hour meeting and and go out there and practice. So we've appreciated all those guys that come in there, whether it was Ross, you know, Kuala and and ruse today, you know, and that's this is kind of where we're at right now. And, you know, John and his staff have gotten guys in here and on short notice and allowed us to get some bodies to be able to try to practice up front. The importance of Monday and Tuesday practice as the message maybe change or intensify or Well, it's just, you know, I mean, the officials are here. The officials are here. There's going to be some, you know, some more call it, you know, periods where we're just trying to go out there and play and it'll be important for us to communicate with the officials in our meetings and not debate calls and mechanics that the officials make, but to understand, you know, what they're looking at and how we can and our players can understand, you know, what the officials are looking at, what they're looking at for holding at the point of contact, what they're looking at for for taunting and all these points of emphasis.  And what are they looking at for for defensive, pass interference or offensive pass interference on third and three.  So all those things that, you know, the officials come in for obviously there's on the field, but hopefully when they come into our meetings, they can have conversations of, you know, about the techniques and about what the officials mechanics are and what they're looking at on every play. I think that that's something that, you know, you could discuss with with weave when the opportunity presents itself. He has been, you know, he's been focused, he's improved, he has showed improvement. And as far as, you know, guys, you know, personal situations, I have conversations with a lot of our players and most of our players and trying to remain focused here and understand that that we all have a job to do. But somewhat and very empathetic of things that they have going on outside of here as it relates to personal situations or family, all those things that we've always discussed. So try to get them to focus on to the best of their ability, work in our football team while they're here and then try to help them and assist them in whatever way we can. Is there anything at stake with the Dylan Naquan competition at the end?  But I, you know, I figured that they gave it the college try. So we just went ahead and, you know, we'll give them the night off. But they tried, I just figured that the two guys could figure out a way to with four hands catch one one football. I mean, they ended up on the ground, they ripped the tape, you know, I taped their inside arms together.  I just was trying to get a laugh from the guys that worked. So and then Daquan dropped his on the zone. And and then Dylan dropped his, I tell you what, the closest one they came to catching was when their hands were, it hit off both of them at least twice. It hit a foot and it looked like Edelman's catching the Super Bowl, except for Ramsey, you know, couldn't catch it. He tried to come in, but it looked like that. It was up in the air for, I don't know, three or four seconds. Guys, I guess you're giving guys days off. But physically, you had a day on Thursday, you got a day tomorrow. Do you feel like guys are holding up pretty well for the first 10, 10 days of camp from a wear and tear standpoint? It could be better. It could be better.  And so we need everybody. We need everybody. This is a big couple of days for us, you know, to get guys back, whatever they're dealing with and understand that the only way that you improve is by being out there. And it's just that time of camp, you know, and so we're going to get ready next week and we'll see who's available and go down to Atlanta. Thanks guys. Have a great Saturday.


In 2012, for the first time, my team, led by Dan Girijan, was able to win a competition in medical diagnosis. The goal was to take human tissue, slices from a female breast, look at the images in the microscope, and discover the harmful cells which are in pre-cancer stage. So this was about cancer detection. Normally, you need a human doctor, a histologist, a trained histologist who looks at all these images and he says, that's a harmful cell, that's a dangerous one, that's a harmless one, harmless, harmless, bad, good, and so on. And he takes a long time to analyze these images. Now we can train our artificial neural networks to imitate the doctor. Today, lots of startups, but also huge companies such as IBM and Google, are focusing on that. Just improve medical imaging, radiology, cancer detection, plaque detection in arteries of heart scans, all kinds of applications like this. And this is going to transform all of healthcare, because very soon, in most domains, these artificial doctors are going to be superhuman. At some point, lawmakers will say, this has to be mandatory, and only under exceptional circumstances there will be humans allowed to do medical diagnosis like that. The market by itself is probably something around 1,000 billion euros or dollars per year. So that makes clear why there are so many startups and big companies moving into that field. Deep learning with deep neural networks that analyze images is transforming all of healthcare, and it makes me happy to realize that this research is making human lives healthier and longer. So how do we build a conscious little robot? Our robots have vision sensors and microphones, and they have pain sensors, and they have a recurrent neural network, which is taking in all this data coming from the sensors, and it's trying to translate that into actions that move the robot around, and it's trying to achieve goals. Now its main goal in life is to maximize the sum of all pleasure signals until the end of its lifetime, and to minimize the number of all pain signals until the end of its lifetime. So it's feeling pain, negative numbers are coming in whenever it's bumping against an obstacle. It's feeling negative numbers coming from the hunger sensors whenever the battery is low. It doesn't like that. So it's trying to come up with internal connections, which make it achieve goals such as whenever the hunger sensors get active, run to the charging station and reload the battery, but without bumping into obstacles on the way there. Now to achieve that, these little robots have a separate module on board, which is a prediction machine, a compression machine. This predictor just learns to look at all the data and learn to predict what's going to happen next if I do that and that. And so over time it learns to become a better prediction machine. The better you can predict, the better you can compress the data with fewer computational resources, you can encode the same data because whenever you can predict, for example, how apples are falling down when they fall from the tree, then you don't have to store extra these bits that you could predict well, which means you can greatly compress the sequence of observations. Now in the interest of data compression, our little prediction machine, our compression machine, our encode of the data is always trying to find patterns that it didn't know yet, where it still can learn a pattern, a better compressibility than before. So this means that all the time it is trying to invent internal symbols and internal sub-networks, which represent stuff that frequently occurs in the real world. For example, if there are lots of faces in the real world, then it's really efficient to set aside a few sub-networks in your artificial brain, which encode prototype faces. And then a new face comes along and all you have to encode are the deviations from the prototype. So everything that frequently occurs in the environment gets a little prototype sub-symbol basically and this is happening automatically, just as a side effect of compression. Now there is one thing that is always active when the agent is walking through the world and actively interacting with the world, which is the agent itself. And so just for data compression reasons, it's really efficient to create internally a little sub-network, a sub-network that represents the agent itself, a self-symbol which stands for the things that this agent can do and how it can interact with the world and so on. This allows it to greatly compress the data. It is motivated to create that self-symbol just because it's useful to better encode the data. So now you can argue that whenever during problem solving this self-symbol wakes up because maybe the control mechanism which is generating the actions and therefore shaping the data stream is trying to use the model to plan ahead and think about which action sequence might be more rewarding than other action sequences. Also this planning mechanism is waking up the self-symbol, you can say, this little agent is now thinking of itself. And to us all the issues connected to consciousness and self-symbols and so on, they aren't really issues.  We have built little artificial conscious systems like that for decades. They are just not yet as impressive as human conscious beings because they have brains that are much smaller than our brains. For example a large LSTM network of today as it is used by Google for translating languages has maybe on the order of one billion connections. Your cortex here has a hundred thousand billion connections, more than that. So we are still in terms of number of connections one hundred thousand times more impressive. However, every five years we are gaining a factor of ten. Every five years computing is getting ten times cheaper, which is a trend that has held at least since 1941 when Suze built the first program-controlled computer that really worked. And he could do maybe one operation per second while today we can do a million billion operations per second for the same price. And in 25 years we will be able to gain another factor of one hundred thousand. That means that we will have within 25 years for the first time an artificial LSTM network which contains as many connections as the human brain for the same price that our small networks cost today. So I think we can be really optimistic that within the next few years and decades we are going to see amazing feats in many ways superhuman feats of learning machines that not only slavishly do what humans told them to do but that learn by generating their own goals and their own experiments to figure out how the world works and what is their place in the world and how do they relate to the other objects in the world and how can they learn to use this model of the world to become more and more general problem solvers. This is something that I've been working on for many decades and it's very pleasing to see how this is now becoming reality. So how can we make sure that artificial intelligences are going to become valuable members of society? We have to educate them. Like we educate our kids. Whenever they do something wrong we are going to punish them. Whenever they are doing the right thing we are going to reward them. That's what we do with our kids. That's what we are going to do with our artificial intelligences and we are already doing that in, for example, my lab. They try to maximize rewards and try to minimize pain and that gives us a great handle on shaping their evolution. Of course it is true that in the long run you cannot predict what your kids are going to do and we also won't be able to predict exactly what our artificial creations are going to do because they are going to set their own goals using concepts such as our artificial curiosity that are necessary to make them intelligent because only if you give an intelligent being the freedom to set its own goals only then it will be able to learn how the world works and what you can do in it without slavishly obeying human commands. The only way of building a smart system is to give it some freedom to set its own goals. At some point when this is going to scale this will transcend humankind. This also seems obvious. We can shape the initial stages such that these artificial beings will be valuable members of our society but in the long run they will not be very human centric instead they will realize what we have realized a long time ago namely that most Arthur resources are not in our thin film of biosphere. No they are out there in space less than one billionth of the sunlight hits the earth and the rest is wasted at the moment. It's not going to stay like this. The AI civilization is going to expand to where the resources are and there will be trillions of self-replicating robot factories in the asteroid belt and the robots will shape their own destiny by setting themselves their own goals and of course they are going to expand in a way where humans cannot follow. Space is hostile to humans but it's really friendly to appropriately designed robots. What we are going to see we are going to see in the next few decades and centuries the beginnings of a huge new development where a new form of life is going to spread from the biosphere into space they are going to cover within a few hundred of thousands of years the entire galaxy by senders and receive us such that AIs can travel the way they are supposed to travel the way they are already traveling in my lab namely by radio with lightspeed from senders to receive us and they're going to use more and more of the energy of the stars and other sources of energy so the universe now wants to make a new step towards higher complexity and we humans we are important for that but we are not the final step we are helping the universe along to achieve this new level of complexity what is now happening is something that is comparable to what happened about 3.5 billion years ago when life was invented a new form of life is going to make the universe itself intelligent and it's a great privilege to live at a time when we can witness the beginnings of this incredible new step towards higher complexity in the next five to ten years we will see lots of benefits of artificial intelligence deep learning neural networks like the ones that we use to win cancer detection competitions already five years ago they are going to transform healthcare they will be superhuman in many many domains and humans are going to live longer and healthier through these better artificial doctors all the big companies are investing in AI only to sell products to customers so Google and other search engines and Apple and other cell phone makers they want to create little smart companions that understand what you're saying that always have the camera on such that they can perceive your environment and can help you in your daily life and can talk back to you and help you in all kinds of situations where you might need a little assistant so this whole goal of building smart assistance that is a very important one where the big companies hope they will be able to make lots of money people are going to be happier and live longer and healthier and they will be more addicted to their smartphones that's what we are going to see in the next ten years