underway and constitutional change of government. President Bola Tinumbu has encouraged members of the economic community of West African states, ECOWAS, to remain committed to ensuring that democracy remains the only form of governance in the sub-region. Speaking in his capacity as the chairman during the opening ceremony of the 64th ordinary session of the ECOWAS authority of state and government, which took place in the state house of Abuja. President Tinumbu asked the leaders to fight for democracy and stand against the constitutional change of government among member states. West African leaders are meeting for talks within the region in a deepening crisis after four countries fell under military rule and will risk going from Sahel Giadi's conflict. Take a listen. On basis of realistic and short transition plan that can deliver democracy and good governance, no alternative. I wish to underscore the fact that we stand against unconstitutional change of government in our sub-region and we will continue to do so. I therefore urge all of us to stand strong and highly committed in the face of any challenge in Syria alone and Guinea-Busev. The message must go down clearly that we will support a democratically elected government, not a constitutional exercise without place of hindrance. Democracy must win if we fight for it and we will definitely fight for democracy. Joining us is a public affairs analyst, Dr. Katchi Ononoju and an expert in human security and conflict management, Dr. Sami Anista. Gentlemen, welcome to Plus Politics. Thank you for having us. Let me start with Dr. Ononoju. Dr. Ononoju, in recent times, democracy has been in recession across the western region of Africa. You have a number of countries... I'm not here from the computer. Hello? We have a number of countries that are falling under the boots of military autocrats. What would you ascribe to be the reasons for this? Well, thank you very much. First and foremost, you need to ask yourself the reasons for the coups. For over 12 years, West Africa has been bedeviled by security problems. And ECOWAS has not been able to do anything. We have had what you call the jihad. Nobody needs jihad between the three in Africa. So the first thing we have seen from the coup is a military alliance between Fokina Faso and Mali and Niger. And the first very concrete achievement of that alliance is the stoppage of the jihad that was in the stoppage. ECOWAS could not do anything to stop the jihad. So if the military alliance stopped that jihad, that ECOWAS could not stop in 12 years, then you should understand that something is wrong. Secondly, the issues about constitutional changes of government which we have seen, a lot of politicians have actually undermined across the Sahel. But some people could just say that the procession people do that. Thirdly, for 400 years, Europeans have been here in Africa and all we've had is a slave trade who had neocolonialism and the French not allowing any peaceful existence of the people in Africa. You've seen the problems in Sudan. The same problem persists in Mali, in Nigeria, and also in Nigeria. So if the people think that if they do good, they will be able to stop the military problem that they've had, then that's a good thing. Of course, those in charge of the jihad across the Sahel are the ones that are complaining that the jihad is in the stoppage. At this juncture it is imperative that I ask you because it does seem like you've given a portraiture as though the coups have helped to solve the jihadist wars or the jihadist insurrections. Because as we speak these countries are still afflicted by the insurrectionists. Number two is that they are also giving the impression as though the Europeans historically have not benefited West Africa, but I wonder they are also feeling the disposition of these new military states. It's not in any way different from the Europeans. They are just changing, changing, they are new comandianists. How would you respond to that? Nobody looks like a military change of government. Nobody likes a military change of government. But you need to understand this. If it takes the change of government for the people to stop the French sustained actions here in West Africa and they do not want the democracy to sustain they do not want us to have control of our countries and then nobody could tell any people how they could go about setting protocols towards freedom. And this is where this is. If it was failed people in the sub-region could try alternative ways to try to set themselves. But don't also forget that Nigeria's elections have not been the very best. President Unipo has not brought the power in a very honest form. If our leaders want who's to be in the past they must be prepared to not only be democratic but to also respect the rule of law. Note when you re-election and then you will not expect people to get angry in a different way. If we change our ways I want to refine everybody to remember what President George Weier said if you want democracy to end to the right thing allow democracy, allow force to count to the right thing don't sit by as echo us while the people would do not know on the mind the security of the sub-region. Okay, Dr. Nenejews, about time about time I went to your colleague Dr. Nenejew Dr. Nenejew Dr. Nenejew, about time we allowed your colleague to also contribute. Dr. Sami some of the assertions of Dr. Nenejew may be contentious but the fact is that democracy is in recession across the west coast of Africa because according to the economics polls conducted not too long ago about two months ago about 64% of West Africans are disillusioned with democracy because they have not seen the tangible developmental strides that they were made to believe that democracy was going to accord them. How would you respond to that? Thank you very much first of all almost to say that the what we call democracy is just another form of government of governance well to them that's what they have accepted but for all Africa the question we begin to ask is has democracy benefited us we must sit down and know is there a way democracy can be modified to improve Africa because as far as the data that are coming out in our economic situation political situation we have not really been able to harvest the dividends of democracy the case study we are looking at in Niger right now is the people saying look we have been under democracy and nothing is working we have been under democracy as slaves so should we continue like the former speaker my call speaker was saying look people have different ways of response nobody want to live under the military rule I don't like the military rule but then something has to be done when you are looking at the data and see how the economic situation the sufferings of Africa it is pointing all to that we need an African solution an African solution might not be the military junters taking over Africa as head of states but I think echoers should begin to discuss on which way forward what kind of democracy should we have all nations developing or developed nations around the world all don't have democracy there is not democracy in Dubai United Arab Emirates most of all the countries in the middle east don't practice they don't have democracy China they have their own kind of democracy if you can call it but these guys are more communist so what you what you if I understood you well what you are espousing now is that a liberal democracy is somewhat organically apocryphal to the needs of Africans you would rather we go for a quasi autocracy like they have a UAE or relative relative democracy as in China is that what you are saying hello Dr Anista okay if we have lost Dr Anista in the time being let me go back to Dr Anuju Dr Anuju yes I am here with you what would be your response to your colleagues assertion that liberal democracy ironically you are one of the best known faces and one of the best known spokespersons of a liberal democratic party in Nigeria and your colleague is saying your colleague is saying all of you politicians that are just you are you know you are putting up a charade of a sort hello that is not what he is saying I think you are misinterpreting what he is saying he is saying that democracy as practiced currently across the sub region the Sahel has not been very honest and it has not favored the people of the region one you need to understand the people of the region would not like to leave the way the Congolese lived and the fascist mumba was killed we cannot stay and we say we have democracy but no the Frank and their ways continue to get awesome West Africa to continue to pay reparations to them or what it is a continuation of the 400 years of colonialism and slavery I think that is wrong since we have done 400 years with the West and it has not worked I don't see anything wrong with us trying to work with the Russians only if African leaders want democracy to work they should be honest they should respect the elections they should respect the vote they should respect the rule of law they should stop rigging they should go back to that suggestion by President George Weyer I believe if we can tell ourselves the truth and stop all the fraudulent intentions that we do to undermine the people's vote as we have seen in contested elections we have to hope that democracy is good democracy is beautiful democracy is still the best from all we know but what he is saying is that our leaders are bothered by democracy and very fraudulent in their implementation of what they say are democracy and so human beings react if the people react by doing coup ask yourself why if we could have backed up what you call the slow motion war across the Sahel in 2023 but why should we have such feelings in Nigeria it is called the first man's head of crisis no it is the same group why should we have such slow motion war by the flannies across West Africa and the leaders do nothing so if the leaders cannot do nothing to stop the slow motion violence by the flannies militia men in Mali they are fighting with the doggun in Mandinka in Pagambia they are fighting with the Mandinka they are fighting with the world of in Nigeria they are killing people in Pagambia in Mambila in Teraba killing in Mali in Nigeria people should not take that doctor Anonijou doctor Anonijou but you know but you know that a lot of other factors beyond liberal democracy are also contributing to this thing you have climatological issues you know the typical example let chat are shrunken in my lifetime let chat are shrunken by about 75% you know that apart from climatological issues we have the issue of population expression Mali Mali and chat have the highest number of female pro-creativity on the face of the earth an average woman in Italy is having about 1.5 1.5 children and yet in France less than 2% 2 children in Mali you have an average woman having 7 to 8 and yet they are having these children in poverty look at the certification in the hall of northern Nigeria and we don't because we seem now to be internationalizing all the faults around democracy is that right you are very wrong if the people in Mali want to have 1,000 children per family and it becomes a problem it is not a reason for people from Mali to enter Nigeria and start doing ethnic cleansing killing people in Cassina killing people in Kogoto that is not a way for them to solve their problems if you cause your problem through overbreeding you solve it yourself don't bring it to Nigeria to kill Nigerians I think that's very very wrong so do not tell me about people and that being a good reason for them to come to Nigeria and kill people don't tell me about people not get analyzing themselves properly and that's to be a reason for them to go to or Mali or Niger to start killing other people to try to take their land why should we have IDPs when we are not at war why should Nigerians be living in IDPs I'll come back to you doc let me try and see if your colleague is back now doctor Anista are you back yes yes I'm actually listening to him I'm actually blown away from his perspective which is actually correct but I'm focusing on the issue that is happening in Niger let me take from the last point that you were talking about look if Ekoa take the wrong step let's take the wrong step if they miscalculate what is happening in Niger right now it's even going to cause a more poetic you know and unbearable problem across West Africa you see Nigeria as a nation has about 7 states bordering Niger if Ekoa intervene with military might into Niger where do you think these displaced people will go all of them will immediately begin to find their ways into Nigeria and that further creates a humanitarian crisis and more people will give that because when people are doing nothing they procreate at least to replace themselves if they die that is one factor you must note but what I'm saying is that Ekoas have to come I was listening to the statement being made by the leaders in Ekoas there are certain things that they are not saying that they are not supposed to say and that is the reason it's becoming a little bit difficult what specifically are some of the things you thought they said that they shouldn't be saying okay what I think is that if you want my behavior towards you to change you change your behavior towards me the negotiation with the junta in Niger has not really taken up smoothly one because when Ekoas wanted to come in they came in as big brother who want to intimidate and just stamp out they first of all said this is what we want you to do and we want you to do this that's not how to go into mediation that's why when they arrived the junta refused them access he didn't want to hear from them because he wanted to accept his negotiation powers now you have been able to he has raised the junta he is stable he is rested he has some things under control and he is telling them look give me 3 years and I will come back to democracy doctor anista doctor anista let me as somebody who caught my intellectual teeth between the 1970s and the 1980s who I think I was in the gambia when the first coup in the gambia happened in 1994 and what I told the people who were jubilating on the street the most celebrated pastor in the gambia pastor Soska 4 and I told him everything that would happen given my experience in Nigeria you know what many of you I guess out of the frustration of the economic I'm coming many of you I guess out of the failure of governance in our sub-region you are now courting the militaricians you are courting them a lot of slack for their act of share opportunism these guys don't love Africa I think you are misinterpreting me I will not allow that to go on I think nobody celebrates EQ not me I stand for mediation and peace never celebrate EQ but what I'm saying is the angle from which echoers we come in for mediation and to restore peace which is actually their job you will not bring the kinetic force first that is not what you present you will come in to bring peace the intention of peace and one thing with coup is that go and check the way it happens the moment a coup has happened the democratic government has exterminated for you to restore it has to be a high play of diplomacy otherwise there must be a plan for an election to take place that we bring in and not a new government which the our stated president can be allowed to contest because for a coup to happen they are saying something is wrong with the process something is wrong with the institution something is wrong with the government and the opportunism and the opportunism of the coupist all the purchase should be rewarded by allowing by allowing and the opportunism of the purchase and the coupist should be rewarded by allowing the purchase to also contest an election where is the one holding the gun abacha type of abacha type of election when we have the right discussion we will have the right process in place to restore if the person ruling us was using the gun against us and we use the gun to chase him out will you say that that was wrong you see there is something there is a difference between statehood and nationhood and that is something you know something many people are failing to interpret Dr Samyanista Dr Samyanista Dr Samyanista Bazoum was democratically elected and ironically and ironically and ironically in the case of Mijie and ironically in the case of Mijie Bazoum was notching them in a progressive economic direction what kind of government was he running Dr Anunu let me go to your colleague Dr Anunu the examples that we see on the canvas are conflicting from the seeming and motive points that I see the two of you gentlemen putting on the table because this thing is not being caught how would you respond to that well my response actually was coming from the actions that echo us that we expect echo us to take not necessarily supporting Bazoum or supporting the junta I am neither for Bazoum nor the junta I am for the Nigerians the Niger people are the ones that are suffering you know when the borders were closed the junta was not is not suffering anything when the electricity is cut off I don't think he is in backness at the state house the people suffering as Nigerians that we are talking about if echo us initiate a military action the collateral damage is going to be Nigerians so we should be talking about Nigerians and the position that echo us should take and how they may be able to go about it and be able to restore peace and good governance to Nigerians that's my concern I am not there for the junta not for Bazoum I guess that's the age old we have to wrap it up but that's been the age old the age old argument against sanctions and from where I am at some point sanctions will come on the table when people come to disrupt what is the what is the legal or constitutional order is almost inevitable sometimes may I say this to you it appears that democracy in Africa have been hijacked by certain interests if the people of Niger have democracy and are being cheated in their democracy for example their uranium how France was priced by France of course we should note the interests that have been in Niger let me give Dr Nanu Jou the opportunity to give his closing opinion how would you want to end this I would have loved hold on I am here now fantastic you are very wrong about Niger there is no democracy in Niger one in Niger households are 54% of the population Bazoum is 21% the foreign is about 6% and the canoes are 5.8% the households have not been allowed access to power in Niger understand this and that's why you saw when Bazoum was imposed upon them they waited for Buhari to leave before they did that coup understand the reason why majority of Nigerians support that coup I don't like coup because coup is anti-democracy but if you allow democracy to sustain I don't think we need any coup anywhere so understand this issue for me if it has taken coups for the state to come together that is Buhari Niger and Mali for them to come together and stop the slow-motion war across Israel then that's a good thing if anyone could not stop that war if they cannot stop the killings across West Africa that's a good thing I really wish we had more time but the truth is that you and I know that the insurrectionists have not been have not been stopped in those countries and it would be delusional to think these militilations would ultimately solve that because they are even negotiating with the insurrectionists as we speak in some of those countries it's been good having you we go on a short break and when we're back we've got more for you thank you for having me


Watashi no nemaewa, Borek san Jeff Desu. How many would like me to do my session in English? Please show me your hand. One, two, three. How many would like me to do my session in Japanese? I wish my Japanese was better. Thank you so much for coming. I realize I'm the only thing between you and refreshing adult beverages in the showcase. So I will try and make the best use of your time. I also have IBM stickers. So anyone who would like to ask a question, a good question gets a good sticker. I have been working around open source for IBM for over a decade. And anytime I talk to an audience about open source, I like to say I stand on the shoulders of giants because 20 years ago, IBM senior executives really understood the potential of open source and the risk of open source and how to effectively manage risk. Just a quick question. Who can explain to me an example of a risk of open source? Good answer. Good sticker. Intellectual property risk. So anytime you use software, you need to understand that even if you spent money to buy the software, you don't really own the software. You bought a license to use the software. And even in open source, when you don't provide money, there is a license. And you always have to be understanding of the license responsibility, the other risk of open source. Yes. Hi. Very good. But this is not about open source security. And I can talk about that quite a bit because that's a big part of what I'm being asked to pay attention to today. But I want to just make the point that open source is no more or less secure than proprietary software. Studies have proven that whether you develop in a open distributed fashion or you develop behind the firewall does not determine how good quality and or secure your code is. Other things determine that. But this topic today is about inner source at IBM. And I will save time by skipping my agenda and giving me more time to cover it. How many know or can't explain to me what is inner source compared to open source? But in addition, it is really taking advantage of the characteristics. What makes open source development very powerful? Highly distributed. So teams of individual programmers from anywhere can effectively collaborate and make very good software. And the opportunity exists to leverage the characteristics that make open source powerful in your organization. And so this is going to discuss how to do that in a bit more detail. So I went to Google this before. But how many remember the early days of AI when IBM created computers to compete with chess champions? Deep Blue is what the initiative was called. And that happened way back in the 50s to the 60s. And there were two major initiatives where IBM played Gary Kasparov and had to have a rematch. But eventually, IBM beat the best humans at chess. About a decade ago, IBM research was thinking about what to do next. And they were at a conference. And two of the executives were sitting in one portion of the bar. And they noticed that many of the researchers were overwatching a TV program. Do they have jeopardy version in Japan? I don't think so. But in the US, there is a popular game show on TV called Jeopardy. And it's very challenging because you don't supply the answer. You supply the question. The host gives you the answer. And so it's kind of backwards. And there are also many things that make it very difficult for a computer to understand what's going on. But because of the seeing how captivated the researchers were by this TV game show. And I know they have game shows on TV that are very popular in Japan, I understand too. They thought, we should try and do this. So 10 years ago, they created an artificial intelligence proof of concept to win against the top two human players, best of all time, and IBM won on the first try. And it was very impressive. I hate to tell you, though, it's also an example of one of my personal career setbacks. Because I wanted IBM to talk about the role of open source in Jeopardy. And IBM thought, this proof of concept is really all about IBM's secrets of how they made the machine do this. And my thought was, this is an opportunity for IBM to reassert its leadership in open source, because researchers built Jeopardy. What do researchers use when they are doing proof of concept, when they're having to put complicated software solutions together? Who said that? Please pass that. Open source. So the Jeopardy solution, if I visualize it as a stack of software, the Jeopardy solution was maybe this much. Three quarters of the stack was all Hadoop, big data, Linux. So a lot of open source. But this caused IBM to try and pursue a gold rush for 10 years from 11 to 19, approximately, IBM Watson help. Taking a proof of concept and then turning that into a commercial solution, very, very difficult. IBM said it would bring commercial solutions to the marketplace. And it was overly optimistic. And to make a long story short, IBM invested a lot of money in the proof of concept and then invested even more money acquiring data sets and other technologies in support of pursuing this. And unfortunately, or fortunately, let me put a positive spin on it. IBM's entering a new era of Watson. It is the platform era. And I told you 10 years ago it was a professional setback for me, but obviously I'm still here. So I didn't give up. So I kept working with the AI and data team and said, hey, you missed an opportunity to work in open source 10 years ago. Let's not miss that again. So back in 1918, started talking with them again about the power of open source and collaboration. And IBM, a data and AI team, listened. And they decided, well, we will contribute some modules to the Linux Foundation AI initiative to share IBM technology about how to make AI more secure, how to make sure it is fair. And less biased and how to make sure it's trustworthy. And that turned out to be a good thing. About that same time, the team was looking, how do we bring IBM AI to other parts of IBM's business? And they wanted to be able to differentiate. I'm so skilled, I can do this and talk at the same time. How can we differentiate with AI? How can we act as an internal reference for Watson? But they found it was very, very difficult because each division was doing AI, but they were doing it their own way. And IBM Cloud Pack approach, which is software modernization, required a modular AI stack, which IBM didn't have. But they realized that IBM natural language processing is very high quality. And that could be the basis of a modular composable stack using both inner and open source to make a difference. So how do you do that? Watson Core and application platform. So rather than just IBM research innovation, also collaboration with open source and with inner source all feed into Watson natural language processing core. And with that core, IBM can impact products as well as potentially partner offerings as well as research clients engagements. So determining the platform capabilities, selecting the best starting points from IBM and open source, and embedding Watson Core tech into IBM products, ISV products, and research clients engagements became a hot topic. How would this work out? Well, in some respects, IBM did not have a choice because natural language processing pre-Watson Core was very rich but very fragmented. Typical patterns of NLP research and product adoption. Another question, how many different versions of natural language processing would you guess IBM had three years ago? Answer could be five, 10, 15. Any? Who said 42? No sticker for you. No, it's actually 20. Over 20 different versions of NLP. IBM's a big company, but nobody needs 20 versions of NLP. So you can see the quote here. We need an NLP stack to be adopted all over IBM. Contains IBM's best technology, provides a path from research investments to products, and offers standardization of critical NLP components. This is Dashkey, Agrawal, IBM Fellow, and CTO, June 2019. Very encouraging, but still not easy to do. Why? This is a representation of a traditional innovation flow at IBM. A market signal happens, like GDPR or some other major impact in the ecosystem, plus maybe some side tech advancements. For example, like the game show went, AI leap of improvement. That impacts IBM research innovation, which then goes into the IBM software product and then hopefully leads to revenue.  Brand power, OK? Brand power. So this is the traditional way that things worked at IBM research. But because of this collaboration with them over the last three or four years, now IBM research realizes that same external forces and scientific advancements can impact the industry. But now it's not just IBM researchers. It's a broader community, both open source, but also inner source. The 20 different product teams that were all doing their own version of an NLP stack, they could now spend their time focusing on their product. And at the same time, if they had a good idea, they could contribute it back to the core project. So inner source at IBM. So what's key is two new leverage points. The broader community creates leverage point number one. And then the resulting core offering creates leverage point number two, which is that now instead of this impacting one product, it's now impacting many, many products. And that same modular approach is now something we are bringing to IBM software partners. Because if you follow that logic, the same benefit that IBM products can receive can now be advanced with IBM ISV partners. And then consulting engagements, leading to significant increase in revenue and significant increase in brand power. So IBM executives like hard numbers. So here's some hard numbers. Now, what's an NLP in the first year and a half? More than 15 product teams are now consuming and contributing back to NLP. They spend less time rebuilding the same functionality. And they rely on solid code built by the AI team, who's now, oh, by the way, in research. And they focus on their product's differentiation, not on their own version of NLP. And 75% decrease in time to value and global contributions from multiple business units across IBM. And cost savings through reuse in 2020 approached $10 million. So very significant. So I mentioned IBM Watson and Watson Health. Can anyone tell me some things that Watson Health endeavored to try and help with over the last 10 years? Any guess what IBM health? Think of one of the biggest health. Pardon me? Bingo, who said that? Now you've got two stickers. Can you pass that back? Thank you. So because of the struggles, IBM got less than favorable press. But the good news today is that the New York Times, leading newspaper in North America, just recently did a whatever happened to IBM Watson story. Artificial intelligence was supposed to transform industries. Neither has panned out. Now, IBM has settled for a new version of Watson. So the good news is that an analysis done by the New York Times, or for the New York Times, the Allen Institute of AI compared Watson's performance on NLP with other major players. Who can tell me the Allen Institute? Is that name ring a bell? Paul Allen. Paul Allen from Microsoft founded the AI Institute. And the New York Times paid the Paul Allen Institute to evaluate the technology. And they were quite surprised, chief executive said. IBM has gotten its act together. And the services offered by IBM were as good or better than other major players in the marketplace today. Very significant progress. So this is leading to a new embedded AI play targeting, again, ISV partners. The goals are to increase the adoption of IBM AI technology, focus on key use cases, initially NLP and speech, but moving on to document understanding and time series and trust. And creating a ecosystem of successful partners so that it's not all about IBM, but it's about IBM and partners collaborating through inner source to develop better solutions. Core differentiators of Watson Core is that it can run just about anywhere. It's enterprise ready. And it's the best of research and open and leverages that trustworthy AI foundation that I mentioned that IBM contributed before. It's also resulting in, again, more good news coverage for IBM as IBM Watson opens up AI opportunities for software vendors with embedded libraries. Even more good results from this effort. IBM is now in the Gartner Magic Quadrant in a leading position in terms of completeness of vision and ability to execute for its Watson Core AI platform. A recent article in Nature Magazine talks about IBM's AI system going head to head with humans in competitive natural language debating and doing quite well. So another example of good press from the modern update of Watson Core. And then lastly, this is a recent interview with one of the researchers who I've worked with in this space talking with a small but very influential analyst firm called Redmonk. This is a very challenging question, so I won't expect a lot of hands to go up. One, has anyone heard of Redmonk? I'd be very surprised. Half a dozen hands. Very good. Does anyone know how they chose that name? They chose that name 20 years ago because they thought there were two critical locations where software developers really were important. One of them was Redmond, Washington. So that's where the red comes from. The other one was Armok, New York. So that's where the monk comes from. So Redmonk's analyst firm for developers chose their name between the IBM corporate office and the Microsoft corporate office. But this video is an interview with the researcher. It's very interesting. If you have time, you should have a look. But this is the Watson Core architecture now and how it's leveraging both stock foundation open source components with the AI domain and the AI abstractions to provide an end to end solution that leverages both Kubernetes and Red Hat OpenShift. So a very strong architectural vision for the product for the future. And with that, I've got some time for questions and answers and stickers before refreshing adult beverages maybe served. Please. The inner source, more of a grassroots because it really came out of two things. I mentioned I've been at IBM some time working in open source for over 10 years. But I started working with the data and AI team about five years ago with another IBM colleague from Research, Jim Spore, very smart. He's since retired. But we started engaging with the data and AI team at kind of the developer and middle management level. And that's what got them trying open source. But good question. And I'll expand on the answer because it's an interesting question. It's kind of like is there a Japanese version? I know using metaphors can be challenging. But chicken and egg, so which came first? So what is better to do first, open source or inner source? Because the Watson AI team had not done a lot of open source development before they tried this initiative. Does anyone have an opinion on whether one or the other is the best place to start? Sure. So when you say inner source, that probably with an IBM means that not just different locations, but probably also different countries are involved, right? And can you comment on how you handle the arising tax and transfer pricing issue? That's for one. And my other question directly relates to your question. So what would be your opinion on how much of that inner source, these inner source activities you're doing and the inner source code you're producing, you could actually do as open source because they don't concern the differentiating knowledge of IBM? Very good questions. I will hold you some stickers for later. So to be clear, I used to believe that you had to start in open source first. Because to me, when I first started working in open source, it was very much changed my complete perspective on how the industry would evolve. It's very easy in a large organization to stay within your silo and focus on what you need to do. And when we were engaging with the data and AI team and getting them to contribute those early modules around trust, we were telling them, now, come and collaborate out in the open community. And they understood the value. And many of them wanted to take that approach. But they were under such pressure to fix internal problems that they said, gosh, we have to try this as an inner source approach first. And we had misgivings. But fortunately, Bill and the team proved me wrong because they had setbacks. But they've been very successful in working collaboratively behind the IBM firewall on creating the Watson core module that we talked about. Now, I don't have a good answer for you right off the top of my head with respect to the implications of distributed development from a corporate finance perspective. But what I can say is that this approach has fixed many challenging problems that IBM spent many years struggling with. And there is definitely initiative within the company to take these learnings and start to apply it to other parts of IBM's portfolio. Because a quick show of hands, how many, thank you. How many feel like your company does software development well? Not very many hands going up. How many think that doing software development, especially in larger organizations, is very challenging? We'll try that. Many more hands going up. Software development in large matrixed organizations is very, very difficult. And inner-source provides a very strong framework for taking a different approach that helps to. It's not a silver bullet. It won't fix every problem. But it does go a long way towards helping to reduce the fragmentation that naturally happens over large organizations. Question? Well, it's not actually a question, but it's also like an addition. Because I'm involved in inner-source commons community. And I'm also the program manager at Tudor Group. So I usually have the inner-source community and the OSPO community. And also, in fact, in the OSPO verse, we have seen a lot of organizations seeing the cultural challenge, like having adopted inner-source principles as the solution to avoid the cultural challenge that open-source are facing. So it's just like a different way of seeing this. But it's similar to your presentations. And I'm really glad and really happy that I attended to this presentation. And thanks a lot for bringing to all of us. Because I think culture, it's not only for inner-source, but also for OSPO and for open-source as a way to face this cultural change. I did not pay her to ask that question or make that statement. But I will add to your thought, though. I appreciate that very much. And I appreciate the work you're doing in the Tudor Group. Because we as an industry have to change. So here's another question. How many like change at work? Raise your hand. Not many hands go up. Sometimes I see more hands go up. And I say something controversial, like you're not telling me the truth. Because as humans, the reptilian brain is programmed to be change adverse. And that worked very well for thousands of years. Because if you were change adverse, it made you a little bit more conservative. But in fact, how many have heard of Darwin? Survival of the fittest, right? Change? There's actually new thinking around that that basically says, it's not so much survival of the fittest. It's survival of the friendliest. And the example they use are dogs. I know dogs are very popular pets in Japan. Think of dogs obviously came from wolves, right? And wolves, you could argue that dogs have done better in terms of evolutionary progress because a subset of wolves decided to be friendly with humans and hung out with early humans and realized that they could do better with the pack of humans than the pack of wolves. And so the ability to work with others, the ability to be friendly, has researchers now, some researchers thinking that Darwin did not, I wasn't wrong, but didn't really see a bigger picture. And it's not so much survival of the fittest, it's survival of the friendliest. There's one other call to action, and I haven't seen my five minute card yet, but now I do. We all have to change. And I know this is really hard, but I want you all to take back this thinking with you to your organizations. How many are aware of the challenges? I started my talk talking about the risk of intellectual property and the risk of security. How many are aware of the open SSF? Only a few hands going up. How many are aware of the growing challenge of the software supply chain and security? So not quite half. So what's happening is an under... open source is somewhat, again, a victim of its own success. I mentioned that open source software is no more or less secure than proprietary software at the beginning of my talk. But because open source has been so popular, especially now in this era of cloud, there is so much open source software in today's modern enterprises that the sheer volume has created a attractive attack surface. Everyone know what a CVE is, critical vulnerability? I feel better, at least people have heard that one. So the average software package has approximately 150 CVEs. Now some of them are low, right? They start to go one through 10. 10 is critical, 9 is high, and then 8, 7, 6, 5. But anything higher than 9 or higher needs to be remediated promptly. How many know what I mean when I say, how was your December last year with Log4j? Many organizations, including mine, spent too much of their holiday break searching for Log4j packages in their software stacks. The problem is that it's easy if you are a consumer of open source to realize the value of, oh, I'll just take this package and I'll use it and I'll do something else with it. But if someone says to you, well, hey, wait a minute. That package that you're using has unremediated high or critical CVEs in it. Do you realize that? Oh, no, I didn't realize that. Well, what do you think you should do about that? Well, it's not my code. It's the community's code. Maybe the community will fix it for me. Well, the days of leveraging open source without being more thoughtful about how you consume open source are changing. So one last question. How many have heard of the term S-bomb? That's about half. That's good. Software bill of materials. So about a year and a half ago, not because of open source, really, it was because of how many have heard of SolarWinds. That should be a popular one that gets hands up. So SolarWinds was the major hack of a company that was actually in the business of providing security software tooling to major governments and major corporations. And bad actors infiltrated that software and took advantage of the access they had. And because of that, the government in the US a year and a half ago issued an executive order on cybersecurity. And basically put the industry on notice to say, hey, the software industry has to change. It's like the early days of package food industry. And by that, I mean, when we all go to the grocery store today and you pick up a product, the government has made the producers of those products declare what the ingredients are. The government is going to use that metaphor for the software that it buys. So not today, not tomorrow, but sometime soon, major governments, not just the US, but Japan, Europe, they will all start to say, hey, when we buy software, we want to know what the list of ingredients is. It makes it even more challenging because when you consume software, especially open source, that package could even be bringing other packages in, along with the package you're using. And so the vulnerabilities can nest quite far down. So I've told you a lot of interesting, hopefully interesting information over the last time of my session. I hope it's caused you to think differently about the situation of open source and inner source. And gee, I have some stickers left over. If you'd like to come up and get one, please come say hello. Thank you very much.


This is Wild On The Streets right now here, North Carolina A&T. Bo Jiggles is going down, man. Told you we ain't playing. Right now, man, we Wild On The Streets. We down here, North Carolina A&T, man. It's going down, Bo Jiggles. Taste that chicken and tell me what you think going on, man. I grew up on Bo Jiggles, so this is nothing to me. You know what I'm saying? Tell me what it's talking about, man. You already know what it's talking about. Break dance. Talk to him, talk to him. Look at him, look at him. Yeah, talk to him. Yeah. You know what I'm saying? First off, Habbie G, hold it, everybody.  And third off, Aggies Pride. Hey, can I get that Aggie Pride? Aggie Pride. Can I get a Bo Jiggles chicken? Tell me what she's thinking. Already. Ooh, talk to me. What flavor did you get from that? The Cajun style. That good Cajun style, yeah. Yeah, you in now, baby. Love, man. Just much love, baby. You want to snack you, bro. I ain't going to do it now. I ain't going to smack you. Who says she want to? This is Wild On The Streets, right here with Bo Jiggles. Listen, tell me what you think about that crack, this thing. I don't think, tell them how to do it. Tell them, talk about it, man. Delicious. Shout out to the CUC, man. We from the CUC, hometown of the Bo Jiggles. Delicious, always. It's going down, man. North Carolina, A&T, we down here with Bo Jiggles. You see the homecoming? It's jumping out here. Jumping. I'm talking about all these beautiful people. They happy. It's great energy out here. We brung up to some of that good old Bo Jiggles. It's going down, man. Believe that. We turned it up.  Turned it up. Bo Jiggles. Man, everybody's loving it. They calling D.O. me the dancing machine. He danced for five hours straight out ace. It's crazy, man. I was dancing and giving out chicken, man. We doing it. Just like that. Right.


Welcome back to the breakfast here on Plus TV Africa. Now let's go a little bit back in history to the year 2010 I'm going to be talking about a very sad day in sports not for everybody but for nine, well for Ghanians and for Africans because it was a day where Ghana lost on penalties to Uruguay in the World Cup And of course, it's it's sad because of how you know it all played out. I'll get into that later Let's just share a couple of the details. Uruguay on this day ended Ghana's dream of being the first African team in the World Cup Semi-finals when they won a penalty shootout 4-2 after their quarter-final finished 1-1 at the end of extra time on that day Uruguay's substitute Sebastian Abru got the decisive penalty with a cheeky chip over the goalkeeper Richard Kingston to set up a semi-final with Netherlands who then shocked Brazil to goes to 1 The teams could not be separated after extra time in a thrilling contest After Asamo Aguian hit the bar with a penalty in the second minute of added time That was given when Uruguay striker Luis Suarez handled the ball on the line and was sent off So no need for a lot of details, you know with this but for football fans You would remember this moment very very well in 2010. It was a very very very ambitious dream for Ghana Hoping that he could get into the semi-final of the World Cup They had played Uruguay and the game ended 1-1 at the end of a normal time It got into extra time and then Ghana was awarded a penalty and this was meant to be the Decisive penalty that would have sent Ghana to the semi-finals and of course help them beat Uruguay But before the penalty was given let's first of all get to how the penalty was given so it was a handball by world famous Biter Luis Suarez who is known, you know for that, you know particular incident and of course for being a kind of a kind of ball on the pitch So he handled the ball just before it was given him because it was meant to be a go by Ghana And so he was given a red card sent off Ghana was awarded penalty Asamo Aguian had an opportunity at that moment to send Ghana to the semi-finals and he missed So it was disaster completely for the whole African continent Who was hoping to see Ghana cross into the semi-finals and then of course disaster also for Asamo Aguian Luis Suarez was held in Uruguay as a hero of that match because of the risk that he took for his country Getting a red card and saving them, you know from being kicked out and eventually Ghana lost 4-2 in penalties But yes football fans who follow the 2010 World Cup remember this moment very very well because it did hurt Really really really did hurt when Asamo Aguian missed that penalty that should have sent them into Into the semi-finals Interesting story interesting story Okay, I'm moving on now. We're going to talk about politics 1964 and it was in this day in history that the president of the US Signed a law signed an act into law that just revolutionized the way Some things were practiced in the country. They were like lots of racial segregation in schools at the workplace, you know so President's Johnson on this day in history Signed the L. He was probably called LBJ Johnson President Lyndon B Johnson on this day 1964 July the 2nd signed a landmark civil rights act So he had basically said that you know this Racial segregation across, you know several sectors was unconstitutional and this was basically on the back of a 1954 case in Brown vassals Board of Education that we actually talked about here on the breakfast You know was this landmark case that basically tried to eliminate segregation in schools saying black people couldn't go to schools That white people attended so on this day in history. He signed this law saying that You know, they were going to be revolutions in the way politics was done In the way people attended school attended work. He signed this bill with more than 75 pens More than 75 pens assigned that bill he had invited guests to come witness this historic day And the three major news networks, you know covered this event that day And you know, it really is a remarkable day in the history of the US It passed the most sweeping civil rights legislation, you know by Congress since the post-war reconstruction era It's outlawed racial discrimination in employment. It's outlawed racial discrimination in education in housing It bad racial segregation in all states sponsored public places such as schools bosses packs swimming pools It outlawed discrimination based on race based on color based on religion based on national origins in hotels and restaurants and you know Public, you know places basically it it set the groundwork for the voting rights act of 1965 Which then set the rules for the rights of African-Americans to vote so It could compare this to South Africa and how you know They signed laws that tried to erode apathyde one step at a time. So it was a very Historic moment in the history of the US 1964 with the signing of the Civil Rights Act Lyndon B Johnson has been described as an ally, you know, and of course, you know, this would always be remembered this day And you know the signing of this act would always be remembered as one of the very very major You know things that played out, you know with regards to ending racial segregation, it still hasn't ended But at least, you know, they're a long way up and something something remarkable He said when he signed that bill was that if government is to serve any purpose And it's to do for others what they can't do for themselves. Absolutely. And so Like I said, it hasn't ended, you know, but it's in a way better place than it was in the 50s and in you know in the 60s so historic moment What was required then was for the minds of the people to completely change and for you know other For America to continue to progress, you know and continue to accept all regardless of race and you know culture and you know Whatever wherever they're coming from And that's one thing about laws, you know and history You can sign a new act you can sign a new bill But if the conversations if the body language if the attitude doesn't change then, you know those laws don't necessarily, you know, wouldn't necessarily being as much change as you want and you know, we're bringing it down here to Nigeria regardless of what the Go on, you know, I'd state at the end of the civil war the view of the Biafra and war If the attitude of my endurance doesn't change towards the southeastern and towards the ebos Then it doesn't seem like, you know, a lot was learned from the war and you know some of all those declarations after the war and hold any water but yeah, congratulations to Americans and of course Sorry to Ghana once again Stay with us. So we're moving into our first major conversation for today Of course the National Assembly has a past the Petroleum Industry Bill We're going to be speaking with an energy expert Balazaka to share with us what this means and you know where we go from here after this bill has been passed Is the president also expected to sign it? We'll get into that after this short break


Hi, I'm Charlie. I'm a PhD student at Arizona State University, so naturally, I study the ocean, which is kind of impossible. It's huge. We have zero control over it, and we are completely out of our element while in it. We can pack up and load out on the boat to go collect some samples, and in the blink of an eye, rough ocean conditions or bad weather can completely derail any plans for fieldwork, so many unknowns remain. What we do know is that microplastics have invaded virtually every ocean ecosystem from top to bottom, beach to beach, from the smallest organisms to the largest, and among the largest are Marine Mammals, whose poop I've studied, and what I've found is extremely troubling. Many of these organisms are inundated with microplastics and contaminants. Now, they're not eating these small plastics themselves. They're eating the fish, which are eating the smaller organisms that are ingesting the plastic, and it's the same fish you and I are eating. Now, it's not just the plastics themselves that are a threat. As they break down, their surface area increases, allowing for contaminants to attach at high concentrations, and this is in addition to the chemicals which are already present in the plastics themselves. Now, I get it. It's easy to feel overwhelmed by the enormity of this problem, but there are things that you can do as a consumer, which can help limit the flow of plastics into the ocean. Personally, I've been much more aware about what I'm flushing down the drain. Polyester, for example, is a unique plastic fiber, which is often shed in the wash, and it disintegrates very easily, and I've found these same fibers in the stomachs of crabs and in the feces of seabirds, which have had no contact with human beings. Now, I'm not saying to throw out your entire closet, but the next time you're buying a new shirt, maybe opt for the cotton one and not the polypond. As scientists, we have a unique but limited perspective into the world of plastic pollution, so it's incredibly important that we reach out to as many people as possible. So let me turn it back to you.  Any idea for how to reduce it? Tell me about it. I've spoken with people all over the world who have ended up sending me plastic pollution samples from Seychelles to South Africa, Australia, and some of these people have even started their own beach cleanup groups. What I've learned from these interactions is beyond important. Under the microscope can answer some questions, but still so many remain. So that's where you come in. Let's see what we can accomplish together. Our oceans are the food we eat, the air we breathe, and the places we associate with happiness. As long as those facts remain, so should our fight to protect them.