The number one skills become a partner manager is leadership skills. All the partner managers need to lead without authorities, because partner managers need to interface and lead cross-functional teams such as design team, software development, sales and marketing team, and legal team. All these teams need to launch a project together to impact in users' lives. However, almost all the teams have different needs and desires and all have different bosses. Partner managers are not anybody's boss based on a title, but we need to make sure other teams also listen to your strategy of production. So therefore, the leadership skills are the number one skills a partner manager needs to master. If you like the content I make today, please make sure to like, share and subscribe for more tips. This is Dr. Nancy Lee from PMExcelerator.io. I'm going to see you next time. Bye guys.


Hello again, let's talk about social inclusion. Taiwan's indigenous peoples have a long history of living as autonomous nations. However, as Taiwan democratized, the state began to recognize, let's say individual indigenous rights, but not indigenous sovereignty. And this is what we're addressing today in this episode. We have invited our two speakers, Scott Simon from the University of Ottawa and Awimona from the National Tonghua University in Taiwan. Our speakers, well, we're discussing with them two court rulings that illustrate how liberal indigeneity undermines indigenous sovereignty. We'll jump into that in a bit. Scott and Simon, Scott and Howie, sorry, welcome. Thank you, it's nice to be here. Nice to be here. Howie, I would perhaps start with you by asking the most obvious, probably a little bit obvious. Why is this topic important to conduct research on? Okay, thank you for the questions. I think the reason we pick up this topic is that in a very simple way, Taiwan or the Republic of China has always been identified by the whole world. It's more like a majority of Hans state. But in Taiwan, if we take the perspective of indigenous peoples, we have been living on this island for thousands of years. So some of the academic research has also pointed out that Taiwan is a land as a settler state. So there are a number of different issues that need to be clarified, not only within Taiwan, but also to expose to international communities. So I think that's one of the critical reasons why we pick up this topic as our research paper. To identify indigenous people is not part of the majority of Hans and not part of the idea of the state of Taiwan of Republic of China. We are inherently self-determined political entity and then that need to be clarified on this level. I think that's from what I thought about this topic. Maybe Scott can answer more. Scott, let's wrap this up a little bit more. What was the research gap specifically that you wanted to address in this study? Yeah, so I think what it was that in the year 2020, the pandemic was just beginning and I was in Taiwan and Aoi and I were at a meeting of the SEDEC National Council, but we found out that there was a demonstration in Taipei for Black Lives Matter. And it included the indigenous youth movement there and they made some very interesting speeches about the problems they have and making parallels with Black Lives Matter. And so that inspired the two of us to think through critical race theory and to see if there was something we could learn from critical race theory that's relevant to Taiwan and also if looking at the indigenous Taiwan legal issues if we can make a contribution as well to that literature of critical race theory. So that was kind of the gap we were looking for was trying to bring together, like at that demonstration in Taipei, critical race theory and indigenous Taiwan. And the result I think was quite interesting. So let's jump into those findings. Okay, so I think that the main findings of the study was we took a look at two court rulings. And one of the main issues of critical race theory is that there are often laws and court decisions that protect the rights of individuals, but they don't change the system and they don't change some of the systemic forms of racism that exists. And that's kind of what we found here with these two court cases that we looked at. The first is one that we have both looked at intensely for a long time. And it was a case about an indigenous hunter who had been arrested, found guilty and charged with illegally possessing a hunting rifle that was not, because the rule is in Taiwan, indigenous people can't hunt, but they have to make their own rifles. And so he had a rifle that was just a little bit too advanced. And he also had failed to register with the authorities according to law, which says that they have to register where and when they're going to hunt, what they're going to catch. And hunters know that's impossible. Animals don't make appointments with them. And so basically the court ruled that the laws are, another thing it was also charged with taking endangered species. And so the court basically ruled that the laws that limit hunting are reasonable, that they can limit the species that they're not permitted to hunt endangered species or any kind of limited species. And they have to follow the rules about registration, but the rules about the guns, they have to be made clear. So it's not changing the law at all, it's just asking them to make them a bit clearer and easier to follow. It's a question of proportionality. And then the second one was about whether or not children born of a hunt or a non-indigenous and an indigenous parent would be able to have indigenous status if they use the non-indigenous name. The law until then it said, you have to use the indigenous name to get status. And they decided that's an individual choice whether you use your Han Chinese name, which I think the fathers would like them to do if the father is Chinese or not. And so the court decided it's an individual decision. Now both of these impinge upon indigenous sovereignty. The idea I think is that hunters should be able to regulate their own hunting grounds and that there really should be ways in which the indigenous communities rather than the state decide their own membership roles. And so both of these court rulings, although they uphold the rights of individuals and though they claim to be anti-discriminatory, they actually failed to recognize indigenous sovereignty. So that was the main finding. Let's follow up on this, Harvey. So I think the two important ideas that Scott passed was how the system is not able to fight systemic forms of racism and is affection on indigenous sovereignty. I'm curious to know more about policy impacts, potential policy impacts of what you found, Harvey. I think thanks for that follow Scott's point. I think I would divide into two different aspects from the individual aspect. I think it is a way from our finding that indigenous individual can have more discussion and talk to the general public. How does this naming? I mean, how does this naming on indigenous people can be racial and we can adjust this type of inferiority impulse on indigenous peoples? And on the collective aspect for the public policy, I think it is very important and we can see this changing especially from the 2016, the National Apology delivered by our president, Tsai Ing-wen. So that has a shift. I mean, it's a shift from the government part which brings back to a general society what we have been advancing in Taiwan. We call it indigenous mainstreaming, which means the policy has to take into account the collective part of the indigenous sovereignty to do the evaluation on the older indigenous policy. I think that's one of the collective aspect how our research finding has already been pushed forward. And another example is that Taiwan has launched a series of national report on the International Human Rights Convention. How does our government has been implemented in Taiwan? And right now we are currently doing the ICERD, the so-called International Convention on all forms of racial discrimination. So in the past, we always take, we always see these the convention from the individual basis but right now we have to take into account the collective part of indigenous claims. When we evaluate how does the government policy has impact on indigenous peoples? So I think that that's a number of different examples we have been seeing right now in Taiwan. Perfect. And how we both on the individual or either on the individual or collective changes for the future, let's look at the research now again. So what can we look for in terms of research for the future? What's left to find? I think, yeah, Scott. Go ahead, I'll help after you. Okay, so I think there's a lot of work that we can both do and we've been working together as an anthropologist, do those ethnography and then as a legal scholar. But I think that for ethnographical research, I think that there's quite a bit to do. There are 16 officially recognized indigenous nations. They're recognized as peoples. They don't always have the same aspirations to nationhood or, and so I think that it would be good to do research and this is gonna take a lot of people on the different groups and what are their dreams and aspirations for sovereignty and how does that fit in with their traditional and customary law, which all of them have, the Cedek, Awee, and those from the Cedek has a law called Gaya. And so really to understand these customary laws and how that relates to sovereignty, I think is very important and to do the diversity of it across the island. So Awee. Yeah, I think for the future development, it is, and it should be a motivation for the Taiwan academic or even the public officials because indigenous people in Taiwan for a long, long time has been recognized as a part of the majority hunts. So I think the future development, especially on the research, we will be taking a very critical and important aspect on this critical ratio theory to explore more on how does the public policy should be reviewed and evaluate and maybe do more future research and that should be interdisciplinary field under all the different academic area that we can all collaborate together. I think that's forward we can see. So you did work on the tip of the iceberg of a big iceberg still to explore there. Scott, some further materials that you'd like to share with our listeners? Yeah, sure. First of all, I would suggest that listeners take a look at the article because the bibliography is quite good. Awee Mona's essay that's in there is I think a very important touch tone article. And I think that the idea that the doctrine of discovery applies also to Taiwan is something that's important there. If I can do some self promotion, I also in this year have published a book with the University of Toronto Press. It's called Truly Human Indigeneity and Indigenous Resurgence on Formosa. It's based on years and years of research with actually in the community where Awee's father and the community where his mother comes from and some others and really looking at issues of Gaian traditional law and what that means moving forward not just for the Zedek in Taiwan but also for humans because we're living in a difficult time with the climate change and threats of war on the horizon and so forth. So I think those traditional laws and ideas of morality are quite important. Mm-hmm, this has been quite a straight on point episode. I'm sure our listeners will agree on that but I will ask you to close this episode with a punchline in one to sentences to wrap up this whole conversation. What would it be? For me, it would be to remember that Indigenous peoples exist in many parts of the world not just in the paradigmatic cases of the US, Canada and Australia, New Zealand but Taiwan also has Indigenous peoples who were there thousands of years before any state ever controlled this island long before any Chinese or Japanese or any outsiders like the Dutch and the Spanish were there. So I think that's the important takeaway. They're Indigenous peoples on the island and they're there to stay. Perfect, straight to the point. Scott, Awee, thank you very much for this episode. Good, thank you very much. To our listeners, if you are watching us on YouTube you can find all the resources that Scott mentioned and the article by Scott and Awee in Let's Talk About Social Inclusion website. Everything is there for you to access, totally open access. You can also listen to this episode wherever you get your podcast. You can subscribe to our newsletter and you can follow us on Twitter at KojitatioLTA.


Smart grids are a key component of the transition towards a more sustainable energy system. They enable the integration of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and energy storage into the existing electricity network. Research has shown that smart grids can provide significant benefits including improved reliability, increased efficiency, reduced costs, and greater customer engagement. However, there are still challenges to overcome before they can be fully implemented. This paper reviews the current state of smart grid research and proposes potential areas for further study. This article was authored by Sonam Dorje, Albert Alexander Stonier, Geno Peter, and others.


فشرف بالاشتغالي بالعلم ولا تبغي به ما عشت يا دا دا دا وياله من شراف عظيمي الثالث one authentic no problem ساليمة one safe from what من بعف الروات والعلن no defect no weakness of the narrators so there's five narration all of them are different from the other so none of them resemble one another are you with me at this point what do we say what do we say this hadith has what and it's different numbers are you all with me five six narration don't know what I said this one is also محتفم القراءة this hadith even though it's a had but it benefits us knowledge which is certainty just like the Mutawatil no if it said if it has if it's مشور and it has different chains of narrations and all of the chains of narration are safe from weakness and defect of the narrators the third one which is الخبر المسلسل بالأيمة الحفاظ the hadith which is narrated by the مسلسل from the أيمة الحفاظ the أيمة حفظ have narrated it like who like أيمام أحمد narrates from شافع and شافع narrates from أمالك like that hadith the scholars they say even if it's one it's أحد even if it's أحد and أحمد محمد narrates from who شافع and شافع narrates from who أمالك رحمه الله the scholars they say this hadith benefits what it benefits us certainty that's the third time where is the wisdom what benefit does it do what would it benefit us knowing that it benefits us this it doesn't benefit us in terms of action pay attention any hadith will we implement it of course we will implement it but if there comes a opposition there comes a خلاف تعارب opposition between a خبر which is not المحتف بالقرائن so no one and one that is they oppose each other which one will we give presidents to so it is from one of the ways to bring the evidence together that's why the علماء want it are you with me that's the importance of it وقد يقعوا فيها and it may fall into it it will benefit نعم دان الشيخ رحمه الله he said ثم الغرابة the hadith which is غريب it may happen in the beginning of the chain of narration or maybe not so the first one which is the one that happens in the beginning of the chain meaning from the angle of the Sahaba is called غريب المطلق such is the hadith of Ahmad أحمد حريطه عمر من الخطاب إلا مع الأماله أوه it may come from from where the second type which is what أن تكون الغرابة في أثناء السنة that this the غريب that's happening in the hadith is happening whilst in the chain of narration this one is called what الفرد المسبي and we gave the example of which of Malik Ibn Anas narrating from ابن شهاب زهري narrating from who that the messenger he entered the city of Makkah and his head was what the prophet was wearing a helmet we said that the person who singled this narration from Imam ابن شهاب زهري from all of the students he had was who Malik Ibn Anas so we said this hadith is farad singular due to Imam Malik being in the chain of narration and we spoke about that we spoke about that yesterday so I'm referring to you guys you remember the hadith I'm talking about I'm doing the hadith I'm listening to Malik which is that the process that I'm entered وعلى رأسه المغفر so that's the دان الشيخ رحمه الله he said وخبر الأحادي بنقل عدل انتام الضبدي متسل السندي الشيخ رحمه الله he's now going into the point that I started at the beginning when I was talking which is what أقسام المقبول the sheikh is now going into the types of مقبول the accepting narrations which is the first type that we're going to be speaking about from the two types which was what from the two types that were what المقبول المردود the accepting narration and the rejecting narration the accepted narration brothers brothers brothers it's two types we've said it it's المقبول the accepting one we're going to look at it from two angles the مقبول we're going to look at it from two angles the first one is أقسام المقبول the types of مقبول and we said how many types is that we said that one is four and then after that inshallah we're going to be talking about تقسيم المقبول dividing the مقبول in terms of implementing it and not implementing it you're going to worry how did that work we'll see when we come to it we're going to come to it later but now we're going to take the types of مقبول the types of مقبول that's what we're going to do how much are the types of مقبول the sheikh رحم الله mentioned the first type which is what the sheikh defiled what does صحيح اللي داتي what does the word صحيح linguistically mean first let's explain that صحيح is the opposite of the word صقيب إل رواحقيقة في الأجسام مجازم في الحديث وسائل المعاني it is a metaphor when it is used for حديث but it is a reality which is that it is not it is literal when it is used for the body the word صحيح is originally literally used for the body when it is used not for the body it is a metaphor to say that this حديث is صحيح it is a metaphor it is not literal that is not the way it should have مجاز يعني مجاز يعني استعمال الله في غير ما وضع عليه مجاز in the Arabic language means to use a term or to use something not to how it was placed you are using it in a way that it wasn't placed for and Insha'Allah we will come to that when we study her when we come to also all of them you see how the knowledge and the sciences are all connected we will come to it there Insha'Allah which we are doing right now that is what it means linguistically what does it mean استلاحا تكنيكلي what did he say he said it is when these characteristics are found are you all with me these characteristics what did he say he said the scholars of this field which is a site of حديث they have divided the حديث into how many types صحيح حسن and ضعيف صحيح and حسن are مقبول ضعيف is the مردود version pay attention okay and I mentioned why the ضعيف occurs two types I mentioned it a حديث that we want to say which is صحيح the صحيح that we are talking about here brothers is حديث which is صحيح مداتي meaning it is صحيح in and within itself مداتي that is what it means it is صحيح in and within itself it means that it has two things present and two things absent حديث which is صحيح مداتي حديث which is صحيح مداتي meaning authentic in and within itself it has three conditions present and two conditions are missing what are the conditions that are present and what are the conditions that are absent the conditions that are present are as this as follows the narrators are reliable what does what does عدل means we have to explain each one عدل means عدل means anyone who has the ability two things have to be present in him he has to be what he has to have it revolves around these two which is that he has he has he has his upright moral conduct he has that so that characteristics has to be what ملكة what does ملكة mean without him having to look for it سفة الراسقة is a characteristic that is embedded in him that he has is that he does everything and he stays away from everything that which Allah prohibited it from he has المروأ he has what which is he has good characteristics that's what he has that individual has عدل that person what does he have he has عدل he is what he is عدل the second characteristic that has to be present in a hadith which we want to say is authentic is the narrators who are narrating the hadith they have is his memory is alert غير مغفل he is not heedless وشاكي and he is not also doubtful when is he not when he his memory is alert he is also not heedless he is not in a state of doubt or assumption from the time in which he took the narration to the time he passes the narration on pay attention the time he took the narration he has to have that half of the present and the time he is passing on he has to also have it and the the first one is he has actually memorized it from the heart and that means the he can bring it out it is present in him and he can extract it he can bring it out whenever he needs it he doesn't go no he needs the narration that is the second one is what this man's memory or his doubt is based in a book is placed inside a book that book brothers has to have these conditions that book has to be safe from any distortion and any tampering of anyone from the time in which he heard this حديث from the time in which he perfects his book until the time he conveys the narration from that book his book has to be in a safe protected page those are what those are the first two the third one is the chain of narration has to be connected what does that mean it means that every narrator in that chain قد تحمله he had taken it from it من من فوقه from the one above him he took it from him from one of the ways which are taken into consideration such as حديثانا أخبارانا are you with me good those three have to be present are you with me his memory has to be good complete memory fully reliable he also has to be what complete memory third chain of narration has to be connected chain of narration has to be connected with those three conditions and the absence of the two that I'm going to mention now the حديث becomes صحر للنادي what are the two that have to be my option انتفاق العلا a defect has to be absent from the حديث the حديث should not have any defect the defect here brothers has to be very well understood the عيلا which is considered that we are referring to here is has to be خفي غامب unlike very like very hidden يقدح في صحة الحديث that harms the authenticity of the حديث from the apparent الذي ظاهرها الذي ظاهره السلامة منها but from the apparent the حديث looks clean nothing is wrong with it from the outside and don't worry brothers عيلا is going to come to us in a very very very extensive way don't worry but pay attention the defect has to be خفي it has to be what غامب it has to be hidden very attention that has to be absent there should not be no defect the great imam حقيقة نيوز الإمام الشيخ مقبل بلوهاد الواديعي رحمه الله رحمة الواسعات he wrote a book he wrote a book in which he called it حديث ظاهرها السحة something like that a hadith which are defected from the apparent they look what look صحيح رحمه الله تعالى the third the second sorry the second thing that has to be absent is what شذود شذود means what شذود means ما خالف فيه ثقة من هو أو ثق منهم it is an opposition of a person who is reliable who is also good memory but he opposes a person who has greater reliability than him and who has greater memory than him he opposes them and don't worry that is also going to come to us in what in details and the shoe dude will come to us in details all of them are going to come to us in details اتصالف سند is going to come to us in details so we are going to take it as it comes so that we just mentioned is the definition and the explanation for صحيح اللي ذاتي the hadith which is صحيح اللي ذاتي عراق سند فالأول المتصل الإسنادي بنقر عدل النبابط الفؤادي عن مثله من غير ما شذوذي وعلة قادحة فتودي which is the point that we mentioned ابن حجر goes on to saying he goes on to saying واتتفاوت رتبه بتفاوت هذه الأصف the levels of the hadith which is صحيح its levels differ they are all the same in terms of strength in terms of those characteristics that we mentioned they differ even in the the matter of the connection of the chain of narration they are all the same this was connected and this was connected but the connection of this chain of narration and the connection of this chain of narration are not the same they differ اللي تنبني صحة عليها they differ and they differ so what is he trying to hint here he is trying to hint that there are chains of narration even that though are the chains of narrations are what even that though are the chains of narrations are authentic but scholars they said that the chain of narration which are the most authentic they chose even that other chains may be authentic but these ones are very very strong and an example of it is what we just took previously that if إمامة أحمد محمل narrated from مشافر وشافر and narrated from ماليك it is very strong but scholars have argued everyone mentioned that he believes that this hadith is the highest in terms of in terms of in terms of chains زهري مثلا if he narrates from صالح إبن عبدالله إبن عبدالله زهري is narrates from صالح and صالح is narrates from his father عبدالله this hadith some scholars they said it is very powerful some said no حمادي بن سلمة narrates from تابت this is one of the most some scholars said this some said no صحيلي من أبي صالح narrates from his father أبي صالح this is the most authentic chain of narration all of these أراقي الحما الله he said إنساكنا على حكم إنساكنا على حكم إنساكنا على الحكم إنه أصح مطلقا وقت هضابه فقيلة ماليك عن نافع some scholars have chosen to say that this hadith is the most authentic chain of narration and some said this is the most authentic chain of narration and some said no this is the most authentic chain of narration but are actually said إنساكنا we would hold from this to really say this hadith it is the most authentic chain of narration he said it is not befitting but what is the wisdom behind it what would the scholars say that this chain of narration is the most authentic chain of narration again it is when there comes a chain which is the most authentic chain and a normal chain which is authentic but it is not as strong as this one because it is from the what يجب أن يكون لديه ريزدنس في هذا هذا why عند العمل عند التعارب عندما يأتي الابتصار لأصحب الأسانيد يريد أن يكون أفضل


Namaste. Myself Dr. Mrs. Preeti Sunil Joshi working as assistant professor in VALCHAN Institute of Technology, Solapur. This session is related with the position of Fermi level in semiconductors. Learning outcomes are, by the end of this session, students will be able to state the definition of Fermi level and Fermi energy and describe the position of Fermi level in semiconductors. The contents include Fermi level and Fermi energy and position of Fermi level in semiconductors. We are next interested in knowing how the electrons are distributed among the various energy levels in the conduction band at a given temperature. We cannot apply Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution to electrons because they obey exclusion principle and also they are indistinguishable particles. The Pauli's exclusion principle postulates that only one fermion can occupy a single quantum state. Therefore, as fermions are added to an energy band, they will feel the available states in the energy band just like water feels a bucket. Here by fermions, we mean the electrons of an atom which are the particles with half spin and bound to Pauli exclusion principle. So, the states with the lowest energy are filled first followed by the next higher ones. Hence, the statistical distribution function that is applicable to the quantum particles is the Fermi Dirac distribution function. This function is named after Enrico Fermi and Paul Dirac, each of whom discovered the method independently. Before knowing what this distribution function is, let us first know the necessity of this function. In fields like electronics, one particular factor which is of prime importance is the conductivity of materials. This characteristic of the material is brought about the number of electrons which are free within the material to conduct electricity. As per the energy band, these are the number of electrons which constitute the conduction band of the material considered. Thus, in order to have an idea over the conduction mechanism, it is necessary to know the concentration of the carriers in the conduction band. It is given by F of E is equal to 1 upon 1 plus E raise to E minus EF upon kT. The function F of E indicates the probability that a particular quantum state at the energy level E is occupied by an electron and EF is known as the Fermi level. In general, this EF may or may not correspond to an energy level but it provides a reference with which other energies can be compared. The function F of E is known as Fermi factor. These are the Fermi Dirac function details. The probability of electrons to occupy the energy level E increases with temperature. So, we first discuss about the distribution function and the related topics with reference to conductors. We shall find later these concepts are equally applicable to other cases. Here now we distinguish two situations, one at absolute zero and other at higher temperatures. This figure shows the conduction band of a conductor at zero Kelvin. At absolute zero, electrons occupy energy levels in pairs starting from the bottom of the band up to an upper level designated as EF, leaving the upper levels vacant. So, Fermi level can be therefore defined as the uppermost field energy level in a conductor at zero Kelvin. Correspondingly, Fermi energy can be defined as the maximum energy that a free electron can have in a conductor at zero Kelvin. To use an analogy, the electron distribution in the conduction band can be likened to water at rest in a container. The Fermi level corresponds to the top surface of the water. Let us now apply Fermi Dirac distribution function to the solid taking the value of temperature as zero Kelvin. For energy levels E lying below EF that is E is less than EF, E minus EF is a negative quantity therefore the probability will be equal to 1 which indicates that all the energy levels lying below the level EF are occupied. For energy levels E lying above EF, E minus EF is a positive quantity therefore the probability function becomes equal to zero which means that all the energy levels lying above this level EF are vacant at T is equal to zero Kelvin. Now for E is equal to EF the quantity E minus EF is equal to zero therefore F of E will be indeterminate. Indeterminate this implies that the occupancy of Fermi level at zero Kelvin ranges from zero to one. Corresponding energy function is shown in the figure. Now consider the case when temperature is above zero Kelvin. On heating the conductor electrons are excited to higher energy levels. In general EF is greater than KT therefore for most of the electrons lying deep in the conduction band the thermal energy is not sufficient to cause a transition to an upper unoccupied level. At normal temperatures only those electrons occupying the energy levels near the Fermi level can be thermally excited. These levels make a narrow band of width KT directly adjacent to the Fermi level. Therefore upon heating the solid electrons having a little below EF jump into the levels with the energy somewhat above EF and a new energy distribution of electrons is obtained thus as a result of thermal excitation the probability of finding the electrons in the levels immediately below EF will decrease. On the same hand the probability of finding the electrons in the levels immediately above EF increases. This fact is reflected in the graph that is in figure B as a blurring of the step plot. Now at temperature greater than zero Kelvin if we consider an electron at Fermi level then if we consider an electron at Fermi level then E is equal to EF that is probability becomes equal to half. This implies that the probability of occupancy of Fermi level at any temperature above zero Kelvin is 0.5 or 50%. So now we can define Fermi level as the Fermi level which has the probability of occupancy of 0.5. Fermi energy is the average energy possessed by electrons participating in the conduction in metals at temperatures above zero Kelvin. The Fermi Dirac distribution curves for different temperatures are shown in the figure. At T is equal to zero Kelvin there is an abrupt jump in the value of F of E from 1 to 0 at EF and when temperature is greater than zero Kelvin the change is gradual. The higher the temperature more gradual is the change. It is seen from the curves for different temperatures that they all pass through a crossover point C at which the probability of occupancy is 0.5. This is due to the fact that F of E has a value of 0.5 for any temperature greater than zero Kelvin. Students now please pause the video and try to solve this numerical. Check for the answer. So the solution is as we have from Fermi Dirac distribution function F of E is equal to 1 upon 1 plus e raised to E minus EF upon kT. E minus EF is equal to 0.5 electron volt and F of E is equal to 1%. So this is the given data and if we solve the numerical by substituting the values we get the temperature as 1262 Kelvin. Now let's know the position of Fermi level in semiconductors. So we have seen that the probability of occupation of energy levels in valence band and conduction band is called the Fermi level. At absolute zero temperature intrinsic semiconductor acts as a perfect insulator. However as the temperature increases free electrons and holes gets generated. Thus in intrinsic or pure semiconductor the number of holes in valence band is equal to the number of electrons in the conduction band. Hence the probability of occupation of energy levels in conduction band and valence band are equal. Therefore the Fermi level for the intrinsic semiconductor lies in the middle of forbidden band. In extrinsic semiconductors the number of electrons in the conduction band and number of holes in the valence band are not equal. Hence the probability of occupation of energy levels in conduction band and valence band are not equal. Therefore the Fermi level for extrinsic semiconductor lies close to the conduction or valence band. In entire semiconductor pentavalent impurity is added. Each pentavalent impurity donates a free electron. So addition of pentavalent impurity creates large number of free electrons in the conduction band. At room temperature the number of electrons in the conduction band is greater than the number of holes in the valence band. Hence the probability of occupation of energy levels by the electrons in the conduction band is greater than the probability of occupation of energy levels by the holes in the valence band. This probability of occupation of energy levels is represented in terms of Fermi level. Therefore the Fermi level in n-type semiconductor lies close to the conduction band and the donor levels are expected to be located very near to the bottom edge of the conduction band. Now for p-type semiconductor trivalent impurity is added. Each trivalent impurity creates a hole in the valence band and is ready to accept an electron. The addition of trivalent impurity creates large number of holes in the valence band. Again at room temperature the number of holes are greater than the number of electrons in the conduction band. Hence the probability of occupation of energy levels by the holes in the valence band is greater than the probability of occupation of energy levels by the electrons in the conduction band. This probability of occupation of energy levels is represented in terms of Fermi level. Therefore the Fermi level in p-type semiconductor lies close to the valence band and the acceptor level represents the ground level of the hole. Thank you.


Tackling Sammer by Courtney Kofop about the Perseverance. My name is Courtney Kofop. I'm in my sixth year at Pennsylvania Leadership Charter School. It is a blended environment where the majority of our students are attending online. I, for the past five years, have been an English teacher and for the past two, I've been a technology coordinator for our whole K to 12 environment. I'm also a Google certified educator, a near pod, pioneer trainer, and most importantly for this presentation, I'm a tack advocate. The objectives for this presentation, what exactly will you learn today? I want to review Sammer and the Sammer model. To show you how to create attack, I will also go over what tools embed into attack and then tackling Sammer. So what exactly is Sammer? I'm sure the majority of you already know, but to review. Sammer is a model designed to help educators infuse technology into teaching and learning. It is developed by Ruben Puentadora, the model supports and enables teachers to design, develop, and infuse digital learning experiences that utilize technology. This is when technology is redefining learning experience for students and allows teachers to modify their instruction. When you're getting to the augmenting stages, that's at the beginning, and you augment the learning experience with technology and can enhance engagement. And then at the very basic level, teachers can substitute technology for traditional instruction to increase achievement. So looking at this model, many people want to hit that redefinition level every time, but really you want to work your way up to that redefinition level. And you want to really focus on the task and what level of Sammer is most beneficial for students to gain the knowledge. Now attack, I love this program. It is a web page creation tool and one of the best parts of it is that it's device agnostic. So it will work on any platform. So if your students are using iPads, if they're using desktops, it is browser based and app based. So it's really wonderful that you and your students can use this on any device. It is very easy to edit and perpetually add content and it's linear and easy to follow. You can create a custom URL for easy access and then it's very easy to share. It's not a PDF or PowerPoint that has to be hosted externally. It's its own web page and did you know that TAC offered the ability to embed live maps, photos, texts, links and videos within their platform from a variety of sources. And that's where we're going to dive into today how many tools can easily embed into the TAC page and how you can use TAC to app smash with these programs and web 2.0 tools that you are using and your students are using. There are two ways that apps and tools can dress up attack by being embedded within it. There's a direct embed. Some tools can embed live and are fully functional without ever having to leave TAC such as thin thing link. But then there's also an option to thumbnail embed so other tools like shadow puppet, high coup deck and snap guide will be linked within the TAC and appear as a small thumbnail that will take users to an external site. So one of the things that I want my students to be doing is really that single sign on. So TAC allows you to do that with many of their programs like thing link. But then also it's just taking them to a link as well. So it really eliminates a lot of the hassle of all these multiple websites and tools that you're using. It can really be hosted on this TAC page that you're creating or your students are creating. Now we've talked about TAC a little bit. How easy is it to create one? So we will do that actually right now. So as you can see it is a very straightforward editor and to sign up all you need is an email address. It's also connected with Google Plus so you can just use your Google account for easy sign on. It is linked with Casper so if your school is using Casper you can easily create student accounts as well. So this is a blank canvas. There are other templates as you can see here. Blank about me Instagram blog school project. This is just a blank one and you can see that I can easily put in titles. I can put in text easily at photos and it actually has a library of photos that you and your students can choose from. You can also upload. You can connect your Instagram client. So if you have a class Instagram that's great to connect or you can paste from a URL. There is also the ability to add videos. So it is linked with YouTube, Vimeo, Animoto, Instagram, and Vine. You can also upload your own photos which is great. It's powered by vid.me. So those wonderful if you have your students using iMovie they can take that file directly from their computer and have it hosted on the TAC page. Audio as well. So it's connected with SoundCloud, Spotify, 8 tracks. You can also like videos and photos pulled from your own computer and upload. You can create buttons. So if there are tutorials or reviews that you want to link but not directly in bed. You can create that button where it will link students to it. Maps which is great for reports that students are completing. You can create a virtual field trip with information through these maps. You can have a form. So you can pose a question and have students put in their name and their answer or a question that they may have about the material. And one of the best things as I was saying it is connected to so many Web 2.0 tools already. Right off the bat you can see that you can embed a TAC within a TAC. So it's almost like an inception thing. You can connect a Twitter feed, slide share, thing link. And then here are some of the other programs that embed as well. So it is really very extensive. The amount of tools that are working in conjunction with TAC. Going back to the buttons I forgot to mention. I a lot of times I love using Google Apps and Google Forms. So I'll create a Google Form and put a customized button to that form. Maybe an exit ticket from my students and they can click on it and it takes them to that Google Form. You can also have an RSVP. So if you're setting up a school event or your students are trying to set something up they can easily do that as well. As you see at the bottom there's a comment stream. So that's where you can have a class discussion. They can post questions. They can upload photos and videos to that as well. So you can almost create an anthology of videos if you wanted to in a comment stream for your class. It's very easy to edit and really dress up your TAC because there are a variety of patterns included already. You can upload your own backgrounds. You can change fonts. You can change the palette of your TAC. So whatever is to your liking. Like I said the pattern. And then there are other options. So you can actually set your TAC to private. So maybe there is specific class information you only want your students to see. One of the great features too is you can create TAC. So maybe you're creating student tutorials and you're having students create them. And they can create TAC boards with a specific TAC such as unit one tutorials. And if they put that in it will house those tutorials on one TAC board. I do that for professional develop resources for my teachers. So all the tutorials can be found in one place. So we can take a look at that as well. You can customize your title of your TAC page. And like you said upload a photo background if you wanted to. And also create a customized URL so it's very easy for your students to find. You can turn off the TAC stream if you want to. And then you can change the rounded corners or more square look. So it is extremely easy to create these TACs. And they really turn out into great products. Once you publish there's a variety of options where you can share your TACs. So via Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest. And then also it gives you an embed code. So if you are using something like Moodle or a different LMS it is easily embedded into those as well. Here are some ideas for utilizing TAC with your students. So 20 ways to use TAC in the classroom. So you can use it for lesson planning, persuasive writing. Students can be creating these promotional products. Collaborative products because it is really easy to contribute with that common stream as I was saying. Presentations to students, districts and teachers. Parent communication, class photo memories. Like I was saying it embeds directly to a blog or an LMS so it is easy for you to use. And also if your students want to embed it into one of your learning management systems as well. Peer critiques and feedback, Skype classroom collaboration, student e-portfolios. I think portfolios and digital portfolios are extremely important for your students to be developing because it is something that they can collect and curate their artifacts that they have been creating. Especially if you are using those Web 2.0 tools like I was saying like ThingLink and embedding those directly into the TAC so it can house all the wonderful products that you are using. You can use it as a way to have your tutors communicate, video and audio display, promote events, research papers and really create interactive graphic organizers and review guides and student tutorials. Instead of just a standard essay they can create a TAC or instead of the standard book report they can create a TAC page for the book that they are reviewing. School announcements and it really is unlimited. The opportunities you can have your students use TAC and also just yourself because it is creating these interactive resources. Here are some example TAC pages that I have made over the course of the last two years for teachers and my students. I create many tutorials for my teachers on how to utilize various school programs and it is so easy to directly embed the videos and tutorials that I created and an easy way for me to archive those tutorials in one place. We recently switched to a new learning management system so I have created a series of videos on the various functions and best practices for Canvas. Ways to manage grade book and if you take a look I have created a Canvas best practice TAC so when I click that it takes me to the full library of all those and I can give my teachers this URL and they can look at the boards and access all the tutorials in one place. The format is consistent as well. Now looking at each level of SAMR here is how you can utilize TAC. So at the substitution level the very basic level where you are just substituting the TAC for the activity there is no extra layer to it. You can have students type vocabulary definitions on a TAC instead of just writing them by hand so it is direct substitute the TAC page. Moving up to the augmentation level students share TAC with a vocabulary list and collaborate on the common stream by refining the definitions they develop. Now moving up to the modification level students create a TAC. They can collaborate in images and videos of the vocabulary definitions to support the definitions they developed. And then at that redefinition level students create videos where they define vocabulary words using dialogue and images from their environment. The videos are then posted to their TAC page. Their peers can provide feedback using the common stream. All of the videos can be archived on a single TAC board by using the same TAC for example Ms. K class videos or the vocabulary list can have a specific TAC that you develop or hashtag and that can also be a class activity where you are developing the TAC name. I hope you found these instructions on how to tackle SAMR using TAC. For watching my video on tackling SAMR you can join my PLN by following me on Twitter. My username is Ms underscore cof and then you can follow me on TAC as well and look at my various TAC examples at TAC.com slash at Ms cofelt. Please let me know if you have any questions. You can find my information on my TAC page if you want to contact me for more resources.


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We're here to give you some of our festive films, I think we said five, but we're not too good at counting so maybe less or more. One reason why we picked these films on this list is because they are captioned and accessible to you to watch through the festive period. Number one on the festive fun list is a Howard Hawks thing from another world. It's very good, it's on the BBC Eye player and it has captions. So number two. It's one of my favourites the night before because it stars Seth Rogen, Gordon Drew, Love Hewitt. Which is way until you get it right? Gordon Love and Hewitt. Joseph Gordon Levitt. Wow that was... I'm kind of surprised that you got that right. Thank you. But not one to watch with your granny. Number three on our festive list is... Kiwi Herman's Playhouse Christmas Special. That's right, it's on Netflix, also captioned. It's, as the title suggests, the Christmas special for the TV series. Great for everyone except if you're Megan. Kiwi gives me the heavies. So number four on the list is... Dial Code Santa Claus, which has quickly became one of our staples of festive watching. It was released before Home Alone, so it has the same plot as Home Alone, only bloodier and with a murderous Santa. That's on Shudder. It's French so it's subtitled but it's not captioned. That's number four on our festive lineup. There is a fifth but it's kind of cheeky, it's not screening. The American genre film archive Special Christmas Special which is a kind of compendium of found footage and old TV clips and adverts and programmes and weird ephemera. Compendium is such a good word. I think it's a festive word, festive compendium. That's our five festive films. Do we have anything else that we need to say? I can't remember. Happy Holidays I guess. Happy Holidays.


So the talk today is about scikit-learn or in other words why I think scikit-learn is so cool First of all, I would like to ask you three questions Not what's your favorite color actually, but If you already know what muscle learning is how many of you? Oh Great, okay perfect The second one is have you ever used scikit-learn? Okay, and the third one is how many of you also tend this the great training on scikit yesterday Okay, okay. It's just to Reef questions, okay So what actually much learning means? Much of learning There are many definitions about much learning one of this is Is much learning teaches machines how to carry out tasks by themselves, okay? It's very trivial. They're a simple definition and it's that simple the complexity come with the details, okay There's a very general definition, but just to to give you the intuition behind Much learning at a glance much learning is about Algorithms that are able to analyze to crunch the data and in particular to learn the data, okay from the data They're basically Exploits statistical approaches So that's why statistical is a very Huge word in this cloud. Okay, muscle learning is almost related to data analysis techniques There are many buzzwords about muscle learning. You may have heard about data analysis data mining data big data and data science, okay Data science actually is the study of the the generalizable extraction of knowledge From data and much learning is related to data science. I called it to do come back with this burn diagram Mushroom learning is in the middle. Okay, and data science is a part of much learning because it exploits Much learning machine learning is a fundamental part in the data science systems Okay, but what's what it is actually the relation of data mining and Data analysis in general with much learning Much learning is about to make predictions. Okay, so instead of only Analyze the data we have much learning is also able to generalize from this data Okay, so we have the idea is we have a bunch of data Okay, we may want to crunch these data to make statistics analysis on this data But and that's it. Okay, this is also called data mining for instance Mushroom learning is a bit different because muscle learning Performs this analysis, but the the goal is a slightly different the goal is Analyze this data and generalize try to find a to learn from this data a general model For future data for data that are already That are almost unseen at this time. Okay, so the idea is A pattern exists in the data. We cannot pin this pattern manually, but we have data on it Okay, so we may learn from this data. In other words, this kind of learning is also known as learning by examples Okay, much learning comes in two different settings. There is the supervised settings This is the general pipeline of a much learning algorithm You you have all the data on the upper left corner You translate you translate the data in a feature vectors There's almost a common step in preprocessing the data Then you feed those feature vectors to your machine learning algorithm and the supervisor learning setting supports also the labels which is the set of Expected results on this data and then we combine we generate this model From feature vectors and labels and we generalize that we we get the model to predict for future data in their bottom left corner of the figure, okay a Classical example of supervised learning is the classification. You have two different groups of data in this case And you want to find a General rule to separate These data's this data. Okay, so you you find in this case If a function that separates the data and for future data, you will You will be able to to know which is the class in this case It's a binary classification. So you have two classes and in the future when you've got new data You will be able to predict which is the class associated to this data another example is the clustering In this case the setting is called unsupervised learning the pipeline processing is this one you Have the same old processing, but what you miss is the label part Okay, because that's why this is called unsupervised because you have no supervision on the data You have no label to predict. Okay, and For as for the clustering the problem is get a bunch of data and try to cluster eyes in other words to Separate the data into different groups. Okay, so you have a bunch of data. You want to Identify the groups inside this data. Okay Just a brief Introduction. So what about Python Python and data science are very related nowadays actually a Python is Getting more and more packages to for computational science according to this graph Python is a cutting-edge technology for this kind of computation. It's about almost it's in the upper right corner and Actually, it's Replacing Substituting other technologies one of the advantages such as are or Matlab for instance one of the advantages of Python is that Python provides Unique Programming language across different application. It has a very huge set of libraries to exploit and this is the case This is why the reason why the Python is the language of choice nowadays for data science almost the language of choice And this is this placing are or Matlab By the way There will be also a pie data Conference at the end of the week. It will be started on Friday. So if you if you can please come Data science in Python actually Matlab could be easily substituted by all these Technologies such as a Python new pies. I pie and Matplot leap for plotting But there are many other possibilities for especially for plotting nowadays are it's could be easily Substituted with pandas. It's great package and In the Python ecosystem. We have also Efficient Python interpreters that have been Compiled for this kind of computations such as anaconda or and thought can apply and we have also Sighten or projects like site and site and it's a very great project to allow to boost the computation of your Python code, okay? The packages for muscle learning in Python are manifold actually I'm trying to Describe a bit all the a set of well-known packages for for muscle learning code and I would like to to to to make some consideration on why second learn is a very great one. Okay We have spark muscle learning lead py ML natural language toolkit and LTK sometimes called the shugun Muscle learning toolbox this morning. There's been a talk about it Cycler and of course pi brain ML pi. Okay, and there's a guy who? set up a list of this on a github where Everybody can put is Or her a contribution to this list In order to distribute the the knowledge about available packages in different languages and Python is very full-off Okay So we have spark and live spark and live actually is Implemented in scala. It's not Python it's there is a wrapping in Python, which is called pie pie Spark, but actually the library for muscle learning is at a very early stage Shugun is written in three plus plus and it offers a lot of interfaces One of this interfaces in Python the other Packages there are Python powered. So we are trying to to take to talk about this packages Natural language problem toolkit is for it's implemented in pure Python Okay, so no noom pi or sci-fi allowed But and the other packages are implemented in noom pi and sci-fi. So the code there is Quite more efficient for large-scale computations And LTK supports Python 2 and Python 3 is also in a half a stage Pi ML supports Python 2 actually the support Python 3 is not so clear Pi brain supports only Python 2 and these are the two guys there supports both Python 2 and Python 3, okay What about the purpose of this packages and LTK is for natural language processing, okay? It embeds some algorithms for Masha learning, but actually it is not supposed to be Used in complete much learning Environment, it's almost related to text Analysis natural language processing general pi ML is almost Focusing on supervised learning in particular to SVM Technique which is support vector machine. Okay, it doesn't many Algorithm especially related to Supervised learning pi brain is for a natural network with which is another set of techniques in the Masha learning ecosystem the other two guys there are Somewhat general purpose. Okay, so sci-kit and ML Masha learning pi are Contains algorithms for supervised and unsupervised learning and some others different slightly different settings for Masha learning Okay, so we're Removed we will not consider anymore the pi ML and pi brain. Okay from here on so We ended up with these three Libraries written in Python for our Masha learning code. So why to choose sci-kit learn? Ben Lorica, it's He's a big data guy Recommend sci-kit learn for six reasons the first one is Commitment to the documentation and usability sci-kit learn as a brilliant documentation and It's very very useful for newcomers and for people without any background about Masha learning The second reason is models are chosen and implemented by a dedicated team of experts and then The the set of models supported by the library covers most Masha learning tasks. Okay Python and pi data improves the support for data science data science tools data science problems and actually I Know if you know Kaggle Kaggle is a site where you may Apply for competition for data science and sci-kit is one of the most user package for this kind of competition The fire the the another reason should be the focus second learn is a Masha learning library And its goal is to provide a set of common algorithm to Python users through a consistent interface These two features are two of the features that I like the most. Okay, I will be More precise in few slides about this and and finally but by no means So last button I know means place the second learn scales to most data problems. Okay So scalability is another feature that sci-kit learn supports out of the box If you want to install second learn you have to pick very few comments You need to install new pie sci-pi Matplotflip a python actually is not needed It's just for convenience and then you install sci-kit learn all the other packages Noon pi and sci-pi in particular are required because sci-kit learn is based on noon pi and sci-pi Okay, but anyway, if you want to install other Version of the python interpreter such as anaconda. It's already provided out of the box the design philosophy of sci-kit it's One of the greatest feature of this package, I guess In my opinion it includes all the batteries necessary for general purpose Martial learning code it has as it's it supports features for and functionalities for data and data sets feature selection extraction feature extraction algorithms martial learning algorithms in general in different settings so classification regression clustering and stuff like that and Finally evaluation functions for cross validation confusion metrics We will see some examples in the next slides the algorithm selection philosophy for this package is Try to keep the core as light as possible and try to include only the well-known and largely used Martial learning algorithms. Okay, so the focus here is to be as much general purpose as possible Okay, so in order to include a broad audience of users At a glance, this is a great Sorry, there's a great picture depicting all the the features are provided by sci-kit learn And this figure here is has been gathered by the documentation. This is a sort of map. You may follow to That allows you to choose the particular in martial learning techniques You want to to use in your martial learning code. There are some clusters in this picture There is regression over there classification clustering and dimensionality reduction and you may follow this kind of Path over there to decide which kind of which is the setting most suited for your problem. Okay the API of sci-kit is very intuitive and Mostly consistent to every martial learning technique There are four different objects. There is the estimator the predictor transformer and the model. Okay, the These interfaces are Implemented by most almost all the Martial learning algorithms included in the library for instance, let's make an example the API for the estimator is The mated fit, okay The estimator is an object that feeds the model based on some training data and is capable of Inferring some properties on new data For example, if we want to to create an algorithm, which is called KNN or K neighbors classifiers We the KNN algorithm, which is a classifier. So it's it's for classification problems and then supervised learning It has the feed method But for all own also, sorry for also unsupervised learning algorithm such as k-means The k-means algorithm is an estimator as well and it implements the feed method too For feature selection is almost the same. Okay Then the predictor the predictor provides the predict and the predict probability method and Finally the transformer is the transform Is about the transform method that and sometimes there is also the feed transform method that applies the fit and then the Transformation of the data the transform is used to to to make transformation of the data in order to to to to make the data able to end In a form that is able to be processed by the algorithms Finally, the last one is the model the model is The the general model you may create in your martial learning algorithm the model is for supervised and for unsupervised algorithms and another great feature of martial learn of scikit is the Pipelines because scikit provides a great way to create Pipeline processing so in this case you may create a pipeline of different processing steps Okay, just out of the box. You may apply these Select k-bass which is feature selection step then after the feature selection you may apply your PCA PCA is the feature is a an algorithm for dimensionality reduction and then you may apply logistic regression, which is a Classifier a classifier. Okay, so you may initiate a pipeline processing very Very easily. Okay, see and then you call the fit method on the pipeline and the fit method will And then the predict the only constraint here is that the last step of the pipeline should be a Class that implements the predict method sold a predictor. Okay, so far so good Okay, great So let's see some example scikit in action. We have it's very introductory example The first thing to to consider is the data representation Actually scikit is based on noom pie inside pies, you know So all the data are usually represented as matrices and vectors in general in martial learning by definition We have the x matrix over there, which is usually Identified by the cup to letter because it is a matrix as a matrix of and different rows and D different colors in this case I'm sorry in this case and is the number of samples we have in our dataset and D is the number of features so the number of Relevant information on the data we have okay, so the data comes The training data come in this flavor and it under the hood it is implemented by sci-fi dot sparse mattresses okay, usually it is if I'm Not mistaken should be CSR implementations who comma sparse row a compressive sparse row. Okay, and Finally, we have the labels because we know the values for each of this Data about the problem we have the problem We are going to consider is about the iris data set and we want to design a logarithm that is able to Automatically recognize iris species. Okay, so we have three different species of iris We have iris versicolor in on the left iris virginica here and Iris satosa here. Okay The features we're going to consider are four and Are this length of the sample and the width of the sample the length of the petal and the width of the petal? Okay, so every data in this dataset comes as a vector and every sample Sorry comes as a vector of four different features. Okay this four here scikit are red has a great Package to handle the data sets actually these particular data set is very well known in many fields and Is already embedded in the scikit learn library. So you only need to Import the data set package and call the load iris and then you you call the function load iris And the iris object is a bunch object that contains different keys It has the target names the data the target a description of the data set and the feature names Okay, description is the description verb was the description of the day set feature names are the four different features I already mentioned in the previous slides The target names are the the targets we expected on this data set in particular satosa versicolor and virginica the three Different iris species we want to predict Then we have the data So we Iris dot data comes as a noom pie Matrix noom pie and the array the shape of this matrix is 150 100 150 rows times for Four which is four different colors columns and The targets are 150 because we have a value for the target a value of target for each sample in the data set So and the number of samples in this case is 150 D the number of feature in this case is four and That's it The targets here is the result of the target Okay, so we have a value that ranges from zero to two corresponding to the three different classes. We want to predict We may try to apply a classification problem on this Data we want to exploit the KNN algorithm the idea of the KNN classifiers is pretty simple in for example, if we consider a k which is equal to six we're going to check the The classes as This is a new data. We train our model with the training data and we want to predict the class of this new data on the The classes of the the six dearest neighbors of this data. Okay in this case should be the Virginica, okay the dot the red dot Okay, we're simple in second few lines of code. We import the data set We call the K neighbor classifier algorithm in this case We select and neighbors equals to one then we call the fit method and we train our model Then if this is what we get actually if you want to plot the data these these are called the decision boundaries of the Classifier and if you want to know for new data, which is the kind Which is a species of iris that has three centimeter times five centimeters? Seppel and four times two centimeters Petal width. Okay, right. Let's check iris dot target names of KNN dot predict because KNN is a classifier So it may fit the data and also predict After the training and it says, okay, it's a virginica Okay So far so good, right? Then we may also try to instead of Facing this problem as a classification. You may also face this problem as a Nonsupervised setting so as a clustering problem in this case We are going to use the k-means algorithm the k-means algorithm is the idea is pretty simple that we want to We create a Cluster of object and each each object is equal distance to the center of this of this cluster, okay, and that's it and Psychic it's very simple. We have the k-means we Specified the number of clusters we want to have in the k-means in this case We want three clusters because we're going to predict three different Species for the iris and then this is the ground through so this is the value we expected This is what we got after calling the K-means as you may already Notice the interface for the two algorithm is exactly the same even if the Masha learning settings are completely different in the formal case It was supervised in this latter case is unsupervised. Okay, so classification versus clustering Finally very few slides to conclude another great battery included in scikit and I'm I don't know how many other Masha learning libraries in Python Are so complete in terms of batteries is about the model evaluation algorithm model evaluation Isn't necessary to know how do we know if our predictor or our prediction model is good So we apply model validation techniques. We may Simply try to verify that every prediction correspond to the actual to the actual target. Okay, but this is Meaningless because we are trying to verify if we train all the data on the training Okay, so this is this kind of evaluation is very poor because Because it's based only on the train So we we are just checking if we are able to fit the data, but we are not able to To test if the model the final model is able to generalize Okay, because a key feature of this kind of technique is the generalization. So No Go too much to the training data because it's it you will end up in a problem, which is called overfitting But you need to generalize to to to be able to noise and to be able to predict even new data that are not actually Identical to the training data. Okay, one Usually technique use a technique in martial learning is the so-called confusion matrix. Okay scikit provides are in the the matrix package provides different Kind of metrics to evaluate your performance in this case We're we're going to use the confusion matrix the confusion matrix is very simple is a matrix where It's the number has is a square matrix where the rows and the columns corresponds to the number of classes You want to predict. Okay, and then the diagonal you have all the the classes That you expect with respect to the classes that you predict. Okay, so you have all the possible matchings if you have all the data there on the On the diagonal itself that you predicted perfectly all the classes. Okay, is that clear? Okay, great. Thank you But I grew a very well known for you guys that are already aware of martial learning is The cross-validation technique cross-validation is a mode of validation techniques for assessing how the results of this statistical Nauseau of the data is able to generalize to independent Data sets not only to the data set we used for training Okay, and say kid already provide all the features to handle this kind of stuff. So say kid Imposes us to write very few code just the few lines of code necessary to Import the functions already provided in the library In other cases we Were need we were required to implement this kind of function over and over for every time in In our Python code. Okay, so this is very Very useful even for lazy programmers like me, okay In this case we have we exploit the train test plate. So we the idea of the cross-validation here is The to splitting the data The training data in two different sets The the training set and the test set so we fit on the training set and we predict on the test set Okay, so in this case we will see we see we see that there are some Errors, okay coming from this prediction. Okay, this is a more robust way to evaluate our prediction model Okay, so the last couple of things. Thank you the last couple of things is Large-scale out of the box. Okay, another great battery included in scikit is the support for large-scale computation and already out of the box you may combine scikit-learn code with every library you want to use for Multiprocessing or power computation distributed computation, but if you Want to exploit the already provided features for this kind of stuff Some there are many techniques in the library that allows for a parameter, which is called n underscore jobs if you set these parameters with a value different to one, which is the default value it Perform the performs the computation on the different CPU you have in your machine if you put the minus one value here This means that is gone. It is going to exploit all these CPUs you have on your single machine, okay, and This is for different settings or for different kind of application in martial learning You may apply multiple processing for clustering the k-means examples We made a few slides ago for cross validation for instance offer a greed search greed search is another great features include that a feature included in scikit that is able to Identify the best parameter for a predictor that for a predictor that maximizes the value for the cross validation So we want to get the best parameters for our model That maximizes the cross validation so that is able to generalize the best Okay, just to do to give the intuition Okay, this is a Possible thanks to the job lead a library which is provided in the background Okay, so under the hood it the new number jobs here correspond to a call to the job live Okay, the job live is well documented as well So you might read the documentation for any additional details and last but by no means least scikit meets any other libraries, okay Sorry scikit could be integrated with an LTK. That is that is natural language toolkit and for scikit image Just to make a couple of example In details a scikit meets natural language toolkit by design and LTK includes an Additional module which is an LTK dot classified up scikit learn which is actually a wrapper in the NLTK library that allows to Translate the API of scikit in the API use the NLTK, okay So if you have code on an LTK you want to apply a classifier exploiting the scikit library, okay, you may translate you may import the classifier from scikit and then you may use the scikit learn classifier class from the NLTK package over there and Wrap the interface for this classifier to the one of scikit that it is in this case Linear SBC that stands for support vector classifier Okay, and then you may also include this kind of stuff in a pipeline processing of scikit so in conclusion Scikit learn is not the only martial learning library available in python But it is powerful and in my opinion easy to use very efficient implementation provided It's based on numpy scipy and swyton under the hood and it is highly integrated for example in an LTK or scikit image just to make an example. So I really hope that you're looking forward to using it and Thanks a lot for your kind attention Thank you. Thank you very very real. We have six minutes left for your questions Please raise your hand and I'll come by with the microphone Well, thanks for the talk. I have two short questions. Does scikit learn and provide any online learning methods? Yes Yes, yeah, actually this is a point I I wasn't able to include in the slides the online learning is already provided and there are many Classifiers or techniques that allows for a method which is called partial fit. Okay, so you have this method to Provide the the model a bunch of data one at a time Okay, so the interface has been Extended by a partial fit method. So some techniques allow for online learning and another very Great Usage of this partial fit is in case of the so-called out of core Learning in that case the in the out of core out of core. Sorry Learning setting your your data are too too big to fit in the memory Okay, so you provide the data one bunch of Bunch of data one at a time because they're too big to fit in the memory So you call the partial fit Method to train in case of a classifier to fit your model a bunch at a bunch of the time now Okay, thanks second Quick question Is there any support for missing values or missing labels apart from just deleting them? In case of online learning, right? No, just in general for any machine learning for missing labels missing labels or missing data What do you mean? So like if you have a feature vector that just misses like value at the third component Actually, I don't know. Okay. Actually. I don't know Yeah, thank you I'll just let come by So we have a very simple imputor that's going to impute by Median or mean in the different directions So if you have very few missing data, that's gonna work. Well, if you have a lot Then you you might want to look at matrix completion Methods which we do not have we had a Google summer of code project on this last year. They didn't finish We welcome contributions, of course Thank you Hello Have some experience actually was psychic before and I'm actually a mathematician mathematician I haven't I had no idea about all the The stuff under the hood and I didn't want to deep to inside to be too deep inside of the whole algorithm starts and mathematics and such and The biggest problem for me was to realize what do I do wrong? So if you got some kind of big data set with features labeled supervised learning how What would you advise to someone who doesn't know how does it work inside? What which steps or which? Small smaller easy solutions should I Consider to improve the results of the classification classification. Thanks. Yeah, actually Much learning is about finding the right model with the right parameters, okay So there are many steps you may want to apply in your training the different algorithms In general you apply data normalization steps So you you might first of all the the first step I suggest is Pre-processing of the data, okay, so you analyze the data you make some Statistical tests on the data some preprocessing some visualization of your data in order to know What kind of data you're dealing with? Okay, so this is the first step the second one is Try the the simplest Model you you want to apply and then improve it One step at a time. Okay, if you find the right model you want to use then you want to Find you should you're required to find the best Settings for that model. Okay in that case you might end up using the greed search method for instance, which is a method provided out of the box just to Find the best combination of parameters that maximizes the values of the cross validation for instance and Of course, it's a Training on the job, right? So you You may find the right model for your productions or you may find the worst model and then you Start over again and look for different models Okay, I'll be there hoping this helps. Yes. Thanks again Valerio I think he is going he's going to be give a talk at pay data as well I think on Saturday, isn't it? Yeah on Saturday. So if you attend pay data, don't miss that talk as well and yeah, thanks again Thank you very much


Rashawn everybody talked about how the offense looked ahead of the defense first couple of days at camp With you guys having so many new faces You feel like that the defense is starting to show signs of catching up and gelling here now that we're a week to ten days in. Oh Yeah, I think just collectively everybody is You know just putting the pieces together to the puzzle man It's a lot of things that you want to make sure that you You get squared away before the first game and you know whether you know that be just you know Technical fundamental things or anything, you know, you want to make sure that thing is you know up the part for the first game Rashawn what's Obviously you guys that play the game since the AFC championship game You'll be playing in the game where you'll be tackling for the first time on Monday nights football What's what's a process like and getting yourself ready from a technique standpoint where where you don't feel like it'll be sloppy For a team and maybe for yourself I'll just repractice, you know, we still are able to do it not live tackle, but though it you know, obviously for me I know I usually personally just use the old-school sleds when I go back to you know And just use those sleds and just working on tech tech tech the Cali to you know You know make sure that you use the right leverage and you know tackling the proper way In order to protect yourself also, but and then to you know, we do a lot of drills or just open field tackling You know, even when we're in team, we try to make sure we get around the ball as much as possible and you know Focus in on trying to make that tackling type movement, even if we're not hitting but There's Sean appreciate you Mike said you didn't finish you and Harold didn't finish practice today. Was there any reason for that?  So, you know Coach Vraves does a really good job of just making shit guys It just you know taking care of the body because we're getting really close to the first game So just taking care of my body, but I'll be back practicing tomorrow though, too I can follow up on that. How how tough is it to like be cognizant of that while you're in the middle of practice? Obviously, you don't want to come out. That's just kind of what your football player You want it like even today like I didn't even want to come out of practice, but you know, you got to be smart You got to be really smart. I had injuries before and you know, sometimes you can push too too hard So for me just making sure you pay attention to your body You know, you want to make sure you had you leave enough room to be able to play the next down and be able to play the next day So, you know, there's no rush for anybody really out here to you know Do anything over the top or try to over exceed this or max out right now The number one thing is just make sure you you're good and able to practice and get your reps in and be ready for the first game Luke We're Sean behind you and Jay on and David the guys that have been here for a while You've got some young guys competing at that position Who maybe has has stood out even why as you've watched some of the younger guys and some of the undrafted can compete over the last few days On the beyond so I really don't have a name right now. I mean to be honest with you collectively They're doing a really good job. I like to kind of just test the guy, you know, really on how he does in the game setting We haven't really got that yet So I would love to see how they are once that time comes But other than that, man, these guys are made hella for progression and also to by them being young to a coming into You know, it's COVID-19 protocol situation. I know it's totally different from anything. We've ever experienced or anything like that And they've handled it very well Paul Hey, Rashaan, I'm wondering What you're from your vantage point what you think of DeAndre Walker in in his first real day-to-day action Now I just think he's a smart guy strong guy pointed contact then You know, I can't wait to really see what he does on the field man I can't wait. I know he's very eager to get out there on the field many do his thing Turan, I know you don't line up out there too much Go ahead Paul, sorry I know you don't line up on the outside that much But I'm wondering on the occasions you do or or at Bama when you did You are the two-point guy. You'd like to put your hand down You ever go four-point what you're feeling on that and is it a comfortability thing or you gain some technique? I Mean it really would just depends man I mean, I've done every possible stance two point three point four point I mean every possible sense it really would just depend on my my my task at hand whether You know whether it may be as far as the scheme but other than that man I mean, I feel pretty comfortable doing whatever Thanks trial Yeah, Rashaan now that you're finally on the field and getting to spend time with Coach Hassler there How is that experience been? What are some things that stand out from from getting to work with him? Man, this is wisdom is knowledge of the game and he's already taught me every taught me a lot of things already Just on my own game and technicality and fundamentals and it was It was crazy was it was the little things that I never really saw and You know, he was able to point it out for me It's a you know for me to be able to use it in practice and see that it actually works Which was the most beautiful thing because you know, you get a lot of coaches that coach you They'll tell you one thing and then sometimes, you know, either the work or it don't work But here's every single one of his his coaches have always worked I just can't I just can't Really wait to be able to keep more and more Close to him and you know learn as much as I can from a guy like this I'm on list of history of playing this game and on this a history of coaching really good football players And I'm just I'm just glad that under that. I'm one of and I know Dean peas You know, he had we talked about his tip sheets and those things that he had Does it kind of compare to that? Like does he kind of remind you of him as far as like being that that encyclopedia for football? Yeah, they're both guys in the wisdom. They've they've they've seen every possible scheme every possible scenario every possible Player date that you know that has played the game. And you know, they're they'll be they're very honest people too You know guys that all they they they have no no time to even you know You know play games or try to chew good code anything if you don't like what he doesn't like you don't tell you don't like You know, that's the that's the great part about him You know, he's very straightforward and you know, and this task is as far as being on task You know for us to be able to be technical about what we're doing. He's on it So I'm just excited to be coached by I Time for a couple more Emily Hey Rashawn, I know we kind of joked and called you mr. Titans caravan How much did you miss out on that this year? And is there anything you're doing to kind of reach out to the fans with that?  I'm sure Yeah, it's a lot different now, you know some that was something you look forward to you get to see the fans and be able to You know, you know see the smiles and be able to see some of those kids out there, too That are that play football and look up to you know, a lot of us players So to not have that it definitely kind of you know changed a lot of things, but for me I mean all I've been really doing I had the opportunity to be able to give back to my High school that stayed pretty close to mine. Los Apocosco. I was able to give some gear Deeders get to them and I just been doing some some just some little off-field stuff to try to help any other Organizations that needed COVID-19 has you know, kind of put everything at a halt Especially with supplies and things that a lot of these you know other schools who aren't as you know advanced So it doesn't have you know, some of the things that some of these bigger high school have You know, I'm trying to at least be able to kind of fill that gap And that's kind of what I did first with low-tropoca. So Little just little stuff like that man anything anything I could possibly do to help out the other people This is the main thing I've been doing Teresa Hey Roshan now that you've had a practice over in the stadium and been working with Shane doing some of the defensive play calling How is that familiarity and system going and how different is that voice now coming in? To be honest, I don't think anything has changed man. I think even from Coach P's and the same change doing hell of a job We're just you know making sure that guys are held accountable and you know us being able to You know, make sure that we do everything we need to do in order for us to be elite defense And you know, I feel like he's he's done done really good as far as the leadership, especially with guys who are younger Trying to learn on the fly and I'm not having that opportunity to go through OTA He's not having the opportunity to really have you know a real organized camp and all those all those other things You know that COVID-19 has kind of knocked out But um, you know, they've they've made it as normal as possible. Shane has done a great job You're making it as normal as possible as far as the schemes and techniques and all his other stuff So all we can do right now man. Just follow his leadership Keep keep learning keep getting close to him. You know, just keep doing what we've been doing Last one about Yeah, one more for you Roshan Terry asked you earlier about the defense catching up to the to the speed that the offense has been at throughout the course of Training camp practices. Do they that does the offense from your perspective seem like they're ahead of where they were Maybe, you know, I know it's a long time to compare between last training camp in this training camp But do they look more comfortable? I guess is what I'm asking you. Hmm. Um, Be honest with you man, I think that they're just kind of picking up what they left out man I feel I really felt like they were really high-power offense, man. Um, you know at the mid-season to Just going in and being able to do what they do You know leading into this year if they I don't think they have fell off at all man Then especially from the AFC Championship So and it really gives us a really good look to be able to go against one of the top running backs in NFL Who have done, you know led the league in rushing yards and stuff like that So you go against talent like that every day you're going you have no choice, but to get better So, you know, the number one thing for us to is, you know, not to be worried about being ready right now No, one thing is to be ready for when that when that clock strikes and it's time to play football So, you know, everything is kind of just, you know progression is a process to everything man You know, you don't want to peek out too soon.


I enjoy riding the bus to work. It's less gas and it's just overall better for the environment. And also it's a great affordable option for me, I'm saving on gas. The Metro helped us make a positive improvement in getting rid of the single passenger cars and maximizing our parking capacity at IDEX. That goes for cost savings as well. You meet some nice people on the bus. There's been a form of public transportation in this area since the late 1860s. It exists so people can travel throughout the area and it connects to other regional transit options including South Portland Bus, Zoom Shuttle Bus, Amtrak Downeaster, Portland and Jetport. I take the Metro to work so I don't have to worry about parking in town. It's a quick ride. It's a matter of rethinking how you do. Somebody just jumps in their vehicle and takes off to wherever. But if you just consider your hours, the buses run pretty regular. So there's going to be a bus come by your area whenever you probably need them. The top of the bus will always have the route number that you want to get on. And if you're uncertain, if that's the bus you want, definitely ask the driver. The driver's there to help you. The Pulse is the Metro's hub downtown. It's on Elm Street right off Congress across from the Portland Public Library and all the buses in the Metro system stop either at the Pulse or within a block of that area. And it's a great resource if you're new to taking the bus or you want to learn more. They have someone there who can offer you schedules, answer your questions. You can buy your monthly bus passes there or your ten ride bus passes. And it also offers an indoor waiting area for inclement weather. You can wait for the bus there. On our Metro map and on the regional transit guide, the front of the schedule has a map of the area and all of our routes are color coded. On the back of the schedule are the actual schedules, the time table for each of the routes. All Metro buses are wheelchair accessible. All Metro buses also have two bike racks on every single bus. Some companies offer their employees an incentive to take the bus. For example, IDECs, they will reimburse employees who take the bus. We actually subsidize the program so we'll actually pay for employees who bring them up who purchase monthly passes. So I know there are a few cases of employees who are actually able to take employment at IDECs because of this program. I've been taking the bus for a long time. It saves money on cars. My wife and I only have one car instead of two. It's thousands of dollars that you'll spend for an extra car. And it's not just the car payment, but it's the car insurance. It's the gas. It's all the things you put in your car. All those things cost money. And so I take the Metro. It's a really economical way to get to working back. I work for Goodwill and we participate in the bus and buy program. How it works is if you show your receipt to the bus driver from certain stores and ask the store for a bus and bypass, you can ride the bus home for free. I mean, they all be saving money. And since I'm a senior, you know, I get the best deal. The senior pass, I mean, I pay about $6.75 for a 10-ride trip. I mean, how cheap is that? In the wintertime, I don't have to worry about bad weather. The bus driver takes me through any kind of weather safely. The Metro is a great resource to use, especially in the winter. No matter what weather, snow, blizzards, the bus is out there getting people to where they need to go. The main one doesn't nasty. And you just let the driver drive it. You know, they're fine. And you don't have to worry about climbing over snow drifts, running around, feeding the meter. There are four seniors who don't want to drive anymore or don't feel safe driving anymore. For people who do have cars and want to travel in a more environmentally friendly manner. And some companies have a sustainability mission. And we certainly factor into a sustainability mission if they want to encourage their employees to recycle and, you know, care about the environment, certainly providing incentives to take the bus is and can be part of that. It's about taking care of the environment. It's taking care of the community and the people, including those who work at I-Dex. So it really is a win-win across the board. I get on my bus and I read my news stories on my iPhone occasionally. I might have a conversation or read a newspaper or just listen to music. It's a very relaxing time. And you get to know the bus drivers and the people taking the bus. And it's great. I can sit for a few minutes and listen to some music and it's a nice transition into the workday. And you meet a lot of bus friends. You do. You meet. It's a social. There's a whole bus community there. And when I walk to the end of the street, chances are I'm going to meet a neighbor. And chances are I'm going to connect about something that I wouldn't have connected about if I'd gotten in and turned on my car and just driven away. Also meeting my community members as I'm on the bus and I walk to work. And so I get to know the city a lot more when I take the bus. We do have excellent customer service. Working with a metro has been great. I've been taking the bus for a long time. It's a great way to get around the city. I think more people, if they would just think it through, they would take the bus.