pile in and charge yes yes so basically with him they get old set up rules yes he's he's like he's not only digging up the zombies he's digging up the last books rules uh so there you go um torgillius the chamberlain boy oh boy i think i i think like i hate this fig i really do like i just think it's an ugly fig okay um i'm pretty sure i just gave it to somebody dear god he's so good he's way different now okay so he has his little bird and attacks that don't matter let's just start there like they don't matter he's a single cast wizard for 125 points but his ability is just friendly virko summonable units have a ward of five up while they're holy within 12 inches of him oh so and he could carry that the uh item to make him the oh yeah so let's go back boop boop boop boop boop boop boop boop boop boop boop so let us now return to the ulfin carny phylactery okay in virkos add one to ward rolls for friendly virko summonable units for the purposes of the deathest minions battle trait while they're holy within nine inches oh it is not a stack correct yeah he thought of that tom that's why you're giving it to belladama not yeah to this guy so that you have two bubbles of five up correct yes yeah okay yeah yeah he's still good and more importantly he's a death mage and so he can bring the minus one to wound and minus one damage spell yep because you're gonna need a death mage on the on the table yep that's not a necromancer i mean he is gonna lose the yeah i mean we'll we'll get to the necro because obviously then you're not you're not van helzing if you've got him but right it's a it's a potent ability handing out a second bubble of effectively five up ward is is pretty good so okay virkos bloodborne nope if only this didn't have the virkos keyword okay why do you say that because as vampires like they could pick up other sub faction keywords and trigger like so you could get vampires that aren't blood knights sure and aren't heroes like you like you could play in that space but you can't because they're virkos it locks them in yeah keith it doesn't work because the specific add one from the phylactery is saying it modifies their ward for the purposes of deathless minions it's referencing a specific thing at bonuses his five up ward on the chamberlain is not it's not death it's not deathless minions look i could be wrong on these guys and what could be great about them is the fact they do have a pregame move at a very cheap points cost like they're 90 points for nine wounds and they have this 10 inch pregame move which is wild board coverage okay but i just don't buy it like i'm not buying that that's worth it because that's all they do yep okay maybe i'm wrong sexy bear is over here saying these guys are great maybe he's right i don't think i mean they are gonna throw a what nine attacks yeah they make nine attacks on threes and threes neg one two damage like they're okay fighters it's fine they're okay like you can't you can't let a pack of three of them go on molested like you have to clean them off the table because they're gonna hit and and kill something or damage it severely because they're gonna come in on using threes neg one two two damage maybe i don't know that you're like maybe how you're fighting it's it's i'm not sure they're getting the all out attack but okay yeah i mean like again the question with these guys revolves around is it worth it to have these three models on relatively small bases making a 10 inch pregame move is that enough yeah that's it well you don't have any other way to i don't rate their damage they die to a stiff breeze i just don't think you're gonna see them honest answer i say can i hold on i make comment they're actually not terrible um in virkos because you're gonna pack attack so they can come out come along as your plus one so like when you're picking attackers on an attack sure like are they your top priority is that your your first hero goes these are the guys you're picking next uh if you don't they may not get to swing that's what i'm saying is yeah which i don't like being in a bad place which my my point is simply that they're going to be able to get into tight spots with only being three models and and you can you can basically pile them in with a hero like it gives you another activation to maximize your uh your activations so i don't hate it um i think counting on these guys for anything like to me this says pay 90 points make a 10 inch pregame move with three models yep end i agree end no and then for me is if if if they're in position they're not a terrible plus one i who my answer is who cares i just i have so many more things i care about in this in this army fighting and and being concerned with this is not a summable unit it's taking away from my summable units points it's taking away from my hero points like there are priorities in this army i'm trying to get on the table these guys in it right so like if they happen to do some damage or all that great i'm sure we can all construct the scenario okay but i am not banking on them for a thing not a thing okay other than is it worth it to have three models float out with a 10 inch pregame move that's it yeah and my answer is no it's not worth it um i think you've talked about this in the past you would have liked has maybe been she did as well would have liked to see in a different design direction with these guys and it still feels to me like yeah they're really missing that it's such a fascinating unit i i've never liked the design of this unit like i think there's so many other positive directions you could take to make this a really fascinating unit i don't know if it's easy to get access to this these models right now but anyway it's a it's a cool concept like the idea of a little skirmishy elite vampire unit that's that's amazing but this is i don't know it's a weird execution on it yeah i mean i just i don't buy it like we're gonna we're gonna see the unit later that i would potentially buy in this position i just don't buy these guys sure mm okay watch captain howlgrim uh he's a fun guy he's a fun little deathrattle virko's hero he's formidable which is cool so you can pop him back up if he dies he'll pop back up with two wounds but he will come back uh and you know uh he can use the at the double command up to three times to friendly virko's deathrattle units the same phase if it does so no command points are spent the second and third time he does it he's under 10 points which is like 10 points too expensive for what he is um yeah he's a cute little dude it's fun to be summonable i guess i'm paying the extra 10 points for the summonable thing so okay yeah besides being a cursed city alum what about howlgrim says virko's virko's yeah i agree it's like he he just got inducted in because he died in cursed city that's it well he's he's a named he's a named like they only do one well no i guess that's not true um like he's the primary faction right yeah sure yes he was he was part of cursed city yeah um varg skier nope skip i i cannot picture the arm ed put this thing in it's cool that it's got an 18 inch charge like i love its charge and it's got the hunger but okay it's not a hero it's not a monster it's not summonable it is a vampire i guess which is cool but like it doesn't do anything in the faction you know right like this guy continues to be the replacement for the var var guy or var whatever vargulf yeah for the vargulf in fec so he can continue to live out his existence over there ghisarge nightguard they are dead walkers as you mentioned at the top of the show in other words zombies um so it is funny you can you can grow this unit beyond its starting size of two so i don't hate it and he gets plus on its attacks with the near uh chatter car i mean they're not good attacks but they're fine like they're five up wards that's eight wounds on a five up ward and you're gonna add a d three models every every one of your hero phases like if no adding if this if these don't get faqed out which which again i don't think they should but they might who knows yeah i actually think this would be a pretty fun one to add models to if they get faqed out they're totally worthless correct that's right they don't have a use otherwise i agree with that because like their five up ward doesn't actually stack with anything else in the faction sure like for the all the bureaucos five ups like you know how we talked about like having velodama and having the tortuga as the second that's the second color like they don't actually fit in any of those bubbles because they don't benefit from any of them right right yep okay uh lady an anica anica i don't know anyways she's got the hunger she has a war to four up uh she can uh go into reserve and she can come out she can pop out places so it's fine and uh her kiss of the blade probe proboscene proboscene i don't know they're like a little it's a little stinging blade at the end of any phase if any wounds caused by attacks made with this unit's blade probis probiskin probiskoskin probisian i don't know in that phase we're allocated to an enemy hero monster and that enemy unit has not been destroyed worse in the state characteristic of that unit by one to a minimum of six plus for the rest of the battle cute skip critsa um you know uh critsa is actually somewhat interesting to me at 120 points because he's summonable so he can pop back he also has the scurrying retreat which is basically he's a he has the scaven ability that when you pick him to fight he can yeah exactly lady not gonna not gonna work here anymore yeah exactly um critsa is fun because he because he can scurry away and in the current season he's not protected right because he's a uni hero but he can be rather hard to actually like chase down and it's be like i can't imagine somebody wasting shooting on this guy uh well and he he shuts off artifacts on a three plus two yeah yeah exactly and he does that like at the start of the combat phase which is fun because he can sort of do that and then leave right and and then if he dies if he does end up getting caught or shot or dies he can come back at half life and then hopefully go kill something with the hunger heal himself back up because he is summonable i don't hate critsa like the fact that he has summonable and hunger is a nice combination um so he pops back up wounded but can still heal himself i i often find value in little unusual heroes that are just kind of hard to bring down and always stick around especially in an army where you want to have heroes around to increase your optionality of where you can where they're like more pylons are needed you know like okay great like you know keep the pylons up you know yeah yeah he always like scarred blood wrath i think a tarnus now especially the tarnus point drop like i yeah pieces like that are always great in my mind yeah just the very the various options you can use yeah something that just sticks around right it tends to be pretty useful so yeah i i'm actually kind of a critsa stan i'm i think i'm supporting this dude i don't know for sure he'd make it in every list but i could write a list with him in there and be happy with it so but yes i agree my scaven bias is showing he's also a rat guy so you know all right vampire lord on zombie dragon so let's say you're playing anything and you also want and you want a hammer well here he is at only 440 points 30 points cheaper than the unique guy still good he's so strong this dude can still be on threes and twos neg three rend three damage he still has the hunger he's still a single cast wizard he still has terror uh and his spell is like okay at best but he is uh you know not he forces a response he is not a unique hero and this guy can take some absolute back breaking stuff in the various sub factions he is incredibly strong in legion of blood he is incredibly strong in cast a lie he's incredibly strong in basically basically anywhere i guess is what i'd say um yeah this dude's a house a house and a half um again he's fast he's tough he's uh you know he is not a mega boss on mawcrusher let's be realistic here right but he does do a lot of damage um his weak spot is certainly the number of attacks with his lance at only three attacks base but he can hit hard like this dude can't absolutely be a be a be a hitter with two of these things and like nefarada and i don't know what's up faction but like you know all these artifacts and nefarada's spell right like we're talking about something that gives you ignoring rends i think it was an artifact legion of blood maybe yeah well and being near nefarada is going to be minus one to wound too minus one to wound yeah nefarada's legion of blood yeah i think minus one to be hit no minus one hit right yeah anyway yeah i could i could potentially see a couple of these things even because they're they're great yeah you got like you've got enough to go around in terms of like buffs for them oh sure like i mean you get him in in legion of blood that's what i said i really think he's super strong in legion of blood especially with nefi which is a significant points enhancement but again you can kind of like they're your two big heroes maybe you got two-foot heroes and then the rest is just just all cheap dudes cheap bodies but he's you know yes he could be in her bubble of neg one to be hit he can also benefit from dark mist right where he's on a three at bay save and now he can't suffer penalties to save anymore and then this dude if they don't have if they don't have like spam mortal wounds he's just not dying basically because between the hunger and uh two up on rendible save i i literally don't know what would remove this piece if it's not mortal wound spam right like there's no normal attacks that would lift this guy it just doesn't exist all right so yeah you know i i think that like i think he's a versatile piece he can be a strong pinner he can be an unbelievably good anvil he can be a really good hammer um yeah i mean the velocity is strong i don't know what to say i think he'll show up in most lists yeah that's and used in very different ways which is which is good right like yeah i'm generally excited where is that i like set up tbd on the on the hunger mechanic just i need to get a better feel for that just kind of because that's one of the mechanics you know we talked about there some of the as they always do they they have a mechanic and then they go sometimes they go overboard on that mechanic and it's everywhere right so we'll we'll see if if that turns out to be the case here but yeah this guy was just he was lame i thought in the last book i don't know that's you know a big a hot take but i was always underwhelmed by this guy previously as opposed to like board dry who was amazing consistently man for it and yeah so but he's he's there now yeah which is awesome you know i love how we we've always talked about healing in the combat phase it's like the best time


Today I'm gonna show you how to make your videos pop and take them to the next level using creative assets from our latest and greatest pack release, the All-In Pack. If you wanna get your hands on that giveaway, all you need to do is go into the description below. If you subscribe today to Artlist or Artgrid, you will get this pack for free and if you're an existing user, just go into the website and download your All-In Pack. So let's jump on the editing station and I'm gonna show you what you can do with this pack. First of all, I wanna show you a clean edit without any assets. By the way, the footage and music you're going to see in here are all from Artgrid and Artlist. 🎵 Gym, sweaty, R-I-P, practice in Tai Chi 🎵 🎵 Keep it chill, mental, L-I-T, keep up those psyche 🎵 🎵 How the damn wasabi, ah, too spicy 🎵 🎵 Drop a P-I-C, now I'm trending on IG, yeah 🎵 That was pretty cool, but it could be even cooler using creative assets from the All-In Pack. I already created a sequence with all the assets that I've used implemented into the sequence, so let's start going over each thing. So right off the bat, I chose to use some film grain that gave it a more creative look. I chose to go with the pro film grain. As you can see in the project file, we have the All-In Pack located right here. Basically, the pro film grain is right here. So you can see there's some scratches and grains on it. I put that specific grain all across the project. You can see the footage is already having a more rough look. All you need to do is drag it from here to the timeline, go into effect control, and right here in the opacity, you can change the blending mode to screen or whatever blending mode you want. You can play around with it and see the different effects that it could create. I also added in the beginning some glitch effect just to create a more impact for the first shot. You can see right here, there are plenty of glitch effects available in this pack. I specifically chose to go with glitch number six, which is this one, and it's a very long glitch. It has different parts to it, so you can play with it. It's very easy to drag and drop it. It's already an alpha file, but again, I wanted to play around with the blending mode and the opacity. For this specific thing, I went to the darken, and you can see this effect right here. For this specific shot, I used some fill mats. We have some pretty creative fill mats right here, and if I'm gonna zoom into the timeline, you can see I've used several different fill mats. All these files are 4K, so if you're working on an HD project, you should scale everything down or just right click and scale to frame size or set the frame size. Just to show an example how that looks, you can take a specific fill mat. Let's take this one, for example, drag and drop it on this footage, and already you can see the effect. Of course, I'm working on an HD project, and these files are 4K. You can just right click on the specific mat and adjust the specific mat to your clip size and see the different effects in action section. We went with a pretty cool and simple split screen. I basically took the same piece of footage, cropped it, and moved it into the position. You can take that to the next level, again, with the asset. So basically I took this element right here, and I've put it underneath these split screens. Let's turn on this layer, and immediately you can see how it affects this specific part of the sequence. And then I took this pretty cool asset that we have in the pack and put it on top of the middle split. So let's turn on these layers. And to give it a bit more spice, I added the film grain, and you got yourself that pretty cool grungy look. By the way, if you're enjoying this video, don't forget to subscribe to our channel and hit that like button. So again, here's another part in the edit where you have this person climb on the concrete roof. So I added the glitch effect, this one. I decided to mask it. So this is how it looks, and also play with the blend mode. Again, it's very easy and simple. All you need to do is create a mask, as you can see the mask right here. So I created a mask over the specific element, and I changed the blend mode into overlay. You can play around with it. You can see that it could be also like this. I wanted it more subtle. So I went with the overlay blend mode. What I really like about this pack that it has a lot of different elements in motion. So all these different elements are in movement. You can see how easy it is to drag it. I adjusted the element, scale it to the frame size, and that's how easy it is. So I decided to use some more elements because again, this is like a dance video. There's a lot of movement. So these elements fit really well into the specific edit. The next thing I've added is some VHS effect. So you don't only have grains here and filmettes. You also have VHS assets under the VHS folder in the pack. Very easy to use. It's just a drag and drop. This specific one is the fifth VHS asset. You can just drag it, play with the blending mode and you can get very cool effects as you can see here. You can also help these elements be more integrated within the footage by masking your subjects. Basically all I did is took the specific shot of this woman. I've duplicated it and I used mask together with some key frames. A very rough mask as you can see. And in between the two layers, I've put some motion graphic elements from the pack to increase the movement and dynamic of the shot. And again, I did a pretty rough mask. You can go key frame by key frame and refine your specific mask until you're comfortable with the result that you get. And for the end, I've just used some more VHS assets from the pack and added a flicker effect, which again is very simple to do. I can delete this and show you how I did it.  Practice in Tai Chi, keep it chill. Mental L.I.T. Keep up those psyche. How did that one start up a PIC? Now I'm trending on. So this is how easy it is to use this pack and make an impact on your videos. We would really love to see what you guys created with this pack. Make sure to tag us on Instagram and you might get featured in our social platform. There's many more stuff to this pack, like LUTs, sound effects, pre-production templates to help you out with your creative process. Also, let us know in the comments down below what was the most useful tip you got from this video. And if you liked this video, don't forget to subscribe to our channel and slapity slap that like button. Until the next time, stay creative.


So turn in your Bibles if you would to Philippians chapter 2, Philippians chapter 2 and we're going to look at verses 1 to 4 in this lexen this morning on a call to humility. Father, I do pray that you will help us this morning. I know that I personally am in need of your grace. I know that many times we are distracted from things that are going on at home with our husband or our children or even this morning Lord I'm weighed down heavy for many that I know that are hurting and suffering because of other people's sins and my mind is going to them and I want to leave that at your feet and be able to concentrate on the one thing that's needful right now and that is to communicate this passage in a way that is clear and is true to your word. And so Father I pray that you'll give grace not only for me but for these women as well because I know that they too are carrying burdens and their minds are easily distracted. I thank you Father that you remember that we are frail, that we are dust and Lord that you understand our infirmities, you understand our weaknesses. Help us to overcome those even now Father that we might focus on the one thing that is important right now and that is to study these four verses and to not only study them Lord but to obey them. That's the most important thing to obey. So Father give grace I pray in Christ's name, amen. Well one of the blessings of being a teacher of God's word is not only that I get to practice living out what I'm getting ready to teach but also the Lord many times gives me live illustrations to further explain what I'm going to teach on and this particular lesson he did. I happened to be with three other women and the four of us were sitting around talking and we were all talking about a wedding that was coming up in about I think it was two days from that time. And one of the ladies at the table said this boy why does that wedding have to be in the middle of the day? And she went on to say that it messed up her whole day because it was a Saturday that the wedding was taking place on. Then one of the ladies looked at me and she said what a selfish society we have become. And then she said to the first lady who said what she said the wedding is not for you. It's for them and it's to honor their day and then I said thank you for a great introduction from my lesson to Philippians 2-1-4. Now ladies I am not so pious as to think that we all do not struggle with behaving selfishly at one time or another right? In fact just this morning my husband called me, Debbie can know because I was driving here and he always calls me several times a day usually when I'm out of town how to go and everything and you know we're getting ready to move and right now I have this big office with a big desk and we put it on Craigslist and he said someone's coming this morning to get it. And I said well you will you know take my computer off and put it on the floor and my printer I said because when I get home tomorrow I've got to print some stuff off before we move Monday and he said well I'll do the best I can and I said honey please you know and there we are we all have those things you know yours might not be that but your husband might ask you to do something and you're like are you serious or even this morning as you're trying to get out the door he might have asked you to do something.  No I have to be at the ladies conference at 9 o'clock and so we have this wrestling going on or we might hear the following in a local church you know well we can't do it that way we've always done it this way we can't change that. We have a difficult time sometimes giving up our rights don't we? We are very selfish and we have a hard time of thinking of others as more important than ourselves and my friend we are raising a generation that is worse than us. I am appalled at the children that I see today they are very selfish, self-consumed and love themselves too much and you know where they learned it from us. They learned it from us right? Now I'm convinced if we as a church and if we as women would put into practice the verses that we're gonna cover right now I'm convinced our problems would be less in our churches and less in our homes and I don't know about you but I don't like problems in my home and I don't like problems in our church so I'd like to obey these four verses wouldn't you and have a church that is harmonious and unified and a home that is harmonious and unified so in fact our relationships might be just a touch of heaven if we would implement these verses so let's cover them let's read them together and then let's talk about them Paul says if they're being there for any consolation in Christ any comfort of love any fellowship of the Spirit any tender mercies and compassions fulfill you my joy that you be like-minded having the same love being of one accord of one mind let nothing be done through strife or vanglory but in lowliness of mind let each esteem others better than themselves look not every man on his own things but also on the things of others now you should have an outline there before you we're going to first of all look at Paul's appeal for unity and under that we'll have eight little points there in verses one and two then we'll also look at Paul's application for unity in verses three and four and there will be two points there so eight on the first and two on the second now we don't have time to get into the context but just to tell you that as he ended chapter one if you'll look very carefully he's talking about suffering and persecution front of you it is given on the behalf of Christ not only to believe on him but to suffer for his sake he says having the same conflict which you saw in me and now here to be in me so he's talking about suffering and persecution now ladies because the church was going through suffering and persecution it would be imperative that they be unified because as you go through troubling times if there is disunity it only makes things worse okay so when you're going through suffering persecution trials if there's disunity in your home disunity in the body of Christ it only makes things worse many times when we're going through suffering or persecution tension and relationships can be at their peak and then unity becomes a risk but ladies unity in the local church is possible even when you're going through trials and suffering and persecution you might say well Susan how is that possible well it is possible based on the qualities or the four appeals in verse one let's look at it appeal number one therefore if there is any consolation of Christ or in Christ now you will notice look at verse one very carefully Paul begins each of these appeals with the word if if there's consolation in Christ any if there's comfort if if if the word if is really translated since or in view of the fact that it is true since it is true ladies they are these are realities these are realities these things are not questionable these things are not oh I hope so there is consolation in Christ right there is comfort in love there is fellowship in the spirit there is tender mercies and compassion so this isn't an if it's things that are completely sure now all of these appeals in verse one are going to begin with the letter C ABC for your remembrance okay first of all Paul appeals for unity based on here's your first C consolation in Christ now what's that mean well the word consolation in the Greek is the act of calling toward or to help or begging someone call a going alongside of them and it would include exhortation and encouragement Paul is saying since you as a body of Christ have experienced the gentle encouragement of Christ then you too should live in the same way you too should live in a state of harmony you have been granted grace by Christ his comfort his encouragement so you therefore also live in the same way ladies the point is this there is encouragement in the person of Jesus Christ is there not you know I was thinking as after my husband said that I I thought and I started getting upset in my heart and I thought okay stop it Susan in light of eternity what does it matter if he unplugged your computer in your printer you know I mean just so you don't get your documents printed tomorrow it's really not gonna matter right so stop it it's really not worth it in light of attorney it's really not worth it going home and having a fight with your husband so just stop that's wicked that's sinful the point is this Paul says because that's true that Christ does encourage you comes alongside you then let us minister to the needs of others and be more concerned about them than than ourselves see how selfish we are we wake up every day and first thing we think of is what ourselves how am I gonna feed myself what am I gonna you know what am I gonna do for myself and you know this is a challenge in the middle of persecution because our flesh wants to cry out for me you know nobody understands well the second appeal is for comfort of love notice how Paul pits it if there's any comfort of love this is your second C now what does this mean well comfort means to speak closely to anyone and the word for love here is a gap a which is the type of love that God showed toward us it's not a love that is mushy gushy it's not a love that gives us what we think we you know want but what we need God loved us so much what he gave his only be out in son God gave us what we needed we needed a savior because we are sinful right and so he got paid us now ladies if we have that kind of love in our hearts towards others then that produces spiritual unity right if I love you based on what what you want you're gonna be a very selfish person if I enable you you're gonna be a very self-consumed person but if I love you to the point I give you what you need then that's true love ladies if we have that kind of love in our hearts it'll produce spiritual unity in our lives as well as produce comfort right in the hour of trial in fact I've just had a couple of conversations recently with a couple of friends of mine who enable their children I said you know you've just raised a brat is all you've done you your kids are brats and they're grown they go I know why go why'd you do it there's no comfort in that there's no comfort in that but there is comfort in giving you know children like boundaries they really do they like discipline I mean they might like to be spanked but they like discipline they like to know there's rules ladies we agape others based on their needs now notice the third appeal is for communion Paul puts it this way any fellowship of the spirit fellowship is a word which involves participation or communion in anything that's why I gave it the word communion but here it's communion or fellowship of the spirit ladies the commonality that we have is from the spirit right the Holy Spirit everybody in this room that knows the Lord Jesus Christ as their personal Lord and Savior we all have one thing in common right we have a commonality right yes are you guys awake need more coffee now I've had two cups so that's about my limit but we have fellowship right communion because of the Holy Spirit Paul says in Romans 8 16 the Spirit himself bears witness with our spirit that we what are the children of God so what's Paul saying if you want to have unity in your church in your home we should all share what that same commonality of the Holy Spirit which is when we know what the fruit of the Spirit is love we should all have that same love joy peace long suffering gentleness goodness meekness faith and self-control that should be present in all of us that's what the Holy Spirit produces well notice the fourth appeal here for compassion he puts it this way any tender mercies and compassion King James version describes it as describes affection as bowels bowels of compassion that's kind of a weird term isn't it but that describes you know you think of your bowels you know it's the inside your intestines so it comes to mean that describing our inward feelings our inward gut and mercy here means pity or compassion what's Paul saying ladies our Christianity should produce sympathy and affection for others sympathy and affection I was just talking to Mark Bershear in the book table room and we were just sharing I said you know we're praying for you I said you know I I've been there done that where you are I have compassion I understand I understand ladies we should have that sympathy we should feel the hearts of others sympathy and affection I shared with you yesterday about the lady who's was caught in adultery with the you know the past I mean the pastor's wife was caught in adultery and I've been trying to talk to the other woman involved the the innocent party I woke up this morning I just kept thinking about her how awful and praying for the pastor's wife that she really truly repents but we should have sympathy we should have bowels of compassion for one another Paul reminds the church at class I how important these virtues are therefore is the elective God holy and beloved put on tender mercies humility kindness meekness long suffering well after Paul gives a fourfold basis for unity he continues on in verse 2 and we're still appealing for unity and he gives another fourfold appeal only this time they're all going to start with the letter L so you got four C's and four L's okay notice how he begins verse 2 fulfill my joy perfect my joy what's Paul saying well if you guys will practice all of these things you will make my joy complete ladies this is every pastor's dream I know because I'm a pastor's wife there's nothing more joyful for a pastor and his wife to see a church living out Philippians 1 Philippians 2 1 to 4 Paul says this will make my joy complete but you know what there's nothing that's more grievous to a pastor and his wife and the elders and their wives then to see a church that's not living these verses out it's heartbreaking and ladies you know we're gonna be accountable on that day Paul says in Hebrews obey them to have the rule over you and submit yourselves to them why because they watch for your souls and then he goes on to say on that day it will be unprofitable for you if they can't present you with joy you know so that on that day your pastor's gonna stand up for before God and give an account for his sheep that he has shepherded and hopefully we have obeyed right if they've been giving out the goods that they should we've obeyed what they've said if it's the God's word and Paul says you better do that because it's not gonna be profitable for you on that day if you have not obeyed so we want to make sure and they we want I want my pastor even though he's my husband to present me with joy you know and then I will you know describe my middle name Susan Joy well he gives another four-fold appeal to unity and as I said they all begin with the letter L look at the first one make my joy complete first of all by being like minded like minded what does this mean this means we should have the same goals and be unanimous in our decisions we should be intent on one purpose now ladies this does not mean we are unanimous or have the same mind where sin is present okay that's not what Paul is saying we cannot be like minded under those circumstances when sin is present but where sin is not present what Paul is calling for here is a spirit of unity we should be like minded for example you might hear and I've heard of this of churches splitting over you know the color of the carpet or the pastor's salary or the way he raises his children or something petty like that that is not being like minded if we allow discord and strife in the church then we allow Satan to get a foothold in our church and ladies you know that what then happens it prevents the kingdom of God from being advanced and Debbie and I have been in very many churches and I can walk in the door and be up there teaching or start talking to the women and you know it's a dead church it's like Ichabod has been written over the door the glory of the Lord is departed and when you get begin to talk to the women or you talk to the pastor's wives you find out that all this garbage is going on and there is not a spirit of unity and we don't want to give Satan a foothold because it blasphemes the name of God in fact Paul gives this principle to the church at Corinth in 2nd Corinthians 1311 finally brethren farewell become complete be of good comfort be in one mind be of one mind live in peace and the God of peace will be with you do you see what he's saying if you guys are of one mind of course we know the church at Corinth wasn't there was all kind of divisions and stripes and some guy committing incest and they wouldn't put him out of the church I mean that that church was a mess but Paul says if you guys would be of one mind the God of peace will be with you I don't know about you but I want God's peace with me I don't like it when I'm not at peace with God I don't like that that feeling in my soul in fact nothing is more grievous than a church or an individual God's hand of blessing has ceased not a second appeal is for love not only be like minded but he have he says have the same love this is the same Greek word is in verse 1 agape love and ladies it must be very important because he's mentioned it two times now two times love anytime anything is repeated in scripture it's because it's important and again as I mentioned last night remember he prayed for the church at Philippi that their love would abound more and more and yet we saw that the church at Philippi already love Paul and he loved them and why is he praying for that because love is foundational for everything we do now what there's faith hope love and the greatest of these is what love ladies there ought to be a continuous love among the believers for one another we should have the same love for God's word for his people for his work we might differ on opinions you know I imagine as this conference went together there was probably differences on what how the program should look what the program should look like what color tablecloth should be on the table what kind of food we were gonna have out there where you know there might have been differing opinions and that's okay but we should all have what the same love and I should defer what doesn't really matter if the color of the pro even though that's a great looking program I think that's one of the best ones I've ever seen it's really great Debbie and I were talking about it's done with excellence we might have different opinions but ladies we better have the same love if you want unity in your church in your home you better have the same love notice the third appeal the third appeal Paul says of one accord and so this really is a synonym so don't laugh at me the appeal the third appeal is for loan L. O. N. E. which is a synonym for one loan accord one accord now this is the only time this word is used in the New Testament did you know that one accord this is the only time you'll find it and it means a union of soul we should be joined together in our souls we should be unanimous we should have the same urges the same desires when it comes to God's glory in his kingdom ladies we should all act as if one soul is guiding us we should be soulmates remember what Paul said about Timothy I have no one like-minded who would actually care for my state he was like his soulmate we all should have the same desire the same soul the fourthly the fourth appeal here is that they would be of lone mind one mind one mind lone mind the call here is to be intent on one purpose it implies not only thought but also the affection the will I like what AT Robinson says and he says it's like we're all thinking the one thing it's like clocks that strike at the same time Debbie and I had that I think it was yesterday or day before our alarms went off at the same time playing the same tune I was like well that's really weird but that's what he's saying clocks that tick at the same time the same mind one mind identity of ideas harmony of feelings you might be saying Susan whoa whoa whoa whoa whoa those eight things that's a tall order I mean you you don't know the women in my church they drive me crazy I can't I can't do these things you know it isn't possible when you think about it to think we would have the same opinions on everything right but Paul tells us in verses three to four how we can be united how we can and Paul now gives the church at Philippi and you and me the application for unity so we move from the appeal his eight-fold appeal for unity to now the application okay Paul tell me how how do I do this how do I fulfill all these things notice what he says hold on to your hats if you have one on let nothing be done through selfish ambition or conceit Paul says let nothing not one thing no nothing nothing nothing be done through selfish ambition which is translated strife in fact the one strife means someone who works for higher selfishness means self-willed ladies strife or contention is always an expression of enmity and results in factions and discords among the brethren ladies that should never be for the life of a believer Paul says in 2 Timothy 2 24 the servant of the Lord must not quarrel but be gentle to all men patient patient when you think about our Lord Jesus Christ and you think about his life here on earth do you ever read in the pages of the New Testament that he allowed such a motive to influence him selfish ambition no and neither should we now not only should absolutely nothing be done through strife but also nothing should be done through conceit Paul says again the King James version translates this word is vanglory which means empty glory self-conceit empty pride a vain opinion of yourself ladies that is not from God if you have that you're in big trouble because James says in James 3 14 to 16 if you have bitter envy and strife in your heart glory not and lie not against the truth this wisdom comes not from above but is earthly sensual demonical for where envy and strife airs is there is confusion and every evil work but the wisdom that's from above is what pure peaceable gentle easy-to-be-treated full of mercy and good fruits without partiality and without hypocrisy so if you've got all this this stuff going on James says don't lie to yourself that's demonical that's from the devil demonical ladies if we're serving God for self praise then that is a wrong motive self should never enter the picture instead of these motives Paul says we should have a lowliness of mind a lowliness of mind what does this mean this means we should be humble we should have a humble and modest opinion of ourself in fact it actually is the same word used in Acts 2019 where Paul describes his own personal service to the Lord and he says this I serve the Lord with all humility with many tears many trials now there are some really wrong views of humility okay we're talking about humility in this session humility listen very carefully humility is not thinking meanly or lowly of yourself it's just not thinking of yourself at all now that's hard isn't it just not thinking of yourself at all having a lowliness of mind does not mean that we go around thinking oh you know I'm just I'm so humble yeah I just I'm so humble that's thinking of yourself there isn't it it doesn't you mean you don't think of yourself at all that's what Paul's calling for here don't even think of yourself at all now ladies this does not mean we're at the beckoning call of everyone okay as I mentioned I don't believe in enabling everyone that comes knocking your door and says I need this I need that James says in another place you know if your brother or sister has need and you shut up your heart of compassion from him how dwells the love of God in you actually that's first John but anyway the Greek there is and when you when your if your brother has need that you have investigated and made sure it is a need okay it's not just a want that this person has a legitimate need and so it doesn't mean we're at the beckoning call of everyone if we did that it would be disastrous right we would raise those little brats but ladies we should have an attitude of humility and we should have a servant's heart seeking to go the extra mile when needed I believe when we have a right view of our self and we see our self as vile insignificant a sinner saved by the grace of God unworthy to be called his child then a proper view of our self will lead us to an attitude of humility towards God and others ladies nothing will hurt human relationships more than an attitude of pride God gives grace to the humble but he resists the pride that means his army is set against you getting ready to fight you oh I don't know about you I don't want God against me now if we truly have the right mindset of ourselves not thinking of ourselves at all which is humility then notice what Paul says then we will esteem others better than our self esteem here means to think or reckon in the word better means to hold oneself above we are to think of others better than ourselves in fact the Greek translation reads like this you must rather in humility regard one another as more excellent than yourself so instead of Susan joy hex spending an hour licking her wounds and absorb in self pity I think of somebody else and how I can spend that hour for their benefit and not my own and ladies that's humility right and that's hard that's the spirit we should have so in a nutshell the first application to unity is diet to yourself and live to others die to yourself and live to others what did Jesus say if you want to save your life you better lose it if you want to lose your life you can you better what see if you want to save your life you better lose it or lose your life okay wait a minute here I know that passage now remember you have to you have to love me and esteem me better than yourself right now because I haven't had much sleep so if I slip on some scripture memorization it's because my mind is going to bet he will he will I'm not gonna quote it you know what I'm talking about all right well Paul expounds a little further with that thought in verse 4 look not every man on his own things but also on the things of others interesting word look here it means to look towards an object to actually spy out in fact our English word scope comes from this word not scope the mouthwash but scoping something out Paul says we should not be absorbed by the concerns of ourself but we should be spying out or scoping out other people's needs I love what Elizabeth Elliott says this is great she says if a marriage counselor were to ask each partner what are your goals and the answer was how can I best serve my husband or my wife and what can I do to further his or her goals she said the counseling period would be over and the bill low isn't that true and boy let me tell you my husband I have done a lot of premarital counseling and I've never heard them say that what's your goal in marriage oh to see whatever I can do for her or whatever I can do for it whatever and she said the counseling period be over and the bill low when it be great if we had a some community of Christians who set themselves to look only to the interest of others ladies and maybe we would adorn the good doctrine of God and make it attractive instead of blaspheming his word and making it unattractive you know it's a sad day that we live in when everyone is so preoccupied with himself and themselves and their cells in fact have you taken time to listen to your conversations lately now I know this weekend you're gonna really focus on being interested in someone else but maybe later on this week or next month you'll think about this lesson and listen to conversations that you I'm always surprised the women that I disciple that I've poured my life into for years and years and sometimes they'll leave my house or I'll leave their house and I thought you know what we spent just spent two hours together and they didn't ask me one thing about anything now I'm there to serve them that's true but I hope by my example they're learning that they should be interested in my concerns too and my needs and how they can pray for me because usually before I end any discipling time I'll say now how can I pray for you before we meet again and it's only one or two they'll say well how can I pray for you Susan so start taking taking note of your conversations you have with people and note how much you spend talking about yourself or your grandkids or your your your whatever me me me me me that's why they call it ipads iphone I I I because it's all about I and note how many times you and how much time you spend asking others about their in and really meaning it okay not just doing it that's a hypocrisy if you don't mean it okay you know we live in a world that tells us we need to fulfill our desires we need to love ourselves I say where is that in the Bible show me that in the Bible Jesus says love your neighbor as you already do yourself you already do love yourself that's the problem ladies we're to be looking out for the interest of others we need to look out for the spiritual interests of the church the body we need to scope out the needs of others the poor the fatherless the widows we need to look out for the needs of the sinner and seek to win them to the Savior now let me stop and say here this does not mean we look out for one another by being busy bodies gossiping slandering again Facebook is a great conduit for that in fact my son has said mom you don't want I don't have a Facebook account so don't try to find me on there but and I know several women that have gotten off just for that reason basis mom you don't want to get on there because some of the women you disciple you don't want to know what they're writing and I said don't tell me I don't want to know it would just break my heart they're using Facebook as a conduit for gossip slander that's not what Paul saying when he says scope out the interest of others that doesn't mean we're a busy body in other people's matters Paul says I will the younger women get married bear children rule the house give no occasion for the adversary to speak reproachfully for some are already turned aside after to Satan and they're taught walking from house to house being busy bodies speaking things they shouldn't talk about and now we have a much more modern way of doing that we don't have to walk to each other's house we just get our cell phone or whatever and we start texting we gossip that way but ladies we should be tenderly concerned for the needs of others and less consumed with ourselves so the second application to unity is scope out the interest of others scope out the interest of others let's quickly go over everything we've learned Paul's appeal for unity in verses two one to two his first-fold appeal first four-fold appeal is for consolation comfort communion compassion second secondly like mindedness love loan accord loan mine his application how do you do this how do you do those eight things die to yourself and live for others and scope out the interest of others you might be saying Susan well how does all this flesh out I mean how does this really work well I read about a man one time who pastored a church in the 1800s and his life was incredible an incredible story of a shepherd who pastored a church in fact they had 50 years this man pastored the same church for 50 years and they always had harmony in those 50 years now listen to what he says our fellowship has been ever-growing and during its 59 years of continuing there was never strife or bitterness between us of course this is 1800 language okay the dear departed one was want to say oh dear brother we never had a jar I mean it's not a jar but an argument okay we can daily contributed each to the other's treasure of grace and truth we were touching the guidance of our steps the ordering of our ways the rule of our household we always waited on God together for his mind if we did not agree we waited on God to give us oneness of mind and neither of us ever took a step against the judgment of the other hence no strife no bitterness can you imagine sounds too good to be true right and yet that is the way the body of Christ should function can you imagine how God's glory and power would be manifested in our churches today if these verses alone would be applied in every Sunday school class every youth department every nursery department every women's ministry department every choir every elder board and every ministry throughout the church what about your home could you imagine if these four verses were applied in your home can you imagine how it would change your marriage your relationship with your kids your grandkids even your neighbors your community is one of the things I'm looking forward to is moving into a new neighborhood because the one I live in now I don't know they just don't like the fact that my husband's a pastor we've tried to have people over and in our home and share the gospel and man as soon as they found out Doug was a pastor's like not want nothing to do with you so I'm praying that God will give me opportunities in my new neighborhood but can you imagine if if these verses were lived out in your neighborhood your friendships ladies it would be such a light to a lost world they would truly say behold how they love one another what Jesus say by this will all men you know you're my disciples if you what love one another maybe we would actually see revival in our churches maybe we'd see revival in our country wouldn't be great country that's going to going down so fast ladies with God's help will you determine with me to follow the patterns set forth for each of us in Philippians 2 1 to 4 will you with God's help die to yourself and live for others let's pray oh father in heaven I thank you so much for Paul's call to unity Paul's call to humility and Lord apart from your grace and your spirit we cannot do this there's no way because father we are consumed with ourself we are so completely selfish and we fight and bicker with one another to get our own way we're teaching our children the same thing by our examples and father I just pray that you'll show us how to practically live these verses out because father we even know that you came not to be ministered to but to minister and to give your life a ransom for many so help us father help us to deny ourselves take up our cross and follow you in Christ's name


Search engines, like Google, seem to take the mystery out of finding information. If we need to know something, we often just Google it. And without a doubt, Google is an incredible tool, but research is more than simply googling a topic for quick and easy results. Research often requires the effective use of databases, systems in which huge amounts of information is collected and organized to make it more easily findable. Let's take a quick look at some differences between the way search engines like Google and databases like this one use language to retrieve information. When we Google something, our search terms reflect natural language. In other words, we enter whatever language we naturally use to describe our topic or question and Google fetches the results. So if I want information about space exploration, I might Google that exact phrase. But databases use language differently. Databases are built around controlled language. This means that specific terms or phrases are used to describe information. So if I use the same natural language that I used in Google to search the library catalog, I might be frustrated with the results. This is because there's often a gap between the way we naturally describe a topic and the way it's described in the databases. To use databases effectively, we must first be aware of this gap and then find ways to bridge the divide between natural and controlled language. Sometimes we can bridge the language gap by simplifying the concepts or search terms, or we can use alternative language. This natural language search can help me find some relevant items. But now, to bridge the gap, I want to use the databases controlled language to find more information on this topic. Clicking find more on these topics tells the database that we want to use its controlled language for our searching, and here's why. The database uses specific controlled language to organize information. And these specific terms or phrases are called subject headings. And by clicking on a subject heading, we can search using the database's controlled language. And this is the same for many article databases as well. Begin with natural language, but then use the subject headings to search with the databases terms, like this. You see, by using controlled vocabulary, we can be sure that every result in our list of returns is relevant, at least to our general topic. So the thing to keep in mind is this. Skilled researchers make search terms work by effectively employing both natural language and controlled language search strategies. If you have any questions, we're happy to help. Just ask a librarian and be sure to check out the other VidGuide resources brought to you by the Beam Library at Oklahoma Christian University.


So, good afternoon and thank you for coming to the session. Let me first begin by congratulating Wider. It is a major achievement to be doing this for 30 years, and we're very pleased to be here. And also thank you for inviting me to the session, and I'm happy to share this session with Miguel. So, as Lisa said at the beginning, I'll speak mostly about Latin American experience, but I probably will begin with some methodological remarks that may be useful to other parts of the world. So, I'll speak a little bit about objectives and instruments of social protection, then a little bit about social insurance, I'll speak about poverty programs, and then some remarks at the end. So, whenever they ask me to speak about social protection, I sort of don't like it, because I never know really what to speak about. Social protection is such a wide concept. Different people have very different things in their mind. Some people think about poverty alleviation, some think people are thinking about social inclusion, some people have in mind social assistance, the other one is talking about social security. So, we're using the same word to denote very different things, and it's difficult to have a precise dialogue because everybody interprets the word social protection in a different way. I'm sometimes, this is going to sound strange, but I think the word social protection should be eliminated from the language, and we should be much more precise in the concept that we use. The vagueness actually translates into some vagueness in policy. The way I like to think about this is to sort of separate the issues of objectives and instruments. First, to speak about objectives is recognize that individuals have difficulty managing risks. That because markets are incomplete, or because the preferences of individuals might be different from the preferences of the government. You know, particularly health insurance markets credit markets. Individuals have difficulty with consumption smoothing, have difficulty with buying health insurance, have difficulty buying longevity risks and diversifying longevity risks because there might not be annuities, because there might be markets for these annuities. They might have difficulties diversifying employment and output shocks because there's not a market for an employment insurance, or because there are no markets to protect themselves against natural disasters. So one objective is to help individuals manage risks. A very different objective altogether is to redistribute income. And you might want to just have equity and income redistribution as a good in its own right because you think from an ethical perspective it's just wrong to have individuals that are poor. But you might also make an equity and efficiency case for redistribution to the extent that credit markets run badly and in fact some redistribution would actually not only be equity enhancing but also be efficiency enhancing. So you might make a case for that. So there are two separate objectives altogether and I think there are two instruments that we have to think about. Social insurance programs and you know, it's very linked to labor regulations in Latin America and separately from that poverty alleviation programs but don't forget that many countries in Latin America and I think other parts of the world also mix in fiscal policy and they actually use fiscal policy as a redistribution instrument and what happens in many of the cases is a mess of incentives and a confusion of instruments and policies. So if you look at the right side there that's the typical list of the sort of things that you'll find in the Latin American country. There might be a CCT, there might be a school breakfast program and then maybe they distribute milk and then distribute distribution and they subsidize LP gas and the social electricity and maybe the tortilla subsidizes as well but of course we have a temporary employment program we have minimum wages there might be severance pay and then they have non-contributive pensions and health programs and some goods are exempted from VAT and this list changes from one country to the other and if you ask yourself the question if I have the two objectives one redistribution the other one is insurance what is the objective population of one? Clearly for redistribution it can only be poor households because a country cannot redistribute income to itself so you cannot have the target population of the distribution be everybody it can only be from one to the other whereas separately insurance is something that you want for all households because the market failures that we talked about before actually apply to all households but the mapping of instruments to objectives and to target populations is very very confused so an important point that I sort of think the simplest possible world and this is obviously oversimplifying things a lot is to think about the world divided in quadrants and you want to think about if the objective is insurance against risks and you think about everybody the distinction between poor and not poor is not relevant and actually in Latin America and I think this is also true in Africa as far as I know the distinction between being in the formal market and being in the formal market matters a lot but if you think about the objective of redistribution clearly what really matters is whether you're poor or not poor and your status of formal and informal is relevant except to the extent that one might be endogenous to the other and that the instruments might actually make the populations in the different quadrants endogenous to each other but this distinction between objective and instruments I think is really important to think about so that said let me make some remarks about social insurance when we think about social insurance I think is fundamental to think about in two dimensions and most of the literature and social protection I think focuses mostly on the third dimension but I think we have to sort of think about the two dimensions in parallel one dimension is what is the efficacy of social insurance programs are they actually helping population households manage risks health risk, longevity risk, disability, unemployment risk are they actually reaching their populations but an equally important aspect of social insurance programs particularly in the context of Latin America and this might be relevant from other regions of the world is that social insurance programs have an impact in the labor market and that impact in the labor market might affect productivity and might affect growth in dimensions that the designers of the social insurance program didn't have in mind but nonetheless those effects are there and I think this two distinction between what is the social efficacy of the social insurance program and what is the impact on incentives must be clearly distinguished and is relevant for the way we think about social insurance but also for this discussion that is being held today what happens after CCTs, exit doors or exit out of these programs in Latin America the central issue with social insurance is that social insurance is not universal the key defect the original sin is that social insurance was associated with the labor status of the household that work and so from the design this comes from Bismarck in the 19th century from the design you have a system of social insurance that's asymmetric one's what we call contributory social insurance, CSI, contributory social insurance and that is for formal workers and it's always a bundle of benefits and it varies from country to country but it usually has health insurance pensions, retirement pensions, disability insurance life insurance it is usually paid from a contribution that must be internalized by the firm and by the worker so it's called a social insurance it's really an earmarked wage tax and because it's contributed from a wage tax we wrongly call it contributory social insurance the proper name would be contributory social insurance from a wage tax but people just call it contributory social insurance and these benefits are bundled with many other things it's sprinkled with other things that have nothing to do with insurance in some places, for instance in Colombia they add labor training programs as part of that bundle in Mexico we have housing as part of that bundle in other places they have child allowances so the social insurance objective which is associated with managing risks it's sometimes mixed a little bit with other dimensions and then most formal workers are also protected for unemployment risks through not so much unemployment insurance pay or one-time payments at a time of dismiss until about the early 1990s most informal workers were not really covered by any form of social insurance what happened is in the middle of the 90s and throughout the last two decades new programs which are not bundled together in the same way that the contributory programs are have emerged and these programs are paid from general revenues and they have the misname of non-contributory social insurance when the proper name should be contributory social insurance from general revenues as opposed to the upper ones contributory social insurance from wage taxes so the asymmetry is really an asymmetry in the financing which then translates into the effects that I'm going to speak about before most of these programs are targeted on workers that are not covered by contributory social insurance and they're unbundled and usually in the informal sector there are no regulations about minimum wages no regulations about severance pay or social protection this is a very interesting diagram from Peru it's a diagram that says what happened to the same individual workers that black in 2008 were informal in blue what happened a year later it's a panel set of data and it says look of all the individuals who were informal in Peru in 2008 next year 10% have moved to the formal sector another 52% have been in the informal sector 16 have moved to self-employment sorry for the Spanish 4% have moved to unemployment and 18% have left the labor force and of the guys who in 2008 started in the formal in the formal sector one year later 80% continue to be in formal but 10% move to informal sector 4% to unemployment the point I'm trying to make here is there's a lot of shifting of individuals between the formal and informal sector and the more data we have had there for Mexico, for Colombia, for many countries in Latin America what you see is there's a lot of fluidity in the labor market between the formal and informal sector this might be voluntary, they might be involuntary doesn't really matter from the point of view of social insurance what it means is that we speak about formal workers and informal workers the other terminology is that I think those two names should be expurgated from the language the same way as social protection should be expurgated from the language and we should speak about when workers are formally employed and when workers are informally employed because most workers during their lifetime will have a spell of formal employment and a spell of informal employment now if you think about it what does that mean from the point of view of managing risks from the point of view of managing risk well if I'm formal I am covered by a bundle set of protection health insurance, I'm saving for my pension I have disability insurance I'm protected from unemployment but if I'm informal I'm the same guy, I'm the same person I just change jobs and by changing jobs I'm no longer protected from health insurance or I'm not saving for my pension so in a context in which you have a segmentation of the labor market between the formal and informal sector and in which people transit between the formal and informal sector the efficacy of insurance is very much diminished because the same person with the same characteristics and preferences is sometimes covered and sometimes it's not covered think of this, suppose I want to sell you house insurance and I say look this is a great house insurance home insurance and it will protect your home in the winter and in the autumn but it will not protect your home in spring and in summer now how many of you want to buy house insurance like that that's exactly the kind of insurance we're delivering to workers extremely ineffective insurance and of course you're not going to save for your pension because if you're moving back between the formal and informal sector and you're only contributing to your pension during the time of your formal you're going to contribute very little money to your pension because it's happening already in Latin America because of this bad design retirement pensions are going to be very low and replacement rates are going to be very low in fact many workers because they had short spells of formality will actually not even qualify for a contributory pension because they will not have accumulated sufficient number of years in formality to get a pension and most contributory pension systems in Latin America are actually not providing workers with retirement pensions or a main efficient system from the point of view of social insurance I said there were two dimensions the other dimension that is really relevant to take into account is that social insurance is also affecting the labor market so T is the cost of the contributory social insurance LF is formal employment and there's a large relatively well known literature that says that the higher is the cost of the contributory social insurance there will be a negative impact on formal employment and there's in a way, the way I like to label it it's a tax on formal employment because the contract between the firm and the worker has to internalize the cost of something that workers might not fully value and therefore there's an implicit tax and there's some literature I'm not going to quote here that actually shows that that's the case and it's a relevant point the same happens with the tax of non-contrary social insurance except that this is now no longer being internalized because remember this is being paid from the point of view of the firm and the worker from general revenues from the point of view of the firm and the worker non-contributory social insurance is like mana from heaven it comes, nobody pays for it directly in that contract and there's an emerging literature that says that what that is doing in fact is reducing formal employment because think about it you now get some benefits from being informally employed whether you nor your firm have to pay for them and therefore that is in a way turning into a subsidy into informal employment so this is a neat little example of a program in Mexico that provides health insurance for women conditional upon being informal and this program does it in the federal district red line Mexico City but the program was not done in the two other larger cities of Mexico and all you guys know about this control treatment stuff and comparing groups and identification and all that stuff there's a major industry that was around that and basically what this shows is that what you see here is clearly that the probability of formal employment for informal women actually dropped in Mexico City when this program was introduced as opposed to what happened in Monterey and Guadalajara there's a large emerging literature of programs of this sort having some effects in Argentina in Brazil, in Colombia, in Ecuador in Mexico, in Uruguay in many countries. Some of the authors of those papers are actually sitting in this room they've written really interesting papers and really important papers that what they're showing is that the asymmetry in the design of social insurance is distorting initiatives in the labor market on one hand is taxing formal employment which you don't want and on the other hand is subsidizing informal employment which is also used something new so there are many of these papers on contrary to social insurance many of the papers however look at individual programs and I think a methodological challenge looking ahead is okay, there are these set of programs interacting from both sides of the market firms and workers are responding to the whole structure of incentives not to the individual incentive so an important methodological challenge looking ahead and thinking ahead is how do we think about the architecture of the whole social insurance not the individual programs we have a lot of evidence right now that these effects are there we don't have good measurements of the aggregate effects of all this that is going on stop social insurance five minutes on poverty programs the world that I was describing before in that two by two matrix was the world of the columns the worlds of the formal and the informal the world I want to talk about now is the world of the rows the world of the poor versus non-poor so many countries I mean we just heard from Africa before have price subsidies to essential consumption consumer goods they can do it through many ways electricity, gas, whatever they might distribute food stuffs they have price control for price ceilings the plethora of things out there is large at the end of the day at the end of the day what the programs are really trying to do is to transfer income from a set of households to another set of households so their mechanism to transfer income and they might be targeted or not they might be conditional on some behavior or not they might have high initiative cost or a lot of corruption, little corruption they might be fiscally inefficient but they are better than nothing because if you want to redistribute you need some mechanism to redistribute income in Latin America years ago all these mechanisms to distribute income through income transfers electricity subsidies, bad and what not were tried to be changed into a Latin American innovation which was the conditional cash transfer program which was basically an instrument that again was trying to transfer income but it transferred income in cash so instead of giving households a round thing like this made out of maize called tortilla or a liter of something like that with quite liquid called milk they gave households a rectangular piece of paper with a picture of the local hero called cash so they went from transfers in kind to transferring cash and there were some explicit conditions explicit conditions that says look I want some socially desirable behavior like your kids going to school you going to the health clinic you doing something socially desirable because those explicit conditions were trying to build on the human capital the thought was that these conditional cash transfers program would be better mechanism to transfer income because it would be more effective from the transactional point of view administrative point of view because you were trying to modify households behavior in a socially desirable way now the parents would bring the child to the health clinic for the vaccinations and before the parents would not bring the child to the health clinic for the vaccinations and that's a good thing and now the mothers were concerned that the kid would go to school because otherwise the transfer would not be there and you were trying to focus on structural poverty and the fundamental idea the fundamental idea of this conditional cash transfers program is rather than being a permanent mechanism to transfer income so I will I make income transfers today and I'm income transfers tomorrow I will transfer income conditional upon the human investments in the human capital of the poor so that now they have healthier lives, no morbidity and they have more education and therefore these households can have better income in the future through their own efforts breaking the intergenerational transmission of poverty through these investments in human capital this started in Latin America about 15-20 years ago and so a really fundamental question from the point of view of poverty alleviation is are these programs helping to break the intergenerational transmission of poverty and I think that you need two conditions you need to increase the human capital which is what these programs are doing but you also need better income opportunities particularly more productive jobs with higher wages the way I think about the CCT is that as opposed to the past when the poor mother is pregnant she's better fed she gives birth to a baby that doesn't have low weight at birth the baby does not suffer under nutrition and then he goes to school and then he ends school and he maybe has a high school degree his parents didn't have that and now the guy is ready he didn't have under nutrition he's well fed he's much healthier, he didn't have morbidity he has his high school degree fantastic and the guy is going to enter the labor market is he going to get a more productive job tomorrow so now I don't want you to think about the rows of the 2x2 column I want you to think about the columns in that matrix these conditions are really separate unless the poor and higher wages with their own efforts the CCT will end up being a permanent transfer mechanism instead of being a transitory transfer mechanism and it is essential to highlight here that the CCTs are not job creating programs nor they should respond to transitory shocks in output nor are they social insurance their objective is to invest in the human capital of the poor and to transfer income while doing that so my way to thinking about social protection policy in Latin America is think of poor and un-poor in the rows think of formal and informal in the columns you now have some individuals at point A that individual at point A this is his earned income that individual at point A can be pushed to point C through a transfer but we don't really want to push individuals from point A to point C through a transfer at least not permanently because we don't want a permanent dependence we want to push individuals from point A to point B because we want them to have more earned income through their own efforts so you want them to move from A to B but I told you before that the architecture of social insurance programs is pushing workers from B to C because it is tax informality and is subsidizing informality so the point I want to make here I'm going to end now is that the design of social protection in Latin America and hopefully this flaws will not be reproduced in other parts of the world is at the bottom in some deep sense deeply flawed because it's a model built particularly on the social insurance part for a labor market that is not the Latin American labor market it was thought about for the European labor market in the 19th century which is fine but this is not Latin America in the 21st century and you have this problem now in which you're instead of shifting people into the more productive part of the economy slightly the opposite so that's the problem I'll conclude now with some remarks first I think we need a lot more precision in the discussion what is social safety net, social assistance we all use these words in a different sense important to distinguish between the objective to provide insurance versus the objective to provide an income transfer we really need to focus much more on the incentives that these programs have and the interaction between the many programs for many of the authors here we all need to move between the analysis of the individual impact of individual programs to the architecture and how all these things interact with each other we have to be clear of what the objectives of the CCTs are they're extremely useful programs and I think a lot has been learned from them and Miguel was speaking about how they're being used in Africa but they are not social insurance programs they are not job generating programs and unless you fix the columns there will be permanent programs and what you will have done is yes, raise people's welfare but you will have put them in permanent welfare as opposed on a path out of poverty through their incomes and through higher productivity my own view is that the deep flaws are in the social insurance part and I think the region needs to move in the direction of universal programs and the only way we could move in the direction of universal programs is if we rethink what gives rise to asymmetric programs the contributor and non-contributor programs so do the following experiment for the next 15 seconds if we were discussing education right now we will be speaking about contributory and non-contributive programs for education and when we think about education do we think about the formal and informal distinction when we speak about education the reason is that education is all funded universally from general sources for revenue there's no distinction in access to education between the labor status of the parents of the child there is a distinction in health, in pensions in disability insurance, in life insurance in social insurance between the labor status of the parents because one is financed from a wage tax and one is financed from general revenues and therefore the physical dimensions of social protection are at the core of the problems that Latin America has not been able to solve because we haven't had states that can do the deep source of taxation that is required to be able to do that and I think where we need to move now is to think about the joint design of social insurance and tax systems at the same time in an integral way stop here, thank you