which will come after the action hit Jeremy. What is it in the bag? Oh really? No, you're kidding. No, don't eat it. You have to eat it. I'll watch you. I'll watch you. So it's a play, it's also a meta-theatrical free writing class. Free writing class where so after, so we'll do the action which is going to be 45 minutes of us writing and those of you in the interwebs will be writing or doing whatever work that you're doing today and then we'll do the dialogue which is us talking about your work your work your creative process, what you're working on what you're doing and together we'll work to answer your questions and oh yes, right, so those of you in the interlands, interland, the interweb interlands who have a question you can tweet it to us and Drew is going to tell you where we tweaked to. Watch me work SLP and tweet the hashtag new play with your questions. Say it again. Watch me work SLP hashtag new play. Watch me work SLP hashtag new play. That's our Twitter address. That's our Twitter stuff. So your question has to be kind of short and so we're going to work and I don't know about you, I got a lot of work to do. You got a lot of work to do today? I got, you guys look it's really serious today, everyone's like concentrated. Okay I'm going to set this timer Drew is going to back me up with his phone because this timer sometimes does not want to work and here we go, the work session begins. 20 seconds. Oh we got cheated out of 20 seconds. Anybody who really wants to keep working 20 more seconds. I'm going to pretend to work. Done? Yep. Yay, alright. That was the that was the action action. That was the action part. That was the action part. That was the action part. That was the action part. I was just remembering I was I was in another country about a year and a half ago and I had a tour guide and I had my phone and I wanted him to take my picture in various you know, various times you know. And he was a tour guide and he was so nice he would carry my big backpack and he'd say oh Mr. I forget his name oh sir you know please don't carry my backpack and he'd laugh and he'd say oh don't worry I carried an AK-47 or whatever big gun through the jungle so this is nothing. But he was holding my phone and he would go action and he'd get me to do things. Interesting landscape. So I just remember that right now in Myanmar that they also call Burma. There he was. Blah, look at all these people. So hi. What a question. This is the dialogue part of the play. Usually we don't separate it like that. Those of you who are not familiar with theater we kind of do them together but this time we're doing we're separating them like an egg from its yolk. Yes sir. Yes great sneakers by the way. What's your name? Kirk. Kirk? Great. He's a little fixing though. Yes. And a couple of characters. Yes. One of them really needs to do something completely different in the whole second half. I'm curious what you think about when you've got to just take someone a character out of his track and put him on some other path. What are the kind of things you have to look out for? What things do you want to make sure you do? Yes. That's like a real question. So did you hear your voice is really great. He's written a play. It's a two character play. You've written it. Great. You've produced it. It's been produced. Fantastic. Now you want to do a rewrite. Right? One of the characters needs to do something completely different in the second half of the play. So what do we think about that? My first question is from where does that note come from? From where does that note come? I wanted the second part to be more balanced. His partner got a lot more of the drama from the second part. His story is just as good as I wanted. Okay. So it comes from you. So when the note comes from the writer, that's good. Producers are great. We all love them. Drama Turks are awesome. They're wonderful. We can't live without them. But the best place for a note to come is from your own gut. So it's coming from your gut. That's a good sign. And you want character, we'll call them character B to have as much going on as character A. Because it's a little unbalanced right now. So it's all coming from the right place. I don't see a problem with it. What you have to do is because it's been produced right? So that's hard, right? With each, you get more attached. With each clap of the hand you get more like oh, it's so good. I'm so fabulous. Right, good for me. She has to step away from all of that and you're very brave. I would just say, just talk to character or her character B. Just talk to her and say what's going on with you and what do you want to do with some kind of mission. I don't think it's bad to do a rewrite under those circumstances when the note comes from you and when you can if, though, you're using work on that play to keep you from working on something else. Okay, well, just ask yourself that question. What questions do you usually ask me? Well, what do you want? What can I do for you? You know what I mean? What do you want? What can I do for you? You're here. I'm not hearing you in the second half of the play. What's up? Why are you silent? You know, that kind of thing. Right? Okay, so those kinds of questions. Just like a friend. Say you have a friend who you're really tight with and all of a sudden they're like, oh, it's nothing. It's okay. You don't care about me anyway. You like him better. That's what they're thinking. Yeah, you know, right? Drew, did you raise her? You have a Twitter question. Oh, this is exciting. Someone out there, yes. From Gladys Santiago. From Gladys Santiago. How much material do you tend to keep during these work sessions? Everything. How much material do I tend to keep?  A huge incinerator at the public theater. And in that incinerator have burned many people. Sorry, that's horrible. That's not true. But in that incinerator burn all the pages from the various writers and residents or master writer chairs. Which there is only one. But, yeah. No, I keep everything. Because, you know, does anybody know, has anybody ever heard of Pema Children? Pema Children? If you haven't heard of her, she's awesome. She's a Buddhist nun and she's also very funny. She, I don't think I've ever heard her talk about writing, but what she says is her big quote is, everything that arises is for the fresh, which means everything is helpful to get you there. To enlighten you. Everything is helpful. So, these pages are helpful. And these pages are actually helpful. Yeah. And so should your pages, because actually it's about your work, Gladys Santiago, about you. So, everything you write during these work sessions is helpful. Or like the Bhagavad Gita says, no effort is ever wasted. It doesn't mean though that you should stack the papers up in your apartment so you can't get out the door. So, keep a path from the door. Always. Yes, Carol. Yes. Right. Right. Remember Kate last week or the week before? She was sitting right there, a woman named Kate, was talking about how we could write the big scene. Carol's like, I usually write sequentially and now I'm not writing in sequence. What am I going to do? Because I might go crazy. Join the club. You're not alone if you lose your mind. Um, just keep telling yourself the story. If you need the story in sequence to make sense to keep your sanity, just as you walk along, tell yourself, what's the story? The story is, blah blah blah blah blah blah. Whatever. And you tell yourself the story. And then as you write it, who cares, you know what I mean? If you have an outline or a card, use cards and put them up on the wall sometimes. When you go spelunking, caving, you have a yellow rope that you hold on to. Something to hold on to so you don't go crazy or you don't lose your way in the cave, underground, and we never hear from you again. You know? So you have something to hold on to. So what's the story? Tell yourself the story as you walk along. Maybe put it on cards. And then it doesn't matter. You can write them in anywhere you want. You know? You're welcome. Anybody else? Hi, Esther. Writing an opening scene and the character um, spending um, some time with the character in silence. We're at a whole lot of dialogue. Right? Maybe like ten minutes and try to trust like or should I be out immediately in dialogue? Like we're just going to open up with a lot more um, nuances and I'm even thinking like 15 minutes you're like, you know, not being all jumpy with the dialogue and try to bring people into the character in silence. Sure. And like, is that okay to trust her and try to do it? Yes. Esther says, so she's starting her play and her character is in silence for maybe 15 minutes. Like still silence? They're dead? No. No, they're moving around. Well that counts. We start our 45 minutes of our play in silence. You know what I mean? So you can you can have silence at the beginning of your play or in the middle or at the end. You know? It's okay. You don't have to Yeah, you don't have to be, you know, isn't it nice sometimes like you have a friend and sometimes they don't say anything and it's great.  So sure, you can have 15 minutes of your play at the beginning of the silence and you have your actor in there and they'll work it out and you'll see how it feels. You know? But yeah, but all the gestures are very telling, right? Everything they do is going to tell you something. It's cool. It sounds good to me. Right. Right. Right. What's your name? Evie. So Evie is writing a long play and you've never written such a long a long thing of things. Yeah. So she's never written such a long thing and she wonders how to do that. How do you keep from going crazy? That's like the question question of every question. How do I keep from going crazy? Right? So how do you keep from going crazy when you're writing something really long? I would say if it helps you put an end point there. Right? So you get in your car and you go, I'm just going to drive! Because east, you know, west, right? I mean, because east you wouldn't get very far, you'd hit the water, but west, right?  You get to pick, right? So you get to have an end point just for the sake of keeping your sanity while you're walking along. Right? It's that rope.  I'm not going to go crazy. Or if I go crazy, at least I'll have this yellow rope.  Right, right. That's good. What's your name? Renia. So Renia's writing and she says when she writes, sometimes she gets stuck and she thinks like, oh this isn't going to make any sense or this isn't going to work. So what are some of the things that we can do when we get stuck and you feel like this isn't going to work, this isn't going to make any sense? No. Number one, know that everybody who writes, everybody I've ever met who writes and everybody I've ever heard of pretty much goes through that kind of thing. So number one, you're not alone. So it doesn't mean that you shouldn't be writing. That's the first thing. But also what we do here, we set the timer and we say I'm just going to write I'm just going to put my hand on the page or on the keyboard and just write something, anything it doesn't matter. Because what's happening Renia is you have the critical mind that's no we all got it and it's telling you what to do and what to think about what you're doing. And that critical mind is very helpful but it comes later after you've had a draft. Like Kurt, he has a whole draft now he can turn on this critical mind for the rewrite. So it's not a bad thing it's just the wrong time for it to come in. So I would say just make a daily practice and dedicate yourself to your daily practice of writing even if it's just 15 minutes a day. The best exercise and probably the only exercise I do is write. And they know like Jeremy's one of my students I always say like what should we do answer right what's an exercise right it's the same thing just sit down and like even if it's like and a lot of times it is and that just means you're on the path. You're on the path because that's what the path looks like sometimes you know good question about this I don't know I'll make it a question about you though watch let's see because someone asked a question about this last week but maybe it's the same question that'll be good. No that's why this is here because because it's about you that's the thing a lot of us have difficulty staying with ourselves you know what I mean we'll do anything we'll come to a play that's set up to be a free writing class for you and you know what and not just you but you want to come around and see what I'm doing but it's not about me it's actually about you and that's why I'm here I could do this at home you know what I mean but I'm sitting here because I want to hang out with you guys and there's no application process the only application process is do you have the time you want to come on in it's free sit out you know what I mean a lot of us have a hard time just being with ourselves as artists sitting down and just getting the work done so I want to sit with you to be your yellow rope for an hour as we walk in the cave we each have a cave and I want to be with you for an hour while you walk through the caves of your own imagination and then you know you'll write things and you'll be happy er than you are now that's the idea yes Esther again another question in writing sometimes you can go deeper which is like this part it's like errr and um what's deeper and you kind of you kind of know what deep is deep is like deep is so much for so many people this is deep but if you're getting across the notes you go deeper right so you think so Esther's getting notes about her writing go deeper you know go deeper and she's like well I know what deep is and a lot of notes the same kind of notes from a lot of people so they might they might have some validity right and how do you go deeper it's like I mean I'm not gonna I did it once in the Ansbacher we were doing a talk and I did this once I was doing a talk with Oscar and I did it once which years ago I'm gonna do it again so this is like normal right and this I'm gonna do it here we go let me see I was young then deep that's that's the difference right so what you do I can't believe I'm gonna get up and stand up but that's deep right and you went right that's where it is right so you want to go there every screenplay does that it doesn't have to everything isn't like right but if you're getting that note you might have material that might you know make people feel wow this is moving but you're not really really really going there so go there because again you have your yellow rope and you'll be able to come out a lot of us don't go deep with material that needs that deep shit because we think we'll never get out again you'll go down there and you'll be lost and you'll be like you know in the cave of your own mind forever but it's not true okay you develop the ability to go deep and then get back up again and that's like being an artist or a martial artist that was fun I can't believe I did that years ago with Oscar and he did the same thing what are you doing jumping on the stage anybody else oh yes hi short stories and poems that you've written what else is historical like someone dead or okay okay so you're writing short stories remind me of your name Denise okay tell me again you want to turn with music that you're going to write the music okay so it's a whole like beautiful multimedia thing based on some short stories and some poems that somebody else was written I'd say again and this is the yellow rope thing the writer is has died but they are still living and they are there for you to collaborate with okay they're there so unless you want to do what the some gentleman was here a week ago from then I think he was neo-futurist doing something with I think not but anyway he was like you know doing that neo-futurist thing that they do right but it sounds like if you want to do that and I cut up a door in the air make confetti gay but you might want to collaborate with them work alongside them as if they were living so really work with the writer and I think between your skill and talent and their skill and talent and the work that already exists you'll find a way if you feel like you're trying to insert yourself into it it's probably less than appropriate follow their lead I just follow I just follow you just lean you just listen you just take their cues they're still living you just hold their hand they're the yellow rope you hold the hand of the Gershwin's and the Du Bois I had a lot of hands I grew arms we all held hands like an Indian god he's great anybody with a burning question yes sir from the nationals sure go the nationals there you go for the last few years I'll write these plays and they'll have like one or two performances right that's it I was just hoping you could kind of speak to a certain like have you ever had any frustration in like oh we didn't have that you know 16 performance run over two weeks right right yeah so what's your name again I'm David so David has written several plays and they've only gotten like they've been produced but only like 16 performances and you wanted to have a lot things to have a longer run I would say don't don't worry about it I mean how long have you been a writer I guess like like six years like every day fantastic so David's been a writer six years every day all the time a real writer a real live writer right here and I'm serious which is great I would say that you're just on the path you know what I mean and there's gonna come a point where you do a play it's gonna get a much longer run I mean some of my plays only get done at certain theaters in certain parts of the country we can always look at what we've got and go darn I want more but you're doing great six years every day all the time so you're actually dedicating yourself he's dedicating himself to his practice right which is awesome and you're getting produced it's funny I was reading something just before I came here and it says the master do you know the Dao De Ching anybody you know or the I think I'm saying it right the Dao De Ching so it says the master or the one who has reached some understanding is someone who never questions the way things are but always accepts them as they are so the master is someone who goes okay 16 shows a three week run that's good like that Broadway show we opened and closed that's good we'll do that so they kind of just kind of go with the flow which is what it says on my arm three times trying to learn how to do it and Sanskrit submit your will to the will of God go with the flow right so we have to learn to be to work hard and apply ourselves every day but also be okay with what's you know we're okay with what's coming we're okay with what's here we accept things as they are and that's like enlightenment which is like scary but that's what it is but thank you but keep coming here we keep writing this anybody else yes one more person yes how we do yes hi oh great sure so you're so you've read this play and you love it and you're you're an actor or you're a producer you're an actor and so you want to you want to help him get the play done somewhere right sure sure sure so you've seen have you seen this actor this writer do reading have you seen the degree have you talked to them oh but but you know but you're but that's great but you're you're scared but you're also very respectful right I mean that's great you have someone who's like going gee how do I approach a writer I want to be respect I just want to go in there and say hey man come on let's do your play right that's like we run we run right so what you might want to do is have a little bit of a game plan where you might want to do this play maybe if you have contacts already with some producers right and then approach him and you can say hi this is who I am I love your play I'm connected with this theater and this theater and maybe we could have a coffee to talk about you know it'd be great you know I'd love to help you kind of get it on its feet somewhere for production and the playwright is going to be like or maybe not you know but most playwrights we are playwrights because we like to get our work done you know you know what I mean and be as honest as you can about what you can offer and what you of course cannot offer okay that's that will be very helpful and so we keep our expectations you know reasonable okay thank you anymore everybody's happy everybody's happy now oh yes right right so what's your name Ava so Ava writes in different genres she writes plays she writes short stories and right now she's writing some short stories and she's upset is that what she said okay she's upset that they're not plays you're not a play yeah that's kind of like if you have a little boy child you know you go darn you're not a girl you know I mean let's be you know right it's a boy it's a girl whatever you know what I'm saying so you want to love it for exactly what it is and if you want to adapt it go ahead I usually know what things are as I'm writing them you know what I mean they have different feels to them even though elements of a play a play might have elements of film in it I do that a lot or a novel might have elements of theater in it those kinds of things they cross a lot but I definitely know the experience I had to look like you know it's a novel or it's a play or it's a movie you know so it feels different but I don't yeah we don't gain anything by disliking the form of the thing that's coming toward us imagine your friends coming toward you so what I mean they'll walk the other way or they'll you know they'll start doing this as they approach you and that's you know so be happy you're writing short stories yay you're writing I mean gee you're writing down and you enjoy you're enjoying your process that's like the best thing in the world if you're a writer that's all for you oh I'm sorry sir I forgot you your orange glasses please alright I'm just going to put this in your hand oh okay I've got one scene that needs to be rewritten in the screenplay bad guy interaction with the main girl alright do we spell out why he's such a bad guy or would we just leave it up in the air my manager wants it to be like boom why do we make this guy we're going to take him down I want it to be more of an existential one what do you think I would say great question did you hear his question everybody he projected so well right so he's got some issues on page 39 I love screenplay writers don't you page 39 he wants it to be one way and he wants it to be another way I would say go with what you want go with what you want because it's what you want and you're writing it in all fairness though go ahead this is draft like 6 right so we've been around the whole thing at this point I started to feel like we've been through two directors two production companies already like looking at it maybe they're really missing now I still continue to disagree but maybe I'm wrong we'll do what your manager said I mean really if you've been doing what you want and you feel ready to change your mind then change your mind I'll agree with whatever you say I'll just reflect no because it's your word but I appreciate you asking the question because sometimes it's really hard to know what to do somebody says one something somebody says something else if you've tried it your way and you feel like it's not working but I would bet that you've been through the production and directors not because of what's going on on page 39 I bet that's not it we're pretty good we're tired we're trying to figure out where the guy's going just write this thing for me why don't you write it for him and then not put it in it's a film it might even end up on the floor the cutting room floor that's great scene write it for your manager because you love your manager and he's looking out for you and then put it in and not put it in have two drafts here's a draft you get in You know, it's probably gonna be right in like five seconds, right? Yes, it's probably already written. Yeah. Yeah, so it's already written. So you win. You win. It's great to win. Thank you for your question. Thank you. Okay. So we're gonna say bye. Thanks for coming, you guys. Yay! That's it for today. Oh! Oh, look! Oh, look! We have University of Louisville.  Oh, this is scary. This is my guess like that. Can we talk after? Can we talk? Okay. Yay! We never go outside anymore. We'll stay inside. Thank you so much. Thank you. Thanks for coming. Thank you, guys. This is a good crowd today. To your team's credit. To your social media. No, but you know, but really, because I really think that, and I was telling Jesse, like, because next week we're not gonna have it, because it's been drunk. But I think why? I mean, we can have it. I'm gonna be here. Thank you. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye!


I seek refuge in Allah from the accursed Satan. In the name of God, most beneficent, most merciful, all praise be to Allah. May the peace and blessings of Allah be upon Muhammad and his holy household, and may Allah's infinite continuous curses be upon their enemies. Islam exists upon the message of Muhammad and forever lies upon the sacrifice of Hussain. This summarized statement can be understood from the various narrations, as well as from the holy pilgrimage text, the Ziyara. This exact phrase is not found in the narrations explicitly, but it can be understood, extracted from the various narrations uttered by the infallible imams. Hence, Muhammad, peace be upon him and his family, was the medium for Islam, its essence and beginning, and it became existent among us. Allah, glorified be He, brought forth this world, creation, intellect, pleasures, Satan into existence. He brought them all into existence in order to examine and test them.  And he placed a path, a means for every existence in order for them to be examined. For example, for example, we see a group of people during the beginning of the message of Islam, using Islam as a title, yet inside of them was hypocrisy. Allah, glorified be He, has spoken of these individuals a multitude of times in the whole of Quran. Even though these individuals were considered amongst the companions of the Prophet, peace be upon him and his holy family, whom today they are called Sahaba, the companions. The Quran made mention of them a multitude of times, and especially in Surah Al-Munafiqun, the chapter titled The Hippocrates. Allah has said they are the enemies, so be wary of them. Allah has waged war against them. This type of description revolves around three words organized in such a way. They are strong words, and they point to those who are not pleased with Allah, and they point to them being distant from Allah's mercy, meaning cursed. And there is no verse that is parallel to this one in terms of its context. They are the enemies. Enemy comes before the warning. The context is very explicit and precise. He said they are the enemies, a very precise and eloquent structure which shows evidence of closure upon the subject. He then said, be wary of them. Allah has waged war against them. Allah has waged war against them, meaning death has befallen them. This is the way the Quran speaks. It's articulation. In this matter, the Quran of Allah spoke about them. Henceforth, from this we can say that such individuals will be followed as a parable later on, as an example later on. And we have witnessed them after the death of the Prophet, peace be upon him and his family coming forth and changing the path of Islam, altering it as they see wish. And the Quran has spoken about them. And the Quran has spoken about them, saying, and most of them do not think this command is always like this and is found in every era. These individuals use the title, the name of Islam, and they come forward with something more blasphemous than blasphemy itself. They did not just introduce blasphemy alone, but they went even lower than that. And I say, in my speech, what I speak about today is not presented to the Muslim population only. No. But I send this message to the entire world, to the Muslims and non-Muslims alike. I say to the intellectuals, the thinkers, and the scholars of the various religions and all of us, pay close attention to what I say and read the books of history. And these believers, like the likes of Nimrod, Pharaoh, Shadad, and others like me, have been mentioned in some stories found in the Holy Quran, as well as in the historical reports, as well as the polytheists of Mecca during the time of the Prophet's peace be upon him and his family, the likes of Abu Sufyan, Abu Jahl, and others of the same category that resided in Mecca. Or, they were originally Meccans by origin. These individuals fall under the first and second category of disbelievers and polytheists, each and every single one of them oppressed. But we pay close attention to the oppression that they caused and placed down by the disbelievers of Mecca, then you won't find any weight to one side and equality in terms of oppression. One will be heavier, the half of those who ruled in the name of Islam, like that of Benny Omaniyah and Benny Abbas, who were more aggressive oppressors and tyrants. And it has never been reported to us that the likes of Nimrod and the polytheists of Mecca stained their hands with the blood of 30,000, like what Mu'awiyyibni Abi Sufyan had done. In a short period of time, hence, if we paid close attention to the oppression of all the disbelievers versus the oppression of those small few, we notice one side is heavier than the other on the path who ruled under the veil of Islam and under the title of Caliphate of the Apostle of Allah. And each of them used to call himself the Caliph of the Muslims. Hence these individuals, what they did, what they ruled with is much more worse than the disbelievers themselves. And they are much further away from the realm of Islam than the disbelievers. Furthermore, I need not to speak about this in more detail, since amongst us are scholars, reciters, intellectuals, publishers, and teachers that are well aware of these specifics. Also, those who listen to my words know about these specifics. One of the non-Shia scholars who is well-known has said, if we are to come on the Day of Judgement and with us every nation and the followers of all religions all come together and bring those that oppress them, every nation, every religion brings forth a man who oppressed another man amongst them, or they bring forth a group of oppressors or will bring one of these oppressors like Al-Hajjaj. Al-Hajjaj alone on the way is more heavier than all the rest. On top of that, Al-Hajjaj's title was leader of the Muslims and was also considered a caliph of the Umayyad dynasty. Abdul-Malik I, who came before Al-Hajjaj used to pray fast and his image in front of the hablik was that of a Muslim. Moreover, the likes of Haroun Al-Abbasi and Al-Ma'moun or Al-Mutawakil, all of these individuals ruled in the name of Islam. All of these individuals ruled in the name of Islam, hence my speech today, is directed to everyone. And the message is we must strive together to rid the world of evil and guide all towards the path of righteousness. The oppression and evil that has befallen the people, eras ago, continues still today. Even the countries that have some type of freedom aren't immune from oppression and evil. Hence, it's incumbent upon us to pay close attention and research in order to discover what are our duties. What do we need to do for the future in order to remove oppression and evil? Or at least reduce them. Hence, we ask Allah, the wise, to aid us in this matter. Aided quickly and hasten the appearance of our awaited Savior, peace be upon him. For when the awaited Savior arrives, these problems will be solved. But till now, we do not know when the Savior will arrive. Hence, we have to pay close attention to history, research it and transcribe it. Till this day, millions of Muslims from Manan Shia school of thought take the words of someone like Khalid Ibn al-Walid, or Al-Mutawakil al-Abbasi, or Tarun al-Abbasi in terms of their Jewish parental science, or when they want to conclude an issue in Islamic law or in their various books. This religion of Islam, whose existence was established by the Prophet, peace be upon him and his family. What happened to the religion after him? From the rulers. The rulers produced more disbelief than what was apparent before. The actions of these rulers were much higher in magnitude than those before them, more threats and damage upon the religion. Since these people use the name of Islam in order to make lawful the pure blood of Imam al-Hussain, peace be upon him. The blood of Imam al-Hussain, peace be upon him is equivalent. No. In fact, it is more valuable than all of Allah's creation. Because we have read in the reports a title of his, that being the exceptional unique one, al-Witra al-Mutur, at times some turns make us as different beings, either pointing towards uniqueness or greatness. Hence Imam al-Sadr, peace be upon him, has said concerning the coming of the Imam, he will avenge his grandfather for saying peace be upon him. The Imam said as well, if you want to kill all those on earth, it will not be a waste. Meaning, if the inhabitants of the earth all had their blood still, it would not waste the blood of Imam al-Sadr. The literary context is the words, no, meaning if or what if. And in this context, it points to the greatness of Imam in Allah's divine wisdom. He has decreed that Islam be purified in Allah's world. In order that humanity in the long run comprehend this matter, then after the Prophet, peace be upon him, death, what surface is completely opposite of what Islam is. Even though the name of Islam was in fact huge, in the name of the caliphate of the Prophet, peace be upon him and his family as well. It was all an act put forward in the name of Islam. Furthermore, this research into history will bring forth the true colors of the individuals so that everyone is made aware of these truths. And it is for that reason that Imam al-Hussain, peace be upon him, did what he did by giving his pure blood. But let's say, this blood, there is more greater and grand than all those who will have it this earth. We also read in the reports that the soul of Imam al-Hussain, peace be upon him, upon leaving his body and departing toward his creator, the angels began to shake because of what they saw, mourn and lament and they will continue to be in this state until they have done it. Moreover, the angels were not stricken with any sickness. This feeling that they felt had overwhelmed them, a feeling that they cannot describe, since the one that shakes and constructs with grief has over a brief, usually last minute, or for some short hours or days, for what occurred. The angels is forever until the day of judgment. Upon hearing about this, we can say that amongst the inhabitants of the heavens, what happened on Ashura was something grand. This pure blood was shed so that we can say today, there is no God but Allah, so we can pray, so we can have knowledge of these truths, so we know the falsehood and hypocrisy that entered in the religion of Islam, so we know manners, humility, ethics, morality, doctrines, so we know how to practice them all, all these mannered laws and how to apply them. This is not just for us Muslims, but for all, all those from the Prophet's peace be upon him and his family and they are all human. Oh people, I am the messenger of Allah, sent forth by Allah to you all, meaning that this message is projected towards all of humanity today, and that this message was for them all. And this, and on this we can say that the Imam's blood was for all of humanity and his sacrifice must be made aware to all, because Imam al-Kusayn, peace be upon him, uncovered the falsehood and corruption that was hidden during that time, when his pure blood was shed so that all of humanity, yes, whoever wishes to believe and whoever wishes not to let them disbelieve, every one of you is responsible for the group they supervise, which is why this message today is for everyone to strive in this factor and make awareness of Imam al-Kusayn's sacrifice in order to differentiate between truth and falsehood. Our job, though is more important since occupability is much wider, even though this obligation lies upon the shoulder of every intellectual being or upon everyone who is capable of acting this obligation. We are the people of knowledge, the intellectuals, and our job is more important because in this land our ability is more important. And also, the difference between the two, the different colors, their job is more difficult, our job is more important, even though it's and al-asgari, not the Islam of al-Mu'tawakir. It is important that these two are revealed so that they may all understand and know who were the ones who altered the true Islam, who played with this religion as their own. So we may know who altered the Islamic message, who falsified its true essence and came to the fact that these individuals caused more damage than disbelievers, as we previously made mention of. And it is incumbent upon all to reveal these truths, transcribe them into written works in various languages and needs, not just towards the Arabs and the Kurds. Islam must be one of all corners of the world. This is the introduction. This introduction, which focuses on the following statement by Hussain, this religion is internal. Hence, from this point on, we want to bring to the attention of the brothers some of the examples brought forth by the messenger of Allah, peace be upon him and his family, and by the innocent blood filled with a lot of Hussain, peace be upon him. We want to make it apparent to all, define it with precision and speak about it extensively. We read in the books of history in the conquest of Hunain that those who departed with the messenger of Allah, peace be upon him and his family, in order to defend Islam, here I want to add as well, that her sheikh Al-Baraqi, may Allah have mercy on his soul and his two books, Al-Rahlet al-Madrasiyah and Al-Huda ila Deen al-Mustafa, has recorded the following conquest of Hunain in explicitly. And it is great if these books were to be translated in every language, so it can reach all seven billion people on Earth. So everyone will have an understanding of the revolutionary thoughts of the holy household, peace be upon them. Even if these ideologies can be spread via the satellite channel, and everyone is to perform based on their understanding of the matter or his decree in the matter. In these books, sheikh Al-Baraqi will reveal the opportunity of the conquest of the messenger of Allah. And he is vocal. He states that all of his wars and conquests were defensible. He also showed the reasons for the employment of the expressions by referring to the books history, narrations, and also biographies. He showed how the Prophet's peace be upon him did not want war, and this is amongst the facts that we believe in. But when others read the books of this, such as when Muawiyah sent his goons, of them, Busr ibn Artat, who in the time period of less than a week had killed 30,000 people, amongst them, innocent women and children. Furthermore, it has been reported as well that he slaughtered them, cutting off their heads. When this world reads such instances in history about Muawiyah doing what he did towards these people who don't even possess the capability of defending themselves, I ask you, is this Islam, this is what Banu Muawiyah had introduced in order to ruin and destroy the image of Islam. Another example, Al-Hajjaj, he wanted to capture Aqiyah because he wouldn't conform to it. One man only, and you can find this report found in Safiyah al-Bihar, take a look at it. Al-Hajjaj never lifted his eyes from Aqiyah and kept on following him everywhere since Aqiyah had fled from him. The reports indicate that for several years, Al-Hajjaj did not lift his eye upon monitoring Aqiyah. And during this period, his family had no news of him, nor did he have news of his family. Until Al-Hajjaj found him in one of the districts of Shiraz, how did he find him? How many spies did he have? He ended up torturing him. This was what Banu Muawiyah contributed to history, to Islam, which is why it is seen as important, but an obligation upon us to know the Islam of Al-Qusayn, peace be upon him. The blood of Al-Qusayn, that was spilled on Karbala, is why Islam lives till today. He is the essence. Imam Al-Husayn, peace be upon him, was not killed so that Banu Al-Abbas can rule on the likes of Haroun or Al-Ma'moun. No. Islam of Al-Qusayn, peace be upon him, during his period of government, this time period must be carefully analyzed and read in order to comprehend and understand the true Islam. Now, let us go back to what we were speaking about before, the conquest of Qunayn. It was one of the difficult battles, and as it has been reported that the Muslims who were 8,000, yet they all ran away. These so-called people who were called companions of the Prophet, the majority ran away and none were left by the Prophet, peace be upon him and his family, except Ali Ibn Al-Balak, peace be upon him, and a small group defending the Prophet of Islam. In Qunayn, the command from the Prophet, peace be upon him, and the courage from Ali played the role of victory. And the Muslims won and received many bounties from the battle. The Prophet, peace be upon him, stood in battle to defend Islam and so that Hussain on the lands of Tardala, for the message of Islam, if it was not for Hussain, would have been slaughtered and gone. The Prophet, peace be upon him, stood in battle to defend Islam and so that Hussain would be gone. These are the truths that we have to reveal to the world, so they understand the true Islam, Islam of the Prophet, peace be upon him and his family, and the holy household, peace be upon him. The Islam of Hussain, in which he, peace be upon him, sacrificed his blood for. In Qunayn, after the Muslims were deemed victorious by the courageous Ali, peace be upon him, and after they received their bounties, the Prophet stood by a camel, grabbed the hair from the camel, placed it between his fingers and said, oh Muslims, if I am to take more than my given rights, more than this strand of hair, than I have become an oppressor, even though he was the commander and the Prophet, the one who's closer to the hearts of the believers than themselves, this is the beauty of Islam. This is the truth of Islam, the truth that spilled the blood of Imam Hussain, peace be upon him. This is the Islam of the Prophet and his family, and the true commander of truth. The Prophet of Allah, Muhammad, peace be upon him, and his family. The Prophet says, I will not take more than this piece of strand when receiving my rights, and if I do, I have a... During this event, we noticed that some of the companions of the Prophet began to secretly return what they took, and anything extra that they took which was not in their rights, and then this, anything that they took that was extra, which was not in their rights, and this occurred after the statement of the Prophet of Islam, peace be upon him. They became embarrassed and he really struck them, so they returned what was not theirs to begin with. This is true Islam. The Islam that Al-Hussain is upon him defended, the Islam that is called the eternal Islam of Al-Hussain. Hence, it is for our obligation that we introduce this Islam, the eternal Islam of Al-Hussain. The blood of Al-Hussain, peace be upon him, is the reason that these ideals still survive till today, and this Islam should be made apparent to all. The Hussaini message of truth is to be delivered to the entire world in order that all believe, and if they begin to understand these truths, loads of people will become believers. If they believe our statements, why do I say this?  These people falsified and used Islam in order to corrupt it from the inside. The rulers falsified narrations introduce new innovation and lies, which is why we have a lot of people today that tend not to believe us. But it is still incumbent upon us to ideal and make apparent these truths. There is something interesting that I want to make mention of here. Is that one of the main newspapers in Iran in one of the years that passed under one of its main headlines, they wrote 4,000 lies. And when you read what falls under this title, you will discover that one of those responsible, and of course, they did mention his name, they said concerning this man that till today he has uttered 4,000 lies. Hence we see that the human who sees such lies cannot believe no more. I have no right to have any faith in this war. But we still need to make apparent to everyone the Islam of Imam al-Hussein is upon him, the eternal Islam. These truths must be revealed. The blood that he spilled was for the sake of the entire world, so that all may witness the truth of Islam, the eternal Husayni Islam. There is in fact another example from the conquest of Honain. And in fact, the entire event of Honain contains several examples and hundreds of examples if we are to truly pay close attention to it. They are all examples that should be made apparent to the world. Examples that this world has not come across scenarios they haven't read. I say, and my words are projected to everyone, to the Jews, Christians, idol worshippers, and all other religions. I say to them, come and take a look at history yourselves. Recently, do you feel anyone other than the prophet, Ali or Husayni that uttered these truths, can you discover these truths anywhere else other than the Holy House? In Honain, in the battle where so many ran away, when the prophet peace be upon him held that strand of hair and testified that if he gets more than this amount then he has oppressed the people. There is another example in the same battle. The prophet peace be upon him and his family was dividing the bounties. And this has been recorded in the books of history that those who left their homes against the prophet on the day of Honain were 24,000. This large number departed for the sole purpose to battle the prophet, battle Islam. But Islam was victorious by the hands of Ali peace be upon him, by his courageous actions that took place in that room and by those small few that did not run away from battle. When the bounties were gathered, the prophet peace be upon him and his family, divided them and he did not take anything from herself. The prophet peace be upon him, divided them and he did not take anything for himself, no cow, no goats, no bounty at all. This is the commander that should be a power and a example to us all. This is where I want to comment considering the situation. One of the soldiers who fled from the battle here was one of the hypocrites. And when he saw the bounties of war being divided, he waited in line. And after the bounties were divided, he uttered a very weird statement towards the prophet peace be upon him and his family. Something that I don't have the guts nor the heart to utter.  The words were so horrible that some of the companions of the prophet upon hearing it could not handle it. Hence they said, oh messenger of Allah, shall we kill him? They got up with the intention of killing him. Now pay close attention to what the prophet peace be upon him and his family said. If you were to review his series and see what this man uttered, you would begin to weep over how oppressed the prophet was. In this religion of Islam, this man would have been killed based on the Islamic law. Since he insulted the prophet, if we look at the etiquette and law of battle, we will discover that this document is death, even in the laws found today in Western countries. But when the companion arose with the intention to kill, the prophet was an example for us all, an example of morality and ethics. One whom all should refer back to in order to fix themselves and they have such perfect examples. These should be revealed to the people so that they will be made aware of the Muhammadan truth, know his morals and his ethics. It is incumbent upon us to give all that we have, tire ourselves so that we may reach these truths. So we are not considered amongst those who do not give enough, so we have our say on the day of judgment when we are asked about our deeds and actions. These morals and ethics are that of the prophet, peace be upon him and his family. And there should be facts that move us. These morals and ethics are that of the prophet, peace be upon him and they should be facts that move us. And we should work together with these teachings of the prophet and we should work together with these teachings of the prophet, peace be upon him. The prophet, peace be upon him and his family pardoned the man that insulted him and said, Did you see how I divided the boundaries and did not take anything from it? The prophet could have killed this man or at least could have replied to him with an equal statement. But instead he pardoned and replied to him with kindness and denies him having killed him. He didn't kill him nor did he take him captive or torture him or whip him. These are the morals of a true commander, the morals of the messenger of Allah. I wonder, did the prophet, peace be upon him and his family give anything to the commander of the faithful? Because the commander of the faithful and we read in Najil Balava that he says that every time he would mention the prophet he would speak about his actions and he would say he would not give us anything while knowing our houses are empty. Why? Humility? Hence I cannot say that the prophet gave this hypocrite who insulted him the same share as Ali because in various different wars and conquests he would not give Imam Ali peace be upon him anything. He would share with another over him because of the wisdom he has in him, in his daughter Fatima and in his sons from the Holy Pogyny of Muhammad peace be upon him and his family. Actions like this have no equivalent to it in history. These are facts that we need to make apparent. Those who listen to me now or in the near future from various religions or those students in the university or those students in the universities, the intellectuals, the thinkers, the Islamic institutions it is incumbent upon us to give Hussain peace be upon him his rights by spreading this message and not letting the sacrifice be in vain. We have to spread these truths and make them apparent propagate the true Islam, the eternal Islam of Hussain because the blood of the Imam is precious and priceless so we must make this message apparent in order to get the true Islam to all. So that this message does not die and continues on its title, eternal Islam of Hussain. This is the message of Allah, his family and this is his government and the government of the commander of the people in which he ruled in for five years. Those today that read the statistics of the oil, gold, silver and other national resources will discover that this world is drowning in wealth and money in this era. Still, even after all this wealth every day groups of people die of hunger. The statistics mention this. So much people die daily because of hunger and how do we prevent these disasters? Islam is your answer. The judgment of the prophets and the commander of the faithful peace be upon him. Then no one from amongst the Muslims nor anyone in this world would die of hunger in the government of the prophets peace be upon him and his family.  Refer back to them to discover these facts. Even the ones who wrote the books of history whom are enemies of Islam and the prophets did not write that anyone died of hunger during these golden periods. And they wrote that Abadar al-Ghufari died of hunger during the time of Uthman. But during the time of the Prophet peace be upon him and his family during the time of the commander of the faithful Ali this never happened. How come today people are dying in such large numbers when selfish wealth is abundant and when humanitarian organizations are available animal rights why this oppression? Why do these wars occur between Islamic countries? Is this what Islam is? Is Islam waging war against each other? Since the time of Abdul Nasa I have been made aware of these issues and I know them very well. From the year 1952, 1372 after Hijrat I have been made aware of these issues now for over 60 years and I understand them very well. Till today I see the various countries and its rulers and most of them I see revolutions taking place and wars. The West uses our country like a board game and these wars and transgressions continue to occur in our countries and not in theirs. If these issues occurred in one of the Islamic countries and in one of these countries this has occurred I don't want to mention this country's name 50 years ago or 10 years ago a country faced 9 revolutions in Islamic country 9 different revolutions and this country isn't big in size compared to others how many were killed taken captive injured how many widows and orphans resulted in these revolutions what happened to them whereas we see the West in comfort and safety whereas the Islamic countries you have the opposite and Islam like this with rulers like this wars like this only causes damage to the image of Islam and to the Muslims this oppression has caused many to leave Islam itself because they have painted a picture of what they think Islam to be these Islamic governments to be governing with justice since that is the teachings of the Prophet this Islam which is the eternal Islam of Hussein is the Islam that the people are not aware of it is important for us to research this message of Hussein Islam has now been established since 1400 years ago if we take the 15 years of the Prophet his family governed and in the 5 years of the commander the faithful then all we have is 1380 years where in truth freedom and justice has been established how many books how were the books printed how were they distributed today with the great in terms of distribution meaning there is no excuse here and Allah will say to us with all these beautiful sources and we still have yet to contribute in the reports we read Allah possesses the proof upon his creation Allah also says to him Allah possesses the conclusive proof upon his creation now most of the governments today have freedom because more than 240 countries today practice a form of freedom hence our speech today is directed towards these people and you know very well that the Quran when speaking says O people and not O Muslims in the sermon of Ghadir we read that the Prophet and his family says O people the sermon was not directed towards us only and we also see this in the sayings of the Muslims as well even though countries Iraq and Iran are considered to be the center of Jihadism but this does not mean we limit Shiaism in this area it also doesn't mean bringing peace to Iraq first for example we fix up Iraq, Iran then every other country and city it is important for this movement to begin everywhere in order that we spend awareness of the Prophet's teachings and Imam the same sacrifice it has been important in Kitab Al-Kafi by Sheikh Al-Kulayni on the authority of Imam Al-Kasadiq in the city of Medina lies 1,000 Vitkuts this doesn't mean that the Prophet gave more attention to al-Madinah and left other cities without attention on top of all this the Prophet wrote letters to the Romans, Persians, Abyssinians and he used to send messengers to various cities and he used to send messengers to various cities and he came to him from various locations he did not only take care of the inhabitants of Medina even though there were several hypocrites in the city he did not compel anyone to follow his commands and his prophets he did not possess such negative characteristics as Allah says there is no conclusion in religion the Prophet is the manifestation of this holy verse even though the Prophet peace be upon him and his family did pay attention to the inhabitants of Medina and the various surrounding cities this means if we are able to manifest these teachings we will be able to hold on to the true Islam the eternal Islam of Hussain peace be upon him most of the countries have some sort of freedom today more than 80% of the countries today have different versions of freedom and because of this they have the capability to hold on to the true Islam the eternal Islam in the previous year and I think I made mention of this that someone informed me that we have more than 11,000 satellites and today someone informed me that we have more than 12,000 satellites and I say today what do we have? at least 10% of the population meaning if the satellites today are 12,000 it will mean that at least 12,000 satellites how come we don't have this number of satellite channels today? where is the problem so we can introduce the solution if we have no money we should take loans use our role models as examples our imams our leaders used to take loans when an issue would arise that needed money issues that were intertwined with Islam and the Muslims if it wasn't possible like during the time of sheikh al-Mufiq for example then in this time period it has become simple at the time as a sayid b'har al-alum there was apparent danger or danger in shipping the books with couriers yet it was still done since satellite channels require money they require loans and require hard work in order to be successful 12,000 satellites propagate the wrong message today and we are the ones on the true path hence it is incumbent upon us to deliver to the world the oppression that they face deliver the Islam of al-Hussein and make a parent and spread awareness on the sacrifice of al-Hussein this pure blood pure precious blood there is worth more than this world and what is on it Islam became existed because of Muhammad and eternally because of Hussain it is important to state that most non-profit work that has been done most services were performed by the poor themselves look at the Prophet peace be upon him, Allah says you were brought forth poor and he had sustained you he had wealth from lady khadija peace be upon her she had given him wealth and he used this money he would not have anything to eat he didn't even have a single date to eat at night he would tie a rock on his stomach in order that he feels that his stomach is full even though he did not have a date to eat he still worked hard to contribute most of the institutions today were established by those who had no money it has been narrated that Sayyed Abu al-Hussain al-Asfahani may Allah have mercy on his soul had several projects in Iraq Iran India and various other countries building mosques schools, religious institutions and centers and other all of this he did without possessing wealth he was so poor that he used to live in one of the rooms of the grand mosque of al-Kufa with his family he had no business whatsoever yet he established all of these institutions and schools and mosques another example a Sayyed al-Rujardi may Allah have mercy on his soul built or they say he rehabilitated 400 mosques in Bahrain only while he had no land for himself nor wealth nor any business but he used to make use of his status amongst the people take loans and provide these services to the Islamic nation he was so poor that his poverty reached a point where the doctor ordered him to eat meat in order that his body had energy to move even then he would say I don't possess the energy to eat such food we are the followers of the holy house called al-Husbah we should pay close attention and read the autobiographies of the Imams of the jurists of the scholars it is reported to state that most of them only upon death it was known that they were taking care of several families they bought houses for several people and not for themselves in one incident it has been narrated that a Sayyed al-Husbah had bought 500 houses for the poor to live in one of the dear believers has narrated to me the following story he says that I went to go see the Sayyed al-Husbah and the Sayyed asked me do you have a house I answered no the Sayyed then took help with money and told me to go buy a house the Sayyed al-Husbah may Allah have mercy on his soul to the last moments of his life he lived in a rented house and he never owned a house furthermore Sheikh Muhammad Taqi al-Shirazi the commander of the 1920s revolution in Iraq he lived in a rented house also Sheikh Abdul Karim al-Ha'iri may Allah have mercy on his soul the founder of the Islamic seminary in Iran also lived in a rented residence even though he lived himself even though he lived in a rented residence himself he found with the grand Islamic seminary the houses in Iran one day I saw the Sheikh very confused sad and depressed so I asked him why he said there is no one that will give me a loan and that is because of all the loans he had taken from people oh Sheikh Ayyuth even if you have no money so that the world does not beat us in this matter and we turn last in the race before the satellites reached 25,000 we should distribute the ideology of Imam Hussein so that this Islam will continue eternally and forever the eternal Islam of Hussein so that the world becomes aware of this message and we see that a lot have been moved until today for you see today in this world the various Islamic institutions in the west these centers that were never there in previous years the Shia were not so strong like they are today in the previous night a believer informed me that he was at a place or a group of people that were poor who took a loan and bought a land in order to build an Islamic center on it we see that the poor are the ones who move the fastest so I say oh you we need more than 1000 human satellites so we can make clear to the entire world how precious the blood of Hussein is so everyone can know Islam we should do this in various languages Islam exists because of Muhammed and is eternal because of Hussein do not let the banner of Islam fall from our hands so we are not counted amongst those who did not contribute and be amongst those who lost in the world and the hereafter we seek refuge in Allah from this matter we should raise the banner of Islam as high as possible especially in the month of Muharram and the coming months of Muharram we should work hard to spread awareness and make these matters aware to all spread the message of the prophets the true message of Islam this message that survived because of the spilling of blood on the day of Ashura that is all that we have for you today I send my greetings and my peace peace be upon you


Hello everybody and welcome to video number 10 of the free online version of the future research lecture. My name is Alf and this is the YouTube channel called Der Plasma. We are in chapter 2 of the lecture called magnetic feed configuration and you might remember that in the last video we talked about magnetic islands and in the videos before about flux surfaces. And in this video we will start to talk about configurations for the confinement looking at the tokamak. So today's topic is to start with, oops, let's make it a bit thicker, to start with confee durations for the confinement and we will first look at the tokamak. And we will in particular look in this video how to build a tokamak, what we need to build a tokamak. So we will build a tokamak and for building a tokamak we need basically three ingredients. One is we need a conducting ring or a current loop if you prefer that expression. Then we need some vertical magnetic field, a vertical magnetic field and in addition we need a toroidal magnetic field, a toroidal magnetic field. And we start right away with the conducting ring. So the first ingredient is the conducting ring or as I said some you might be more familiar with the expression current loop or flat coils also often used expression for that. Let's underline that the conducting ring. Now the conducting ring is a model for the tokamak current. That is a model for the strong current flowing in a tokamak. You remember that we need this current to create part of the confining magnetic field and we model that tokamak current by a current filament, by a current filament. And to draw that to indicate that to illustrate that, sorry, let's draw a coordinate system. Here we have z and this is the z direction. This is supposed to be the y direction then into this direction. This is the x direction and then the current filament might look something like, let's try to draw it going through this point, this point, this point, maybe this point and then might be something like this. So lying in the, this is supposed to lie in the xy plane and is supposed to be a circle flowing into this direction. And it's supposed to have the magnitude, the current density, the corresponding current density is IP, the plasma current. And as for the coordinate system, this is the Cartesian system, however often cylindrical coordinates are used as well or spherical coordinates and that would correspond to an additional vector r or coordinate r, sorry, capital R, which is supposed to lie in the xy plane. This angle here is the angle phi corresponding to the toroidal direction and then small r would be going into this direction. This would be small r and lie in the same plane as r is located. And this angle corresponds then to the poloidal angle theta. And now the current filament can be modeled by j being equal to j phi times e phi, the unit vector into phi direction, where j phi is defined as being IP. So the plasma current, the current density of the plasma current times the data function of r minus r naught, where r naught is the position, so it would correspond to this value where the current filament is located and the data function of z. And in case you don't know, the data function, the data function is generally defined as it is everywhere 0 for every x not equal to 0 and the integral, if you take the integral from minus infinity, sorry for, it's probably hard to read, so I try to pronounce it properly from minus infinity to plus infinity, then the integral over the data function dx, that this is 1. So this just ensures that it is infinity is really small and located at the position we want to have it. Now using this definition of the current, we can insert it into the magnetic vector potential to calculate the resulting vector potential. So we will insert it into the magnetic vector potential, which we talked about in I think it's two videos ago, and this was given by a being a function of r equal to mu naught over 4 pi, then times, oops sorry, times the integral over j, sorry again, over j, then r prime over the absolute value of r minus r prime to have it located at a certain position, d3r prime, then we use spherical coordinates here, we use spherical coordinates here to make use of some symmetry properties, meaning this would be r theta and phi, we, as I said, we insert j as we have defined it in the previous slide, and that will then result doing so in a vector potential, which only has a phi component being a function of r and theta, and it will not go through this calculation, just say the result here that it is, it just gives us an a phi component, and if we have a vector potential, which is just an a phi component, we know from video number eight that this vector potential, such a vector potential exhibits rotational symmetry into phi direction. And also this means we have rotational symmetry into phi direction, and we showed that in video number eight, and we also talked about how corresponding magnetic flux function would look like, that was psi equal to 2 pi capital r a phi being a function of r and z equal constant, that this flux function results in flux surfaces, this corresponds to flux surfaces, we showed this by proving, but by making the proof for that, the mathematical proof, and of course we need now to translate it into r and phi, but the major point, the main point is that this all results in already closed flux surfaces, and to royally closed flux surfaces. So we get already to royally closed, well, let's write that word again, that looks particularly ugly, closed flux surfaces, which is interesting, right, because just having the conducting ring, we already get closed flux surfaces. And let's now have a look at these flux surfaces. To do that, we will now make a drawing. So let's try to make a drawing where we here have the z coordinate, and then into this direction, we have the r coordinate capital R, and we will look at the flux surfaces of the conducting ring now, and let's suppose the conducting ring is located somewhere here, and this is in the RZ plane, then it would go around like this, and then going back here and down here roughly, but we will now just look at this plane. Now having this conducting ring here results in magnetic field lines, and the magnetic field lines look like, but you might remember that from a high school experiment where you put iron filings around a current carrying wire, indicating the shape of the magnetic field lines, and the field lines then look like this, going downwards if the current flows into the board, then like this maybe, whoops, that's supposed to close itself, makes it a bit better, let's at least try, so this is supposed to close, putting downwards and one more, something like this, and if we would dare to draw more, then this might look for example like this, and like this for example. These would be magnetic field lines, and as I said, you are probably familiar with that from a high school experiment where you put iron filings around a current carrying wire, and these iron filings range itself such that they indicate the shape of the magnetic field lines. Okay, these are the field lines, remember when we talked about the toe-royal and the po-royal flux, now these field lines from the current carrying wire, which is just occurring into the toe-royal direction, already define a po-royal flux, so let's try to draw or indicate the po-royal flux to a particular surface, so if I were to draw a surface like this going around, and coming back here maybe, something like this, and the magnetic, sorry the po-royal flux through that surface would be psi one, so this would correspond to psi one, then let's draw another surface on the same magnetic field line, maybe starting somewhere around here, this would also go around something like this, something like this, so this now is supposed to be psi two, these two surfaces are supposed to lie in an r-z plane, so sorry for the bad drawing, but they are supposed to lie in the r-z plane, meaning that the magnetic field lines, which I have drawn here, this one for example, at a certain position, it pierces through the field line, it intersects with it, sorry with the flux, with the surface which I'm drawing here, for example here, then it is behind psi one, well this is psi two, sorry I said psi one, this is supposed to be psi two, and then this field line intersects here with the surface, this one with this surface, and remember when we talked about the flux being a measure for the number of magnetic field lines sticking through a surface, the magnetic field line sticking through surface psi one and psi two are the same, which means that psi one and psi two have the same magnetic flux, so psi one and psi two are the same, the constant number because basically the same number of magnetic field lines in it, let's say, so sticking through it, right, and you might also remember that we defined the poloid flux psi theta as the surface integral, S, over the surface S, we have the magnetic field, this was the poloidal magnetic field component times the surface normal dS theta, the surface normal is the normal to that surface here, so this would be dS theta point, being perpendicular to the surface, and if you look at the definition here of the poloidal flux, if we increase the surface of the poloidal flux, so going further outwards, so psi two for example has a larger surface than psi one, but the angle changes between B, between the magnetic field line, between Bp, so the poloid magnetic field component times the surface normal, since this is a scalar product, the final result of that product changes and thus psi two is then still the same as psi one, okay? Good, so we have closed flux surfaces, what is the problem with that? So problems, there are two problems with that, first of all, the shape is inappropriate for a vessel, the shape of the flux surfaces is inappropriate, inappropriate, what a difficult word, for a vessel, because it is basically, these are basically too large, if you have again a look at the drawing, let's go, let's follow that one field line and that one flux surface, which here corresponds to the shape of the field line, if we go around like this, so this is where we have a constant poloidal flux at each position, then you see that we need a relatively large vacuum vessel to confine this, and if we would go further outward, that vacuum vessel would be much larger, and this is inappropriate, something which is very, which is not useful. In addition, there is the Laurentian force, which pushes the plasma outwards, so the J cross B force basically, so if you use your right hand, then you can calculate the J cross B force, and this pushes the plasma outwards, it's the Laurentian force, which pushes the plasma outwards, and that force is also called hoop force sometimes. Okay, what to do if this is inappropriate? Well, let's continue building our tokamak and add the next ingredient, and that is a vertical magnetic field, so we now need to add a vertical magnetic field to get a more appropriate plasma shape so far, plasma shaping, whoops, add a vertical magnetic field. Now let's have a look how to do this, so the corresponding vector potential in cylinder coordinates to get this vertical magnetic field reads A, and then a V for the vector, sorry, not for the vector potential, but for the vertical magnetic field, which we want, one-half BZR, and then the unit vector into phi direction, meaning it only has a component into phi direction. In calculating the resulting magnetic field, BV, then is of course done, as you know, by due to the definition of the magnetic vector potential, by calculating the curl of the vector potential. Now we need to calculate the curl of the magnetic vector potential in cylinder coordinates, so this is very similar to what we have done in Vdu8, and don't worry, I will not do such a thing again here, so I will just show you the final result, this is 1 over r, then the derivative into r direction, r times a phi. Now we need to insert for the phi component of the vector potential, which is exactly what we have written above, and then we just get in the end BZ times the unit vector into Z direction, which is what we wanted to have. Now with this result, the symmetry of the current loop is maintained, meaning the symmetry into phi direction is not broken, so the symmetry of the current loop is maintained, so the symmetry into phi direction is maintained because here we have no further component into that direction, the symmetry is not broken. We get however a contribution to the toroidal flux, we get a contribution to the toroidal flux, and that reads psi and then a v for vertical to pi r, then a vertical, what we have to find above, and inserting that we get pi r squared BZ, which is then now the second ingredient which we need for a tokamak, for building a tokamak in that is to get the vertical magnetic field. Here is an example on how the vertical field changes or modifies the shape of the surfaces, on the, you see three drawings here on the left hand side, so this drawing, this is just the current loop or the flat coil or the conducting ring, so this is the current loop with the shape of the flux surfaces as I have indicated it in the drawing as well, then in the second drawing, so in this drawing here, you see what happens if we add a vertical magnetic field pointing downwards, so at a vertical field pointing downwards and you see that the result is that we get more useful shape of flux surfaces because now the flux surfaces are much more compact, they are much more smaller as you can see, so compare this surface here for example with this one which should be the same on the right hand side, the ones are much smaller, so we can build much more compact vacuum devices, so we get now a more useful shape of psi equal constant surfaces, which are flux surfaces as you know, and then just for the sake of completeness on the right hand side, you see drawing what happens when we add a vertical magnetic field pointing upwards, something which has also been done in Japanese tokamak experiments for example, then we get such an x-point at the right hand side here, which allowed the people back then, it's been a few years since this was done, to install limiters there, but as you know from one of the early videos the preferred configurations nowadays is to not use limiters but use a diverter instructor instead for a configuration, okay there's only one ingredient missing and that is a toroid magnetic field, so number three is now add a toroid magnetic field add a toroidal magnetic field add a toroidal magnetic field and then we will have our tokamak, so this then results in a tokamak, now the toroidal magnetic field is generated by a current into z direction or modeled by being created of a current flowing into z direction into the vertical direction and this current reads j r prime being equal to i z and then to locate it at a certain position data x, so these are data functions again, data y and then the unit vector pointing into z direction, what we need to do is now calculate the vector potential, calculate the vector potential az, then making use of the symmetry that our system features, meaning there's no change of the flux surfaces because we do not have an a phi, so there's no additional vector potential with a phi component and then the resulting magnetic field which we get from that b reads finally minus data sorry dr so derivative into r direction az times e phi unit vector into phi direction and that can be then calculated as mu not i z over 2 pi r times the unit vector into phi direction e phi or which is a very often used way to define that or using the toroidal field strength at the magnetic axis at the magnetic axis this is often called b phi and then a not for indicating that this is at the magnetic axis then b phi can be written as b phi not and then you might have guessed this times r not over r sort of referring to the field strength at the magnetic axis and as you can see this is proportional then to 1 over r and that is basically the typical the typical 1 over r decay of the toroidal field which we see in tokamaks the toroidal field and now we have our three ingredients together to build a tokamak we need a conducting ring a current loop then we need to add a vertical magnetic field on top of that to get appropriate shape of the flux surfaces and then a toroidal magnetic field for the confinement and you can see those three ingredients here so first of all this corresponds to the plasma and in the plasma we have the current flowing so this is basically the current loop this is the current loop then the vertical magnetic field is created by these green coils here oops let's make a proper line so this corresponds to the vertical vertical magnetic field of this these coils create the vertical magnetic field needed to get appropriate shapes of the plasma of the flux surfaces and the red magnetic field coils those create the toroidal magnetic field the toroidal magnetic field and then we have our tokamak sounds easy right however the real challenge often consists in putting a physicist and an engineer together physicist you on the left hand side engineer the right hand side and trying to make them agree on the shape of the tokamak which they want to build despite all these potential disagreements a lot of tokamaks have been built and this is a diagram showing basically the tokamak genealogy where you have on the horizontal axis the time and then you see a lot of polar cross sections of different tokamaks which have been operated throughout the last 50 years basically and when you have a close look you can see that in the beginning most of the tokamaks had a circular cross section a circular polar cross section nowadays however this has been changed and more and more tokamaks and basically all modern tokamaks nowadays have elongated shapes like this one here for example so these are no longer a circular but rather elongated and you will see that the tokamak evolution has sort of converged to the shape of eta which you see on the very right hand side so eta is basically the result if you want of the evolution of the tokamak line okay that's it for video number 10 where we talked about one particular configuration for magnetic confinement that was the tokamak we talked about how to build the tokamak you need three ingredients the conducting ring a current loop which already creates two royally close flux surfaces with an inappropriate shape however this is why you have to add a second ingredient that is the vertical magnetic field which shapes the plasma results in more appropriate flux surfaces which can fit into a vacuum vessel and then for stability reasons you need to add to the third ingredient that is a strong toroid magnetic field and we will discuss about why you need such a strong field strong such a strong toroid field and how that helps you to get a more stable plasma in future videos and finally then i have shown you here this tokamak genealogy plot where you can see how the tokamak evolution the tokamak line has converged basically into the shape of eta okay that's it for this video and i hope to see you in the next video