Okay, it's time to start Yeah, first of all just to introduce a little bit I also want to highlight, you know give the all the credits to Meng and we just their presentation They are from IBM China and unfortunately they couldn't come because of the visa and I'm a colleague I'm working IBM actually in Tokyo in Japan I collaborate a little bit in this work and I'm a backup speaker I'm going to present their their work here. Also, they have a record a demo that I will play later So the presentation is about a Reaward experience of deploying some framework that they developed to Help for companies to be more sustainable from what they call in full stack It's from applying, you know optimization for the hardware infrastructure perspective up to the application That's what it's the definition of full stock that they will be talking about in this presentation Okay, so Yeah Okay, main she's the CTO of IBM China and She's managing the IBM system labs Yeah, who are you? Yes, sorry the presentation It's a techno solution architecture that's implementing and working the framework and most of the demo he will be You know that will play he's showing how everything works, and I'm Marcelo morale. I'm from IBM Research in Tokyo Okay, just some quick introduction about the motivations here so IBM has done some surveys about with some CTOs and seals from in companies around the world and for example in 2021 31% of the seals they were saying that sustainability It's something important to be tackled for the next three years and The new survey now in 2023 51% of the seals are saying that Sustainability it's something important to be addressed on the companies most especially because most recently, you know, especially in Europe. There is some Demands from the governments for companies to become more sustainable especially for AI workloads. So there is this new requirement in Europe that Companies that are working with AI workloads. They need to report the energy consumption So it is one of the motivation that sustainability is becoming important The other thing is another perspective is how much energy is being spent in it. So there are some analysis some predictions that Data centers in the world concerns about, you know, more than 200 and 250 terawatt terawatt hours Which actually something similar to what all the entire country of Australia's is consuming So it's very very big something important to analyze and take care Yeah, so given that the IBM China with the China government the the Ministry of Infrastructure and industry Develops some guidelines how companies can especially on China so can Apply these guidelines to become more sustainable And they come up with this idea of the full stack which means apply things from the infrastructure up to optimizations to the application and Also, it's not only to reduce the energy consumption, but stand ability in a broad more broader broader, you know definition means ten ability of the software as as well. So then They have this guidelines Let's see if I can have a pointer here Yeah, so they have some guidelines like you know to improve the security because needs to be sustainable But also needs at the same time needs to be some technology or some tools that are secured and And also have some compliance You know stability in reality Reliability of the software and infrastructure everything that's been proposed to be Sustainable needs to also you know comply with different I know dimensions here that it's and also in the end of course the technology needs to become green and Also low low carbon emission There are different phase first The company will needs to be compliant with the guidelines and then apply optimization there Infrastructure and application then transform the whole thing to be more sustainable and in the end It's I think the best scenario will be some company that can lead the directions for Sustainability so in this survey that they created they thought they actually interviewed more than 100 companies and Trying to define what's the best you know metrics That can be used for measuring sustainability with something that it's not Homogenized it is still like it's so open discussion I think this might be something also for the future for the open source community Maybe you know to create like a some open standard for sustainability I think should be interesting. Oh, I understand that there are some agents and that it's still doing that But it's is it's you like every company is doing They own definitions for things so in this was one of the attempts to talk with different companies and try to bring some key metrics and components And they are using their framework there. They are proposing here for this work it comes just You know very high level is Like you know power unit Efficiency that most of the companies are using for data centers and also performance up to performance metrics of applications Because of course we need to be more sustainable, but also meets performance requirements for applications okay, so Just overview of the the implementation of the framework That comes from you know what they say that level level zero up to the level four It comes from again that I was mentioned from the infrastructure perspective What we can do up to what we can improve in the application So and this comes from monitoring. We need to collect metrics collect data from infrastructure and application Enable observability for that, you know to me easier for users administrator to look on that on this data Process this data and then we can manage it better. So, you know Become the data center more efficient. We do consolidation, you know, also Can can be right now is not in just them is not that Actually, there is something that really will show in the demo for that, but to do some some, you know change the power knobs for example, you know, we can play with Very the CPU frequency GPU frequency we can save energy with some techniques also do some consolidation If we I'm not going to show it's like that, but just to show an example what we can do concretely to save energy If you see the power curve for energy consumption Normally when you are Consolidating more workloads, there are more workloads that the power consumption it will be a little bit lower so it's a good practice Of course respecting the SLA for performance to try to consolidate Applications on the same server so that can be more become the server more energy efficient in the end So Then enable observability Do it the analysis and optimization and also create some automation that I was saying about scheduling and other possible Power knobs out on a change that we can improve the energy efficient for the cluster Here just You know highlight example that the demo that they they are going to show in this presentation and also That this it's open So they created this full the solution that I'm talking about With all the guidelines all the system that Connected between each other and going to talk a little bit more about that and they are Presenting that for clients in and in in their facility in IBM China. So here Though it's a little bit overwhelming. It's a lot of things, but just to show that is the software architecture For the solution that they have It's they have sensors connected data center Call a collecting temperature and power consumption metrics from the data center perspective note that this is what this is interesting because In the regular data center, we have energy consumptions from the node isn't it we can get CPU energy consumption But in the infrastructure level, it's kind of not easy to get that in it So for example, what's the energy from the rack? What's the energy for the cooling system? this is normally not exposed in the data centers and they are doing that with special sensors collecting this information and then expose this to The first the cloud infrastructure the infrastructure perspective and also for the software engineers how with this such information can't the how they can improve the Stannability of applications Yeah, so this is another Overview of that so But just to show that again, it's a little bit relate what I said but they're collecting information from the infrastructure here and then they are collecting information from the application itself and With that, you know processing this data and using some open source tools They are creating the solution and the idea here is to show You know a product, but that has dependence of open source and also with that They are proposing salute improvements from an open source For example, we're going to talk later about another project that it's the Kepler project It's the person that I more relate to I will have a presentation about that which more details about the Kepler in two days But I will explain it better later Okay, so About their observability, so the the idea here also is again, so we have like different levels of Data and how to expose that for you know the software engineer to the ceos the CTO So they will have different Interests in different level of metrics. So the idea is show You know for the administrator we have Energy consumption and co2 emissions from the data center from the infrastructure from the application level and in a general High-level not high-level detailed Drafts and then something that it will be more general for you know CSOs and the software engineer Reliability to people that also wanted to get this information per application and then at least this is like you know The energy consumption from different hardware's also they can include find hotspot and Maybe there's something it's consuming more energy because some failure something so they just should try to find find the problems and Manage them. Okay. This is the Kepler project This is the one that I'm more most more involved to that The Kepler project was initially created for x86 and you know Intel CPUs and This collaboration with IBM China. It's for IBM Z the mainframes that normal banks are using that also to Estimate the power consumption to the process and container levels in the cloud environment in kubernetes It's possible to run cat Kepler instant alone on for process but the main use case it's for you know on top of kubernetes and Calculate the energy consumption of containers on the cloud The this collaboration leveraged Kepler to collect power power metrics from IBM Z machines and Those and then break down that power consumption from the machines to the containers I Will give I have a presentation in two days about Kepler with much more details how everything works Okay, I'll show the demo Other primary cooling system including auto Let's give you a quick tour first for a closer look at our data center The first thing you will notice are the primary cooling system including auto Magnetical trailer and the cooling tower for data center cooling We also have backup air-cooled trailer and the other equipment to ensure efficient cooling operations Inside the data center server room various network cable trees are placed to serve different purpose This house is a net networks for high-speed connections and the fiber-optic cables for storage area Networks the layout of the hotel container system greatly addressed the cooling challenge of high performance computing equipment This is the backbone of the data center responsible for routing switching and securing all network data It plays a vital role in ensuring the seamless connectivity and the safeguarding network security Now we will share our experiments and the insights on how to manage and operate the data center using open source software First let's introduce dashi our go-to navigator for the daily tool we use That is not only helps engineer categorize different tools based on their needs But also allows for monitoring and diversification of corresponding metrics To monitor various type of data center infrastructure and equipment We utilize the SMP exporter to collect operating metrics across different dimensions Such as environmental power and cooling devices These metrics are then aggregated in premises and Zabix In case of problems happens tools like uptime kuma and chat-offs come into play Centralizing alert notifications through Peter duty By integrating with ITSM platforms and the IT Enterprise asset minimum tools like IBM control desk Engineers are permanently notified based on severity and alarm rules Allowing for quick issue resolution Real-time operational metrics from IoT devices are also fed into maximum Omen age combined with advanced analytics and machine learning capabilities This enables proactive thought detections and prevent from application and the system failures To simplify the deployment of container management. We often rely on tools like POTENOR First most virtualization environment is our trusted solution for managing at 86 sovereign virtualization environments Ansible playbooks automate routine operational tasks such as software installation service configuration and power volume resolutions To us help us in managing and maintaining the storage devices, volumes and file system within the data center Through various storage protocols like NFS, SMP and SCSI Data can be easily shared and accessed To handle the vast amount of daily logs generated in the data center We rely on the open source tools like ELK and Guarfaana looking To efficiently investigate error and mourning in the logs Additionally we use Guarfaana temple to trace and record the request change between different services Enabling comprehensive monitoring and management of cross-system request flows We aggregate different kinds of metrics and logs from IT infrastructure Using software like a permissives and Javix Based on specific requirements, Guarfaana allow us to create a customer dashboard to analyze the KPIs and monitor the overall business operations status If we reserve alert from our business applications We immediately use Instana to diagnose the problem and allocate the root cause Usually we drill down to diagnose the problem from the entry of the application service In the application of the ability dashboard, we can find the normal service with an alarm We can conduct in-depth transaction call action analysis And analyze the error log to fix the problem We also use the application of the ability dashboard for our website monitoring By analyzing actual browser request times and page loading times It allows detailed insight into the web browsing experience of the users And deep availability into application call passes We can easily locate the reason Of slow access to understand how to continuously improve efficiency We opened the real-time sustainable development indicators Including energy consumption, carbon emission, SLA of all layers of the entire IT operation system We can easily check the energy efficiency data Which we also called power utilization effectiveness of the current data center And the data of the last year This is calculated based on the energy consumed by IT equipment and facilities As well as the total energy consumption of the data center The data on the current page is played and calculated according to the time frame we selected And the data is constantly refreshed and changed For example, the real-time carbon emission of data and the data changes during this period The pie chart on the right clearly shows the energy consumption ratio Occupied by each component of the current data center For example, the blue part is the IT systems The yellow part is the trailer and cooling tower The green part is the indoor cooling system And the red part is the backup cooling and circulating water pump If we want to learn more about the changes in the energy efficiency of each part We can see more details related to different platforms and business applications At the bottom of the page Gizkan greatly helps data center operation and maintenance people to understand the current status And the reasons for changes in carbon emissions and energy consumption data So as to help us make plans to improve utilization efficiency And reduce unnecessary waste of resources We can also understand real-time energy usage through energy flow analysis To identify possible energy efficiency improvement solutions AI-based data analysis provides us the current hotspot hardware for energy usage And automatically suggests the job scheduler to suspend scheduling tasks to that hardware Spectrum RISF provides a variety of intelligent scheduling strategies to automatically match tiered electricity price For example, during the time of day when electricity prices are high The throughput of the cluster is reduced And some common or low parity drops are killed During the time when electricity prices are low The throughput of the cluster is improved The amount of the drops will be killed for execution In this example, the electricity price is lowest during the time period from 11pm to 7am We set the maximum number of the operable drops in the cluster to 96 And set it to a relatively low number in the time period with higher electricity cost The current time is 1.30am according to the intelligent scheduling strategy of ILSF This cluster is running at full load That is 96 drops are being executed When the time is 1.20pm The number of drops can be run by the cluster is 48 Now let's take a look at the graph of the overall operation of the cluster over the past day We can see that according to the intelligent scheduling strategy The throughput of the cluster matches the tiered electricity price curve So that the goal of the reducing energy consumption of the cluster will be achieved We also leveraged the resource measurement tool to find the suggestions for energy saving and reliability in performance Thermal make-up provides optimization suggestions including delete, resize, move, suspend, provision and reconvict with no impact to the business applications This can be applied to different kinds of resources, servers, storage, virtual machines, application components and databases For example, we can shut down the idle physical server to improve the sustainable indicators Now let's check back to the sustainable monitoring dashboard The energy efficiency ratio has been improved And both the energy consumption and carbon emission have also been decreased And we also use NVIDIA to capture and analyze the electricity and emission data To check the performance of our work As you can see, the detailed data on emissions reductions With more detailed data such as PUE, total electricity and IT electricity sink was in busy We can have more insight of our business workload and take more effective actions Sometimes we need experts to assist the data center technicians to resolve the problem remotely Maximum assist helps reduce the time that it is required to diagnose and repair the equipment problem For example, with the support of argument reality and AI-powered guidance through a knowledge-based of equipment data The on-site technicians can easily get assistance from the assist mobile app And successfully diagnose the problem and repair the more functioning cooling tower Which is a very critical facility for data center cooling In this demo, we are going to show you on IBM Linux 1 how could we do the finer-grained power monitoring The first thing we deployed our benchmark application Roboshop into the OCP or Kubernetes cluster And from this dashboard, the first part is about application performance So we sent the concurrent request per second into the environment, that is over 300 Meanwhile, we got around 320 millisecond response time And as well, in the last 15 minutes, we sent over 270,000 requests And we think that we have over 2,000 failures And we can show the detailed response time and throughput for each endpoint And in the following sessions, we show the total carbon emission that is calculated by the carbon emission factors So that evaluates based on the different parts of the world what is exactly the coefficient about pre-electricity That is continuous on the carbon emission So here, we use the United States numbers to distribute that into the coal, petroleum and natural gas So we can understand during the last, I mean per day, that is projected what is the carbon emission Just stop here, so we have one minute for questions If someone wants to ask something, yeah, sure Right, that's a good question So this system, actually there is a section here that's showing Let's see, yeah, it's just here Yeah, so this is the... Oh, it's out here So it's the Kepler project so that it's actually monitoring the energy consumption So basically, the energy consumption is proportional to the resource utilization So if we have a tool that has kind of low overhead, also impacts performance If the resource utilization is too high of the tool, it's also proportional for that And the Kepler project, we developed that to be as minimal as possible the resource utilization But everything depends on scalability, also the size of the cluster Because it can be more intense, everything But in this demo here, it's few nodes, it's not like we are testing in 500 nodes And see what's the energy consumption of everything But we can see here, compared to the water workloads, the energy consumption of Kepler is much lower, it's like minimal But it's a good point, so we should do that analysis for years and things like that To see what would be the impact Yeah, it needs to be accountable I'm more involved to the Kepler itself, not to the other parts But I think this should be also measured to be reported, of course Yes, sorry, I forgot to ask the question So someone asked me what's the energy consumption of the tool that's measuring the energy consumption of the system And how it's the overhead for that And I said that Kepler has low overhead because of the resource utilization is low And the energy consumption is also low Some other asked about if it's applicable to open shift So it's for Kubernetes environments, it can be a Kubernetes open shift Yes, because reducing the energy consumption also reduces the CO2 emissions But it's in the perspective of improving the energy efficiency of data centers and applications And of course maybe it has a different power source because we have like oil-based energy that comes But it can be also more sustainable power source And as they were showing like a scheduling application for a different time in the day that's using different power sources Well, we have this perspective Yeah, sure Oh, yeah, so someone asked if it's integrated with open telemetry And right now we are just exporting per meters metrics But the idea is also to connect to open telemetry Metrics, yeah Okay, I'm going to close then I think I'm on time Thank you very much for the attention And if someone has any other question please try to reach me or the presenters And I have like more details presentation today is about Kepler And please if you have time join Thank you


Alrighty, things are getting exciting and continuing to stay exciting at Canada's Wonderland, that's super cheesy. Cut it out. But nonetheless, things are staying exciting in terms of construction updates. To be honest, Mindbuster is getting re-tracking as you saw in our last video, I don't understand the section. We'll talk about that a little more in this weekend's podcast, why this section of Mindbuster. But yeah, they're doing this section of Mindbuster now, and yeah, to be honest, I just don't get it. I don't get it. Maybe there's gonna be more, I mean it is super early. I need to remind myself it's January and for those of us that have seen re-tracking work go on, we've usually seen it in March and April. So maybe this is a really good sign. Maybe it's gonna be a really large portion of Mindbuster that gets retract this off-season. So that's exciting. As you can see right there, if you look really closely down by that base trench where that white truck is, there's the rebar cages for the foundation and the support columns, the footings of a tundra twister. So super excited, they are really taking advantage of this nice weather. They're gonna be really far ahead of schedule on this flat ride if they keep going, because typically Wonderland doesn't start flat ride construction usually until March, so this is a really healthy sign. So confident that this ride will be open on season pass holders night, if the parts arrive overseas really well, wherever they're made. But yeah, nonetheless, I'm really excited. Tundra twister, honestly, you guys, if you've watched the podcast or you've seen my opinions, I'm really excited for Tundra twister. It's gonna be amazing. But nonetheless, Snoopy's racing railway, I don't know why I said it like that, but I did, is the footings are complete, I think. Again, it's hard to determine when you don't know the layout of the coaster on the land fully, but I think the footings are complete and now they're working on the structural foundation, so like the station building, and then they'll do the little launch shed, the second launch shed building as well. I believe that's what's going on. If not, then they are still pouring some footings, but I think from what I've heard, the footings are complete. And we should start to see some things arriving over the next couple of weeks. There was a shipment that arrived yesterday of some, I believe it's for the station building, it's really hard to tell. Wonderland's doing a pretty good job of hiding things, or whoever's on the construction site is doing a really good job of hiding things around that orange shipping container, so I can't get a good view. But parts have arrived, I did watch them arrive on a flat bed. So super excited because we should start seeing some support columns arriving in the next two weeks. So super excited about that. And you know what happens when support columns come in, what it follows is definitely track. We are also keeping a really close eye on our 2025 edition, so we are looking for signs of construction, but we did notice the company that was in charge of pouring the footings and digging the footings has moved over to Hunter Twister, so that same company is probably going to work on the 2025 edition, which means that we won't see anything until these two new editions or 2023 are started. And that's if that, because again we're going to see stakes in that, so we might not see work start until 2020, end of 2023, beginning of 2024, depending on what coaster it is. But yeah, hopefully you guys enjoyed today's construction update, see you this Saturday at 8pm on the podcast. Have a good one guys, bye!


Frosting chicken this way could make you sick. If you leave your chicken to defrost on the kitchen counter, it ends up in the temperature danger zone, creating a breeding ground for bacteria. Instead, try defrosting one of these ways. In the microwave, under cold water, or in the refrigerator.


No, YouTube is a go. Hey, that took a little while for it to catch up. Is it really? Okay, good. Let me hit Play on there so I can verify that Hi, hi everyone. Oh, yeah, I can't see a preview But I'm gonna just go with that because I have confirmation from people over in discord that we see something Yes, so something terrible happened to my workshop computer and I thought I had fixed it over the weekend But the problem is back so That one is not coming back today, so I have switched to my studio inside and It sounds like we have sound that's good So let's get on with it This is gonna be a low production value show because I literally am just streaming this one camera I have nothing else set up and I don't have any overlays or fancy things So it unfortunately will be a little bit either brief or weird So I'm gonna I prefer weird so let's see if I can on the fly add some add some value to this so I'm gonna go ahead and add a media source and Grab a video that I would have played anyway, so let's see here we go. This is gonna be Lady Aida talking about our product of the week here we go This breakout lets you plug in a cherry MX compatible switch like you see here This is a kale box switch, which is cherry max compatible you plug it in to The breakout board and there's on the bottom you can see on this photo There's a socket and so the switch doesn't get soldered in it actually kind of press fit plugs in There was also on the bottom You see that white square thing that's a neopixel and there's also a diode and the diode is what lets you create key matrices with this thing and the neopixel You see here. There's this kind of like you know There's the two sockets on the left the center is the mounting post on the right There's actually a little slot in the keys and the key Itself is meant for like having an LED Soldered in perhaps, but you can also just have a reverse mount neopixel shine through And then you can kind of backlit the LED with RGB colors. So you have a cutie pie board you know, it's just using Arduino or you can use circuit Python, whatever and These are the keys and I'm just gonna remove them to show you that The key itself plugs into the socket So this is the key and it's got these two Connectors and that those when this key is pressed those connect together and then there's the mounting post where I to keep it mechanically stable so you can Plug it in and then you know, it's pretty stable I would say look you want to have a glued or taped or something to keep it from coming apart because you can pull it off And here's another one. So you have two of them connected together and then on each side you have multiple pinouts There's power and ground here for these are for the neopixel and then this white wire You see, you know goes in here and then chains over to this one. That's the neopixel data line So just like neopixels you chain them together. This has neopixel data going through and then You have two pins for the switch the top and the bottom that and in the cathode of the switch again There's a this diode in the middle so you can make key matrices If you're not doing key matrices, you can just ignore that died there to avoid key ghosting if you're making a complicated matrix But basically you have one pin for every switch and then for this demo when you press the key The LED turns off so, you know, you can just use it as a switch and then control the neopixel separately So they're you know, the neopixel is not connected to the switch at all They're totally separate. You can have the neopixel all the time off all the time. You don't have to power if you don't want to It's just kind of a bonus extra. It shines underneath Here's a demo of the opposite when you press the button the new pixel shines through So it's basically a breadboard friendly way of connecting a mechanical key that is cherry MX compatible to your breadboard There we go. Oh, sorry. That's peaking a little high. No, it looks good So now I could pretend to run back to the workshop to go get one out of the mystery cabinet So why not? Oh bear with me. I'm gonna do just that. Let's Go ahead and add a new media source This is the weird bizarro version of JP's product pick of the week Right Hang on Here we go Yes, that's right. This week's product of the week is the Neo key socketed breakout for mechanical key switches and This is essentially a little PCB that has a neopixel that is underlit for a mechanical key switch as well as a Kale socket so that you can plug in a key switch without having to solder it Which is great if you want to try out different key switches. In fact, I've got one Sitting right here that I have put together. Oh, yeah, focus is gonna be a challenge So here you can see I've got first of all key cap on top of my key switch. I've got a nice clicky key switch and you can see that if I just gently pull those apart the key switch comes out and there's essentially a little spring retention clips that hold those two legs in place as well as a little post to keep things from wiggling around and This is designed to go on to either perma proto boards or breadboards when you're prototyping things so I've gone ahead and soldered in these header pins and You can see here a little demo that I've prepared where I've got a big honkin breadboard and I have a few key switches on there and what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna go ahead and add a very pre-wired For this last one to go in so what I'll do is try to not screw everything up horribly as I plug that in I'm getting an echo. Sorry about that Turn that down. There you go. Sorry about that So if I plug this in I shouldn't have done that while it was running, but I did and I survived so now when I press that Key switch I'm changing this little animated pattern that's running through these And I'm using the LED animation library for circuit Python, which is perfect for this sort of thing because it's non-blocking it allows me to Go ahead and run animations while I'm still watching for key presses. There's a nice little comet chase And go back to that initial sort of pulsing fade loop there And so actually I got a question in the chat, which is what are your favorite key switches? So that's kind of a neat thing that you can use this for if I go ahead and I'll leave these covered But what I have here is this is a red Key switch, which is the equivalent of a linear Red Cherry MX key switch. This is a black key switch, which is a stiffer version of the same It's just a linear press This is a brown much maligned and it this has a slight tactile bump in it So you can feel a little change in force as you click it and then finally we have a couple of Very clicky ones, which are the equivalent roughly of a Cherry MX blue I think I'm not sure where they're white Maybe there's a Cherry MX white that I can't that I'm not aware of so my favorite for typing is a blue I like those on my kind of regular everyday keyboard. That's what I use nice and clicky But you can see here one of the really cool things about this key switch is that by putting it on This little breakout that fits breadboard spacing we can try out weird stuff like this kind of ergonomic Keypad here, you might be designing a PCB for yourself or maybe just a 3d printed case or some other type of handmade case where you're just gonna wire these Directly to your microcontroller in this case. I've got a little itsy-bitsy M4 running this then you can create sort of unusual patterns unlike the typical grid pattern I don't have any of my other props with me here, but as you can imagine Here's my kind of everyday keyboard that is a very specific pattern of staggered layout. There's also ortho linear where they're more like a calculator keypads, but This allows you to get really wacky with designing some custom stuff And it's really quick and easy to work with you can also buy either soldering wires to the Pinholes or using some little socketed cables You can do very quick disconnects and add these into projects So One thing I'll say is if you want to head over to let's see can I get a Nice if I can add a browser window You know, I'm not gonna try because then I'll surely suck us into a black hole But if you head to the product page, and I'm just gonna tell it to you Which is product 4978 So if you head to aidafru.it slash 4978 Then you will go directly to the product page for this little Neo key socket breakouts And you will find that they are 50% off so they're on sale for 88 cents each Limit of 10 So if you have a project in mind where you want to do a little bit of experimentation with the key switches go for it We also stock Cherry MX compatible kale key switches. They are out of stock right now. I believe same with we have some of these nice little key switches and See through key caps, which are great for seeing that little neopixel That's sitting right on there So that is mounted underneath the solder tabs underneath and there's a hole cut in the PCB So the light shines up and through and that'll go through the hole on a regular LED key switch or even better use something that's white or translucent or transparent so that you get a lot of light shining through there But it'll it'll work going just up through that little hole That's in pretty much most key key switches that expect an LED and then you can use things like these Clear key switches again. I've got all my props in the workshop. So I can't show you some other ones that have What's called a little window Which is what you find a lot of time on scroll lock and caps lock keys And that also is like a little light pipe that allows that LED to shine through while the rest of its opaque. So it was really nice so Let's see what else to say about it. I can't bring up my code for it But the nice thing is this works like essentially two separate things. There's a string of neopixels so you can Follow the blue trace here this blue wire runs to the in of this key switch which is the Neopixel in and then it has an out pin on top Which runs into an in and an out and an in and out so that that's what that kind of blues wiggly wire is Then we have the powering ground for those neopixels I've put them plugged them in across the top and then down the bottom We have anode and cathode which are how we're reading those switches on the pull-up of different pins So I have five different pins that I'm using on the microcontroller to read those five switches however, like lady had said if you look closely at Those hide me these cameras like to focus on faces if you look closely there is a diode on there. There's also I think a resistor in in the Neopixel circuit, but there's a diode on there for the switch circuit so that you can do things like creating Column and row scan matrices if you want to use a lot of keys So a hundred and one or a hundred and four key keyboard that would be possible with these If you had a really odd design you want to get keys all over the place You can do that. You don't need a hundred and four iopins You need to use the scanning column and row matrix and I'm not sure what the limit is of those I haven't tried it yet, but that'll that'll be some number of Pins are required per set of keys So let's see any questions in the chat. I'm gonna pop over to the YouTube chat Fishy sir circuits asked will the key switches come in sometime? I'm sure they will I don't know when but you want to go ahead and sign up There's a little spot where you can type in your email address and say notify me Well that you know when those come in into stock These are compatible with Yeah, these are compatible with pretty much any Cherry MX Compatible key switch and you'll find lots of different ones available online if you have some particular needs and That's gonna do it. So Thank you all for stopping by sorry about the The weird stream. We had a bit of a disaster with my my computer that I'm now gonna go spend untold hours trying to fix possibly Swapping out a hard drive. Yay So that's the product pick of the week.  Thanks everyone and I will see you next week


It is roughly 7.50 in the morning on the 24th of March 1972 and a school bus is driving collecting students for Nyak High School. This morning, although clear and sunny, he is a little bit different for the driver. He has had to do his regular route in reverse due to a road closure. As his bus makes its way along the Gilchrist Road, he is heading for a railway crossing. 20 minutes later than normal and due to having to do his pickups in reverse, the bus is a whole lot fuller. Almost overloaded in fact, with some students having to stand in the aisle instead of sit on their seats. The bus seemingly unaware of the crossing storms over the railway tracks, right into the path of the freight train. Welcome to Plainly Difficult, my name is John and today exploring Gilchrist Road Disaster. Clarkstown. Clarkstown is, well, a town in New York State in Rockwell County. It is made up of several hamlets and has a population today of just under 90,000 residents. And it is a pretty standard residential area, nothing really out of the ordinary. Very nice homes, plenty of places to shop and eat, not too far from the hustle and bustle of New York City and on the whole looks like a nice place to live. The town, also not unusually, has a railway line that snakes its way through it. It's a single track affair and predominantly is used for freight, as such most of its crossings are at grade on the same level as the road traffic. The line was ran by Penn Central. This of course opens it up to conflict points where cars and trains might interface, or in a more technical term, go smashy smash. Along this line in 1972, roughly eight trains run in each direction each day, with one usually traversing the line between 7 and 8am. The trains can run along the line at speeds up to 40mph and it probably goes without saying that freight trains take a lot of distance to stop. So yielding at the crossings is the responsibility of road use. Because of the low frequency of trains and relatively minor roads, they had very little in the form of crossing protection and warning systems. Pretty much boiling down to cross-bucks, which is this sign, and stop markings to tell cars to stop, then proceed across the line. This was the case for the crossing at Gilcrest Road. The one lane in each direction only had a couple hundred of cars used a day road each day. Even today, the road looks quiet and almost rural. Going west, vehicles are limited to 15mph, but eastbound have no restrictions. As such, they can approach the crossing at 30mph. As far as known by the 1970s, the crossing was incident free, with no reported police action or reports from train crews. Of course, that doesn't make it immune to future disasters. The morning of the 24th of March 1972. It is 7.30am and a school bus driver aged 37 is preparing his bus to depart the garage. He is a fireman by day and moonlight is a bus driver some days of the week. His bus is a GM derived chassis vehicle and has 66 seats. He has been driving buses for around 6 years. He usually departs around 7.30 in the morning and returns at 8.25 in the morning. From there, he speeds off to New York City to start his shift as a fireman, which is around 9am. Shortly after departing, he comes across a diversion this morning. This required him to do his route and pickups in reverse of normal. This would take longer. Not good when you've got another job to go off to. By the time the bus reaches Gilcrest it's full with children, some 48 in number and some are even having to stand in the aisle. Normally the bus approaches the railway crossing heading westbound, but today he's going east and is 20 minutes later than normal. This was around 7.54 in the morning and the bus was chugging along the Gilcrest Road. Roughly around the same time freight train WV1 was heading north. The train consists of 3 GE UB25B diesel electric locomotives and 83 wagons and a caboose. It weighed around 4,200 tonnes. The lead loco was painted a very dark green and the train was crewed with 5. An engineer, breakman and fireman in the lead loco and a conductor and flagman in the caboose. The time is now 7.55. Train WV1 is travelling at around 25 miles an hour and it is approaching the Gilcrest Road. As per instructions and the whistle post the train blows on the horn. Its bell is also ringing and its headlight is on. Roughly 500 feet south of the crossing the train emerges from a row of trees and the crew and the cab spot a yellow school bus approaching traveling eastbound roughly 480 feet west of the crossing. The bus doesn't appear to be slowing down but continuing on an even pace. Children aboard the bus at this time see the train and start shouting at the driver. At roughly 220 feet from the crossing the school bus momentarily slows down but picks up speed yet again. We can guess that the driver maybe thought he could beat the train as being stuck at the crossing would take too much time. A few more seconds passed and the train was roughly 150 feet from the crossing. Seeing the bus wasn't looking like it would stop the engineer slammed on the train's brakes. The impact was inevitable by now as both vehicles reached the crossing the train slammed into the school bus's side. This was slap bang in the middle and on its right hand side of the vehicle. The rear section of the bus was torn away pushing it towards the western side of the crossing landing upside down. The main section was pushed along the track a further 1,100 feet. Some students in the impact were thrown from the bus. In the initial impact three students Jimmy McGinnis aged 17 Richard McAlo aged 18 and Bobby Maltier aged 14 were killed instantly. 45 students were rushed to hospital with varying levels of injuries. Some would require amputation of limbs and life-saving treatment. The bus drivers also rushed to hospital with serious but not life-threatening injuries. Two more would die. 14 year old Thomas Gross and 16 year old Stephen Ward. Luckily no one aboard the train was injured likely due to the bus taking the brunt of the impact. Needless to say such an event would spark outrage in the community rightfully aimed at the bus driver and the design of the level crossing. It's also then unsurprising that the NTSB would be the ones to undertake the investigation. The agency would examine the accident site, the bus wreckage and the train as well as the driver's actions and sadly it would dig up some worrying driving habits of the bus driver after math. The NTSB pulled over the bus wreckage and the barely damaged train and they found that nothing was mechanically defective. Interviews with passengers the bus driver had previously driven gave a rather worrying picture. His drive style was described as sometimes dangerous and he often took risks. This was likely due to his need to get to his day job after driving a bus. There had been a complaint even made by a parent about his driving. The way the school buses were run in the area was via contractors and as such the driver wasn't hired directly by the school district instead by a bus company. The company also selected the routes and it didn't consider the risk of including the crossing on the scheduled journey the driver had to make. The driver did have the relevant license at the time a class 2 chauffeur ticket. Although the driver clearly was the cause of the disaster, the crossing also played its part by not having barriers. You see with just a stop marking, cross bucks and the warning horns of the train, you open the opportunity of someone trying to beat it before it gets to the crossing. Potentially if there was a physical barrier then the bus may have stopped but the NTSB found that the crossing was missing one of its cross bucks and the advance warning sign was also too close. The NTSB advised implementing better crossing controls as well as better training to school bus drivers. They also noted that better school bus route selection should be undertaken to avoid as much as possible using unprotected level crossings. The driver of the school bus refused to speak to the NTSB during the investigation. This was on the advice of his lawyer because he had a criminal case to answer to. The driver would be taken to trial and would be found guilty of negligent homicide and he was given five years probation. This is a plain difficult production. All videos on the channel are creative comms actuation share like licensed. Plain difficult videos are produced by me John and are currently very nice and sunny corner of southern London UK. I'd like to thank my YouTube and Patreon members for your financial support as well as the rest of you for tuning in every week to listen to me talk. I have Instagram, Twitter and a second YouTube channel so check them out if you want to see photographs and random odds and sods as well as behind the scenes photographs. And all's left to say is thank you for watching and Mr Music, play us out please.


You know, I've come to believe over the years that laughter is proof of freedom.  People that laugh and play together remain connected to freedom and some degree of autonomy, especially when it's laughter connected to things that you enjoy and that you find funny, instead of things that people tell you you're permitted to enjoy and laugh about.  It is continued proof of freedom, no matter what you're going through. If you can laugh, you still have some freedom and autonomy. Hope that helps. Love you guys, cheers.


You have a problem. Yeah, your calluses aren't from deadlifts Yeah, yeah blue balls. Yeah, maybe is that a myth too? No But isn't normally thinking about all days I can't wait to get home crank one out never been to the strip coming my life I have no point me neither. Never never you're the first adult Jim has I have we're cool kids You know, ladies and gentlemen welcome back to gossip boys working title Maybe ten minutes in to win and maybe it's seven minutes in heaven And I don't know what that name is because it's just four dudes out of table but we got Dean Sadoras of caffeine and kilos the one and only legendary Jim McD 3sp.co and The man with the plan The meanest digital military man on the planet and Today we're talking about The reproductive organs and are working out there's a trend going around within the male Community and maybe it has some effect on the lady We all know that testosterone plays a large role in muscle building and in our everyday life our hair our mood Etc. Etc. So these guys are going to really challenge themselves and not Have any self-pleasure for long periods of time thinking That it will enhance their life their concentration their focus their mood and the biggest one is gains in the gym and You secrete a different pheromone for the ladies. So if you don't touch your own pee pee you will get more women What's the longest maybe some of us have gone without these Self-pleasures whether on purpose or not because I have some friends that do the no fat. I Don't have an answer. They're really kept track, but you're not marking a calendar I haven't scratched off tattoo like I'm keeping score on my back Yeah, I think anybody that does that is just kidding themselves and wasting their time You don't think there's any no benefit. No, I say this with full confidence and zero scientific knowledge of it I don't think it doesn't make I don't think there's any real science But some guys and some logic does make sense to me I don't know if you're recruiting these pheromones, but if if you're No self-pleasure your brain's probably especially a younger dude a brain on overdrive on women And maybe you have more courage to go approach a woman Or that makes sense. You think you have more courage. Sorry. Well, you have maybe not more courage But like your hormones are telling you like go talk like this is bad I think if you're secreting a pheromone at that point. It's probably desperation smells like desperation They're like look at don't talk about Periods. Yeah, it's real. Yeah, that's right Let's also look at the history of probably a lot of these like violent criminals and oh, are they just getting women? Or was this like a build-up of like desperation? Yeah, could be desperation does cause crime. Yeah, that's a truth Yeah, that's a truth. What's the really awesome connections here? What's the in cell crime rate? I mean in cells a whole nother topic. We do Probably very high. Yeah, a lot of cyber attacks Mom's basement based cyber attacks haven't left violated me on call duty I haven't left the Sun in a while at Kyle's stream with like a anonymous mask I Don't know any science behind it, but I do understand why the young person might dive into it Desperation may be a thing but I do feel you may have more courage to go Like they talk about porn addiction and all this stuff and I also understand if you have a masturbation addiction Yeah, you should probably pull back for sure and I don't know what number I don't remember to feed yourself because you're beating it. Yeah, you have a problem. Yeah, your calluses aren't from deadlifts Yeah, yeah, like I talked to someone first, you know sure don't think like I'll just pull back Yeah, no shot, but is there a negative to pulling back? No, but I guess it's up prostate stuff. They say that masturbating is great for male health I'm saying they won't be able to pull back. Oh, true. They're lost in the sauce literally lost in our own sauce I know one person I know one person who's given up all together. Yeah, okay. Yeah, yeah John Romanella. He's he gave it up all together a few years ago We give up liquor and and pornography. Yeah, and beat in his meat for a year and he actually hasn't resumed two of those So so I do understand the bourbons on the table, but everything else is gone But I also think that I mean just private conversation I think he's told me that you know, he wants it like two or three times a day So if you're getting two or three times a day when you have time to be yeah, there's no yeah, I think that counts So that that is the yeah that counts that is the confusion I saw when I did some research on a live stream a little while ago about no fat But then I think like sex is okay. Yeah, you're getting out elsewhere It doesn't make much sense with the logic of this whole thing and the pheromones in the the whatever I do understand that even if it's not a true addictions Psychologically or whatever, but you are into porn or masturbation beyond maybe what's healthy and you pull back You may be able to concentrate on some other that's things of life.  That's what they say these guys might be some they may be honest. I'm here the part Yeah, I think the big thing is like float around. They just like don't they don't dream There's built-up energy. There's built-up energy. They're not sure. They're not human anymore I think I've probably gone multiple weeks like on trips or vacation But it's not on purpose and I didn't count Yeah, but you don't die, but I don't feel awesome me like it kind of felt the same. Yeah blue balls Yeah, maybe is that a myth too? No That's definitely not a myth but isn't like blue balls more or something. That's like if you're in the process Stop interrupt us.  Oh high school dance poppin chubs at high school Sure, you didn't They didn't play enough ice cube. Did you ride a bus to get to and from school? Yeah, a little freaky dancing bro Come on really like we we danced a lot But then I was also in that era where it was like really popular to dance by herself because it was like Bay Area hits Oh, yeah, there was like a dance off.  They blocked you. They were strict here too, but like people were getting kicked Yeah, we were still doing it. We were still doing it. It's going to the club or whatever But you're so drunk and you don't even start feeling anything. That's the thing is the under 18 club Oh, dude, there's a couple of those around here. Yeah a little Is it under 18 or under 21? You mean no, I think it was under 18 and under. Yeah 18 and under. Yeah, there's high school night or maybe it was under 18 where there's no one 18 It was 17. Yeah, maybe That's when I first learned about mac jay It's probably 14 years old. That's I don't like that. No, it's great. What was it? I don't know It's just a high school dance. Yeah, I know and it wasn't good. No, it's great looking back. I'm like, oh really?  I have no 12 people in your whole school No, I went to the I went to these clubs. These clubs were a little no, I heard about those Those guys were sketchy. That's what I heard. It's just your shotgun and red bulls with the bullies Throwing a couple back a $10 red bull and then one of those I'm pretty sure one of those opened up where it was like 21 and up upstairs The miners are like downstairs. No, that was this is a recipe for no. Yeah. Yeah, that's 100 Yeah, I've been there Yeah, you would show id within Like a vip line to go to the bar and everyone else is dancing but everyone else can dance too Oh my yeah, that's I don't know how that's that's legal fucking. No, that's a no owner of that place I went there too. Yeah, I bet you regrets. Yeah, the owner of that place Talk about blue balls just even go-go dancers That's a that's a vision when you're 15 Or she really likes me drip. No. Yeah, she knows my name. They started playing the t pain and me and her made eye contact at social Yeah, or strip clubs never been to the strip club of my life confession I have no point me neither never never you're the first adult gym has I have we we're cool kids over here You know, that's that's actually how I separated this. I knew that fact It wasn't even by choice real quick. Yeah. Yeah. No hit it sure like No, no, I was like every time that like a group of my friends that went like I was like couldn't go Mine was similar. I mean I was never like not like like I was like anti going I was like one of those weird things like whenever like oh three or four of the guys would go I would just happen to like not be around. Yeah, I was gone and then they went I'm like, oh you guys went and that was kind of it. Mine's similar. I've never done a bachelor party All my friends kind of did like a little thing. Yeah, and then the other one was like that. We're in vegas and one of my friends Uh, brothers not mentioning names here had a fake 18 year old ID and he's 17 So the first club we go to is 21 and up and so he couldn't get in So we got a fake ID just go to the strip club just to be in vegas So you didn't get yelled at a lot, you know And we're all with our families too like like we were with my buddy's dad and stuff It was like it was our 21st, you know, so it's kind of a thing and then we go to another one and it's um 18 and up, but it felt so sketchy and then it was like 20 or 50 bucks to get in and I'm like And I left it expensive The thought of like wasting money in that form to me is like this is not Yeah, with the internet now honestly like and I didn't really have a problem with like Meeting real girls that are yeah, yeah, if you wanted to meet that many girls who were in law school you go to starbucks, right?  But there's a huge misconception Oh, it doesn't matter. We're dead So Yeah, misconception real quick real quick. No, just say it.  Yeah nervous No, they're not even nervous. They're just like in all. Oh, they're in all literally the whole time. Yeah Well, they're also their behaviors control. They can't there's certain places. They can't touch and all I've heard canada. You can touch still like I heard scratching sniff parties in canada. Yeah, is that true? I don't think the opposite.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we will discuss a question which says that the table shows the number of books sold at a library sale make a table of joint and marginal related frequencies. Now let us start with the solution of the given question. Now in this table that is in this two way table we are given two categories one of fiction and one fiction and other of type of color of books and here the frequencies are 28, 52, 94 and 36. Now to find joint related frequencies we will divide each frequency by the grand total of all frequencies and here this grand total is equal to 28 plus 52 plus 94 plus 36 which is equal to 210. Now here we will make a joint related frequency two way table for this let us calculate joint related frequencies. Now corresponding to heart color in the first cell we will have 28 upon total of all frequencies that is 210 which is equal to 0.13. Then in the next cell we have 52 upon 210 which is equal to 0.25 then corresponding to paper color. In the first cell we have 94 upon 210 which is equal to 0.45 and in the next cell we have 36 upon 210 which is equal to 0.17. So this is the required joint related frequency two way table. Now to find marginal related frequency table we add the joint related frequency of each column and row. Now for row one the marginal related frequency is 0.13 plus 0.25 which is equal to 0.38 and for row two the marginal related frequency is 0.45 plus 0.17 which is equal to 0.62. And for column one the marginal related frequency is 0.13 plus 0.45 which is equal to 0.58 and for column two the marginal related frequency is 0.25 plus 0.17 which is equal to 0.42 and this is the table of joint and marginal related frequencies. Now let us check our calculations. Now the total of marginal related frequencies of row should be 1 and total of marginal related frequencies of column should also be 1. Now here we can see total of marginal related frequencies of rows is 0.38 plus 0.62 which is equal to 1 and total of marginal related frequencies of columns is 0.58 plus 0.42 which is again 1. Hence total of marginal related frequencies of rows is equal to total of marginal related frequencies of columns which is equal to 1. And this is the solution of the given question. That's all for this session. Hope you all have enjoyed the session.


So this is a paper joint with Maurizio Bussola from World Bank and Fabian Herzl with a PhD student at the Paris School of Economics. And so this is an empirical paper which we produce, we provide some estimates of inequity opportunity in some South Asian countries, okay? So motivation. So just to say one thing on this. So there are three main reasons one can be interested in inequity opportunity. One is purely normative, you know, there was a big discussion in the 90s and even before among philosophers, political philosophers and normative economists about what is social justice and why we should move when thinking about social justice from the space of achievements to the space of opportunities. So from, let's say, a well-pharistic approach to a non-well-pharistic approach in which the process by which a given distribution is obtained is relevant. So this is an intrinsic reason if you want why equity opportunity is fair. The other is instrumental, okay? Equity opportunity is interesting because in equity opportunity can be a buyer to economic growth. There have been different ways in which this has been specified and declined. There are different arguments in equity opportunity can go against a good, inefficient allocation of talents, can be against the good incentives in a market economy. But, you know, and then there is also another argument which is that in equity opportunity, the equity opportunity is not only the conception that is proposed by philosophers and economists, but it's the conception that is very popular among normal citizens, okay? So we should take into account this. And so now the real question is, now are all these arguments valid for poor, I mean, no rich, no Western countries? I say that because most of the leisure show both the normative leisure show and also the leisure show which is trying to elicit the conception of justice of individuals is based on most of it on Western rich countries. So the problem is, is this relevant for poor countries? Our answer is yes, okay? I don't have time here to say why, but in the paper we discuss this, okay? So I think it should be discussed, okay? Why? Because some important economists as you know, pose this important question. Why we should be interested in equity opportunity in a country where there is an enormous level of poverty and extreme poverty, why we should be interested in measuring equity opportunity and not just deprivation and poverty and total inequality? So there are some arguments. I think this issue should be addressed. Yes, there was a session here, I think here in which this thing was discussed. Now, this is the region we studied in those of the countries, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Now I try to speed up the presentation. Now what we do, so the main effort here was to work on the data, okay? To obtain the estimates and to obtain comparable estimates, so comparable across countries. Then to capture trends, we estimated equity opportunity across birth cost, okay, in different countries. And then we try to understand what is the contribution of the different circumstances to equity opportunity by sharply decomposition. And we try to exploit the co-resident people to infer the parental characteristics. And we discuss the co-resident bias in this context, okay? Now, a preview of the results. The court-based analysis reveals trends which are hidden in construction analysis. You will see that this is very clear. We basically measure equity opportunity into two dimensions, education and consumption. We explore also the income, but at the end, we prefer the household consumption, so education and household consumption. And what are the basic results that there is an reduction of equity opportunity in years of education in almost all the countries. And within heterogeneity in improvements and levels, there is not a clear improvement in equity opportunity for consumption, okay? And our conclusion, I mean, a provision conclusion for the co-resident data is that the co-resident data are only representative for narrow age group of general population. If you want to apply the conclusion you have for the co-resident data to the full population, there are really big differences, so you can't really do that. I mean, there is big bias. We try to quantify that. I will not present much here, but we do it in the paper. So we already have seen the model equity opportunity by Chico, so I go quick here. And so what we do, we do here a parametric. So we just measure in equity opportunity in the ex-ante approach. We do both parametric, which for the continuous variable will be linear model. And we also have here some dichotomous variable, which is electricity. And there we use probit analysis. And for the measure of inequality, we use the genie for the continuous and the dissimilarity for the binary variables, okay? And we compare the results we have with two different approaches, the parametric and the machine learning. I will show not all the results we have, but I mean, most of it. Now, these are all the surveys we use, okay? For all the countries. So I'm not going to, and for all the countries, we have, for most of the countries, we have different years here, okay? Of the same survey. So for the cost analysis, what we do, we pull together all the surveys, okay? And then we identify different costs on the interval of five to 10 years, okay? And then we follow those costs. So we are able to see the trend. Basically, we do that for the educational variable. That it's easier because for the education, you don't have life cycle effect that you have for the consumption, for the income, okay? So the analysis is easier. Okay, so the outcomes for the individual level you have here, so education and electricity. You also have individual level of income, but we will not show these results. At the household level, you have consumption per capita for countries, you have income per capita. And of course, you know, by taking the household level, you underestimate the gender dimension. And so we take into account that when we measure the contribution of the circumstances to integrate opportunity. As for the circumstances, what do we have? We have gender, as I said, but which is underestimated given that for the consumption, we use household level consumption. We have your benefit of residence as a proxy of your benefit of birth. We have geographical vision of residence as a proxy for original birth. Now we have some statistics to see how big is the migration from one region to the other is not that big. So our results are quite robust in that sense. Then we have a variable which we call demographic group. I will show you later. And then we have parental education. Now, for most of the countries, we have gender, urbanity, geographical region, demographic group. For some countries, for countries specifically, we have also parental education, okay? So we have basically two different set of circumstances, a limited one and an extended one, okay? So the extended one, we have parental education. And then we try to measure in a greater opportunity with the extended circumstances, also for the countries for which that differential is not present in the survey by using co-resident data, okay? So let me show this. So this is basically for each circumstance, you have the country for which the circumstance is available in the data. And here for the parental education, you have the four countries for which the parental education is in the survey, which are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal. And these are the other countries, so Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, for which only the co-residents analysis will allow you to use the parental education, sorry. So let me just spend a few words here. So the demographic group variable is a composite variable, which is also different from country to country, okay? So here there was a kind of compromise, okay? Which is, in the words of Chico, it's certainly arbitrary. But you know, arbitrary doesn't mean that they cannot be justified with a reasoning. Then the reasoning should be compelling, it should be in a sense convincing. So what we have basically here, we have a variable which takes very different meanings in different countries. So for instance, in India, you have a variable with six categories in which you mix the caste and the religion. And for the Pakistan, you have a variable which basically depends on the language for Sri Lanka, the ethnicity. So this comes from the specificity of each country, okay? So the compromise solution we have is that we have a model with the same number of circumstances, so covariates. But that covariate, one of those covariates, so what we call demographic group, has very different meanings for the different countries, okay? Reflecting the different social and cultural structure of the different countries. That was in a sense, you know, the compromise solution we had. And okay, let me show you the first results. So first of all, we start with education, then we go to consumption, education. This is the full inequality. Sorry, the picture is not really focused, but anyway. So this is the total inequality in education. This is inequality in years of education. So the genie of the years of education. As you expect, the values are very high. You know, the years of education is a distribution with a few values, so it's very easy that the genie increases. And you have a clear decreasing trend for all the countries. Here are the birth co-authors, okay? So we identified the trend because we have the different birth co-authors. So from those born in the 60s to those born in the second part of the 90s, okay? So for each birth co-authors, you have inequality in the years of education. And you have that inequality decreases for all the countries, okay? And in a sense, this is confirmed when we look at the portion of inequality in education which is explained by circumstances. So also inequality of opportunity in education has been decreasing for all the countries from the oldest to the youngest co-authors, okay? So there is a decreasing trend. It's the strongest decrease in some countries like Bangladesh and the Bhutan. And here you have also India, unless pronunciated in some countries like Sri Lanka and Nepal, but the decreasing trend is everywhere. Now, this is with the limited circumstances, okay? So we take everything but the parental background. If we add the parental background and here for all the countries, so the co-resident sample, you see here the triangle is inequality of opportunity adding the parental background. The safe call is inequality of opportunity without the parental background. As you expect inequality of opportunity increase when you increase the circumstances increase but increases of a big amount in most of the countries. And you can appreciate where the parental education plays a big role in the different countries. And this is also true when we do for the non-co-resident data. So for the few countries, which are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal, for which we have parental education information in the survey. So we don't have to resort to co-resident data, okay? Now, if instead of taking the co-authors, we had taken just the cross-section, so to see what is inequality of opportunity in the different years in which the country has been observed, we wouldn't observe that decreasing trend, okay? So, yeah, that says something to our way to measure the trend. And as I said, for the education, the working with age groups is quite safe because for income and consumption is more complicated. So you have to decompose the life cycle and the cost effect is more complicated. But, can you tell me? Yeah, okay. I was expecting something. Literally, share is consistent with what we saw with education, okay? So it's an increasing trend and also the dissimilarity index says the same thing. So I will not spend time here. So let's go to the consumption. So here you have the total inequality in consumption, okay, for the different countries. So we start from, let's say, let's look Bangladesh from the oldest co-authors, 60 to the youngest co-authors, 90s, okay? And you see that there is a decrease in total inequality in consumption. So this decrease is common to almost all the countries we observe. So for different co-authors, you have an inequality decreasing trend in the four co-authors we observe, okay? And when we look at the portion of inequality that is explained by Sivkunsansi's inequality opportunity, this trend is confirmed in some countries. It's not that here in some other countries. But one thing which is, I find also interesting here, if you compare the previous slide with the second one, is that the ranking of countries in terms of inequality and the ranking of countries in terms of inequality opportunity is not the same. It's not the same at all. Here you see that India is the country with the lowest inequality in consumption and is among the countries with the highest inequality opportunity, okay? And this is also true for Afghanistan. It's among the countries with the lowest inequality, but among the countries with highest inequality opportunity. So the ranking's changed quite differently. And so it changed the ranks of the countries, it changed the trend over the co-authors. Okay, these are the results I summarized here. And yeah. Let me go. So the contribution of safe consensus to inequality opportunity, first education and then consumption.  So explain most of it. So most of the inequality opportunity we observe with this data is due to the location of individuals. So sub-region, region and you've been. Here we don't have the parental background, okay? Because this is the common set of circumstances, common to all the countries. And we have a smaller role of the gender. What is important is that when you go from the oldest co-authors to the youngest co-authors, yeah, you have a decrease in the role of gender, you have an increase in the role of the location of the region. So the regional inequalities basically is increasing in explaining opportunity inequality across co-authors in most of the countries. What about the consumption? For the consumption you have again the same results in terms of magnitude of the location variables with respect to the rest, but you don't have that clear trend in the increasing role of the location that you had for the education or stuff. Okay, the last thing I want to show is the relationship between total inequality and inequality opportunity. Now, we also seen I think yesterday some graphs in which we plot total inequality and inequality opportunity. If we do it with education, we have what we expect now. We've seen many of these graphs in the lecture show. So there is an increasing relationship between total inequality and the relative inequality opportunity, okay? So those countries in which there is higher inequality are also those countries in which the portion inequality explained by circumstances is increasing. And if you do it with consumption, we don't have any evidence of that, okay? So we just have, yeah, we don't have any, this is just a correlation, but we don't have any kind of correlation. And okay, I think I will stop here. It's zero. Thank you. Good. And yeah. Yeah.


Hey everyone, welcome to Nintendo Prime and today I get to do something that I haven't done in quite some time. I will be reviewing a game for Nintendo Switch and this is by far and away the largest review I have ever done at the channel because it's for a major exclusive game. We're talking about Mario Plus Rabbids, Sparks of Hope. Yes folks, I have access to this game for about a week and I want to give a big shout out to Ubisoft for providing me a copy. I still can't really get review copies from Nintendo themselves but hey, you know what? Baby steps everyone. I want to do something a little different with this review. A lot of reviews out there are heavily scripted and well thought out and well typed out and everything and I originally had a 16 page review. I had handwritten that I was going to read off to you guys. It was going to be about a 30 to 40 minute review. I decided to scrap it even though I put so much effort into it because it just didn't feel like Nintendo Prime. It didn't feel like the kind of content we do. So I'm going to focus instead on what I like and don't like about Sparks of Hope and we'll start by me just giving a general thought out opinion on this compared to the only game I think it's fair to compare it to, Mario Plus Rabbids, Kingdom Battle and the associated DLC, right? This is a sequel but it's a sequel that doesn't really care that the first game exists and I find the fact that it doesn't care that the first game exists to be a little bit unfortunate. Not because the changes to the gameplay are negative and we'll get into that but because I'm not sold that Sparks of Hope is a better game than Mario Plus Rabbids, Kingdom Battle. Now that doesn't mean it's still not a very good game and not one that I didn't thoroughly enjoy but it definitely is a game that I might prefer the original more. That being said, let's talk about Sparks of Hope itself. So first off, it took me just over 20 hours or so to get through the main quest in the game. There is much more gameplay to do that. I would say if you are 100%ing this game, I think it says I'm somewhere around 60-67% completion. You guys see it on screen right now. I do think that this is probably about a 30 hour game. Now it can get even longer. There are three difficulty settings. I did about half the game on difficult, half the game on average and then I did the very ending on easy. I went back and replayed the ending since then. A more difficult setting just because I wanted to make sure that I actually saw the ending of the game and before I talked about it because I can already talk about how difficult the fights are. I can talk about the challenge. I can talk about some of the unique aspects. The final fight in the game in particular is absolutely wild and every single character is involved in that battle and it is insane. Now I will say I'm going to try my best not to spoil a whole lot about the game. I don't want to give you a whole much of deep dive story details, especially since a large chunk of the story really happens at the end of the game, which is kind of crazy how you can find out little bits and pieces about each planet that you visit. There are five total planets plus a bonus, well I want to say a bonus world, but it's a the final area. But in dealing with those stories, you just learn a lot about the individual stories of the characters that live on those worlds. You don't really learn a whole lot about the overarching story because I mean the game begins where a cursor just shows up and Rex face and people note hey where the heck is Rosalina? That's weird that Rosalina isn't there and again I'm not going to give any story spoilers because yeah Rosalina plays a pretty big role in the story as I think almost everyone suspects after all this is a game that's crossing over essentially with Mario Galaxy. Now to just note on a few things that I do want to just kind of draw attention to I do find the comedy in the game to be quite entertaining. Now look if you're not into the rabid style slapstick comedy maybe this isn't for you but I honestly thought it was hilarious from the little things you can find in the world to paintings you could find telling the stories of characters and more than that just the general comedy of when you complete things in the game. As an example on every planet you are collecting this thing called dark mess that provides energy to your ship to make it to the next planet and every time you unlock a dark mess depending on who was the lead character in your group of three and remember you can select any three that you want. What's funny is whoever the lead character is is the one that gets to do a little animation celebration when the dark mess is obtained and I will say so far no surprise rabid peach has my favorite dark mess obtained animation but I can't really speak much more than that since most of that was in the latter parts of the game and I don't want to dive too deep into the latter half of the game but when talking about sparks of hope I think it's important to recognize what the game is it's a tactical RPG it got it did away with the grid system that we used to see in Fire Emblem or we saw in the original Mario plus Rabbids Kingdom Battle game and goes with the more open free running around sort of way and that changes combat in a few ways it makes it feel a bit more fluid they added some new abilities and new modes new characters obviously they announced Bowser's playable he's not playable from the beginning he's someone that you unlock later in the game and they obviously had these spark abilities which eventually you get to add two sparks to each character and they add different abilities electric attacks or AOE damage attacks area effect attacks they do a lot of different things fire electric water seem to be the big basis for all of these attacks but there's additional ones with extra defense extra moves extra things that happen like vamp dash where when you dash when you run up to a character and do a dash attack which is like a slide kick you end up getting some health back so there's a lot of interesting ways to build out your roster and yeah there's about nine playable characters and all of them have very different ways that they play some of them play very similar to how you felt in Kingdom Battle where obviously like rabid peach is a healer and peach herself is more of a defender type Mario's and all around Luigi's it really excels at the long-distance stuff but then you have obviously some new abilities with things like Bowser where he's you know blasting his cannon or he's got like the ability to summon minions which I think is a really really cool ability and one that I love so much that an abusing Bowser a lot in the second half of the game just because he was so fun to play with because he's so different from all of the other characters look sparks of hope is not the kind of game that's gonna be winning game of the year awards I could tell you that right now it it's probably won't even be the best game that came out on switch this year we have other masterpieces out there like Xenobreak Chronicles 3 with the upcoming Bayonetta 3 obviously we have Pokemon Pokemon legends Arceus earlier this year as well so I'm not sitting here gonna say that this game deserves to be up in the pantheon of the almighty games but overall I had a really damn good time with sparks of hope and I think that's the general takeaway I want you guys to have is that this game is a lot of fun and it's not meant to be taken super serious and I'm not really sure what I expected because they mentioned they had a much larger team making this game so I really wasn't sure what that meant I wouldn't say the game is any longer for it but I would say there's a lot of polish as an example one thing that happens in this game that then never happens in the prior one are puzzles there are puzzles everywhere there's essentially dungeons all throughout the game it's crazy and you're a lot of them are block pushing puzzles some of them are just figure out things or find hidden objects but all of it is crazy there's even these riddle aspects in each one of the dungeons and I'm calling them dungeons because that's basically what they are the guys it adds an element of Zelda and if you're gonna tell me you're gonna mix Zelda with Mario plus Rabbids that obviously makes me pretty excited and I really enjoyed these puzzle aspects obviously in the context of making a review I was trying to slam through things as fast as I could and one thing that I don't think a lot of reviewers talk about when they're doing that is you're not playing the game the way you normally would guys I would normally not drop 30 hours into a game in a single week like this at least the way that I did it maybe I would have did it naturally but I went to been progressing at the pace that I was as I was concerned about getting through the game to make the review this is something that I think a lot of reviewers that get early copies aren't open about they don't let you know that this isn't actually the normal way you play it and so it affects your experience with the game and in this case a game that I feel is meant to be slower paced a lot of these puzzles a lot of these riddles a lot of 100% in the game and getting all the collectibles all of this is meant to be something that takes time that you enjoy at a leisurely pace and as I'm sit there trying to slam it it obviously creates a little bit of frustration where you're working against the game's mechanic to bum rush and and just get through everything as fast as possible and get enough experience in different aspects that it ends up painting a weird thought process of man that was kind of tedious man that was kind of annoying when in general when you slow it down which I have done today playing a little bit now that I've got all I needed done for the review I've noticed that I'm actually enjoying those aspects more now that I'm stepping away from that bubble of I need to slam through the game I need to slam through the game I need to slam through the game now that I'm stepping away from that I'm actually finding these aspects much more enjoyable than I did in my original written review so overall the big takeaways are the sparks of hope is really damn good it may or may not be better than the original game that's going to come down to a lot of personal preferences and taste it has a lot of polish has a lot of Zelda like puzzles that are really exciting each planet is utterly fantastic in fact tonight you know if you guys are watching this review the day it was published on October 17 we actually had a live stream at 8 p.m. central that is going to deal with a lot of aspects we're going to go through a giant Q&A you guys can ask any questions you want about this game I'm allowed to answer pretty much anything what I can't do is show you anything beyond world 3 we're still under an NDA so even in this review I couldn't show anything beyond world 3 that's why I had to be not careful about talking about the second half of the game besides spoilers but more so worried about showing aspects of it but I will be able to show you things from the first three planets tonight so you know we can go through some of the examples we're talking about here doing this review of some of the side quests and the Zelda stuff a lot of the story stuff I've already done so the good news for you guys is it's not going to really be a spoiler stream because all the story stuff pretty much already happened in these three worlds because I'm not going to start a new file for you guys I feel like there's a bit of a fluff at the beginning a bit of a slow start but it's a needed slow start as it slowly introduces how to play this game to new players and games have to do that right you have to consider new player bases but yeah I'm look the payoff for the story I will say is incredible expected in some regards but also surprising I again I can't spoil much because I don't want to ruin the game and ruin the experience or those of you that are going to play but that final showdown with cursa and look we know it's cursa because curse has been in all the trailers my oh my oh my it might be my favorite battle in Mario plus Rapids ever between either of the games and that's saying something since I heavily enjoyed the musical battle in the first Mario plus Rapids Kingdom battle but to have something top that and top that in the way that this battle does it is utterly incredible and I highly suggest when you're doing this battle please don't skimp out and do it on easy mode I would say play it on the difficult setting or average if you're having a problem with it look this game is intended to be played on the average difficulty and you can tell because there were even some battles I struggled here in average but when you're playing on difficult look guys it's a strategy game and it's going to require the right team in every battle it's going to require the right strategy in every battle and expect to fail a lot when you're playing on the difficult setting because while you might plow through the first couple of worlds once you get to world 3 4 and 5 things get so much more difficult that you can't just pick your favorite party members and go you're actually gonna have to pay attention to what sparks you have and to pay attention what level your sparks are because you can level them up by feeding them little star bits that were from Mario Galaxy dude this is this is a lot of fun and it is something that I'm going to be continuing to play at least for a little while here as I kind of want 100% this game and I wanted to do 100% for the review but it became pretty obvious early on plowing through something for a review wasn't gonna get me to the 100% status I wanted but my opinion isn't gonna change whether I 100% it or not because I get it I get what this game is I get how enjoyable it is as for any negative aspects to it look it's not gonna be a game for everyone I don't really have anything in particular negative to say there is one weird thing and I harp on this a lot and I'm probably the only one who cares the rabbits I have voice acting in this game which is very strange to me since the rabbits don't talk in any other medium and the voice acting isn't even full voice acting is partial voice acting and partial voice acting as you guys will know has always bothered me I don't like when partial voice acting is a thing but what are you gonna do I also think that the voice acting despite it feeling weird because the rabbits don't talk in any other medium actually works I like the voice acting I will say there are two fully voiced characters that being Bipo your little robot commanding and Gini which is a robot companion that Bipo created that's supposed to be an AI for your ship and they have a lot of banter throughout that's utterly hilarious as they start to form human emotions and do these weird things it it's honestly very clever and whoever wrote the script and did the voice acting for those characters did an utterly fantastic job there's some of the more entertaining aspects of the game just listening to their banter it's it's really wild anyways guys you know I'm not gonna give this a rating I'm just gonna say should you buy this game if you enjoyed the first one absolutely if you thought the first one looked cool but you missed out on it and you think this one looks cool as well absolutely if you're not in the strategy RPGs then yeah probably not for you regardless anyways folks I am Nathaniel Ruffalo this is my review of sparks of hope and I'll catch you guys in the next video