Let's talk a little about how we came to know what we know today. Now, to begin the story of astronomy, we could easily take it as far back as the earliest cavemen who looked up to the sky and wondered what was up there. But for the sake of brevity, we're going to just limit our discussion for the time being to the ancient Greeks. Turns out that there's a lot of ideas that the ancient Greeks popularized that still hold to this day, and many, of course, that have been since discarded. We begin our story with Aristotle, who was a major proponent of the idea of the so-called geocentric universe. That is, the moon, Mercury, Sun, and all the planets all were revolving around the Earth, with the Earth at the center of the universe. This was a very easy idea to come to. After all, everything in the sky appears to be moving around us. It just seemed to make sense that so did the planets, and perhaps fixed upon the sky where the stars themselves. Now one thing that Aristotle, and indeed most of the ancient Greeks believed, was that the Earth was, in fact, round, and the reason why is because they observed lunar eclipses. If you notice the way the Earth's shadow passes along the face of the moon, you'll notice that the shadow is curved, and it turns out that the only object capable of casting a circular shadow is a spherical object. So for this reason, as well as some other lines of evidence, the Greeks well understood that the Earth was round. And today, thanks to the Internet, more people believe that the Earth is flat than at any time since the 1400s. Yay, progress. Anyway, it turns out, though, that the idea that the Earth was at the center of the universe wasn't 100% shared among all Greek thinkers. Aristarchus of Samos, for example, gave us the first known heliocentric model. In other words, he proposed that the Sun was at the center of the cosmos and everything revolved around the Sun. He published his ideas in something called On the Size and Distances, and he used lunar eclipses to work out the relative distances and sizes of the Earth, Sun, and Moon. He also proposed that the stars were distant suns and that the universe was vast. However, his idea that the Sun might be at the center of the universe was largely rejected. The reasoning went something like this. If the stars were at varying distances from the Sun, and if the Sun were at the center of, well, what we now know today to be our solar system, and Earth were to be traveling around in an orbit, from one location we should be able to look at a relatively nearby star and see its apparent image projected onto the background stars. That means that six months later, we should be able to make a similar observation and see that same star this time with its position shifted with respect to the background stars. This phenomena is the phenomena of parallax, and it's a phenomenon that you and I are familiar with all the time. We have two eyes and our brains work constantly to take the information from each eye and infer a distance to some object, and it's a useful thing for, well, not running into everything all the time. Well, what happened was that the Greeks decided to test this idea by enlisting their very best visually acute individuals. They even pulled soldiers from their ranks who specialized in scouting, and they looked at the brightest stars hoping to detect a parallax. Unfortunately, no parallax could be detected, and therefore, the Greeks largely just gave up on the idea of heliocentrism in favor of geocentrism. Another Greek thinker was Arisatsanes of Cyrene. He actually made the first calculation of the Earth's circumference, and his calculation went something like this. There was a column in the city of Alexandria in what is now modern-day Egypt. There was also a well at Cyene, and it turned out that the distance between the two was something about 5,000 stadia. Arisatanes learned that the incoming sunlight on the day of the summer solstice, the sun would be directly overhead Cyene, and that means that from the bottom of the well, the sun would be directly visible. At the same time, Arisatanes learned that there was a shadow being cast at the column of Alexandria. So, invoking a little bit of simple geometry, Arisatanes reasoned that, well, the shadow makes a seven-degree angle. That means the sunlight is seven degrees tilted from the vertical at Alexandria. And therefore, the opposite angle must also be seven degrees. So if we were to draw an imaginary line from both of these locations to the center of the earth, that means that the angle should be there seven degrees as well. Now, seven degrees is equal to about a 50th of a circle. And since the distance between the two, or 5,000 stadia, then 50 times 5,000 stadia gives you 250,000 stadia. Now, depending upon what the actual value of the stadia was relative to today's units, it turns out that Arisatanes may have come very close to measuring the actual circumference. At worst, within about 20%. But he may have done as well as 1%. So it's a remarkably accurate result using just some simple geometry and reasoning. This brings us to Hipparchus of Nicaea. His work involved making a detailed catalog of stars and also measuring the first brightness system. Something that we call the apparent magnitude. And it's a system that we still use today, albeit with some modification. Hipparchus's magnitude system works something like this. As we see the sunset toward the late afternoon and early evening, the first stars come out. And he assigned these stars magnitude one. They were, after all, the brightest stars. And therefore, they would be the first magnitude, the first stars seen after sunset. A little while later, more stars would come out. And so, he assigned these magnitude two for the second brightest stars. As more stars emerged, they would be designated third magnitude, fourth, fifth, and so on, until reaching about magnitude six. Hipparchus not only cataloged the stars by their brightness, but he was very careful to measure their positions in the sky. And he did something else. He compared his measurements of the positions of stars to the ancient Babylonians and Mesopotamians. And he discovered something rather remarkable. Now, to explain this, I'd like to take a different perspective. Instead of viewing things from the Earth, let's go ahead and view things from an imaginary viewpoint south of the Earth's south pole. We're looking at a very wide-angle view of the sky. We have the north celestial pole up to our top. And we have modern-day Ursa Minor and the bright star on the very end of the handle would be Polaris, our present-day north star. Now, in the lower left, we see the intersection of the celestial equator in red and the sun's path through the sky, the ecliptic in green. And to make things a little bit more visible for us, I chose a date when the sun happened to be located at the vernal equinox. So it looks like it's close to Pisces, but believe it or not, in Abarcus' era, the vernal equinox was considered to be in Aries. Now, the reason why I show you this is because Hipparchus made very careful measurements of the positions of these stars. And when he compared his measurements to the measurements of the ancient Babylonians and Mesopotamians, he determined that their positions were a little bit different. In fact, every star in the sky was systematically shifted by a few degrees. And what Hipparchus was able to do was intuit that it wasn't that the sky was moving around, but rather that the Earth itself must be wobbling like a top. And this wobbling is called precession. It turns out, we now know today that the Earth has a 26,000-year precession cycle. The Earth's axis is pointing to different locations in the sky over time. This has some interesting implications because if we could wind the clock backward to, say, 3,000 BC, you'll notice that the North Celestial Pole is nowhere near Polaris. It is instead rather close to the star Thuban in the constellation Draco the Dragon. Likewise, the vernal equinox is also located in the constellation of Taurus. Fast forward 1,000 years, the North Celestial Pole now precesses away from Thuban, and the vernal equinox makes its way toward Aries. By 1,000 BC, we're getting farther from Draco at the North and farther from Taurus at the vernal equinox. We are certainly in the constellation of Aries. And it is for this reason that to this day, the vernal equinox is still sometimes known as the first point of Aries. In other words, it represents the location of the vernal equinox when Hipparchus was doing his work. At around the turn of the millennium, the vernal equinox had moved firmly toward Pisces. And if we continue to just move forward in time, you'll see that by 2,000 or so, the North Celestial Pole was right almost exactly where Polaris is today. So if we continue to let things move along and let the earth continue to wobble along its precession, you'll see that over 26,000 years, we will no longer have a North Pole star of Polaris. We'll instead have Vega in a few thousand years, maybe four eventually coming around back again toward Thuban. So we'll be returning to a orientation of the North Celestial Pole that was very similar to the orientation of the earth when the ancient Egyptians built their pyramids. So at the center of the pyramid are the king's burial chambers. And there are two air vents that are directed one on the left facing to the south and one on the right facing to the north. And the position and the angle of this air vent was carefully chosen such that looking through the air vent from inside the burial chamber would reveal the star Thuban. This was the North Star of the time that the pyramids were built. This way the king could gaze upon the circumpolar stars and watch them revolve around the North Star Thuban for all of eternity. This was a very sacred idea to the ancient Egyptians. So what would that look like? Well, there's Thuban circled for us. This was the North Star of its day. And here we are in about 3000 before the common era. And we can see that the stars are circumpolar surrounding Thuban, which was almost at the time at the location of the North celestial pole. It turns out that most of the works of the ancient Greeks, Babylonians and Mesopotamians were lost in the great fire of the library at Alexandria. However, Claudius Ptolemy was careful to compile much of that work and published his ideas in something called the Almagest, the greatest. In other words, he was paying tribute to the greats that had come before him. So he was able to popularize the idea of the geocentric model. Again, this was the prevailing idea of the ancient Greeks. It seemed to make the most sense despite a few dissenters. And it was also Ptolemy who gave the first explanation for something called retrograde motion. And this idea would dominate for over 1500 years, well into the next millennium. Let's talk a little bit about retrograde motion for a moment. Retrograde motion is simply the apparent shift in the position of the planets. So given a planet's normal tendency, it will seem to go eastward or prograde. But then once in a while, the planet will appear to backtrack. This is the retrograde motion before resuming its prograde motion once again. Now, for everything to rise in the east and set in the west, it would be perfectly reasonable to conclude that the earth was at the center of the cosmos. But this retrograde motion was an anomaly. It did not make sense. So in order to make the retrograde motion work, rather than having Mars in this example and all the planets directly revolving around the earth, Ptolemy introduced a new concept called the epicycle. The epicycle was an invisible circle that carried Mars and the epicycle itself revolved around something called a deferent. And it would be this epicycle moving about the deferent that would create the apparent retrograde motion. So you can imagine yourself on earth looking at Mars and it appears to be going in prograde motion before executing a slight zigzag back and forth in the sky, giving us retrograde motion. Now, this was a good first order approximation. But the problem though is that the epicycle that we see here just would not be accurate enough to predict when the next retrograde motions would be. To solve this problem, Ptolemy introduced a modification to his ideas. He introduced a equant. That is, the earth is still very much at the center of the cosmos. But the epicycle, the deferent and so forth, now we're centered on an offset point called an equant. And this is what helped to make the retrograde motion of Mars and all the planets be a little bit more on time to a slightly better job of predicting exactly when these retrogrades would occur. Even then, sometimes additional modifications would be required. Not the least of which was adding an additional epicycle to the epicycle. Things got a little bit complex over time. And this was a major problem because while the epicycle model did an extremely good job of predicting retrograde motions for about 1500 years, it was at the same time a little bit messy. And it allowed some people to begin to think maybe there were alternatives and maybe some of these ideas to the geocentric model should be revisited.


Most racers, most professional drivers, a lot of them start their racing careers as early as age, four or five years old. I didn't start racing wheel-to-wheel against people until I was 27 years old. Everything is a sport show. I've been racing. I've been all over the place. I decided that I wanted to go on this crazy journey while still being in the Navy and racing NASCAR. Like literally 2015 was like when my story, when everything really, this journey started. My name is Jesse Woojee. I'm actually Lieutenant in the Navy. So I went to the Naval Academy, played football there for four years. And while the Naval Academy had academics, I had football. I had our other military duties that I had to attend to while being here. So it was a lot of time being taken up by that stuff. And then you do still have free time. So I managed to, on my free time, be able to also pursue my hobbies and my passions and things like that. You know, I was going to have football, racing, military stuff, and racing was the one that really kind of got me. Once I graduated from the Naval Academy, I was on two different ships for my first four years, deployed with both of them. In between all of that, on the weekends that I didn't have any duty or anything like that, that actually had a full free weekend, I spent it trying to find some way, somehow to get to some type of track to do something that was car or motorsports related. Being in motorsports and racing now and just, you know, being somebody who's in the service still and also doing that, you know, I've gotten a lot of love and a lot of support from our vets out there, people who are still in the service, whether they're in the reserves or active duty, and it's been cool to see that support from them. And it's inspired a lot of them to also go after their goals and dreams. I think it just shows them that, you know, look at this guy who's going towards something that everyone would normally think is impossible to go after. He's going after it, he's achieving, and he's just making it. He's continuing to grind every single day, every year, to continue to move up. You know, why can't I do it myself?


Hello, today's RTA recording is in collaboration with Queensland Fire and Emergency Services with regards to the smoke alarm laws and what you need to know in Queensland. Today's recording is going to run for approximately 25 minutes and has vital information for both landlords, managing agents and tenants. During this recording, you can go at your own pace and pause the recording along the way. Thank you for watching today. My name is Lynn Smith and I'm a senior community education officer with the RTA and it's been my pleasure to work with the compliance and the engagement areas of QFest to put together today's webinar recording to help you understand Queensland tenancy and other legislation laws impacting the rental sector. Today our guest speaker is Jenny Omus from Queensland Fire and Emergency Services. Jenny works with the community education unit as a smoke alarm engagement officer. Jenny has experience in various roles with QFest including compliance and strongly supports educating the community and industry stakeholders as a subject matter expert on the smoke alarm legislation. So welcome today Jenny and thank you for your time. Thank you Lynn, great to be here and thank you for the opportunity to share this information with your clients. So just as a further note, the RTA cannot provide legal advice and you are encouraged to seek your own independent advice and make informed decisions. Before I hand over to Jenny to discuss the smoke alarm legislation, I'm just going to quickly go over the Residential Tenancies and Re-Recombination Act that links to the smoke alarm laws. So under section 185 the property owner must comply with and not be in breach of any health or safety laws and the smoke alarm laws are going to fall into this category. This section also continues to say that the property owner must ensure the property is fit to live in and also to maintain the rental property during the tenancy. Under section 192 which is the grounds for entry, the Act allows that the property owner or their agent to enter to comply with the Fire and Emergency Services Act 1990 and the smoke alarm laws and that means whether they need to be installed or whether they need to be checked. Notice needs to be given to the tenant before entering the premises as outlined under the rules of entry and the tenant needs to be given a minimum of 24 hours notice with regards to the smoke alarm maintenance. It's important to remember both the property owner and manager and the tenant have responsibilities regarding smoke alarms. The owner has further obligations regarding the installation and the maintenance of smoke alarms and they're also going to need to comply with current and also the new legislative requirements. I'm now going to hand over to our guest speaker Jenny who's going to go through the who, what, where and why requirements of smoke alarms, talk about the current requirements and the all-important new legislation requirements coming into effect on 1 January 2022. So over to you Jenny, why do we have the new smoke alarm laws? Thank you Lynn. Well we've had smoke alarm requirements for some time however the Sacks Creek House by in August of 2011 tragically claimed the lives of 11 people. The cause of death was found to be smoke inhalation. The current at the time determined that it was likely that some or all of the deaths would have been prevented if sleeping occupants had been quickly awoken. This inquest triggered the largest reform in the smoke alarm laws for Queensland. These reforms meant the introduction of the Fire and Emergency Services Domestic Smoke Alarms Amendment Act of 2016 which is incorporated into the Fire and Emergency Services Act of 1990 and together with the Building Fire Safety Regulations of 2008 the Queensland Fire and Emergency Services administers and enforces the smoke alarm legislation. So Jenny what's the key reason behind the changes in the legislation? The principal reasons for the smoke alarm laws are for occupant safety in a domestic dwelling and this means providing critical early warning of the presence of a fire which provides time for safe evacuation. Now this legislation has been rolled out in a staged approach over 10 years with three key dates. The first key date was the first of January 2017 when the legislation was enacted. This applied to new bills. The second and important key date is from 1 January 2022 for rental properties for all new leases or renewals and dwellings being sold or transferred. Now this date is just around the corner. The third and last key date is 1st of January 2027 for all other dwellings typically the owner occupier. Jenny just in summary the key dates for landlords is 1 January 2022 for renting out their properties and also for owners who are going to be selling and for everyone else those owner occupiers it'll be 2027. Absolutely. When getting ready to upgrade to the new requirements the following are some terms you will need to know about. Smoke alarms must meet the Australian standard 3786 2014. You'll find this number somewhere on the device and on the packaging. The smoke alarms will need to be interconnected. This means when one smoke alarm activates all the alarms would automatically sound the alert. A hard-wired smoke alarm means one that is connected to the building's 240 volt power supply that can only be installed or replaced by a licensed electrician. Alternatively a non-removable 10-year battery powered smoke alarm is one that is a standalone tamper proof device that can be installed by the home owner. A photoelectric smoke alarm means that this is the method the device uses to detect the smoke and testing has proven this to be the most effective type of smoke alarm in a domestic situation. Now I want to talk about the types of accommodation captured under the domestic smoke alarm laws. These are class IAs which are domestic houses and townhouses and class II sole occupancy units such as units or apartments. Now both of these classifications are referred to as dwellings. So Jenny what happens for like holiday lets or roomy accommodation or you know the student purpose built type of accommodation? Well that's a good question. So the domestic smoke alarm legislation captures class IAs and IIs. All other classes such as your student accommodation all under a different class and different legislation. So Jenny can you remind our audience today and outline the current obligations for smoke alarms for landlords and for tenants. Certainly Liam. So the current obligations for landlords are if a smoke alarm is not working or it has expired it must be replaced immediately by the landlord. Typically smoke alarms have a lifespan of about 10 years anything past that reduces efficiency. The landlord must test and clean all smoke alarms within 30 days before a tenancy commences or on its renewal. The landlord must also replace any batteries that are spent or almost spent within 30 days before a tenancy commences or on its renewal. And the landlord must replace the smoke alarm immediately when a tenant advises is that it has failed or it's about to fail during a tenancy. Now similarly tenants also have obligations under the act. Tenants are responsible for testing and cleaning smoke alarms at least once a year during the tenancy. The tenant is responsible for supplying and replacing any spent or nearly spent batteries during the tenancy. And most importantly a tenant is responsible for notifying the landlord or agent immediately if a smoke alarm is not working other than because of battery failure. Now I want to talk about testing and cleaning of smoke alarms. Because the smoke alarm laws applies to the domestic dwelling there is no specific license required to test or clean smoke alarms. Testing means by pushing the test button or as per the manufacturer's instructions making sure an alarm sounds. Cleaning means in a way stated by the manufacturer's instructions. This is normally done by vacuuming. This is to ensure dirt and debris is cleaned off. A landlord may choose to undertake the work themselves or engage an agent to fulfill their obligations. There is no certificate or formal documentation required under the Queensland legislation. So as we know Jenny a lot of agents do engage external organisations or third parties to do the smoke alarm compliance as part of their risk management. So you say you don't need to be a professional or that you do not have to keep certificates or documentations. Would you still see it as a best practice to keep some sort of personal record? As I just stated you don't have to but it might be a good idea to keep a record. Some businesses may do this as part of an internal process. So what are the upgrade requirements Jenny? The new legislation specifies the type, the positioning and the interconnectedness of alarms which are critical factors for early warning. So to meet the requirements at the appropriate times smoke alarms will need to be interconnected, photoelectric and meet the Australian standard 3786 2014. Smoke alarms will need to be installed in each bedroom in hallways which connect the bedrooms and the rest of the dwelling or if there's no hallway between the bedrooms and the other parts of the story and if there are no bedrooms on our story at least one smoke alarm must be installed in the most likely path of travel to exit the dwelling. Now I want to talk about the landlord obligations for these upgrades. The law places the obligation on the landlord or owner to upgrade their smoke alarms no later than the required date. Bodies, corporate or managing entities are not responsible for the smoke alarm upgrades. Similarly on-site managers are not responsible unless you have some prior contractual agreement. The landlord though may engage an agent to fulfill their obligations. So I guess here the main message that you're saying is that even if a property owner or landlord engages a real state or managing agent to look after the property the owner falls completely onto the property owner only to make sure of the upgrade. Absolutely that's right Lynn. The law places the obligation on the owner. So one of the questions that Cufis frequently receives is about the powering of smoke alarms. Now the smoke alarms must either be hardwired that's to the domestic power supply or powered by a 10-year non-removable battery. Any existing hardwired smoke alarm must remain hardwired. So to explain that a bit further if your property already has an existing hardwired smoke alarm it must remain a hardwired smoke alarm. Now additional smoke alarms can be powered by either method. This means if you have a room and you can't drill into the ceiling you can place the standalone smoke alarm in that room. As long as you can achieve interconnection by a wired or wireless system. So what happens if you can't get through that roof space or there's asbestos in that ceiling so or you've got some other genuine reason that you can't do the wired in alarms. And the legislation recognizes this which is why there is provision to have a combination of both a hardwired and a standalone battery powered smoke alarm. Now the other most frequently asked question centers around the location. So firstly a smoke alarm needs to be on the ceiling if it's practicable. In this diagram we have a smoke alarm in each bedroom one in the hallway. The red line indicates that it's interconnected. Now let me give you a scenario. It's late at night and all the occupants in every bedroom are fast asleep and everyone with their doors closed. Now the smoke alarm in the hallway is key because in the early stages of a developing fire the hallway smoke alarm will pick up any smoke triggering alarms in the bedrooms. This early warning gives the occupants time to wake up and escape the dwelling. So the other thing for your home it's a good idea to have a well-practised fire evacuation plan particularly if you have young kids. So do you need an alarm in the kitchen or the living areas? And I would hope not in the kitchen because of people who continually burn toast but do you need them in the other areas? So where the legislation helps is that it sets the minimum requirements for compliance as I've just outlined in the bedrooms and in the hallways. Okay so the main message is it's really about that safety ensuring that you've got that pathway to escape and it's covered with the interconnected alarms so whether that might be an additional area like a living area if that is your pathway to get out of the house. That's right then. So Jenny I know that we're doing this recording some 17 months prior to legislative requirement date so why would we upgrade now? Well there could be unexpected delays there could also be smoke alarms or installer shortages closest to the date which may impact on costs but if your smoke alarm needs replacing now it's likely to be more cost effective for you to undertake the full upgrades. I agree with that Jenny it's important not to leave it to the last minute. I can share a story with you regarding the pool safety laws when they came into effect. I too as known I thought I had plenty of time and it was about three or four months out of the legislative date and I booked the appointment only to find that I had over two months waiting time for an inspection so I was pretty close to that requirement date so I do get it that you know there could be unexpected delays and that's not an excuse. No that's right the laws have been in place since 2017. So what's the potential consequences if you don't get this done in time? So some of the potential consequences is that you'll be unable to legally rent your property this will have a financial impact on the landlord. There are also insurance implications also you may be compromising the health and safety of the occupants. Additionally penalties apply for non-compliances against the act. Remember it's the law to have compliant working smoke alarms. The other consideration from my understanding as part of internal processes rental managing agents are likely to require confirmation of the upgrades by 1 January 2022. So you've raised a lot of requirements for landlords but I guess tenants still do have their requirements to follow as well and more so when living in the property they should not cover or interfere with a smoke alarm. That's right it's an offence against the act to interfere with a working smoke alarm. So the Queensland Fire and Emergency Services strongly recommends upgrading early. If you want to email in a question you can contact us at smokealarms at qfes.qld.gov.au Otherwise visit the QFES website. When you get there you'll see this and depending on whether you're a landlord an owner occupy a renter your building or you're selling there is information for you. Great thank you Janie for being here today and sharing a lot of information relevant for the rental sector for Queensland. So for the RTA you can continue to connect with us through LinkedIn or subscribe to the RTA news articles through our newsroom where we can provide updates on current tensi and bond topics and trends. We will be continuing to work with Janie and her colleagues from QFES in providing updates and reminders and use these channels to share important information. So for more information on smoke alarm laws we also have a link on our website to QFES's website or other tensi and bond information. Please go to the RTA's website rta.qld.gov.au or if you have any questions please speak to one of our friendly staff in our contact centre on 1300 36311. Remember if you need any Tennessee assistance the RTA is here to help you. Again I'd like to thank our special guest Janie from Queensland Fire and Emergency Services for her valuable input today and thank you for your time in watching today's presentation. Please stay tuned as we deliver more tense information through this and other channels from the Residential Tenancies Authority. Thank you.


Hello friends so today I have a bit of a rant for you and it's gonna be another rambly type rant video I know it's two in a row, but whatever. It doesn't matter. So I have a discord server and I really like it We've it took me a long time to actually, you know brave enough to set one up because we all know discord communities can be kind of How would you say? Filled with negativity I guess should be the the the nice way of saying it But for the most part the discord server that I've set up has been very very nice We have a lot of really good conversations. You should definitely join it. There's a link below But the point is it's really nice However, every once in a while something something has said that triggers me the GNOME video that I did last week where I was talking about the pronunciation of GNOME and mate and all that stuff was triggered by someone on the discord and Or maybe it wasn't the YouTube comments. It doesn't really matter But the the point is every once in a while someone says something that just causes me to go off and go on a rant and Because it's what I do. I'm making a video about it.  I pretty much think that we should just call it Linux I think if you're calling it GNOME slash Linux, you're just confusing people. Yes, that is technically correct It's absolutely correct. It's literally what we're talking about when we talk about Linux for the most part Unless you're talking just about the kernel Because I mean for the I guess before we get into the before it if you don't know when Linux if you just talk about Linux technically where you're talking about is the kernel that the system runs on Everything else together when you combine it all together. It's GNOME slash Linux, but that's really, you know Beside the point the point is is that when we have a we have a vast community of nerds here and there is a small Subsection of that that can't get past this idea that we have to call it GNOME slash Linux And so that's my point of contention Because I think by forcing us to call it GNOME slash Linux We would actually be limiting the number of people who would be interested in using Linux because it's not a good name, right? One of the important things when we're trying to market our operating system to non users of it is Desirability of the name and well, you know, Linux isn't a great name enough itself and argue it either way It becomes way worse when you tack on GNOME slash linux because people just get confused it makes it more confusing and no matter how appropriate or how technically true That that name would be Linux itself is a better brand Than GNOME slash Linux. It just is so we're not going to call it GNOME slash Linux anymore We're just going to call it Linux, which is what most people do anyways But they're to those people who out there who feel the need to constantly correct us when we were talking about Linux Stop doing that because I'm not gonna stop calling it Linux I'm just gonna call it links as much as I want because that's what it is to me. It's not I When I decided to start a podcast back in 2017 with my friend Ricky and when we were looking at names Never once did we decide we were going to call it the GNOME slash Linux cast We just never did because That was a whole it would be hold that would that be a horrible name I mean just be a bad name Of course, we're gonna call it the Linux cast or something with Linux in the name You know, we came up with several different title op, you know options none of them had GNOME slash Linux and it was just Linux and I think that that for most people That makes sense. It makes it simpler. It makes it, you know easier to remember It doesn't involve us Devolving into a Nerd fight over what things technically should be called, you know, so GNOME slash Linux technically true. We're just gonna call it Linux I think we should start a movement. It should be ran rebranded as just Linux now and the end of the day It obviously doesn't matter what you call it But for me, it's always just gonna be Linux. So that is a really short video for today Thanks everybody for watching you can follow me on Twitter at Linux cast not at the GNOME slash Linux cast But just at the Linux cast you can support me on patreon at patreon.com slash Linux cast You can let me know in the comments below if you like the new specs. They're actually not new I've had these things for ages, but everything was getting blurry So I decided to pull them out so that I can actually see things Anyways before I go I'll let take one thing my current patrons Devon Chris east coast web gen 2 is fun to petrical Primus Marcus Megalyn Jackson at tool Steve a today Mitchell Art center Emma Tass Merrick camp Joshua lead a dog a BS views Brock and Peter a I Wonder if it was the glasses that maybe actually be able to say that all in one breath. It actually went really well that time Anyways, thanks for watching. We'll see you next time


Our sixth speaker of the evening is Julianne Armijo. She's a PhD student in the School of Nursing and a Family Nurse Practitioner. In her talk titled, What It's Like to be a Nurse with Bipolar Disorder, Julianne describes what it's like to live with bipolar disorder. She provides a candid perspective about being both a patient and a healthcare provider. By sharing her struggles and successes, she hopes that she can debunk misconceptions about this misunderstood mental illness. Through her research, she will seek answers about how not only to live but thrive as a nurse with bipolar disorder. But please be advised that Julianne's speech contains brief mentions of sensitive topics, including statistics on suicide and depression. And so the listener discretion is advised and we encourage anyone who might find these topics troubling to exercise self-care and seek support if needed. Some interesting facts about Julianne is that she's learning how to speak Icelandic and she's a licensed falconer who works with wild birds of prey. Please welcome Julianne. The Starry Night is one of the most recognizable paintings in the world. And it's one of Vincent Van Gogh's most celebrated works. But when I say Vincent Van Gogh's name, what else comes to mind? It's okay to be honest. Is it the visual of a severed ear? Evidence of a tortured artist? His birthday is March 30th. Now why do I know this? I'm a nurse, I'm not an art historian. And why is it important to my talk today? It happens to be World Bipolar Day as in bipolar disorder. Now when I say bipolar disorder, what or who immediately comes to mind? Maybe you thought of a famous actor or actress or musician. There have been plenty that have had well-publicized and sensationalized breakdowns like Kanye West. Maybe you thought of a TV or a movie character like Ozark, Silver Lighting's playbook or Homeland. During their time on our screens, they have very obvious, usually public meltdowns. But what about the rest of us? Those of us who don't live in those extremes all the time, those of us who experience our symptoms in silence. Did anybody think of University of Michigan President Dr. Santa Ono? He's been very outspoken and candid about his experiences with bipolar disorder. How about PhD student or registered nurse? That's me in the marshmallow suit circa 2014 by the way. For many years, I worked as a bedside nurse in the intensive care units. And when I started off, I began right at the bottom of the nursing food chain, which meant I had to work rotating day and night shifts and night shifts. Now, has anyone here ever worked a rotating or a night shift or known somebody who has? Do a show of hands. Oh, wow. How did you all feel or how did they feel when they were working those shifts? Not great. I'm guessing the core issue was sleep. Trouble sleeping for those without mental health struggles is tough enough, but for those with bipolar disorder, it can be catastrophic. In the simplest terms, bipolar disorder is a cyclical extreme shifting of moods and perception. Now, everyone here is familiar with changing moods in ourself and others. It's part of the human experience.  My mental health struggles began when I was 14, but working these rotating and night shifts was like adding gasoline to a bonfire. My sleep devolved into an utter mess and my mind began to change in ways that I couldn't understand or control and I had no idea why. Why can't I sleep for days? Why are my thoughts racing? Why am I crawling out of my skin? Why are the trees sparkling? And why have I suddenly decided to leave my nursing job and start an organic cranberry farm in the upper peninsula of Michigan? I don't even like cranberries. I think she might though. Why were my thoughts so jangled and discordant? And then let's fast forward a week later. Why did I suddenly cancel all my plans? Why did I suddenly ghost all these new acquaintances that I had just made? And why for the life of me could I not get myself up off the couch? Having to call into work sick with the flu. All of these symptoms I just described were a constellation of mania, hypomania and depression. And these cycles continue over and over and over again. It took me well over 10 years to come to a correct diagnosis. And whereas a nurse who was supposed to have the answers turned to find not only answers but solace. The answer was that there were no answers. But when we finally have our diagnosis in hand, what do we do with it? Through the power of proper medications and comprehensive mental health care, those of us with bipolar disorder can not only function but thrive, harnessing our creative energy and enthusiasm into great projects like doing a King Talk. But there's a gap in knowledge. Major depression, the type that doesn't have the cranberry highs and anxiety have been well studied in registered nurses. But there are more functionally debilitating counterparts. The bipolar disorders exist only as sparse case studies in the literature. Bipolar disorder is covered under the Americans with Disabilities Act, which ensures reasonable health or reasonable work accommodations. But the nurses that I know with bipolar disorder who have filed for these protections still feel unprotected. Why is that? Nursing is a seniority-based job, like many jobs, which means you paid your dues, which means that you're eligible for things like better vacations, bonuses, and including better work shifts. Now, on average, one of the most coveted nursing seniority benefits is getting to work a day shift. Now, in my discussions with sleep and bipolar disorder experts, their number one recommendation for workers with bipolar disorder is to, you guessed it, avoid nights and rotating shifts. So imagine, you're a brand new nurse, fresh out of nursing school, you know that you have bipolar disorder and you do all the things, jump through all the hoops, and you're ready to start your first shift as a new nurse on a day shift. But think about all the rest of those nurses on that unit you were just hired onto. And what are they thinking about this new interloper who has not paid their dues and is now taking one of their coveted day shift positions?  And even those of us who have toughed out these rough schedules and have gained seniority still fear giving up our diagnosis because through words and actions, we observe our coworkers and they don't necessarily say the nicest things about those with mental illness. It's not unreasonable to think that they would think the same things about us, especially those of us who've had to spend time in the hospital for it. But why should our colleagues care? Why should society care and why should you care? Bipolar disorder has the highest suicide rate of all psychiatric conditions and it's approximately 20 to 30 times higher than the general population, 20 to 30 times higher. Now couple this with the fact that registered nurses have an above average suicide risk and together this theoretically puts registered nurses with bipolar disorder at an exceptional risk of suicide. Now that is a great reason to care about those who have made a career of caring for others. Through my research, I wanna find out how many nurses are out there living with bipolar disorder. I wanna find out their demographics, their experiences, I wanna find out everything because as a researcher, I wanna turn that information into action. I wanna find a way to help keep the bullseye off somebody's back. If our job puts us at risk of developing asthma, we don't question it. We don't base somebody's worth on it, we don't judge them. Their workplace provides them a respirator to help protect them. So why do we treat mental illness any differently when perhaps all we need is a mental equivalent of a respirator? Both of these conditions are entirely treatable and even possibly preventable. In healthcare, we are expected to be on our game at all times, but to be on our game, we need the backing of our team, our team being our colleagues and our employer so that we can win. And what is winning in healthcare? We know what winning is for the Wolverines, but what is winning in healthcare? To me, winning means that when you're at work, you're at your professional best and you're able to give all of yourself to every patient who walks through that door, many of them on the worst day of their lives.   Thank you.


My name is Sam Vaknin and I am the author of Malignant Self-Love, Narcissism Revisited. Here is the narcissist monologue, inner and sometimes outer. The narcissist says, I cannot understand so-called normal people. I don't know what makes them tick. To me, the narcissist, they are an enigma, wrapped in a mystery. I try hard not to offend them, to act civil, to be helpful and forthcoming. I give so much in my relationships that I often feel exploited. I make it a point not to strain my contacts, not to demand too much, not to impose, says the narcissist. But it's not working. Folks I consider friends vanish suddenly without as much as a goodbye. The more I help someone insist the narcissist, the less grateful he or she seems to be, and the more repelled by me. The narcissist continues, I find jobs for people, lend a hand with various chores, make valuable introductions, give advice, and charge nothing for my services, which in some cases I are rendered over many years, day in and day out. Yet it seems that I can do nothing right. They accept my aid in succor, grudgingly, and then disengage, until the next time I'm needed. I'm not the victim of a group of callous and ruthless people. Some of these ingress are otherwise most warm and empathic towards others. It just seems that they cannot find in them warmth and empathy enough for me, no matter how much I try to make myself both useful and agreeable. The narcissist wonders to himself, perhaps I try too hard, maybe my efforts show. Am I transparent? Well, the narcissist concludes, of course I am. What comes to normal people naturally, social interaction, to me, is an excruciating effort that involves analysis, pretense, and thespian skills. I misread the ubiquitous language of social cues. I'm awkward and unpleasant. But I rarely ask for anything in return for my favors, except to be somewhat tolerated. Maybe the recipients of my recurrent magnanimity feed humiliated and inferior to me, and consequently hate me for it. I don't know what to think anymore, says the narcissist, exasperated. So the narcissist continues, my social milieu resembles bubbles in the stream. People pop up, make my acquaintance, avail themselves of anything I have to offer them, and disappear, discourageously. Inevitably I trust no one, and avoid hurt by remaining emotionally aloof and absent. But this tactic only exacerbates the situation. When I try to press the points, says the narcissist, when I ask, is anything wrong with me, or how can I improve my interlocutors impatiently detached, seldom to reappear? When I try to balance the equation by very rarely asking for a commensurate service or a favor in return, I am utterly ignored or my request is currently and monosyllabically declined.  You should bribe us to associate with you however coolly. You should buy our icy friendship and our limited willingness to listen. You deserve no better than these concessions that we are granting you reluctantly. You should feel grateful that we agree to take that which you have to give us. Expect nothing in return, but our truncated attention. An eye, says the narcissist, I am a mental lover. I endorse these terms of dubious endearment.  All I ask in return is not to be abandoned hastily, a few moments of make-belief, a few moments of feign grace, that's all I ask. I acquiesce in the asymmetry of my relationships for I deserve no better than have known no differently since my early torture childhood. This is the narcissist's monologue, and this is how he sees himself and the world around him.


Hey guys, Thundee here and the Galaxy Fold is back. I've been waiting for this device to come back. I loved my experience with the Fold, but Samsung has made some changes to improve and ensure that the issues they had with reviewers doesn't happen to you. So let's go ahead and find out. So at E-Fort 2019, Samsung just announced that the Fold will be available this month, starting tomorrow, September 16th in Korea. And then other days which I'll mention for Europe and of course the United States. Now we have Daniel over at E-Fort and he got his hands on the Galaxy Fold. And here are some of the improvements Samsung has made to this device. So the very first thing is that at the very edges of the screen by the hinge, there was a little gap there, which could have allowed dust to go in. And Samsung has put caps to ensure that doesn't happen. And also to make sure that no one has the ability to take off the screen protector. So that's something that is new and different with I've got the revamped Fold. And I think it's a solid idea. I had no issues when I actually checked out the Fold, but this is something to ensure that this device stays solid. Now, Samsung also added metal structural support underneath the display to give it a more rigid field when it's open. So when you open up that display into 7.3 inches, it feels really solid across the board, not as flexible in terms of just the softness of the display. But so far it looks really good and we'll have to see that when we get our hands on it. Now, the other thing too is also they improve the snappiness of the hinge. So the hinge feels snappier when you open and close it.  So we'll have to wait and see. I thought the original Fold felt solid, but we'll see with this device. Now, I did a lot of videos on the original Fold, did some gaming videos, looked at some functionality. I wanna ask you guys, what would you like to see on the Galaxy Fold once we get it in hand here? Now, in terms of launch dates, it's gonna be launching September 6th again in Korea, September 17th in Germany, the UK, and I believe Singapore, and the US is coming on the 27th. So the US actually coming later. I believe this is just to ensure that it falls after the iPhone launch, which of course is launching roughly around the 20th. So we know that's sort of fact. But I'm excited to get my hands back on the Galaxy Fold and I wanna know what would you guys like me to cover on this device. I did some gaming, I can do more gaming on this device. We can check out different games on here, functionality, and also just different use cases. So of course I will have my full review after 30 days using the Galaxy Fold. But I'm glad to see this is back. Now, some people will say, hey, do we need a fold? Do we not need a fold? I say it's necessary because this will change the way we use smartphones. And I like the fact that they experiment with different form factors. They didn't get it right out of the gate. And I know that's a good thing because now they can fix issues. And this helps other manufacturers make sure they don't fall into the same trap. So we'll have to wait and see. But guys, let me know what you think. Let me know what you'd like me to cover on the Galaxy Fold. If you have any questions, any comments, leave them down below. Otherwise, don't forget to like, share, subscribe, and always enjoy your entertainment.


Hi, my name is Lukas, let me tell you about registered reports. Here is a general outline of a research process. You start with an idea, design your study, get the data, write everything up and finally you submit your manuscript to a journal in order to get it published. Sounds pretty straightforward, but if you went through this a few times, you will notice that something is missing. It becomes peer review. I forget because this is a lightning talk, there should be lightning somewhere. So publishing can be tough. Journals get lots of submissions and they have to choose between them. They need some sort of selection criteria. And how clear the results are has unfortunately become one of these selection criteria. Consequently, researchers are incentivized for tweaking their data, for dropping a condition or a variable and even for not reporting entire experiments. In turn, only half the truth gets published. This has led to many published findings not being replicable. We're talking about up to 50%, but this is another talk. For you, this means that you will have difficulties publishing your results unless they happen to be very unambiguous. If this is not the case, reviewers might ask you to conduct another study or even reject your paper. Registered reports try to solve this problem by eliminating the second point. They eliminate the possibility to evaluate research on the basis of the results. But how? For registered reports, peer review is split into two stages. In stage one, data has not yet been collected, and in stage two it has, but it's not about the results, but about whether everything went according to plan. Specifically, stage one peer review is about theory, hypothesis and methods. For example, is the study well designed to test the hypothesis? If so, the journal will issue an in-principle acceptance. That is, the paper will get published as long as the authors stick to what they have planned so far. In stage two, reviewers get the manuscript again, only that this time the results and discussion sections have been added. Often these are the same reviewers as in stage one. The reviewers in stage two must not criticize the methods as they have already been evaluated. Now their task is to check if the authors stick to their analysis plan. Here you see what a manuscript outline looks like at stage one and stage two. In stage one, it simply stops before the results. Make sure though that everything that you will do to arrive at the results should be specified before you actually have the data, just like in a pre-registration. I listed it here as the analysis plan. It contains details on how you compute variables, what assumptions you test, which participants you exclude, and which statistical tests you run. Registered reports work for all kinds of hypothesis testing studies. Here is an example from MetaScience, where a group of researchers has submitted a meta-analysis as a registered report. They have even already written large parts of the results section with placeholders for the actual values that anybody can take and modify for their own research. If you choose to submit your paper as a registered report, problems in the study design get detected before you spend all the money and time collecting the data. What is published is more trustworthy than research that is published in the traditional way as there are no incentives for questionable research practices here. And early research already indicates that the quality of registered reports is higher. This has been a quick overview over registered reports. You can find everything else that you need to know on the COS website linked here. There are recommendations for preparing your manuscript, lists of journals that offer registered reports, resources for editors and much more. I hope that you will consider this publication format for your next project.


Contingency response deals with contingency operations. Operations that require the military to respond to things like natural disasters, terrorists, attacks, those types of things. It's laid out in JP-1, but in layman's terms, contingency response is being ready for any situation that might come up. It's being prepared for any situation with plans, with tactics. It's designated by the Secretary of Defense. It involves members of the military. And it's typically in response to things like a natural disaster, terrorism, but it could be anything that the appropriate authority deems necessary to protect U.S. interests. 9-11, September 11th happened, and there was a bunch of chaos. The plane ran into the Pentagon. And the SECDEF, after that, looked and said, I need to have a single voice for military operations in the NCR. So he came up with what was then called Joint Force Headquarters NCR, that's since transitioned to JTF NCR. So after 9-11, that's when kind of that concept of the Joint Task Force for the National Capital Region, and then the other services helping came into play. And that's really where AFDW got its start, right? AFDW was, after 9-11, is when AFDW was technically actually re-established at one of our roles, right? So one of those being the contingency response and how we aid, or how we provide the Air Force support to the Joint Task Force National Capital Region. So AFDW is unique in that because we support headquarters. So we report directly to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force. Being here in the NCR, there's a whole bunch of different organizations and units, as well as civilian agencies that are in the NCR, in the local area. So there's a bunch of different jurisdictions and different ways that people and organizations do things. When it comes to the military assisting civilian authorities, the military is always in support. The military does not take the lead on assisting civilian authorities or responding to that. The civilians take that lead and the military is providing support to them. I work with a lot of different people. So we support the entire headquarters Air Force. So I get to meet people that do a lot of different things. And my background is flying on the pilot, and I have not gotten to leave the world of aviation. So to be able to see what the rest of the Air Force does and to play a part of that, I think that's pretty cool. It's interesting to be able to interact with different organizations and with different people. It's important that we as an AFDW and as a 320th are always ready to support any kind of contingency that would happen so that we can make sure that we respond to that no-fail mission.


So what's my proposition if we can't do this and land use is a perfectly good place to look at it? I want to suggest that the incentives for change at scale, not in small projects, but at a scale that can manage climate risk are not going to come from policies or international transfers. They're going to come from the real economy. That is the way we produce food and the way we produce fuel. And it's in those changes which are not being driven by policy but by much more fundamental economic changes that are occurring at a much more structural level that I think the answers to the problems we're facing are going to be found. So if the Indonesian president says all the time we must be pro-growth, pro-poor, pro-jobs, and number four is environment. Or as another friend said the other day, it has to be bottom line first, poverty reduction second, sustainability third. The first point to understand is that these things have to be done together in a way that is self reinforcing or self interested at the national level. And secondly, that it is not just climate that is changing. The fundamental nature of the agricultural economy is changing. In other words, how you get to the bottom line is changing. And labor markets 20 years down the road jobs are not going to look anything like labor markets are today. They're changing for reasons that are quite determined in the broader economy. Now we can see if we look at agriculture around the world some of these changes are already taking place just because they're more productive and just because markets are driving them. But the basic problem we face is that structural change is slow and it's uneven. And so what we really have to do is to understand the direction of the economy and think about how we can actually accelerate these changes which are occurring. The presenting problem we see all around the world has to do with resource productivity. Whether it is land, water, fuels, the chemicals we derive from fuels through petrochemistry, all of these things are becoming more expensive. They can't be treated any longer as effectively close to zero cost. And what we are seeing are fundamental changes at the systemic level, meaning technology, organization, finance, and risk management that are have to be associated in moving systems from one form of organization, industrial organization to another. Now what we call production and protection is simply a program to accelerate in the agricultural sector and in the management of our capital stocks. These changes that we think are already underway but can be done much more quickly with much reduction of the damage we would incur in this transition period if they can actually be nurtured and moved ahead. If Andrew I'll just take one more second, what are the main things we think are the sources of these productivity gains? I'm going to list five and happy to talk about them in much greater detail in the conversations that follow. One, the past production processes have led to enormous waste of resources. They have been resource intensive so there is great opportunity to convert land or other resources that have essentially been used up and wasted but are still perfectly capable of production if they are returned with knowledge and organization to operations. Number two, we have tremendous increases in the applications of information technology, material science to increasing production in the agricultural sector. Many of these are upstream but most of them are downstream. They are in the way we organize things, the way we bring credit and finance to it, the way we manage risk whether it's price risk or supply risk and the biggest point is these value gains that can really improve the productivity are largely available at scale. In other words they are not accessible to small disaggregated production units, small holders if you will, by themselves but they can be delivered if we think about shifting the organization of the sector to arrangements that bring together organizations at scale with small holders whether organized in collectives or other forms to do that. So conversion, productivity which is largely at scale and downstream, environmental integration, people are talking about landscapes. I think that's absolutely right. You can only enforce a landscape to hold down costs but more important is the fact that we are probably talking when we think about the value of environmental assets in the flows from those assets, ecosystem flows. I think we'd be a lot better if we talked about capital stocks rather than capital flows and we are talking about managing a national portfolio in which natural capital is the way that you get at the two things good portfolio management demands, liquidity and diversity. So I think we have to change the frame in which we are doing things and the last two things that I would point out it must be done through positive incentives. This is not going to work by threatening people including if you don't do X we are not buying your products. Simply not an effective way of dealing with incentives in general. I think there are ways to use national budgets and the way that you tax and redirect the incremental revenues from productivity that are the ways that we can create these incentives. My last point, the delivery has to be public and private. You cannot do this without public authority but the public does not have the expertise to deliver these sources of productivity value and I apologize Andrew for taking so long. No problem Tom we need to give the other panelists the chance but that's great. I think Tom has given us much food for thought in questioning many of the assumptions that still underpin the debates around the potentials of carbon and forest carbon markets and I'm sure we'll come back to that discussion but also a set of options in terms of some alternatives in terms of ways forward. So this is very encouraging. Tom also raised the whole issue of risk management and the question of access to credit and finance. So it's my pleasure now to introduce Lou Mundan and Lou will explore a little bit more some of the ideas that are emerging around the idea of something called the landscape fund. Lou. Thanks. First off I associate myself with pretty much everything you said. I think that that provides a tremendously helpful overall context. I'll get a little bit more specific. One of the questions that we wanted to address in this panel for everybody is how you stimulate investments in small holders and landscapes for green returns. Now let's be blunt about this. If I had all the money and inclination in the world you could not currently convince me to do this. And the reason is because you lack evidence that it works and you lack the proper financing schemes for me to deploy my capital in an effective incredible way. Those two problems must be addressed. I'll start by the evidence. Simplified example most agriculture forestry things like that run on the basis of credit. Let's imagine that all of you are soybean farmers come to me I'm a bank looking for an operating loan. In other words you're looking for credit credit from the Latin verb credere to believe. So when you come to me I must believe that your proposition is going to work out and I'm going to end up with more money at the end of this but then I started with right. Now as a soybean farmer I can do that on the basis of the historical evidence which conventional forms of agriculture have compiled over decades showing your performance. I have a basis quantitatively to price your credit properly and know that I'm going to generate a return. Very easy transaction for me to make. Now let's imagine that you all have a very different sort of profession and you come to me for the same sort of loan. Let's imagine that you are clowns in a circus.  You are going through from a business standpoint the same process I'm giving you capital you're taking that and investing in what it is that you know how to do right and you're going to give me more money at the end of this then I started off with but that's an absurd transaction. Now it's an absurd transaction not because of what you do it's only observed financially because you lack the evidence to present to me to give you the money. I'm a banker I have very few taboos I'll lend to the clowns I'll lend to the guys you shoot out of the cannons I'll lend to trapeze artists I'll lend to anybody if you can present me with a quantitative basis upon which to make that decision and that's the problem right now whether you're talking about landscape approaches whether you're talking about small holders and any number of different things that you talked about in your speech you do not have the numbers to show me to say that this will work and therefore you will not get my money that's all there is to it. Now it's a real pity in my opinion that a lot of folks have spent so much time trying to think about how to constitute new asset classes in order to get capital moving things like carbon or environmental services or things like that where you cannot even answer the fundamental question of why anyone would buy this stuff in the first place instead of focusing on the guys that have the money and trying to figure out what would get them to buy what you are selling. Now from that perspective it seems to me far more productive for us to focus our time on processes in agriculture and forestry, agroforestry systems which result in tangible saleable products whether commodities or some other thing but things that people already will buy because they intend to use or consume them. Those processes it seems to me are capable of generating the types of cash flows that we need to be interested in. I'm going to talk about one way to do that which is a C4-led effort that we're a part of called the Landscape Fund but I don't mean to imply with these remarks that it's the only way to get at that. There are any number of different ways that we can that we can approach these and similar problems but this happens to be one that I know pretty well and think pretty highly of and I'm optimistic about the about the future potential of. In really simple terms what you can think of as being the Landscape Fund is a fusion between two concepts. One is C4's tremendous work on rigorous sustainability requirements and verification processes and that sort of stuff which comes from a lot of work that Andrew has done a lot of work that Peter Holmgren has done over the decades. Combined with the stuff that my company does which is a very different financing vehicle for forestry, agriculture, agroforestry systems which are sustainable and predominantly run by small holders. That's why we have to wait for politics also. But while we're waiting for politics I think there's a number of other things that we can be doing. So Louis depending with his credit on the Indonesian government for example. Let me take this discussion to the next level by linking the presentation that Pat Bassa made with the one you just made.  What was clear from your presentation is that just in one country in one of the slides there were at least if I can recall five, six, seven and there may be many more institutional arrangements which are being established to manage different types of funds. Now the obvious question that comes with that is what are the transaction costs associated with multiple funding mechanisms in terms of an overarching ambition to try and reduce the costs and the transaction costs of doing business in the interest of small holders and whether this is based on carbon financing or other sources of finance is immaterial. Simly Moritz for you, I mean one of the lessons we've learned in the last few years since the 2005 COP is the multiplicity of the different standards that have been established which is left I think the market a little bit confused about which standards do we follow. There are huge technical and financial barriers of entry to comply with these standards and what we don't see in terms of the actors who are involved in this we rarely see any of the small holders involved in this process. So I wanted to pass it for you and Moritz could just respond to that before we go on to talk a little bit more about some of the aspects that were raised by Tom and Bruce. Thank you Andrew. I think this is the problem of the developing countries actually now in Indonesia how to reduce the transaction costs but I think we committed if we can make it what I could good for its government for example we can reduce it because of the transaction. Since we learned so much from the process that we already have had experiences until now. Defend song how perspective of the government but the business. If the government still thinking that they will creating good income for the business not from the normal system, the existing system maybe the transaction cost will increase but if we agree that all right we have to open the business environment rather than take it I put the cost for every transaction. I believe that we can be reducing the transaction because this is very important for us. That's why I'm the the next hopefully we in line with the prone to this issue of the proliferation of standards. Just for you to know like there is FSE or PFC or others and in the forestry world and the carbon world there are different kind of standards. In matter effect they are all very similar to each other but yeah there is then this diversity. We as both standard we're pretty much the only standard trying to really join forces. We are in cooperation with FSE with Fairtrade with Rainforest Alliance now and we are talking also with with VCS on the table of the UN. The UN invited us to sit around the table and to join forces so we're trying to go down this way but it's not easy. Let's put it this way. On the other hand I would encourage also governments which are currently creating carbon markets not to recreate their own rules please. Of the rural economies that we are talking about where the forests are now the World Bank Group knows this problem already for a census inception in the 40s and the United Nations knows this problem as well. Now my question is how come that there is no focus on formalizing the economy of the developing countries. Formalizing the economy. I know that there is an initiative of us of doing that. Now many of the negative perceptions that are being built in the West for not being for excusing we are not going to buy from you in Asia are that perceptions not based on evidence. Thank you very much so I would like to have a response. Why is that all? Continue to tension on what you mentioned on formalizing the economy of the societies. Thank you. Thank you very much. Yelmas do you want to make a stop at that? I'd like you to take the first on the formalizing economies and then I'll take it from you. I think the experience at C4 that has done research on processes of formalization has recognized that there are trade-offs. I would agree with you to a certain extent that I think perceptions aren't always... Hang on, Yelmas. Sorry, I didn't see you saying that last week. Sorry, I didn't know if you had Yelmas on. Just quickly, Peter, thanks for the question. I would say that if you look at the whole situation fairly and honestly, perceptions, negative perceptions have come from some evidence as well that you have to give that some... you got to believe that. It's a fact. And as we transition from evidence of negative to evidence of positive, equally there needs to be independent evaluation of transition to positive. I think APP is starting to take this path and ask external independent entities to look at commitments and validate that those commitments are unfolding in a positive way. And I think that's exactly the journey we need to be on. That's the way you get over the negatives of the past by proving the positives of the future. I think this is a really interesting point. And if I could return, I know some of you may have been in the plenary this morning to what Mr. Vijayas said, for example, in another party of C. Narmas, about the loans that were being made to small holders in this very interesting program that he has worked through with Kadeem. And I think that's absolutely the right way to go, but I'll point out that works because the risk is being taken in guarantees by Golden Agri. No one's going to lend it to those small holders, whether or not they have formal title to the lab. On the other side, we heard maybe if it's securitized, we'll talk about that. We also heard the gentleman from Ola who talked about the fact that he could get a formal permit from the central government, but he couldn't cover the risk of the community, which was the real problem. And I think that's true, whether it can be a completely informal situation that give communities in Mozambique, where we work, the right to disrupt investment. And I'm talking about investments that have a long period of return. I'm saying that agriculture has to move to be knowledge-intensive, organization-intensive, infrastructure-intensive if you're really going to see this growth occur. Nobody's going to invest unless they're facing some kind of a risk profile that they feel really secure about. And so what's the answer? The answer is that we can't avoid politics. If we're going to do things, we just have to really start to work in managing the risk from the ground up within the political realities that exist, whether it's in Kalimantan or somewhere else. The formalization would help, but it won't solve problems. An old lawyer's advice about that. Two extremely quick points. The first is that the purpose of the landscape is primarily formalization. It's a way to compete with informal credit markets, which we think are dysfunctional. Informal credit markets price things so high because their risk really is that high, because they're lending to a very limited pool of people. We'll come up with a better product, a better product by, you know, making it a more international sort of scheme. Get people into formal lending relationships. That's a functional thing that you need to do. The second thing is, why do you work with research institutions? It's because of evidence, interpretation of evidence. If you look at a lot of existing data that we have on default rates from lending schemes to small numbers, that sort of stuff, you see absolutely horrific numbers. And the immediate reaction of somebody from my background is going to be, these people are dead beings. No way. I'm not doing it. But instead, if you work with folks who actually understand the full context of realities on the ground, they'll show you a lot of other evidence to go along with that, which says the reason that they default is because they're getting a product that they can never possibly afford. And then the immediately counterintuitive answer of lengthening out the time in which they have to pay actually is the right one. That's why we've got to have more relationships like this where we're kind of working together. Thanks. There was a gentleman in the front and then let it back in another one, please. Hi, thanks Andrew. My name is Ekka Kinting from Jagarimba. Our subsidiary is Rimbaraya Conservation, who've been founding our heads for the last five years in Indonesia to create the first forest conservation project in Indonesia that has actually delivered credits last year. So we hope that should be satisfactory to the concern of showing us one path of the money as an experience. Now, I have two questions. First is for the financiers of friend. If I want to replicate this exercise, now I have three more projects to $4 million each to maybe 2 million hectares, meaning $200 million. Now, how would you advise me about doing that, given that we've done the first one, we're now the largest producer of this RATD carbon-related project in the world? And the second question to everybody on the panel is about demand. That's one thing that we've been hearing, and this is also related to our effort to raise financing to replicate the exercise, is that can you show me demand? Now, I'm sure there are probably 1,000, 2,000 people attending this conference, half a home flight from the US, from Europe, from Australia, etc. Each probably generating about four to five tons worth of carbon footprint. Are we all offsetting our footprints? Maybe that's one way for us to create demand just amongst ourselves. But in relation to what the gentleman from Office Depot is saying, one company like Singapore Airlines last year announced their carbon footprint is about 34 million tons. That should be enough to support 10 projects like ours, be they out of the concern or consideration of the company itself, or maybe forced by the government or the customers. And you can pass it on to the customers. I would like to congratulate some companies. Out of the US are now here in the market buying carbon credits from us. So I definitely like to talk to Office Depot about that, take my real demand for the projects. We can see clearly there's some new bridge. This is like very simple. Red plus coming, money coming. But they never know what is the requirement to get the money itself. They think that it's making it easy, but this is very, very difficult to ask. That's why I say that why don't we start with the improving our forest government first and then most type by type going to the market. The bar is already making the business. The other also making business. But again, you have so many obstacles because we are already not only on the government, but also on the private sector, also for the community itself. Thank you. Thank you, but was there was another question? Please. Yes. Hi, I'm Sheila, but the I'm with the overseas development Institute of Formalization, particularly in the context of finance and borrowing. And I was wondering what the challenges were actually not just changing the finance sector's practices, but also borrower's practices, because I'm imagining that smallholders are used to borrowing in the formal market. There's also needs to be some kind of a sales pitch for them to borrow differently. And I was wondering how you undertake that and how much less is there might be microfinance and microcredit in terms of what you're doing. Couple of very direct answers to that question. First is that we don't know enough about how to do this yet. There's not enough existing evidence that we have. So we got to go out there and make the evidence. And we're gonna have to go out there and make some mistakes. Our predisposition is to think about this as an aggregation problem. That the counterparty to any facility like the landscape fund should not be all the way down at the individual smallholder level, but rather some sort of entity. It could be a producer organization, or it could be a local credit institution that manages that book, essentially, manages those those relationships. It seems to us that in the process of making test loans, we're probably going to be a lot smarter than we are right now. And there may be some distinctions between the types of institutions and the types of lending relationships that you want. So, for example, if you're doing a loan for equipment or that sort of stuff, you may have a preference for a certain sort of institution. Whereas they're making an operating loan, you may have a preference for a very different type of institution. All of these things we do not know. And I would point out that one of the major reasons that we do not know this stuff is because everybody's been focused on answering very different questions about how to constitute new derivatives markets. So, we've got some catching up to do. Thanks very much. Another question? The gentleman in the front. Hi, my name is Sam Raimann, I'm an Adulter of Global Developmentalizers. I've heard kind of three different themes come through. So, first is there's very much a recognition of climate change and deforestation as a challenge, and that the private sector needs to be part of it. The second is some frustration about multilateral political actions, while recognition that there's some really important national and subnational level activities. And then the third is that within the private sector practices, there's very much a vision to continue with using existing approaches. And that could be kind of the need for an evidence base, that could be the decide to be able to sell sort of products at a premium, but certainly not to take a loss. That could be kind of a real focus on liquidity around kind of how you develop financial products. But kind of given this kind of, on one hand, a recognition of a need for a private sector role. On the other hand, a recognition that the public sector might not be able to do it alone. And third, a recognition that the private sector wants to continue to kind of operating using standard practices. What's a realistic expectation for the private sector to really participate in helping find a solution? Okay, I'll put that to Boris. Individual side, I can't see a movement in terms of having the power to push in the right direction. So it's sent a question if the, if the organizations have the right CEO in place to be moving in the right direction. And this depends on, on the media. And then the media, again, certain journalists, if they have the right thoughts and move in the right direction. So here I can see in some countries where the media, again, reflecting the views of society, are very active. You can see a lot of movement also within the companies. And then media is also controlling then the government. And also here you see in certain countries that the green parties are growing. But in matter of fact, what I, what you see here is eventually it is in my legal of the government to be trying to, to set the rules. Because later on, the companies are always thinking about money and, and the competitiveness to, to other, to other companies. So on an international scale, that's a little bit difficult because with, as we, as we're hearing the international agreements that's hard to agree on. But if they are really only having national competitors, then within the, within the country, you can really create a green growth in this regard when the government is acting. Can I just read one, I think what, one thing you said is that the private sector wants to work only within certain structures and basically not, my interpretation of your question is not evolve very much. But I would say if there are signals created that allow the private sector to act, to make decisions that support positive improvements towards sustainability, then many, many significant private sector actors are willing, willing to play. Use FSC as a, as a, as one example, that's a simple, simple of improvement. And in just one company example, from zero percent to 23 percent FSC volume in North America in a few years, we can still go much further. But that's an example of a simple, simple signal that the market offers of a better practice that we can support. Yes. And just, just to echo that, I think if I'm not mistaken, have some in the audience can correct me. I think within the Asian region, we only have four percent. There's actually been so many. Most of that link to supply chains rather than maximum sustainable forest management. So there's still a huge scope to expand that. John, just one last question. These are really good questions. Make something out of wall. So come back to the river ride question for a moment. I assume you're selling into the voluntary markets at the present time. You say, what would we advise you to really expand the scale moving up by four or five? That's going to come. That can't be done through the voluntary markets. It's going to have to come because you have some regulatory structure set up by the Indonesian government that can expand the scale. And that depends on the negotiations about which I am relatively not optimistic. But let me just flip your question into the energy area for a second. If we're talking about renewable energy, which costs three or four cents a kilowatt hour more than whatever is being used, coal, whatever, then unless the privates, unless the public sector basically comes up with some kind of a policy, either to bear those costs on the tax base or to force the consumer base to buy it, the private sector is not going to come along. But if the government does that and it's a credible policy, then the private sector is going to come in with usual 80% leverage rates. So there's not a general answer to that, to the question. It depends on the structure. What I would say is, look at the speed with which the private sector has essentially eliminated coal from the U.S. electricity base. It happened in a couple of years. An enormous change. Why? Because the price has shifted. The relative price has shifted and there the public, the private sector, is fantastic. And taking these things up. But if you ask me the question, gee, is that going to happen in China? Even if we bring down those gas coal spreads, the answer is that unless the Chinese government takes on the system costs of building out gas pipelines, it's not going to happen. So I can't give you a general answer to those questions and it all depends on the scale we're talking about. As long as we're talking about small scale, the private sector can do a lot in the context that is currently there. But if we're talking about the scale that will do something about the climate risk our children are facing, that cannot be done by the private sector alone. And the question is what's going to drive the change in public policy? Changes in the international negotiations? Or changes in the fact that from a competitive standpoint, some governments decide that in the end it's going to be cheaper to use zero marginal cost fuel. The air, the tides, the sun, then it is to continue against the risk of rising variable cost fuel. And so there's no general answer, but scale matters a lot even in the question of who has to do what. Thanks Tom. We haven't yet addressed the issue of perverse incentives in terms of the panel presentations, but this is clearly one aspect where governments can play a role. We look at Indonesia, I think if I'm not mistaken, 12% of the annual budget is actually approved for fossil fuel substance. This is an elephant in the room in mind. There is one last gentleman who had a question, sorry, one last question, because we are coming to it, so please. Yeah, I'll try to make this quite quick. My name is Luke Richard and I'm with the Governors Climate and Forest Fund. I have a question for Lou about the landscape fund. Certainly the ideas that you were talking about is something that GZF has explored in some of our jurisdictions, looking at different financing mechanisms to encourage deforestation free commodity production, and particularly we're looking in Brazil and providing preferential grants to producers that take on various environmental commitments, particularly registering in the rural environmental registry and taking other commitments. One thing that I didn't get from your presentation was what the link is between this new asset class that you're talking about, and the referential loans and environmental performance. So what are the environmental performance requirements and how is that going to be monitored as this new asset class is deployed? Very quickly, the counter party to the fund is an aggregator which has a number of different loans under that aggregator. The aggregator has a condition under which it can expand that loan book via access to capital from the fund. That access is turned off if they don't comply with environmental requirements, sustainability requirements. Sustainability requirements again are on the C4 side, so I can't give you a detailed explanation of precisely how they work. But the idea is that there is a conditional access to an expanding capacity to make loans. That's how you do it. Maybe you can follow up on the preliminary work that's been done on the finding of the system.  So would you like to ask another question? Thanks, Chris Day from the Berlin Challenge Corporation. I'm finally very excited when somebody talked about perverse incentives and public policy. And one of the assumptions, it seems to me, has been that we need external financing by whatever means, be it through political action, be it through the private sector, but we do face public policies that undervalue the resources which we're trying to provide additional financing for. I'm thinking particularly of public policies which reduce demand for timber and non-tempor forest products, such as in Indonesia and other countries, export bans on logs, timber, export bans on sawn timber, export bans on raw and semi-finished Rotan, all of which undervalue the resources which we're trying to find additional finance to increase the value of. And there's a contradiction here. And I wonder to what extent the panel thinks that we should also work on rectifying these policies that provide perverse incentives that undervalue the resources we're trying to find additional finance for. Thank you. Thanks very much, Chris. I think Lou wants just to quickly respond. Very quickly. Two things. First is that one of the major obstacles to making these sorts of investments is the proliferation of these regulatory sectors and trying to understand what they do and do not allow operational to do. That's a big part of the diligence process. And that can get handled. If you can have clarity around that sort of stuff, that actually make things a lot simpler, particularly in developing countries. The second thing is that there's a different sort of, I don't know if it's a perverse incentive, but there's a different sort of public policy decision which is made which causes a number of problems, which is that from a regulatory standpoint, there are a number of different systemically important banks, large corporations, that sort of stuff who should probably take climate risk into account in terms of making long-term projections. They're not currently required to do so by their regulators. Seems to me that the introduction of such a requirement would force them to ask a number of questions which they do not currently ask, not in a particularly honorous way, and probably have the dual benefit of increasing the stability of those companies over the long term, and at the same time incentivizing them to invest in a couple of exploratory processes so we can understand these risks. Thanks for talking to me one last quick. Coming out, we just finished a big piece of work that will be out in June.


Next to this is another Jacob Lawrence. He painted a study for a mural for New York State on the theme of community. Now this again, it's hard to see unless we come up a little bit closer to it. How is the mood of this piece maybe a little bit different from the mood of this piece? Lighter, everyone's together. Lighter, everyone's together. Okay. There's not that big wall in the middle. Lots of smiles. It really exaggerated smiles in the faces of the people. Sort of a sense of cooperation. People are bringing their tools. Somebody's already started working. So it's a cooperative, productive environment of creation. It's not so much social versus professional in the lack of ability to do anything. And then the other contrast we can draw on this wall is this piece over here. This is later. This is 1962. And it's interesting having it in the context of other works by African-American artists, especially dealing with civil rights. Because it is, of course, very, very abstract. How can you read, if I come up closer, I'm sorry to make you keep moving, but you really need to see. What do you notice about this piece here? Red, white, blue. Okay. So a red, white, and blue. We associate it with America, American flags. We're looking at regionalism here at the United States. I don't know. Each color is in its own area. So how would you, where does the United States fit into this? Where do you see that? Red, white, and blue. But if I can take West Coast, I can take the North, the Northeast, the Mid-Atlantic, the Southeast. So are you saying you see the shape of the country? If you want to see it, you can, yeah. Okay. That is the joy of abstract art. No, you're not, you're not the only one to see the shape of the country in the colors. So maybe we're looking at regional differences. Knowing that this is about civil rights, does anything start to emerge with the colors? Upside down, peace symbol? Oh. Abstract landsmen. Abstract clansmen. Can you point any out specifically? I don't know. We just, that kind of strikes me. Push back there and then this turns into flames when you put. Okay, so if the white maybe represents the white robes of the clan, what might the other colors start to represent? Blood. Flame. Smoke. Smoke, absolutely. So the red, white, and blue is kind of transformed into something very different. The title of the work is Evening Rendezvous. Why choose the title Evening Rendezvous rather than, you know, meeting up the clan? But it sounds better in that way. It doesn't sound bad. Yeah. It's like, it's like a social gathering. Nothing bad's happening. Nothing bad's happening, right? It's part of what's going on, yeah. And it was a secret. If people knew they were coming.