His name is Shepardelli, I want to say. Am I saying it wrong? Shepardelli. But he studied the red planet through telescope and claimed that he saw, in 1877, he published his findings and he claimed that he saw this, like, series of black stars which was seemingly stuck to his guns. He published three books, Mars and its Canals and the bars as the abode of life. He was absolutely certain that those canals were built by intelligent life like us. So he was wrong. But he did inspire a lot of people to be terrified of Martians including the well-known author H.G. Wells who probably was at least somewhat inspired by the role when he wrote The War of the Worlds where the Martians, their planet is dying and they have to come to Earth and raid all of our resources. But yay, that's not going to happen to Mars and how are you going to do it? I'm just joking. Okay, so today I'm going to talk to you about the, what is the human mission to Mars? Why would we even want to go? How will we go? When will we go to Earth? Continue yourself lucky. But you don't define the atmosphere as very thin. The atmosphere pressure of the surface is similar to what we have on the Earth at an altitude of about 125,000 feet. So the other day when Felix Baumgartner jumped from the stratosphere down to New Mexico, he was jumping from Martian surface pressure and that's why of course he had a space to use a pressure suit to protect it. If you were not protected by a pressure suit and just exposed with your gasket at the surface of Mars, all the nitrogen and the oxygen that's what it is on the surface of the Earth. So you would tan about two quarters of magnitude faster on Mars than on Earth. You would die cool and unusual death but with a lovely tan. Alright. A few more things to say. The atmosphere being thin, you're not shielded from cosmic rays but radiation from deep space, the galaxy but also protons from the Sun. So it's a nasty zapping environment at the surface of Mars. Now, we are aware that there was water on Mars early in its history. You can see ancient river network. You know this is ancient terrain because it's the middle history of Mars. Places where water ponded in the past including vast areas but it was never a large amount. And certainly nobody shared your vision on Mars somehow but that much being like the Earth today with the oceans. But nevertheless, this idea that this is a planet that had liquid water throughout its history even in smaller amounts, that's very important because on Earth everywhere where there is liquid water there is life in it with the Mars team and everywhere where there is and all forms of life on Earth needs liquid water even life that enjoys the Arab desert. So there is a objective connection between life on Earth and liquid water. And so that's the strategy for the search for life on Mars is to go after the water. It's the fall of the water strategy and that's because of this connection between water and life. Now, there's a bit more of geology trying canyons on Mars if you're familiar with those. This one is six kilometers wide and as long as the United States are wide from east to west. My favorite geological spot is this volcano, Olympus Mons. It's three times taller than Mount Everest. It's 600 kilometers at its base. It's what you call a shield volcano because it's shaped like a Roman or Greek shield. If you are standing at the southern of Olympus Mons you are pretty much standing in space. The bulk of the Martian atmosphere is below you. You can close your eyes and you will see little sparks that's causing the rays hitting your retina. Time to head down. So for all we know these volcanoes might still be active they're not erupting right now but for such a large construct to have been put together on Mars these are volcanic centers that must have been active for the bulk of Martian history. So for the bulk of Mars history this volcano has been growing and active. It would be an amazing sight if somehow it were to spring another eruption and we were there to witness it. So we've landed in an area that is far away from here and it's located in the southern of Olympus Mons. It's located in the northern of Olympus Mons. So we've landed in seven locations on Mars all U.S. successes. Other countries have tried so the Union, now Russia Great Britain the only suspicious athletic have essentially not had very good outcomes in terms of their landings. All seven successful lands on Mars were U.S. missions. Viking lander one in 1976 sent rocks two in 1977 rocks and sand pathfinder and soldier soldier named this little robot pathfinder is the mother ship that took this around the size of the shopping carts this is what happened the first time the spirit got stuck in sand so spirit got stuck in sand so the engineers at JPL were really fixing this difficult problem of recovering the rover. So they took the engineering model they took to the sandbox in the backyard of JPL and put it in the same predicament and did all kinds of tests and then they came up with a way to get it out of trouble so they wrote this 120 page report and was sent to NASA headquarters where another review panel was convened to analyze the analysis and this panel of experts at the headquarters agreed and generated its own 50 page report what this robot team should do so they sent the report to JPL JPL engineers implemented the maneuver and sure enough the rover got unstuck and the gist of the maneuver was put it in reverse and done it so then Phoenix landed near the north pole of Mars this is what it's like we're not at the north pole we're just shy of the polar caps but at these high landitudes we know that there is ice in the ground we can tell from utones for charmers in the orbit but sure enough this thing once it scratched the surface was able to expose clean ice right underneath this thin coat of dirt Phoenix was an important mission it told us several things that this Martian dust that's bread encircling the entire planet is made mostly of peroxide and perchlorine two really nasty things you might have seen peroxide in solid state that's how aggressive chemically aggressive we enlarge itself and of course as long as you experience what's known as minor disease we clog the pores as long as you die from a minor disease so another reason to wear a spacial on Mars is if you weren't convinced by the pressure need for that and that is to shield you from this dust so then curiosity when I said to Mars curiosity is still running as far as I've shredded now and it can't really go up steep nails so it's going to somehow spiral here you have a nice selfie curiosity take it on Mars bottom line it's a horrible place if you think otherwise ok in terms of the distances light travels time one way between each body between two bodies when Earth and Mars are on opposite sides of the sun the light travels in time goes all the way up to 22 minutes each way so you have radio signals traveling to be in light so if you're on the Earth and Mars on the other side of the sun hello I'll take 22 minutes to get to Mars and then the garden Mars will say what come again so you really cannot have a dialogue you have to have some sort of voice mail exchange system now there are different ways to go to Mars short-class ways long ways this is for the expert if you are a cocktail reception and you want to come across somebody who knows what he's talking about so you might ask a person who's going to Mars and you yourself go to Mars you might ask him are you traveling conjunction class or opposition class so conjunction class missions take six months to get to Mars from the Earth that's the blue line you maximise the time to spend on Mars because you have a gear that happens in some sense they're worth it opposition class missions take a long time to get to Mars almost a year 313 days to get to Mars then you have a very short window at Mars can be anywhere from just a flyby so one hour to 40 days and then you have to come back and to come back you essentially short-cut you dive towards the inner solar system you cut you over Venus you fly around the Sun and you catch up to the Earth on the back side sometimes these are called Venus flybys actually flyby because you're passing by the Sun the big advantage of opposition class missions is that the total duration can be quite short 600 and 61 days so not quite two years time to spend on Mars is very short so early missions tomorrow we might go this way we might go opposition class later missions this is the guy who has spent the longest time on a simple space flight in space 437 days 18 hours whether you pull your companies up Russian position and this is the guy who has spent the largest cumulative time in space of course with 6 missions he's built up a total of 2.2 years so we're getting up there in terms of experience more less on the time scale of human missions tomorrow so we're out of here but we're not quite there yet one of the first steps that was taken up tomorrow for us to have this group of 6 volunteers locked up in a basement in Moscow and this is called the Mars 500 experiment involved Europeans and Russians and they were trapped in different modules that seep in different phases of the mission so it would be so what's your new mission tomorrow it's the idea that you want to send a small group of people on a 2 to 3 year journey from Florida which is arguably pleasant to America a frozen desert planet a thousand times smaller than the moon yeah I forgot to say this when Mars is on the other side of the sun it's essentially a thousand times have these guys be productive explorers and actually bring them back to you on to this tree we have an example of the second tree of life in the solar system there are two trees of life in space and then you can start talking about the forest and possibility of the forest of life up there but to define an example of the second tree we're the only form of life but that's not the only reason this is a comprehensive list which unfortunately you can read that I've compiled over the years of why we should go to Mars but let me just run through some of these quickly science explorations are very adventure to go back to the earth store waste etc because we need the challenge because we want to be in the moon because the Chinese are going I'm trying right but I offer a dollar to any person who gives me the reasonable reason that is not already captured in this list and this person reasons his hand and says hey he'll ask at the bottom well actually there are a couple more down there that I've cropped out just why not but going to the moon and doing the other things but the last one that I added which you can't read but I'll tell you a bit was just to be in Australia and that was to start a colony of prisoners and convicts I argue that that was already captured in store waste let them go around let them go around so the common one is this why have to go out west similarly President Kennedy committed to saying humans Americans came to the moon not because somehow the 60s were interested in moon rocks it had nothing to do with science let me repeat this it had nothing to do with science it had all to do with defeating the Soviet Union and the threat of communism that was in the national interest that we had to really do this quickly the Russians and the Soviets were ahead of us at the time they were the first to send anything into space the first to send an animal in space a dog like that the first human beings to and the United States had a window there to beat the Soviet Union and add something into space well it served the national interest it has nothing to do with science some activity they are achieving this particular first in space on the moon the fact is right now we have in China a new generation of kids in their teens 20s they are enthralled by the space program China is graduating 200,000 engineers every year it's an incredible surge that I say every week China is graduating 200,000 engineers every week it's an incredible surge in science and technology and those kids are going to become the competition of our kids or our partners but we got inside so how are we going to go to Mars well we need to join rocket it's a lot of weight and a lot to go on a lot of things to take with us I'll spare you detail but this thing is going to be the largest rocket after the most powerful and largest rocket ever launched today is set for 2000 and here's how the scenario might work you're going to need in total 7 rockets, 6 of the giant ones and one of the smaller one that you see so here goes the scenario this isn't my children's go by the way which is for sale I'll do it later but first of all you launch 4 of the giant rockets they put together 2 spaceships robotic spaceships you're going to go to Mars on their own and they're going to take with them all the stuff that you don't need until you yourself get to Mars the habitat you live in the robots you drive you don't have to travel with that or even the food you eat once you get on Mars you don't have to travel with that if anything you want to know that it has a ride on Mars in the right place and it's there waiting for you all together this is what the inside might look like the earth reaction vehicle this actually was tested not too long ago as the Orion capsule this is the service module that's going to recycle the air the water and then your inflatable habitat and then Mars landing at the front I just, I won't have time to discuss a lot of detail I just want to point out that you want to surround yourself there's weird news is that happens to food you can't recycle food NASA's not even trying it's just performable undertaking to even contemplating that you need an entire biosphere to do this so you eat your food you are going to have to take all the food that you will need for your journey you eat the food and then what happens next when you go back to your bathroom but then you can't recycle the food what you have to do is carefully collect your food because you can't throw it out the window first of all there's no window that's going to open but second, you don't want to clean space but that's not even it the reason why you don't want to throw your poop out the window is because it is still full of hydrogen okay so you need to put your poop in a zip lock bag emphasis on lock come back to Mars two and a half years later in fact, we're about to have one US Session of your one year mission on board the space station it's the guy on the right these are one of the two Kelly twin brothers both are astronauts Mark Kelly was married to Congressman Gifford who was shot in the head Mark is now retired his brother who's not a shuttle pilot so the guy who's on the ISS is the guy with the mustache you notice that's how we can tell him apart okay so he's going to do a one year mission with his brother a ground control test alright you get to Mars all seven of you crammed into the lander this is of course every summer to the Arctic you go beyond the Arctic Circle to this island called Devon Island it's the largest uninhabited island on Earth it's about the size of West Virginia there's nobody there on Devon Island neither true polar desert it's cold looking at the southern lights there's all kinds of science going on it's not relevant to exploring Mars we have a base up there that's entirely focused on how to explore Mars and that focuses really on what makes this scale exceptional a few things about life in the Arctic men's room if you need to go to the bathroom because the ground is actually very cool and nitrates and postates if you just went to the bathroom you would come up high and grow up you would terraform Devon Island you don't want to do that so instead we use these empty tools that I'm going to collect here so gentlemen if you need to go so there are polar bears I'm giving it a five minute mark so I'm going to press on we rent dogs to protect us from polar bears I'm not quite sure that they're going to spot but this should take them to the moon would weigh 50 pounds or so that's still bearable this is why Apollo was awesome the space suits of the Apollo astronauts had felt weight about 50 pounds it's like a heavy backpack you can do field work with that you can use it to do field work in fact it's not 300 pounds but it's also protection from volcanic ash in Hawaii and it's something we have to contend with we're repelling as well it's something that you're going to need to do on Mars to explore the canyons so all in all this is what the Mars suit might look like hefty boots gators to protect you from sharp rocks a smart phone on your wrist you can use it as a checklist but also to take selfies it's a rear entry suit so you open the backpack like the refrigerator door open the legs first the legs go all the way down to the boots and then you insert your arms and then you or somebody behind you closes the backpack door and off you go so this is going to be you and your body, the ATV you and your ATV will form a body system this will be a robotic ATV when you're riding it you can connect your backpack to sea notes the connectors at the bottom of the backpack they snap them to the back of your seat that way you can recharge your oxygen tanks inside the backpack that way your tanks don't have to be so big it's one way of making the space seem like so while you're driving around you're recharging the oxygen in the backpack then when you walk off this rover behaves like a smart rover it follows you so that you don't have to lug all the rocks back to the rover like they did on Apollo this thing you can talk to it just to follow you like a log and of course you'll have the body so it's the longer excursions you don't want to go by ATV because that can only take you so far that's for local exploration the longer range you want to pressurize the rover so that's something you live inside in short sleeves like this thing that we tested in Arizona in 2008 space exploration vehicles just the concept of what a pressurized rover might be like your right-handed you joystick it on your right and the beauty of this thing is that you can explore a site during the day go on EDA come back with rocks come back inside cook dinner you might have a report of two you're tending to lost cones a good red and then while you're sleeping this thing like a robot or maybe it comes from inside the habitat from inside of the rover the robot is the back of the backpack the other robot wants to seal the rover once he's gone you can even see the circular visor of the robot to help the space suit you've got to do a chin up or pull on to get into the suit in an hour bit but that's okay you're a machine gravity you weigh only 38% of the weight without any muscle anybody can do this for anything we're telling you in particular that one that carried Sean Cone in the rock so that very Humvee is now well it came back and this is what we were given by the Humvee makers that were turning into essentially a concept rover for pressurizing over field tests today so we drove it all the way to Devon Island on sea ice that was epic and in fact the movie is coming out on this adventure called Passage to Mars that's narrated by Zachary Quinto who's reading my journal okay when are we going to go to Mars well the president said to Mars orbit by the mid-2030s and that's what we're aiming for so we might see journeys to nearest asteroids in the short term then that would be a perfect segue to Mars orbit where we can explore the two moons of Mars where gravity is so weak that you could jump a mile high and then you could have a jet pack to an NMU to move around and I actually was part of a team who could be this about small teams the personalities of individuals really matter a lot and none of these particular recipes will help you should we have an international mix we're going to have to live with that because unlike if we came to build just ourselves in the US we'll have international partners we'll have an international crew but even the space station experience tells us that international crews don't work as well as domestic crews people have differences in culture that eventually show up and make it a little more challenging to actually make things work better than easy should we have an American mix husband and wife husband and spouse and then what about the seventh course okay so there you go that's the home right there the bottom line though is that there really are two criteria what is that you're going to need not only do you need people who are aces at seventh grade but you want some redundancy for example one guy who is at a flight station okay and then there are expertise that you might not think of you need something that's actually just a plain mechanical engineer who's going to fix the toilet who's going to fix the plumbing the systems engineer the electrical engineer so each person will have to have several of these skills at the top level which also means that the crew is likely to be comprised of seasoned astronauts you'll likely to find people like Yuri who is 26 years old on the flume just because that guy just needs to be a good pilot here you need many skills and in order to become good at several things you just need many years behind it no matter how smart you are you cannot have experience in several fields until you are older so a typical age for a crew member on a mission to Mars might be 55, 65, even in the 70s plus when you're older you're less prone to radiation damage when you sell to the bottom of the slowly so there's a lot of pluses to settle with people there might be one young person on this crew sort of the token person you would be kind of but the truth is to get this done right you're going to have a very seasoned crew people who are again in their 15 or 16 you can come up to me for a couple of questions thank you very much it's really amazing wearing it, a warrior is being wearing a holiday to see so many people out to learn about Mars and all these literate things so thank you very much now for two questions I was going to ask you this is twice if you need a way to go and it could cut your child in time to Mars from to four to six months which is what we're based on before for conjunction cost mission so yes I would propose that we do we make good use of nuclear energy but I realize it comes with a political baggage any other question how do I like to look more in the Martian ok so I know Andy Weir he's a great guy and he hasn't come here he wrote a terrific book called The Martian it's a science fiction novel about this guy who was a general Mars and somehow managed to survive and he wrote this amazing thing about the story to be fair to him Matt Damon is Mark Watley and it's directed by Riddy Scott so thanks to myself we're going to take a quick five minute break I didn't want to say that Pascal has a children's book he's on one of the back tables up there so again five minutes talk to the public library and ask Pascal any last minute questions and we'll be back with Gail Pascal the other reason I put this thank you slide up was that Rebecca and I got interested greatly into a talk that's about how you know we use bird robots to understand this interest so there were spoilers earlier so certainly like this made the rounds of the internet normally one does not put their finger in here but when I'm talking about you know when I'm talking about the advance of using robotics for sexual relationships I'm not talking about this I'm not even talking about the sort of version of this like apparently you can get this on any go-go when it's version two so you know you'll probably actually deliver to you but and I'm not really talking about the sort of science fiction sex interfaces that one of our alumni Christmas elves talked about with the new part of the theater what I'm talking about is this and in particular this like how do we create something that we'll actually fall in love with first of all it's not that you know is unknown to us the whole idea of getting me in has been with us for a long, long time the sort of modern storytelling of that might be a chocolates where it creates this robot and has to use it with a spare knowledge of some of the actual pairs that I know technology is advancing relatively well which I have patents that describe the greatest ways to make sex robots and those sex robots are getting really creepy such that they like sort of sort of pass that edge where you know it's a robot so that's their robot I think you can still tell it's getting into the realm where you're like I could kind of write it as a person so the next step is to actually make them intelligent enough to converse with and to be passionate about so when Gail was talking to you about fuming birds with these robots and to see if they'll put it on the stage just remember you might be next here's to it there's this great letter that he wrote to his friend where he said the sight of a feather in a peacock's tail whenever I gaze at it makes me feel the same and he was kind of a safely guy so we can't blame it all on a peacock but this was this was a big deal for his theory a big threat to his theory and so like many things in biology most things in biology Darwin himself proposed the solution to this problem which is his theory of sexual selection and that could play out in two ways it can be males or whichever sex is competing battling together for access to mates and resources like we see with elephant seals or elves but in another way it was kind of paying attention to the number of eye spots on the male strain what did she get from her so in many of these species like the e-cow and the sagebrows and the bowerbirds that I'll tell you about today in many of the most extraordinary species males don't have to figure out which females to approach and against the approach field and then they have to interact appropriately during a fortune and so success in fortune is not just about the flashy trains it's also about paying attention to the social situation so Darwin's process of sexual selection they figure not only flashy trains but also social intelligence and so in a room full of nerds of course the nerds all say yay sexual selection which they decorate with lots of different things they love the color blue they also love yellow contrasting with the blue any sort of novel objects we have one bower that had a baby's pacifier on it I was imagining that it plucked from the mouth from the screening baby anything that they can use to oppress the female so here's the female she flies around there's lots of different males for courtship the male will do a song and dance for her and then she'll decide who she wants to make with and females prefer males with symmetrical well-built bower lots of decorations and excellent songs we still want to do these courtship accordingly so that's what I set out to test and in order to test that hypothesis you really want to be able to manipulate the female behavior you want to be able to get the female to do a particular thing to measure how males respond and ask are the most responsive males the most successful and that's tricky to do with real animals it's hard to study natural courtships and do this because it turns out that there are really unattractive males females just never even go visit him he does a courtship because he doesn't have the opportunity and when they do go visit him they act totally differently than they do when they're being courted by attractive males so really you need some way to experiment and control so that's where the robots come in so this was the first robot I built this is a robot satin bower bird these are the electronic innards of the robot and I dressed that up like a satin bower bird in a state-of-the-art robot that yeah, that didn't even have sound let's try that again are you ready? oh, much better I've never really made a test for males okay, so this is the finished robot and she's demonstrating this crouching behavior I was telling you about when a female was really ready to mate she flipped up her wings and that's how she solicits the population for the males just playing with a yellow leaf in his beak you can see how it would be startling to a female now he's going to mimic a koopa we can go out to experiment with successive males with different rates of female crouching and different behaviors just from what we found I'm not showing you any plots I'm happy to give you the details if anyone's interested what did we find? we found that the most successful males these are the males that are the most successful at convincing real females to mate with them they displayed at the highest intensity the most vigorous display is without freaking females out and they did this by paying attention to female single straight courtship to a boy coming on to his wrong to sooner so basically they watched the female behavior they tested were these unsuccessful guys would just do what they were going to do regardless of what the female was doing they displayed way too intensity before she was ready they started with real females so if we wanted to boil this down and sort of summarize what we found into what might constitute some dating advice from a bower bird it would be something like this you know the overeager viewer does not get to work and then listen pay attention to the female and I do want to emphasize here that I do not actually advocate taking dating advice from birds I really want a congressional age watching from the National Science Foundation while we're looking for examples of NSF brands used to fund formalist research for example we're already on senator's covariance list from last year so move along to badge of honor anyway but it's always ill if thank you from bower birds so now let's turn to the greater states for us so this is the species that I study now these guys are found in North America a little closer to home we have some populations in California the eastern side of the sierras they're absolutely beautiful birds I study them in Wyoming in a spill site in land or the east side of the wind river range part of the rocky mountains absolutely spectacular and we spend about three months out there every spring I just got back a few weeks ago we made our own little trailer park in the middle of nowhere we got a chicken camp or a cold red pig in Wyoming depending on the weather and we lived out there for a few months with field assistants that help us do all of this work and so we're out there to study the sierras so I don't know if you can see it in this video some time lapse of the moon setting over the wind river range in the background all these little bits bouncing around the foregrounds are all males strutting so this is a lek the males provide on the lek territory this area every morning during the rainy season they puff up and strut around, dance for females females are cryptic you can't see them but they're moving around in and amongst the males basically comparison shopping for a mate they're trying to decide who they want to mate with once they mate that's the end of their relationship female takes care of the other and does everything else the male continues dancing and tries to convince other females to mate with them and not all males are equally successful some males get almost all of the mates so what does this look like up close this is a close up view of stage transporchip the first sound we hear is basically a belch he's exchanging air from this inflated esophagus and then the second sound is a swishing of wings over modified feathers on his chest and then that's followed by a vocal sound now we need sound oops sorry can you turn it up a little bit I tell them apart by the pattern of a plumage on their tails they can see they're very fancy they've got a lot going on they file poems on top of their heads combed up their eyes amazing displays and they're totally weird and un-bird-like in almost every way so what does a female stage trans want what is she looking for in a mate and I hope that's not totally cut off because this is an important male at the bottom so when we talk about what a female wants I'm going to talk about in the context of one particular male stage trans who was very special he dominated breeding on Contail Lake not this spring, but the previous spring 2014 and our field crew nicknamed him Dick which opened up this whole arena of opinion I know of to us so let's talk about this so you can see over here you can live by hands he absolutely dominated dating so last spring we're still counting all the populations from videos we've read back to UC Davis there's lots of undergrads counting populations or videos this is the pathology performance of this but as of just this week we have over 130 different populations last spring he was out there again this year he's still going he didn't dominate quite as extraordinarily but 130 populations 37 of those were on one morning were in one 23 minute long period of time so for once a minute for 23 minutes he made it with a different pen it was truly, truly extraordinary so what is it about Dick what makes a sexy stage trans sexy and this has been studied for a long time people have been asking this question for a long time so why don't we know show up and work hard so Dick here is the first to arrive on the lake at the beginning of the breeding season first to arrive every morning last to leave and let him stay or he is working it don't be scabby females that have lots of visible scars from echo parasites on their vocal scabs so it's hard to state in advice quotes avoiding visible scabs from life it's hard to argue lots of other hens around pay attention to what other hens are doing so once you have a couple females like men it's really good where females like but doing both is really, really hard so we know that this takes a lot of work and it's very difficult to do and so we asked how should a male spend his energy to maximize reproduction so you got limited energy how should you spend it tactically to maximize reproduction because of course matings are the currency of selection this is what matters in terms of who passes on the genes to the next generation now we end up shaping these kinds of behaviors so what do we expect males to do to maximize reproduction so we predicted that successful males would spend their effort when it matters the most so you're going to invest when it matters the most by paying attention to females in a variety of different ways so again we need to look at controlling the female side of that conversation when using robots and so the first generation robot is right here she rode around on G-scale train tracks she had a little video camera and microphone on board she was fairly primitive and she's a little bit chesty a bit of a train wreck so we call her Anna Nicole we got a lot of good research out Anna Nicole made her tire here by crashing through a pyramid which I have on video if anyone's interested but this is a little bit of data that we collected with the onboard robot camera but again what kinds of things we found a few of our key results first we found the successful males so again males that mate a lot with real females successful males save their energy by displaying at the highest rate only when hens are close and this is when hens are really assessing males' plurates so this is when it matters the most influencing the females decision and then by doing so they show no trade off between quantity and quality so they save their energy and they can put on a really good show when it's most likely they get influenced by females behavior unsuccessful males again are just blasting away at a mediocre level all the time and then when a female actually deletes it up close like what we saw the robot in they don't have anything left so they use a really crappy show so if we were to then summarize this for some sort of take home message that might function as dating advice for the sage brows or something like this don't dance that moment everything we found this is a different study still need to analyze but we found that successful males save their energy by investing more courtship effort in females who show signs of being interested in copulating so basically these successful males dig in their friends just don't waste they don't spend much time with females that don't look actually interested in dating and this is why it's dangerous to take dating advice from sage brows because really that's not advice I want to give right there but in case anyone is even thinking about taking that advice I would remind you you are not a sage brows I would also remind you that evolution is not an excuse easy list in October of this year unless of course how Republicans can stop it by adding riders on to spending bills where they're trying to just prevent the decision from actually being funded and that probably won't stop it but they're trying the most recent attempt is amazing it's arguing that Congress must act to protect military readiness because protecting sage brows could hurt the military so it may seem like in the midst of these conservation concerns and threats to our very national security caused by sage brows the study in courtship behavior is a little less precarious and I know I don't need to defend basic science at nerd night right because we're all on board the importance of basic science but I'm really a new drawer so focused on just me and it turns out that that makes it a little easier so when there are no real females around the males are regularly trying to name dry cow pies so they are of course the dry cow pies so the robot had to be more attractive than a cow pie on wheels basically that was the bar the bar was very low but it's an interesting question that they named a cow pie so is this just one of these human influences that we kind of underestimate or know or would they have been copulating with bison pies before that I don't know it's a very interesting question what's the population threshold for becoming an endangered species that's a great question I don't actually think there's a single number it's really all about the patterns and trends that they're seeing and there's not a single trigger point and so they've been sort of following it but these last 7 years have been actually quite terrifying so I got started in 2006 and a main study that was 160 males it was glorious these were bloom year stage rats everywhere and just last year we had to stop studying that like there were only 7 birds on it and that was heartbreaking to give up on that life and so we saw a population by huge percentages and they did that across a lot of the range which wasn't just for working in Wyoming but they're starting to come up again and these are just kind of these population fluctuations that happen in species like this they're kind of like rabbits their number goes up and down a lot they're not that long lived and so their population fluctuates a lot so the people that are making this listing decision whom I do not envy this is really complicated but they're looking at basically there's population fluctuations all over and they're looking at the trend line that sort of cuts along that so sort of like climate change right you're not interested in whether you're interested in the overall pattern which is this one in the case of climate change obviously any other questions? all of you should walk to the stage ask Gail any last questions and answer a quick 5 5 with the talk about juggling I got juggling I think it's important to point out a few things jugglers and clowns are not necessarily the same not all jugglers are clowns not all clowns are jugglers jugglers are awesome they do cool stuff that I can't do clowns with jugglers look pretty awesome clowns that don't juggle they're just clowns are terrifying so the idea is that I'm not going to talk about juggling I'm going to talk about clowns there's a name for it people call it chlorophobia but don't use that word that's a made up word made by people on the internet and it is not in acknowledged medical condition or psychological condition or anything like that although the DSM the dictionary of psychological conditions where DSM actually stands for does include a category of pediatric fear of costume to characters so a fear of clowns could fail without a problem but most people who experience that seem to grow out of it but sorry I forgot to have a content morning hold on but I find clowns very unsettling and many people do and there's a lot of reasons why that may be the history of clowning and stuff like that but there's also some psychological reasons first of all that face being hidden behind makeup is automatically sort of creepy because you can't really read the person's expressions and his intentions and know what's going on behind that makeup and that's very unsettling and disturbing accompanying that related to that is the professional smile that's just weird I make smiles all the time like that and I just thank you they can trans rest social barriers and they don't face consequences for it and that can be a little also discomforting there's also Freud's concept of the uncanny which I think is really getting at the core of this Freud's concept of the uncanny is essentially that place where something is realistic it's very close to being the real thing but there's something just off about it and that's when we experience the feeling of the uncanny and it's very disturbing and strange when something is really close to being right but there's just something off about it and this is very relevant to sex spot which we've just been talking about and Rick talked about in his intro because there's this idea of the uncanny valley where one acts as our emotional response to a thing and the other axis is how much it resembles an actual human and the idea is that as it gets more human like we like it more and more until it reaches a certain point and then boom we just are disgusted by it so like here you have industrial robots things like that that aren't really very human then you get sort of like a little more humanoid as a row to get to a humanoid looking robot and then and then you reach out to the uncanny seriously you also get videos of those Japanese humanoid robots which are super creepy and that's the explanation is that once you start getting out of there you get to your plausible sexual robot and then you get to your real life so in addition to the uncanny they have a human form and they move like humans but then they have this face that is clearly a human so it evokes feelings of the uncanny there's also just strange they just come up to children and interact with them and that can be really unsettling for children and adults it's breaking a social barrier it didn't count how well they handle that kind of life-safe stress some of them are really receptive to the signals they're getting from children and some have done not so much so our next speaker is I'm going to talk about clums which is going to be awesome if you're interested in learning more about clums I recommend this article History of Ecology of Clums being scary I know you're not going to write down this URL so if you go to sonyandmack.com and search for clums you'll find it as the first or second article and it's a really interesting read I highly recommend it so now on to juggling and here to talk about it that's not what's going to go next shortly we'll be Jono, you care hello nerds I'm going to tell you some stuff about juggling you probably don't know this is kind of juggling stuff that you would do if you were a juggler to entertain yourself not to juggle other people who are watching you care about clums this is what I found on it I'm just saying here that this is what most people think when they think of juggling and that's cool that's not the thing I'm going to talk about let's talk about some of the different things you can juggle why you do it and such and such what kind of things can you juggle right here you got balls balls, clubs rings that's about all I see this guy is juggling a lot of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 this guy sure can't be real because he's looking way too casual he's over 11 balls but it's a cool place actually there's some shadows in the back so they really do a good job we just sit in there like this I don't think so this guy has juggling apples look at juggling apples you can eat them here's balancing in case if you want to this is contact juggling so you may have seen this at festivals basically that is the ball always is on you you never throw it it rolls around and rolls between your hands on your limbs and stuff you can do it with things that aren't balls you're just sitting there doing it without a stack on a stack so it's spinning all over his body this guy is juggling underwater that's a thing this guy of Sweden is really interesting he set hundreds of world records he just his job is like picking up a steer record this is one of them there's this thing called juggling and it's big it's a real sport to it let's see there's a Wikipedia entry can I scroll down there's lots of records there's various things times it has a history to it but it's just one of the things people have thought about okay this is combat so I'll give you it's an interesting video to give you the the brief of what it is it's basically the juggling clubs the juggling sticks depends on the juggling everyone juggles three there's a room full of people there could be 50 people here just juggling clubs and the last person standing juggling wins so you want to take other people out somehow but you have to keep juggling that's basically how it works now recently 10 years ago there's been a whole research it's a look at combat online with endless videos and I'm excited about it okay so people have looked at this scientifically people have written a lot of papers about it I'll give you this science paper bringing down all sorts of trajectories and cool web-messages written probably in the 80s or something but there's a cool statement that just goes 90 people tend to juggle and write papers which brings me to side swaps this is kind of the nerdy part of the talk so people in juggling for a long time we've found these pictures in higher roots and what not and then there came right back juggling which is in this group I think they're maybe in the 80s or 90s it was the easiest get together and talk about juggling stuff and all over the world so there was a need for people to be able to transfer their juggling pattern to someone else so if you want to describe what you're doing to somebody else you often have to explain in a long paragraph first I take my left hand I go here and da da da da so people were trying to figure out different notations for how to transfer their knowledge and lots of different things are tried here's a state transition diagram which is very complicated looking then here's a capital background this is a three ball cascade which is like a standard one person juggling three balls so basically time is that way and these are your hands your right hand and your left hand and what you can see is you're going from your right hand to your left hand and then the next star will be from your left hand to your right hand and then from your right hand to your left hand and then your left hand to your right hand so I'll show you what this has to do with my juggling but the way to demonstrate this is since time is going that way it's kind of like having a camera looking down on you while I'm walking forward juggling tonight comes to just you have two hands you alternate throws between your hands so you wouldn't do two out of the right hand you do right left right left and you only have one ball on the hand at a time so you wouldn't have two ok so the values the lower the value the lower the throw is so one you're throwing straight across the two you're throwing straight up the three you're throwing across the four you're throwing up even higher and so on so what it means is the odd number of throws go across and the even number goes straight up right so here's some patterns the three you saw that's a three ball pattern so fours remember you can keep that going four four one three so that's similar but it also has a three so it's four four one followed by three going across five one which would be a higher cross followed by a higher cross a high five a medium three and a low one high three is a four ball right below it and then a five is just five balls continuous basically like a three at that next level and just throw it into a generator there are lots of them online that will show you what the patterns look like you can see this string up here it says eight six one seven it's a big string of numbers and then the program will actually look like that cool this is another pattern it seems pretty cool okay this group is a group from Germany that did this thing called takeouts which is basically like we showed with a feeder before you have multiple people juggling and with a feeder it's usually one person feeding multiple people but you can actually rotate through the feeder and you can do even more interesting stuff you can actually have someone in the middle taking clubs out putting them in other people's patterns so it's a whole lot of work to follow but you get a sense of some of the cool stuff you can do with takeouts so right now let's see this guy is feeding now this guy is feeding no that guy is feeding and now that guy is feeding and this guy made one out of doing funny stuff in the middle but he can walk out and there's always something in the middle just grabbing clubs out see why as a juggler this would be very fun to do there's a lot of fun stuff in here okay this is a juggling festival in Madison, Wisconsin called Mad Fest and the juggling style is very popular there is having patterns with many people in it I think maybe there's hundreds of people in one giant juggling pattern and this isn't very high resolution but you can get a sense of what's going on lots of people juggling this is actually one pattern and people are actually moving throughout it's not a very fast moving pattern but what's cool is when you have so many people juggling you find a big piece or when you have one person feeding people so takeouts for and that's about the end so I'm going to tell you I'm going to tell you now we're a lab coach and at these festivals these are jugglers juggling for other jugglers so they're not really concerned with dropping the more anxious they are into the peak evening patterns dropping is encouraged if you want mystery of manipulation this is a cool blog site that you can watch people that figure out how to do cool stuff with objects like