Good afternoon. Welcome, everyone. I'm glad to see such a large crowd. Thank you so much for joining us this afternoon for what I am sure is going to be a very exciting presentation on accepting the Global Challenge. I thought that with where our speakers start, we would do a brief sort of Baptist style call and response. So please repeat after me. Ni hao. Ni hao. Anya naseo. Anya naseo. Straspoetila. Straspoetila. I have to go to my notes now. Marhaban. Marhaban. Marhaban. Marhaban. Namaste. Namaste. Alright, wonderful. You have just said hello or said some approximation of hello in the languages of Chinese, Russian, Arabic, Korean, Turkish, Hindi and Persian. Why these languages? These are languages that you can study under the program we're going to be talking about this afternoon. Nizli, which stands for National Security Language Institute for Youth. This is a program sponsored by the United States Department of State that gives students the opportunity to travel abroad and engage in the intensive study of languages that are critical to the future diplomacy and foreign relations of the United States. These are languages that are less commonly taught in many secondary schools in the United States. Now, under the leadership of our foreign languages or world languages group and Dr. Lee and Karen Rossi and Tanya Smith and Pilar Hallard and others, NCSSNM has amassed an incredible record. Since the year 2009, we've had 19 students, 19 who have gone abroad to do intensive, immersive language study and they have done so in countries including China, Egypt, South Korea, India and Morocco. So this afternoon you're going to hear about the amazing experiences that some of these students have had and that you yourself may be able to have. They're going to explain to you how this program works and how to apply for it. So before I turn things over, because I have a captive audience I want to put in one plug. If you're interested in traveling to a fascinating country, there will be a mini-term this year. He Laosher and I will take a group of students to China. It's a wonderful mini-term and there is an interest meeting tomorrow at 4.20, right after school in bell 9. You don't have to know how to speak Chinese, although many people who apply for the trip do. But if you're interested, please come to our interest meeting. Alright, well now without further ado, I'd like to introduce our first speaker. That is An Li Zhang, who is a senior originally from Ujo, China, who now lives in Asheville, North Carolina and who spent a fascinating summer in Morocco. Learning Eric, please welcome An Li. Casa Blanca, Morocco, back to America. And I was crying because it was the last moment in Morocco. But I was also thinking about how can I present you guys my life-changing summer experience? How can I tell you guys how much this summer meant to me? And then I thought and thought and then I said I couldn't. So, but this is what the presentation for. Hopefully by the end of the presentation, you will, if you are a world traveler, you should apply for the program and immerse yourself in a completely different country and discover yourself and discover the world. Okay, let's start. So, this summer I went to Morocco. As you can see, it's actually my home now in Morocco. I love Morocco. It's an amazing and beautiful country. So, I lived in a robot for six weeks and plus one week pre-orientation in New York City. Carter hasn't talked about what is Nestle-Y. So, it stands for National Security Language Initiative for Youth. It's sponsored by the U.S. Department of State. You don't have to pay anything if you get accepted. Previous language study is not required. I didn't know any Arabic before I went and I studied Arabic from scratch in Rabat, Morocco. So, Nestle has two different programs. You can apply for summer in an academic program. Summer is about six to seven weeks and academic year is about ten months. And then, if you are interested, you should definitely check out this website. They have a lot of information online. So, languages in countries. Seven languages and you get to travel to Morocco or Jordan, Oman, all those different countries. So, I chose Arabic and they put me under a Morocco program. I didn't have choice to decide which country I want to go. So, different people will have different experiences. For me, it was just a life-changing experience. I still have homesick from Morocco and then I cried last week after I got with my health care in Morocco. And I think what makes this trip life-changing for me is I integrated my previous personal experience to this program. I was born and raised in China for 14 years and then I moved here four years ago. And that's when I started learning English as my second language. And since I was little, I have that I'm in love with Parisian romantic lifestyle. And then last year, there were many times when I went to Paris for a week and I fell in love with Paris. I thought I was going to learn French as my third language, but new opportunity popped in and I decided to learn Arabic as my third language. But I was surprised when I found that almost every Moroccan speaks French. So, in average, every Moroccan speaks modern standard Arabic, Moroccan Arabic and French, because it was colonized by France before. So, why Morocco and Arabic? Like I said, I don't have choice on country, but I'm so glad that I went to Morocco. It's a very diverse country and I chose Arabic because it's very different compared to my own personal background. I wanted to do this completely different compared to Chinese and English. And also discover the history. I didn't know anything about North Africa and Middle East. In this summer, I learned so much about the culture, the language, the religion, Islam, and adventures. So, here's Morocco in North Africa. It's very close to Spain and Algeria. I lived in the capital of Morocco for six weeks with a local Moroccan family. So, my daily life in Morocco. In the morning, we have modern standard Arabic. I think about like five to six hours in the afternoon. We will have excursions such as cookie workshop, Islamic workshop. We will have, we had robot sleep tour, NGO visit, and community service in orphanage. I also had calligraphy workshop every Tuesday in Moroccan Arabic, which is called Darija, every Friday. I learned modern standard Arabic in the school there, but I spelled Moroccan Arabic with my husband. Because most Moroccan speak Moroccan Arabic. Okay, so we went to, so Morocco, Moroccan royal family hosted a party for an orphanage. And then we were, luckily we were invited to go to the party and had an IFR, which I would talk about, breaking the fast, dinner with them. And that's the party and the picture on the upper right. That's a very, very famous singer in the air world. And he was invited by the princess too because the princess very likes him. And then the lady in the poster here, she's actually my host sister-in-law. Surprisingly, my host brother, she's an actor and filmmaker in Morocco. I didn't find out that until like the second week, at the end of the second week. I was surprised. Yeah, and I was just walking on the street in Rabat and I saw her poster. He was pretty cool. We also had calligraphy class every Tuesday. That's a picture of me in Rabat during alphanar expressions. Hanna. So Hanna is a verb of leaf, means good life. You will see in Morocco, you will see almost every girl wants to have my canna on their arms or ankles. That means good life. That's actually my hand. We had very traditional Moroccan storytelling in Marrakesh. That's a carnival in Rabat city. So Ramadan, we were there during Ramadan. Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. It's the holy month for Muslims. So this month, they fast. They have completely different sleeping schedule. And so they stop eating after sunrise. And so they have two main meals during the day. After sunset, they will have ikhar, which means breaking the fast. And then before sunrise, which is about 2 or 3 a.m. in the morning, they will have another meal called sohu. So they can eat after sunset and before sunrise. I remember you can still see the kids playing around on the street at 3 a.m. in the morning because they have a completely different schedule. And one night, my husband woke me up 2 a.m. to have another meal. But it was fun. And then ayid is the last day. It's the festival at the end of Ramadan. People usually get together with family and enjoy food and celebrate. So that's my meal every single day. Moroccans tend to overfeed us. You can see eggs and milk. They eat a lot of nutrition during Ramadan. We had an ikhar service in Rabat. We serve ikhar for those people who cannot afford mail. We had a cooking workshop. That's main team. I think it's the best team in the world. Awesome. So we also had weekend excursions. Except for weekend 3 and weekend 6. Weekend 3, I fasted. I stayed at home and I fasted. It was a really fun experience. And then week 6, free weekend, we said goodbye to our host family and friends. So week 1, we went to Sahara. It was a live changing experience. I don't know how to describe my feeling when I climbed up all the way to the top of the center. It was just fascinating when you stand there and look at the sunset and think. And then appreciate your life. When I was on the top of the center, I felt like my life was complete. Of course, selfie. Yeah, and you'll make more on Camel. And Chef Shaolin is a city of blue. So the entire town is pennant blue. And Tanger here is a city in the northern tip of Morocco. It's called Tanger. And you can see Mediterranean Sea over there. And people there speak Spanish a lot. That's in Chef Shaolin, our group. Or Chef Shaolin. We had lunch facing the Mediterranean Sea. That was awesome. And that's the World Famous Traveler, even Batutas. House in Morocco. Marrakesh in Casablanca. So this is the World Famous Square in Marrakesh. It's a Moscow place in Marrakesh. It's very touristy, very hot, but very fun. Also very fun. Meknaz, Fez, and Volulis. So this is in Volulis. It's a city between Meknaz and Fez. It's in partially excavated Roman city in Morocco. This is the Arch of Victory. This is in a very famous artery complex in Fez. Of course, we went to the tannery and we smelled the weather. This is a cafe clock. The entire group loved the cafe. It's owned by an Englishman who fell in love with Morocco five years ago. And he decided to move to Morocco and open this cafe. But even though it's owned by an Englishman, people who work there are all Moroccans. So the food that they serve, they make tea that are very authentic. Arabic class. We learned modern standard Arabic, but I kind of had to learn Moroccan Arabic because my host family spoke Moroccan Arabic with me all the time. And it's very intense. We had different levels. I was in the beginner's level. We also had intermedia and advanced. We had picture exam, final exam, oral exam, and final presentation, which is all in Arabic. So it was very intense. A girl who studied Arabic before, she said six weeks in Rabat. She learned a lot of things that she learned in one year back in her high school. So it was a life-changing trip. It was really awesome. It changed my future study career path. One thing I learned was how to appreciate your life. Being in Morocco makes me appreciate my life more. The feeling and also the epiphany you get when you're abroad, those are awesome. And I just discovered myself, too, because before I went to Morocco, I was that kind of overachiever, who you guys are, too, overworked, planned, planned, worked, worked, over-programmed. But then there's alright, learn how to relax, and I think that's very important for us to know the importance of relaxation in our life. And the friendship, the connection with the local Moroccans, they're awesome. And this is my blog. I spend a lot of time on my blog, and if you're interested, you should check this out. I almost blog every day, so if you read through it, you will get a very basic idea of what I've done every day in Morocco. Thank you. She's a junior at UNC Chapel Hill. She is a Nestle alumnus in 2010, and 2011 to 2012. And she's a junior at UNC Chapel Hill for the summer and academic year program. And she's also the Nestle Chapel Hill slash Southeast representative. Let's welcome Lily. You're obviously a speaker here, right? Yeah, so I said, like, isn't I in front of Audrey's speaker? She's a guest speaker. And I'm not a guest speaker to Russia. You can speak Russian. Thank you. I'm a senior at UNC Chapel Hill studying international relations, and I graduated from MLB in 2011. I went to Russia for, as Ami said, a summer and an academic year. And I'm also an SUI alumni representative for the Southeast and Chapel Hill. So I organize interviews. So if any of you end up applying and you get through to the interview round, I'll probably be bothering you with emails around December. And then when she comes back, I'm going to give you a brief review of my summer, but Erin also went to Russia for a summer, this last summer. So I'm going to talk more about the academic year program. So I ended up in Kiev, Russia for a summer, in 2010. And here, when I got there, people asked me why they sent us there, because it's a provincial, for intensity of about 500,000. And it's almost 100% Russian. So they sent us there because nobody's using English there. And not nobody, but you get the point. You go on the street and you start speaking English and have people reply to you like in Moscow. So I had classes. So for about 15 hours a week, I studied with a group of 10 other American students. And we studied grammar and conversation. So we would study in the morning, and then almost every day we had an excursion after class. And we went to places like museums, like this awesome Soviet Union museum, and churches. That was the Soviet Union area. And I also stayed with the host family, so that's something that was really up there. They were the coolest people I got there. I was like, I don't see a question. And they were cool with it. They helped me along. My host family printed out all these words, like trash and note, and I don't know, angry and happy, and put them on the wall, and they stuck them up in Russian and English, even though she didn't really speak English very well. So, I don't know, they helped me a lot through it, and it wasn't as terrifying as I thought it would be, because I got to the airport in Moscow, and we got out of the plane. It's like 40 kids and writing teachers. You know you're an aircraft, like an airplane attendant or whatever, and you want to see that. It means it's another problem, you have to feel it. So these leaves are screaming at us in Russian. I end up here, it's just terrifying. And by the end, of course, I don't want to leave. So I got through that. So, does anybody know what flag this is? Okay, it's the flag of Tatarstan, which is one of Russia's 13 autonomous ethnic republics, and it's located right there. It's called autonomous ethnic republic, because it's the potentially national republic of the largest ethnic minority in Russia, who are the Tsarist. It's being language pretty close to Turkish. And so they ended up in Tatarstan for the academic year in Kazan, which is, has anybody heard of Kazan? Of course. What do you know about Kazan? Yeah, it's a big city. It's Russia's eighth largest city, and it's getting this nickname called the third capital of Russia. So there are people, about 1.2 million people there, and about 50% are Tartars, 50% are Russian. So the Tars, they speak a Turkish language, and they're also a majority, 99% Muslim. And so there, as you can see, in the Kazan crown, a church, and also a mosque, which is new. And despite being super diverse, I mean, because of the super diverse, it's a pretty chill ethnic republic. People are pretty peaceful there, and it's one of Russia's richest republics. So that's my group. And I went with a group of 11 students for the first semester and eight students for the second semester. And they gave us a resident doctor, so a guy in America who lived on the ground and answered any questions we did. So anything from being violently ill to where I get to face. And he's over here on the bottom left. And he's the best. So we had about 20 hours per week of classes. Like in summer, we had grammar and conversation classes every day in the morning. But then we also had classes like phonetics and area studies, which we had second semester in Russian. So we learned Russian geography terms, which was really helpful, actually. Especially after you start speaking Russian outside of class with people like their host family, et cetera. And we also had classes in Russian covering religion and culture. And one of the coolest principles for this program was that we get to study with other international students. So we got to meet international students who come from Africa and Central Asia and the Middle East and East Asia. So this is narrowed. Does anyone know what the holiday narrowed is? It's actually the Persian New Year. But it's spread also through Central Asia. So we get to celebrate it in Kyrgyzstan. And these are, I think, Iraqi students who are doing international rugby dance. And this is also, I think, my three-day. So probably the best part was not school, but local life. So my group and I became really, really close. This doesn't always happen, but there were some of the coolest kids ever. I'm still in touch with them. And we did touring at local schools. So I went to a school there where they taught me the entire language. And I helped with English classes, which you may get the opportunity to do over a year and going if you go. We went to places like theater and museums. There's this really cool Soviet-style museum in Kazan where we went and sang every week we would sing, like, Soviet songs. And we also went to, like, masks. And this is called the Temple of Our Religions. It's actually a museum. It's a really cool building. This is a poster for elections. So we also got just, like, I went with my parents. My house turned to the polls to see the book for the person. And then we also got to travel around Russia, which is, I guess that was the coolest part, because we had to go to Moscow, which was us in Moscow. I'm in Red Square. And we went to Yekaterinburg, which is like, pretend this is Russia and this is Moscow. It's around here. I know that it's super discreet to go here with me. And this is a picture of the city. And we also got to travel by train, which was the coolest part, because you get to come to these tiny apartments and you share a lot. You share food and you share memories. And everyone can hear you, because the walls are even thin. And then we also got to those entire villages. So about three villages we went to during the course of the year. We also stayed with those families for a night or two. And I think this is my hostess, too, from one of them. It's kind of a bizarre thing that I don't know if you ever do here. Like, go to someone's house in America and stay with them for a night. But it was a really cool, I guess, experience for cultural exchange, especially because you have to see what life was like in the province outside of Kazan. And my hostess was the best. I've seen a retired couple who had grown children to their grandchildren. They were kind of relatives I didn't even know if they were running around, which was great, because I had to practice Russian. And I also ended up with, like I said, a really cool group. I don't have really cool friends. So international students and local students. This is us at the synagogue. And we went to synagogue. The girl in the middle is a local student who took us there. She's actually Muslim, but she went there for, I guess, lessons every week. And she took us along with her. And so they got, like, in Russia and lessons for Muslim, which I guess that wouldn't happen here because we're not in Russia. So that's pretty much all I have for you. There's a lot more I can start or could speak a lot about, but I want to give Aaron a chance to talk about Akshina and how policy in Petersburg is. But keep in mind that even with places like Russia where politics are changing quickly, they're going to keep things through and hopefully the program for Russian in the area is now Moldova. So here's a lot more Moldova I can get in the area program, which is super cool. How many of you know where Moldova is? Look at her smiling. It's good. It's a tiny venturing between Russia, well, like, here's Russia, here's Moldova, and here's Romania. And they speak the language that's close to Romanian. But they also speak Russian there, so it's because of the Indian. Please feel free to email me if you have any questions. It's my pleasure to introduce a neighbor, a student who lives in a neighborhood, but who attends Durham Academy, Aaron Seawall Beats, who this summer studied in Russia. Thank you so much for coming, Aaron. Thank you very much. We've got Chino-Russia this summer, which is a small town about the size of the Durham. Smaller than it's on. Just south of St. Petersburg. So, in some ways, I think that I got the best of the sites in Russia, just because we got to have a small town where we didn't have to deal with the crazy transportation, which the public transportation was crazy. You could have a bus that was supposed to be there, I don't know, at 10 o'clock and it would arrive at 10, 30 Russians have a really, really weird sense of being on time, which I never really understood, but we also got to travel to St. Petersburg, which was an amazing experience, because it's kind of the center of the imperial Russia, and there are tons of museums and churches, which we got to visit all the weekends. So, this was my mystery-wide room, and the restaurant and cafe we went to every day for lunch, called Cafe Shanghai, where we had a Russian food. So, I assumed that they had some kind of Asian food on the menu, but I didn't presume that it was there. So, I decided to stay in the town of Gatschina. Gatschina has a beautiful palace that's for the Romanovs, very simple. It was, and then it has the private palace, which is in this picture, which was a hunting palace with bazaars, which was about, I don't know, a mile away from the other palace. I'm not sure why, but and we got to visit these palaces after schools on Wednesdays, like people have said, there are cultural extortions every day after school, and one example was we went to the palace, another day we learned how to cook meat, which are little Russian crepes. Another day we went to the museum and got to know a lot of Soviet propaganda about how wonderful their planes were, which was a great experience. It was, it was really interesting because the guy kept telling us things about how this is true, it is a fact that we would just continue with something that all of us just didn't believe a word of, but it was instructive. So, I loved Russian food. It was one of the highlights. I was very wary of it initially because I was told that it was something that was going to be a bit of an adjustment, but in reality it was great. There were, I mean, maybe a few to many potatoes, because I think every meal I had there were some potatoes, but it was, I really loved it. Like I said, that's that's gorsh, which is beet soup, which sounds kind of gross, but it's quite tasty as well. So, we had, as I mentioned, food at a condition high every day, but then we also had food with our host families every morning and evening and no weekends. And there are many different kinds of Russian food. They have a little speaking when you go to the dacha, which is their country homes. They can grill that and then we can have things like cashew which is which I really love, but that's about the only thing I didn't like. So, as I mentioned, we went into St. Petersburg on two of the weekends. So, this is Peter and Paul's Fortress, which is where all of the tombs of the Czaras are. We got to go inside and do that because it's really cool. This is the church on the spilled blood. We didn't get to go inside it, and it really stood out. St. Petersburg is a truly European city and then there's this which doesn't look like anything else there. And then this is the air montage, which is an amazing art museum that we got to spend three hours in, which was kind of ridiculous because I think you can spend weeks there and not see everything. And then that one was I believe Isaac's Cathedral which was used as a museum during time. So, we made that now part of it is returned to being a church. And then other weekend excursions that we did were go to the areas surrounding Peter's Fortress. So, this is the picture of the main cathedral on Kronstadt, which we went to on April day, which was extra fun because of course, during the summer, Russia and the U.S. weren't exactly on the friendliest of terms. We were told to not look American or speak English loudly because who knows what could happen when we have German sailors. But then on the top is a picture of Davokov's country home. Davokov was this Russian writer who wrote Lopida, if you know where he's from. He had to flee Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution because he was part of the aristocracy. And then the palace on the top over there is Tappan's palace, which is an amazingly ordained palace which has everything's gilded. I think almost everything's gilded in there. But then on the last weekend we went to Kronstadt which is known, sorry that's Kronstadt, we went to Beeper Wolf, which is known for its fountains. That's a picture of the main cathedral. I think that the last night we went to St. Petersburg and watched the bridges rings and then went to the airport and standing there we were all really sad because going to Gachina was an amazing experience. We all heard a lot about ourselves about Russia and I think we went to Russia during this summer was it was a crazy experience because on one hand you have the ridiculous international stuff going on, we were there when the plane was shot down. And I don't know, we were all kind of scared of a level going there that everyone, once they found out that we were there, they would hate us. That just wasn't the case. We think of international relations on a very country to country level but once you get down to the personal level you're really threatening at any rate from there with Americans and Russians and you also kind of realize by yourself that maybe we don't consider the perspectives of other countries as much as we do and I don't know it was an amazing program that I hope all of you apply to because it was a great experience. Okay, last but not least for one of our students, Noah Gavin, this is going to come up and he's going to talk to you about this summer experience in China and also talk a little bit about the nuts and bolts of applying for the program. So please welcome Noah. I went to Joshi China this summer out of there for six weeks. We had two days in Washington, D.C. before we left to go over there for orientation. So how the program was set up during the weekdays, we had class from 8 o'clock in the morning to 12 and we actually lived in the school. It was a little bit of a different program. We lived at a residential middle school, all our roommates were middle schoolers. During the weekdays, we had free time in the afternoon, it says free time but really we were usually on a trip doing community service or twice a week we had what they called peer partners which is where high school students came in and we got to start Chinese with them and they could take us to karaoke or somebody made us like karaoke in China. So, and then during the weekends, that's when I went to a stand-in. These were some pictures of when we got to Shanghai that's the airport we flew into and it was about an hour drive from there to Joshi and the jet lag was pretty intense. This is the school that we stand in. This is the track of the soccer field with the kids there. They go to class from 7.30 a.m. to around 8 o'clock in the night with lunch, breakfast and dinner and then an hour break and they usually spend it playing basketball or soccer. And actually 6 to 8 is like their homework time. It's kind of like super studying here for us but it's two hours long so it's a little more intense. This was the whole school they had door buildings over here and classrooms in the middle. So, this was the first cultural trip we went. We went to the Urena which Joshi is known for its water towns. There's a lot of canals that go in and out. And this is the big little old city and this is more of like sort of touristy. There's a lot of shops and not many residents in there. And then the next trip we went to Shanghai we had a security briefing at the U.S. Consulate. We're a big American guy that sort of scared us and told us how not to get bugged. And it was very unnecessary and it wouldn't happen. And then we went to the Yu Yuan Garden and the Chinese people they really there's a lot of value they like their gardens they like their rock work it was really pretty to see. And then we got to see the Pearl Tower and go all the way to the top and that's this tower right here and that was really cool. And then in Joshi there's the South Lake which is where the Communist Party was founded a boat just like this is around there and both the Communist Party was founded. So there's a lot of political things there. And it's also got really beautiful boats and statues that people put up. And it's the picture from the top of the pagoda. And this is the whole lake out here and they have a lot of bridges and little boats that go through. So our first community service trip that we took was to an orphanage this really opened my eyes I never had anything like this. A lot of the kids there were girls because some of the more traditional Chinese families died boys more from older and most of them were disabled. So we got to spend about two hours with those kids and I honor this guy they told me about an hour and he had to talk he was really closed up and he didn't want to talk to anyone and then there was that kid who was deaf and one of the American kids on the trip with me has a little sister who they adopted from China and she's deaf so he knows some Chinese sign language so he can talk to her sounds pretty cool. We went to Harjo, this is one of the trips this is the West Lake I had to take a lot of pictures of people fishing because we had to do a project that we presented at the end of the trip where we sort of they wanted us to go out and talk to the locals so we picked a simple topic like sports, happy fishing so I went to all the lakes and all the rivers and talked to all the fishermen and got pictures with them so that was my project the food there it was not like American Chinese food at all this is jiaozi this is my favorite food they had cicadas on today they really love watermelon I love watermelon and there's a lot of rules when you're eating you can't put your chopsticks in your rice both standing straight out I mean it's like death I was really like there's rules that the orientation in the weekend or the come and dance in Washington, D.C. wherever you put your chopsticks when you're not eating with them and stuff like that it was really good it took a little bit of time to get used to those things like dusky but by the end I was trying everything and I loved it we had music classes we got some travel traditional instruments and the kids there were actually these musical students were traveling to Germany to play in Germany and sort of travel around but Watertown is one of the bigger ones and people actually live there this is a trash boat and it's kind of like a truck that comes around and picks up everybody's trash and goes along the river and picks up trash it's known for their cloth dyeing they'll dye all these really long cloths and then just hang them up and that was really really cool to see and then this picture up in the right hand corner was a guy so in all these birds we'll just go and sit on their boats with them they're not even scared of humans really cool and then I spent a couple weekends in Pingru with my host family that's where they were actually from originally they lived in Joshing where they had an apartment in Pingru and that's where my host brother's grandfather lived and that was sort of a small town in Joshing and they have at night everything is lit up a ghetto right there and they actually have a water down festival in Pingru and so all the street lamps are shaped like water nodes so that was pretty cool and we got to go on some of the old buildings and some of that stuff so this is a picture of my host family right here my younger brother who was 14 and then that's my host mom and my dad they they had an apartment in Joshing and I spent the weekends making food with them I made them mashed potatoes and steak one night I made me like that American steak and then you have to wear these little sniffer things when you go to the house you have to take off your shoes and put these on and that was pretty cool there are beds I slept on my first brother's bed and he slept on the floor even though they had couch because the beds are really hard there I was pretty much just like a wooden box with a strong mat on top to keep you cool and I asked him because they have a nice couch and I asked him why are you sitting on the floor and on the couch and he said because it's not comfortable I like the hard floor so that was pretty cool and I'm still in contact with them I love talking to them it was such a great experience to be able to stay there and see how they look what they thought of America and the rest of the world it really opened my eyes and we do get some look at things from a different point of view much better if you go to another country and get to stay with people there so now I'm going to talk about the timeline for the allocation October 30th is when the online applications do save a lot of time for that November 19th is when the teacher recognition is due so you should start talking to them if you're interested you don't have to November 20th is when you have to have all your signed materials from school turned in and then the interviews start in December and they go to early February and then they'll let you know by April 30th and just go to slyy4u.org if you need any more information but it is a great program and I do suggest that you apply at least for the summer I'm applying for the year all of our participants for coming and especially our special guests Lily and Aaron for coming to NCSSN and sharing with us on lead with the spearheading this effort I also want to thank you to the Department of Humanities for encouraging their students to come and I sniff extra credit in the air and because we want to celebrate the potential broadening of your horizons and we hope that many of you will apply


Unlike women of the past who were only supposed to be in support roles since they in the rear, female warfighters today find themselves on the front lines more now than ever before. Because the battlefield is more asymmetric, the lines that divide the front lines from the rear are blurred, and women must play a bigger role training, leading and developing soldiers into future leaders. I have females that are sitting in a team leader position, in a squad leader position and they're operating as a member of a fire team. So we are not just the ones that sit in the back anymore, we're actually leading troops and leading a team, and hopefully winning the battle out there with the rest of our soldiers. As more positions open up to women, it's no surprise that fellow soldiers find their evolution within the military limitless. Female warfighters role now I think is whatever they want it to be. I think it's a good thing, it's the same, it's equal with the male soldiers. With the band lifted on women in combat arms jobs, Holcomb said she sees women taking charge in combat jobs that they haven't yet been charged with. For the First Corps Field Report, I'm Army Sergeant Nidia Cruz.


Hello, this is Laptop Media, and today, we will show you how to open the Intel version of the Lenovo ThinkPad X13 and what's inside of it. Traditionally, the ThinkPads are pretty easy to disassemble. And this laptop is not an exclusion. There are 5 Philips head screws you need to undo. Then, start the prying process from the spots beneath the hinges. Please remember, it would be of great help to us if you just hit the like button and subscribe to our channel. That would motivate us to make even more and better videos for you. Cooling this processor, there are a single medium-sized heat pipe and a rather small fan. Sadly, all of the memory is soldered to the motherboard. However, the model comes pre-equipped with either 8, 16, or 32 GB of memory, but it is frustrating that you can only make this choice before you make the purchase. On the bright side, the laptop has an M.2 slot that supports PCI-EX4 drives. Pretty wise there is a 48 Watt hours unit. If you'd like to see more disassembly videos of the latest notebooks we would highly appreciate if you hit the like button and subscribe to the channel.


Hi guys, so I wanted to make a video on all the different types of lines, the vascular accesses in patients that nurses deal with or maybe you may not deal with it if you are in a different unit or what not. But I know in the ICU we deal with a lot of different lines and you know some lines the nurses are more involved in and some they're not. So this is going to be a brief overview and it's going to be on what I know. I'm sure there are a lot of other lines but I'm going to do like the general ones that I see most frequently especially working in the ICU. So your most common that you'll see everywhere in the hospital is an IV, a peripheral inserted IV. This is inserted into a vein, this is inserted by a nurse, sometimes it may be inserted by a line team or sometimes I guess when I worked in a small hospital sometimes the doctors actually ended up doing them. But most of the time a nurse inserts this line and it's just a peripheral IV so what I mean is it's only going in a little bit into your body. It is not traveling up down into your heart, it's not a central line meaning it's not in the central area of you, it is peripheral in your periphery. So these lines can be used to get fluids, can be used to get medications. You don't draw blood off of IVs, maybe the first time when you insert it but typically you never draw blood off of IVs, very very rarely have I seen that. With IV lines sometimes you'll also see midlines or power glides, these basically are essentially the same thing, it just has a longer IV catheter so usually they'll go in your upper arm here and it's basically the same thing as an IV, you use it the same way as an IV. It's usually ultrasound guided and it just goes in a little bit further, usually lasts a little bit longer and I've heard them called midlines or power glides but both mean the same thing. So the next line, this one is very common that I see you, I doubt you will see this really anywhere else, maybe a step down unit, IV do you mind, she doesn't fall on her mouth, here you go. So the next line is an A line or arterial line, this is typically most commonly seen inserted into your radial artery but sometimes it'll be in your femoral artery and this line is a wonderful line because it measures a real-time blood pressure so you'll see up on your monitor a real-time blood pressure with the A line. You can draw blood off of this line, you cannot inject medications through an A line, there's special tubing, it's very hard and you will learn in nursing school, do not ever inject line medications into your arterial system, that is a no-no. So now we're going to get into our central lines.  So the first one that I see that's probably more common on other floors as well as the ICU is your PIC line, your peripheral inserted central catheter and this is a line that's usually inserted in your upper arm here either on either side and there is a line that goes all the way up and it lands in your superior vena cava in your heart and you can draw blood off this line, you can insert medications in this line, usually they have two or three lumens meaning like little lines that come off so you can hook up fluids to one, you can hook up antibiotic to another, you can hook up a bunch of different things and what's nice is you can, if you have meds that are incompatible, you can run them through the same PIC line just not the same tubing so they can't mix in the tubing but once they go into the different lumens then it's okay to give those medications. There's also IJs what we call more internal jugular, these are also central lines and they will go in your jugular and go down and land in your superior vena cava. Another line that I see and this is definitely I'm assuming mostly an ICU thing is an HD catheter or hemodialysis catheter, it's a temporary central line catheter inserted in usually in your jugular and it goes down and it is used for dialysis temporarily like if a patient's in acute renal failure before they, if it's a more chronic thing then they'll get a fistula actually placed for dialysis but this is a temporary dialysis catheter and I've seen that and usually it has a line where you also can inject medications and those things as well. Another line that you'll see occasionally and this is usually for your chemotherapy cancer patients it's a port and this is a little vascular access device it is usually on I've seen it mostly on I want to say the right chest I'm not sure if it can be on both sides don't quote me on that I haven't done a lot with ports but it's you'll actually feel it it's like a little hard almost rubbery little thing in there and you actually can insert a needle through it and it's connected so you can do blood draws and stuff like that. On central lines you can give medications through you can draw blood off of them unlike IVs you cannot draw blood off IVs and the only line that nurses put in is the IV all other lines you have to be specially trained or they have a line team or physicians or anesthesiologists do it so the hospital I met actually we have respiratory therapists that are trained just to do arterial lines pick lines IJs and those hemodialysis catheters and they do all of those lines unless you're specially trained IV do mine unless you're specially trained as a nurse you will not insert these lines just because you felt like inserting a line you don't do that so this is a brief little overview on lines I hope it kind of gives you guys just a general idea I'm sure there's more of them out there and you know more specialized areas and things like that but those are the basic ones that you will see working in hospital setting or if you are working as an ICU nurse you'll definitely see a lot of these. Thank you guys for watching this video make sure you give it a thumbs up and subscribe to my channel and I'll see you guys next time. Bye.


And CSIS is delighted to have, as its foreign speaker today, one of our national leaders. Congressman Hoyer is recognized nationwide as a person who plays not only a decisive role in our Congress, but plays a critical role in the shaping of our national policy, collaborating in that respect with the President and the White House. He's going to address us today on a critical issue, what ought to be the national strategy of the United States at a time of extraordinary complexity. National security in that context has to be broadly defined. It also has to be historically relevant where security policy has to take into account how the world is changing. It is in this context that Congressman Hoyer is going to be speaking, and his speech is going to be focusing on this broad range of issues. In addition to playing a leading role in our national leadership, Congressman Hoyer is, of course, a distinguished and enduring representative of the state of Maryland. I'm not going to go through his biography in detail, but I do want to note that he became a state legislator at the age of 27. He won a seat in the Maryland Senate. And ever since then, he has represented Maryland in the state locally, nationally, and very much on the international scene. Indeed, back in the 70s, he played a preeminent role in the Helsinki human rights process, which was so critical to the eventual dismantling of the Soviet Union. So we're very fortunate to have with us here today a national leader, an international leader, and a neighbor from Maryland. Thanks. Thank you. Thank you very much. Well, I would have come today just to hear that introduction, doctor. What an extraordinarily distinguished career Dr. Brzezinski has had and what a contribution he has made, not only to the United States, but to the rational policy of international relations throughout the world. And I am so pleased to be here as well at CSIS with so many distinguished scholars and leaders in international relations and thinkers in our country on very complex and difficult issues that we confront. I'm also pleased to be here with a number of good friends who I've known for half a century, almost, I think. I won't out them here, but I'm pleased to be here. Steve Flanagan, thank you very much for your hosting this event. Please give John Hamery my best regards. He is an extraordinary leader, and I worked very closely with him when he was at defense in his other role as well.  Experience shows that the values of free societies can break down the strongest walls of oppression. An American foreign policy has at its best and most creative taken advantage of that fact to keep our nation more secure. As chairman of the Helsinki Commission, I watched firsthand as free speech, free association, and free markets became the rallying crime for the brave, dissident movements of the Eastern Bloc. From solidarity in Poland to Charter 77 in Czechoslovakia to heroes like Andrei Sakharov and Natan Sharonsky in Russia, they found courage in the universal principles of free men and women. They helped usher in an era of glass notes or new openness behind the Iron Curtain. And ultimately, they helped bring down an empire. I have never forgotten the lesson. America's military is a powerful weapon, but it is not the only one we have. Today, we are engaged in a new struggle, one unlike any in our history. Our enemy is not defined by borders or governments. The struggles end will not be defined by a surrender ceremony. We are confronting not an evil empire, but a network of hate and violence and the trends of state failure and nuclear proliferation that amplify its danger. But now, as then, our success will be measured not only by our determination, but as well by our creativity. Now, as then, we cannot afford to turn our backs on any weapon in our arsenal. The challenge, quite obviously, is great, but no greater than other challenges that our nation has faced and overcome. In fact, America has often overcome those challenges under leadership of my party. Through two world wars, through the containment that checked the spread of communism, through the specter of missiles in Cuba, or genocide in Bosnia, democratic leadership has answered the threats that endangered America's security and the world's. Today, I want to discuss how we can build on that tradition and continue to keep our nation and its people safe. It is a strategy that rests on the use of four crucial tools, strength, development, democracy, and fiscal discipline. First, Democrats, as I said, have aggressively stepped up the fight against terrorists. We've strengthened America's military by funding its re-equipment after years of war. And we have put new and better weapons into the battlefield, including the body armor and mine-resistant ambush protected vehicles our troops need, as well, of course, as an increase in aerial drones. Under President Obama, the United States has killed or captured hundreds of terrorist leaders, including much of the top leadership of Al Qaeda and the Taliban, disrupting their ability to plot and attack our country. The attempted Christmas Day bombing and the attempted bombing of Times Square reminded us all, if we needed any reminder, that our enemies still intend to do us grave harm. Those plots were foiled not by chance, but by the vigilance of law enforcement and intelligence, first responders, and, importantly, ordinary citizens. But even a foiled plot is a lesson in our vulnerabilities and the ways in which terrorists attempt to exploit them. That's why President Obama demanded that our intelligence community closely study and apply the lessons of those plots. President Obama also demonstrated that he learned the lessons of the Bush administration's conduct in Afghanistan, where, frankly, years of neglect allowed for the Taliban's resurgence. President Obama listened closely to opposing views on the way forward in Afghanistan. For the first time in years, we have a clear counterinsurgency strategy in Afghanistan, drawing on important cooperation from the Pakistani government. And based on the premise that a terrorist-dominated state will once again, as it did in 2001, pose a direct danger to Americans and to our country. But we also have a clear timeframe to measure the effectiveness of our efforts. And in Iraq, we're preparing for a responsible redeployment that will allow the Iraqi government to stand on its own feet. And, yes, to expect the Iraqi government to stand on its own feet. But protecting ourselves against terrorism does not just mean force of arms. That's why Democrats, often in the face of Republican opposition, have increased funding for human intelligence collection, cybersecurity, a critical concern, and security for our skies, our ports, and our borders. Unfortunately, both the fiscal year 2010 Homeland Security Appropriation Bill and the fiscal year 2011 Intelligence Authorization Bill passed in a partisan way over strong Republican opposition. President Obama is also strongly committed to nuclear nonproliferation. Because the more nuclear weapons in the world, the greater the chance that one will someday fall into the wrong hands. As the president said at the Nuclear Summit he convened in April, if terrorists ever acquired and used nuclear weapons, I quote, and the president, it would be a catastrophe for the world, causing extraordinary loss of life and striking a major blow to global peace and stability. In short, it is increasingly clear that the danger of nuclear terrorism is one of the greatest threats to global security, to our collective security. Close quotes, said the president. That summit successfully focused the world's attention on the dangers of nuclear terrorism, strengthened cooperation toward the goal of controlling all of the world's vulnerable nuclear materials in four years, and convinced several nations, including Chile, Kazakhstan, Mexico, and Ukraine, to make commitments such as giving up highly enriched uranium and weapons-grade plutonium. The START Treaty recently signed with Russia serves the same goal, reducing the world's supply of nuclear material and keeping us all safer. Finally, economic pressure is part of the wise use of strength. We all understand the danger posed by a nuclear Iran, to our ally Israel, to our own nation, to other allies in the region, and to the international security. President Obama's work to engage Iran has not been met, as all of us, I think, would agree, in good faith. But it did further isolate Iran in the eyes of the world. And I believe that it helps secure Russian and Chinese agreement with the strong sanctions passed this month by the Security Council. Congress is sending its own set of sanctions, as you know, to the President's desk, which we passed last week. They will hit the Iranian regime where it hurts. It's petroleum sector. And I hope demonstrates that the costs of their nuclear pursuit are too high to bear. In all, this is a record of keeping America safe. And it's one we can be proud of. It is the record of Democrats. But it embodies goals that deserve the support of both parties, and indeed, enjoyed bipartisan support during the decades of the Cold War. During the Cold War, a secret of success was the unity with which both parties pursued a consensus strategy to contain and bring down communism. There was fierce disagreement, of course, but there was also remarkable continuity and a reluctance to exploit threats to America simply for political gain. That could and should be the spirit of this new struggle. But, unfortunately, months after 9-11, some chose to politically exploit Americans' legitimate fear for their safety in an unprecedented way. We see the lasting effects today in a national security debate that too often dissolves into an endless series of divisive, politically charged wedge issues, while the largest strategic challenges confronting us go neglected. And we see the effects in the recurring partisan effort to paint many of the President's moves as somehow apologetic or weak. I recall, as I know all of you do, John Kennedy's observation that we must never fear to negotiate, but we must never negotiate out of fear. You will recall that James Baker met with Saddam Hussein days before we went into Iraq in 1991. Whenever the character rears its head, I look at the President's strong record and think, what President are they talking about? Our founders spoke deliberately of the common defense because of the threats we face make no partisan distinctions. They are common to us all. Secondly, though force is at times clearly necessary and I've supported that use, we learn from the Cold War that force alone does not win ideological struggles. Then it was the promise of a better life that led so many to abandon communism and its false promise of progress. Today, chronic lack of opportunity drives the appeal of the jihadism of Islamic extremists and its hatred of a modern world that seems to have left too many behind. Chronic oppression of women and girls condemns nations to poverty and abandons young men to extremist ideologies. And the failure of institutions in distant states as we have seen from Somalia to Afghanistan is a direct threat to our own people. So a strong development policy must be a pillar of our national security. International development reflects our moral values and serves our economic interests. Poor and unstable countries make unreliable trading partners and weak markets for American goods and services. And we cannot exert global leadership while neglecting hunger, disease, and human misery. So Democrats have made internationally agreed development goals a prime focus of our foreign policy. President Obama has announced major new initiatives on food security and global health. And his administration is working to strengthen them through partnerships with other donors and the private sector. Data-driven analysis and the strong standards for accountability from aid recipients. We're working with world bodies to strengthen international norms against corruption so that foreign aid reaches the people it was intended for and is not squandered by unaccountable regimes. And we're acting on the well-founded conviction that ending the marginalization of women and girls is a key to economic development. As Larry Selmer once put it, and I quote, investments in girls' education will well be the highest return investment available in the developing world. Thirdly, the Cold War taught us that democracy, human rights, economic freedom, are the most powerful weapons in an ideological struggle. Today's autocrats understand that as well as they carefully channel their own people's frustration into rage against America. The eight years of the Bush administration showed what we already knew, that democracy cannot be imposed by force, that elections alone do not equal democracy, that democratization and economic growth do not always go hand in hand, and that failing to lead by example weakens democracy around the world. But the trials of those years taught us that there are wiser policies to pursue, wiser ways to build democracy and respect for human rights in the world. Not that the objective is out of keeping with our character as a nation. Indeed, it is an integral part of that character. Today, we meet that objective when we understand that the world's democratic movements in nations from Egypt to Iran have a legitimacy that ought to be recognized, not restrained by their governments. We meet that objective when we support those movements publicly. We meet that objective when we recognize that our strongest alliances are those built not merely on our interest, but on a foundation of common values. Such is our friendship with the democratic state of Israel. Such is our friendship with our European allies. Such is our friendship with our Asian allies and Australia and others who join with us in common values to present them to the world and to pursue them as international policy. A bond of generations that no momentary disagreement can undo. And most importantly, we promote democracy when we live our democratic values here at home. Torture is not a democratic value. Extraordinary rendition is not a democratic value. Overriding the rule of law when our criminal justice system, under President Bush and Obama, has convicted an incarcerated 300 terrorists since 9-11. Without incident is not a democratic value. In fact, many conservatives recognize that when American citizens attempt attacks on our nation as we saw in Times Square, our civilian courts are more than equipped to carry out justice. There may well be times, however, when military commissions are appropriate and should be used. We also honor our democratic values when we honor the tradition of civilian control of the military, as President Obama correctly made clear last week. In sum, when we abandon our heritage, whether for experience or fear or partisan advantage, we make our principles hollow in the eyes of the world and we throw away one of the best weapons we have. All of our presidents have understood the value of pragmatism, but they have also understood that it must be balanced with America's historic role as the advocate of democratic values and democratic movements around the world. Fourth and finally, every one of these policies comes with a cost. Every choice rules out other choices. And I said fourth, but one of the things I left out in this speech that I wish I had put in that I will reference at this point in time, but another critical component of our international security policy must be the pursuit of energy independence. Tom Ricks made the observation yesterday I think it was Meet the Press in the final closing remarks that if we did not pursue an energy independence policy, we will continue to be undermining our national security and reliance on sources of foreign energy. We have passed legislation to accomplish that objective through the House of Representatives. Unfortunately, the Senate has not, but we must pursue energy independence. Not only has the spill tragically and compellingly made that clear to us in the Gulf, but certainly our relationships with those who provide us with energy, which are sometimes strained, give us pause to understand that energy independence is an integral part of our national security. Now let me talk about the fifth, what is now the fifth, because I added something in. The deeper our nation sinks into debt, the more our choices will be constrained. And the more our leadership will be challenged by nations, especially China, that hold our debt. As a matter of fact, on the path that we're on, the day will come I fear when our strength will be sapped by our debt. So it's time to stop talking about fiscal discipline and national security threats as if they were separate topics. Debt is a national security threat. Unsustainable debt has a long history of toppling world powers. As financial historian Nile Ferguson writes, and I quote, this is how empires decline. It begins with debt explosions. Close quote. That's why the work of the President's Bipartisan Fiscal Commission is so important in my view to our future. And why I'm urging my colleagues to see the necessity of a budget compromise that is real, politically viable, and a way to restore fiscal balance and health. Budget agreements like that paved the way for historic prosperity and for America's ability to act as the sole superpower under the first President Bush and President Clinton. And an agreement like that to be implemented after the economy has fully recovered is a necessity today. With our publicly held debt reaching $9 trillion, defense spending can no longer, and should not be exempt from the hard choices pressing on every part of our budgets. Democrats took important steps to trim unnecessary spending with an important acquisition reform bill that President Obama signed last year with the strong support of Secretary Bob Gates. In addition, we passed a contracting reform bill that passed the House this spring and is waiting for Senate action. But those bills, of course, are simply a beginning. In an important speech last month, Secretary Gates drew up from the legacy of President Eisenhower, who held that, and I'm quoting Eisenhower, the United States, indeed any nation Eisenhower said, could only be as militarily strong as it was economically dynamic and fiscally sound. It's advice we should take seriously today. Last week I spoke of the danger of debt to our prosperity and security, and I made clear that eliminating unnecessary defense spending has to be part of the deficit equation. I did so with confidence because I know that many of our nation's military leaders see it the same way. Secretary Gates, as I've said, is one of them. He has urged Congress to stop funding additional C-17 cargo planes and an extra engine for the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, not because they are completely without controversy, but in terms of making choices, he believed that we had to do so. To fight the rapid cost of inflation and military healthcare, to cut expenses, to cut unnecessary weapon systems, and to trim the overhead that makes up more than 40% of the defense budget. Chairman Ike Skelton has told the House Armed Services Committee to scrutinize the budget and see the savings that can be affected consistent with maintaining a defense as strong as necessary to meet any challenges that might be coming our way. Some congressional Republicans share these concerns. On the same day I spoke of the deficit, Congressman Paul Ryan said, and I quote, there are billions of dollars you can get out of the Pentagon. We're buying some weapon systems, I would argue. We don't need any more. Choices in this fiscally challenging environment are absolutely essential. I understand that whatever savings are put on the table will prove controversial, and yes, indeed, even politically painful. But as with all budget crunches, the fundamental decision we face is this, hard choices today, or even more painful, and draconian ones forced on us down the road. Now let me hasten to add, as I did last week, that a strong economy, as well as fiscal balance, is essential, and one cannot be the victim of the other. After years of grinding war, we still have the strongest military on earth, and thousands of men and women who have given us examples of courage and sacrifice, to which the only proper response is great gratitude and all. But our history reminds us that arms alone do not win wars, particularly against an enemy that we will rarely, if ever, meet on the battlefield. Nations win wars. The skill of our intelligence officers, the vigilance of our first responders, the creativity of our development policy, the force of our universal values, the discipline of our policymakers, the will and consensus of the American people. They are all part of this struggle, as well. They are all integral to our national security strategy, and we must use every part of that strategy wisely. Thank you very much. Well, thank you very much, Mr. Hoyer, for that comprehensive coverage of a number of key foreign policy issues. Be facing the country, I'm sure, will have a number of questions. We'll moderate the discussion now. We have about 15 minutes. If I would just ask, we have people floating in the room with microphones. If you would raise your hand, I'll recognize you. And if you'd introduce yourself, and I'll open the floor right directly. Yes, there's a gentleman here in the first row right here. Again, if you just please identify yourself. Jim Moody, excellent. A distinguished former member of the Congress of the United States and a good friend of mine from Wisconsin. So his question may not be particularly subjective. He can take good care of me. I'll try to make it as hard as I can to be neutral. You're so right about what you said about arms alone do not win wars. And I served in Pakistan, go back frequently. And I think it may be time to reconsider our drone policy in that area of the world when we're obviously alienating a lot of people. It's a case in my judgment of the measurable, trumping the unmeasurable. We have this, quote, bad guy we want to kill. We hit this house, killed 12, 14 other people. We can measure the one we killed. We don't measure the increasing circle of anger around the nation. Result of that. How would we feel if in the drug wars along our border with Mexico, they were sending planes over US territory to hit some people they wanted to hit? That we might agree we're bad guys. We wouldn't tolerate it. And I think it's really hurting our standing in that country and I hope we'll have a chance to review that over time. Thank you. Thank you, Jim. I mean, I think that clearly the complexity of wars today, clearly in every war, there have been collateral damage. And that's to be lamented and their tragedies, whether they're non-combatants, women, children, elderly, there to be lamented. Having said that, the complexity of this war is, of course, that our enemies are almost always co-located with, as you say, innocence. And how do we handle that? As someone who's participated both with the Bush administration and with the Obama administration in briefings on the use of drones, it is clearly, and we've had this current controversy from General McChrystal in terms of the strategy that he is pursuing, was pursuing, and that is our strategy is to decrease to the possible extent possible civilian casualties. Because as you point out, they do alienate, understandably, large portions of the people that we are trying to win over and have on our side. So you need to make a judgment. You need to make a judgment as to whether or not leaders of al-Qaeda or Taliban or whatever terrorist group or faction may be at issue here, whether taking them out with every measure possible to take them out discreetly, to target them discreetly is worth the price. It is a very difficult judgment that presidents have to make, ultimately. They make that decision. President Obama has made it clear that if we're going to succeed, it will be because, in effect, we take away the leadership of al-Qaeda. I think there is evidence that we have done that. I think there's evidence that we have disrupted their abilities. And the price that we have paid is the price you pointed out. And frankly, some people have played the ultimate price. Whether or not one can therefore say, if we cannot take out simply a individual or individuals that we clearly know without doubt are those that are acting against us, that we therefore will not act, I think we'll place us in a position of not being as effective as we need to be if, in fact, we're going to take this challenge on. OK. We have a question over here from Ambassador Shaffer, in the third room. Thank you. Taisie Shaffer. I'm the South Asia director here at CSIS. I applaud your final point about the importance of a strong economy as part of our national security. But what you said or rather what you didn't say really raises two questions. First of all, how do you avoid savaging the development and diplomatic budget, which are normally sitting ducks for any scissors that come around on the hill? Secondly, you didn't use the T word, taxes. I understand that taxes are politically toxic. Can you get fiscal discipline without being willing to do something about taxes? Well, let me say that, first of all, to your first question, we will adopt a budget enforcement resolution I'm hopeful this week. That budget enforcement resolution will have a number that is lower than the president's number. But it will not be a discrete number as a budget is. It will be a gross number so that the Appropriations Committee will make a determination as to where best it can invest the dollars that it has available to us. For those of you budget wonks, 302A, which is the general big number. This is what you have for discretionary spending, what they will allocate that money to. As you know, the president has included much of that money in the security side of the budget as opposed to the non-defense discretionary part of the budget. He has done so because I think he and I agree on the premise that aid dollars are extraordinarily important in terms of our national security and our national defense. The Appropriations Committee, I believe, in the context of a budget enforcement resolution, will have the discretion to apply sums where they are best believed to have a positive effect by the administration and certainly by the Congress. Now, with respect to your second point, I don't know whether you had the opportunity to either hear about or read about the speech that I made last week. And I talked about revenues. And I talked about revenues having to be on the table and that in any kind of quest for fiscal balance in our country, we had to look at both spending and revenues. So I may have neglected in this speech. I don't know that I neglected. I did not mention it in this speech. But clearly, what I said last week was that you need to have a balanced approach because you can't get there from here without one. And I've urged the Commission itself, which was established by the President, and will report sometime, I hope, late November and hopefully reach agreement on some substantive proposals that my expectation is it will include both spending, focus, and revenues. I wonder if I could ask you a question, Mr. Sawyer. I'll put your comment about the fact that the war in Afghanistan or other wars aren't won only by military means. I wondered how you assess the administration's record on developing what's sometimes referred to as the civilian surge, that is the providing of additional assistance to the Afghan government to strengthen governance, rule of law, and deliver other kinds of assistance that's going to give them the capacity to rule their country more effectively over the long term. How do you assess the progress in that record amidst all the turmoil last week about the military command structure? Some of the questions were out there about how well that's going. Well, I'm hopeful that General Petraeus, as he did in Iraq, will affect a much greater cooperation with the civilian sector. I think that's going to be absolutely necessary, whether it's Ike and Barry and Holbrook or whoever it is. But we need to have a much closer working relationship that, obviously, the Rolling Stone interview reflected a real schism. That's not helpful. Secondly, I believe that this administration realizes that aid dollars are essential. I want to say that I'm one of those who believes that we very, very severely distracted our focus from Afghanistan for the overwhelming majority of period that we've been involved with Afghanistan. Surge early on, then essentially focus on Iraq and only towards the end of the Bush administration when it was clear that the Taliban were reorganizing, reforming, that al-Qaeda was growing in strength as well, that the Bush administration refocused. This administration was obviously confronted with an economic collapse of the worst in 75 years that they had to focus on. But they also had to focus on these two wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. And I think the administration has made it clear, and I think Secretary Clinton has made it clear, that civilian, that is winning the civilian side of the equation, is critically important. I think that's what counterinsurgency is all about. I think that we are in the process, and I think the ambassador's point was clear that it's hard to do that because people see investment overseas taking away from investment in the United States. I think that, very frankly, we're going to be involved in a pretty vigorous debate about Afghanistan generally, but I certainly think part of that debate is going to be, what are we doing on the civilian side? And complicating that will be the point I made about making sure that dollars that are spent overseas get spent in the way that we intend them to be overseen. Clearly, the Washington Post has a story today about corruption. That is not helpful. Not always not helpful, but it's not warranted to invest money if we are not convinced that it will be spent in a way that will be positive and not simply enrich those who may or may not be empowered at any given time. Thank you, Mr. Chair. I think we have time for one more question. There's one in the back row, in the very back row there. Sorry. Thank you very much, Adam Thershwell, general counsel for the Office of the Chief Defense Council and the Military Commissions. And Congressman, I thank you for your many points. I would like to speak very briefly to the Military Commission issue, which I recognize is hardly a fly spec in terms of some of the larger issues, but nevertheless has a very disproportionate, I think, symbolic and political value, perhaps especially for the Democrats. And I'm wondering if you can speak to your comments today on the viability of federal court as a venue for prosecuting terrorists in light of the House's recent passage in the new NDAA of a total cutoff of funding for transfer of everyone from Guantanamo to the United States, including individuals who would be subject to prosecution in federal court. And I just very quickly need to emphasize, as a representative of our office, I am really not here and our office does not take the position on the legitimacy or appropriateness of either venue. And that's quite genuine, but I think it would be helpful to know where the Democrats stand on this and how that particular sausage got made, to the extent you could talk about it. Well, that sausage didn't get made. It was imposed. I referenced in the course of my speech those which we refer to as gotcha amendments. This has, unfortunately, received a very simplistic, superficial engagement in terms of how we reach an end that is necessary to reach. That is a determination of the legitimacy of holding those whom we hold and what to do about those whom we hold. I've been down to Guantanamo. I spent time there just a few months ago. I had opined with a number of people in the White House that there was a possibility of, and I don't know that this is politically practical, but I'm going to mention it anyway. My staff is now saying to themselves, I wish you wouldn't go there, but I'm going to go there. I think there are constitutional problems with allowing a Title III court to sit at Guantanamo. There are obviously some problems with impaneling a jury. I don't think there are problems with assigning a judge, perhaps a number of judges on a rotating way. But I think the answer to your question is that this matter has been used in a political way by Republicans, frankly, and others to inflame and instill fear in people. The Bush administration did not confront that debate within his party when the Bush administration pursued the disposition of cases in civil courts. And in fact, the civil courts, as you well know, have been very successful in disposing of cases. And I mentioned the number of 300 thereabouts. I think military tribunals, as I said, have a place. And I think the administration is trying to work on that place now. I'm hopeful that we will have a considered discussion and debate about that, not simply a political gotcha environment where if someone indicates that we are disposed of a case in a venue in the United States, I mentioned some conservatives. I mean, you had some very conservatives with whom I disagree very substantially, but who talked about the Times Square bomber having rights to be informed and tried here in this venue, which and then their comment was the Constitution should not be put aside simply because we fashioned someone as a terrorist. That does not mean that we ought not to be cognizant of the fact that when we do determine someone to be possibly a terrorist, as this person clearly was, that, for instance, in terms of the immediate threat, exception to giving the Miranda rule is appropriate. But going back to the thrust of your question, I think that I'm hopeful that we will have a rational reason debate about how to do what we have done. Or how to respond to what we have done. That is take people into custody who are not prisoners of war in the classic sense of the conventions, but they are people that we hold and that have not been adjudicated other than by the military as having committed an offense. And I think we need to figure that out. And I do not mean to imply that everybody that is detained in a foreign land, foreign venue is treated as a criminal defendant. I want to make that clear. I'm not saying that. I don't want that misinterpreted by anybody, particularly the media or some of my conservative friends that we're lamenting the fact that we ought to treat every terrorist as we treat a domestic criminal. I'm not saying that specifically. However, I am saying that this is a complicated, difficult issue and should be dealt with based upon that premise. Thank you all very, very much. Thank you, Mr. Heuer, and thank you for joining us today. Thank you.


Hello and welcome to this presentation of the STM32 Public Key Accelerator, which is embedded in STM32WB microcontrollers. It covers the features used to perform asymmetric key cryptography, which is widely required for cryptographic applications. Public key cryptography is part of many security standards and is widely used to establish secure communication channels across unsecure open networks like the Internet or to provide authentication via electronic signatures. Software-only solutions can be too slow for real-time applications, impacting the system's overall performance. The PKA peripheral is an efficient hardware accelerator that speeds up the public key cryptography operations performed by the CPU. Performing public key cryptography requires intensive computing, which represents a huge workload when done entirely by software. The public key accelerator lightens the STM32WB CPU's workload by performing key operations in the PKA core using dedicated PKA memory. The CPU loads initial data into the PKA internal RAM, which is located at address offset 0x400. Then, in the PKA control register, the CPU specifies the operation, which is to be executed, and finally asserts the start bit. Once the PKA reports the end of operation, or PROCENDF, the CPU reads the resulting data from the PKA RAM, then clears the PROCENDF flag. Software can abort a PKA operation at any time by clearing the end bit in the PKA CR register. In this case, the content of the PKA memory is not guaranteed. The PKA has two error flags, the address error flag, or ADDRERRF, and the RAM error flag, or RAMERRF. All flags can generate an interrupt if the corresponding interrupt enabled bit is set, PROCENDIE, ADDRERRIE, or RAMERRIE. Public key cryptography introduces a very elegant solution to the problem of exchanging messages in a confidential way over an unsecure network like the Internet. Each person exchanging messages possesses a private key used to decrypt messages sent to him or her encrypted using his or her public key. For this technology to work, a trusted central repository of the people's public key is recommended. A digital signature is a powerful technology to ensure the integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation of digital assets such as financial transaction tokens. Person A can prepare a signed message by first performing a secure hashing function on it, then encrypting the resulting digest using his private key. The resulting signature is sent alongside with the message to Person B. Person B can verify A's signed message by performing the same hashing function on it and then use the result when performing the signature verification function using A's public key. The result of the verification function will determine if the message is genuine or not. Here is a list of operations the PKA can perform. Acceleration of asymmetric cryptography, modular exponentiation, and RSA Chinese remainder theorem or CRT exponentiation, ECC scalar multiplication and point-on curve check, and ECDSA signature generation and verification, arithmetic and modular operations, arithmetic addition, subtraction, multiplication, and comparison, modular addition, subtraction, and reduction, and inversion, and Montgomery multiplication. Thanks to these operations, the PKA supports many standard public key algorithms, modular exponentiation, CRT exponentiation, RSA cryptography, elliptic curve cryptography or ECC, digital signature algorithm or DSA, and elliptic curve DSA or ECDSA. Public key accelerator or PKA is used to accelerate Rivest, Shamir, and Edelman or RSA, Diffie-Helman or DH, as well as elliptic curve cryptography or ECC over prime field operations. Supported operand sizes are up to 3,136 bits for RSA and DH, and up to 640 bits for ECC. The PKA is an arm-advanced microcontroller bus architecture or AMBA AHB slave peripheral, accessible through 32-bit word single accesses only. Otherwise, for rights an AHB bus error is generated and write accesses are ignored. Here are the modular exponentiation processing times using different exponent and operand sizes. Figures with the fast indication requires the application to perform a Montgomery parameter computation, as this information is needed to run the fast operation. The Montgomery parameter can be reused for several computations in a row, making the overall operations more efficient if repeated many times. Montgomery multiplication overhead, 1024 bit plus 0 milliseconds, 2048 bit plus 3 milliseconds, 3072 bit plus 8 milliseconds. Here is a summary of the PKA events able to trigger and interrupt in the nested vector interrupt controller. PKA computation completed. PKA RAM access error and access to unmapped address error. The direct memory access or DMA controller cannot be used with the PKA. Here is an overview of the status of the PKA peripheral in each of the low power modes. PKA operations are not possible when the device is in stop mode. This is a list of peripherals related to the PKA. Please refer to these peripheral trainings for more information if needed. If these links and the reference manual are not enough, please refer to the PKA driver in the STM32 CubemX repository described in the next slide. For more details and additional information, refer to the following useful software references.