Hi everyone. So I'm Jonathan from Repair Together, which is the Wallonian and Belgian network for hypercafes. I want to talk today about planned obsolescence and with you. The idea is to present concrete cases of planned obsolescence. I've encountered during my repairs because I'm a repairer and I'm also an engineer and we did this study with a colleague, which is an industrial designer. And so yeah, we wanted to show what's really planned obsolescence in our opinion. The idea is that you have little papers and then you can vote each time when I present a case. You will be able to vote if you think it's planned obsolescence or not. So you decide, I don't, but I have my idea. And we will start directly with what do you think between those cases? Which one is planned obsolescence according to you? So we have a chip that counts prints in a printer, a product that changes its design every year, my jeans that are wearing at the crotch, so it's here. And a manufacturer will complexify the shape of the screw heads on a product. So you can take your papers and vote. What you think for you, it's planned obsolescence. Okay, a lot of ace, a few bees and each one of them. Okay, thank you. It's working now. Okay, so we came with a definition with my colleague Simon, which is a more detailed definition oriented by his designer point of view. And so it says, planned obsolescence refer to the set of techniques by which a product and its nominative duration, they're deliberately reduced from its conception without any advantage for the consumer, thus limiting its duration of use to increase its replacement rate. So we will take the highlight sentence parts. So it's the set of techniques that reduce the nominative duration. So a nominative duration is like the duration, the lifetime it should have. And the idea behind that is to increase the replacement rate. So that's quite okay for us. And then we came with four kinds of planned obsolescence. So you can find a lot of kind of planned obsolescence, but those are the kind we like to talk about. So the planned obsolescence trick to sense to, which is the strictly speaking planned obsolescence, when you talk about planned obsolescence is that one. It's like when you have a technical problem on a device, when it's a component that is failing or something like that, you have indirect planned obsolescence. Those are all the methods that prevent an object for lasting longer. So like complexity things, screws, heads, like spare parts availability for a very short time or spare parts too expensive and stuff like that. Then you have planned obsolescence by incompatibility. So that's the methods. So you need to purchase a new object because the one you are using is no longer compatible. We have that with smartphones essentially with the updates. Then you cannot use an old smartphone because you have updates that are slowing it down too much. But also accessories that are not compatible. So like if IKEA came with like a new, sorry. So you have those with a lot of boxes and if they change like one centimeter, you will not be able to use all your accessories. So that's a kind of planned obsolescence too. And then the psychological planned obsolescence. So it's like when we motivate you to buy something new because there is a new color or you absolutely need a new one. Yeah. So maybe you can vote now which kind of planned obsolescence you encountered the most. So Strictorsensu, so the technical one, the indirect planned obsolescence by incompatibility or psychological obsolescence. Okay. And those who are at the back, you can grab on the chairs here. Okay. So we have a lot of these, a bit of Cs and one B I think. So as we see, we don't encounter a lot of technical planned obsolescence, but it's the most famous one. And we have a lot of psychological planned obsolescence. I think myself too, it's that one that I encountered the most because yeah, it's everywhere. You have the marketing and stuff. So yeah. So we are going to inside the problematic things. So concrete cases and I will start with coffee machines. So I have here an example of a sensio coffee machine. And we have a lot of problems with the little yellow box on it. And this one is the blue one, which is a capacitor. And this one is constantly powered up. And it will tear down like in approximately two years if you let the device plugged. So the big problem with that is that you, so this is another picture. The big problem is that is that they are saying it's in the user manual. They are saying you have to unplug your coffee machine when you are not not using it. But who is reading user manuals? Is the only one? Yeah, you are not reading it? Yes. Does coffee machine come with the user manual? Okay. And so yeah, that's a big problem. And in fact, they could have think about it and avoid this part to be destroyed. Yeah. They use bad parts of the water rinse after year out. If you often use it and use it often in short times, the water rinse out after year. Yeah. Yeah, that's another problem. They are doing bad parts in there. Yeah. But that's directly. Yeah. So yeah, the big problem is this component is in fact that when you are pushing the power on button, it's not for the power off button. You are not powering off this component. It's always powered up. And the producer, the manufacturer, could have put a plug, a switch before this component to avoid. So the solution is to buy a switch by yourself. And moreover, it saves electricity because in fact it consumes. It's consuming. But on the other hand, we have the manufacturers is defending himself. And they have to balance balance between the cost and the quality of their product. In Belgium, at least they are, it's okay with the legal warranty of two years. It's respected. And the solution is clearly in the user manual. But yeah, who is reading it? So yeah, according to you, what do you think it is? Is this a clear case of planned obsolescence? Do you think it's a negligence from the manufacturer because they forgot to put a switch button? Maybe it's a manufacturer error. So yeah, they did a mistake. Or it's not a case of planned obsolescence. We are at the fixed test. So a lot of green one. A, B, yeah. Yeah, maybe. But when you show the diagram, the electronic diagram to an electronician is like, what the hell? Because it's like crazy that they didn't put a switch there. But as you said, you don't have to blame planned obsolescence right away. You have other problems with coffee machines. There can be problems with electronics with the rest of the cardboard. We have problems with the pump with the problems with the three ways valve, which is a small valve behind it. And then we have a lot of maintenance issues. In fact, people are maintaining their coffee machine with vinegar, which is not good. In fact, vinegar attacks so there is like a piece of magnet inside the water part, which is moving when you have water or not. And with vinegar is expanding and then it blocks like up or down. If it's down, your machine says, I have no water. If it's up, your machine is eating nothing and then it breaks. So yeah, those are the main problems with the coffee machine. But the capacitor is one of them. And usually repairs in the repair cafes have those capacitors in their back because we replace a lot of them. Yeah, we have a guide to repair sensors, which is like 100 pages of cases of sensors and how to repair it. And then we have like psychological planned obsolescence. If you want a different coffee machine, they all do the same bad coffee, but they are like this one. It's really nice with flowers. Okay, we have the same problem of capacitors on kitchen mixers. So this is a small case that came from a volunteer from a repair cafe in South South Belgium. So he repaired a kitchen mixer of 2011 and a few months after he had to repair a kitchen mixer of 2015. And they changed the value of the capacitor by 33% between 2011 and 2015. So I was not at the marketing meeting, but maybe they said it lasted a bit long. Maybe we should reduce the value of the capacitor. Yeah, and so now the kitchen mixer is failing after two years, which was not really the case afterwards. Sorry? Okay, then I have a case about screens. So we have an iMac there, an old iMac. And we have also a case of capacitors. But in fact, the capacitors, so the capacitors are those circular stuff. They are placed just next to the heating part, which is the power supply, so the gray part. I will show here because you said it was beautiful, but in fact, this is heating a lot. This is heating a lot. And those are really sensible to heat. And so when it's too hot, they are going to, I always forgot how you say, they are going to blow. And we see that, after what you will see on this one, we see that the closest one are totally blown. And those dots are far. They are okay. So probably they shouldn't have put them there. We have those kinds of problem with televisions too, so those pictures. In these pictures, the heating part is in metal there. It's the heat dissipator. So it dissipates the heat from other components. And it's placed next to capacitors, which will blow. So we had that case a lot with Samsung televisions. So the capacitors are not working, but if you heat them, it's going to work a bit. So you have a lot of video on the Internet with people heating their televisions with a hairdryer, and then it's going to work like five minutes, and then it's not working anymore. So the solution is to place the, so it's easy to say for me because I'm not a designer, but you have to place the components far from the heating part. But yeah, the manufacturer is defending. So they said about the capacitor that they had a supplier issue. In fact, they were buying capacitors in Japan, and then they had to buy it in China because the price were too high, and then the quality went down. So too bad. They always have to find the balance between the cost and the quality. The two-year warranty is respected. And that case for speaking to electronic engineering engineers, it's quite right. It's difficult to optimize the space on the secret board because you have to respect a lot of information and you have to choose where you put your components, and sometimes you don't have the choice. But still, what do you think? Is it planned obsolescence or not? So clearly a planned obsolescence, negligence, error, negligence, you are kind. No? It's not the case of planned obsolescence. I mean, it's also a question of the definition planned for me implies that it's on purpose. And I know of the motherboards, it's difficult. You have so many things to consider like interference, heat, it's just one of them, and separating the warm from the cold parts and so on. And I'm not sure if this is really on purpose, on design, to, you know, to make things destroy themselves. I doubt that. Okay. Yeah. Yes, maybe. But we know from Apple that they often design things so that they get often broken. They won't product broke fast. But firm philosophy. Thank you. I think design engineering is essentially a balance of compromises. And what these examples are showing is that very low down the priority list is long, long life. Yeah. It's, I don't think there's an intention to, maybe I'm being optimistic, but I don't think it's an intention to design in obsolescence. It's just that long life is incredibly low priority on the design agenda. So these things are probably known, they're probably expected, but they're a low priority. Yeah. And behind you, thank you. Actually, I used to work as a product design engineer, electronic product design. I used to design PCBs for various different products. I can tell you that, at least in this case, I mean, you cannot move the capacitors too far away. Normally, in the power supply part, you are generating the different voltages that you need to use for the rest of the board. And you'd have to ideally have the capacitors as close to the part where it's generated as possible. But of course, there are things that they could do within reason, but there's other limitations like space and generating and keeping M, M, E, M, into account, the electromagnetic difference, or EMI, sorry. But I've seen this problem a lot as well with electrolytic capacitors, which are the type that leak there. I think now a lot of people are moving more towards tantalum capacitors or ceramic capacitors, high value ceramic capacitors that do not have a liquid inside, then they don't have the same issue because those capacitors have a liquid in between a roll of material and that liquid can expand and the capacitor blows up like that. So, but I think, yeah, I think like I said, I think more modern electronics, especially TVs have less and less of those electrolytic capacitance because it is quite a common problem. Thank you. Yes, you should take the mic. Just to say, during my studies, I had a course where I had to choose materials. You can choose parameters and put them on a software and it's saying which one is the best for what you want to do. And the parameters we had to put, there was always cost every time. And I know it's important the cost, but I hate it. I want to build things that last, not things that breaks. So, yeah, but we had to think about it and that's how the work, the world is working, unfortunately. Yes. In the case you have presented, would the capacity of of the capacitor change a lot in the, in terms of cost for the manufacturer? It's like sense. It's like, not that much, but they are the less the capacity, the less the cost. It depends on which capacitor, but those one, yes. So, if they put low value capacitors, they will reduce the cost and it's like scale economy, scale economy. Economy of scales. Thank you. Yeah. And so, they gain money with that. It means the cost issue is issued. Yeah. So, they try to scratch where they can. Yes, but if it is a cost issue, then it's not could be not a case of plan. Maybe. Because they have, yes, because they have their reason. So, they just explain that the product is less expensive for the consumer. So, no, no, no. The price is the same. Like the example of the the, the example of the mixer, it's like the same price between the two years, but the capacitor is less effective. It means it is not a reason. Because the cost reason is a, it can be accepted as... Yeah. For my opinion, yes. But I guess when you are a manufacturer, it's important, I guess you want to earn a lot of money. I will react to what you said. If it is a solution, for the problem, could we say that it is a key effect of plan obsolescence? Because every time you have shown a simple solution, it was very complicated to think about the solution. So, therefore, does it mean that it is a plan obsolescence in, in the, in person? Is it one? Yeah. Maybe it's another way of seeing it is not planned obsolescence, but it's a very low priority on long life. And of course, the, there is no really in sentiment for the producer to prioritize long life longer than two years. But if he has as a byproduct something that looks as obsolescence, well, let's go with that. Anyone want to react again? Yeah. Let's use another term. Let's use the term chosen obsolescence, right? Because you can say, well, they didn't plan the obsolescence, but they know it's going to happen, right? So they made a choice, right? So you could call it chosen obsolescence? The session was called premature obsolescence, and maybe that's a better term, but I don't like it because, like, I don't want it to be obsolescent at all. I agree. You could argue that they didn't plan obsolescence, but they chose, they chose a path of action which caused obsolescence for other reasons. Okay. Yeah, maybe. Yes. Again, a reaction there. I would argue from a, from a manufacturer's perspective, I mean, I can tell you from the company that I was working with, we were working a market with a lot of competition and our main focus as engineers were to divide, develop a product that meets the features at the lowest possible cost possible. Like, and that is, that was the main focus. And I'm sure that's a lot of most manufacturers main focus, but I don't know if you can necessarily blame the manufacturers for that because that's consumers behavior choosing often the lowest cost device. I mean, often it's the case. I mean, I would say that if people are given a choice if they're looking for something like a blender, and if there's two blenders that both have the features that they need, I think a vast majority of people will choose the cheaper blender. And so in that way, they, the manufacturers are incentivized to make the device as cheap as possible. And so then you can understand that they have to make compromises to achieve that low cost. And, you know, that saving costs, saving cents on capacitors may not seem like much, but with all the other costs that come with it, and if there's 10 capacitors and each capacitor is two cents cheaper, then that's already 20 cents, which is quite a lot on a product that might cost them only 10 or 20 or 30 euros, something like that. So I think that's also important to, I wouldn't say it's always the manufacturer's fault, you know. Maybe the problem is capitalism. Yeah. Question, why do consumers behave like that? Because manufacturers sell on price, right? The manufacturers cause this, not the consumer, because the manufacturers created the market, right? Nobody was buying blenders before blenders existed, right? So when manufacturers started to say, oh, I've got a blender that's as good as their blender, but it's cheaper. Who did that? It wasn't the consumer, right? So it was the manufacturer who created the race with the bottom on price, right? All the salespeople, whatever, right? I don't care what you say, but it wasn't the consumer. Consumers didn't even know that blenders existed at one point, right? And then it's marketing. Okay. So you've got a blender. So the next manufacturer comes along and says, ah, I can make what appears to be the same blender for two cents cheaper, right? So it's the manufacturer's fault, or it's the sales channel's fault, it's not the consumers. They've been programmed into this behavior by the manufacturer. Yeah. Okay. I will move on. Yeah, you want to see? On that, uh, uh, with that, uh, argument, we could say so, so, uh, uh, worse, the quality, so, uh, uh, um, less expensive a product, but it's not the case. So you have very good product, which are less expensive than bad product. So therefore I think it is, in fact, a choice from the manufacturer, but you have also the, the, the, the, uh, the dimension of, of, of quality, which is not exactly, uh, the same, like, uh, the, the, the cost on the price, uh, issue is so simple. I mean, it is much more complex. This is easy. The issue is not so simple. I see. Is it on? Yeah. This time I'll get up. Uh, I'm also an engineer, a little bit older maybe in our school was doing another kind of stuff when we, I was taught this, and I was taught that, uh, it was an, uh, a design item, uh, that could be used by companies that were either in a monopoly situation or in a duopoly situation. That is, they were in fact more or less controlling the market, that they could create a product where they knew that the quality will sink over time. Uh, the, the, the theory about this was in fact, uh, something that was, that came from Chilette and Wilkinson sort. So it's called the Wilkinson sort, sort to curve of quality. So you create a product with a quality, then over time it has a less and less quality than they produce a new product. In fact, the same quality as the original product, but now it's a damn new product. And the consumer who owns the first product has to buy this one because now it has a very high quality, which goes down and new product goes down new product. And this is not something that is a coincidence. I've been, I've been taught how to do this. And that was part of my engineering studies. Maybe not the part that I was listening most to, but, uh, and, uh, but, but it also comes into social science that this can only be done if you have a monopoly and, uh, or a very dominant situation. I've still been using this sort to curve, but then I put Windows 95, Windows me, Windows XP, Windows visitor, Windows seven, Windows eight, because that is definitely a good example of that shit. Okay. Yeah. You want to say something? The name of the session is talk about planned obsolescence, or you are free to talk. I know for my brother, he's working for a lot of electronics. They produce synthesizers and the, and he's a man, one of the men who do the last tests and, uh, buy electronic parts. So sometimes he had to repair parts of, um, bang and Olufsen, all of them. And he said, outside they're very nice, but inside they're so bad, awful electronics that buys the cheapest things and put it in. Oh, bang and Olufsen is fine, but under half years you have got the problems outside. And sometimes you make it or you can repair it, but say another part of broken two months. Yeah. Thank you. So I want to talk about the other problems linked to, uh, televisions. So as I said, the, the error from supplier for the capacitors, I already thought that, but I think the problem is that they want to reduce costs. So the quality is reduced. And I have a big problem with smart television because, um, it's really hard to repair a television. Maybe you can, but I can't. And it's, it's hard to find volunteers that can repair television. Um, but now we are creating smart television, which are computers and television together. So we need two competencies. So we need to repair, uh, yeah, two things separately in one object. And yeah, I said, yeah, and we have the problem of, um, uh, updates problem. And then, yeah, you cannot choose your television anymore because the, the computer inside is, um, too slow. That's really bad. And maybe we should stick, even if it's not working all the time, but with an HDMI cable, that's better than a computer. Um, so now I'm going to, um, shoot on the ambulance. Um, so the printers, um, so a few printers had, uh, and it's quite well now, uh, had a chip that limits the number of prints. Um, it was Epson. They were, uh, they are, they were, um, uh, charged for it in France, uh, and probably other countries I don't remember. Uh, but there are other problems linked to printers. Uh, it's the cartridge. Um, yeah, the, the, the, the ink is incredibly, uh, expensive. And we have this picture with, uh, like we compare it to channel five because it's like, uh, I have the, the, the, the cost. It's four times more expensive than channel five, uh, perfume. So that's crazy. And then, um, uh, yeah, you, you have, uh, in those, you have a chip that rejects, uh, the, um, the cartridge if it's not the same brand and your machine, um, sometimes, uh, you have a print counter on some of them.  So entirely black and they print it like, and when, when there are no more ink, they said, okay, so it's like 100 sheet of paper. And I put that on my ship. And then when, when you print that amount of, uh, prints, it's over. You cannot use, uh, your cartridge even if, uh, you have like up to 40% of ink inside still. Um, so yeah, probably it's, uh, less, uh, costly than having like an optical, um, device that can check if there is, uh, ink in it. But yeah, still. Uh, so yeah, we have those kind of problem. And, uh, in the, um, uh, in the Repair Cafe, we have found a solution to that. So we can reset the ship. Uh, in fact, that is counting, uh, impressions. Um, so you have this little device. I found it online. I never test it, but we had, um, like, uh, uh, Russian, uh, um, uh, uh, software. Uh, and we can reset the chip with the, with this one. And the other solution is to not buy a classical printer and buy one with, uh, refillable cartridge. Um, yeah. And Epson maybe, uh, in, um, to, to, to apologize about their chip. Maybe they, they created this one that you can, um, refill yourself. Uh, but, um, like in August, I think, they, they were in the center of the attention again, because, uh, people had, uh, we talked about it yesterday. People had, uh, an error, uh, like just a part of the printer is no more, uh, working. Please throw your device away. It's like, they said just that. Yeah, you went to say something. Uh, where is the microphone? Yeah, I just wanted to say something about the Epson printer, because it's very close to my heart. Besides those issues, you also have the waste in disposal, a tube that you have to add to the printer. You have to, because every time that you clean the printer, it releases black ink. So you have to, and it fills up the pads. So you have to have, find an external source to liberate the, the ink of the Epson. Yeah. And I can tell you one thing with, with an Epson printer, once you put the, the continuous system, the Russian software and the waste, uh, you could probably print about 200,000 pages with no problem. Yeah. If you sustain, if you, if you maintain that printer well, and I come from South America where everything is fixed, everything, and that printer is a tank of a printer. Once you understand how it works, something that costs absolutely very little money can be such an incredible machine of, yeah, I just wanted to say that about the Epson. Thank you. So yeah, we have the manufacturers defense. So those are real defense we, we found in articles. So the remaining ink is to protect the head of the printer. So yeah. The print counter is to avoid the saturation of the cleaning pad. As we said yesterday, if you go, you see the cleaning pad, you remove it, you put a new one and then it should work, but it's not because you have a print counter. Um, and then, uh, yeah, they are counting droplets, not impressions. Uh, yeah, they said that. I'm not sure. Uh, and then the, the best one is, um, they adapted their tolerances to all environments so that's like you can print in the desert and in tropical spaces if you want. That's nice because if you want to print in the desert, you have enough, uh, enough ink in your cartridge. So, um, if you want to, to, to vote, maybe, uh, is this a case of planned obsolescence or maybe a case of planned obsolescence? Sorry, I got the wrong one. Okay. So there were, there were a suit in, in France for that. So I guess you can vote A, but you, you can choose still. Thank you. Um, yeah, that's a clear case. I like, uh, I like what we talked about, uh, in the case before because the, the idea is to talk about it because it's never clear, but they're, um, real, uh, we're got, we're real, um, justice choose. They said it was. So, um, sorry, I have a problem about my pictures. Um, so the next, um, thing I want to talk about is chargers. I, I, I don't know if you have that, but, uh, every time, um, you have a charger, it breaks at the same, uh, place. It's like, uh, at the end of it, uh, because probably we are, uh, rolling it too much, but it's always the same problem. And I don't know why they are not doing something about it. Sorry. Yeah, I do know, but, I have to say I don't know. Um, and yeah, it's always the, the same problem. And it's for my MacBook chargers. I found a solution now, but it's quite difficult to, to open it because it's, uh, hot glued. Um, and it's really difficult to open it. Um, so yeah, we have those kind of problem, but, uh, we have solutions. Uh, so Apple came with, uh, this, um, charger where you can replace the, the, the cables. So that's nice. You, you can, uh, uh, change the USB one. You can change the other one. So that's, that's a nice solution. Uh, you can, uh, have a stronger cable. They could do that, I guess. Um, and you can reinforce your, uh, cable. Uh, that's nice with, um, a self. Um, I don't know the, the name in, um, in English. So your shrink tube. Thank you. Uh, and maybe, um, uh, okay. Uh, this one there, uh, it's a spring. Yeah. Okay. Sorry. Um, yeah. And so you can do, do that to, to reinforce it. Um, yeah. Uh, that's all I have to say about that. But, uh, again, the manufacturers, um, they always have the same problem between cost and quality. Uh, they say that the user neglects their, um, devices. And I think that's right. We, we are always like, uh, and then we are throwing it. Um, and, uh, yeah. The manufacturing processes are faster when you hot glue things. So that's why they do this. And then they talk about security because, uh, so it's hot glued so you cannot open it. It's difficult to open, but it's for your security. Okay. Please, uh, believe me. Uh, so I don't know what to think about chargers. Maybe you have something to say. Um, you, you can vote or you can talk, but you, let's, let's vote them. You don't know. Yeah. Well, we don't. So, but yes. Thank you. A and Bs. Okay. Yeah. In the, in the mic. Thank you. Thank you. I think we got a bigger problem of chargers. Um, there is a very dangerous cheap ones that can get in fire. A friend of my brother's half kitchen is burning down by using a cheap charger. Okay. Well, it's allowed to use that. Why?  Yeah, that's rubbish. And it's, it's stabilized normally, but okay. Um, the next point is screw heads.  Uh, I think it's to prevent this assembly, but who knows? Uh, I, I had this screw and I had a, and I fix it kit and I was like, oh, this one I have in my kit. So it's like a three, uh, three wing one. I'm, I'm like, you have a, uh, those tools there. So to be able to open everything, we have to, those ones. So, and there, there is not everything. And like, maybe you can do more. Um, but so I think I have the, the, the, the white one. Uh, but in fact I can screw, but I cannot unscrew. And that's bad because there is, there is a slope. So I was with my, uh, this, um, it was a toaster. So there were three, uh, classic screws and then this one. So I was screwed then. Um, so yeah, that's a funny one. And then you have the, um, well known, uh, Nespresso, uh, which is like, uh, five millimeters on six millimeters. Again, I took my, I fixed it kit and I was like, yes, I have this one. And then I use it and it's so you're five millimeters on six and you don't know if you, if you don't know it's the correct one because you have a lot of screw head.   But yeah, still, you, you need like a kit. And then I have, um, yeah, the triangular one. Those ones are quite handy in fact, but you have to, the, the spanner screws. So those ones are easy to unscrew because you can just take a flat screwdriver and then you, you remove the inside of it and then you have a, uh, a spanner screwdriver. Uh, I don't know the name of this one if you know it. Uh, sorry. Uh, then, uh, Pentalobe, it's in Apple, uh, smartphones. Um, yeah. And in smartphones, we have other problems with plastic clips. Um, sometimes it's glued and it's really difficult to open. And the solution, we are really inventive with this one. So you can use elastics.  Um, you have the, the nice one.  I have the, the guilty ones. Um, you put, you hit it, then you put it on the, on the screw, you wait. Uh, and then you have a handmade screwdriver. It's not gonna, gonna last long, but it's working. Then you can buy something. Um, for the, the one that was unscrewable, I used, like a player. Um, and then you can use the hard way.  We limit the screw in it and then, um, let's put that out. But you have to, most of you have to reheat it. It's always not glue in it. But it's difficult. Yeah. This is the handmade screwdriver. It's working. Um, so the, the manufacturer's defense is like, um, uh, they are, uh, scared about our security. Uh, they want to prevent this assembly to maintain the warranty. And, um, yeah, with those kind of screws, they can, uh, yeah, have hot rice people, uh, to, to repair your stuff and not you. So I don't know what you think about screw heads. Yeah, I like E S B. Yeah. Thank you. Uh, a lot of A's, a bit of B's. Okay. So I have iPhone, but I'm not going to, to talk about that because I have like eight minutes left. Uh, so I'm just going to speak about the impact of obsolescence just really rapidly, but of course you have problem about the environment. We'll talk about it yesterday. Impact on the population, impact on the economical point of view. Uh, but I don't want to, um, yeah, I don't want to, to be, uh, the bad news bringer. So we will, uh, see how we can fight against land obsolescence. Uh, and the idea is to get informed, uh, to compare what you want between what, uh, instead of what you need, uh, check if you want it or if you need it. And I, uh, found this, uh, beautiful toaster where you can, uh, toast, but you can also boil your eggs. You can, uh, heat your beans and a lot of things. And I wonder if I really need that because I have a pan. I don't know if you know what it is. Okay. So yeah, it's, it's useful to, to think about yeah, what we really need. Um, it's nice to check the availability of spare parts, even if it may be in 10 years when you have the problem, uh, the spare part won't be, won't be available, uh, anymore, but still, uh, you can check the repair ability and then you have nice websites when you can do that. I fix it, of course, uh, on Greenpeace, they have, um, a bit of information and then there is a French website, uh, which is quite nice too. Um, and when you buy something that just check if the strength and the quality is okay. Just sometimes you know it's not gonna last long. So don't buy it. Uh, check the warranty if you have, uh, like a long warranty. For example, Seb in France, they are selling stuff that are were, uh, guaranteed like 10 for 10 years. So that's nice because you know it's gonna last at least 10 years, I hope. Um, yeah, after I have, uh, good things to say, uh, it's easy to say, but it's, uh, not maybe easy to do, but if, if you are aware of it, for example, consume less, maybe if you say I consume too, I consume, uh, too much, it's already something.  Um, yeah, you have a lot of information on that. Uh, you have to think about the maintenance of your, uh, devices because that's usually where the problem is. And it's really easy to say getting rid of advertising. But yeah, if you know, uh, you are, um, manipulated by advertising, that's something already. Just think about it. And then you can, uh, do it by yourself instead of, uh, buying it. You can repair, but I won't tell you that today teach you that today because you know about it, of course. Uh, and then, um, yeah, you can reuse instead of, uh, buying, of course, again, uh, the same, um, image you, you have seen a thousand of time. Uh, and then, yeah, a bit about eco design, of course.  Um, so they, they, they have smartphone that lasts longer, because they have component that lasts longer, they are reputable, they are upgradable, uh, they have a system of reusing, uh, reuse of parts. Um, even if Fairphone is a, is a fourth, uh, edition, I think, so maybe that, yeah, but you can repair it. You have a screwdriver with it. Um, so yeah, and other, uh, examples like framework is the same as, um, a Fairphone, but with computers, I think it's nice, but it's not available in Europe yet, I think. Yeah, now it is. Okay. Thank you. Yeah. And then, uh, I've, uh, we have found, uh, Kipit, uh, which is a brand, and they are producing, uh, Jaren, um, uh, Kettle, uh, and the idea is that it should be repairable and it's, uh, think, uh, think, uh, to be, um, multifunctional. So that's nice. And I think we will have more and more example of, uh, eco-designed products. And I think that's one of the solution and maybe you should think to buy those instead of classical bad products. And then that's it for me. And if you have something to say, feel free. Yes. The mic, please. The mic. It's just a proposal for all of us who are working with this stuff. And we are finding material that has some kind of difficulty repairability. Uh, if it's from a company in your own country, and even if it's not, but if it's from a company in your own country, then write them. Write them and give them very good reputation on their very beautiful product, which, uh, our user would have expected to last the rest of his or her life and ask them, uh, how to take it apart. And if they have the spare parts, uh, maybe they'll answer no, but then we'll write them again and again and again about the regulation because in a, in a clear fact of, uh, obsolescence kind of places like the printers, I think, uh, uh, the regulation could also play. I thought about that yesterday. You can accept everything. And if it is, you will prove that it is a clear fact Yeah, but I, I should add that, like, join the write to repair campaign because, yeah, we can, we can do stuff about that. We can force them to do things. It's just, well, it's a very quick comment on this because actually the recorded sign, like you mentioned, there are plans now to regulate printers. So, uh, it should be ambitious indeed if we have all of this design problem, uh, problems. Um, my understanding, you might know more. My understanding is that for years, uh, for the printing, actually it was up to the industry to come up with durability and repairability requirements. And for a long time, you know, this hasn't happened and the ambitious was not enough. And finally the commission has said, now we need actual rules. Uh, so it's a good news. Finally, it should be the case for all products not to leave it for the industry to decide, you know, voluntarily, but to really have the, the design more durable, more repairable. So, yeah. Thank you. Now to work on it to be, to be good. Just to react to also on, on plan obsolescence and how to legislate on that because like it's been, uh, we have low in France, uh, against plan obsolescence, but actually like the definition current is very vague. And, uh, for now it hasn't helped any of the legal cases to actually, uh, finalize. Apple did get a fine for, uh, the cases where they, um, the update led to a lower, um, performance, but it was, um, because it affects to another legal base, which, which is actually like the, uh, uh, misinformation of the consumer. So it's not planned obsolescence. It's misinformation of consumers. Um, so actually, uh, the thing is that defining legally planned obsolescence, it's very difficult. So, uh, we, it's better actually to come up with, uh, with regular weather than saying, uh, planned obsolescence should be banned. We need to, uh, to define legislation, clear the legislation on what planned obsolescence is. And it would probably, it probably won't be like, uh, for all, like, uh, the first time we try it, uh, we probably miss things. There will be loopholes. Manufacturers will find ways to go around it, but at least we will have the days. And, uh, that's something I think we, we, where we need experts, we need, uh, um, repairs to, to tell us like what are, uh, the, let's say the features, the, the things which could apply to many products at once because there will be, uh, design features which are applied only to smartphones over only to printers. And, but we, we need, uh, something we like horizontal legislation, which will help us in terms of plan obsolescence tackle every, as many products as possible at once. And that's what is really tough at this moment, but, uh, where we, we, we need a lot of help from, uh, repairs.  Who are the repairs?  They mostly say that your, your, your product is not broken up. I mean, uh, and, uh, I mean, if yes, maybe the repairs cafes or I don't know the, the people like that, but repairs, it is more and more difficult to find some, some, uh, somewhere. But, but definitely like statistically, the profession, the number of professional repairs at this have decreased because of the complexity of the products. And that's why, uh, through eco design policies, uh, we, we try as much as possible to, to make it mandatory for manufacturers to give access to spare parts, to give access to repair information, to, uh, to make sure that spare parts are accessible, uh, that, but it's not yet enough, of course, but, uh, well, this legislation is, uh, being developed as we speak at the most recent, uh, piece of legislation in terms of, uh, material efficiency, uh, developed at sea level, uh, is enforced only since, uh, March 2021 for washing machines, dishwashers, fridges, and displays. And we know that it won't be enough because there are a lot of loopholes. It's not going far enough, but, uh, based on our experience and, uh, on data on where there is this legislation, which was supposed to do that, but, um, obviously it doesn't work. So we need to, to keep on improving it, on improving it. So, so we need all, uh, all the information we can get on what legislation we need, uh, for that, because of a rise, like we want, we can't just wait for manufacturers to make the bad shift. And, and as, uh, we have limited power in terms, like, because of planned obsolescence to, um, to repair this stuff, like we, I see in the room upstairs, there are many, uh, very knowledgeable repairs, but still there are things you can't fix. So we need to, to, through legislation to, to make that mandatory for manufacturers. It will be tough. It will be, it will be difficult to find the, the wording which will, uh, actually make it, uh, possible and also which will prevent, uh, manufacturers to design their products in, in a slightly other way, just to be out of the scope of the legislation. That's what is very difficult. Like for example, on smartphones, uh, they, um, the, what the commission has proposed, like it's, it will cover, uh, mobile phones, smartphones, cordless phones, and, um, and the slate tablets, but it won't cover, uh, phones which are, uh, wallable. You know, that's the new technology. You can extend the display through a kind of walling system, and this will be out of the scope. So basically it will encourage manufacturers to, okay, so we will produce only that for now, because now we, then we can be out of the, of the scope. And that's where we need to say, nope. We, we have to include all the phones, uh, whatever, whichever they are. So that's an example of how, like, how we need to be to make sure that the scope is as wide as possible. Thank you. And Christina, for the, the end word. Maybe for the end word, because we're talking about regulation, how can we push legislators to do more? And for those who were, uh, at the EU conference yesterday, you've probably heard the lady from the commission saying that she was representing the DG Just. They are working for consumer rights. They are going to publish a proposal on Right to Repair on November, uh, 13th, she said. So let's be ready. We, as Right to Repair campaign, we, we will be ready. We, uh, we will try and do our best to push them to ask them for more. We know that many of these practices that were presented by Jonathan should fall under their definition of unfair practices that should then be sanctioned at, uh, by this new EU legislation. And we need to be there and we need to push for more. So please support the EU Right to Repair campaign. And I think we need to conclude the session to, uh, go over to the next, next section. Thank you for your attention and for your participation. And next we have the Mortal Sins of Repair. Bye.


First, I want to thank our municipal court judges and staff, our justice system partners, members of the legal community, and the citizens we serve. Thank you for your hard work and your patience during this challenging time. Second, I want to assure you that we are doing everything we can to carry out the court's mission during the COVID-19 pandemic. We've been hard at work planning how to adapt and respond to the restrictions required during this time. The important work of the court cannot come to a screeching halt. However, we must undertake our responsibilities in a way that protects the public health. The City of Columbia Municipal Court is always concerned about the safety of its visitors. In light of the pandemic, we have closely examined our procedures and made important changes to help safeguard our health and your health while you're here. We are limiting the number of people that are allowed in the courtroom at one time. Only defendants, witnesses, and victims will be allowed inside our courtrooms. Anyone who is sick or has COVID-19 symptoms will not be allowed to enter the courthouse. Everyone who enters the courthouse must have their temperature checked. Anyone who registers a temperature of 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit or above will not be allowed to enter the courthouse. Employees and members of the public are required to wear face masks when at the courthouse. Everyone must maintain social distancing by staying at least six feet apart at all times. There are easy-to-read signs, floor guides, and seat guides to remind people of the need to social distance. We have also increased our cleaning and disinfecting, focusing on high-touch surfaces and common areas. The court has implemented this plan in collaboration with our safety team, police department, and janitorial staff to provide you safe and healthy access to our courthouse. If you have specific COVID-19 questions or concerns, please call<PHONE_NUMBER>. We are committed to serving the public now and always, and we stand ready to safely welcome you back into our courtrooms.


Hi, my name is Simran Natalia Bosco. My pronouns are she, her. This is my fourth year in the criminology program with a concentration in law and a minor in human rights. This is my first time on the Dean's Honour List and I'm extremely grateful for this. My tip or advice for students who want to be a part of the Dean's Honour List is don't stress. The first semester or two can be hard and as an international student can be harder, but take it easy, enjoy your time on university and on campus and make use of Colton's resources. Thank you.


from the Sands Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. Extracting the signal from the noise. It's theCUBE, covering AWS re-invent 2015. Now your host, Stu Miniman and Brian Graceley. Hi, I'm Stu Miniman with wikibond.com. Here with SiliconANGLE TVs, live water well coverage from AWS re-invent 2015 here in Las Vegas. My co-host for this segment is Brian Graceley and we're happy to have back theCUBE alum, CEO of Zadara Storage, Nelson Nechum. Nelson, thank you so much for joining us again. Thank you, Stu, and I am for you. All right, yeah. So just a couple of weeks ago, we were with you in San Francisco at another big show around the same size in order of magnitude, VMworld. So bring us up to speed, you guys had a couple of announcements here leading up to the show, to tell stories as well. Yeah, actually this is how we position our company. We are enterprise storage as a service. So we are kind of the enterprise class storage that you will see in VMworld with the elasticity of AWS. So VMworld and AWS back-to-back is actually, is our sweet spot. And in terms of announcement, we did the automatic backup to Amazon S3. We are announcing the last week huge growth this year in terms of new customers. So it's going very well. All right, so we've talked with you for a few years and I think this show was one of the first that I spoke to you at. You guys are part of the Direct Connect offering. Yeah. And you work across lots of solutions. Can you just walk through how that works as to where you sit and what solutions you fit into? Yeah, so because we provide the SLAs like enterprise storage arrays, we run in basically a native hardware and we position, put this hardware in collocation facilities that have very close to AWS, actually in the same city if possible, and we use Direct Connect to connect to them. Typically, Equinix facilities here in US, in Australia, in Tokyo, and there are income in Ireland. And this gives us the possibility to be at very low latency from AWS and provide really good enterprise storage capabilities to AWS customers. AWS is a great partner.  And they adjusted even some of the Direct Connect capabilities to be able to have something provided like us that are multi-tenant to be able to connect in a multi-tenant fashion and still provide the security so every customer has their own VPC associated with the storage. So for the customer, the storage is completely private inside the VPC. So this magic is done by the Direct Connect folks and it is really good. Yeah, your solution actually fits into probably what Amazon would consider the hybrid story because it's something that lives outside of Amazon's purview but that they have services that kind of reach out and connect to that. Yeah, so we compliment Amazon in some of the workloads that are not possible today with Amazon like SMB, file storage, connection with Active Directory, remote replication, constant replication of the storage between East Coast and West Coast, on-premise to the cloud, cloud to cloud. There are multiple things that we do that Amazon doesn't do but this is why we are a good partner of Amazon and they basically recognize that we have a really good and strong storage offering and they allow us to connect to that cloud so any customer in Amazon can use us completely seamless. They don't need to deal with Direct Connect and collocation and anything like that for the customer is just to go to the console, provision the storage and use it. Yeah, so Nelson, you guys do a good job of positioning for the enterprise and your purchase like storage as opposed to most people when they consider there's lots of services from Amazon that are storage but I'm not, when I'm choosing storage, I don't say, oh, I'm going to go to Amazon instead of buying XYZ array. I'm curious, when you're talking to customers, what's the mindset of how the enterprise storage buyer thinks of the cloud? Yeah, so I think that in typical customers they want to move to Amazon and to other cloud providers they love the possibility to run workloads in the cloud. It is the fact that the traditional storage is so different than the cloud-based storage that make it complicated. And this is where we can come in and say, listen, with us, our storage service look like a traditional storage array for you. You can mount with iSCSI or NFS or SMB the storage array and you can do exactly the same thing that you will do with NetApp or EMC on-premise but you still pay per use and the same way per hour like Amazon. So that's the thing that complement Amazon offering especially on the storage that the storage in the cloud is radically different than on-premise. And we provide the same capabilities of enterprise storage on-premise, also in the cloud and on-premise. Yeah, so Stu was talking about earlier, you guys had a big presence a few weeks ago at VMworld, big presence here at AWS re-invent, very different audiences. Like, how do you shift your conversation between this audience, which tends to be more application, developer focused and a VMworld kind of on-premises, enterprise, you know, the capabilities are there but how do you shift the conversation so people understand what you're talking about? Yeah, so we are, in one case like here in Amazon we talk about enterprise storage capabilities, what you can do with our storage that you cannot do with Amazon. So all the snapshots and remote replication and the typical storage conversation we do here in AWS. In VMworld, we talk about the as a service, the paper use, the elasticity, so we talk in VMworld about the cloud part that is different than traditional storage. So when we talk to customers at VMworld, they are not looking for how our snapshots is different than NetApp snapshots, they are looking at us to be able to provision storage without the capex and completely elastic and maintain the enterprise class capabilities but without the need to pay upfront and you can expand and shrink. Here, everybody understand the paper use and the paper hour, we talk more about the enterprise storage capability. This is why it is a sweet spot in both of the shows. Right, right. So you spoke about the strong partnership you have with Amazon. How has that changed over the last couple of years if it has and as Amazon continues to add functionality, is there, people I guess are always asking, is that that tension, how do you manage that relationship? Yeah, so I must say that Amazon is an amazing partner because I think that a big part of it is how they are structured. The storage team probably don't like us but the networking team and the EC2 team, they like us more. So and as we talk to different groups in Amazon, there are different reactions to what we do. Some will feel that we are competing some not. Regarding the question about Amazon releasing new features, yes, they are releasing new features. We also release new features. My view is that because Amazon is a top innovator in the cloud, if we have a product that is better than Amazon in the storage side, we can not only attract Amazon customer but also the rest of the world. The rest of the cloud provider, service provider, they don't have the deep pockets that Amazon has to develop everything. So we are basically proving that our storage is really good in the, let's say, the most difficult field that is Amazon itself competing in innovation with Amazon and this means that everybody else is a potential customer for us. We want to maintain the leading edge and the best way to maintain the leading edge is to be ahead of the leader, that's it. So actually one of the things Andy Jassy said in his keynote is that customers are looking for it to be easier to get their information into the cloud.  You had some interesting points as to how you get data into the cloud and how you make that easy for customers. First of all, we have been doing this kind of snowball forever and for free, not for $200. So this is one of the ways that we inject data to the cloud. This is good for migration, but also there is a second place where because we are on-premise and in the cloud, a customer of us can have our system on-premise as a storage system, this is not a gateway, it's the full storage, consume paper use and can replicate into Amazon, constantly replication. And this means that they can move data to the cloud, they can move from the cloud back on-premise. It's not only one way, sometimes it's both ways. So this will be the second way that we can do that. So this week, Andy's been talking quite a bit, he's been saying, look, there's never been a better time to store more data. It's getting cheaper, there's services around it for analysis. That model tends to resonate very well with people that want to do analytics, right? The more data I have, the better my data sets. Does that resonate as well with the storage audience who's sort of been conditioned over time to say like, hey, be careful of quotas on how much you store, how much you back up, or do you find that they're going, it's cheaper, it's easier, let's just keep throwing, store more, keep it longer? Yeah, we find that the customer wants to store more and keep it longer and do analytics. Even the people that will not do analytics before, they want to get and do analytics. Definitely we see a big move to our storing more and more. And this is, I think that this is one of the things that allow us to provide on-premise a really good service. We have been working with body-worn cameras. For example, the small cities may need a petabyte of storage just to store the- Every day, every hour. Every day, every hour of every and this need a lot of storage, need to be on-premise and a lot of storage mean huge capex and also you need to have a team of administrators. So we're completely removed that people can say, okay, no capex, you grow gradually as you bring more data and also because we do remote management and it is fully as a service, the customer can have our storage on-premise but they don't need to manage the storage. It's managing a one petabyte of storage, it's take time and take resources that we completely remove. So in our case, it's zero capex and reduce it, OPEX. So Nelson, the storage industry has been measured by how many gigabytes, terabytes, exabytes are out there and revenue that I can look at from either disk in a server or external storage arrays. One of the things we've been looking at is look at how much storage revenue does Amazon do? Microsoft, look at all the SaaS vendors, I mean Salesforce and everybody, maybe Salesforce doesn't have huge amount of data but if you add all of them up, it's growing very fast and it's very different, you're part of this trend. How do you look at that? Where do you see the storage industry going over the next couple of years and how do you kind of measure that? Do you measure that against the traditional storage industry or what metrics do you use? Yeah, so I think that what I see is that and related to the previous question, people want to store more, store faster, access more frequently, do more thing with the data. So the trend is to definitely keep storing more and more of the data and do more and more analytics. It's not only writing more, it's also reading more. And in terms of, so capacities, we are seeing all the time growing and growing at very, very fast rate. We see the drives are growing, the flash are growing. In terms of capacity, everything is growing. So, and the other thing I want to mention here is that it is a really good opportunity to provide additional services and this is why we are a service provider and not a product provider. We don't provide just the storage. We provide additional services like backup and disaster recovery. We do have, for example, a feature that you can have our storage in two data centers and stretch and be able to do, transplant and failover, have zero RTO, zero RPO. Once you put a lot of data, it's good, but you need to protect the data and this is the additional services that we provide. Yeah, I guess my final comment is at VMworld, there was a huge amount of storage there and really saw an increase this year at this show here. So thank you so much, Nelson, for joining us. Storage, a critical component of IT in general and growing very much in the cloud. So Nelson Ehum, CEO of Zadar Storage, thanks so much for joining us. We'll be right back with lots more coverage here from ReInvent 2015. Thank you.


Away from the National Assembly now, the People's Democratic Party, PDP, has nominated rather Senator Philip Aduder as the new minority leader of the Senate and Senator Chukoka Otazi as the new minority whip. The nominations were contained in the letter signed by the National Secretary of the PDP, Senator Samuel Anyao, read at the start of plenary by President of the Senate Ahmad Lawan. Aduder's nomination was secreted to the resignation of the former minority leader, Senator Inyan Naya Abaribi, who formally announced his defection from the People's Democratic Party to the All Progressive's Grant Alliance, ABGA, last week. The subject matter here by the first. The leadership of the People's Democratic Party PDP is pleased to confirm to you the nomination of Senator Philip Tanima Aduder as the new Senate minority leader. The nomination of Senator Aduder is for the replacement of the vacant seat of the minority leader created by the defection of Senator Inyan Naya Abaribi to the All Progressive's Grant Alliance, ABGA. Please kindly accord Senator Philip Tanima Aduder all the necessary cooperation and rise due to office. Accept the assurance of my highest, my esteem regards, signed Senator Samuel N. Anyao, National Secretary. Also the PDP in its letter to the Senate President explained that Senator Otazi's nomination as the new minority whip was as a result of the elevation of Senator Aduder to the position of minority leader.


Ottawa is too late. Once is too late, there is no going back. Here it is quite expensive. We all know medical aspects and they are expensive. So we are still waiting, if the government can still try and make something affordable for everybody. They will say go and do this test 50,000, go and do that test 100,000. Even people that don't have money that carry ordinary fee for them and I tell them to go and do test of 150,000, 30,000. Where will they get the money? uvre wealth alition organizations, won't you! 澡 12 12 . ーん  Apps night  Personen bounce 8 5 5 2 5 9 9 8 10


In the previous video, we introduced the notion of a transposition factorization of a permutation. We mentioned how that factorization is non-unique. There could be lots, there's lots of variety in how the factorization works. So what can we expect to be consistent when we factor a permutation into transpositions? And the idea is we can expect the parity to be constant. That is the number of transpositions of the factorizations will always be an even number or will always be an odd number. It's impossible to factor a permutation using an odd number of transpositions and an even number. And so let's see the proof of this theorem 511 here. Every permutation can be expressed as a product of an even number of transpositions or an odd number of transpositions, but not both. That last statement there, not both is critical because if you omitted it, this would be obvious because the factorization, the number of transpositions has to be a natural number, which the natural numbers, every natural number is either even or odd, right? So we do need that this not both happen. So how do we, why can't we have a factorization which is both even and odd in terms of the number of transpositions? And there's a lot of ways of proving this one, a lot of different proofs. But myself, as an algebraist, there's a lot of stuff about algebra I really like. I love groups. I also love associative rings, but sometimes I attempt myself with non-associative algebras. Algebraic combinatorics is definitely the branch of mathematics I feel most attached to, but also very, very attached to representation theory, particularly representation theory of finite groups. And so when I was deciding what was the best way to present this proof, I could not help myself and I had to use the representation theoretic proof of this result here because it kind of illustrates the power of representation theory. Representation theory is a part of group theory and abstract algebra in general, which we take abstract groups and we represent them using concrete groups. And there's a lot of benefit that can happen from that. And so basically we're gonna introduce linear algebra into a group theory problem. So this will require a little bit of review of linear algebra. I hope that's not too much for us. So remember that RN is gonna be our vector space consisting of column vectors who have in entries consisting of real numbers. And the vector EI is gonna be the vector. You can think of it as the ith column of the identity matrix. It's the vector which is gonna have a one in the ith position and then zeros everywhere else. So it just has a single one and this is gonna be in the ith spot. That's this vector EI, which of course, if you think of the identity matrix, I sub n right here, this is the matrix which you have ones along the diagonal and then you have zeros everywhere else. The ith column or the ith row, if you prefer, of this matrix is none other than just EI. And so the way we can then write the identity matrix is in the following way. The identity matrix is just the matrix whose columns vectors are these EIs. So EI, or E1 is the first column, or E2 is the second column, you get the gist right there. So this is an important thing to remember here. So now, okay, so there's a little bit of review of notation of some linear algebra we have. We wanna talk about permutation. So let's sigma be a permutation in Sn. Notice here in is gonna be the same thing, right? So we're taking vectors, matrices for the same number of letters we have in Sn. What we're gonna do is we're gonna create a permutation matrix that has given our permutation, sigma, we're gonna create a matrix which we associate to that permutation. It's called a permutation matrix. So we'll take bracket sigma, right? And the idea is because we're putting brackets around our matrices. So bracket sigma make us think, ooh, it's a matrix that has something to do with sigma. So what we're gonna do is the matrix sigma is gonna be the matrix where we permute the columns of the identity matrix. Let's do an example of this. If we're working S3, let's take sigma to be 123. And so that means sigma, a bracket sigma would be the matrix where the first column of the identity becomes now, so we're gonna replace the first column with the second column, right? So this is gonna look like E2, E3, and E1, which would look like 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, and 1, 0, 0. Like so. So this is our example of sigma one. Now let's do another example. If we did say tau was the two cycle one, two, then the permutation matrix associated to tau would be the matrix, which, well, you get an E2, you get an E3, excuse me, an E1, and then an E3. E3's left fixed. So this would look like 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, and 0, 0, 1. Just to give you some examples of these permutation matrices. That's what we're trying to talk about here. And let's see, so where were we? So it's a fact from linear algebra that interchanging the rows of any two columns or rows of a square matrix changes the sign of the determinant. When you learn about determinants in linear algebra, you often learn facts about like how row operations affect the determinant of the matrix, like the replacement operation, you replace a row with some, with the sum of a row with a multiple of another, that doesn't change the determinant. If you switch the order of any rows or columns, it changes the determinant by minus sign. And then if you scale a row, that also has an effect of changing this determinant by a scalar, right? So that's how you learn about row operations, but as the determinant is not affected by transposition, that means you can also interchange columns and we make no difference. So what that tells us here is that, so what's significant is that if you take the determinant of the identity matrix, since this is a diagonal matrix, it's determined obvious to be product of all these ones. So you get one to the end, which is one. The determinant of the identity matrix is one. And so if we start permuting columns of the identity, which is what a permutation matrix does, what this is gonna do is that it's gonna have some effect to the determinant and your determinant of the permutation matrix has to be plus or minus one. Now be aware that the determinant of a specific matrix cannot be plus and minus one. It's one or the other. It's either plus one or minus one. And this dichotomy is what we're gonna play with to show that our permutations or have an odd transposition factorization or an even one. So the thing about the following, a single transposition, a single transposition is just a single swap of columns. Everything else is in the right position. So if you take a single transposition, if you take the determinant of a matrix coming from a two cycle, then our properties of linear algebra tell us that this is gonna equal negative one. So if we count two cycles, then this is going to give us this helps us with the determinant. Now, the other thing to know about the determinant in this situation is that the determinant factors. If you take the determinant of a times b, this is the determinant of a times the determinant of b. And so if you have a factorization of your matrices, you can take the determinant of each factor individually. So that's what we're gonna do here. So since each transpositions associated matrix gives us a negative one, we see that the determinant is gonna be negative one to the k, where k is the number of transpositions in the factorization there, that's critical. So if you have an odd number of factorizations, you're gonna have negative one to an odd power, which is negative one. But if you have an even number of transpositions, an even number of transposition factors in your product there, then you're gonna get negative one to an even power, which is one. And since the determinant cannot be both one and negative one, we see that it has to be an either or, it has to be one or the other. And so you either get that it was an odd number or an even number. And then the number of transpositions doesn't matter because every even will give you one and every odd will give you negative one. And so this then leads to our definition here. Now we've proven our theorem there. We say that a permutation is even if it can be expressed as a product of an even number of transpositions. It doesn't matter how many, just an even amount. And we say that a permutation is odd if it can be expressed as a product of odd number of transpositions. So there's gonna be, there's just two types of transposition, two types of permutations, excuse me, even transpositions and odd transpositions. And I really like the proof we just went through with like the matrices and the determinants. It's really cool to use all this stuff from linear algebra, which we've all seen before, but also it shows you the power of what again, I'd be calling representation theory by representing my permutations not as these abstract functions, but as concrete matrices, we can then utilize the strength of linear algebra to prove things in group theory. And this idea of representation theory is a very powerful tool that does show up in mathematics. And occasionally it shows up in this class as well.


What is the latest on Dak's injury? Is there any timetable set for his return? Yes, so Dak will meet with the surgeon today and he is going for surgery today, which I think also tells you something about the severity of the injury. They're wasting no time on this. Once they go to the surgeon, once the surgery goes through, hopefully without any complications, they'll have a clearer timeline. But when Jerry Jones tells you, quote, several weeks, Jerry's the eternal optimist. So I view that as the starting point. I mean, at least a month, and it's gonna be a long haul while they're at six weeks, eight weeks, the Cowboys will need to move forward for the foreseeable future without their franchise quarterback.


Hey there lads and ladies it is Petrifying Pumpkins here and today I want to talk about the big PlayStation showcase that is occurring tomorrow Wednesday 24th 9 p.m my time and I think that's 1 p.m you know Pacific time and then 5 or I think 6 p.m eastern standard time if my mathematics is correct and there is a reason I want to talk about this showcase and it is not just to let people know that it's happening of course you probably already do if you're in the loop but it's just the fact that this showcase is the first showcase from PlayStation in nearly two years it was September 21 that was the last time we had a showcase and that's when they showed off like Spider-Man 2 God of War Ragnarok and stuff like that so ever since then it's just been stays of plays which are these kind of smaller little shows where you wouldn't really guess as excited because they could be stinkers and oftentimes there was a lot of stinkers a lot of really small kind of indie games that didn't really get anyone hype so of course you know we got to the stage where we were like you know expect to be disappointed or keep your expectations in check rather and then you won't be disappointed if it doesn't meet them expectations however this is a showcase this is not the same thing this is an hour long this is something that feels like it's been in the works for a long time and there's gonna be a lot of stuff they got to show and in the announcement Sid Schumann on the PlayStation blog says you know front and center expect a wealth of PS5 and PSVR 2 games and this of course is a PSVR channel covering PSVR 2 so that's what's really important about this to us or me I should say is the fact that this is the first showcase since the PSVR 2 has launched and of course PSVR 2 launched in February however it wasn't until just a few weeks ago where you could actually like walk into a shop or store in America and actually pick one up in a game stop or whatever it is you go to before then it was just you know directly from Sony only dependent on the country you were in of course so now it feels like it's properly launched for everyone and this is Sony's chance to really show it off you know they want people to buy us now it's available in the shops this is where they need to make a stand this is where PSVR 2 needs to make a stand and show people why we should be buying us and that is why I'm not saying keep your expectations in check that is why I'm thinking get hype I'm hype I'm completely excited for tomorrow and of course I'm excited anyway because there's rumors of Metal Gear Solid 3 getting a remake and all other kind of crazy stuff but this is where I think or I'm really hoping that we see Sony put the big push in this is where maybe hybrid games finally come to the front and center you know Capcom have kind of been carrying this for the last you know six seven years Resident Evil 7 Resident Evil A's now Resident Evil 4 on the way all these flat games that they're turning hybrid these triple A high production value games that they're bringing to PSVR not many other people were doing this and you know while as cool as that was it was you know disheartening to see that Sony weren't doing that they were letting Capcom do us you know why weren't their studios doing us now is the time for Jim Ryan to put his money where his mouth is and actually back up this talk of hybrid games you know because he was talking about this in a past interview where he thinks the future of how the Oramite game traction is with these hybrid games so we need to start seeing us from Sony's own first party we can't be relying on just Capcom to toss us a few resident evils every now and again we need a steady flow of these big titles it can't be like PSVR one where it was kind of like you know Resident Evil 7 and then nothing for a long time and then you know Borderlands 2 Skyrim maybe and even though that was an old game we need more of course there's rumors as well of Twisted Metal a game coming for PS5 and of course there's a TV show coming out in July or whatever so it does line up it does seem like it will happen and probably will be announced tomorrow but that seems like the ideal game as well to have PSVR 2 support I'm not saying that every single first party title needs to have PSVR 2 support but where it makes sense and where it can be done I think it should be done you know if Capcom can take Resident Evil 4 which is a third person over the shoulder shooter and bring that into a first person you know virtual reality games and I think you know the Sony Studios should be able to do that especially you know it's their hardware they need to be doing this more than anyone of course I want to see more third party deals as well I want to see crazy stuff GTA 5 Red Dead Redemption 2 I want all that stuff to get you know PSVR support that will blow my mind that will be nuts crazy whatever boss again Sony have to do the talking you know and the walking not just the talking and that's why I'm making this video that's why I think tomorrow's showcase is going to be so important because you know don't get me wrong I think you know a lot of people would have you believe otherwise but 2023 for PSVR 2 has been good the launch year has been good it was a very solid launch title and we still have firewall ultra to come hopefully we got a release date for that tomorrow too firewall ultra on the horizon and we also have Resident Evil 4 of course to look forward to we don't know if it's coming 2023 but it likely is you know depending on how long it takes to develop I can't imagine it would take until next year but we'll wait and see but the problem with the PSVR 2 lineup is the roadmap for the future what happens after 2023 and this is where Sony needs to answer those questions tomorrow I think they will I think they have to and that is why I think it's fairly safe to get hyped for tomorrow you know I'm not going to tell anyone to lower their expectations I'm going to stream it myself tomorrow on this channel and my stream it maybe an hour before it begins for the sole purpose of you know generating hype you know speculating with you viewers anyone who's watching what they want to see what they think could be there because that's all part of the fun and I think we won't be disappointed I hope we won't be disappointed maybe I'll be making a video on Thursday about you know where I'm just crying in front of the camera but I don't think that will happen at least I hope it doesn't happen so yeah that is it for this video thank you very much for watching and let me thank Scepticon for letting me use his music in all of my videos you can check him out in the link feel free to join me for the event tomorrow as well I will start streaming an hour beforehand as I said and with that I will end the video thank you very much for watching I'll see you in the next one tomorrow I should say please stay moist


Earlier in this module, we reviewed the fundamental forces that can act on particles. As it turns out, special particles called exchange bosons play a fundamental role in how at least three of the fundamental forces act. Particles can feel each other's presence because they exchange these specific bosons with each other. It's like they're sending messages to each other as a way of figuring out whether they should get closer to each other or move further away. Let's look at some of these exchange bosons and think about how they explain some of the fundamental properties of each force. We'll start with the electromagnetic force. For the electromagnetic force, the exchange boson is a photon, sometimes known as a virtual photon, since these exchanges happen so quickly that we don't actually detect them. The photon is a boson, as the name suggests, and is massless, charge-less, and has spin one. They're only exchanged between charged particles. We can draw this kind of exchange in the form of a Feynman diagram, like this. The diagram can be translated into a specific mathematical equation that describes the collision process. Don't worry, we're not going to get into that here, but the theory behind this is known as quantum electrodynamics, or QED. Next we'll talk about the strong force. The strong force acts between quarks, and as you might recall, only acts over very small distances, but 10 to the minus 15 meters, on the order of the size of the atomic nucleus. The exchange bosons for the strong force are called gluons. Like photons, they're massless, and they're only exchanged between quarks and anti-quarks. This time, though, the exchange process is a bit more complicated, because there's the third property, known as color, that determines whether certain quarks can be drawn together via the strong force. There are three possible colors that quarks can have, red, blue, or green. The baryon that each set of quarks builds must be colorless, which means you can have one of each type of quark, a red, a blue, and a green. This is an analogy to light. If you combine red, blue, and green light, you get white. This constrains how you can make baryons. Here you can have a quark-anti-quark pair of the same color. This constrains how you can make mesons. Now, quarks don't really have color in the visual sense. The color here is a visual tool we can use to think about which quarks can bind together. The theory that underlies this explanation is known as quantum chromodynamics, or QCD. And the color is basically another quantum number. It's a handy one, too. It allows us to put quarks, which are fermions, and therefore can't live in the same quantum state, in configurations that might be impossible otherwise. These impossible configurations were, in fact, how color was discovered in the first place. But that's a story for another time, because we have one more force to go. The weak force is next. If you recall, it's called the weak force because it only acts over an extremely short range, about 10 of the minus 18 meters. It happens to involve two exchange bosons, the W and Z bosons. These two, unlike the previous exchange bosons we learned about, have mass. Actually, they're pretty heavy, about 100 times the mass of the proton. This is one of the reasons the weak force acts over such short ranges. Imagine how hard it must be to check huge bosons back and forth. The W boson can be positively or negatively charged, and we denote both types W plus and W minus respectively. The Z boson is uncharged. One good example of the weak force in action is the nuclear beta decay. Let's take a look a bit more closely at how beta decay works on the quark level. We'll choose neutron decay to focus on, rather than look at the beta decay of the specific nucleus. Note that the neutron consists of one up and two down quarks, while the proton is two up and one down quark. In the beta decay process, a down quark emits a W minus boson, causing it to transform into an up quark. The W minus boson then decays into an electron and an anti-electron neutrino, leading to the familiar beta decay products. The W and Z exchange particles were actually predicted by Sheldon, Glashow, Stephen Weinberg, and Abdus Selam in their Electro-Week theory, which combined the electromagnetic and weak forces into one model. They won the Nobel Prize for this work in 1979. The W and Z bosons were discovered at CERN in 1983 by Carlo Rubia and Simon Vandermeer, who won the Nobel Prize for this work in 1984. I should note Carlo Rubia and Simon Vandermeer won the Nobel Prize for this work, but there were actually quite a few people involved in this experiment. Now, we associated the weak forces range with the size of its associated exchange particles, but the strong forces also short range, and its exchange particle, the gluon, has no mass. So what's going on here? Well, the range of the strong force has to do with the fact that we never see isolated quarks in nature. The force keeping them together is indeed quite strong. Now, back to the last force, gravity. It turns out to be the only force that is in part of the standard model. The reason for this is we don't have a quantum model for gravity, and we have found no evidence for messenger particle for this force. We do, however, already have a name if such a particle is ever discovered, the graviton. Now, evidence for gravitational waves was just found by the LIGO collaboration, including some members of the ANU. This means that Einstein's theory of general relativity was right about the existence of these classical waves. But we don't yet have an idea of how to build up an experimentally verifiable quantum theory that is consistent with these observations, as well as all the other observations confirming Einstein's theories of relativity. So there's still more work to be done on this front. Everything we've learned up until now was first put together into a standard model of particle physics in 1974. To this day, the standard model is the most complete quantum model explaining what matter consists of and how it interacts. When we test for physics beyond the standard model, we're searching for clues that the theory we've come up with thus far is perhaps derived from a bigger, possibly more elegant and, more importantly, experimentally verifiable story. In the next video, we're going to learn about how the standard model of physics can be used to understand what might have happened during the birth of our universe as we know it.


Jai Hind, Jai Bharat We are in the Indo-Pak border And as you can see, there are so many young people here And they are protecting us This is the land of the forest This is also the land of the forest This is the first time in the world that we have come here Simarajakrataprahar This is the best land of the forest And, as you can see, there are so many young people here The DSF, modern security force With the news of Simanth, on 26 January three twelve thirty three three three six and five 13 अस्णोशी येट्स्पोन्सेर जिन्दल पान्ठा, तीम्टी रीबार्स, महान नदी कोर फील्स लिमेटेद जो दी आपनों को आमा भीट्रेटी भहला गिला, तेभे आमा चैनल को लिक, शेर, अप सबस्क्रिप करिपा को जमभी भुलों तो नहीं