First of all, thank you so much for joining today. So this paper, which is a joint work with my co-authors, Saurabh Paul. So in this paper, we are trying to understand whether a dominant social group in a neighborhood can influence the learning outcome of the marginalized children or not. So let me start by giving you a brief background of the Indian education system. So what has happened in the last few decades, India has undertaken a significant reforms in its education system with the introduction for service Iksha Abhiyan, which means education for all in 2009, 2001, and this was later reinforced with Right to Education Act in 2009. One of the important objective of these reforms has been to universalize the education and also to bridge the social and gender gaps, particularly at the elementary school level. Now, as a result of these reforms, what has happened in the last few years, in the last decades, India has achieved almost a universal enrollment rate, particularly in primary schools. So more than 96 percent children are in the age group of 60-14 years are now in school. Now, as more and more children are now in school, what becomes interesting to understand is whether they are learning anything in school or not. Unfortunately, learning assessment at both national and international level shows a very grim picture. So large number of students in India who are enrolled in school, but they are not equipped with the basic reading and writing skills. So for example, this is in 2018, annual state test of education report, find that only half of the children who are enrolled in grade five can actually read the text which is meant for the grade two. So the student reached the grade five, but they still can't read. So 50 percent of them still can't read the text which is meant for the grade two. Similarly, only one-third of can do a very basic skill which is the division. So they are in grade five, but one-third of them can only do division. So two-third of them can still can't do the division. So this is from the India. Even at the international level, India took part in program for international student assessment where India ranked 72 out of 73 countries in 2009. So clearly children are going to school, but when it comes to learning, there is an inadequate learning. So this in itself is a big challenge that low learning level, but what I'm going to talk about is not only these learning outcomes are low, but there is a huge intergroup disparities in these learning outcome. The group that I'm talking about is a social group. So some of you might be aware that, so in India, based on, so India has the caste system, the traditional caste system where some people are by the birth they are placed. So there is a social hierarchical system where some groups, some part of the population are placed at the top of this hierarchy. Some are at the bottom by birth and some are the outcasted, like they are not the part of these hierarchies. And the two groups which are not the part of this entire hierarchy, they are considered as the two most disadvantaged socioeconomic groups in India. And these groups have been subjected to centuries of exclusion and discrimination. And in our constitution, so they have been referred to as schedule caste, the SCs and the STs. So they are the two most marginalized group in India. Then they constitute roughly 25% of the India's population. Now in efforts to uplift these two marginalized group, government of India has provided them with several affirmative actions so that they can come up with the rest of the population. However, despite these efforts, these groups still remain over-represented among the illiterates, low level of occupation, consumption, and wages. And coming back to the learning level, so what I'm trying to show you in this graph, so we have five learning skills. So there are students who cannot read at all. So these are for the children who are in the age group of eight to 11 years, and so they cannot read at all. So the blue depicts that proportion of students who cannot read at all, and the highest score is the kids who can read a complete story. And we have three groups, the SC, the STs, the two marginalized group, and the rest of the population which is non-SCST. So what we see here is that the larger proportion of students from the non-SCST background can read a story, which means they are on the higher learning skills, whereas the SC and STs are over-represented at the lower level of learning. So 20 percent of the students from the schedule cast, they cannot read at all. They are in the age group of eight to 11 years, still they can't read at all. Similarly, the proportion is 19 percent from the student who's belonging to the ST. So this is for the reading skills. If you look at the arithmetic skills, once again we find that the SC and STs are over-represented at the lower levels of learning. So the proportion of students who cannot recognize numbers are higher from SC and ST background compared to the non-SCST. Now, why do we think that it's a problem, that some groups are doing good, some groups are, why do we need to address this? Well, if you want to achieve the goal of inclusive education, we have to pay attention that nobody should lag behind. Not only that, the education, we all know that education is associated with the social and economic mobility. The deficit that you see at a very early on, at the school age, they just magnifies over time. So if we don't pay attention at the right time, and pay attention at the latest stage, it just widen up. So we have to pay attention to these inequalities that we see at the right age, when the children started going to school. Now, what the literature suggests? So if you look at the literature, literature has mostly directed attention to two sorts of factors. So why the children from the schedule cast and schedule drives perform a lagging behind compared to the non-SCST is, so one could be the individual or the household factors. So most of them are coming from the parents are the first generation learners, so they don't get any help. The parents are poor, they cannot send them to the, let's say, private usians, or they cannot send to the good schools, or they're not getting any help from the school. So one set of factors, one set of literature has directed attention to these kind of individual and the household-related factors. The others are the school factors, like the type of the school that they are going to, the public versus private, or the teacher's discriminatory behavior towards these groups in the school, can explain that why they are lagging behind compared to the other population. So why we believe that certainly these are the important factors to understand these gap, but still we feel that these gives a very limited explanation. In this paper, we are trying to argue that it's the village social structure that also plays a very important role in understanding the low learning levels of these two marginalized groups. So by the village social structure, I mean, so assume that we have a neighborhood. Now, which group is a dominant in our neighborhood, can that determine the learning outcomes of these marginalized kids? With this, we are making the contribution to the literature that we are trying to look at this new factor which is a village social structure, and also we are trying to move away to this emerging literature which is, so usually the social identity is associated with the individual or the household. But in this paper, we are trying to look when the identity is associated with a larger geographical unique like a village and its impact on the economic outcome which in our case is a learning outcome. Now, how do we think the village dominance plays any important, can influence the learning outcome? So neighborhood and community plays a very important role in the social and economic mobility for the later life. So there is a literature in USA and Europe which suggests that neighborhood that the child lives in when they were young plays a very important role in their later life outcomes. So think of a situation. There is a kid from a marginalized caste. So in the first case, assume that he's staying in a village which is dominated by the higher caste, the other caste group. So in such setting, the caste of the marginalized kid is very salient, right, because they are in minority and the higher caste is a dominant group. So they may experience a higher stress, differential treatment in such setting, which lower their confidence, and thereby they perform lower, then their learning outcome is low. Now, in the other situation, the higher caste, so there is a literature which suggests that the higher caste dominated, the non-SCST dominated villages are also the privileged villages in terms of getting the good quality of public school. So when the marginalized kid is staying in these villages, it also means that they have access to the good quality public schools, which can influence their learning outcome positively, right? So in the first case, it could affect their learning outcome negatively. In the second case, it could affect their outcome negatively. Now, which of these effects is dominant? It's something that we try to empirically seek in this paper. Okay. So how do we define the village dominance? So this concept of village dominance is not new. In fact, it is borrowed from anthropology and sociology literature, where the village dominance is defined as a group based on the economic power. So the group holding the maximum economic power in a village or in a neighborhood is said to be the dominant social group. Now, recently this dominant caste or is in the empirical literature, how is it defined as based only on the economic power? So based on the land ownership. So let me tell you what define we use. So we use a caste dominance, so basically this which group is dominant based on the economic power, which is arising from the land ownership. So for example, if the SC owns the majority of the total village land. So in the village, let's say there is a 100 percent land. Now, 80 percent of the land is owned by the SC. We say that the SC is a dominant group. So whichever groups owns the majority of the land in total village, they have the maximum economic power, and that group is said to be the dominant group. We use a recent round of Indian Human Development Survey, which was in 2011 and it's a nationally represented survey of 42,000 households in 1500 villages. A separate schedule for reading, writing, and arithmetic skills is also canvas in this schedule, which help us to determine the learning outcome of these kids. So our main assumption here is that this village dominance variable, which is our main variable of interest, is exogenous. Now, why do we think is exogenous? Historically, it was only the people of the upper caste or the higher caste who owns the most of the economic resources, and they were the dominant caste. In 1950s, what happened is that they were the landlords and the people from the lower caste were working on their land. In 1950s, there was something called Abolition of Jamidari system, where the land was given from these higher caste landlords to the people who are working, which is mostly from the lower caste. So the economic power redistributed from the higher caste also to the lower caste, and that's how even the lower caste also became dominant in some of the villages, and that's the variation that we try to exploit in this paper. After 1950s, there is nothing major in terms of the land reform system that could redistribute this land. So village caste composition and land settlement patterns have remained essentially unchanged after 1950s. So if you look at these two years, 2005 and 2011, we see that the village which are dominated by different group is fairly constant. So the proportion of village which are dominated by SESD and non-SESD is fairly constant. So the assumption that the SESD is exogenous is proved there. The other concern that it could be that people will migrate to the villages with a better economic outcome, it's also less likely in our sample, because more than 95 percent of the sample in our village has been staying for more than 50 years in their village of residents. If you also look at the change in the land ownership between 2005 and 2011, again, it's close to zero. So there is no significant change in land. Also the sale and purchase of land in rural India is quite low. So coming back to the main, now I'll just talk about my results. So what are we trying to do? We are trying to test this very simple hypothesis, so you and me, we both are from the marginalized caste. You are staying in a village which is dominated by your same caste group. I'm staying in a village which is dominated by the higher caste group. All other things are same. We have same socioeconomic status, we are going to same type of school. Do we see any difference in our learning outcome just because our neighborhoods are different? That is what we are going to test now. Okay. So the first thing is the identity, these are the kids. So SC is the social identity of a kid, and this is the identity of a village. So what we are trying, we have two learning outcomes. The one is cannot read at all, and the other is can read a story. The lowest and the highest outcome. So what we see here is that if you look at how the SC kid in the non-SC-ST village is performing, the SC kid in the SC dominated village is performing, and the SC kid in SC dominated village is performing. This is what we are going to see. Okay. So if you look at the proportion of the kids who cannot read at all, so the proportion of SC kids who cannot read at all is higher in a non-SC-ST dominated villages. So when the neighborhood of the SC kid is dominated by the higher caste group, they are more likely that they cannot read at all. If you look at those who can read the story, which is like getting the highest score on learning, we find that the SCs, the higher proportion of the SCs in their own caste dominates. So 37 percent of the SCs can read a story when they stay in the village which is dominated by their same caste compared to the higher caste group. This is for the reading skills, and this is also true for the arithmetic. Once again, we see that the proportion of the students who cannot recognize number, the SC kids are lower when they stay in their own caste dominated villages compared to the non-SC-ST dominated villages. They do similar in division. So for SC, the clear pattern is that they are doing better in their own caste dominated villages compared to the higher caste dominated villages. For STs, we do not find a very clear pattern. One of the reason could be that, so more than 70 percent of the SCs, they are basically the tribal population, they stay in the village which are dominated by their caste, their same caste. So their integration into the other caste is still very low. So we are not able to exploit that variation in the dominant caste, and that could be one reason that for SCs, we do not see a very clear pattern. So these are the main findings of the paper, that for the schedule caste students, we find that they are doing better in their own caste dominated villages in both reading and arithmetic skills. Next, we just try to see whether these results are robust or not. So while we believe that our village dominance variable is exogenous, there could be several other confounding factors which may influence our outcome. So what we do is that we run a very simple ordered-property model because our outcome variable is in the ordered model, is the ordered variable, and we just run this model and see that once we control for the parents' education, socioeconomic status, the type of the school that the children are going to, whether our results hold true or not. We find that our results does hold true. For SCs, we find that the own village advantage remains significant even when we control for the bunch of important variables. For SCs, we do not find any significant results. This is true for both reading and arithmetic skills. Okay. So this was the first part of the paper where we show that the SCs are doing better in their own group. Now, the question is, why do we think that the SCs are doing better in their own caste-dominated villages compared to the non-SCs-dominated villages? Here we try to highlight the role of the teacher's behavior. So we try to check whether the teacher's behavior towards the SC children differ in different types of villages. So we all know that teachers are believed to the fundamental agents who influence the learning process in schools. Now, in India, the practice of verbal abuse and the corporal punishment is legally probated. So teachers are not supposed to do it. It's legally probated. But still, in 2011, more than 40 percent of the parents reported that their kid has been beaten up in the last 30 days, or has been scolded up by the teachers in the last 30 days. So despite the legal probation, the one of the most common way to ensure discipline in school is the corporal and the verbal abuse. So what we do is that we try to measure the teacher's behavior through these three indicators. So whether the child has been beaten up in the last 30 days, whether the child has been scolded in last 30 days, and whether the child felt that the class teacher has treated him or her unfairly. This is the teacher's behavior towards the SC kid in the non-SCs-dominated villages and SC-dominated villages. So remember that SCs were doing better in their own caste-dominated villages. So what we're trying to show here is that the student are more likely to be beaten up. The SC children are more likely to be beaten up, scolded, and treated unfairly when they stay in the village which are dominated by the higher caste, compared to their own caste-dominated villages. So this could be one channel that teaches behavior towards the SC children vary across different villages, which may explain that why they are performing higher in their own caste-dominated villages compared to their own caste-dominated villages. Okay. Now why do we think the teachers misbehaved with SC children in the higher caste-dominated villages? Now one could be there is now this literature which shows that teachers sharing the same characteristics with the students are able to understand the student needs better, because they can understand the struggle that they are going to. Now in the non-SCS-dominated villages, the proportion of the teachers which are coming from the higher caste is higher. So there is a higher social distance between the SCs and the non-SCS-dom, because the teacher's caste is different, the student caste is different, and they may not be able to understand the vulnerability of the student, the marginalization of student that they're coming. The other thing could be that the teachers exert more influence and power in the non-SCS-dominated villages. So the teachers know that the SC is a minority caste in this village. So they know that even if I misbehave with them, they don't have power or voice, and nothing will rebound on them. Nobody will complain about me, because they are the minority caste. But whereas in the SC-dominated villages, the teachers know that this village has been dominated by the SCs. So they have the whole the power. So if I misbehave with them, it will rebound on me. People will get collect, where the people will file a complaint against me or people will take action against me, because they are the dominant caste, they have that power. So these are the reason that we think that why the teachers misbehave with SC children in the villages, which are dominated by the non-SCSGs. We also try to explore the several other possible. So while the teachers behave as a one channel, we also try to look for the other alternative channel. So think of a situation, it could be possible that it's not the teacher's behavior, but let's say the quality of the school in the SC-dominated villages is better. Or let's say that it's the overall discrimination in the SC-dominated villages is low compared to the non-SCSG-dominated villages. So that improves the confidence of the children and that's why they perform better. And so it's not the teacher's behavior, but the overall discrimination in the village from the people, from the neighborhood, that could explain. We do not, it could be that the parents of the children, aspiration in the different villages could be different. So the SC parents may have a higher aspiration in their own dominated villages, which could influence their learning positively compared to the non-SCSG-dominated. But we do not find any of these alternative channels to hold true, which kind of make our, the channel of teachers behavior even more important. So these are the main findings of the paper. We find significant intercast differences in both reading and writing, in both reading and arithmetic skill. We find that the SC children they score higher when they stay in the village, which are dominated by their same caste group. And one of the important channel that we find is the probability of beaten up, scolded and treated unfairly is lower when the SC children stay in their own caste-dominated villages compared to the higher caste-dominated villages. We also did certain robustness check. So we use alternative definitions of village dominance. So far we define village dominance based on the economic power, but we also use the population. So which group is numerically strong? We also define our village dominance based on that. We also combine the population and the land share. So basically both the numerical power and the economic power and created a new measure of village dominance. And yeah, and we find that our results hold true. Instead of reading and arithmetic, we use the writing as a learning outcome and we find the similar results. Thank you. Thank you.


I would like to introduce to you the Republican candidate for the United States Senate in Florida, a great congressman and a fighter for liberty and freedom in the United States that has aroused around the world. Connie Mack. Jeb, thank you very much. First let me just say thanks to the President for not only making the trip to come down here and support me and my campaign, but also making the special effort to have a few moments to meet with you to listen to some of your concerns. As you know I started my campaign down in Key West Florida and I picked that spot because I wanted to make a very clear statement about the importance of freedom as an objective in our foreign policy and I did that because it's only 90 miles from the coast of Cuba and I wanted to make the point about the Cuban people living under the harsh and absolute domination of a communist tyrant. And so it is a great honor for me to be here today with the President of the United States. I would say the chief freedom fighter in the country today. Mr. President. Connie, thank you. Thank you very much. Well I'm very pleased to be here with Connie Mack who has been such a staunch fighter for everything that's good in Washington and I'm hoping that all of you will make sure that we get him back in Washington. Thank you, sir. And I'm very pleased to meet with all of you again. I have one thing that I would like to reiterate and namely that as far as this administration is concerned, the freedom of Cuba and Cubans is non-negotiable. The rumors in the, well in your community that there will be a thaw or a warming in our relations with Cuba are unwarranted and they're based on false beliefs that my administration is secretly plotting to become friends with Fidel Castro. Well he is responsible for continued human rights violations and for spreading war and terrorism throughout the world and Castro is not and never will be a friend of this administration. I've worked diligently to fight the spread of communism all over the world. As one example of our efforts against Castro's brand of communism we have founded Radio Marti and thanks to Connie Mack's commitment plans are now underway to establish TV Marti which will give Cubans a chance not only to hear from but also to see the free world. We've taken forceful actions in repelling Soviet and Cuban-backed forces in Nicaragua, Angola and other areas around the world. Communism as a form of government is a proven failure but my administration will not apologize for participating in talks that may bring peace to war-torn areas including Angola, a poor country that has been ravaged by fighting perpetuated by Castro. I wish for this region to be free and stable with peace and democracy there is an opportunity for growth. Two years ago we initiated a worldwide offensive against the human rights violations of political prisoners in Cuba. I appointed a brave Cuban-American, Armand Valladeros, as our ambassador to lead the United States delegation at the United Nations Human Rights Commission at Geneva, Switzerland. The ambassador Valladeros has been critically important in our effort to bring sanctions against communist Cuba for its human rights abuses. For the first time after our American representatives at that commission that we have tried to point to the violation of human rights going on in Cuba, this time with his leadership we succeeded and a UN commission has been appointed to go and examine for itself to see the violation of human rights in Cuba. We for two years ago we, well I think I've said about all I can say on that we're working hard to find ways to bring freedom seeking Cubans to the United States where they can start new and more productive lives and during the next several months I expect our programs will bring thousands of Cubans to our shores. This administration has been active in its opposition to the Soviet supported Marxist rule of Castro and as I said to many of you on May 20th Cuban Independence Day in the heart of the Americas the long night of totalitarian rule cannot endure forever so long live the dawn of freedom and Viva Cuba Libre. Dr. Gomez. President before everything I would like to say to us to discuss certain problems with our community. We thank also you for your statement because you have expressed in very precise terms that there is not any possibility of normalization of the relationship of the U.S. government with the Cuban government and that statement is very gratifying to all of us. We know Mr. President that you have been a great champion of freedom of democracy of human rights throughout the world. We know also that you have not been able to do in this connection all the things that perhaps you have in your mind but you have accepted and you have faced great difficulties to help the cause of freedom. I remember here in America for example in the Caribbean the case of Reynada in Central America Nicaragua and all the rest of the Latin American or the Central American countries that has been receiving substantial help from your government and for all these things Mr. President we admire, we respect you and we love you but I'm sorry to say that besides these things there are certain confusing elements in the foreign policy of the United States in regard to the case of Cuba. We know that these things do not come from you because we know very well your position but from other sources or circles of your government. I referred for example to certain cultural exchanges that have taken place recently to the granting of visas to some show people coming from Cuba who are in fact politically against the Cuban government and that has been going around the country spreading their communist propaganda to the recent immigration agreement to the exchange of natural technicians to the rumors of developing some commercial relationships and weakened the embargo against Cuba to some move to improve the communications between the two countries. These things I'm sorry to say Mr. President we feel that are a little confusing and give to the public the idea that the U.S. interested in increasing its friendly relationships with Cuba and eventually to normalize its relationship with that regime. We would like to hear your opinion in connection with these precise points so that we can convey your message and your ideas to our community who you know love you very much thank you very much thank you if I understand correctly I'm having a little trouble with a hearing aid here this morning if I understand you correctly though you did did you say that we had people coming into the United States who representing the Castro government and no I said Mr. President that recently has been granted to Tropicana the true pair of Tropicana and these people are in fact agents political agents of the government and they have been here in the United States and they have come to New York to Los Angeles and of course as political agents they have been spreading their political communist propaganda. The State Department have given visas to these true pay. Now I'm sorry I think I've got a battery failing here. Well I'm I guess I haven't paid much attention to that I'll look into what you just told me and if that's what is going on yes we'll take action and I shall look into it that's about the only answer that I can give you right now because you've told me something I was not aware of. Well we are very grateful for your attention Mr. President thank you very much. Alfonso Perez. Good afternoon Mr. President my name is Alfonso Perez and on behalf of the Cuban community I thank you sir Governor Martinez, Mr. Gutelus, the Republican Party and last but not least Congress Congressman Connie Mack with whom I serve as co-chairman in Dave Kehlany. Mr. President the issue that I wish to bring before your attention sir is the issue of the Orlando Bosch case. The case is a case that in the opinion and the consensus of this community is not a legal matter it's a diplomatic a political matter. The man has served for 11 years in a Venezuelan prison and been acquitted twice. I must tell you sir that as an attorney I find that incredible. He because it's not a legal case most respectfully sir it's a political case it is undoubtedly clear that the Cuban government has used Orlando Bosch as a pawn and is undoubtedly clear that should the immigration and naturalization service take the action which it has promised and that is deport Orlando Bosch on July 7th that is akin to signing his death warrant sir. Mr. Castro has already said that publicly and from reliable incredible sources I have materials here for your consideration if you would like specifically a defector from the Cuban government has publicly stated that if Orlando Bosch is deported from this country you'll be summarily killed and we implore of you to take action. I would be glad to have that additional information because I have knowing that this was of concern to people here I have some information with me that is a little counter to some of the things you said his re-entry into the United States was illegal but there isn't much that I can say about his situation because much of the information regarding his case is part of the ongoing legal proceeding and it's my understanding that the immigration and naturalization service is currently reviewing his case so I would appreciate having that and seeing that they get it but in any event I can tell you this he will not be removed from the United States without an opportunity for a full and fair hearing and a complete review of his case by the courts but I as I say I can't continue with some of the information that I have because of the legal ramifications of that and commenting publicers I'm sure you of the law could well understand thank you sir the other but I can assure you of that last that there will be a full and final hearing before any action is taken I thank you for that anyone else had a question I go I'm getting a signal that I guess I have to move on to the next event I was hoping that I could stay for some more some more questions well there'll be another time for that so I'll just take the congressman with me and when I go and I just desperately hope that very shortly you'll have to learn to call him senator town and liberated our country well mr. president there will be times in the years to come when there will be questions about the crossroads of America in the 1980s and we will respond that we will never forget that it was your policies that created this economic growth that was your policies that put 16 million people to work that was your policies that brought down inflation interest rates and unemployment mr. president we will never forget that it was your policy that strengthen America's defense so that you could go to the Soviet Union and negotiate from a position of strength liberated the people of Grenada that was your decision to raise Lydia to send the time we will never forget that you gave America back its faith and its product the core of all human progress ladies and gentlemen the president of the United States first in war, first in peace, last in the American League but next year, thanks to you, 1.3% yes Soviet crisis and the sinking of economy that's what the other fellows was all their service about compassion inflicted on the American people. The economy was called a stagflation. The Democrats termed it malaise. The liberal pundits that was part of America's inevitable decline. But we came in and said the only thing that was inevitable employment source and federal revenues actually increased. This should we expect that if the Democrats all but certain presidential candidate is elected that he would raise taxes. Yep, in fact he just did. Not only is he high taxes as governor of Massachusetts but in the last five years he has increased Massachusetts in America's small businesses. Senator, you fight for greater opportunity and prosperity for America. While American businesses, mostly small companies, were creating nearly 17 billion new jobs, Western Europe created none. Not one. Back in 1981 we passed a proved jobs bill. We favored the toughest of comprehensive drug enforcement policies including the death penalty when narcotics traffickers couldn't get murdered, the staunchly defendant of the Social Security System to ensure that it will be physically sound and available for Americans who worked so many years to earn its benefits. Yes, Connyman cares about the


Ee. Ok. First of all, I would like to thank the organizer for inviting this, this talk from LHC in this of course, Holy etwas Theoretical Physics, right? So anyway, I will try to give you an impression of, of the Super Symmetric Searches at the LHC and also the search for V tak without candidates, which is also one of the very important tasks that the LHC is trying to fulfill. So, first of all, as YESMASSEM already said so the LHC has resume ... Let me tell you some words about the status of the LHC. So the LHC has resume the operation 13-DV, the run two is ongoing right now. In z junim 3. 2015, nalžujem stavlje kolizije in fizike, v svoj rovi, ki je vse izgledaj, z kvažjeva, da postožibem začnevenje.  Ko ga sem vzela, to je naša umjeljena, je naša umjeljena in je bilo, je bilo, ko se vse naša umjeljena. To je tudi, da se tega vse naša umjeljena, to je tudi, ko se naša umjeljena. To je vse naša umjeljena. To je vse, da je vse nekaj tukaj, da se je vse naša umjeljena. Tukaj, mi je tukaj, da ti je naša umjeljena. in da sem daj, da se nekaj pridem, da počekaj na randu.  OK, načo, kaj je očetno, nekaj nekaj nekaj pridem, Nisu to izgleda, da smo vzostali, da smo se pomečnih zelo, da smo se možno izgledali, da so neko imeli, da so neko se otvoreno, da je indovodena presežen. Zelo, da je na koronarstvu, da so nič na naprej, in da so dala vse naprej, da se naprej, da so nič na naprej, da mi nekako izgleda. Nelimne, da se naprej, da so načne.   Zelo dve vzela se zelo dobro izgleda, začno za kraj, ki se snjeli in prihovod vzela, in prihvrej pri te cavlji, da so vzela izga tudi tudi vizije, ki se zelo, da je začin qya na vzela, As experimentarists, we know that the reach of an accelerator or a collider is depending on the center of mass energy, obvious, because that gives you the possibility to create this particle in the collisions, and then the luminosity, you need enough luminosity, because if the cross-sections are small, of course, you have enough events also to apply cuts and then discriminate from background. As we will see in the next plot, we know that the reach of the LHC at 13, 14 TV is of the order of 4, 5 TV. So we will explore this scale, this energy scale, or this mass scale at the LHC around 2 and beyond. Is this then the new physics, which could explain some or all of the questions, standard model and beyond, that matter, residing in this mass range? Of course, this is a question you cannot answer, but we have indication, we have seen throughout all many talks, which have begin here, we have indication that that is probably something going on in this mass range, or is the energy range. So we hope to see something. As you know, supersymmetry provides motivation for new physics at the TV scale. There are, of course, other models that provide motivation, I will not review it this year. And that matter provides very strong, I would say, motivation for new particles below and at the TV scale. So all this is pointing to the fact that maybe something is really going on there. So supersymmetry and that matter are, of course, one of the main objective of the RAND 2, LHC and beyond. Ok, so just to substantiate a little bit what I said before, here there is a plot, which you can get from this website. So it's an applet, which is being developed by Gavin Salam and Andreas Weiler. And it's a very nice thing, at least for other experimenters who don't understand much, is it tells you how, you know, how going from ATV to 13 TV, ATV and 20 investment, which is what we collected in RAND 1, going to 13 TV and under investment, which is what we hope to collect by the end of RAND 2. How much does the mass reach increase? For example, if you take here 3 TV RAND 1, goes up to about 5 TV in terms of mass reach at RAND 2. So this gives, of course, the things then depend on the real dynamics and the real details of the theory, but that gives you an idea how much things will increase, how much more you can explore. Ok, so the next question is, is new physics equal supersymmetry? So, of course, we don't know, but if you are a supersymmetry Susie believer, I think you know that Susie has very nice features. I mean, he is, of course, was basically invented to stabilize the gauge hierarchy to provide dark matter candidates and eventually also to provide the unification of the forces within the standard model, I mean, the forces of the standard model and also gravity. So, if you are a Susie skeptic and, ok, you may certainly be, you must recognize that supersymmetry, even if maybe it's not what we believe, or it doesn't exist, is still a very flexible theory that encompasses a large variety of new phenomena, including the extended sector, including missing energy signatures, but also, as you will see, long live the metastable particles and really very large set in spectrum of signatures of new physics. So, that searching for Susie signatures, whatever is suggested by Susie, by the many possibilities, many models that Susie suggests, may reveal other forms of new physics. So, even as an experiment, you say, ok, maybe I don't believe in Susie, but still, this gives me some guidance in looking for new physics. So, new physics could emerge from searching for supersymmetry. Ok, this is just the apology of supersymmetry here. So, now let's go to the experimental results. Ok, so, first of all, let's look at this particular Susie cross-section for APV. So, there are two things I want to know this year. First of all, that the squark, sorry, the gluinos at the largest cross-section fold by squars, then by third-generation squars, and then by the electro-weak egeginos, ok. So, also you can see the cross-section, I would say, to be high. I mean, often that here you say the Susie cross-section, right? Yes, they are high. But, for example, at 1,000 TV, sorry, 1,000 TV, I order of 10 to the minus 2, 10 to the minus 2 pico bar. So, this you can compare, for example, this spot observation by maximum, so, the standard model measure a cross-section, and also to the eegs cross-section, right? So, this is 30 pico bar, ok? So, we are comparing, so, we just put things in a framework, this cross-section, Susie cross-section are high, but, in the end, they are not so high, so, there is, they need a lot of luminosity, they need a lot of, and they are competing with these kind of backgrounds, ok? So, there is the need for quite an amount of luminosity also to do Susie searches, ok? So, just to give you an overview of the searches that have been done at the RAN1, so, both Atlas and CMS have searched for gluino and first and second generation squats. So, third generation squats stop at the bottom, electroweak gauginos and other Susie beyond the MSSM. So, with a party evaluation, long live particle searches, and beyond MSSM signature. In a large variety of final state and many different techniques, which I try to give you a flavor of, because it's a really huge amount of searches that have been taken place. Ok, so, this is just a synoptic table of the numbers of, actually, these are all papers, which are now being published, which is related to the Susie search at LHC in RAN1. This is by Atlas, and the same thing is by CMS. So, there are, I give the slides, so you can look at the references, also the references are found in the web pages of the experiments. So, you can just have an idea that there are really a huge amount of work done, and a lot of varied searches. Ok, so, this, ok. So, to continue this discussion, what we can say is that super symmetry can manifest itself in, broadly speaking, in two classes of events with high missing energy, missing transverse energy, which is somewhat a canonical way of looking for super symmetry, due to the fact that there are, in the cascade decays, in the end, there are particles, invisible particles in neutralino, typically, or others, that are not detected, so they leave transverse missing energy in the event. And then there are signatures beyond the MSN, for example, which are without missing energy. Ok, but they are still within some SUSE framework, which I will try to give you a flavor of.  So, first of all, missing energy, ok. So, as you can see here in this plot from Atlas, ok, that's a search for gluinos in Atlas, in a very recent paper, that shows the missing energy, how is measured, ok, for background, I mean, for standard model processes, you can see over different order magnetos, and the region where you expect the SUSE to show up, so high missing energy. So, the trick here is to have very high control, very good control of the missing energy takes, of course, which both the experimental and CMS have, and you can see this through the fact that there is a very good agreement throughout different order of magnetos in the missing energy variable. So, that's one of the typical searches that you can do, just you do a selection of events, and then you apply missing energy cuts, and typically you can get sensitivity, for example, to the most abundantly produced SUSE particles that are gluinos. Another variable, which is a bit more complex, but not so much after all, because you can write it into formula, is the razor variable, which is a variable that takes into account the topology of these events. There are typically two heavy particles decaying and producing, among other things, missing transverse energy, so what you try to do is to try to use the full event information, as much as you can, of the kinematic variables that you measure in the event, so the momenta, or the physics object, are reconstructed into two, let's say, mega jet, so you have an event which is kind of summed up into big jets, for which you have the, okay, you have all the kinematic variable, so you can reconstruct this mass, I mean the mass of the object, the presumed mass of the object and transverse mass of the object, these are viable, which is the ratio of the two and then you can plot r squared versus m, versus this mass razor mass and you can see that for the standard model, the data are sort of accumulating in this corner, while for super symmetry particles here is the gaugino of 1,300 gV, the signal is more, much displaced, so this is one of those variables which helps you to discriminate effectively in the super symmetric searches. So the search for, so all the search for strong suzi production, so this includes various various decay, various cascade decays that I don't list here, so this is from this paper from CMS and so I try to show you now some results, these are all the most recent results and everywhere you can find the references, so this is a combination of several, but many searches as you can see here, overall what it is, is the interpretation of the suzi, gluino and sport searches in the framework of so-called constraint suzi model, CMSM and MSUGRA and this is the mass m0, sorry, it's m1,5 versus m0, the mass so-called universal gaugino and universal squawk mass, in which, I mean, within this model one represents the results, but they can get also in limits on the physical particle mass, so here, for example, you can derive from this plot a gluino, yes, squawk mass limit 1.60V about and the gluino mass 1.40V so these are strong limits, but they are within the constrained MSSM framework, so, yes, so the CMS, so this was Atlas, Atlas and CMS do similar things, so CMS has also another approach, so they do the same search as Atlas, but the interpretation is done also in so-called simplified models, so these simplified models you don't take into account all the relations between masses and branching ratios calculated according to the parameters of the model which typically are many, which you can reduce like constrained model, but they are still many, so what you do instead, you try to select masses and branching ratio which are justified from, I mean, from what we know for example, from naturalness, but they cannot relate specifically to a model, so it's a little bit, they say more model in depends, it's not really more model in depends, it's just that you use a different approach, you use some specific mass hierarchy and so on, and anyway, at the end of the day you can derive this kind of plots, so you measure cross-section limits for cross-section times branching ratio limit for each mass combination and you can, within certain assumptions of the model, you can derive this kind of excluded regions, so these are, as you can see, limits are a bit lower, softer than in the case of constrained models, but they're still quite significantly in the 1TV region, or for neutralino masses that go from 200 to 400GV practically, you have almost closed the region, but then as you go up in neutralino masses, these limits soften up. So that gives an idea that there are still regions that of course need to be explored by the LHC run-1, so now what did we get from LHC run-1 that there is, that it seems that first and second generation sphermions, scores in particular, appear to be heavy, otherwise we'd have seen them, we didn't see them, so is this excluding supersimuli, I think we cannot say that yet, and in fact the theories have come up after these results, negative results have come up with the idea of a natural supersimuli, which says, ok, the score can be heavy, so that's why you didn't see them, because maybe they are even beyond the reach of the LHC at ATV or so, but the third generation scores, like stop and small term can be lighter, and remind you that the stop of course plays a very important role in the stabilization of the mouse, it's one of the, you know, the reason also for having supersimuli eventually and so what you get is a spectrum where the scores are large but the stop and small term are relatively light, as well as the Xeno, ok, now the stop and small term line is a good news, the Xeno is a little bit less a good news because it's very difficult to see at the LHC and ok, it appears that this seems to be not a very good dark matter candidate but ok, I mean this is one model, ok, this one model were motivated, that people have explored but ok, maybe other models are possible too and other dark matter candidates are possible as you will see, so I go on the stop search ok, so the stop decays typically into a, if it the masses begin off into top and ok, top and decays according to standard model branching ratio and neutrality, so in all cases you have two top and missing energy and where the top decay decay in a real top is not allowed, you have decay in a virtual top and decay in a C plus then neutrality, so these are somewhat different regions different kinematic regions that requires dedicated searches, ok, and I show here the results from CMS, ok, so here you can see that there are different dedicated searches that have been put in place, ok, they have a certain reach for mass of the stop up to 700 something gv for masses of the neutrality up to, let's say the region is close for mass of the neutrality up to 200 gv and above 200 gv when the neutrality becomes heavier of course this exclusion dies a little bit up, also you can see here the mass, the the exclusion for in this kinematic region where the stop cannot go in a real top and here where the stop goes into a sick work and missing energy, so these are all dedicated searches, but you see that there are clearly holes opening up in these regions holes that are not covered by present searches, so this one shouldn't take it lightly and in fact people take it very seriously and they do so here is the same, sorry, is the same plot for atlas, ok, and so you can see the same little bit, the same features uncovered regions, and the people take very seriously and in fact they try to do dedicated search for example this is a search for body stop decays, ok, so where ok, the graph the process that you are looking for is this one, so you look for low energy so you require an ISR jet, so to tag the event and soft leptons and jets plus missing energy, ok, and this search is supposed to cover up this band this kinematic band which is not covered by the conventional searches and as you can see indeed there is quite some sensitivity in the search so this is one of the examples of doing alternative search to cover up the holes of the gaps in the pyramid space another search is, well this actually precision measurement should then be interpreted as a search is in the region where the stop mass is very close to the top mass which we have seen is not covered by conventional searches so what you can do is to measure the spin correlation in titi bar events and in the case of the stop the spin correlation are expected to be different from the standard top and from the difference you can sort of either you see a signal so you see a deviation from the expected spin correlation in the standard model for top events or else if you don't see a signal in titi you can set a limit on the contribution of stop events to your sample so this allows to put limit on the stop on the light stop up to 191 gv so these are ideas to say we are trying to cover all possible holes ok, so now I go to another search and this is also the generation squark ok, so here is this is the kind of process we are trying to look at, so event with jets leptons and missing energy so the leptons are the key here, one tries to measure after a certain number of cuts a certain selection which includes leptons and missing energy one measures the of the two leptons so these are the same flavor opposite sign leptons ok and what you expect to see in this kind of this process is a spectrum which is a broad distribution with an edge, in fact it is also called edge search ok, so basically what you expect to see if there is a signal of an excess in this region, in the low mass region ok, so so this is, I think, CMS as done in the search, so what they see in fact is a very good agreement in all control region control sample except that at the end of the day when they do the mass plot there is a 2.6 we called for the moment upward fluctuation in this mass region, in 20 and 70 gb ok a similar analysis is done for another topology also for spot on search and again also here you expect a little bit sorry a little bit of an excess in the low mass regions and there in fact you see 2.4 sigma excess so these are very small excesses, nobody is claiming any but there are probably things one should watch for so the next thing you do is to ask your sister or brother experiment to look in the same region, which is when you see some kind of in excess, which is exactly what Arlas has done so they have done similar I mean, they were doing a search for gluinos, which has a similar final state, so they also look for jets, for soft jets, leptons and missing energy, so they have done the plot for a very similar selection so here is the signal that we are looking for, the edge signal we are talking about is very nice picture in this plot and the net result is I don't see no excess so we stay with this but on the other hand they have done another search in the leptons channel also for gluinos with gravitinos at the end also a massless particle that carries the missing energy so they select events with on-shell Z so the plasma is reconstructed is coming from the decay of a Z so after the full event selections basically what you expect is from standard model is these distributions here and this is what you expect from the signal and these are the data so this is an effect at the three sigma level and it's published so it's in the public domain vice versa CMS does not see this excess yet, so anyway this is interesting stuff we can look at then I go on the electro week so why is it important to look for light for electro week gaeginos because as within these natural models they could be light so we certainly need to look at that you can see that there have been a lot of searches being done and they show you now the results so these are the latest exclusion region for leptons and neutrolino so there are, you can see that masses are excluded up to order of 700 gV depending on what assumptions you do you have as usual the region kinematic region close to the kinematic limit that are not covered so these are taking people are trying to cover them up so we have to look really everywhere but for the moment with the new data we will certainly do more and then I go here a little bit quick on the Susie beyond the MSSM which induces no missing transverse energy signatures so these are very large models MSB, GMSB split supersymmetry and other models are part of the violation so you can have heavy charge particles that may decay in the detector or may go through the detector so leave tracks which are even stopping tracks so we will show these in a moment so you see this in this plot so there are all kinds of possible signature displays jets, lepton jets displays leptons and so on with signatures of tracks stopping or starting at some point in the detector depending of course on what kind of signature you are looking at but actually there is a large program of research at the LSE to look for this kind of particle because they could indeed give signals supersymmetry maybe non-conventional supersymmetry and so this is a synoptic view of the results of the search for these long living particles long living particles from Atlas so what is excluded is the region below below the curves so this is the mass limit as function of the lifetime of the particles so you can see that limits up to 1.5 TV are even but of course they depend on the lifetime of the particles so if they go down to even like 400GV so here also there is still room for improvement and for searches another search beyond the MSSM that has been done because this model was relatively coming out so it tells Susie what does it give, this is not picked up of a standard or conventional missing energy search because it gives very little missing energy and so you look in general for relatively soft jets but a lot of them so that's the idea, soft jets is difficult but since you have a lot of them you can of course use them for eliminating from standard model so this is in fact what you have is this ST variable which is the sum of all the objects in the events if you have an event with a lot of objects of course the ST which is the case in super sim is you expect the ST variable to be large and here you see a signal while for standard model in general peaks are very low values ok, the excluded regions from the data so again up to about one TV mass of the squark is set and this depends as usual on the detail parameters of the model ok, so finally this is the grand summary for Atlas, here there are all the references and the limits, so limits in the one TV range of course as I've shown you are given but also there are much lower limits and there are uncovered regions that need to be covered and the same thing for CMS ok, so now I go on to the searches for dark matter but this is probably you all know this I mean we are not in competition with the experiment to look for the cosmic dark matter what you are trying to do is to eventually create the dark matter candidate particles in the collision and then analyze the blob here, what happens what is the interaction we will be doing the standard model particles what we have in the collision, the LSE and the dark matter of course once you can analyze, if you could analyze that this would be very beneficial also for all the other experiments which are looking for detecting directly or indirectly dark matter in the cosmos ok, so this said let me show this plot, what kind of particles dark matter particles that we are looking for this is the dark matter particles in here, so the wind and of course the neutralino so Susi, Susi like the matter particles there are a lot of other possibilities some of which have also been discussed previously in this symposium but that's what we focused on at the LSE for now ok, so how do we look for dark matter candidate at the LSE, so dark matter by definition is the weakly interactive mass particle that leaves missing energy they are not visible, so how do we how do we get them, is by tagging, so they are producing these kind of processes and they just produce nothing, so you wouldn't see nothing in detector, what you do is to try to tag a radiation gluon so there is a collision happen and then there is a lot of missing energy and typically what you do is to look for mono jets, mono photons, mono top mono everything, single single objects the other thing was already discussed by Massimo, so is the X portal model where you create the X and the X can decay into into WIMS, into dark matter particle candidates and so again there are possibilities to see this, but this I will go faster because Massimo has already reviewed this and then there are so called two or die jet, in fact it's more than die jet city bar and BB bar final states that I also looked at ok, so two words on interpretations because as I said, we don't know what is the interaction between the standard model particle standard model particle and the dark matter, so there are two, let's say for the moment for the moment there are two approaches, one used at the LHC for interpretation of the data, one is so called effective field theory ok, so where you don't you don't make any assumption of what goes on in this blob, typically even if there is the messenger particle or a mediator particle it's very high mass, so you can forget you can sort of neglect it's detailed interaction in calculating cross section and branching ratios so you just make assumption on some potential that takes on in the interaction ok, so there is in other words here there is no mediator mass involved, in the other case you can assume that instead there is a mediator mass, for example you can be at z prime or other heavy mass, that this somewhat could be created or even if it's not created is virtually in the interaction and here you have models that of course have dependency on the mass of the mediator ok so they give slightly sometimes more than slightly different different results so even here there are a lot of published results that put all the references that you can see in the slides so you can see that all kinds of searches that I mentioned are covered and others so many searches have been covered so I show here very small selection of these searches so one is the monoget search that I discussed before so here the key is of course missing energy again missing energy spectrum measured, the missing energy distribution measured by CMS, very good control up to very high transverse energy so and these are the kind of plots and result and interpretation that you can get from this search, so the monoget is one of the most sensitive that is also why I show it so anyway you can see here is the upper limit on the cross section of the dark material with the standard model particle interaction set by CMS ok so we have two limits by direct search experiments ok so you can see that they are quite comparable the limit from LSD are quite comparable and actually as already was shown for the X portal models they kind of cover up the low mass region ok so this is interesting of course it tends to be verified we are really comparing the right things but ok there is certainly interesting in doing these kind of plots so this is for two type of assumptions so spin independent and spin dependent ok and there are various other assumptions on the type of interaction which are consistent with what used by the direct search experiment so here I want to show this because I think it is interesting so this is the other approach using simplified model with the mediator particle could be a z prime could be other things the z prime could be any other particle and so here you have limits so always from the experimental results shown before you can set the limits on the coupling as function of the mediator mass and what is excluded is the region under the curves ok yes so here the invisible go very fast invisible eagle search was already reviewed by Massimo so again this feature that the LSD searches can cover down to low mass so if this confirm that it has an impact also on the direct searches and finally so the LHC prospect so this just show here is the LHC long term plan from 2015 to 2035 for next 20 years so there are you can see the different long shutdown ok so we are here now in 2015 ok the run will go on for 3 years about 100 investment I expected to be collected then for the next run where also the energy should be up to 14 TV from 14 TV there should be collected 100 investment and finally at the I LHC there will be 3000 investment collected ok so I give predictions just for the next run ok there are a lot of papers on also prediction of the I LHC anyway for the next run this is the gluino early run 2 discoveries so this is just up to 10 investment so it will be very very soon so and this show the significance ok the significance as function of the mass of the gluino so what you can see is that ok for certain masses which are not excluded already with 10 investment you will have sigma at the 4 sigma level so if CMS is also for sigma this is clearly already quite a discovery and of course you can accumulate more luminosity as you have seen 100 investment and much more significant signal can be detected so this is a larger view ok so this is a mass reach of suzi searches in run 2 and I luminosity so shown here in light blue is run 2 and the I luminosity is the dark blue so you can see that you can explore up to certainly the 2.5 tp mass scale with already I run with already with run 3 and for sure with the I luminosity ok so I go to the conclusion to the summary rather so the CMS collaboration as you have seen covering a vast spectrum of possible suzi and dark market signatures so far there is no significant deviation from the standard model so there are few upward fluctuation in the 2-3 sigma effect in dilepton mass edge searches which I have described so they certainly are worth watching continue to watch what happens with the next data so I have shown to you that stringent limits on many suzi scenarios and dark matter candidates have been set but what is the problem more important is that there are lots of holes lots of gaps in the searches we are doing and we are doing a great effort to fill up and to look also in the regions where the search is more difficult I shown you some examples for the stop ok so indeed there is also need maybe for new techniques and some of them are being developed called for example understanding reconstructing particles, reconstructing the top reconstructing a w, reconstructing a z rather than looking for leptons and say jet in the traditional way so in this has been shown that can be done and that will certainly bring new power to the search so on June 3, 2015 the LSE restart collision 13TV and the run to LSE run to is ongoing so with increased energy and luminosity of run to luinos up to about 2TV are within reach many other discoveries are possible as you have probably seen but of course ok if nature is graceful to us and gives us new physics in this mass range so after the easy discovery which is of course a great thing and a great progress we have a great responsibility to use the detector and the LSE machine which works really fantastically well to really cover up every not to miss anything to cover up every single piece or parameter space or model that is up there and to make sure that we are not missing anything so if there is new physics we really have the responsibility to find it and just to finish with the cartoon ok, this is the responsibility I would say for the whole HEP community so everybody can help, the theorists experiment with so indeed you can help to leave no stone unturned by for example developing models analytical models that can make the search really bullet proof so we are sure not to miss anything if there is something we will find, thank you very much very much I think we have time for a few questions Stavo? Speaking of not leaving any stone unturned so in the long live searches we know that you have several ways you have disappearing charge tracks appearing tracks but what about charge tracks that then will decay to say jets are those events as video? No, there are searches for displaced jets I mean there are charge tracks Exactly, yes, yes, yes I mean also in the plot that I've shown there is a region which is covered by this specific search Questions? This access on the Z-peak of the dilapton how fast could it be clarified or that it's not there or that something is there in this neuron so if you assume a signal that you sort to evaluate cross section within the next say third inverse femtobarn it could be either it shows up to the five sigma then also atlas as you have seen the CMS is something that atlas doesn't see and vice versa then also the other experiment should see it I mean for the moment it's not cold signals just fluctuation so within the run two will certainly be settled Ok, so we had a very lively session so we thank the speaker again all the speakers, yeah


Welcome to the Advocate, the programme that keeps you educated and informed on current events around you. I will be talking about multilateral relations, the lifeblood of a country's survival. Viktor Onyikere will be discussing about NYC at 50 and Stephen Agiode will be giving us lessons from Sudan as usual. Expect interesting conversations, we will be back after this break. Multilateral relations, the lifeblood of a country's survival. Adofitla On said, when diplomacy ends, war begins. On the other hand, Farid Zakaria, CNN International correspondent said, foreign policy is a matter of costs and benefits, not theology. Nigeria has always been a prominent figure in African politics, forming alliances with various countries and international organizations to promote peace and stability in the continent. However, the ongoing crisis in Sudan has revealed the need for Nigeria to strengthen its multilateral relationships to better protect its citizens in diaspora. Many Nigerians are currently stuck in Sudan facing various challenges such as lack of access to basic necessities like food, shelter and healthcare. Unfortunately, Nigerians' efforts to bring its citizens back home have been slowed down by diplomatic difficulties and bureaucracies. To address this issue, Nigerians need to strengthen the diplomatic image in Africa by working more closely with African Union and the United Nations to ensure the safety of Nigerians abroad. Inclusivity and progressivism should be prioritized in the approach to foreign policy, much like the new British monarch, King Charles III, focused on strategies that promote safe service, growth and prosperity for all. This will foster unity and development between African states. Foreign policies and ethics are integral to a country's survival in international system, and Nigerians need to put its best food forward to achieve this. The recent example of the fruitful fight between ambassadors of Russia and Ukraine in Turkey during a peace negotiation highlighted the importance of diplomacy and the need for mutual respect between countries. In conclusion, Nigerians need to strengthen its multilateral relations with other countries and international organizations to protect its citizens in diaspora through a focus on inclusivity and progressivism. Nigerians can foster unity and development between African states by prioritizing diplomacy and mutual respect. Countries can achieve a peaceful and stable international system benefiting all. I'm going to start with you sir. I actually raised the key story this year. The key story one is the current situation in Sudan. But before we talk about Sudan, let's just quickly say something about the new British monarch. Just something nice. For the past 70 years, of course, Queen Elizabeth reigned after her father tried to take Yuki out of depression during the following the Second World War. Queen Elizabeth came on board as a young queen now. She presided over League of Nations, including Commonwealth, trying to foster prosperity. And then her son, King Chasi, thought he was emphasizing a safe service for all. Safe service and inclusivity. That's the only way the monarch can be sustained as influential in this. So I just want to hear one thought from you. And then Victor will dive into another issue. Royalty in England has played a big role in the Commonwealth when we are talking about diplomacy and the ability to impact nations. Many Nigerians have taken advantage of Commonwealth scholarships and all that. We have benefited a lot from that. And indeed, sometimes in the economic sphere, it has been useful for us and all that. We come from the background of the fact that they were colonial rulers. He was good there. But then we have evolved over time into becoming partners. The situation is really unlike the one you have with the French assimilation, where some will say that when the French left the left colonists, they didn't live in independent states. I mean you have the countries without central banks virtually, they rely on France to dictate the value of their currency. But with Britain, we have virtually become partners. We have evolved to the extent that the condition we run today is not even the one they left for us. We use the American constitution to show the extent of our independence. In 1963, we left the jurisdiction of the Privy Council, so we became fully independent. Since then, we have become partners. Although under the common word, we have gained a lot in order. It is a point to say to the British congratulations on the coming into being of a new monarch. And to hope that it will usher in a greater period of cooperation between Nigeria and Britain. I think I will just piggyback on what King Charles Thor said about selflessness and inclusivity. I think it is very important because when you look at it, it is that word selflessness. It is something that we are very akin to in Nigeria. And I think that if leaders can emulate that certain virtue, which is serving, knowing that when you are in any position of leadership, it is actually the position to serve people. And selflessness is really about thinking about the highest good of other people and not just what I want to do with this power. But what change can I affect? Where can I take the people to? How can I make things easier, better, more progressive for the better? Also inclusivity is also very important. We must now show, like Stephen said, lesson for African leaders, how can we be more inclusive getting everybody carried along? When we look at people who are quote-unquote disabled, they are not. They are just abled in another format. So it is ability in another format. So there is the non-inclusiveness of women and things like that. So we need to bring everybody together. We need to build societies that are all inclusive. So kudos to the British. Kudos to, I mean, it was a very wonderful ceremony. You watched it. I couldn't help watching it. I can only wish them all the best. Good one. Okay, I'm going to talk something else. I want to say something else. The next issue on brand air, talking about, according to Adolf Hitler, I just stated that when diplomacy fails, war begins. And so what happened two weeks ago, I consider quite inhumane and disturbing two ambassadors fighting. You saw it about two weeks ago. The Russian ambassador and an ambassador from Russia and an ambassador from Ukraine involving in a physical fight. It was like a kind of ugly situation considering what is happening now in Ukraine. So I want to hear your thoughts on this. How do you think world leaders can garner and to solve the problem? There are a lot of issues on the ground in Ukraine and a lot of geopolitics that is going on. You remember Russia is a successor to USSR which was engaged in Cold War with the West. What we are seeing, it's an evolution of what was going on at that time. Putin is trying to restore the Russian state as it was. The gradual collapse of the Russian state is what led to the emergence of states like Ukraine, Belarus, all these states, is their collapse. What Putin sees the world in terms of that time is, in my view, unable to reconcile himself with the collapse of the Soviet Union. What you find in these ambassadors of fighting is a physical embodiment of what is happening between the Russian and the Russian states. What you find in these ambassadors of fighting is a physical embodiment of what is happening between the Russian and the Russian states. It's a conflict that it would not be easy to solve. I don't envy any diplomat trying to solve it because in order to solve it, you need to know that these things go back a long way. The history between even Ukraine, how Ukraine came to be part of the USSR and the history, the cultural differences and all that, you have to delve far back into their history and then the position of Russia, these are the west, the different values in terms of democracy and autocracy and all that. There's a proxy war going on between different values and different ways of seeing the world. That's what you are seeing. A clash, you may say, of civilizations. Humanity is suffering despite the views, theologies, philosophy, whatever. Humanity is suffering. The truth is that when war has been part of the existence of humanity, I pray that there can be a truth in the conflict between them. Just that, while the principal parties are ruling the two nations and ruling on why the principal characters in this conflict remain in power, I really don't see it. Why the principal characters remain in power, Putin remains in power and the American president remains who he is. The Ukrainian president remains who he is. I really don't see how diplomatic can really change things. Okay, before I come to you, Riktor, I'd like to go to the next topic regarding diplomacy and the Sudan crisis. Some people said it's not time for hu-hu. I don't know. I think you've read that book. It's not yet time for hu-hu. Mr. Stephen, must have heard of that book. It's not yet time for hu-hu. It's not yet time for freedom. It's not yet time to celebrate. Recently, the president Elect Ashwa Dabola made to know he has been on several occasions out of Nigeria and they said he is in Europe for his state visits or working visits. And some presidents of some countries have or some top people, including organizations in different countries have shown interest in wanting to see him or wanting to have his presence because he is a new elected president. And then what happened last week or so is it last week or last week while he was in a protocol Governor Wickey invited in the Kuman Commission project but some other persons out of the school have thought that we can only have one president at a time. Wait for your turn. It's not yet time. Wait. Relax. Why some other persons said it's a good thing, it hits the ground running. So he is trying to prepare himself. So when he lands in Europe, he hits the ground running. But more importantly, whichever way I'm concerned more about Nigerian perception the administration of President Buhari is almost over. It's almost time up. So let's talk about going forward. What better way do you think Nigerians can strengthen their imagery? We don't use the principle of reciprocity here. It's not what happened between Nigeria and South Africa. It's a nophobic attack and all those things. I'm not trying to whip up sentiment here. I'm not trying to cause any problem. I respect South Africans there. However, some unfortunate things happened and this issue has not been addressed properly because one way or the other Nigerians are suffering and the government of Nigeria has not been able to say I mean suffering in mostly African countries image problem. During the period of Sudan evacuation a Nigerian business, I think a Nigerian businesswoman that these we're selling weeks or something she was in Ghana for a trade fair and what did they do to her? I don't know that you follow the news. They asked her to live or they asked her to show that they actually came to destroy her trade fair that look you are coming to the spoil market for Wincarnians. Yeah, it happened. So this thing I can go on and on and on. Is it the fact that Ethiopians shut down their borders against Nigerians and say no, we need visa to cross or Egypt trying to... We had to do president Buhari had to call the president LCC before they could open their borders to Nigeria. So is there something that we can do because we are talking about promoting African Union strengthening African Union promoting free trade agenda and making Africa a strong economic bloc in the world but if you are having this disfragmentation in Africa it can't happen. So what do you think about? You see I think that it's even important what we are talking about now because after African free trade is about to take off which means that Africans should prepare we have signed the agreement we are going to have to get to the stage where we start trading with ourselves. That's what the new government should actually be preparing for linking up with other governments. Whether we like it or not borders are going to have to be relaxed. African head of states will have to meet with each other more and then trade, African trade will have to boom. Nigeria should be preparing itself for such an eventuality now. That's what we should be preparing for that's what other African countries should be preparing for just like Europe has shown with a united union you can go for. Africa should be coming head of states should be strategising along those lines. The problem we had with the South Africans was simple the average South African does not know how much Nigeria contributed to their Liberation struggle Liberation struggle and at the time they first saw Nigerians they saw perhaps the worst of us unfortunately our economy was bad and then many Nigerians went there that were perhaps not the best representation of Nigerians but it is not strange what has happened what has happened between Nigerians actually happened between Nigeria and Ghana you remember in 1969 the Ghanians deported us and we deported Ghanians and they first deported us and then later in the 60s they deported us we then deported them then the South Africans are like this maybe it is a lack of awareness maybe a military government too the way they pursued diplomacy when you pursue diplomacy it is like the relationship between you must always remember also your own self interest so that when you are doing something you think of what is in it for me the way America goes out and does things for countries what is in it for America how can America benefit you see what they did for the Koreans but they ensured that American companies benefited from that even when they did Afghanistan they ensured that America benefited from it we went to Liberia and we didn't get anything much from it when we do our foreign policy we are not thinking in terms of what we will get from it it is something that needs to be changed there is no further Christmas in the world just like an individual you can't just be giving people things without thinking of what you get from it it is a basic concept in international relations we need with South Africans to forget what is happening at the moment we need to forget and forgive because it happens between nations what we need to do is how do we start a new relationship with them in which we show that we can trade together and these two countries can partner to raise the profile of Africa because these are the two power houses today of Africa today it is quite unfortunate that Obama and Joe contributed to peace in Ethiopia he was the one that actually chairman of the African Union and ending two years civil war in the Tigray region versus the Ethiopian government Obama sometimes is a former president of Nigeria and then Nigerians were fleeing a war in Sudan to Ethiopia and this same Ethiopian government against Nigeria as we ran up as we wrap up it also begins back to what I said earlier which is really about building something around African Union I mean if we are trying to build a lot of solid ties we are trying to build something that will be transgenerational because if we just assume that we will be here forever you would not be you are going to play your the boy is going to pass to you you will play in your own time and at some point you will be able to play what legacies are we living behind why should I even require a visa to go to any African country why are we doing this to ourselves and I mean you go to the UK you just wake up and you travel to the next neighboring country you can't even try you can't do free trade that way the thing is we need to we also need to I think something is wrong with us internally and is this thing that is also happening with when you come down to Nigeria I mean this is not this is not even being tribalistic the egos are not united I mean that's just it's a strong but that's a thing there's also this thing of you are Yoruba but you are you are a foreign Yoruba I mean deep Yoruba all of these things are so if Africans come together we must begin to see ourselves as one I should wake up pack my bags and go to Ethiopia without having to worry about anything and if Yoruba should come to Nigeria we should begin to I don't know if you watched that video that has been trending on Twitter but I forgot I think in the present of Kenya he was talking about the fact that they treated us like kids put us into a bus he was trying to so he was trying inside I want to say some things he said but he was really profound he picked back the fact that even amongst ourselves we don't value ourselves we don't carry ourselves with dignity so in a way the colonization happened many years ago but somehow they are still in mental slavery we are even worse off to ourselves exactly so I'll wrap up with this it's almost like that king that king that wanted to forgive debtors his servants get me the debtors book list so you know what I forgive every one of you that owed me so much money and a certain man was owing the king the largest sum of money he was forgiving that debt guess what the man stepped out and went to grab the troops of somebody that is redeeming his environment that is owing him just one tenth of that bigger debt that the king forgave him so he couldn't forgive that smud the thing he had about it king got angry and threw that man in jail so it's this thing of within ourselves we don't look after ourselves we don't see ourselves as valuable so how are those that are not of the African descendant how they see us as valuable I think I mean it's a deep call of reflection for us when we start seeing ourselves differently when we start seeing ourselves of high value let's put up a solid front African you know we must be solid put up a solid front such that when these guys coming we can say oh this is how we want to do things we are united but when you say let me go to let me go to Ghana to do this I said no I will go to Nigeria to accept so when you say oh no these guys are united so if you try to enter through Ghana it doesn't work you go to Ethiopia because we are united on this matter but when you say oh if Japan president is saying no let me go to let me go to Senegal they will say yes there is no united front we need to have that united front that's what I'm advocating for today that's very good that's fair thank you very much for your input gentlemen victory is next after the break


Guys, welcome to today's vlog. So on today's vlog, I promised you guys hair color. So we're gonna do, bring the haircut that we did in the last vlog to life. This was our inspiration for the last vlog. We're gonna do the color as well. So we did the shag type haircut. We used our Marcel iron to give it that curl and wave. I really love the result of this, but obviously this doesn't look as cool as this does. I wanna go in, I want to add the hair color to it. So now here's the thing, we're gonna have to pre-lighten the mannequin just like you would pre-lighten your guests. So we need to create white hair first. Then what we're gonna do is overlay it with the blue and then kind of feather it into the end. So if we get the right white on the ends, then all we have to do is overlay that blue and we should be good to go. This technique should not be difficult. I'm gonna say that now, haven't done it yet, obviously. What we're gonna do is we're gonna go in, Paul Mitchell also sent me their Skylight Baleage Lightener. This is their hand-painting clay lightener they just came out with and I'm gonna use 40 volume developer with that to get that pop and lift in there. So we're gonna just do some hand-painting really fast and then after we get done hand-painting, we'll let it process and then we'll tone it white and if we can get it toned white then we'll put the blue over top of it. But this is gonna be a journey for all of us so let's get started guys, here we go. So to mix the Skylight, what I'm gonna do is mix equal parts, one to one. So we got our scooper, we got our bag O lightener. All right guys, so take a look at that. There is our Baleage Lightener. It's very, very lightweight. So you'll definitely notice that there's a big difference between regular lighteners and Baleage Lightener's clay-based lightener. Okay, so the details on Baleage Lightener, you should always, and I've learned this the hard way, you should always read the instructions of the product before you start using it because every product is unique in its own way. Palmatial Skylight is a hand-painting lightener ideal for accuracy and precision in freehand application techniques with up to seven levels of lift, which is great because we're only trying to go a couple levels here. The formula mixes to a creamy consistency with a unique texture that helps eliminate the need for foil, non-transfer plastic or paper mesh. So this is the thing with Baleage Lightener's guys. Basically what it does, it forms kind of an outer shell and just like a foil incubates the hair. So the key thing when you're hand-painting hair is to make sure that you fully saturate it, almost over-saturate your section where you want the lightest part to happen. So in the instructions, it calls for a one to 1.5 ratio with the lightener. So this was actually a discussion that we had in the salon recently when you're talking about lightener is one actually one ounce or is it one scoop? In this case right here, it is one well-rounded scoop to one and a half ounces of cream developed. So one well-rounded, oops, geez, one well-rounded scoop like that, go. Now we're going to do one and a half ounces of cream developer 40 volume mixed into that. All right guys, let's get started with our application. Here we go. All right, so we're gonna start off keeping the sectioning very simple for this. We just wanna make sure that we do the four quadrants that you learn in beauty school, but then also take small sections as we work through the head because what we're trying to do is create an overall brighter canvas to work on so that we get the true tones that we're looking for when we put the Pop XG on. So we're gonna start off working scalp to ends, just brushing into the scalp, not to get it on the scalp and then painting everything through fully saturating the section. We're using the Skylight Balayage Lightener because you can work over top of the hair. You don't have to use foils, but it helps incubate the hair using that clay base. So we work our way through section by section, working about a half an inch at a time all the way up to the top of the head and then we do the same thing on the opposite side. So I'm painting through really fast. You also see that I work my brush flat against the hair and then when I get to the end, I kind of paint back and forth. That just helps move the hair and saturate the ends completely but gives me more of a lived in look towards the base. If you think about the inspiration, the picture that I showed you at the beginning, it has a much deeper darker blue kind of teal look to it. So we don't have to worry about getting it as bright at the base. We just wanna get a nice blonde so that we get the right tones that we're looking for. Then through the ends, the ends were a bit more silver white look. So I wanna make sure that I saturate the ends with the lightener and then as I work up to the scalp, I stay off the scalp a little bit. There's no reason to put this directly on the scalp and I just paint it through the ends. So as I continue on to the next section, we're gonna do the same exact thing. So we're gonna start at the very bottom, taking those half inch sections. Now a key thing to think about as you're working through this technique is the thicker the section, the harder it is gonna be to get the saturation that you're looking for. So you won't get a consistent lightning experience.  So now I'm just gonna work on the fringe. This is very similar as well. So just hand painting the fringe, getting a little bit of brightness through there. Let it process. You can see this is our end result. So it still has a little bit of those yellow undertones but it's much brighter than it was. So we're gonna use the Pop XG half an ounce of opalescent and then an ounce and a half of the deluder. Now if she's even more yellow than this, then I would go with a little more of the opalescent because it does have a really nice, violet-y base. But you could see instantly, as I put this on the hair, this is what I was so impressed about, is that instantly when I got it on the hair, you could see how it's turning into that silver white look. So I'm really, really excited about this product, using it like this as a toner. So we're just gonna overlay it over the whole entire head. There is a few processes involved in creating this fantasy color look but the reason for that is you gotta get everything right as you go through it. If you try to do it all at the same time, if we try to put the teal in and then run it into this color, you could do that but if you wanna do it right, I like to tone everything over, get it that silver white tone and then when I overlay the blue, you get a nice, a better, more true look to the color. So you can see how that created that really nice silver blonde look, especially through the ends where we had it really light and it's a little more softer yellow throughout the base but that we're gonna cover with our blue. So this is the Pop XG blue. I'm gonna put that in the bowl and then I'm gonna go through with the Pop XG teal just to brighten up the blue a little bit. I didn't want the blue so deep and it did have kind of that green tint to it as well so I wanted to add that tone in there. So I keep adding and mixing. The great thing about Pop XG, there's no developer so you just put it in the bowl and then I work through it and I find the tone that I'm looking for. So take a look at the depth in that blue. I really love it but it also has that kind of teal feel to it and the undertone so really, really cool. Now I'm just gonna go through and I'm gonna start saturating the base to mid-shaft. Now I'm gonna really saturate the base and then I'm gonna feather it into the mid-shaft using my fingers to kind of pinch that color in and drag it down. So I put the heaviest amount at the base and then I pinch it with my fingers, pull the color down slightly into the mid-shaft and then feather it off towards the ends and that gives me that color melt feel. So any of you guys that have challenges with the blending of color, just make sure that you're not saturating it too much into the mid-shaft. You really just wanna soak the base and then peel the color down with your fingers and the cool thing about fantasy color as well is you really see it coming to life as you're doing it. So I start painting at the base. As I'm dragging it down, I can actually see what that's gonna look like. If you don't feather it down enough, you don't saturate enough, you're gonna get a spotty look to the color and that's not what you want to happen. So again, it's really key to take small panels. You can go a little larger than when you did with the lightener but just make sure you soak it through and then drag it into the ends. Again, you can see it, it's starting to come to life already. I love seeing the tones already pop through, half inch sections all the way through the panel, heavy dose on the scalp and then drag it into the ends.  So as I finish up the base and finish up everything, I can just pull the bangs back into the look. So I try to stay away from those right at the beginning. The other thing, if you remember the haircut that we did on this, this is the previous video, so if you guys wanna check that out, there's a link in the description to the haircut and the style but this is more of a shag look. So there's some pretty short layers in the back. So what I do is just really focus the color into that base but then I don't drag it as far, at this point you'll see those shorter layers coming through. So I just feather it down, there's gonna be a little less white on the ends of those pieces but then once I get down to the bottom here, the hair's a little bit longer and I'll leave a little more of that white on the ends. So this is a good look at it again, saturating it, then feathering it through, then as I get to the middle of the head, the pieces are a little shorter so I saturate them a little further than the rest of the hair. Just add that depth in the middle of the haircut and then there's no reason to have too much of the white ends in the very middle and then at the end where the hair is gonna be shooting out and styled, that's where you want that white to really pop on the bottom. This is where I talk about, you can see it come into life, you see the color, the blue color coming through, the white on the ends that we've already done with the toner. So that's why I like doing it in a few different processes. We paint the fringe up and then we're gonna let that process, not really process because there's not much of a process to it, you're really just staining the hair. So what I did is let it sit on for 20 minutes and there is the end result. Hope you guys like this color video. Definitely let me know if you have questions in the comments below. All right guys, so we've come to the end of the video. This was a really fun video to make. Thank you to Paul Mitchell for sending me this Pop XG color to play around with. Had a lot of fun doing this whole thing. So we created the cut and the style last video. So if you guys haven't had a chance to check that out, go into the description and click the link. You can watch the cut and the style and then hopefully we put it all together. Here's the color. Remember our inspiration that we had for this video? It came from the behind the chair magazine. This is B-scenes work. So if you guys aren't following B-scene on Instagram, definitely go do that. But you guys gotta take inspiration from everywhere and this is the best way to do it. So I like to look at these magazines and then go try to recreate it. So this is my version of what he did. I'm sure we didn't do it in the same way. That's not the whole point. The whole point is pushing yourself to try things that you don't normally do. And if any of you guys know me, you know that I mostly cut hair.  Hope you guys learned along with me during this video. And again, thank you to everyone who always watches these videos and make sure if you haven't subscribed, hit that subscribe button below. Thank you guys for watching. I'll see you on the next video. Thanks. Don't forget, check out freesaloneducation.com. We have over 600 videos. Also, use that code MATVEKVLOG at checkout. Get 20% off a lot of different products on our web store. And make sure that you join our FSE Partner Program. That is a program where we do live classes for free. For stylists, all you gotta do is sign up. Go to fsepartner.com. You can sign up for that for free. You'll get the alerts about the live classes. And also, if you are not a stylist and you're looking for a new hair salon, go to our website, hairsalonlocator.com. That's where we put all of our FSE Partner Salons so that you guys can find a great stylist to create this look for you. Thank you guys so much for watching. Make sure you subscribe and I'll see you guys on the next video. Thanks.