Thank you for the kind introduction. And this is the number one in chemistry that regards the development of linear ion batteries. These light grid rechargeable and portable batteries are used in everything from white phones to laptop and electric vehicles. It can also show a significant amount of energy from solar and wind, making it possible for a possible huge free society. And these three number logins contributed a lot in the development of these batteries. John Buranak, Daniel Bittingham, and Akira Hiroshi. But on the day of chemistry number rise announcement, I was sitting in my office, and I received this message from my friend, Ma, saying that my prediction about John Buranak was right. And this year's chemistry number rise goes to linear ion batteries. And I jumped out of my chair screaming, finally. Actually, my PhD is all about the method of working for medium-global shifts in batteries. And during my work, I also encountered several times from Professor John Buranak's work. And I also spent six months in Gladly's lab in Cambridge, where we worked together and published an article. And Gladly is a student and worker of Professor John Buranak. But let's look around. If you think electricity is now the driving force of our new modern work, and it is shaping the future, starting from this projector to the mine to present it after a while, everything runs on electricity. And to a certain extent, it actually affects our daily life, which revisions it, what we use it. So a mark on running all the appliances will also experience it in daily life. So when we love the balloon, another guess, the electrons from the balloon goes to the air, maybe the balloon has maybe to be charged, and the hairs has also to be charged. Opposite charge, an accident, and that's why the hair goes back towards the balloon. But basically, we think that from knowingly or unknowingly, we were playing with electrons. And a continuous flow of electron is electricity. So in this regard, batteries plays transform how we use and access electricity. So batteries are portable and very small. We can use it anywhere, and it's both reliable wireless handables, which also give birth to many devices, something from mobile devices or laptop, and it's even growing. So the question is, what is batteries? So batteries have chemical energy which transform electrical energy. Do you remember this 11 batteries on the science superbook? In the science, there is an obviously, and then 11 has 11 tubes, which is a secret acid. Now this secret acid reacts with a name, which is a thing, and produces a lot of electrons. Now this produces a particular difference between the name and the phytoncide copper point. Now when we connect this name with the currently wired to the copper point, electrons start going from the name to the copper point. And that is the electricity. It plays a role there when we start going. Now in more technical terms, this thing, so the lemon juice, the secret acid, is the electrolyte. The same name, which it acts with the electrolyte and produces a lot of electrons, is an anode. And where the electron travels is an anode. So this is basically the same in a very heavy battery where you have this three components, and the process is exactly the same. There is a positive terminal, which is on the anode. There is a negative terminal, which is an anode. And the solution in between is the electrolyte. Now there is a kind of reaction goes inside the battery, which produces a lot of electrons in the anode. And there is a potential difference. Also, the electrolytes make sure that the electrons cannot travel directly from the anode to the cathode. And that's why when we connect through an electric wire, the electrons are flowing through the wire. And when we put any appliances in that, it powers the appliances, or the gadget. Now in case of lithium ion recharge to the batteries, there is also a lithium at the anode. So when it is discharging, the electrons from the anode goes to the cathode to the wire. And at the same time, the lithium ions from the anode goes to the cathode. Now the process gets completely reversed when these are charging. Now the electrons are traveling from the cathode to the anode to the wire, and lithium ions are moving from cathode to anode to the anode in the battery. Now we know how the battery works. The equation comes, what makes a good battery? And in this sense, lithium ion packets are very special. Different materials have different chemistry, and there's a different kind of batteries which are different shape and size. And to understand what this means, this battery is very good, or some batteries in there are like 100 different kind of batteries and 70% of the batteries are rechargeable batteries. So what makes a battery super successful? For that, we need to answer all the more questions first. So something about how much energy can zoom is how many times we can recharge them? How powerful they are? Can we produce them at industrial scale? Is it going to be too extensive? Or is it safe to do, or is it going to be too slow? And in this, the first step is to understand that all these three scientists said a lot of time in their lab and there was the right material which created the right battery we are using as a lead-to-ion battery state. So some wonder how much energy can zoom? So then, for example, to think about this electric car, there is limited space. And if you want to travel from, let's say, from here to Berlin, we need a lot of energy. And then the more energy we can store in this limited space, the longer we can drive. So that is the energy density of the battery that is formed in space. Now once you reach to Berlin, now the battery's going to be greyed out and we need to recharge it. So when we recharge it, that's the one cycle of the battery. And how many times we can go to Berlin to come back using the same battery pack states that what is the life cycle of that battery? And these two properties are the most important which create the lithium ion batteries or any rechargeable batteries. And in this sense, cellular data work a lot. So in this early stage of earlier, it was trying to understand how the leading ions or any ion moves inside the solid. And this idea was that how we can back more ions in small cells. So you're trying to solve this shape further. The same piece of the further is a solid where you have a liquid and some pieces are the ions which you need to sew. So if you find a light solution, you can sew a lot of ions in a very small solid. Now that's one thing. The second thing is that in this state further, when you solve it, we can also de-sambulate it. That means the liquid can move in and out of the radio without causing too much energy. Now he asks his co-workers to find out what is the best material possible. And soon they realize that there is a category in which is made up of banding and ensemble can accumulate a lot of lithium ions. So he performs his first re-challenged lithium ion back in the morning, where the atmosphere was made up of titanium and sulfur and then the atmosphere was made up of lithium metal. And that has a voltage of two volts. Now this is the first strategy, but soon it was not very powerful. So that's the second question. What does that mean? It's that how much energy we can extract from the battery continuously. So if you move from a guard to a drone, where there's very small energy, very small, you need to sew a lot of energy. And at the same time we need to extract a lot of energy continuously. Then only the drone is going to fly. And that's the power of the battery, or the power of the energy of the battery. So John put an initial start of his career at the age in my mind, where he had the lack of access to new land, which is still the basic component of the community. But later he moved to offshore and then started working on batteries. And he had a very good understanding of the interior of any material. So by looking at the sandwich factory, he realized that he replaced the sulfur with oxygen and used any other material then it will help to increase the power density of the battery. So he asked his lab members to start looking for a systematic search where there is a lithium-ion battery off site, which can create also a lot of regions. And doesn't do long for the five years to find out the right combination, let's start with the instead of the hydrogen and sulfur he used for oxygen. And then the same, therefore I don't have the lithium-ion battery and then it goes on. So this reduces for both soft voltage which was a double of the standardest battery. Now he has a battery density to have an activity which is very high energy density, high power density, has a very good life cycle of more than all the times, but there is still a problem. It was not safe when it started to eat it, start catching fire. And there's a reason for that, and we are aware of that, seeing how badly, many badly get fired on the roads. It's always in the news. What happens is that when we charge and discharge, the lithium-ion goes off and goes back from capital to anode. It's really start making a wide-eyed structure from anode to capital. And once these wires are locked enough that it can connect the anode to capital, there is a shock circuit which ignites fire and which wouldn't lead to an explosion. And that's how this actually started catching fire. And that would have a little bit set back and it was not working that well, but at the same time, on the other side of the loop, there was a lithium-ion was playing with on an iodine-fattening radius, so carbon-base-fattening radius. And he's also the first lithium-ion-polymer-fattening which is extremely light, and you can see that the spot-fat is exactly that. So he has an idea if he plays a lithium-methyl with some carbon-base-methyl when he can store a lithium, that will, that will also change the situation. So soon, his lab members realize that there is a petroleum product, not a petroleum coal, which is a mild product of the iodine-methyl process. It has a solid structure and it's made up of carbon and a lot of lithium can go inside, store it a lot, and it's very easy for him to take it out. So that's what he did, he decided to raise an anode with petroleum coal. Now, there is a lot of chemical setups or experiments to show that there is no formation of wires or short circuits. And later, he also assigned a group of people to do physical tests. So trying to hit the battery, break it and drop it and whatever's possible, and it could actually damage the battery, but it was not, there was no sign of fire or any kind of exposure. And that was the time when the first lithium-methyl battery came into the picture it was the same to use in public or in daily life. Then some companies took that recipe and in 1991, there was the first commercial production of lithium-methyl batteries. But this had to be very software. In the last 10 years, there have been, there is like two, more than 200,000 research articles get published about the practice in which more than 30 persons are about the electronic practice. And this shows that there is still a lot of states to be moved, suffering from, to understand the ways of electronic structure, so going crazy for the structure and how if you understand more, then you get so many more energy in it. The second one is like, if you're developing new energy, you'll be able to take power even from bigger instruments or appliances. And the third one, which is now actually in very fashion, is that how to recharge and discharge battery very fast. So five minutes and you are back in like really recharge. And this also shows that the fundamental research has a huge impact on our society. And in these several minutes and the amount of time and energy you put in there and at some point in time comes back to give the society back. And probably the insertion of the idea of the battery, we have walked a long way from anti-server phase and not the particular economic gadgets that has impacted it, also enhance the development of other fields. So communication, high-density communication, GPS, smart cities, renewable energy, the satellite is up in the sky and how we can access and use more renewable energy. And in the future, there will be more to come and with the hope of a better tomorrow and thank you all for joining me tonight. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. So we have time for questions.  Can I take my hand or you can just tell? I have a question. My question would be, I think you do not draw like content materials or group materials in the form of, right? Is there like a logo or a kind of a Q&A behind why you don't want something in your personal life? So. Okay. So this question is about like what are the work which the materials are the group materials and is there a logic behind the development? So, and it's a way more complicated. When in this, what I'm showing is there's three components of the batteries, which is the cable and the battery in the light. But the other battery are the, the one we talk is there is a insert as many other years and that depends on where you like the interface, how many of the anode reacts to that anode, right? And then the interface of the cable which reacts to that anode, right? And all of this, there's a lot of chemistry goes inside it. Also, so this determines how good the battery is going to work. And this is not a very easy question to answer. So, this is like a lot of chemistry. And one of the best, there's seven people like a very clear answer from a very beginning, and it's the way to open it up. This can kind of be a work out, right? You say a few words, so I'm going to continue in this direction. Yeah, so what I'm trying to understand is like, how the lead can move inside the batteries. So many, this type of battery, the lead can go to the cable. Now, we use the technique called NMR, so we use the magnetic electrons. It's the same technique which we use in NMR. So you get that very precise location where it will be in NMR. Now, this is a very artistic level where you're going to determine that how is a normal environment. So if my lead can go to the octagonal side and there's more detail in the sun, all of the octagonal side or is it somewhere hanging in between and all of this can be brought in very well in NMR. So you can see the signals here. And what I'm doing is I'm trying to figure out an understanding of the method which can put this kind of calculations and then combine them with the machine learning model which is going to extend those theory for the larger systems. So this is a long way to go. So this is the exact big explanation. But what our speakers are doing, they're doing the mathematical and computational simulation of the atomic level processes in order to understand and how to produce better, I mean don't...  I wanted to ask, as I know the chemistry, you said back to what Guilinov did. He basically replaced the cathode. He replaced titanium to the metal oxide, right? And it took him five years to do that. And my question is why does it take so long? You have like 350 metals at most, right?  So what he did in his life, so what Professor John Morelum did, is like there was a recipe to create early demand batteries and to increase the potential of the voltage of that battery, he thought that there could be a placement of the sulfur with the oxygen atom that should bind to some other metals. And it took five years. That's not a problem. When this speed from that point, where we already know what the cathode material should look like, there are three very good materials came out in this picture. And that is just not like depends on what should be the structure, but at the same time, if you put the lithium, it should be easily removable. So once you go in and out, it should be easy. It should not break down. So the life cycle, 1100 times is very important. So there are millions of years to keep taking the lithium out. What will happen is that the material will break down. And then you cannot recharge it again. So there are like a lot of things. And it's also the lithium for one side. It's not an easy material to handle. It's also toxic. And there's plenty of other things which also come in. But they devise it. What is a good battery? So we have time for one last question, I think. I think there is a question there. No, the case on other phones. Or for the lithium battery, it's better if it goes up and down the two side cycle or if it needs to be charged again. Is that a good thing? So the question is if it's for the point of view or maintenance of the battery. Is it better to always go all the way down and then up? Or this is a question? Yeah, basically, yes. But I would say it's a very general comment. But it always depends on what materials you have in the batteries. So the normal double A side rechargeable battery is made up of lithium nickel hydrax, which is a very different material than a phone battery which is made up of lithium ion phosphates. And these two works completely different, right? So in some cases, the life cycle means that how many times you fully recharge and discharge. But if you do it just 70% and you recharge it again, then it will be just 30% of one cycle. So if you keep your batteries always in charge, it's not problem. But this always depends on what materials are used in your battery. OK, we can have one last question. This person who wants to ask a question, please. What's a nice, really nice program? I think that one of the characteristics of any material that's used in the battery nowadays is very reasonable. So my question is, in the future generation, what's the most substantial research in Spain? But the sustainable, you mean, ecological analysis? Yeah, it's a little bit better than in France. So the question is, out there is some research in direction of making batteries more environmental friendly. And this is a great, great question. Yes, but so that's what I mentioned. In the field of research, there is more than 200,000 papers published in the last 10 years. And I can't read all of that. But the question is, like, maybe too much current research is good, right? Yes, everyone trying their best to find the better solution, starting from reducing the toxicity to make the batteries more stable, making it faster, charging, discharging, not breaking it, increasing the life cycle, everything. And that's why the speed is slowly growing. But you know, we are now working at an atomic level, which is very difficult. So to improve that, it requires time and more understanding. This is a very nice answer, I think. OK, so how about doing pizza on us? Somehow, you have a look? No. No. This is all. We had some technical problems with pizza. And I don't know if you can answer this question. So we're going for the break. Unfortunately, you can get some soft drinks at the end. And it's at the left there. And yeah, and we'll have pizza soon. So thank you very much.


Hello. Myself Sunil Kalshetti, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics Engineering, Walshan Institute of Technology, Swelapur. Today, I am going to explain the three-phase full-wave controlled rectifier, learning.com. At the end of this session, students can analyze three-phase full-wave controlled rectifier, three-phase full-wave controlled rectifier. In DC terminals of two three-pulse converters are connected in series, the converter formed is called as a six-pulse bridge converter. It is used in industrial application up to 120 kilowatt output power level. Two quadrant operation is possible. This is the circuit diagram of three-phase full-wave controlled rectifier with highly inductive load. It consists of six thyristor. The circuit consists of two groups T1, T3, T5 forms positive group thyristor and T2, T4, T6 forms negative group thyristor. The positive group thyristor turns on when supply is positive and the negative group thyristor turns on when supply is negative. The thyristors are triggered at an interval of 60 degree or pi by 3 radian. Each thyristor can conduct for 120 degree or 2 pi by 3 radian. At any instant of the time, two thyristor can conduct that is one from upper half and another form lower half. Thyristors are numbered in order in which they are triggered. The thyristor triggering sequence is 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 1, 2. When two thyristors are conducting that is one from upper group and another from lower group, the corresponding line voltage is appears across the load. In T1 conducts the current flows through the source T1 load and T6. The phase VAB appears across the load. T1 is triggered at omega t is equal to pi by 6 plus alpha, T6 is already conducting when T1 is turned on. During the interval pi by 6 plus alpha to pi by 2 plus alpha, T1 and T6 conduct together and the output load voltage is equal to VAB is equal to VAN minus VBL. T2 is triggered at omega t is equal to pi by 2 plus alpha, T6 turns off naturally as it is reverse bias as soon as T2 is triggered. During the interval pi by 2 plus alpha to pi by 6 plus alpha, T1 and T2 conduct together and the output load voltage V0 is equal to VAC is equal to VAN minus VCN. We define three line neutral voltages, three phase voltages as follows. VRN is equal to VAN is equal to VM sin omega t, where VM is the maximum phase voltage. VBN is equal to VM sin omega t minus 2 pi by 3 and VBN is equal to VCN is equal to VM sin omega t plus 2 pi by 3, VM is the peak phase voltage of star connected source. The corresponding line to line supply voltages are VRY is equal to VAB is equal to VAN minus VBN is equal to root 3 VM sin omega t plus pi by 6, VIB is equal to VBC is equal to VBN minus VCN is equal to root 3 VM sin omega t minus pi by 2, VBR is equal to VCA is equal to VCN minus VAN is equal to root 3 VM sin omega t plus pi by 2, these are the waveforms for highly inductive load. At omega t is equal to pi by 6 plus alpha, the pulse is applied to the T1 and before this T6 is in conducting state. At omega t is equal to pi by 6 plus alpha, the pulse is applied to the T1 and before omega t is equal to pi by 6 plus alpha, T6 is in conducting state, therefore the current flows through the source T1 load T6 back to the source. So effect of this the phase VAB appears across the load and the T6 T1s are continuously conduct up to pi by 2 plus alpha. At pi by 2 plus alpha the pulse is applied to the T2, so effect of this the T6 turns off because of the line commutation and once the T6 turns off T1, T2 conducts and when the T1, T2 conducts the VAC appears across the load, in this way the operation repeats and the thyristor T1, T2 conducts and after that T2, T3, T3, T4, T4, T5, T5, T6 conducts, these are the current waveforms. What is the ripple frequency of 3 phase full wave controlled rectifier? For one complete half cycle 6 pulses are appears across the load, effect of this the output ripple frequency is the 6FS, why this converter is called as 6 pulse converter? For one complete cycle 6 pulses are appears across the load that is why name is the 6 pulse converter. The output load voltage consists of 6 voltage pulses over the period of 2 pi radian, hence the average output voltage is calculated as V0 dc is equal to Vdc is equal to 6 upon 2 pi, the limits of integration pi by 6 plus alpha 2 pi by 2 plus alpha V0 du omega t, V0 is equal to line voltage Vab is equal to root 3 Vm sin omega t plus pi by 6. Now substitute the value of V0 in our main equation, after solving this we obtain Vdc is equal to 3 root 3 Vm upon pi cos alpha is equal to 3 Vml upon pi cos alpha, where the Vml is equal to root 3 Vm is equal to Pi V is equal to maximum line to line supply voltage. The maximum average dc output voltage is obtained for delay angle alpha is equal to 0. To substitute alpha is equal to 0 in this equation therefore, Vdc max is equal to Vdn is equal to 3 root 3 Vm upon pi is equal to 3 Vml upon pi. The normalized average output voltage is Vdcn is equal to Vn is equal to Vdc upon Vdm is equal to cos alpha, the RMS value of output voltage is found from V0 RMS is equal to 6 upon 2 pi limits of integration pi by 6 plus alpha to pi by t plus alpha V0 square d omega t square. So, V0 RMS is equal to 6 upon 2 pi pi by 6 plus alpha to pi by 2 plus alpha Vsb square d omega t raise to half. After solving this we obtain V0 RMS is equal to root 3 Vm into bracket half plus 3 root 3 upon 4 pi cos 2 alpha raise to half. These are references. Thank you.