Okay, welcome back to VMworld Live in San Francisco. VMworld 2013, I'm John Furrier, the founder of SiliconANGLE. It's theCUBE, our flagship program. We go out to the events, instruct the student from the noise. I'm joined here, my co-host this segment is Stu Miniman, wikibon.org, and we always have great guests, usually start-ups, CEOs, but this is a special start-up, and Sony, G and Donnie with Nsimi Networks, which is a very special start-up because it's funded by Cisco. That's right. Welcome back to theCUBE.  You were on two years ago at VMworld when Cisco. Welcome back. Thank you. So tell us, obviously Cisco, and they're a big player. They know a little bit about networking. And so when SDN hit the scene, there was always a lot of naysayers out there saying, oh, Cisco's missing the boat, but Cisco, I taught the folks in there are excited. They know they have leverage. They have a lot of big accounts. And so, is this part of Cisco to be nimble? Is it a different company, separate company, wholly owned subsidiary? Can you display in the company? Sure. Nsimi Networks is a majority on Cisco subsidiary. One of the key areas that we are focusing on is to drive the vision of application-centric infrastructure which embraces some of the constructs of SDN and looks beyond those to see the needs of our customers, data center needs, and also how we're going to drive a more holistic approach, trying applications, as well as networking teams and the security teams closely aligned through a common policy framework. So give us some stats. Employees, kind of the size of the company, what's, did it just get like a pivotal, it's the big, a lot of people involved, or a small team, what's the general size? So Cisco has infused over $100 million within NCMA over the last 17 months of the company being in existence, and we have over 260 employees, primarily development teams, that we have accumulated here in Silicon Valley from startups, as well as some of the fast-moving internet-class companies. So it's a super-charged startup? Yes, it is. Kind of like what VMware did with Pivotal. Something similar, but here it is, yeah, we are structured like a majority on subsidiary. John, I think one of the differences, of course, Pivotal is moved outside to be able to partner with a lot of people out there. I think one of the things that Cisco's done really well with their spin-ins before is it allows them to stay separate, create that innovation without having to deal with the traditional business product lines out there, and typically it's pulled back into the power company. So you think it's, from an innovation standpoint, it's all about speed? It's about going to be about speed while leveraging the ability to bring together the ecosystem, as well as the ability to access such a wide range of customers. That's just co-cators to whether it's the internet-class data center customers, commercial customers, enterprises, and service providers. So what is the big opportunity that you guys see? Obviously, to put this team together, obviously you want to hit a certain market, and how much creativity do you have? You have freedom?  We have the latitude to innovate, where applicable leverage existing technologies, so we're not recreating the wheel, and the innovations will be done across all segments, which are starting at A6 hardware and software. So we do have tremendous latitude to innovate, and bring the talents that have system-level views, and productize and make the solutions available to the customers globally. So, Sony, I think keynote, I know you didn't get a chance to see the keynote this morning, but Pat Gelsinger came out and talked about how virtual switching ports are now greater in number than physical switching ports, and he said, his logic is, congratulations, you virtualization admins, you're actually the largest gathering of network administrators that we've ever seen. So we understand that the boundary between physical and virtual switching is something that's been a little bit of a challenge for many years. Cisco, of course, had the 1000V, but with SDM, things are changing anymore. So what do you see as kind of the state of physical and virtual switching, and how does the kind of the network virtualization and SDM fit into that? So it's, let me try to take your question and first split it out, right? I mean, for starters, Cisco and VM would have a very good strategic relationship in server virtualization and desktop virtualization. That's where the customers are demanding that we continue to work very closely on elements like the unified computing system, which has really taken an industry-leading approach and has become a market leader in such a short timeframe. If you look at the networking world, we have a different view vis-a-vis the NSX world, and this is coming straight from vendors like Gartner that have stated that only 15% of all computers, of all servers, out there are indeed virtualized, and 42% of all customers are multi-vendor from a hypervisor point of view, and over 60% of the workloads will, in one way or another, be cloud-based by 2016. We, as a networking company, have to not just think about physical networking, but also have to factor in virtual networking, and while keeping in mind that a lot of the growth with big data applications and the levels of traffic that are coming into the network are bare metal in nature. So the application-centric architecture, which we are putting forth as where we want to take the industry and take a leadership position in, has to factor in the fact that physical and virtual need to coexist, and that the boundaries of a software-defined network are not just around providing the flexibility of software, but you also have to keep in mind the scale, security, and multi-tenancy attributes that come in from a hardware view as well. So it's about innovating at all levels, ASIC hardware and software, where we feel that the SDN models of today fall short are in areas of mapping physical and virtual, lack of visibility in the physical in real time, so when I'm trying to diagnose or troubleshoot a problem, the onus is on the shoulders of the customer, because the way NSX is trying to bring these architectures together is through loosely-coupled interfaces. How do you deal with Microsoft as a hypervisor? How do you deal with security in this loosely-coupled world? And how do you keep check of all the revisions of all the plugins and the shims that you need to all keep together in this software-only-defined world? Let alone the ability to deal with bare metal, which the scale needs that come about. How do you measure end-to-end latency? How do you look at it from a system point of view and not a box-by-box or a hypervisor by hypervisor point of view? And last but not least, how do I tie it together from an orchestration perspective that is agnostic whether you're using OpenStack, which is something that we will continue to put a lot of energy on through our open APIs, but also how do you tie in customers' existing tools from a lifecycle management perspective and expertise in bringing the worlds of applications, networks, and security all through a common policy framework? So while we are taking an approach of embracing some of the innovations, we are also looking beyond it to see where the problems lie for customers. Ultimately, it's about the applications and the agility with which they want to move and they want the infrastructure and the software to respond to that. That's where the problems need to be solved. You know, we hear VMware talks a lot about their software-defined data center and networking is the next piece of it. Very much a virtualization focused and my understanding NSX can work across multiple hypervisors that can tie to cloud. Not exactly sure how it ties to physical environments as opposed to, NCME has really the application-centric focus. You talked about how UCS fits in. What does the NSX announcement mean for things like the 1000V and the networking relationship between Cisco and VMware? So as I said, in terms of the relationship between the two companies and server virtualization and desktop virtualization, we will continue to be very strong partners and respond to our customers, our mutual customers' needs and tie very closely from a solution point of view. In the area of network virtualization, we have a different strategy. Our strategy is around the application-centric infrastructure which thinks about not just the innovations at the virtual network layer, but also the innovations in the physical networking layer and providing a common pane of glass. Adopting the models that we already put forth in fabric computing with UCS and bringing those same notions and empowering the networking teams, but also tying the security teams and the app teams into that common policy management framework. We also believe that recreating the problem which is what the attempt being made by network virtualization using NSX is not taking away the problem. You're just moving the problem from one layer and adding another layer analogous to ATM LAN emulation. I've been in the networking industry now for 20 plus years. And one of the fundamental reasons why ATM LAN emulation did not take off was because of the complexity as well as lack of scale. So simplicity is a core part of the application-centric infrastructure. And last but not least, having the ability to have real-time policy-based frameworks that can tie all three different groups together is ultimately what will drive the agility in the infrastructure to cater to the varying needs of the application administrator. So I get asked a lot as I spend a lot of time looking at converged infrastructure. Are solutions like VCEV Block and Flexpod, are those really UCS-driven and therefore unaffected by some of the visionary differences between Cisco and VMware? Or will this have some impact on those solutions? I find the VCEV as well as the Flexpod types of converged infrastructure hugely benefiting with the application-centric infrastructure because when you envision the networking elements of these embracing the ACI constructs, you truly experience the model of a converged management model beyond just the physical infrastructure but also tying in the virtual as well as tying in the application areas, which is ultimately what customers are embracing the Flexpod and the VCEs for. So I guess from a visionary standpoint, one of the big question I have is, who really manages this environment? VMware puts forth the vision that the virtualization administrator, they'll pull it all into vCenter, they'll manage that, some of it will go via hybrid cloud. Is it a network administrator in your view of the point or what does the operations team look like in the future? So in the model of the application-centric infrastructure, we clearly are empowering the network buying center through automation. At the same time, we are also ensuring that the security operations team members and the application administrators as well as the cloud administrators are empowered to provide and to have the ability to use the same framework so that you're not manually going across these traditional siloed organizations, which is the case today and bringing the network services in from a separate angle. But because it's a common policy framework that ties in the network, the network services like firewall, server load balancing and all the other network services, as well as the security teams and application teams, it's a common policy framework that now automates while empowering the network buying center is also providing the baseline for these different security and app teams to use the same framework, driving consistency and a common framework across these different models. This also empowers the cloud administrator that has the ultimate job of rolling out applications using a common infrastructure as a service model so that you can drive velocity and you can drive agility at the speed at which your apps can be deployed across this infrastructure through automation. Sony, I got to ask you about the market. Obviously when I get to the VMware ecosystem question because I think that's a big conversation underlay, overlay, are they tool for any job or is it one monolithic software? But also OpenStack, obviously the momentum with Hyper-V and Microsoft showing some traction, you see obviously VMware, they got OpenStack out there, it's kind of like this halfway house for people who want to get some private cloud and public cloud and hybrid cloud and then you got Amazon. So tie all that together. Why is OpenStack so successful? SDN had a nice little role in that and a lot of innovations happening in these cloud models with networking. What's your take on OpenStack? And then compare it with VMware's ecosystem play. So let's look at OpenStack. One of the biggest reasons that customers are telling us that they are latching on to the OpenStack model is that it is giving them the flexibility to leverage an underlying infrastructure including hypervisors that are multi-vendor in nature. And it also gives them the ability to bring in their bare metal applications and it provides them with the flexibility to tie in different elements coming at every layer of the IT stack. That is the beauty about the OpenStack model that leverages again the open source community. No one vendor owns it. No one vendor owns it. And it's giving the buying center the latitude to move at the speed at which their respective IT organizations are moving. It gives them tremendous flexibility. At the same time, it's extremely important to note that when you compare and contrast it to the overlay models of the network virtualization schemes that are being put out there, you would need to make compromises around what level of functionality the overlay network can provide and where you would need to go for the ecosystem or the other pieces. The flaw that I see in this ecosystem play is that you have to, on one hand, be very open. But at the same time, you cannot say I am open to allow for these loosely coupled items to interoperate with each other because who at the end of the day is going to manage the version control, okay? I've got a shim or an adapter or a plugin on vendor A's implementation. I've got another controller that is managing a piece of that. When I change the revision on my controller, who's making sure that the appropriate interoperability testing and all these other loosely coupled elements are held together? And how do I deal with Microsoft Hyper-V in that environment? How do I also deal with security in that type of an environment? Or if the customer buys another vendor's solution, how does that play into this overlay model? These are important questions. So is the book written here, is it still an open book relative to what the ecosystem strategy is for VMware? I believe that it has to reconcile how would you take something like this into production. It's one element to try and put these pieces together through technology building blocks, but the verdict is still out on if you were to take the solution into the market and make it production worthy, how will this fit into a real world production environment? And how does this fit into the lifecycle of a cloud management tool set in terms of version control, security and all the other fundamental items that are very important for the enterprise customers as well as the cloud providers. So Cisco has been very successful in building networks. Obviously Web 1.0, Cisco was the company. In Web 2.0 they've struggled a bit, John Chambers admitted that, but now with the cloud is an opportunity and now the applications are in charge. That's right. And so that is different from to the network. So what is Cisco and what are you guys doing particularly to make that policy hardened or that functionality enabled without a lot of rework or missing capabilities? How do you look at that? And how would you explain to an IT guy, hey, you know, App Tsunami's here, you got some cloud, here's the network. And you're considering OpenStack, you got Red Hat, all this stuff out there, the network, the Cisco or something else, but older networks, what do they got to do to modernize? So if in order for you to think about how do you move into the cloud based environments, keeping in mind your legacy applications, the network has to offer some very baseline functions in order to accommodate the cloud models and the evolving cloud models. It has to have a certain level of SLA capabilities to deliver quality of service, security, reliability as the core elements of the building blocks. The same time we are driving towards a more open southbound API and a northbound API construct that allow you to plug in different elements of heterogeneous components that exist in a data center in terms of infrastructure pieces. And through the open APIs that are northbound, have the ability to accommodate whether it's OpenStack that we need to support, including extensions that you would make to OpenStack, as well as have the opportunity to tie in existing lifecycle management tools that they have today for their networks and empower the cloud administrator to drive a certain level of automation in the networking stack. Third key element is tying in network services. Your security firewall devices, your server load balancing devices, 95% of which are physical, but an architecture that also ties in the virtual environments. How far, how baked out is that today? All that functionality, on a scale of one to 10, 10 being fully baked out. That level of functionality today is a manual intervention. So my load balancing group has to manually assign the policies, my firewall group has to do the same and so does my networking teams and so does my compute teams, right? These are all connecting the dots manually across these different siloed organizations. Expansion, labor issues. Higher OPEX, right? So you have five or six different groups that are trying to manage this rollout of applications in a manual manner. The key is to provide an infrastructure that is independent of the underlying app whether that app is running on Hypervisor A or Hypervisor B, whether it's running on bare metal and providing the basic services in a very agile way to the underlying applications that are expecting those services to come out of this agile infrastructure. So our philosophy in the application-centric environment is really to bring, to bridge the gap or to normalize things, whether it's a virtual environment coming based off of Microsoft, whether it's based off of VMware, whether it's based off of KVM or whether it's a bare metal application. Should have to take away the argument of am I routing, am I switching? It shouldn't matter to your application. Security should be an embedded element of that underlying infrastructure. So who's your competition as a startup? You have to have some benchmarks, but you're kind of a startup but you've got Cisco behind you but you're really out there in the trenches. Who do you see as your competitors? So we do see the traditional overlay models as one competitive alternative but we believe that they fall short of really being in the true competitive landscape because they've yet to prove themselves in the real world. They're competitors on paper. Competitors on paper, right now, you're absolutely right. And then we also see the notion of providing to our customers the same levels of SLAs that they have gotten for their traditional environments in this new cloud era. In this new cloud model, we want to be in a position to offer those same services to this heterogeneous pool of applications, those same level of services at scale. So goals for the next year, I'll see what's your objective for the next year? I'll see you've got to grow the team. Execute. Build the technology. What are some of those execution milestones that your team has? Well, our goal really is, as we have stated when we launched application-centric infrastructure at Cisco Live, is in the second half of this calendar year is to roll out the solution base and to provide our customers with a set of solutions that they can put into their production environments and cater to a diverse set of customer needs. And that's where all our energy is right now is in focusing our energies on executing on what we said we would do in the middle of this year and to execute in the second half of this calendar year. Well, very exciting. I love to see Cisco doing the spin-ins. That's a move that they've done in the past. We'll see how fast this could move with that. And if spin-ins are going to be viable, I'll see Cisco has a lot of muscle and install base. Congratulations and great to see you in a startup mode. Congratulations. This is theCUBE. I'm John Furrier with Stu Miniman. We'll be right back with our next guest after this short break. Thank you.


Everybody Matt here for late in sports cards rip in 2022 Panini Chronicles football hobby six box break number 30 pick your team We have Andrew a Falcons Commanders Andrew R Jets Brad C Bears Brett W Broncos Brian B Packers Chase P Lions Bills Dolphins Corey S Steelers Arriberto G Rams Florent B Vikings John W Cowboys Jonathan W Patriots Josh M Niners Christopher D Chargers Logan H Saints Bucks Matthew P Giants Matt F Colts Matthew G Titans my Z Jags Nixie Ravens Paul B Texans Seahawks chiefs Peter M Cardinals Panthers Raiders Ray G Eagles Richard G Browns and Santos S Bengals Alright, let's do it.  Let me try this again Patriots prison black Gold vinyl Rookie Otto to five Bailey zappy Awesome hit congrats New England. This is two of five. We'll edit it in post Jonathan W man, congrats. That is awesome. Hey, there he is Nice start to chronicles. I knew there was gonna be something bigger in this one Jalen hurts magnitude to 199 Garrett Wilson Every time Forrest leaves the room man George Kittle Walker 149 Chris Olave Luminance Rookie Red Malik Willis Flux and Tom Brady magnitude every time I leave We'll give it to about box four. I don't pull anything big.  All right, then Congrats Pittsburgh gee whiz. This is box to Christian Watson Flux Rookie silver Malik Willis locked it for prison black Rookie. I think we we could skip the recap, right? Is there anything to recap? So I'm gonna make as the cards. I would pull in two boxes Lions Jersey to 199 Jared Goff To recall and rookie to 99 Bailey's zappy legacy rookie. I would have pulled it out of it. It's here. He's 199 by now Is it drew breeze illumination? Yep Saints one-on-one printing plate from 2020 prism football drew breeze illumination pretty solid not bad Rashad white Rookie to 149. This is Ravens Ascension Otto Rashad Bateman Chiquon brisker 199 Chris Olava a dynegon rookie. I looked up dynegon one time To see what it meant Kenny Pickett photogenic And the only thing that came back was like pacific creating cards dynegon like it was So it's just a throwback set type thing Christian Watson Flux Rookie red To 99 Kenny Pickett score chrome rookie When he does it here and there with their like Pacific stuff is in Zenith. They had those Pacific Revolution designs Which we're so obviously You got to keep this going into the select case there. Yeah, can you pick it? Eagles Jersey to 199 Jalen Hertz Chris Olavae 199 Come on and Kenny Pickett momentum rookie. There's a breeze Hall prison black rookie David O'Jabbo to 149 Breeze Hall and Garrett Wilson Jabbo Jets prison black rookie Otto Silver Sauce Gardner And there's a there's a green sauce Green sauce from prison black to 49 pretty good on an inch a lot of some green sauce Awesome sauce there Howl dynegon Dork jar I just have to reach my pocket and pull out a nickel every time this place between You Sam and me this place. Oh my god Our whole paychecks to go to the dork jar Devin Lloyd rookie to 199 Drake London I randomly remember the uh, do you remember the all about sports cards where they did the Poles of the week for a while like a few years ago. Uh, this is Titans to 25. Um, We're gonna have to send an empty box here. That is Legacy rookie Otto green the leak will is nice hit. Uh, there is a like a lift like a thumbnail lift on the Outer layer there. That's five of 25 Um, we'll send an empty box Titans Sorry about that, but I didn't want to not point that out Very nice card other than that issue Crystal Lavey dynegon rookie silver Easy and Malik Willis Yep, you bet Let's find you some more some more jets. There's Breeze Score rookie silver Kenny Pickett Alger and Christian Watson box number three Kenny Pickett photogenic rock purdy luminance rookie Redemption is great iron kings rookie Otto jets breeze hall Here you go, Andrew Nice great iron kings rookie Otto crystal Lavey dynegon rookie silver Jahan sauce sauce I'm Pierce rookie to 25 chronicles rookie black George Pickens Prism black rookie and Clear vision rookie Brock Purdy Willis Kenny Pickett great iron kings rookie Jahan Dotson Rookie to 99 and Brock Purdy score chrome rookie and Christian Watson. My pleasure, man. Congrats Brady Walker Jalen Petrae rookie silver Kenneth Walker prism black rookie And Patrick Mahomes magnitude Jets rookie jumbo jersey to 240 Rees Hall Chaco to 99 ride Steelers invincible Otto Antoine Randall L Pittsburgh sauce 199 Bailey zappy flux That's been a ridder clear vision That's so weird Eric ratz joins the show 11 mlb site seasons as a catcher. Do you know what you play for? You need a walker It's just you would think between there's Malik Willis prism black rookie silver Between actually being baseball fans and breaking No, no Rock Purdy dynegon rookie Kenny Pickett luminance rookie and redemption Nice had his saints essentials rookie autograph Chris Olavae He was a Yankee in Phillies 2010 or 2013 Bailey zappy legacy rookie silver Kenneth Walker Not a ton of bad bats. Oh, it's that bats in a season was 203. So Definitely like a part-time player at best 31 career homeruns And it's 31 more than me in the major Josh Jacobs, Chris Olavae not memo be the show No, they'll be able to be a show I had that in a single series Steelers ascensionado pat fryer muth George Kittle to 99 Breeze Hall legacy rookie chrome We're gonna get into select pretty quickly after this one Falcons rookie jersey to 199 Tyler Algier Staphan digs 199. Kenneth Walker flux rookie Bailey zappy James cook 99 bills Sauce or some black if you're investing in one sleeper from this class Who would it be? So this stuff isn't really hot right now.  Great iron kings. Kenny pick it Seahawks to 50 score Chrome or score update chrome rookie auto gold Kenneth Walker, man. That was a mouthful Nice from Seahawks.  Actually. I was thinking about him I him or maybe James cook, but I don't know they're talking about maybe dawling cook The bills he came at cap to 199 by day. I mean I read a headline about it. Bailey zappy legacy chrome someone said it sauce They Seahawks rookie jersey to 199 to wreak woolen I say trail on berks It's fun digs to 99 He's gonna be really good. I was the first rounder, but like We kind of got lost because titans were not good and they're offense things Yeah, he was hurt for the first half of the season Johan Dotson to 149 rookie red Crystal Lave dynegon rookie and james cook for both of the buck's rookies ought in the tight end Could be good, but for shot white. I think for sure is gonna have a really good year. Yeah, I'm pierce This is raiders pretty iron kings. Rookie out of purple to 49. It's a mere white Aden Hutchinson 99 Kenny Pickett store rookie And cooper cup All right So quick recap We had one of one printing plate drew breeze saints. That's from 2020 prison illumination um Relics we had Jets rookies 240 breeze hall Eagles to 199 jaylen herds lions to 199 jared golf seahawks to 199 to reequal and rookie um Falcons rookie to 199 tyler all year or all garrick. It's all year. I was here.  We are sending an empty box on that one Steelers rookie patch auto to 25 kenny pickett and patriots. This is prism black gold vinyl rookie auto 205 bailey zappy awesome hick great way to uh Close out chronicles football for the day. Appreciate it. Everybody we have select up next


Well, hello everyone. My name is Scott Swanson and I am your host today for the 10th Field to Fork webinar for the 2023 season. Julie is out of town, out of state, actually at a conference, so I'll be taking over the duties today. The Field to Fork webinars are brought to you by North Dakota State University Extension. And if you missed any of the previous webinars, they are archived on the Field to Fork site and I dropped that in the chat a little bit ago. This is the eighth year we've done these webinar series and we're so glad you joined us today. We've archived all the webinars from the previous years. And like I said, those are on those Field to Fork webinar page. You can watch any sessions from previous years. On the next slide it shows our upcoming webinar. I can't say webinars this time because there is only one left. And it is our host, our normal host, I guess, Julie Gard Robinson, she'll be the presenter next week. So we hope you join us for that one next week as well. The next slide shows our webinar controls because of our large number of participants. We invite you to post your questions and comments in the chat. Don't worry about the Q&A button you might see at the bottom. You can just go ahead and type in the chat. So go ahead and try that out like many of you have in previous times and I see you already are you're put in your city in your state. That is great. Go ahead and keep doing that. So if you haven't done that yet, go ahead and click to open the chat, type in your city and state, and it's nice to see where everybody's coming in from. We've got lots of different areas of the country represented California, North Dakota, South Dakota, Michigan, I see a Texas in there, Minnesota, North Dakota obviously as well. The next slide provides our, and just you, I don't know, provides our acknowledgement. I'm sorry. And so as you're working on typing in your city and state, I want to remind you that we have a special request. This program is sponsored in part with grant funding from the USDA's agricultural marketing service.  And as a thank you, we provide prizes to the lucky winners of the random drawings. So be sure to complete the address on the follow up form including the city, state and zip code, so we can mail you that prize. And the next slide shows our NSU policy, the non discrimination statement. And then our next one, we are ready to get started. Again, today. Welcome to today's webinar. I'm pleased to introduce today's speaker. Dr. Janet Connolly is the professor and extension entomologist at North Dakota State University in Fargo. For the past 25 years she's provided statewide leadership in entomology and the integrated pest management program. Dr. Connolly studies pollinators, including bees, surf, surfid flies and butterflies and gardens and field crops in collaboration with Dr. Esther McGinnis, the associate professor and extension horticulturist and master garden coordinator at NSU. So welcome, Jan. Thank you, Scott. And hello, everyone. I hope you enjoy today's seminar and I hope I picked some of the insect pests of vegetable gardens that you're concerned about. First, because I didn't know the backgrounds, if everyone has had a basic entomology class, just a little bit about insects, they are cold blooded, which means whatever the temperature is outside, that's what their internal body temperature is. They have three main body parts, the head, thorax and abdomen that you can see on the beetle. Most insects have one pair of antenna and one pair of leg on each thoracic segment, and there's three different segments. So usually six legs, and then we have two pairs of wings. Here on the beetle you can see the first pair of wings is kind of a hard cover that we call litra. And the pair underneath is membranous that they use for flying. And just to cover the mouth parts because that's going to help you when you're out in your garden, determine what type of insect you have. So the first one is chewing. You can see the large mandibles here on this caterpillar. And the typical injury symptom that you're going to see out in the field is holes in the leaves or missing parts of the plant where they have defoliated the plant through their mouth parts chewing. And then the next most common one is piercing and sucking. This is a stink bug here. And this is a plant bug. And here's an aphid.  The damage that you're going to see on the plant is maybe a wilting plant because they're feeding on the sap of the plant that causes them to wilt when the populations of insects are high.  That's because perhaps the stink bugs was on here and it injects a toxin along when it's feeding. So that causes the necrosis of the plant tissue. So you end up with these dead spots. Also, aphids excrete a lot of honey do and we'll talk more about that later.  It's very common. And you may see some virus like symptoms on the plant, which is generally necrosis spots and plant death. So there's also two key types of development, complete development. This is characterized by beetles, moths, butterflies, bees, wasps, and flies. And they have four different life stages. Here you can see we're using the lady beetle as an example. This is the adult stage. Here's the eggs stage. And here's the larvae, which is the immature stage. And then we have a pupa stage, which is where they do the amazing transformation into the adult. So the each different life stage looks very different. And then they're simple or incomplete development. And this is common in grass supper, beef and plant bugs. It has only three stages adult here for the grass supper, egg, and then a nymph, which is the immature stage. And you can see the nymph looks just like the adult, except that it's much smaller. And the wings aren't fully developed yet. Here you can see just a wing pad. So they can't fly yet, they can only crawl. There's no pupil stage. So just understanding a little bit about the development and the biology will help you a lot out in your garden. And I recommend integrated pest management or IPM. It's just a more sustainable way for managing pests. And we use different strategies to do that biological, cultural, physical, and then chemical as the last resort. And we'll be talking about these strategies for several garden insect pest vegetables. And here's a fact sheet on IPM if you want to Google it from NDSU, but it's more for field crops, but it will give you some more background on what IPM entails. So we do have a toolbox and IPM. And we kind of recommend that you use this in your garden. First and foremost is pest identification. You need to know if it's a natural enemy, a good insect, or a pest that's going to feed on your vegetables. And then you need to know when to get out for pest monitoring. And then thresholds. Sometimes there's thresholds established. And then other times, you know, if it's a more minor pest, there's probably no thresholds that have been established.  And then predictive models. We primarily use degree day models, which take into account temperature. And when the insect will be coming out. And that'll help you time your scouting. So if you wanted to scout for like the cutworm stage, the larval stage of cutworms, you know, you could use a model to tell you when they're going to be in that stage. And then here's all of our strategies over on the right side. And the ones at the top are more preventative ones that we can do, like cultural control, host plant resistance. Then as you move down the spectrum here, you get into more innovation. So you got to use biological control that requires maybe release of some parasitoids or predators. And then chemical control, you need to apply the chemicals. And then of course toxicity would also increase and perhaps risk to the environment. So first principle, know and identify the pest or insect. And here we can see that this is a lady beetle. And this one's the spotted cucumber beetle, which can be a pest in your garden. Then scout, you need to know when to get out there. And if there's any information on thresholds, and then you need to know how to assess and do counts. And then finally, integrate you want to, you know, don't just rely on the chemicals and reach for that first. And I'll make sure you practicing some of the other strategies like cultural and physical control, especially if your garden small enough. So we're going to just go through some orders of insects and I'll talk about some of the key insect past of vegetables. Hemitra. Hemi means half and then Tara means wing. And here you can see this is the brown marmorated stink bug. That's an invasive insect past here in North America hasn't been confirmed yet here in North Dakota, but we have had several interceptions, I guess I should say. But you can see half of the wing is membranous. And then the other half is kind of more leathery. So that's how it got the half wing. So in plant bugs, leaf hopper aphids are all in this group.  And they all have that piercing sucking mouth part in a simple development phytophagus, which means they can be found on multiple plants. And many of them are good insects as well. Predators aphids. So they're very, very small and usually found on the undersides of leaves. So you need to make sure you pick up that leaf and look at the bottom for aphids. And they're usually kind of pear shaped. There's many different species on vegetable crops. But you can always tell it's an aphid because of the cornicals here kind of look like tailpipes projecting out the back end. And color can be varied. Green is pretty common black. There's red ones and gray. So you can find just about any color. So look for those tailpipes to confirm that it's aphid. And then they have different stages where they can be winged or they can be wingless. So it just depends on what stage they're going through right now. So you may see them with wings. That means they may have migrated in recently. And they're on your found your plants. Or if they're going through reproduction mainly and there's plenty of plants, they'll be wingless. So and the other thing with aphids is they reproduce so fast.  And they're all females that are born pregnant. And then they give birth to live young. And then those live young mature quickly usually five to seven days. And then they're ready to give birth to live young. So you can have a telescoping of generations, and they can quickly go from 10 to 100 to 1000 to 10,000, you know, in 10 days. And especially if the temperatures are moderate 72 to 80, that really favors the population increase. So you got to watch the aphids quickly are quite often me often I mean. And then I here's the honey do because they feed on the plant juices and sap in the form. They have high protein and lots of sugars in it so they need to excrete that and they do that in the form of honey do. And you may notice the leaves are actually sticky and shiny in the sun. And that's from all the honey do that they excrete. And then you can get black suity mold growing on the honey do. And you may also observe ants tending the aphids. That's because they like to feed on the honey do. And they actually protect them from predators. But as I mentioned earlier, aphids are the number one vector of viruses and other plant diseases. So there's over 200 viruses or more. And cucumber mosaic virus is one that gets into the vegetable garden on many of our crops.  So it's putting that virus right into the plant tissue. And that's why they can be very deadly to plants. So what you look for when you're out in your garden, you know, look for stunted yellowing plants, maybe some poccering here on the leaves. They'll go after the flowers as well. Here you can see the suity mold from the honey do subscriptions. And overall the vigor of the plant just won't look very great. And you may see some virus infected plants and the symptoms vary quite a bit, but this is one on zucchini. So there's several ways you can control aphids. If you have a small garden, I recommend that you try, you know, using a forced water spray at high pressures. And make sure you get it on the undersides where the aphids are and try to wash them off and drown them.  Aphids move around a lot in the summer, so you may get reinfested as well. And several aphids up here in North Dakota are migratory. They don't overwinter here. So they'll be coming in with different wind fronts throughout the summer. And of course, we have our broad spectrum insecticides, but use those with caution.  So be sure you use those very carefully if you're going to use a synthetic insecticide. And then there's bio-rational insecticides as well. They can work, but often they have a shorter residual because they break down easier from the sun, soil, microorganisms. So you're probably going to have to respray more frequently with a bio-rational. And meme is from a tree that's grown in Asia. Isidaractin is the active ingredient. And some can be phytotoxic to the plant like this hot pepper wax. So you need to be a little bit careful when you apply it. And here you can see some of the predators of aphids. Lady beetle and a lee swing larvae. And there's many, many predators of aphids. Lady beetle is probably the one most people recognize. But you may not recognize the larval stage, which looks like a little alligator. And then here's the resting stage. I get at least 10 questions every year about this because they see it as attached to the leaf. They think it's another insect pass that is sucking out the juices of the plant. But it's just the pupil stage of the lady beetle. It's just attached to the leaf to complete its development. And they eat a lot of aphids as you can see adults over 300 aphids per day. It does vary by species, but this is kind of just an average larvae 30 to 50 aphids per day. So you want to see them in your garden. That doesn't mean you have aphids or some other insect eggs or small caterpillars. Hoover fly or surfeit fly is a fly that mimics a bee. And this one doesn't do anything to the aphids. It's a pollinator actually feeds on the flowers nectar. And then the larvae though are voracious predators. They kind of look like a slug. You can see their headless and legless. And they'll consume up to 400 aphids during its development. I've seen all different colors red, black, white, yellow. So they'll be all different colors, but they kind of look like a very, very tiny slug. And then we got the green and the brown lay swing. Again, these don't do much feeding, but the lay swing egg is laid on the stalk. And for a good reason, because once the larvae hatch, they'll eat the siblings that are hatching from the eggs right next to it. So this one is voracious known aphid predator consumes about 200 per week. And inside the cyclical mandibles here, there's a canal. And that's where it pierces the body of the aphid.  And then we have many parasitic wasps or parasitoids we call them. And they are specific to aphids. And they'll stick the egg into the body of the aphid. And then the larvae will eat the aphid out from the inside. And then the aphid body becomes hollow and puffy and looks like a mummy. So we call these aphid mummies. And then when it's ready to hatch again into a adult wasp, it'll cut a little circular hole and emerge and repeat the cycle. And we also have when it's wet weather and moderate temperatures, we can get a lot of fungal diseases as well that will attack and infect aphids. You can see some of the white mycelia growth around this aphid body. So some of the good insects in this hemipteran group is pirate bug, a very small insect that's black and white. And again, you can see the membranous wing and then the more leathery part of the wing. And it's a very important predator of aphids.  Here's the immature stage. It's more of a reddish color with the red eyes. Here it's feeding on some eggs. So then there's a assassin bug. This is the wheel bug. You can kind of see a little spokes there. It looks like half a wheel. And they're very voracious predators as well. Here's the nymph stage and damsel bug. This one's very common. A lot of people think it's a pest, but it's not. It's a nabbit bug. And you can see it here feeding on the tarnished plant bug, which is a terrible pest. And here we have an aphid that this nymph is feeding on. So again, you're going to see a lot of different insects out there and not all of them are insect pests. Thank goodness. Moving on to the coleaptor or the beetle. That means shield wing for a good reason because that top wing, as I mentioned earlier, is hard. And it's called the aletra. And they have the chewing complete development larvae are often called rubs. And they're phytophagous, often on multiple crops. So first, I'll just talk about a couple of soil insect pests that you may have encountered wireworms. They have a very long life cycle, three to five years. And they spend most of it in the larval stage. The larvae are kind of heavily scaritized or hardened. That's why they have a darker brown color, but they do most of the damage to the vegetable crops. They'll feed and tunnel through the seeds, killing the seed. And also into tubers, the crops that have tubers like carrots, potato, and you'll see these little narrow tunnels into the potato. Now the adults are not a problem at all on the vegetable crops. They don't do any damage. They're known as click beetles. And if you turn them upside down, they'll make a clicking sound as they try to write themselves. They have a little mechanism on the sternum that they need click to get themselves to the right side. And then another soil insect that we have is white crumbs. Again, these are from May or June beetles that we see flying around at our lights at nighttime. So keep the lights off around the garden because you don't want the lights attracting the May, June beetles. They'll just lay the eggs right into the garden then. And they got generally a three year cycle and the larvae cause damage in soil. And they feed on the roots of plants. They're mainly a key problem on grass, your yard and golf courses and turf. So that's where the beetle often is the most damaged, but they do get into your garden as well once in a while. There is a threshold in the lawn, but I don't think there is anything in the home garden. They're very difficult to control because, you know, we're trying to control the library stage and they're there for a long time in your soil. So the best thing we can recommend is cultural control, you know, crop rotation. You'll plant wherever you had the problem. So you had it in potatoes. Well, wherever it was the last year planted as far away as you can in your garden. So on the other side of your garden to try to prevent the soil insects from finding it. And then there is some broad spectrum of insecticides, but it's really limited with the old chemistries of the insecticide no longer available. We really only have, you know, limited chemistry. Carbohol is probably one of the most common ones. There's granular liquid and powder formulations and you apply it right into the soil where you're going to be planting in the row. Usually for soil, I recommend a granular formation because it's formulation because it's safer and it does a better job killing the soil insect because they're around for a long time and it provides a little longer residual. Now, there is some bio rationale insecticides for the grub. There's nematodes. They're called neem seek. And there's different species of nematodes in the formulation, but you need to keep the soil moist. They need moist soil to move around in and find the pest. And then there's a fungal disease, Bavaria bossiana, but I don't think that would be fast acting enough, but it might help prevent or reduce the population for the next year. And then adults, you can try with neem and the perythrides, again, or perythrins, pyganic. And I usually go to our arbico organics to find out about the organics insecticides. They have a fairly good list of things that are available. And then flea beetles. They're a big problem here. I hear about it every year from both the gardener and our canola growers in North Dakota. They have 16 to one eighth inch long, mainly black, metallic, gray, bronze. Some of them have stripes on the wings. And you can see the enlarged hind leg here. And that's used for jumping when they're disturbed. They're on a lot of different vegetable crops. So mainly the bracaicea group, radishes, broccoli, turnips, cabbage. There's one that's potato, flea beetle. There's a spinning flea beetle. So some of them are more specific to just a handful of crops. And I do some work on the species. These two species in canola here in North Dakota. And we're also having problems with them. And the populations are especially high right now. So what you're going to see when you're out there is probably we'll see the flea beetles hopping around their active during the day. And they love the sunny part of the day.  And then the pits sometimes coalesce and form a larger hole. So you're going to see lots of little holes to start with. And then they're going to get bigger and bigger. And the crop is the most susceptible and they can actually be killed in the seedling to the four to six leaf stage. After it gets a little more mature of the crop and developed, it can outgrow some of this damage. But again, it depends on your population. And they do stunt the plant growth and they may even take out some of your plant stand. We do monitor with yellow sticky traps. And you can commercially buy those from gamblers or Great Lakes IPM. And there's some treatments that have thresholds that have been developed for coal crops. That's more than five beetles per plant or 10 to 20% of the leaves defoliated. For control, you know, reduce any bracae weeds that you might have like fleck's weed or wild mustard. That does increase the population in the area. So try to keep those in check. And then planting late might help a little bit because the seed germinates quicker and the plant grows a little quicker when you have warmer temperatures and adequate moistures. And then you can use as a physical control of the plant. So you can use the plant to cover or screening just to keep the flea beetles from feeding and off the young plants. There is some broad spectrum insecticides for the homeowner, but I've had complaints that they don't work quite as well as people would like. And part of the problem here again is that the flea beetles are highly mobile and they're growing something they really like, like radish. And some of the biologicals here as well. You can try. For larger gardens, a trap crop might work where you can plant it earlier. Flea beetles usually come out in May here in North Dakota. And if you plant 7 to 14 days earlier, you can, they'll be attracted to that trap crop, especially if it's like a radish-turning mixture, which they just love. And then once they get concentrated, then you can try to spray them out with an insecticide before and then plant the crop that you're desiring. But you may get reinfestation again. So there's not really a surefire way. They're just a really difficult test to manage. All right, a potato beetle. Another past you've probably seen. Very easy to identify. They're large. They're not something where you need to get your hand lens out. Yellowish, orange, and then 10 narrow black lines on the wing covers. And the larvae changes color kind of when it's younger. It's more radiation than orange, than a pink and cream. And it has the two rows of spots here. And the host is mainly potatoes, but other solanaceae crops like tomatoes and peppers. So what you're going to see for symptoms out in the field, well, you'll obviously probably see the larvae and the adult. The adult does a little bit of feeding, but the larvae does most the significant defoliation. If left unchecked, they can kill the plant. And once they get to the larger, mature larval stage, they do most of the feeding damage. There's some thresholds that have been developed in the vegetative stage, 30% defoliation. And then when the tubers start to bulking after flowering, that goes down to about 10% defoliation. So for cultural control, again, removing weeds and planting early maturing varieties less than 80 days. That way you'll escape some of that second generation of Colorado potato beetles. And then maybe instead of growing them every year, because once they know potatoes are in the area, they come back usually to the same place every year. If there's no potatoes within a half mile away, that does work, I guess. I've never tried it. But you can also just pick the beetles because they're so large. The eggs tear the leaves off and the larvae and then put them into a bucket of soapy water to kill them. There's a lot of biocontrol out there in the field. So you can watch for some of the predators that we discussed. Broad spectrum insecticides are not really recommended at all because Colorado potato beetle is notorious for developing insecticide resistance to just about every class of insecticide that we have thrown at it. So they're pretty much resistant. It may vary somewhat in your area. But even here in North Dakota where we don't have a lot of potatoes, Colorado potato beetle is pretty much resistant to everything. And you need to switch to a new mode of action. It's called insect resistance action committee group, IRAC. And also there's some biorationals that you can try. So it looks like the physical method is probably best if you don't have a real large garden. Some of the good beetles are the lady beetles which we already discussed. There's a lot of different species of lady beetles. So you'll see a lot of variation. Some have spots, others don't. And they're very common in the garden in natural areas. And some have actually been released on purpose for biocontrol of certain insect pests. And most of them are generalists, but aphids are one of the preferred hosts they will feed on small caterpillars and eggs of many different insects. So they're very, very important in biological control. Moving on to the order leprodoptera, a scale wing. If you were to take your finger and rub that wing with it, it would rub off the scale on that wing. And this is for butterflies and moths, complete development.   So coutworms, they're a common problem in the spring with vegetable gardens. There's many different species of coutworm and they'll be active from May through June. The adults are called millermaws, and that's because we often see them flying around the lights at nighttime. Coutworms will feed either above the ground or they may feed below the ground but they're always active at night time. They generally will feed on the roots, leaves and then once they get large enough they'll cut the stems of the plant. And here you can see a close-up of the mandibles and the variegated is one of the more common ones in the garden. But there's different behaviors in the coutworm caterpillar, some of them are climbing, so they'll actually climb up and cause defoliation. Then you have the subterranean ones which stay below the ground and mainly feed on the roots. And when they're mature, the worms can be, caterpillars can be very big up to two inches. Some of them over winter here, others migrate in. So it just depends on the species of coutworm that you're dealing with, but you don't have to worry about identification. You just need to be able to recognize that it's a coutworm. Here's this one's curled up into a C-shape and that's characteristic of what they do when they're disturbed. And here you can see this corn was cut by the black coutworm. So they usually, once they get going, they'll just move right down the row. So when you see this, you wanna, in the cutting, you want to have a trawl with you and dig around in the soil three inches or more deep because they're active at night. So you're not going to see them during the day when you're out there. So you need to look for a freshly killed or cut plant and then dig around till you can find it to confirm that it is a coutworm. They're very, very common on many different vegetable hosts. So they do feed at night. So if you're gonna do any type of insecticide application, we recommend that you spray that, not when it's dark out, but just before the sun sets. And it's important to look at the stage of coutworms as well. We don't wanna be treating for them when they're mature because they're getting ready to go through the pupil stage then.  And you need to be on it, the coutworms for scouting. You know, you need to get on it right away. They can be very devastating. So scout for them early. You know, look for that freshly cut off or wilting plant and then they're most active in the evening so you can even do some scouting late evening and look for them. For control, you know, removing weeds that does attract them to the fields for egg lanes. So just keeping the garden clean. Tilling can also, in the spring and fall, exposes them to predators and also may kill the overwintering larvae or pupa. Then of course they're large. So if you wanna go out in the late evening and hand pick them again, that would work as well. Then you can also use aluminum foil or a cardboard collar and make sure you put it three inches down in below the ground and three inches above around any transplants that you may have. This will act as a barrier. There is some broad spectrum insecticides that you can purchase from your garden supply store. And again, you know, when they're small and spray at night. There's a lot of caterpillars. You'll see them on all your vegetable crops. Some of the more common ones are the imported cabbage worm, larvae and moth and the cabbage looper and the diamond back moth. And then of course our largest caterpillar, the tomato horn worm, that can get to be four inches long. So I'll just cover all these together since the damage and symptoms and control techniques are similar. So they're gonna cause defoliation here. You can see this is the imported cabbage worm and you can see defoliation and they can cause the growth of the plant too to become somewhat distorted and especially in cabbage cauliflower and broccoli. This is diamond back moth where it kind of leaves a little window. The membrane there is still there where they were feeding. And it's a much smaller caterpillar, only about half an inch long.  And for the coal crops, they've been using a general threshold of 30% leaf defoliation as a treatment. So again, clean garden to eliminate overwintering sites and remove alternative lead hose that would increase populations. And then they're out there a lot so you can either hand pick and crush them or drop them into that bucket of soapy water. So you're loading row covers of work to prevent the moths from laying eggs and you wanna get those out as soon as you see the moths flying. There's a lot of biological control out there in your garden. So trying to support that and limit insecticide applications. Here's the paper was that is feeding on a imported cabbage worm larvae. So bio control for diseases. Viral disease. This is a fissile caterpillar or was. And they become very mushy and liquidy and that's oozes out of the insect and further spreads the viral disease. This is a bacterial infection and then you can also have the fungal infections. But you do need the right weather temperature conditions for that high humidity warm temperatures for this to happen. There's many parasitic was. This is one katizia that gets on the tomato horn worm. And here's some more virus infections. And then they're very essential for part of the ecosystem as food for other insects and birds, frogs and rodents. So we do need our caterpillars. And there's many broad spectrum insecticides, but usually they're not necessary in the garden. Unless you have a real large garden where you can pick them off.  The older ones are much harder to control and you probably need a higher rate. For birational, there's several listed here. And then also we have BT, bacillus thuringiensis, crostaceae for caterpillars. It works quite good. Here's another trade name caterpillar killer. However, the key is getting it onto those young larvae. So you don't want to be too late with it because it has to be ingested. And once it's ingested, the bacteria will explode in their guts, create holes, and that's what kills the insect. And it works really well. I've used it and it's much safer for natural enemies and bees. And it is for organic use. Here's some thresholds that were developed by Michigan State. I'm just going to leave these. I'm not going to go through them, but for your information, they have more information on their website there. You Google it. Caterpillar pests and coals crops. And here's from the Minnesota website and some of their thresholds. Moving on to squash vine borer. This is a beautiful insect. It's in the Clear Wing Maw Cessidae family. It's black and orange and very distinctive and has these black spots down the center of the abdomen. There's one generation per year. And the adults are most active in mid June through July. About a half an inch long. And then the larvae's an inch long with a black to brownish head. And they feed for four to six weeks and cause the injury to the squash crops. And sometimes the pressure can be so high that it can destroy your whole crop. So here's what you're first going to see is this wilting, especially if you come out to the garden in the morning and it's wilting. That's a good sign you probably have squash vine borer. And then you'll want to start looking for holes near the base of the plant stem where the larvae bore in. And what you'll see is kind of a bunch of moist greenish orange sawdust frass in that hole. And usually there's several borers per plant. And here's a picture of the hole. You can see that frass in there. And they dug out the larvae. So you can monitor, you know, just look for the moths flying in the garden. And there is a pheromone trap, but it also catches similar species. So you need to be able to separate them and identify them. And then yellow pails are attracted to the yellow color. So you can put some water and dish soap in there to monitor for them. Cultural control, again, you know, move where you have the kerbits and then maybe alternate seasons.  Then you don't want to leave any residue either for the overwintering sites of the squash vine borer. So clean up the garden at the end of the season. And then late planting has been shown to reduce the egg lane period because you're planting later. You're missing the peak egg lane period. So you can use the floating row covers again to prevent egg lane, but you want to make sure you get them out as soon as you see those moths and then you anchor the ends down so they don't crawl underneath the netting and don't plant the kerbits where they were the same area the previous year because then you'll be trapping the moths in with your plants. So just some common sense there. And then of course you're going to need to remove any netting for pollination when your plants are flowering. So you can, a lot of people use a knife to stick inside the stem and try to kill the larvae, but that also does quite a bit of damage to the plant. So it's very difficult to do. And then you can try, you know, we cutting that stem and mounting the soil over it and keeping it moist for new growth. So it'll start kind of a new plant, but that can be difficult since you need to water it frequently at the beginning. And then there is some whole plant resistance. The squash vine board doesn't like the butternut, cucumber melon or watermelons as much as the squash and pumpkins. Chemical control is hard because they're inside and protected in that stem. So you need to really target the base of those stems. And then when they, usually you start the treatments when the vines begin to run, which is late June, early July in North Dakota. And then you supply the dust or the spray to the base of the stem. And my friend tried injecting some bio insecticide into the stems and she got, you know, partial control using this, that technique. Then you need to repeat probably two applications, seven days apart. There's some bio rationale insecticides. The BT, if you look on the website, it recommends only marginal control. And that's because it's hard to get it where the larvae are feeding inside that stem. Because remember the BT must be ingested in order for it to work. And here's my friend, Amy. And she mixed up BT per stock high. And she did multiple injections per plant. You can see she injected it into the base of the stem there. And she did it at one, one weekly interval. And she got some control of some of the plants, but she did lose some as well. Moving on to the order hymenoptera, membrane wing. These are the bees, wasps and soft fly. Complete development. Larvae are often called grubs with the chewing mouth part.  So this is group has parasitic wasps. Many we already discussed them. So I won't spend a lot of time, but they're in this group. You get the mummied aphids. And then moving on to order dipter flies. Dipter means two wings and two halters. So halters are used for balance. So the insect can tell if it's upside down or not. Fly some mosquitoes. Larvae are often called maggots because they're headless and legless.  And I'm just going to show you a good insect. A surfrid fly, which I've shown you earlier, they have the slug-like larvae that feed on soft-bodied insects. And again, just want to end here with emphasis of safety for our pollinators. Many of the plants like musmelon, you know, requires bee pollination, pumpkin squash and zucchini. So we need to be aware of what's going on out there with our pollinators. And please don't spray a flower or flowering crop. Just spray where the pest is and so you can have more targeted sprays. We really do need to protect our pollinators. They're struggling. And I try to avoid spraying blooming plants altogether. Or if I'm going to spray it, I'm very specific. The underside of leaves or the squash vine more whole. And if possible, I use the least toxic pesticide and formulation. And I spray late in the evening when most pollinators are back in their hives or nests, when the temperatures are below 55, using short residual insecticides that break down faster also help. And that's all I have. And thank you for your attention. Jen, great. Thanks for your presentation. We do have some questions here. I don't know if you want to open up the chat yourself, Jen, and read some of them. There is some terminology in there that might be a month for me. If you scroll up, it starts with, I think Paul asked a question sent to us about 219 there. I see lady beetles along with aphids. Do I need to use insecticide as well? It depends. That's a difficult question because how many lady beetles are you seeing and how many aphids? If the aphids are just getting started, then you probably will be okay. The lady beetles will be able to keep up with a reproduction rate. But you really, the aphids are so much faster than the lady beetles. Sometimes they cannot keep up. So you have to watch for that. And it depends on the weather as well. I've had thunderstorms that have come in and washed all my aphids off. And it has to be windy in a severe thunderstorm, but it does work. And also, you know, the growth, the growth stage of your plant. Is it very young? They're more tender then? Or is it very mature? So it depends on a lot of different things there. The picture of the lace wing larvae lifting up the aphids. Yeah, that is what they do. And you can actually identify them with that behavior where they will pinch, the lace wing larvae will pinch it with its claspers there or mandibles and then swing its head back and forth. So you can actually identify it as a lace wing larvae from that behavior. Yes, flea beetles fly. They're very strong flyers as a matter of fact. And they'll be able to find your little radishes. So wherever you plant them, they're attracted to some of the chemicals, the plant cement, the caramones. So yeah, they will get on broccoli as well. Any of the Brick ACA plant. We have time for questions. Oh, okay. A diatomaceous urge? Yes, that's kind of a generalist bio rationale type insecticide. Diatomaceous work. Earth is a little crystal. And you spread the dust usually on the soil or wherever the insect is at. And then they pick it up on their feet and it gets into their spiracles and essentially suffocates them to death. So yeah, it will work on insects like flea beetles. Be sure you, it is safe for the garden, but be sure you wash off your produce. Very good. Triple rinse it. Because you don't want to ingest any of that. Anything. Codling loss in apples. Well, I, yeah, there is sprays that you can use for codling moth. I would suggest you get a pheromone trap and monitor. So you know when they're present and also the density of the moth. And there's some thresholds. There's a lot of work and fruit that has been done in Michigan state. So you might want to check out their website. Yeah, there's a physical control is, you know, probably under use, but it's very time and labor intensive. But it does work when you have the time. Okay, purchasing lady beetles and putting them into the garden from some of the biological supply companies. I guess you can try that. But the part of the problem is the behavior of the Beatles. Once you release them, they have the tendency or the behavior to disperse. Because they want to go out and look for prey to eat and food. So it can be a problem because unless you're in like a greenhouse, it's worked really well where you have them confined, but sometimes in an open field situation like garden in your backyard, they may not stay there. So how can Mason bees come to my nest? I think putting out, I assume you're putting out some nesting boxes for them. They do like to face the sun as it comes up. And, you know, you may be at a too shady area or I just put mine kind of in a protected area too is good. And you just kind of have to experiment in your yard to find a spot where they'll come. There is some fact sheets on Xerces website that are really good and informative. So I would check out the Xerces website. Does planting help with leaf beetle? Yes, a little bit. It's a cultural control strategy. So usually the first fields get hit a little bit harder than the later planted stuff because the beetles come out and then they'll find the earliest fields that they can find. So it could help. It depends kind of on the, I don't know what state you're in or anything. It might vary if you're in California. Do insect develop resistance to be teased and spinosid? Yes, we have had resistance to be teased in the corn. That are very widespread, all the GMO corn. The BT has been incorporated into that. And we have resistance in corn rootworm and nothing in corn, European corn borer. Well, there is one event that growers have found with the European corn borer as well. So yes, they can. They can be adaptive and have develop resistance. Some insects are better than others like aphids are notorious too for developing resistance. But yeah, we shouldn't take any chemical for granted anymore. And we're not seeing a lot of new ones coming to the market either. So it's kind of a scary situation. So that's why I promote, you know, I don't use any insecticide. I don't use any insecticide. And only using insecticides when you really need to. I don't even use in my corn in my garden. I don't use any insecticide. I just break off the tip with the corn borer or the cornier worm.  Jen, thank you so much. That was the last question and we're a couple of minutes after this. Thanks everybody for joining us. Remember next week is the last one. I think the 11th and final one of the field of work webinar series. So please join us again. Next Wednesday at two o'clock central for our last one. So thanks again, Jen.


YouTube what's up, man? There's been a lot of bots lately shooting all types of hate my way Just because they're not good at Madden, but you know who is good at Madden? Disappointed I'm about to play. He's actually the number one ranked Mutt head-to-head seasons player in the world now. I'll tell you rankings in the world man I remember Madden 08. I was ranked number seven in the whole world in head-to-head just regular head-to-head There was no mutt back then I bet some of you bots are saying little it was better before mutt Anyway, I was ranked number seven in the whole world in Madden 08. I thought I was the man ranked number seven in the world I thought I really was a top ten man player in the whole world I mean that's probably the first step like you'll start playing your friends You'll start being them but then once you get online and then you get a good ranking you see your rank man That's the next evolution of competition and then you realize bro There's people that don't really play ranked online the good the best people don't really grind this leaderboard Then you get into that competition So the leaderboards are definitely a stepping stone for competitive man So make sure you guys are grinding them whether they be mutt seasons weekend league mutt draft anything man seeing how high you are And rankings is always awesome and this guy is number one man So and I'll tell you man. He's like a notch below man He's missing a little bit and you'll see during this gameplay one thing. I was this guy does stream His name is Sphinx daddy Sphinx that I'm like what the hell is Sphinx daddy But I actually went into a stream the night after this game man And he's got Sphinx cats, which are like the hairless cats Little ugly if you ask me But you know to each their own and my man had a whole cat castle where the cats can climb on and everything like that So he's a cool dude really chill So if you guys ever check his stream out ever see him playing or match up with him a weekend league Definitely a down-the-earth guy and not one of these little annoying kids So let's check out this gameplay and what I did against the number one Mutt head-to-head player in the world Here we go, man. Now. He's got Seattle Seahawks jerseys. I don't know if they're real bodice or anything Brian Westbrook I put him on kick returns because he won't fumble and I can do wild stuff like that pretty much But let's go ahead and check before the game starts. He is number one a record of 1928 and 802 losses played nearly 3000 games of mud head-to-head Honestly, not the worst record well over a two to one win-to-loss ratio really grinding the game Definitely getting better We see him running a lot as we start here the big nickel the cover three clouds so to speak right there We get cheated do not get our feet in on the corner route. Um, the one thing I oh as we try to throw the in route, but Brian Dawkins swats it and picks it off The one thing about big nickel is really safe You know, it's really safe to play and you see a lot of people running that cover three cloud To make adjustments to turn a cover two into a cover three cloud as Sean Taylor knocks the ball loose Anthony bar stumble recovery get it right back. I love saying the running back fumble We never see that anymore man 20, but right there Sean Taylor put an elbow into his face And normally the only time you're gonna fumble is if you go back to back like that And that's what he did he went back to back runs took back to back hits in the court The running back was tired put the ball in the ground rarely you fumble But we got one right there hit the corner route to Randy Moss We have Randy Moss and Calvin Johnson both activated as clown he comes around that edge and sacks me right there We got second and 19 on a 19 yard line looking rough dump the ball off right here We're not in a good spot to score a touchdown right here So we're gonna go ahead try to hit this post route over the top But Patrick Peterson is not having that I'm one adjustment I could have did that was go ahead and put a flat right out there to hold Patrick Peterson down So he could not drop to the back of the end zone. That's my fault Forced to pass. I got two picks already this game two picks were feeling good Now he's one of the title offset if you guys have watched me play Madden whether it be this year last year I believe Madden 18 was the first year as he throws a dot corner route for a big play to get infill range Oh, actually he did not complete that there you go incomplete. Boom. What do I know? One thing you guys if you guys have watched me since man 18 I've run this title offset as he does this slat streak knocked away because I manned up that guy I've run this title offset for three years now One thing about that is I kind of know everything about it. I know the weaknesses I know what people struggle to I know what it's good for and honestly as I look right here I've tried to hit the cross and I'll hit the playmaker drop But I know kind of how to slow down the basics of Tight offset as right here. I'm looking for that. I'm looking for that crossing route throw it late That's what I mean about way into the last second though, even if it gets picked you might not get his feet down That's what I mean avoiding the user avoiding the middle of the field But we get three points not looking good against his defense so far, but I said tight offset I know the weaknesses. What is it good at max protecting rolling out throwing corner routes? What it's not good at what most people that run tight offset are only good at rolling out and throwing corner routes And once I realized this I start playing a lot more coverage against this guy One four six is something that's going to make him block You know eight people every play as we get a big pick by Ronnie lot right there Can we take it to the Baja?  Yes, I can beat the blitz Yes, I can roll out and I can dot the corner out, but can I beat? Coverage essentially that's the next thing to do as he tries to run a little read option there We're all over it So that's why I decided to hit this guy with a lot of coverage once again You see just leaving this flat open you can have that for a pickup of what four yards or one yard Get to a 30 90 goes to another plate nowhere to go throws the ball away for if and now we're gonna punt So I feel good. This is why I kicked those two field goals because you know When you get the sense that your opponent can't score Just try to put as many points on the board as possible And that's what I'm gonna try to do because you know I'm looking back if he can't move the ball How's he gonna beat you know six points right there another crossing route? We're feeling a little bit better getting our comfort down against this defense now tell you this defense is good next little slant right here Boom Randy Moss, but if you don't have pass rush Kems, what are you really doing? You know, what are these guys gonna do they're never gonna get at me right there Bounced off the hands of Terral Owens second and ten twenty five seconds left in the half looking for this That little in route right there do not get it get to a first and goal boom drag route Just like that. No time left in the second half boom 13 nothing. I feel really good now. I feel like that's gonna be a wrap I don't think this guy can score. I'm gonna keep running coverage. Don't give up the corner route I'm gonna man up why now a lot of times man coverage doesn't work on these corner routes and post routes You have to understand that but it's gonna have a body around it and a body around the corner out post route It's going to make him have perfect timing as he actually dots me right there on a corner route to the right side You know, so we're feeling alright. The time has run out in the first half. He has 30 He has zero points. I don't know if he's past midfield yet You know, honestly, so I said I'm going to bluff the blitz and play coverage every snap for the most part Boom he hits a corner out right there in front of Ronnie lot So once again, I'm just gonna bluff you can have this flat route Especially to a receiver without an ability the receiver without ability you can have him all day. Once again, he goes drag corner route That's a great thing if you're beating the blitz if I only have three people in covers But if I have eight people in coverage, good luck of doing just a drag in a corner out right there We knock away the corner route. I said fourth down. What's he looking for here looking for the post There's Taylor maze in a spy one thing if you guys aren't doing it We try to get busy. Can we take it to the Baja little Juke there little Juke here finally get tackled But if you put that lurker acrobat in the spider six three Taylor maze Little bit more effective than nobody in a spider lurker went up and picked him off So I'm trying he's having a lot of trouble here with the coverage not necessarily the blitz People are good at beating the blitz some people, you know, and that's something you got to realize It's my opponent good at beating the blitz or good at being coverage What's his weakness and you got to kind of fill out your opponent about what they like and what they don't like Because Timmy is different than Johnny, and you know, it just goes back and forth Everybody has their own weakness and right now this guy feel like he does not like this eight man coverage every play And I want to stay with it as long as we can stop this run will feel good. We'll feel great That's why I have I actually what's crazy that I do have now I actually have run stopper as he throws this corner route up boom Randy Moss catches it 33 yard line I think that's the first time he's been in field low ranger in my side of the field But I actually have run stopper on Taylor maze Which is one of I mean one of the more effective things when you're running 146 or dollar or anything like that See those a flat route here gets him to a fourth down. He's want to go for this. It's another flat route here I mean I have a hard flat there, but he's just a little too fat did not get out there in time But I do have run stopper on Taylor maze And and he's doing a good job when people run that inside zone or look for that next play it once again Once again, everybody just eight people in coverage Nowhere for him to really go with the football cover the corner out myself goes for another one. There's Ronnie lot zipping him up He's going to tap out after that. It's only three minutes left in the game And as I tell you the next level of tight offset players man You can beat the blitz you can roll out but add that can you beat coverage? You have to learn your opponent what they're good at and what Now I'll tell you guys man leaderboards are key men and being high in the leaderboards is awesome But there's also levels man the best players in the world aren't playing the leaderboards if you're top 10 and the leaderboards You know it doesn't mean that much one in the comments Let me know if you guys ever ranked high in any type of leaderboard whether it be weekend league whether it be ranked seasons Whether it be mud head to head whatever it may be heavy ranked high in the leaderboards also man I'll tell you one thing about I wish Madden had better leaderboards a better system Because I feel like although his record wasn't bad 1900 800 I feel like somebody with a record like a thousand and fifty losses or something I think they should maybe be a little bit higher I think all in all the Madden rankings for leaderboards, especially head-to-head regs is terrible Really need a whole reboot on that whole leaderboard system because I do think it is a big part of man So just wanted to show you guys this video of me playing the number one ranked mud head-to-head guy I hope you guys enjoyed if you do hit that like button and feel free to subscribe


Welcome back to the Wizards Forum 2023. I'm now joined by the actual strategy and policy coordinator for this whole event, Jitangili Sa. Hello Chris, yes. So you've had to organize this whole event. Yes, Chris, it was a tremendous effort because there are different pieces which are all coming together at the Wizards Forum. So we really enjoyed curating the agenda and the program because we work with diverse stakeholders from all parts of the world. So it took us around five month open consultative process to build the agenda and program. We work with universities, the private sector, civil society, technical community, of course the UN itself because it's a UN process which was set early in 2003 and 2005 that provide us with a guideline of Wizards action lines, whether it be cyber security, whether it be ICT infrastructure, whether it is an enabling environment and so on so forth. Difficult question probably but if you had to point out to maybe a couple of highlights, what would they be for you? I think the key highlight is that all our stakeholders are really happy to be back in a physical environment after COVID. So even though this Wizards Forum is in a hybrid format, people, old friends are really happy to be with each other. So many partnerships have come out of this Wizards Forum. I already heard of people already planning projects to be implemented as soon as they go home. So this is a great achievement. We had more than 1,500 registered participants, physical participants, several others joining us virtually. Very, very good content on space as enable of sustainable development, capacity building, reaching the last mile. How do we all work together to build capacities of people to enhance the use of technology for their lives and their livelihoods. We are also planning on the Wizards Plus 20. So our mandate is still 2025 and the future of Wizards Beyond 2025. So you already saw how important the entire process is to stakeholders and to people all over the world. So what can we do as the UN to ensure that the process continues and is as impactful to them as it has been in the past. Fantastic. So a busy schedule ahead. Thanks very much for your time. Thank you, Chris.


Dear students, in this topic we shall discuss the respiratory pigments. The substances which transport the respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood are known as respiratory pigments. Respiratory pigments are complexes of protein and metallic ions. They have characteristic colors that change with the level of oxygen attached or unattached with them. There are many types of respiratory pigments found in animal kingdom. The most common are the hemoglobin, myoglobin, hemocyanin, hemerythrin and chlorochlorine. We shall discuss these pigments one by one. First we are going to discuss hemoglobin in detail. Hemoglobin is the most common respiratory pigment which is found in all vertebrates and many invertebrates. It is colored bright red when it is loaded with oxygen while its color is dark maroon when it is deoxygenated. It is known as a refer to as oxyhemoglobin when oxygen is bound and is known as deoxyhemoglobin when oxygen is not bound or absent. Dear student, a molecule of hemoglobin has four iron containing heme groups which are attached to a tetrameric globin protein that has four chains, two alpha and two beta chains. Iron in the hemoglobin is in ferrous state that is a valency of plus two. Dear students, the presence of hemoglobin in blood increases the oxygen binding capacity of blood 70 times. For example, a blood with hemoglobin in it, its capacity to carry oxygen is even 20 millilitre oxygen per 100 ml of blood at 30, 70 centigrade and at 1 atmospheric pressure. Without hemoglobin, only plasma can carry only 0.3 millilitre of oxygen. Dear students, oxygen binding does not affect the ferrous state of oxyhemoglobin. When oxyhemoglobin is formed, ferrous iron remains in the ferrous form. But there are some substances which if bind to hemoglobin, they change the state of this ferrous iron into ferric iron. This is oxidation of hemoglobin and it results in the formation of methemoglobin. Methemoglobin is non-functional, it does not bind and carry any oxygen. If there is more concentration of methemoglobin in blood, it impairs the transport of oxygen by the blood. Red blood cells have an enzyme called methemoglobin reductase. It reduces this type of methemoglobin and converts the iron into ferrous iron. This is methemoglobin reductase enzyme. There are many compounds which increase the level of methemoglobin in the blood. The affinity of hemoglobin for carbon monoxide is about 200 times greater than it is for oxygen. If carbon monoxide is present in the air, it displaces oxygen and saturates hemoglobin. As a result, carboxyhemoglobin is formed. Carboxyhemoglobin also reduces the transport of oxygen from the blood. As a result, anoxia is caused, it impairs brain functions and it may prove lethal. Dear students, the second respiratory pigment, myoglobin, has much higher oxygen affinity than the hemoglobin. It is not found in the blood or any circulatory fluids. It is found in vertebrate muscles and is used to store oxygen. These stores are used in the times of necessity or need. Hemocyanin is a large copper containing respiratory pigment which transports oxygen in many mollusks and arthropods. It is coloured light blue when it is oxygenated and colour less when it is deoxygenated. The reason is that such animals who have hemocyanin as a respiratory pigment are caused by their blood to be blue. Hemerothrin is another respiratory pigment which is coloured violet pink when it is oxygenated. It is colour less when it is deoxygenated. It is used for oxygen transport in only one member of phylum anelida while the marine invertebrate phyla priapolida and brekyopoda are found in all of these members. Dear students, the chelorochlorine respiratory pigment is a dichromatic compound which appears in dilute solutions in green colour and is seen in concentrated solutions in light red colour. It is a respiratory pigment of many anelids, particularly marine polyketes which have chelorochlorine respiratory pigment.