Hello everyone, welcome to this material characterization course. So far we have seen a diffraction principle in TEM and then various techniques involved in a diffraction and how to extract information from the simply looking at the diffraction pattern of transmission electron microscope. And also we have seen that you know how to use this Kikuchi line and how to use the convergent beam electron diffraction and it is various advantages of using these techniques in much more briefly. Similarly, we will just go through the imaging techniques in transmission electron microscopy before you look at the laboratory demonstrations of the actual experiment in TEM. So, we will not get into the detailed analysis of TEM imaging in this course because it is only a part of a characterization course, but you will get the basic idea behind each imaging techniques in the conventional transmission electron microscope. So, if you look at the major classification of imaging, the first one goes like this amplitude contrast imaging that is formation of a bright field image by using only the transmitted beam. B, formation of a dark field image by using only one strong diffracted beam. So, the other category is a phase contrast imaging where the formation of image by more than one beam interfering each other. The contrast is therefore a composite of interference effects and amplitude changes produced by defects. So, we will first go through the amplitude contrast imaging or we can also say that it is a diffraction contrast. And the name itself says that once you say that it is a diffraction contrast or amplitude contrast, it directly related to the diffraction intensity. So, you have some idea about how the diffraction intensity is been perceived and which we have seen so far. But just for a clarification, we will go through that once again. And we in a X-ray diffraction we have seen that you know in a diffraction you have you know you have kinematical theory and assumptions. Similarly, in TEM also you have a couple of theories which arises out of this specimen. So, all the kinematic relation what we have seen in X-ray diffraction holds good here. And then we will say that in another theory called a dynamic theory and then we will see the difference the key difference between these two theory and how they are explaining the origin of the contrast in the image. So, these things we will see. So, if you look at the kinematical theory is applicable to only thin specimen and for conditions away from the exact Bragg condition which is S not equal to 0. You have to remember this point very clearly here. We will be using this parameter called deviation parameter called S which is which describes the diffraction takes place away from the Bragg position. So, as I mentioned in the previous lectures also this idea you have to keep in mind whether the diffraction takes place with exact Bragg condition where S is equal to 0 where the diffraction intensity where we have looked at where S is not equal to 0 that means away from the Bragg position. So, kinematical condition applicable to only in this situation for a thin foils. So, if you look at the diffracted intensity this is psi square D stands for diffraction which is equal to F by T whole square sin square pi T S by pi S square and the intensity for a transmitted beam psi square is equal to 1 minus F by T whole square sin square pi T S by pi S square. So, you can just simply write this psi square T plus psi square D is equal to 1. So, the kinematic theory predicts that the bright field and a dark field images are complementary because even in the x-ray diffraction we have mentioned it assumes that the only one diffracted beam and the one transmitted beam that is a two beam condition. So, that is why this equation predicts that you have a bright field image as well as a dark field image they are complementary to each other. So, the kinematical function predicts periodic variations in intensity with the thickness for for a constant S that is thickness fringes or variation in intensity with S for a constant thickness which lead to fringes about the Bragg contours. What we are now trying to say is this function whatever we have just said is the function is a kinematical function which predicts a periodic variation in the intensity with the thickness for a constant S suppose if you S is constant the so the how the periodically the intensity varies or the variation in the intensity with S for a constant thickness. So, these two will describe how you see a kind of fringes. So, the kinematical theory I try to explain this the fringes which we see in a bright field image T M image. The intensity maximum occurs in dark field whenever S is equal to N by T that is a constant thickness or when T is equal to N by S for a constant S. So, this we will see in an example in an example and before you go to the actual imaging let us look at this slide very interesting slide this is the most fundamental idea one should get before you get into the interpretation of image contrast. You see this is the assume that the schematic shows the a thin specimen of thickness T and then you have this incident beam psi 0 and which enters the specimen and then you have and from the diffraction phenomenon you know that the beam enters the specimen and then try to interact and some of the assume that if some of the beams are diffracting. So, the intensity of the transmitted beam as well as the diffracted beam will oscillate like this why it oscillate like this we have the reason we will see in a few minutes. But now look at this suppose if you assume that the beam enters the sample surface and as it go inside the deeper into the crystal then the transmitted intensity follow this oscillation and the diffracted intensity follows this oscillation. So, that point you remember and this distance that means if you look at this transmitted intensity this portion is characterized as psi g called extinction distance we will in a minute we will see what is it and so much of intensity is lost from the transmitted beam. So, this distance is a characteristic distance for a material and depends upon various parameters that also we will see and you see that depending upon the number of this psi g n psi g in the sample which is equal to thickness of the sample I mean thickness of the thin foil this also we will see how it is valid. But before you for time being ignore about this but what I am trying to show here is you please start thinking before you interpret the image contrast in a TEM the electron beam enters this sample and your transmitted and a diffracted beam have the intensity oscillation in this manner that is that point you remember to start with then we will see how we can manipulate this idea to understand the some of the image contrast in the TEM operation. So, when you what is written here the intensity oscillation in a perfect crystal section of a thickness n psi g. So, we are talking about a perfect crystal that means I do not have any fault within the top to a bottom surface of the crystal it is a perfect crystal I do not have any you know boundaries I do not have any vacancies I do not have any dislocations I do not have any interface and so on. So, you assume that it is an ideal crystal and then your electron beam transmit through the sample and then that time the intensity oscillation is of this kind we will just work on this idea as we move on move along the periodic variation of psi square that is intensity with the T leads to a primary extinction T naught is equal to 1 by s forget about this T naught is equal to 1 by s which is a relation which how the extinction distance has got we will we will talk about it in a in a while, but the periodicity of the potential energy that originates with the periodicity of the atom arrangements. So, now we will try to answer the the question why the periodicity why the intensity oscillates like that. So, we will try to have some kind of a qualitative understanding the periodic potential causes the amplitude of the high energy electron to be transferred back and forth dynamically between forward scattered and diffracted wave functions at precise law a condition for a for a strong diffraction the physical distance over which the wave amplitude is transferred back and forth once is called the extinction distance. So, now you see that you have the an accountability for why we see that intensity oscillation in the a perfect crystal. So, it is because of the periodic potential that causes the amplitude of the high energy electron to be transferred back and forth. So, we have the lattice lattice have the atoms and then the lattice has got a periodicity and then the periodicity of the potential energy of the lattice which affects the amplitude of the high energy electron. So, that is the basic idea. So, the interaction of these two will cause the beam to oscillate back and forth and at a precise law a condition for a strong diffraction the physical distance over which the wave amplitude is transferred back and forth once is called extinction distance. Now, you go back and see this it will make a sense. So, now you see that it goes forward and backward once and this distance is called a extinction distance very important in understanding the diffraction contrast or any fringe contrast in the right field image. So, this is explained again by a dynamical theory the usage of extinction distance and so on. In dynamical theory that means dynamic diffraction conditions the extinction distance psi g is defined as pi v divided by lambda fg where v is the volume of the unit cell and f the structure factor for the particular deflection. So, you have the idea about structure factor how it originates what it contains. So, you know at least you can now connect what why psi g is a characteristic of a material. At every integral number of extinction distances all the electrons end up in the forward direction that is transmitted direction and at every odd of multiple of extinction distances all the electrons end up in the diffracted directions. So, it clearly describes what we have seen in the the previous slide how the oscillation takes place and so on. And now having said that this is the the kinematical approximation and then how the dynamic dynamic theory explains this extinction distance. In kinematic theory we say that only one diffracted beam we are looking at and one transmitted beam we are looking at and there is no interaction between these two that is assumption of the kinematic theory. In a dynamic theory we say that these two beam try to interfere and then produce some effect. So, the equation which we are seeing in the slide describes this phenomenon interaction of the transmitted beam and a diffracted beam and then what it commits let us see d phi naught by d z is equal to i pi by psi naught phi naught plus i phi by psi g into phi g into exponential 2 pi i s z this is for the transmitted beam and this is a diffracted beam d phi g by d z is equal to i pi by psi g times phi naught into exponential minus 2 pi i s z plus i pi by psi naught into phi g. These two equations are popularly known as how we well in equations describe the variation of the amplitudes phi of the undeflected and diffracted waves as a function of z the distance through a perfect crystal. The first term in each equation arises from the scattering from the undeflected beam and the second term arises from the scattering from the diffracted beam. They show that the amplitude of each wave changes as the wave progresses through the crystal due to a contribution from each other. So, these two equations explains the interaction of transmitted beam as well as the diffracted beam. So, that is the physical meaning of these two equation. Now, we will just come back to the other features of this dynamical theory the exchange of electron density between the transmitted and diffracted beams is exactly analogous to the motion of two coupled harmonic oscillators which periodically exchange all the vibration energy of the system. The subsidiary maxima occurs when s square plus psi g to the power minus 2 into t square is equal to integral. So, this is one you can see the subsidiary maxima in the image contrast. For thin crystals the value of t that is thickness can be determined from the measurement of s at subsidiary fringes either in the image or in the diffraction patterns provided that the values of psi g are known. You will be able to find out the thickness of the foil if you know the psi g of a given material. So, we will see that also. So, the contrast effects in a perfect crystal are expected to be due to changes in thickness that is wedge fringes fringes at inclined defects. Changes in s will result in a bragg contours changes in orientation changes in s as well as g. So, we will now demonstrate all this predictions by the both the theories with the simple examples how the contrast varies or what kind of contrast variation you will be seeing by change of thickness or change of s or change in orientation of the foil. So, the important microstructure features include the changes in orientation with or without change in the structures or composition such as grain, twins, precipitates, structure of boundaries, lattice defects, point defects, line defects, planar defects and volume defects. Multi-phase systems it changes in the composition, but not in the structure example spinodals changes in the composition and structure general precipitation changes in the structure, but not composition for example, modern site interface interfaces coherent partially coherent incoherent. So, all this features can be identified with the contrast mechanisms predicted by the both the theories like kinematic as well as dynamic theory. So, we will see one by one by one. So, this schematic shows the general very general diagram this is I just brought it just for the completion you know the basic idea behind it this is the object and then you have the incident beam coming through this object and you have the lens and this is the back focal plane where your diffraction pattern is recorded and you have the image plane. So, this schematic is illustrating condition for imaging periodic structures if D is large enough and alpha small enough the diffracted beam A or A dash recombines with the direct beam B to give a magnified image of the planes D. The diffraction pattern is formed in the back focal plane A A dash N represent the diffraction pattern and Q magnifies the image of this pattern for the beams A and B. So, a simple ray diagram you all familiar with all the components here and now we will now go to specific operation in a TEM the schematic what you are seeing is a contrast in the bright field image arises through the local variation of the intensities of the diffracted beams and the diffracted beams is stopped by objective aperture. So, what you are seeing here is this is the specimen you have the electron beam coming through this and then you have a direct beam and then this is a diffracted beam and this is an objective aperture in a bright field image you see that all the diffracted beams are stopped and only direct beam is allowed to pass through the objective aperture. On the other hand you have the direct beam is stopped by the objective aperture only diffracted beam is allowed to pass through the objective aperture and that is how the both the bright field and dark field images are allowed to form and this operation can be done through beam tilt and this again we have seen it when we discussed about the diffraction phenomenon this is just for a recall and now we will look at this typical bright field transmission electron micrograph and this micrograph belong to a thin foil of molybdenum showing light grains dark grains fringes and sub grains. So, now our idea is why do we see this a contrast why certain positions or certain grains are appearing darker and why certain positions appear in gray color and why particular grains are appearing in bright. So, that is that is where we have to look at the theories and how we understand this. We should also understand why we see this fringes in the bright field image and we will go back to this image and then first try to explain why this grain is appearing dark. So, if you if you can go back and then look at this schematic what you are seeing here is here is a specimen and then this is an electron beam passing through and this is a direct beam and this is a diffracted beam. Just assume that this diffracted beam which is coming out of particular region or a set of planes or set of grains being stopped by the objective aperture which is not reaching in the image plane. So, you can now correlate by looking at this schematic and this image that means this is a bright field image I said. So, the region which is appearing very dark are diffracting very strongly and they are not getting entered into the objective aperture. For example, the complete set of planes in the grain and this region and this region they are strongly diffracting, but they have not entered into the objective aperture. So, that regions will appear dark and the region which are appearing very bright that means they are they may not diffracting strongly or the diffracted beam also entering into the objective aperture we can consider that way also. So, you can either consider it is not diffracting strongly or the diffracted beam also entering into the objective aperture. Basically, this contrast arises because of the orientation of the grains. So, you can see that a strong diffraction not diffraction are in between. Some diffracted beams are entered something is not entered into the objective aperture. So, you can apply all the knowledge which you got in the diffraction phenomenon including the deviation parameter and so on. We can put together to understand this to give some perspective why you get this contrast. So, you can also look at some of the other very intricate features like a fringes. I know that a grain which is very dark we can say that that particular grain is strongly diffracting, but when you have the fringes like this why I get this a very systematic absence of a dark and bright dark and bright systematic absence of intensity. Why do you see that? That we will look at with this example or a schematic illustration of the origin of fringe contrast in the images of the crystal. So, look at this schematic you have the thin foil which has got a hole inside.  Assume that your hole is prepared I mean in this manner and as I just showed in the two slides before this is the you know the electron beam enters the sample in this direction and then you have the transmitted beam that are direct beam or a diffracted beam. They have the intensity oscillation like this and the thickness of the foil is T from top surface P to the bottom surface P prime and then please note that the diffracted beam is out of phase by pi by 2 with respect to their direct beam. So, your direct diffracted beam is out of phase by pi by 2 in this. So, now you just see that the bottom portion of the schematic is B which shows some kind of a bright dark bright dark bright lines they are called fringes here also it is the fringes are in circular shape here it is in a vertical lines they are all fringes. So, now the question is how to account for this intensity oscillation in this fringes. So, if you look at this a transmitted intensity oscillation it is a diffracted intensity oscillation this periodicity is T naught prime the T naught prime which is again equivalent to psi g or an extinction distance we can say that. So, you look at this suppose if you have a boundary like this in the material and then you can just look at the how the diffracted beam will travel through this a boundary then because of that how the intensity variation will appear in a bright field image that is what we are interested suppose if you have a boundary inclined like this AB you see that you have the the diffracted intensity maxima here it comes on the bright field it will appear like a dark line wherever the diffraction maxima is there you see in a bright field image it will appear darker because the diffraction maxima is corresponding to minima in the direct beam intensity oscillation. So, that is where the the dark lines are seen remember that intensity is not 0 there but it is minima. So, when you have this kind of a diffraction intensity which oscillation which come across any inclined boundary like this or this you will have this intensity oscillation that is called a fringes let us go through the a caption. So, this is the illustration of the origin of the fringe contrast in the image of crystal section through the crystal showing the kinematical intensity oscillation of the direct and diffracted beams the depth periodicity T0 prime is equal to 1 by S and AB the grain boundary or it could be a stacking fault CD is a wedge and E is a hole B is a section normal to the beam corresponding to the bright field image showing dark fringes F or a thickness extinction contours. So, this particular fringe contrast is related to S that is inversely related to S 1 by S T is equal to T0 prime is equal to 1 by S and then we will show some more examples for this. So, now this is accounts for this fringes what we are seeing any fringes we are seeing. So, not only that even if you look at the dislocations but what we are seeing here the sub boundaries sub boundaries or dislocation whatever we are seeing here it clearly related to the surface unevenness which will have ups and downs when a such a crystal will interact with the the diffracted beam under I mean a electron beam I would say which undergoes a intensity oscillation as we have seen in the schematic then this kind of contrast is possible is that is a very simple qualitative explanation one can get without getting into the any complication. You can see that the thickness extinction contours and the bend contours in the samples for a molybdenum crystal the grain boundaries lie normal to the plane of the foil here you can see that the boundaries and you can see this fringes or you can say that contours bright and dark line because of the it is orientation and the ups and downs or it could be ups and downs. So, if it is an inclined surface you are bound to have this intensity oscillation due to the the we are because it is intersecting with the the diffracted and transmitted intensity oscillation. So, that is what it is the this the micrograph shown here is foil of aluminum you have some features marked a b c d and so on you have a two low order strong reflections hkl and minus h minus k minus l the single contours b c d belongs to a higher orders of hkl. So, you have this particular band is because of the strong reflection from particular hkl plane and they are all belong to higher order hkl this dark lines comes from and please note that though you may consider the whole band as a strong a diffraction or whatever it is appearing bright and dark where the kinematical theory explains there is a variation within this band bright and dark which is explained only by the dynamical theory where the transmitted and the diffracted beam interacts and produces this oscillation. And if you apply this concept of kinematical theory and we can look at some of the pits and the holes which forms the specimen and they also produces a fringes. So, look at the schematic this is considered a thick specimen which has got a hole in it. So, this is the intensity oscillation of your diffracted beam and this is a transmitted beam and so on and this is the extinction distance and since the extinction distance is 3 times of the thickness so we can write it is equal to t is equal to 3 psi g and you can look at the fringes from the this is the thick full thickness after that you form a fringe pattern like this circular fringe and it clearly shows that the distance between these 2 fringes is related to extinction distance like this. So, if you simply count the the distance the number of fringes we will be able to calculate the thickness of the foil this is of course pertaining to that particular location where you are seeing a pit or a hole in the foil. So, you will be you are seeing this fringes then you can relate this fringes and its count to the the total thickness of the foil. So, this is a geometrical description of formation of image pattern at holes or a similar thickness irregularities in thin foils dark fringes correspond to the intensity minima in the bright field. So, whatever the dark fringes you are seeing as I mentioned the previous slide it is not 0, but it is an intensity minima in a bright field image. So, you can see that a typical example which is shown in this diagram this is a not sorry it is not a diagram this is a micrograph actual micrograph you see that hole which is formed in a foil has got the fringes like this and here again another schematic which illustrates the the bend extinction contours. So, you have the foil of this nature which is a bend and this is the electron beam entering into the foil and it will produce the the contours of this nature and this suppose if you assume that this is the bright field image and this is the intensity oscillations and if it is a dark field image this the dark will appear brighter and this will appear darker and so on. So, this is the geometrical origin of a bend contours for the idealized case in thin foil section observed in the bright field illumination and this is again another example of the fringe contrast and and etched pits in a steel. So, you will get a symmetrical contours like this because you can identify the symmetrical nature of the contours by the SAD pattern which is given as an insert here. So, the point which I want to emphasize here is if you understand the electron beam interaction with the perfect crystal and then if you assume that the intensity oscillation of the transmitted beam and a diffracted beam and any irregularities or a thickness variation or any of the microstructural features they are going to give rise to a intensity oscillation or called a fringes or bend contours and so on. So, here is another example where the where you have the sample which has got an inclined boundary and you have this intensity oscillation of the diffracted beam. So, the geometrical origin of the fin contrast at the phase shift or interface plane the number of fringes depends on the extinction distance for the operating reflection G. So, please understand one thing very important thing this extinction distance is a characteristic of an operating reflection G that is for a given Bragg condition the extinction distance is valid. So, the number of fringes as I just mentioned depends upon the extinction distance for the given operating reflection. So, here is a typical micrograph given for a grain boundary. So, you see that the fringes in the inclined boundaries intersecting the polycrystalline section is shown here. See the boundary is not straight here it is an inclined plane for this orientation. Suppose if you change the orientation you will be able to see a such a slope in this boundary also. So, that is where the tilting exercise is very sensitive in TEM. So, you see that the kind of fringes it produces that clearly shows that kind of a taper section that boundary has and then we can identify this boundary and the fringes comes because of the what we have seen in the schematic. The reason for the obtaining a fringe contrast is explained qualitatively by the kinematical theory and dynamical theory and so on. And we can also explain this diffraction contrast through something called phase amplitude diagram. What you are seeing here is let me first start with the polar representation of a complex number which is being used to construct the phase amplitude diagram. This is for an unit circle on a unit circle exponential i theta. This is a polar representation of complex number and what you are seeing here in this schematic is the wavelets diffracted from a unit cells at increasing depth rg in the expression diffracted intensity psi s is equal to summation over rg into fg exponential plus i 2 pi s dot rg. Recall that s is lying the vertical z direction. So, this the diffracted wave which travels inside the crystals. So, that is how the unit cells are represented by this because the total diffracted intensity is always summation of the individual diffracted wavelets like this. So, we will just look at that which more detailed using this phase amplitude diagram. The diagram which is shown in the here is vectors representing the individual terms that is nothing but your complex exponentials how this each diffracted wave is considered like this. So, this animation clearly shows that suppose if you have if you try to sum up the individual diffracted terms like this, then the total intensity of diffraction is given by this summation of all this exponentials complex exponentials in this fashion. So, that is how the diffraction intensity is appreciated or I would say is understood by this phase amplitude diagram. We will now see that how this phase amplitude diagram is useful in understanding the contrast what we see in a bright field image. So, this is the again representing the intensity psi psi star where you have the real part and imaginary part of the total intensity and you have this phase amplitude diagram for two conditions one is for s is greater than 0 or s is much much greater than much larger than the 0 that means you have the phase amplitude diagram for two values of s phase amplitude diagrams of diffracted intensity for two deviation parameters s the eight short vectors each have the same length, but different orientations. So, the very important information which you obtain from this phase amplitude diagram is. So, you will be able to say what kind of a contrast we are going to see just by looking at this s values or how this the circle the diameter of the circle the phase amplitude diagram circle how it varies by just looking at this we will be able to comment on how the intensity is going to vary. So, we will see an example like that. So, here is an schematic where you have a wedge kind of a sample and you see the electron beam coming and then how the the diffracted wave vectors will form how exactly it get you know rotated the I mean I would say that all this simple diagram shows that how the phase shift occurs as the function of the specimen thickness and then what you see here is the intensity of the transmitted beam and intensity of the diffracted beam you can see that it is very close to the the edge of the edge of the specimen you see that you know the intensity is high in a transmitted beam, but as you go up higher the thickness you are able to see the the diffracted intensity goes to the maximum and then as it comes down further thicker side that means you have that destructive interference contributes and then it comes down and then again it increases. So, you can see that clearly the phase amplitude diagrams for increasing thickness across a wedge shaped crystal showing a origin of thickness fringes in the diffraction contrast. So, all the contrast whatever we have discussed in the whether it is of a grain or a fault or boundaries whatever we have just discussed in the fringes they are all coming under diffraction contrast or amplitude contrast imaging and this particular illustration clearly shows that the the thickness variation will have a significant influence on the the the fringe contrast what you see. So, here you see a similar example where the phase amplitude diagram shows the for a same wedge shaped crystals, but with this yes smaller by a factor of 2 that means you reduce the yes that means what kind of changes it will show. If you go back to the the introduction where I showed here that means my phase amplitude diagram circle is going to be bigger if I reduce the yes the phase amplitude diagram or the circle is going to be bigger. So, this is what I am seeing. So, the the phase shift which is represented by this phase amplitude diagram is bigger compared to the different in the S value. So, similar effect we can see it in one of the examples we can take some examples and see what what what we have gone through is true or not and we can look at actual fringes in a metallic samples and then we will continue this discussion in the next class. Thank you.


Usually when it comes to games I like to think that I know my way around, but every now and again you do find the rare one-off boss that does humble you. So far during my time in Elden Ring, yeah there have been a few experiences here and there, but nothing too bad. That is of course until I encountered Blackblade Kindred. I'm not even gonna lie, it got so bad that while I was live streaming my chat was begging me to move on. They were saying I was too underleveled that I would never do it, but deep down I knew I could. But I guess I just never thought about how long this boss fight was going to take me exactly because it was a lot of time. Now that he knows that I know that he's a boss, he's kind of swinging on me. Which is okay, you know that's fine, that's fair, I'm not gonna take that from him or anything. But I also know that he runs at the beginning, so I can do this. If I double jump slash, he'll run away. He didn't run. I feel like I'm kind of confused why he didn't run.  He's a good sword-wielder too, yeah. It's true, another being that wields a sword in this world. I'm gonna hope for a run start here so I can get my runes. There we go. Get the run start. Oh! Alright, well 10k runes ain't even that much anymore, you know how it is. Is that not your quadruple slice starter? There it is. There's the guy I know and love, the fucking, the man with the quadruple slice plan as they call him. Way early roll by me! Alright, I'm actually gonna go on record and say I think I prefer his axe phase. He's a tough one, harder than the dragon. Get new armor, police. I don't know where to get armor. In my sweet cape, what would you have me do without my sweet cape? I'm going to simply win. Your souls? No, I didn't have any. They're just imaginary. Oh, it buffered three again, that's so annoying. How long did it buffer that, man? Alright, one. I'm gonna meticulously count this. Alright, no buffer. We out. Now we get to do some real sword play. Oh! Cut me in twain! I hadn't seen that move before. Alright, here we go. Back at it again. Oh! Wait, can't we just pretend like that didn't happen? Alright, you know what? I needed to start like that to humble me.  His greatest move in the game. And there's the axe! Seems to be getting cooked. It simply is what it is.  I'm getting cooked for now. Watch me work. Oh, it's pretty good. Oh, buffer of the inputs! Alright, always roll left with that move is something I have in my head now. Decent opening. Let's play some defense. And then he just starts pretending. Why he walking like that? I just hate, I don't even mind how he walked. I'm just mad that at some point he's just like, you know what?  I'm swinging. Bro, have some respect for the arc. I might have buffered a third input here. Bro, I clicked that third input mid jump swing. Damn! The buffer is crazy. Leave. This is a 0-10 matchup. I don't run. I might have buffered a third input. I'm going to hope I didn't think of it. Get some real sword play.  Yeah, bro, get your axe. I prefer your axe. Oh, he just started scraping the ground. Oh, we've got a lot of learning about the axe.  Actually, skirt! Hold on. Now we're ready. I'm high. We're dead. Oh, we're alive. Even with the buffered. Actually, you know what?  Wow! Why did that slice kill me? Use your summons for distractions? Oh, man. You just disrespected my entire family. I don't summon. I'm not changing my... I don't summon. I don't... I'm dead. I don't live in boss fights.   I didn't get to roll. Can you sweep the armor through some of the moves? Maybe, but he gets pretty hard. I think I'm better off just trying to not get hit.  I'll fight you up here, coward. I'm not afraid. He has a move for every situation. He's gonna hit me with the diagonal swing.  Oh, what's the matter?   Axe phase. I'm expecting him to go across the ground.  Okay, tornado attack. That's gonna add some difficulty to the axe phase. Not gonna lie. That's an attack that was new. Maybe try to fight on... He's spitting. I forgot Winston was even an option in this fight. Perhaps I've been playing it all wrong. All right, well, we have to dodge that first. Winston is for dragons. Bro, Winston is for... Winston's that guy, bro. He helps with dragons, but he can help here, too. Uh-oh. I buffered a third input. Classic. I can't get away from this motherfucker to summon my horse. Get Winston before attacking? No, no, no, no. I still want my double slice. I still want my double heavy open. And I will achieve my watch. This is gonna be the perfect run. Not in the terms of us killing him, but in terms of what I envisioned. Buffer? Oh, God. Bro, I'm dead-ass, not even gonna use Winston. I'm just gonna out-sword play this man. Y'all thought I was messing around, too. All right, now we run. It might actually be too hard to avoid among Winston. Ah, but we could just out-pace him. Ugh, the axe is so... It is gonna be hard to... Actually, maybe we can double jump. All right, still hope, still hope, still hope.    Jesus Christ.  All right, let's try the Winston open. What's a Winston opener look like in this cool world? About half of what he did.  If it was multiple choice, he'd definitely be on there. I'm trying to see what he's got. Oh, he dropped his... Ah, it is gonna be a tough sword play fight, I think. I don't know, I think we're just gonna have to go one-to-one, mono-e-mono, dude. Jesus Christ. Am I... Is it possible to do that? Am I that good at the game? Let me use a bit of Winston. Winston. Love to see it. If I could get more, more like that, then this boss might be easy. I'm gonna double jump Winston. Nope. Yeah. Also, maybe Heavy's on the horse isn't the way to go. Please stop. You can't beat him. I don't think you understand how much that just makes me want to ram my head against this wall even more. Oh, no, the ungodly buffer. Also, I read somebody cheesed him at the door. I'm gonna do that. Ah! Oh, no! Aw, what's the matter?  Oh, the diagonal slice!   Sword of Night and Flame, maybe? This is the only sword I own and the only sword I want. He accidentally jumped off a cliff for me. What? Guys, these are all strategies you have to mention. To the cliff! I should have probably been looking at him.    Oh, my God, he's multi-fucking. I have to roll at him, but I really wanted to... All right, dude, that's too far from there anyway.  This is fighting him like a man. I got a sword, no summons. All of my gatekeeping is in place.  Winston can actually help us get to the cliff. Perfect spot. Oh, man, I almost fell off a cliff.  Oh, he was so close. Is it really possible?    Yoo-hoo! Over here, dude. Oh, come on, dude. Don't be that way.  There he is. Come on. There he is. There's my guy. Come on.   What did he throw? All right, you guys want a real run? Let's do a real run real quick. Just to make sure my sword plays up to snuff. Uh-oh. Real run over. If he can fall off a cliff, that's the strategy I want to use. That's the strategy I love. I love that idea. But if he takes real sword skill, then I'll do that too. We can do both. I'm going to lead him over to a cliff. Who is this?   All right, I'm going to play him one-to-one, one-to-one mono sword against sword until he switches the axe.  He can speed up and slow down. He truly is good at the game.  Cracked over the head. In it. In it. God. Oh, I'm alive. Oh, the triple tornado attack. I only saw two. Get his back to the cliff, and jumps back with the red sword. Perhaps we go back to the cliff strat. I don't know how I would get his back to the cliff.  He's staying away, dude.  You know what? I don't even need...  If I saw anything during my last performance, is that it's possible. All I have to do is believe. And not fight. All right, get down here. Right this instant, young man. Yeah, I'm not sure why we're going to the axe phase already. I didn't... No way there's a second part to that attack. It's hard to tell when I'm under his day, dude. Fuck. Axe phase has a lot more openings to punish, but I would like to do a little more damage when he has his sword.   All right, chat. Everybody get comfortable. This is going to be the run, but it's going to be a back and forth battle. All right, dude, I can feel the run. I just don't know how many hours away it is. Ah! Fucking... I can't believe it. He's good. He knows everything about Okoi and me with a sword. Black blade kindred. You know what? I think this guy is a kindred spirit, dude. This is me in my ultimate form. Oh, hell, yeah, we got a little... Ooh. A little opener, a little something for the whole family to enjoy. I am going to try to get a free hit in here. This is my last word. Get two sips. All right, you're right. Hey, you good? You good? You good? I rolled into it again.  All right. Chat, I'm initiating three runs. The final three, chat. Behold, chat. This is run one of three. Watch and learn. This is how a master plays the game. Try not to get too impressed, chat. Yep. Yep, yep. Ooh, he tried to Okoi. Wow. I've never seen him frame one punish with the axe. Oh, that was a beautiful run. That was a beauty of a run, too. Sometimes I lose the door. That was a beauty of a run. Damn.  I can't see. Am I dying? I'm dead. Oh, we almost clashed blades. Oh, never mind. My sternum. Roll, motherfucker, please. Nice. All right. No, we're not fighting the axe up here, dude.  But he's not going to let me. He's going to use all his punishable attacks up here. Can we please go downstairs where the axe is better? Sword, I fight on sta- Okay, two. That's two, by the way. All right. This is the final run, chat. Four hours and 30 minutes of stream have led up to this. Every bit of knowledge we've gained over the past two hours of attempts. We're going to use it all now. Nice.   Oh, we jumped the punish. All the Okoi move got jumped.  Don't bring it. The wall should eat this. Okay, good. Otherwise, we were dead, by the way. Not to scare any of you guys.  Bring out the axe. Make sure to dodge it. Gonna try to fly at us.   He passed it down to me. All right. I'm initiating the fourth attempt.  You guys didn't think there'd be a fourth try here, but here it is. This is the forbidden one. Honestly, I shouldn't even do this on stream. If these tactics were to leak to the Elden Ring community, it would be chaos. But I have to do it. Oh, my God. I'm not gonna get it again.  Sippy Cup animation. He's going for the axe. All right, get down, get down, get downstairs. I rolled it to the- All right, hold on. Three is such a limiting number. It's actually always been five.  Oh, baby. And we actually got the stagger for once in our lives.  He's going for the axe. Oh, that second swing goes hard. All right, one more try. All right, one more try. I can't leave, dude. I can't leave. I can't prime myself. God, please.   No way. No, no, no. All right, this is it.  This is the one they've been warning you about.  Roll that. I'm in the zone. I'm in the- Oh, I'm not locked on.  I'm probably about to get stabbed.   Jump punished that. I'm godlike. Jump it. Into here. Oh my goodness. Battle always good enough. I didn't notice. Last attempt. Beautiful.    One more.  Okay, I'm just not happy with my attempts, man. Like, that doesn't even count. I think it's just because I've been doing it too much. My bail stacks have overloaded.  I'm dead. All right, I'm putting it up. I'm revealing what should have been revealed longer ago. Yeah, final run for real edition. I think we're ready. We're back, baby. We're back in the world of Elden Ring. It's been a while, Chad. Let me check this buff out. Ooh, that do feel a little faster. I wonder if I would have even noticed if you guys hadn't pulled me down. That, I feel like I definitely would have noticed the light attack. All right, Chad, we've taken weeks off of Elden Ring because I made a promise. I promise that the next time we return to Elden Ring would be the day that this black blade user falls, dude. There can only be one blade user here, bro, and it's going to be me.  First, let me just see if I, you know, obviously we're going to go with a few learning attempts here. Can I get three? No, you can't ever get three. You got to roll left on that. That was obviously a learning attempt. I did three jump attacks. I know you can't. Maybe now with the buffs, though, we can get in a quick normal swing. I'm feeling good all right. Hold on. Wait a minute. I'm already feeling pretty loose. I thought this was going to be a five-hour stream because we stream until we beat this guy. Can I get one swing? Roll left. Nice, beautiful. Now we want him to fall off the stairs because that'll give us a free hit. That's beautiful, baby. Maybe a quick swing. The fucking, who could forget the iconic double back step into a stab maneuver.  I love that move. Love that move. I could have went my whole life without ever seeing that move again, but I'm glad I didn't. Also, shout out for the spawn point facing me backwards. That's definitely not going to get old. This is the run. Oh, he didn't start. Oh, not feeling calm, but in kindred.  Already got your number.  All right, he's going to try to do the back step. Ooh, then the old nutcracker, huh?  He scared me. I got it. I got the... Oh, that's the optimal starter. They do have it. The sternum blaster. No sternum blaster. No sternum start lift. Oh, here we go. Here's the big boy phase. Here's where men get the real damage in. This axe is actually for...  I forgot about the... Okay, the fire tornado attack. I didn't know the opening. Didn't know the opening. Didn't know the opening. I will say, chat, another thing I'm noticing, maybe it's because of the speed boost. I haven't buffered any attacks yet. I don't know. I was bitching and whining and crying about that a lot. But I haven't buffered any so far. Whoa, whoa, whoa. Easy kindred. Easy. Oh, I'm doing it. No way. Nice. Come here. Come here. Bring that ugly-ass mug here, boy. The sternum startler. Yeah. Yeah, I got him. Oh, I got him looking goofy now. Oh, no.  I'm going to go... I regret. I regret. I didn't know. I didn't know. I didn't know. God, that felt like such a good run. I don't even know what attempt number this is, but I'm going in. Oh, I buffered an input. And again, chat.  This boss isn't even that hard. Just go level up. Come back. But again, a part of the challenge is, I'm not going to do that. I simply will not do that. Right now I am level 55. I'm almost 24 hours of game time, and I'm not going to go level up. I'm going to keep fighting Kindred until I beat him at level 55. I'm not leveling up. The next time I level up, we'll be with the souls this guy gives me. Well, optimal, optimal, we look... Yeah, going to have to send that clip into the Elden Ring devs, because I don't know if that hitbox was legitimate.  I don't remember what it looks like. I think he just drives... That's the one! That's the one! That's the one that he comes... That's the one! That's the one right there. That's the one I was talking about.  Never that. Could not be me, honestly, except it is at certain points of the fight for strategic purposes, but other than that, could not be me. Just adds too much done. Like right here, that's a light swing. You don't have time for anything else.   Headshot! Headshot!  This is the kind of run you'd love to see. Okay, I can heal that. I'm going inside. Oh, what's the matter?  Yeah, come here.  No, I don't want to play against your axe form. Oh!  Look at him running for me. Look at him run. Look at him scared. Oh, my brother. Oh, why does it have to be the tornado attack? Oh, not optimal. Love it here. Still a very good start, and it shows that our fail stacks are really starting to build up to something special here. Can I just go for three? I knew this bitchass was going to get stunned. I'm just going to take this. Lots! There we go. Risk. Show no fear. Okay, no fear. No fear. Okay, boys. Let's bring it home. We've danced this dance a thousand times. Come on. Come on. I literally don't even see you as a challenge anymore, bro. One slip-up is all I need. The next time you get stunned, it is done, dude. Now, there's a lot of risk in the sword phase. We cannot tell a lie. There's the risk.  The one-shot move!  I put it out of my mind. I had no fear, so I forgot the fear.  That was anime! Too bad I'm going to heal instead of hitting him, but...  I can't... I can't risk that. I would love to go for a double there, but I won't. Come on. Let's keep it simple, Kendra. We don't need to do anything too crazy. No! Maybe we're going to have some tag. Get stunned! Do I... Do I greed?  I'm greeting! I'm not greeting.  That's not real. That's not real. That's not real. I couldn't even tell it was a fire attack or I would have ran like... That's not real, dude. That's not real. That's not real. I didn't even greed for real. I said it. I thought about it, but I didn't think that was too greedy. Maybe I stand to... I didn't even consider that too greedy, man. She's greedy, man. All right, all right, all right, all right.  I was actually playing so patient with this motherfucker, too.  Just die, dude.  I don't think that should have hit me, but whatever. Woo-hoo!  Wow, I did live it.  That attack should not hit. That was not real. Oh, my God. Double heal. Greed, greed, greed, greed. Yeah, I get a little greedy sometimes. Poke. Speaking of greed, do I go for it?  Oh, ignore an asset. Where you going? Hey! That's the fire. I ran, I ran. That's the fail stacks kicking in, baby. That's what fail stacks look like.   Oh, no. That was my last demon. My last demon to fight. I'm gonna greed. It's been an honor, kid.  Get out of my game! Yeah. You know, the scenery's kind of beautiful with him gone.


Okay, welcome to the book map platform details webinar. This is Bruce at book map risk disclaimer trading equities and futures involves Substantial risk of loss is not suitable for all investors past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results For more information go to book map calm. There is a free 14-day trial. It comes with education and That would be the book map educational course The advanced order flow webinars Those start in about 25 minutes directly after this one And then other educational resources as well. Okay, so that's what you get as a bundle with the 14-day free trial You will need to to sign up and then and then you'll have access to all of that. Okay? any questions you can reach this at support at book map calm and Let's take a look at book map calm here And just go through the website quickly Okay, we just click on explore up here. It drops us down into the intro video here of book map You can just watch this. It's about a minute long. It just goes through Some of the features and components in book map Then there's the about Section here and just some of the benefits the features etc You can click on the link to try right now the some testimonials There's book map for us equities using NASDAQ total view. Okay, so you have features and equities and soon In beginning of 2018 we will have crypto currencies as well. Okay, so platform continues to Get more and more diverse and interesting as we as we continue to develop here All right, so you will need a data provider. Okay, we are a software platform Okay, just like a Ninja trader or TT X-Trader Pro or interactive brokers now we connect to the API of these three different platforms as well However, we are a platform just like them So you can connect directly to your data provider using CQG rhythmic gain capital IQ feed Transact and then and then the dev experts here for NASDAQ. Okay All right now if you need a free trial of The data a data feed then you can click right here Just scroll down a little bit into the pricing area or free trial area. Okay So here is the the pricing and the details on the 14-day free trial of book map basic or advanced Now there's really only one version of book map is book map basic. Okay, it's 49 per month and it's billed quarterly You get the 14-day free trial But there's also the advanced version and the difference Between the two are these these add-ons here. Okay more functionality. So for example being able to click The one click trading right from the book map chart Okay, large lot tracker looking for larger players identifying them in the order flow Book and balance and volume and balance. Okay iceberg detector being able to detect Larger players using iceberg or hidden orders and a correlation tracker Okay, now if you're a quant and you have very specific needs most of them do Connecting your own data or proprietary indicators. You can click here and learn more and ask us questions if you want a full Comparison chart you can click here. This will take you to a Well, let's just go there A chart here and it shows what the are the differences between these these features here Okay, and you scroll down to the bottom and you'll see more of the difference here. All right social media. You can follow us here on Twitter at bookmap underscore pro And then you can also That's for the most kind of updated information about what's going on in bookmap and then There's our youtube page here that you can subscribe to And any new videos that are uploaded then you get you can be alerted when those are uploaded Okay, so let's just go through quickly the youtube page There's these intro videos that good place to start After that maybe go through some of these features of components understand what you're looking at in bookmap And then finally these order flow video snippets we go through two to three minutes of the order flow phenomena that bookmap Uncovers with our visualization. So Anyway, you might want to watch some of these. This this is the kind of conceptual Information that we go over In the advanced order flow webinars. Okay, and we we go through them in detail. Okay, these are very concise Just a couple minutes instead All right, so let's take a look at bookmap. All right So first off, I just want to get a bigger picture view of what's going on here and there's not a lot going on Oil seems to be moving so let's let's take a look at oil All right, we'll we'll go to crude oil and and take a look here Okay, or we can look at the NASDAQ if you like or we can look at a stock as well. Okay, here's tesla for example and Some really interesting things in these equities Charts you can see exactly when they started to pile in and provide liquidity at some of these levels at 930 And you can see that how they act like magnets price goes right to them A lot that longer term liquidity stays in the book. Okay Let's take a look at the crude chart and see what this looks like Okay All right Yeah, we can stick with crude. I think that's fine So that that seems to be moving pretty well, we're down below the 58 figure here now, you know, I know that A lot of you are new here to bookmap so that said You're looking at this chart might might look very foreign to you. Okay It's actually very simple market data It's simpler than most charts that are out there Those that have some sort of bar or rotation Or aggregation just like a simple candlestick chart a five-minute candlestick chart Is more complex than what you're looking at here That concept of it Is more complex. This is a very direct and blunt view of the market Um and um is very very transparent. Uh, so There's basically three things on this chart That are being displayed here. One is the historical best bid and offer Next is the volume on that historical best bid and offer with these dots Okay, and then outside of the the traded action you're looking at here in this heat map this grayscale is the um The historical, uh auction. Okay, where they were bidding and offering That's that's it. That's all we're looking at here. All right, so Uh, it's actually really transparent information and i'm actually going to use the candlesticks to Uh And then we're going to layer on this information and i'm going to show you What it is bookmap is is uh displaying and how It offers levels of transparency that other charts simply do not Okay, um, so let's look at this five minute candlestick chart. We can see it here uh, and um All right, so it's just five minute uh of five minutes of price action within a bar. Okay open high low and close Four data points within five minutes. That's all you're getting here. All right. There's so much more detail just There's microstructure that happened in here that is all aggregated within the bar So you have no clue about some of that microstructure And uh, let's turn that on. Okay, so we're going to be able to see that by just looking at the historical best bid and offer Okay, so um, uh, for example, uh, look at these uh, some of these areas in here There's a nice little pullback here. Okay, um, and um Or uh, you can see some of the buying pressure in the wicks down here But really what occurred down here. Okay, we can get into some of the details in the microstructure, which is is really, uh, Important right here in this area at 57 65 Okay, we don't really see that in the bar here. The candlestick chart is showing you well We closed above the uh, the previous uh open here That is that does have a bear or a bullish slant to it And then that seems to be accepting above it. Um, you know candlestick chart, uh Strategy would say that go long here put your stop down here and then look for Oh, I don't know what your target might be. Um Maybe the the high of this bar or 58 the figure up here. All right, which isn't it's not a bad strategy It's just not as well informed as it could be Um, there's so much more going on here that is going to give you insight to making a very informed trading decision Okay, so we'll go through the microstructure in a bit, uh, but the next level of information here I'm going to turn on is the volume. Okay, because that's critical to understand the transactions and where they took place okay, so We can start to see now on that historical best bid and offer these volume dots And we know exactly where the volume traded where you don't know in the candlestick chart Okay, and that's the problem so For example this this area down here. We're we're seeing a shift in the order flow. All right And we can see it clearly just with the volume dots. Okay. Look at the volume dots on the way down. Okay, we see Well, there's there's buying in here as well. There's no question But there's more selling than there is buying especially in this in this move to the downside. Okay, uh, and um We can see it. We know exactly where let's zoom in just a little bit more okay now so each vertical dotted line here is five minutes of data between the two but the volume we have no clue where that volume took place here on the On the candlestick So I mean you might see here in the wick. Well, what comprises that wick? Okay That's going to allow for a lot more insight to what's going on with price. Okay, and we're making financial trading decisions Uh, just by kind of guessing at this candlestick wick Okay, and uh, and that is not uh Good for making clear financial decisions All right, so, uh, let's go through it. All right, so the um, We can understand now that the majority of the volume took place at a lower area down here. Okay, so on the move back up What we're actually seeing uh, and you can see it here in the volume dots in this little area here As you're starting to see, um more, uh Well less buying activity Okay, so this is a uh, uh A low volume pullback From the buy side, you know, so I mean you don't see a lot of buying here Okay, and uh, so what do we do? Well, you know, it kind of exhausts out here Okay, and then and then you see the move uh back down to lower lows So we are making lower lows consecutive lower lows Okay, that shift in that order flow occurs here and you can see it very clearly Okay, we see that we made a lower low and then uh, and then right in this little area this little microstructural area right here is broken Okay, and uh, and then you can see the buyer step in Okay, and where do they go? Well, here's the high Of this little structural area here now.  I think they're just getting in the way here Um, it's this swing here that I'm interested in okay because now you can see that we're making We're making higher highs Okay, and we're making higher lows now too Right and we can see that There's still there's aggressive selling down here, but we see the shift in the volume here Right and very very clear here and we're just looking at the traded volume Okay, uh and the historical best bid and offer and that we're already seeing a lot of a lot of insight Right now let's zoom into these areas here, uh and uh understand them a bit a bit better Okay, now note as I start to zoom in Okay, that uh, uh, we're I'm starting to pull apart the timeline. Okay. I'm I'm uh getting into deeper and deeper into lower time frames and um That starts to pull apart All of this trading activity that's here because bookmap doesn't aggregate any of this data Okay, so for example, look at this. Uh, this is an aggregation just visually or graphically of this big dot here About half of it was selling and half of it was buying But if I zoom into this area, I'm going to split it all apart and I'm going to show you exactly what occurred here Okay, so we're looking at now Uh, is every single market event that took place Okay, bookmap has a complex event processor that can handle all of these data points So what we're looking at here is the green line is the historical best bid and the red is the historical best offer These transactions or these dots that you see here. These are uh, it's volume that traded on the uh on the best offer Okay, now we're using the aggressor classification of volume Okay, a red dot signifies a market sell someone hit the market sell button They cross the spread they paid up for it by, uh crossing that spread and They they took liquidity Off of the best offer. Okay. They didn't provide liquidity So for those reasons we consider the aggressor Okay, and then you can see here these green dots down here and those are market buys Okay, so opposite Okay, but um And you can note though when I start to zoom back out Okay, and we we're looking at well, let's zoom in again We're looking at uh, you know, we can go down to nanosecond level basically and I can show you every single transaction that took place here in bookmap or in the market and um, so finally, uh, we get down into some of these levels here, uh, and uh, now we're now we're down at looking at billions of seconds So you can see like, uh, exactly What has been recorded here? Uh, and um, but as I zoom back out Okay, note that these trades they're and I'm compressing that timeline and I compress it into It becomes one bigger dot here Okay, so if I zoom in again, I'm going to split it apart Okay, and I can use this hover or this data tip tool here and it can show me exactly what traded here So this this was you can see the date the time what was on the ask and the volume here Okay, this was for volume of two This one here is for volume of three Okay, so that's what occurred here, but as I zoom back out Okay, note how I've compressed it into uh show a volume of five All right, so that's um how bookmap handles this data Um visually or just graphically with an aggregation Okay, but it's it's just just doing it graphically all the data is still there And we give you the overall shape of it if I continue to zoom out And I compress all of these dots together. It becomes one big dot that shows buying and selling However, the the pie display here Is showing me the overall shape and delta Of the volume and it shows about you know, two thirds of this is aggressive buying and about a third is aggressive selling Okay, and so that's what we're showing here in bookmap. Okay, very simple and Transparent data and we're showing everything Of really how it all occurred Okay, and we can see the best bid and offer the spreads that took place, etc Now as I zoom back out Okay We're we're still we're kind of compressing that timeline and gives me this overall shape here And I understand now that there there is a shift in the order flow Okay, just by looking at the volume All right, and and here's our swing here that we just went above Okay, so technically uh in this in this view here. We see a trend reversal All right And we can see it initiated here Okay, so for example in the advanced order flow webinars one of the strategies we look for Is a very simple one Here's where the aggressor took took charge. Here's a beautiful pullback to where they initiated That that buying Okay, and look at the selling down here very little Okay, this is a great entry point All right, uh, anyway, um Now we we've looked at the order flow here Uh, but we've only looked at um, I just The the volume and the historical best bid and offer that's it Okay What about the current market? Okay, what's going on with the current market? Well to understand that We can see it here. Okay, and in this window here We have the best bid and offer right now and this number. It's the last traded volume To the right of that you see my price ladder. Okay for crude every five Cents I have it I can change that to every cent the you know if you if you like It's up to you. Um, I I like to uh to see, um If I zoom in then you get every cent. All right I like to see every five five cents. That's what I prefer. So I'll every five ticks. I'll show a number All right, just makes it a little clearer for me. So it's up to you. Um, all right, so, um That's what's going on with the current market here. Okay, and um For us to understand though the next level of Order flow is we want to understand where they're bidding and offering in this marketplace and we're we Digest that or consume that information Uh with a dome. Okay, and this is the dome and book map the cob column current order book All right, so here's the price. Okay best bid and offer right here as you can see This is the depth here on the bid and this is the depth here on the offer These are traders lined up providing liquidity All right, they want to be sellers up here at these specific price levels. They want to be buyers down at these levels Okay, now these numbers change all the time When they change The previous data is now lost. Okay, what was it previously? And that uh is a problem with looking at a dome So you can only really narrow in on very specific current data within a dome and and You would have to remember and write down or just memorize specific areas what the what the activity around that area was like Were they adding were they pulling? Uh, what was it like an hour ago? Okay All of these uh questions cannot be answered by looking at the current market Okay, but it can if we look at it historically and that's where book map solves this issue Okay, we do it with the heat map All right. So in this window here, which is the current market window Okay, this is a graphical dome. It's showing me, uh, the these levels of high liquidity by painting it bright white Okay, if it's a little bit grayer, it's less liquidity. So it's just a gray scale But I can understand now where the buyers and sellers are very quickly I can see them here at 5880 here at at 75 Uh, or 77. I'm sorry, uh, and then up here at at 94 And also at 91 Okay, these are areas of higher liquidity So I can start to gauge and understand that by just looking at this this window here Where it gets really interesting though is we take this data and then we plot it on the chart historically Okay, and the game really begins at that point because now I can understand this the behavior of this of these traders at this price level As price is coming down. They got cold feet here at 5880 or 5780 Okay, they pulled their liquidity. You got darker And actually they pulled it and went a tick lower and then even those guys pulled as well So do they have the intent to trade here? We can answer that question and no, they don't They're they're not willing to trade. Uh, they pulled the liquidity. They jump right back in And then maybe they'll think about it again if price comes back down here But right now we we know that their their behavior is uh Or their intent is not to trade here Okay, a couple of cents lower though. We can see that at the 77 level They've been in here and they want to trade 213 contracts and we we even dipped into the area back here as you can see Okay, the best bid dipped into it No transactions took place. It looks like However, uh, they stayed in the book All right, so these guys just three cents lower Had the intent to trade Hey, they stayed in the book. They're waiting in line to trade Okay, now if we got to really answer that question if we come down a little bit lower All right, and we test these guys and we'll see but now we can start to read Not only this one price level. What about the areas around it? How are they behaving? Um, are they pulling? Are they adding in in front of it? Or are they, you know pulling and adding below it? That gives us gives us a lot of insight to the possibility of trading in this area here Okay All right a few questions here. Let me get to those before We uh, we wrap up Can we replicate the dome? Order flow in the dome on a heat map. How can we replicate order flow in the dome on the heat map? Uh, not really sure what you mean, Michael. Um, I mean, it's it's being replicated now There's different filters that you will use. Um here using the This tool over here automatic contrast configurations Okay, and you can, you know, play around with this to Um highlight specific areas of Liquidity and and get rid of some of the noise around it instead So if you're only interested in really bright areas or If you're interested in all areas Right, you can also do that So, uh, that's uh, that one's up to you. Um find to find something that kind of works for you And gives insight That helps your trading strategies Let's see, uh edson. Um Oh, thanks edson. Um And let's see you're going to increase Oh, um, I don't know um about that with uh with sato. Um, and um, what's going on there? Um, I'll have to have to get back to you on that Okay This is for uh, uh brazil market And uh, yeah, I'm not really sure some of the details that you're asking about there All of these features here george are in the, um, the basic except for, uh, uh, Yeah, everything that you see here is in the basic. Okay What you get in the advanced let me show you. I mean also this this, um, sub chart here You also get in the, um In the basic, okay, this this sub chart is showing the cumulative volume delta All right the, um Um, what you get though with the uh the advanced package, um is uh all of these add-on indicators like you can see this little number here Okay, the green number this is showing me hidden liquidity Okay, this is the iceberg detector This white line here actually that that actually comes with the um book map advanced as well is and i'm sorry So that wasn't correct. Uh the little white line here is showing large lot tracker so larger players providing um substantial amount of liquidity at some of these levels and these, um Order book and balance indicators up here book and volume and balance Okay, all of those are part of the book map advanced As well as the one-click trading okay being able to trade from the book map chart All right, this is a significant advantage Because you can start to place your orders Uh within the liquidity heat map.  Okay, and this is going to help you get filled before they get filled All right, or let's say this is your your uh your stop Okay, you can place your stop below areas of high liquidity. So they have to trade through these guys first to get to your orders All right So anyway all sorts of good stuff, uh with the one-click trading and some of the other add-ons All right, well, uh, let's call it a day. We'll wrap it up And uh, if you're registered for the uh for the next webinar, I'll see you there. Okay. Thanks. Take care