Everybody forced here ripping 2021 upper deck The cup hockey hobby six box full case number five random teams You get a better look if you click on the results link in chat or go to the website and check them out appreciated everybody Let's go ahead and get started Yeah, I don't know Jeremiah. I don't know why Robert soon be redemption. I honestly don't know Like a pre soft thing makes sense.  Yeah, I don't I don't know why that is We go You guys personals really close to full over tonight And we just have one basketball break one football break in two WWE breaks left with spots All right, rookie class up front in here and Sasha Kamalovsky 60 of 249 for San Jose. It's the most secure product there is Got a flames markstrom based at 249 Calgary give up her deck props to their packaging so secure Could be that card I mean, I know he was he was for sure in Russia for a while with those visa issues That's for sure rookie auto patch Nolan foot 159 to 249 for the Devils There you go Devils of the RPA. How do you rookie signatures away 26 of 49 blue jackets Liam Fowdie? Nice hit their blue jackets. It's a partial logo there on the bottom, right? I think that's what that would be Yeah, away variation of 49 there all rookie so far rookie auto Maxime Lettinov 2 of 36 for San Jose penguins Splendor patch auto yarmere auger 12 out of 22 Gorgeous hits three color game worn patch auto one of the goats yarmere auger Guy played in the league for 75 years. I believe penguins with a monster Congrats Noah G Thing is sick, dude clean auto three color game use patch Yeah, he's still playing like player coach, right? Are you suited up or something? It's kind of insane You might be cursed to play hockey forever He's like 50 and he plays hockey in like Europe still like that professionally Good question like yeah, he was he was really good I don't know I'm telling you man. Maybe he's cursed 750 years. Okay. Yeah Maybe it's his gift and his first he played in HL to lose like 45 46 or something like that Play forever, dude. Yeah, Romana of rookie class of 249 for the Habs Deal with the devil. Yeah, so that's what it is if you sold the soil He's just be play hockey forever some blessing in the curse Super Mario to 249 for the pens on the base 64 of 249 Yager talk Gordy however, he knew oh man, yeah, I think I think Yager and Invented hockey rookie auto patch for the sharks Alexander. Is it true or true a 107 to 249? Doesn't have the accents on the name. It's like the umlau doesn't it true? Your sharks. Oh, this is nice Rookie exquisite auto patch for the Keynes Morgan geeky 46 of 67 very nice.  Yeah, really it really is Pacific is getting Pacific is getting kind of crazy Still plays in Russia Dude Yager's crazy That man just literally loves the game of hockey either that or he And he literally sold a solid it out and has to play for eternity doesn't make it There's no other explanation. How many of you want to do the job you're currently doing For like 30 years It's the owner G a man the coach. Yeah, I thought I heard something like that. Oh, man. We got a rookie Melna Chuck to 249 for San Jose Brad Marsh and a 249 Bruins Nice in here for the Leafs Rookie Auto Patch the frame is not cut out That is strange Alexander Barba now for the Leafs I'll send the box and wrapper although I don't think you would need one because it clearly is clear. It's clear what's going on with this card That just needs to get popped out and you'll be able to see the swatch Leafs Barbanov Send a box never though. Why not? It's a pretty interesting miss cut for sure. Oh Rangers honorable numbers dual patch out of Mike Richter 9 of 35 hand numbered That is so cool Two game use patches both multicolor Mike Richter 9 of 35 Rangers Do tell you that's all over this case Chemical composition rookie mantle is a tie to Landria. This one's not numbered Tie to Landria Jersey Auto. It must be like the base or something tie to Landria The mantle right there. Hmm. Maybe that doesn't have relic the other ones do have relics. That's like the base though The other ones are also numbered. So I think that's what it's well there. All right, man Yep, we got an upper deck 20 21 printing plate one-of-one booklets Doesn't say it's signed Jordan Everly for the Islanders printing plate booklet all four of them Islanders Jordan Everly Upper deck series one that year. There we go. That's awesome. Yeah, Jordan Jordan Everly cracking legends Lot of cracking legends in this Congrats Congrats. I think it's a misprint. It just wasn't I don't know why the thing wasn't cut out It might just pop out. I'm messing with it though. That's why we're starting the box I would probably just have upper deck That's done correctly You take it out now all four plates all four plates one card Mikey Anderson King's rookie class of 249 Jets base parallel Josh Morrissey to 249 every manufacturers to steal that idea you play books rookie auto patch for the Knights gauge Quinney to 249 Connor McDavid. Oh wow exquisite autograph patch One of 25 Edmonton Oilers M.O.D We got him We got him three color game used Pretty big card Chemical composition auto Arthur Khali of Kings Rookie mantle auto right there. Yeah, that's a big card and They rookie Artem's up to 249 for the Senators Happy to pull that for you M.O. Congrats Congrats They're getting you they're like the first time they're having the pitch clock thing It's like the batters have to be in the box at a certain amount of time and like Be ready for the pitcher to throw and then the pitcher has a few more seconds after that to throw it I feel like that's not gonna go well. That's why they're that's why they have a whole spring training to use to it It'll go fine Either adapt or die, right? Yeah There's a McDavid base to 249 for the Oilers John LeClaire to 249 Flyers Rookie Auto patch gold parallel to 24 nights gauge Quinney another one for the Knights It's time gold fantastic patch in this one's a four color patch Gray black gold white Nice one Vegas we can mag that one. That's a nice rookie patch auto right there Chemical composition patch auto for the Wild Ryan suitor to 15 Inner core patch auto to 15 Ryan suitor. So yeah, the yellow up here. It looks like the lowest parallel I believe Kind of see orange there if you had it in your hand it probably look better guys But yeah, that's how it goes so those orange we saw earlier like base and there's like red and like yellow Go wild nice vet hit there To the vets are taken over here Foundations quad jersey Hado Stephen Stamco's 15 of 15 bolts Holy cow, man, we are pulling some big names in this case Steven W Steven W with a Steven Stamco's Great hit there quadgers should be game used Yes, all vets should be game used in this I'm still checking to find out we'll get that one mags and cup rookie masterpieces printing plate Kings Arthur Kaleev Magenta printing plates There we go from 2021 diamond relic rookies Very very nice Last box the case man. That's taken over. Yeah, pitch talk will be interesting Hop to all to watch some games and kind of see all feel about it. It's simply gonna be pretty quick, but Lake said he liked it as a pitcher in the minor leagues. They said he liked it Speed games up that's all it is. I think you could help you out either way you look at it Batters got less time to like settle in picture last time I settled in I mean I Will say if it took you longer before it's gonna be more of a thing So regardless of what position you play some pictures work faster Some batters get in the box quicker things like that You can't step you can only step out like once or twice at bat now or like before you can every every pitch You can just like adjust your gloves or something. Oh So there's gonna be a lot of adjustments for a lot of players Payton Krebs the 249 for the Knights But also some pictures to take forever to throw the ball Yeah You're nights Payton Krebs rookie class solid one there Patrick Kane blackhawks at 249 Almost had rangers on this one. I will sell almost said it I will set it the blackhawks Patrick Kane rookie auto patch Shane Bowers one of 24 in the gold parallel Dude, what a that's the shoulder logo, right? That's crazy, man. Is that the shoulder logo? Has the has this the circle I believe it would be that's sick Shane Bowers gold to 24 RPA That's going to mag nights limited logos patch auto Alex took 17 of 50. Oh, Alex took my god That's the um The the opening of the helmet you would say it was an actual helmet That's like the part of the eye hole. I guess that's sick, man Alex took 17 of 50 limited logo patch auto disgusting Awesome Next card is cool the next card is very cool. Yes Stanley Cup signatures Wow Hurricanes dual auto Eric stall Andrew lad 25 of 25 That's crazy man Congrats Kane Stanley Cup signatures dual auto One of the 25 stalls that play and Andrew lad that is sick This case has been kind of insane a lot of big vets Eric W with Carolina again, and this is nasty to Numbered to ten Caril Caprice of rookie foundations quad patch Three color three color and two colors old recall on the bottom to has that peak of red there Now we're mad at the Caprice off as well Caril the thrill That one is a player worn all patches player worn here Restream just disconnects from chat. Yeah, sweet. Awesome. Restream. Thank you One day everything will work Donnie and then hell will also for you freeze over simultaneous Sue I have to adjust chat this All right, I can't see chat right now by the way guys. I'll fix it after this printing plate, but printing plate booklet was Islanders was Everly Quad printing plate booklet there Printing plate Kalea for the Kings Trio stone patch ready took for the for the Knights And we had autos now limited logos patch auto Alex took the 50 for the Knights chemical composition Ryan suitor Wilde Arthur Kalea of Kings gauge Quinney Knights Delandria for the stars Mike Richter dual patch auto for the Rangers at 35 Rookie Auto patch barbana for the Leafs. We're sending a box. You can tell that the the window there To the swatch is not open. It didn't pop out there. It's just a storm Send a box down for the leasing send that one to get fixed up for you. John Savera is out on 12 for the Leafs Rookie Auto Pats Alexander True a Exquisite auto patch Morgan geeky for the Keynes Rookie Auto let's enough for the sharks a Liam Fowdy for the Jackets to 49 in a RPA Dylan foot devils 249 Look all these mags. Rookie Foundations quad patch Capri sob the tenor for the Wilds Stanley Cup signatures Eric Stahl and Andrew Ladd the 25 at the Keynes Rookie Auto Pats 24 Shane Bowers avalanche Foundations quad jersey auto Steven Stamco's lightning to 15 Rookie Auto patch to 24 gauge Quinney for the Golden Knights Get a Yarmere Yager 12 out of 22 splendor patch auto For the pens an exquisite autographed patch for the Oilers Connor McDavid one of 25 Super super awesome case. Thank you very much everybody another one coming up next


Along with the ideas of Buddhism and Hinduism, the culture of Indian deities travelled across the whole of Asia. Very interestingly, more than 80% of Japanese gods are originally Indian gods. This close relationship between the people of India and Japan has not been known to most people. Well-researched books on the subject are also not available. Most of Japanese don't know. For example, I live in Kichijoji in the outskirts of Tokyo. This Kichijoji literally means temple of Kisho goddess. And Kisho is originally Lakshmi. So thus I came from Lakshmi town. This should be recognized by Japanese people, the bottom of Japanese culture. Indian culture is very strongly imprinted and developed in the Japanese way. The Todaiji Temple at Nara is one of the oldest and most revered temples of Japan. The 48 feet high Verochana here is the largest bronze statue in the world. Already in the 8th century, Indian Buddhist monk named Bodhi Sena has arrived in Japan. And he inaugurated the eye-opening ceremony of great Buddha of Todaiji Temple in 752. Bodhi Sena and Buddhist temple went to a temple nearby Daianji where they started teaching Sanskrit in Japan for the first time. When the Japanese studied Sanskrit in the 8th and 9th centuries, Sanskrit was synonymous with the Siddham script. This was used for writing Sanskrit since the 5th century in India. Thus Japan and India were very closely connected. If you go to Japanese tomb, you may find Siddhan letters. No Japanese can read these letters written on the tomb timber. And again in Japan there is Koya San temples. In this Koya San temples they have still Siddhan Sanskrit school. Many monks are learning this Sanskrit but Sanskrit is Siddhan letters. So perhaps Japan is a time capsule of Indian culture. Already India disappears. There is a deep relationship between Kana, the Japanese alphabet and Sanskrit. The Japanese wrote Sanskrit through simplified Chinese characters which developed into the Japanese alphabet, Kana. And this Japanese alphabet, the pronouns, A-E-U-A-O, like Sanskrit exactly as the Sanskrit. In Japan they also use the Indian letters for writing of sacred syllables or bidaksharas which have the power of mantras. Every Buddhist monastery in Japan has a seal in which there is a bidakshara, a sacred syllable, as a short name of the monastery. There are some words in Japanese which are derived from Sanskrit like O-Seva, from Seva service. And there are about 100 Sanskrit words which are used in Japanese. Most of the Japanese they are using that but without knowing that that is originally from Sanskrit. Suppose like they call the Buddhist temples at Thera. Thera means it is from the Pali term. Thera means a Buddhist monk, a bhikkhu, having 10 years experience. In the words of His Excellency Mr. Yasukuni Enoki, As I come from the Japanese Lakshmi town, it is no great surprise to me to find that Japanese life is full of so many Hindu deities. Japanese people are unaware of their origins. One of the most revered deities of Japan is Saraswati. There are scores of shrines built to her. In many ways the original concept of Saraswati and her association with the natural order and good fortune are very well preserved in Japan. She is often visualized as a sacred body of water. In Japan we find the continuance of so many early ideas of Indian philosophy. The annals of the Todaiji Temple mentioned that the celebration of the worship of Lakshmi and Saraswati was held for the first time in this temple in 722 A.D. Ever since it has been an annual celebration. In 1836 Saito Satchio wrote a guide book to the Edo area or modern Tokyo. Saraswati was mentioned as the most popular deity here at that time. In 1934 Lady Chibin Sonyo felt that she had become an incarnation of Saraswati. She started writing in Sanskrit though she had never studied the language. She founded the Benten Shoo, Saraswati sect. This sect holds water as divine as it is the abode of Saraswati. We are reminded that Saraswati is the personification of the great river which once flowed in India. Benten Shoo also worships her to bestow eloquence and learning. Worship of Lakshmi was done to ensure the peace of the land. Wind and rain in good season, good harvests, joy of the people and the good of all sentient beings. The great intellectual genius of Japan was Kokai or Kobo Daishi of the 9th century. He learnt the Sanskrit script from the Kashmiri Acharya Pragya. Kobo Daishi placed emphasis on the knowledge of Sanskrit. He said that the Japanese have had to rely upon translations to study Buddhism. However, the true words in the original language are exceedingly important. Every word has a profound meaning. The Japanese people use Sanskrit when they pray. Suppose in Sanskrit they say, Om Saraswati Swaha. In Japanese it becomes Om Saraswati Kei Swaka. In Japan they are preserving the old Indian tradition because they are following the ancient scriptures. They are also doing the puja and the mudras as well as the sadhana. There is nothing called Japanese or Japanese elements in these. It is the Indian-Buddhistanthrak tradition. The Vajrayana Buddhist traditions of Japan trace their knowledge back to India, to Nagarjuna and other great Acharyas of the Nalanda University. Nagarjuna is known as Gujiu in Japan. Without his teaching, the Buddhism of the great vehicle would not have existed. The Lotus Sutra is a major spiritual creation with a profound impact on life in Japan. It was translated from the Sanskrit by Kumara Jiva 1600 years ago. This is a temple that follows the Lotus Sutra. The Sutra is originally from India and goes back to the teachings of the Buddha himself. It started from India and came to Japan. A temple is dedicated to the deity Indra in the Shibamata area of Tokyo. It is a most important Indra shrine today. This temple has 200,000 visitors on the New Year alone. There would be about 2 million visitors every year. Varuna has been worshipped in many temples in Japan to prevent droughts, typhoons and floods which occur often in Japan. A shrine was dedicated to Varuna in the Fudodo Sanctuary in Tokyo in 1836. The temple also has a representation of Kamadeva. He is worshipped by many young couples. There are many temples dedicated to Yama in Japan. The sound of the word Yama became Ema as the name traveled and came to Japan. It is the most ancient temple to Lord Ganesha which has been in use for the last thousand years.  Merchants go there to gain success in their business. The oldest which has been continuously in worship for the last thousand years. I don't think anywhere in the world we have a temple to Lord Ganesha who has been there in constant worship for the last millennium. In the 7th century, Prince Shotoku created the nation state of Japan after vanquishing his rivals. He took the term Teno for emperor from Sanskrit texts. And at the same time he also wrote down a constitution for his country in 17 articles. Article 3 of the constitution clearly points out that the constitution is being based on the 3 Ratna the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha. This is the first Asian constitution ever written. The important point is that its consecration was done with a Sanskrit text which is called the Ushnisha Vijaya Dharani. The Sanskrit manuscript used for the consecration of the constitution would have been obtained from the Hindu kingdom of Champa in Vietnam. Havan or Homa continues in Japan where it is called Goma. Goma in the Shingon and Tendai Buddhist sects of Japan has striking parallels with early Hindu rites of Agni worship. There are also deep similarities with the later Tantric tradition. The Havan is perhaps conducted in Japan at least as often as in India. The Tantric Shingon School of Japan sings Sanskrit hymns. To this day followers of the sect perform their worship in 1200 temples throughout Japan. Esoteric Buddhism is from India and the big philosophy of the universe is, of course, from India. Vajrayana Buddhist worship in Japan is similar to Tibetan Buddhist worship. However, the Japanese tradition has preserved some early Vajrayana rites. A study of Japanese Buddhism helps to fill some gaps in our understanding of the development of Buddhism. There are four types of Shingon mantras of Fudo Mew in Japan. These are the mantras used in Japan which are not in the Japanese language. They are taken from the Sanskrit language of India. In Sanskrit, Fudo is called Achalanatha. He seems to have his origin in the Hindu deity Shiva. The Mew is called Vidya Raja in Sanskrit. Here it can be safely stated that Fudo Mew has his origin in the Hindu deities of India. Achsutra compares the cosmic force of the mantra with the mighty roar of a rising flood. The mantras were transcribed into ideograms and to conserve their full power they were also written in Siddham. Indian letters to a Japanese are sacred and stand for divine beings. To this day, the Japanese write mantras in Siddham. This booklet contains prayers in Sanskrit that are commonly used in Shingonshu or esoteric Buddhism. It is written in Japanese but the mantras are in Sanskrit. It is used in many ceremonies in Buddhism. Priests learn the intonation and how to pronounce it by using this booklet which has Sanskrit and also has Japanese letters to convey the sounds of the Sanskrit words. Every god has his own Bijakshara. People also worship that Bijakshara. Every temple gives much importance to those Bijaksharas because they are equal to God. Visitors bring an album, we call it Shinchon. The visitors go to various temples and collect these Siddham stamps in the albums. These albums are like holy books for the people. We belong to a Zen Buddhist monastery and we strive hard to sever the bond of birth, senility, disease and death. The bond which is the cause of all suffering. As the Buddha said, desire is the root cause of pain in the world and should be overcome. This forms the basis of our ascetic practices which come down to us from the Shakyamuni himself. Bodhidharma, he transmitted Zen. Zen leader has been transmitted to Japan also and it is one of the most important sects in Japan. Mist surrounds the legend of Bodhidharma. Tradition points out that he was a prince of Kanchipuram in South India. The Japanese form of his name is Bodhidharma. It is very close to the Tamil form which is Bodhidharma. Zen was introduced in the 6th century. It was a wordless tradition directly pointing to the human mind and the perception of one's true nature. Zen was taken to Japan in the 12th century by Isai. Its influence on Japanese art, attitudes and language has been profound. Zen Buddhism became very popular because it says that life is a fleeting phenomenon. And the samurai, when they went to war they were never sure that they will come back. In this feeling they go to war and there is no fear of death. So fearlessness in war was a very important contribution of the Zen tradition. And when we sit down in a Zen monastery we have to really do very hard penance. And hard work in Japan is perfection. So the Zen tradition gave them a perfection in work. Force became a very important part of the modern development, perfection in everything. When I visited India for the first time I made sure to visit places like Nalanda University, Bodhigaya and also the garden path trodden by the Shakyamuni himself. I felt happy to see the university where Tripitaka masters used to come and study during the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. Whatever Buddhism we practice now has its roots in India. And without Indians there would be no Buddhism in Japan. So many deities are common in India and Japan and people are worshipping them in both the countries. The hearts of the Indian people and the Japanese people have the same base. Japan is the one country where Buddhism is flourishing in all its facets. Here technology and transcendence are living together. The deep-rooted spirit of Buddha's teachings energize the Japanese people. Buddhist temples are numerous and vast numbers of people visit them every day. Besides the Buddha, so many ancient Indian deities and practices are preserved in these temples. And Indian feels quite at home in Japan.


Thank you all very much. You know, being back here and seeing all of you, I just wish one thing about George Washington. He set so many precedents. Why didn't he set one that the capital would henceforth be where the president lived? Well, I thank all of you for being here, and I know the cause that brings you together. And I think it is doubly important, more important, than it has ever been. Next year, 82. That's an election year for all of our assemblymen, the administration for the Senate. And if I have my figures correct, we would only have to hold our own in the assembly where all are up for election and win 10 of their seats, and we'd have a majority there. And in the Senate, there are 14 of them up for reelection and only six Republicans. And we'd only have to hold our own and win four, and we would control that house. Then, of course, we want the administration also. And the reason it's doubly important is because of some of the things that have been going on in Washington. I am determined that we're going to do everything we can to restore federalism to this land, to make this once again a federation of sovereign states in which state governments, local governments, would have more autonomy than they've had for 50 years. And while we didn't get all we wanted in the block grant process to take off the backs of state and local government, the red tape, the regulations, the strings that go with categorical grants, we'll keep on trying and fighting because my dream is that the block grants are only a means to an end. And the end would be when the federal government turns back to the states and local governments sources, actual tax sources of revenue, allowing the states and the local governments to perform those functions which are theirs by the Constitution and that they would have the tax resources with which to support those functions. The other day, up in the fog on the hill, we signed those two bills. And I got some mad because I kept looking and looking. They wouldn't show enough of the size of them. The budget cuts alone were a stack of paper that high. I've read every page. And the tax cuts were only that high. But even so, in those tax cuts, it's going to amount to hundreds of billions of dollars over the next few years. It's going to reverse a tax increase built into the system that was going to take $92 billion more out of your pockets next year and $300 and some billion dollars out of your pockets over the next three years. But the budget cuts, I think, have reversed a trend of the last half century. The idea that government can voluntarily reduce itself in size. And what we have actually done with those budget cuts is reduce the growth of government. Reduce it by more than half, from more than 14%, almost 16%, some say, and depending on who's doing the figuring, down to 6 and 1 half percent increase in the annual spending. And we still have a job to do. That's only the beginning. Next year, well, this fall, when we start in on the 1983 budget, we have to find tens of billions of dollars of additional cuts. And in 1984, we're going to find more tens of billions of dollars of additional cuts. And then we're going to depend on those tax reductions that we've made to do what we've always said they would and that is to stimulate the economy, to create employment, and to make everyone, even including the government, more prosperous because of the increased prosperity. Nancy's signaling me that I should get away from here. And we could get down there for the little bit of time that we have. Say hello to you. There are a couple of other things going on at the national level also. One, of course, has caused a lot of comment. And maybe I could seriously just say something. The air controllers strike in violation of the law and in violation of an oath taken individually by each member. And I've seen myself heralded as setting out to union bust. I'm the first union president that ever got elected president of the United States. But you know, some years ago when public employees first started to unionize, Philip Murray, some of you here will remember that name. He was the head of the CIO. And John L. Lewis of the United Mine Workers, Eleanor Roosevelt, said yes, they could organize to bargain, but they could not strike against their fellow citizens. Franklin Delano Roosevelt said a strike by public employees would be insurrection against the people and the government of the United States. And we know what Cal Coolidge said, says that they go on strike, they're out of a job. Seriously, I'm sorry. I'm sorry those people were misled. I'm sure they're nice people. But I don't think there was any choice but to do what we've done. Public employees cannot strike against the public. Well, I just knew you'd be wondering what we've been doing back there. Well, God bless you all for being here and make sure that we have the kind of a government in California in 1982 that will be ready and willing to accept the responsibilities that here to fore have been usurped by the federal government. And we'll try to see that they've got the resources to make them work without all that administrative overhead. You know, the difference between local government and Washington is very simple. Recently, there was a little town. Their traffic signs were only five feet high. And they decided to raise them for better visibility for the motorists to raise them to seven feet of the ground. And the federal government came in and said they had a program that would do that for them. They lowered the pavement two feet. OK. Thank you very much.


I'm going to tell you a story today about a wizard named Basil Smock-Whitner. He styles himself a gentleman as well, but his manservant kind of takes issue sometimes, a little quirky. This is Basil on the left. Ignore the similarity to Mark Twain. The artist has issues. But that's Fabian there on the left. They're currently vacationing in the Sahara, trekking across the beautiful rippling golden sands over dune after dune. Basil's having a blast. Fabian's not so happy about being the one to carry the luggage. But when you're the manservant, that's kind of how it works out.  They're there to see Basil's old school friend Tullamy.  They're doing the things tourists do. They go to the pyramids and get their portraits painted. They visit all the good restaurants. They've sampled the local cuisine, visited all the flea markets, found all the touristy bubbles. And somewhere along the way, Basil discovers an old brass lamp, oil lamp. You know the type, right?  But you buff it up a little bit and that brings out a nice shine. Not only that, it brings out a nice genie. Now, that's a little bit cliche, but a cliche that offers you three wishes. Like who's going to turn that down, right? Basil certainly wasn't. But when you're a wizard, you've got a lot of power. Like what is a wizard going to wish for that he can't already conjure? So, you know, Basil thinks about this and it's a tough decision. He spends a lot of time. He finally remembers, though, that when he was a kid, before he started dabbling in all this magic stuff, he realized that there was a time when he was passionate about librarians. He knew all of the great librarians by name. In fact, he had all of the trading cards. His Eratosthenes card was signed. He was that hardcore. Now, the problem is that back then there weren't a lot of libraries. There were few and far between. And so, if you want to be a librarian, what are your options? You've got to wait for a librarian to die. Or, you know, you could, you know, offer them yourself to make room, but you've got to be pretty bloodthirsty.  That's kind of the way it works.  And so, reluctantly, reluctantly, he followed his father's advice, traded in his dream and his collection of cards for a career in magic. But now it all comes rushing back as he's staring this genie in the eye. And he realizes that the thing he wants more than anything else is a library. So, he wishes for one.  So, he's like, I don't just want any library. I want the biggest, the most magnificent, like, world-wonder library that there is. It's going to have more content than anyone else's. Eratosthenes, his idol from childhood? No, Eratosthenes is going to envy this thing. He's serious. And so, to make sure he has more content than any other library, he stipulates a very specific condition to the genie. He says, genie, I want this library, but for every minute that the sun is up, I want one new scroll to appear in the library. So, every minute during the day, a new scroll. Genie's like, all right, whatever, snaps his fingers and poof! There's a library. You know, Basil is stoked. He is so excited about this. Fabian has never seen him like this before. Basil is seriously jumping up and down and running in circles. He's so excited. He runs inside the library and immediately begins writing out a schema to describe how the data is all going to relate, like how the scrolls are going to relate to each other. He's really excited. And now, because he's excited and in a hurry, he leaves out a few, you know, minor details. We've all done it, right? Things that, you know, we can take care of this later. It's not a big deal. But he rushes through it, gets a schema ready, and this is what he comes up with.  He's got languages and nations, you know, people, scrolls, obviously, and how they relate to subjects and then the materials for each scroll. He's really serious about this. He's obviously spent a lot of time thinking about libraries. But he's left something off. You caught it? No indexes. But who's going to need them, right? Not a big deal. In this little, you know, world of imagination here, he can go and grab a scroll really easy off his shelf. It's not a big deal. Now, how many of us have ever shipped a production table without putting indexes on it? Yeah, I mean, we do it. We're not proud of it, but it happens. How many of you have lived to tell the tale?  You are the fortunate ones. So Basil, to his chagrin, is going to learn soon why you don't do this. Because, though it starts small, the first couple of minutes, it's a few scrolls, big deal. But by lunchtime, he's got more than 200 scrolls on his shelf. And by the time the sun sets that night, he's got more than 700 scrolls. 700 scrolls. I mean, that's a lot of scrolls, let's face it. And the only way to satisfy the requests that are coming in, because people have already heard about this world-renowned library, even in the first few minutes, they're coming in and getting in line and saying, I want this scroll, I want Aristotle, I want Plato, right?  And so Basil and Fabian both are starting to have to answer these queries. And the only way to do it is to go scroll by scroll by scroll. Is it this one? No. Is it this one? No. Not a good situation to be in, because by the end of the next day, there's more than 1500 scrolls. By the end of the week, we're talking 5,000, 6,000 scrolls on the shelves. And he has to scan the entire thing.  Our poor, beleaguered database has to go row by row. When we say, give me any scroll by Aristotle, that poor database has to go, OK, is it this row? Is it this row? Is it this row? Is it this row? Which is not a big deal when you're in development and you have 10 rows in your database.   What in the world is going on? And people start to panic, and the requests come in, and you're working your brains out, and it's just not enough, and pretty soon, you're in a blaze of panic and flame, right? Ugly situation. This is the case here. It was just too big of a job for Basil and Fabian to handle alone. They couldn't do it. They couldn't keep up. Patrons were queuing up in line. They were starting to get restless.  They're cutthroat for a reason, because their users are merciless. These patrons are lining up. The line goes out the door, down the street, and over the next two sand dunes. And no one wants to wait in line that long, least of all the patrons. And so they've had enough. They torch the library. Basil and Fabian barely escape with their lives. Now, you have to give it to Basil. He, you can't keep that guy down, especially when a genie owes him two more wishes.  Well, obviously, we forgot indexes, right? If we'd had indexes, it would have all been okay, because we would have been able to look up stuff. And so Basil, he's taking no chances. He indexes all the things. Right? If no indexes are bad, all the indexes have got to be better. So, I mean, he's got indexes on, like, the ink color, and he's got indexes on the word count of the scroll. He's taking no chances. Like, this is gonna work. So, eagerly, he jumps into his new library. Now, how many of you remember card catalogs? Legacy of other days. I'm glad to see so many hands going up. It makes me feel less old. Basically, these card catalogs were these great, big, enormous cabinets with these little tiny drawers filled with thousands and thousands of cards. You'd go to the author cabinet, find, if you're looking for Aristotle, you'd pull open the A drawer and you'd thumb through till you find A, Aristotle, in alphabetical order in the card. And then it would tell you all the different books that Aristotle had written that existed in your collection. Pretty straightforward, right? Now, you'd go to the title collection for subject. You'd go to the subject collection. Really not much to it, but this is exactly what an index is. It's a sorted list of data that points to where something exists. That's all an index is. And so, Basil's indexes were implemented as these card catalogs, and they were enormous. Because, remember, he had to account for a new scroll coming in every minute, and he was planning to be in it for the long run. Here's an example of what Basil's title index might look like.  I need something that lets me kill Medusa in 21 steps. And so, Basil's like, okay, I haven't had one right here. And it's over here on the shelf, and he pulls it off. And Query is answered in seconds. Super easy. In fact, Basil and Fabian together, they have lots of downtime in the morning, especially when things are slow. Scrolls come in. They have to fill out a few dozen slips to file in all the different cabinets. But when it's slow, it's not a big deal. Basil's like, yeah, totally nailed it this time. He has this spare wish in the background. He's like, I'll have to think of what to do with that one later. Sadly, load is not always constant. In the mornings, it's really slow. When people come in for lunch, though, people want to check out a book, do some light reading during lunch. After work, huge spike, because people come in by the droves trying to get something to read for the evening. And when you've got this huge rush that lasts for an hour, and you're working hard to answer those, I mean, even when it's a fast query, it still takes time.  They don't have time to deal with these scrolls that are coming in. That's lower priority. We're serving requests right now. And so these scrolls are piling up. At the end of an hour, there's 60 scrolls that have piled up. And each one has dozens of slips that need to be filled out for it. So suddenly, they finish that rush. Now they've got this huge backlog of work, and they're working through it. Patrons are still coming in at a lower rate, while things are indexed, and it's just not pretty. On top of that, patrons do ruin scrolls. I mean, sometimes they'll fall asleep in a carol and drool all over a scroll, and the ink runs, and Basil has to throw the scroll out, and it's really tragic, and he's upset about it. But that's not even the worst part. When you ruin a scroll, you have to go through to all those indexes and pull the card, rip it up and throw it away. It's a lot of work. And on top of that, the worst thing of all, I mean, something like, I need a book named X. Well, okay, that's easy. You go to the title index, and you've solved it. But what if someone comes up and says, you know, I'd like a book by a Greek author about linguistics published more than 200 years ago in blue ink on yellow parchment. And Fabian would just get the deer in the headlights look. He's like, I have no idea where to even begin. And Basil would like, it's okay, you go handle the other one, I'll take care of this one. And he's chugging through it, trying to find the indexes. That's a lot of indexes to choose from. You know, they did their best. Things were backing up. Basil did his best to work through the backlog. He summoned a small army of a monkey lie, these cute little things up to about your knee that would work like mad and could get a lot of stuff done, but holy cow, they have an appetite. And they were eating Basil out of house and home. They were breaking the bank. He finally had to dismiss them before they totally ruined everything. But that bought them a little bit of time, they didn't have enough power to process everything. Patrons were lining up. It went again down the road, up the hill, over the dunes, and again, they torched the library. Now, Basil's getting a little despairing at this point. You can't blame him, right? What am I doing wrong? Now, Fabian's not despairing so much. He's used to Basil's escapades. Like, this is par for the course pretty much. Being almost burned to death twice in a row, it's kind of a bummer. But he's like, you know, whatever, Basil, you figure it out and let me know what we're doing next. But Basil's racking his brain. Okay, no indexes is bad. All the indexes is bad. What do we do? I mean, you think about it, if this is your database and you have indexes on everything, your database has to work really hard, too. Every time something comes in, your database has to go through and file something in every single one of those indexes that correspond to it. If there's a deletion, you have to go through and pull them out. If there's an update, if the title of a scroll changes, it has to go in and update every index that is affected by that. And every bit... I mean, work is a finite resource, right? We all know that. Every bit of work that your database is doing not serving queries is work that it can't spend serving queries. That sounds obvious. But it's an important point. The more work your database has to do that's not related to serving information, the less work it can do serving information. It turns this to his chagrin. Now, as he's staring at the pile of ashes that was once his pride and joy, he realizes, okay, I have this list, about four days' worth, two days here, two days there, four days' worth of queries from previous patrons that he can analyze to figure out, maybe all the indexes was a bad idea. Let's index just the things we need. So he's like, okay, I can do that by looking through this data. But this is a small snapshot of data. He didn't have the libraries open for very long before everything came crashing down. How do you know the window of the snapshot you have of your queries is sufficient to say what indexes you really need? Who's to say that the next day a patron wouldn't have come in and queried something that wasn't in here? I mean, obviously, you've got let's look up by title, let's look up by author, let's look up by nationality, but what if there's something else? How do you know? That is the crux of the problem. How do you know what index is your application needs? It's not this magic wand kind of a problem. Basil had to rack his brain and it turns out that the key is a foreign one. No, that's bad. The important thing here are foreign keys. That's better. What are foreign keys? Well, a foreign key is a column, is a field in the database that refers to a field in a table, that refers to a record in another table. In this case, we have scrolls that have an author ID and we have people that are referenced by this ID. So the scroll has an author points to the other table like foreign, right? External outside of that table, foreign key. Foreign keys are a great place to start with your indexes. Now this makes sense when you think of it in terms of rails because with rails belongs to and has many correspond to these foreign keys. You put belongs to on the child table, the one that has the foreign key in it and you put has many on the parent table, the one that is referenced by it. So a scroll belongs to an author and a person has many scrolls. Easy reciprocal relationship and bingo, there's a foreign key for you and you can just look at all of your belongs to and all of your has many queries and be able to infer a bunch of your foreign keys and that is a great place to start for your indexes. But, should you index every foreign key? It depends. Let's look at this example where we have a person and nation, two models, right? A person belongs to a nation and the nation has many people. Easy enough, person.nation, that's not really using a foreign key, right? It's taking the value in the nation ID and then doing a lookup by ID in the nation's table. And since we get primary key indexes for free and indexes on the ID that's not really helping us a whole lot. We've already got that one down. But the other one if you're saying nation.people give me all of the people in Germany. Give me all of the people in China. Yeah, you know that's going to go through and that's going to look at the nation ID column in the people table. But is that a useful query? What are you going to do with millions of rows from a single query? You're going to crash is what you're going to do. That's not a very helpful thing. That may not be the kind of query you want to do. Maybe you don't need to index nation ID in that case. Maybe. We'll see in a bit how maybe that's not the case. But consider the direction of your queries in order to determine which foreign keys you really need to index. Because you might not need to index them. Here's another one that Rails does for you. It also has and belongs to many. This is the type of query that gives you two models with a join table in the middle and it lets you do the many to many kind of relationships where a subject has many scrolls and a scroll has many subjects all through that intermediate join table. Now you look at this and you're saying okay so where is the foreign key in this one? With belongs to and with has many the foreign key existed on the child table. But where's the child table in this case? It's not scroll and it's not subject. It's that join table in the middle. It has both of the foreign keys on it. It has the scroll ID and it has the subject ID on it. So you index both? Again, that depends. Let's take a look. A scroll has many classifications. That's that central table that connects subjects to scroll. A scroll has many classifications and it has many subjects through that classifications table. If you were going to say scroll.subjects it's going to go through that classifications table and find every classification where the scroll ID matches the ID of the scroll. That foreign key, that scroll ID is the one you'd want to index for a query going this direction. Now go in the other direction. It's the other one, right? This time we have a scroll with many class or subject with many classifications and many scrolls through that classifications table. And so if you're going to find classifications by subject ID, now you're looking at that subject ID column. That's the foreign key you're going to index that time. Now in Basil's case he's looking at it. He's like, yeah, people are going to want to know what subject the scroll has and people are going to want to know which scrolls belong to a particular subject. So I'll index both of them. Totally reasonable, right? Ha! Fabian now. He thinks he's caught his master out. This never happens. So Fabian is pretty chuffed about it. He's thinking, okay I finally have one up to this guy. He says, master you know you say that we need to cut down the number of indexes and then you go ahead and you create two indexes. Can't you just do one with two column? Isn't that the same thing? Can't you just put an index on scroll ID and subject ID and get the same result? And here we have to dis-fabian because no that's not the same thing at all. Remember an index is a sorted list of data. When you have more than one column that data is sorted first by the first column then by the second column and then the third column and the fourth and however many columns you have in your index. So in this case we had scroll ID and subject ID. You could totally look something up by scroll ID here, right? Because it's sorted. You could go in and say okay scroll number 1027, bam you can find that in a hurry and you can find exactly which subjects correspond to it. But if some patron were to come along and say okay I need everything corresponding to subject number seven then the second column is not sorted by subject ID. And so it's not going to help you one bit. You're going to have to resort to a full table scan to answer that without a specific column. So sorry Fabian, you have to index both of them if you want the two-way query support. So Fabian's like alright then well what is the point of a multi-column index? If it's not saving you anything why use it? I'm so glad you asked Fabian because that's the very next slide. Let's say where I said people.nation was a bad idea because it could return or nation.people was a bad idea because it could return millions and millions of rows. Well you combine that index with another column and suddenly it becomes much more useful. The second column acts to refine the query. So you say nation first is going to be sorted by nation. You say okay I want to find all the Greek authors named Aristotle. Great the database says it goes out and it says okay here we go, Greece, there it is, Greece, Aristotle, Aristotle, Aristotle. It comes back with however many happen to be in there and it's a very fast query. So that index that maybe wasn't useful by itself now suddenly it's useful when we combine it with another column. Does the order matter? Does it matter that we put nation first and first name second? Not particularly but if we were to swap those we might be able to get two useful indexes for the price of one because if we swap it now we can answer questions like I need all of the people named Plato and that's Plato the philosopher and not the toy right? We can find all of them just like that regardless of where they're from or we can say I need all of the people named Plato from Greece and we can answer that query too. So with a little bit of thought you can engineer your indexes to satisfy multiple types of queries. This kind of multi-column thing is especially useful when you're dealing with data that is continuous as opposed to discreet. Discreet like IDs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 right? Versus continuous like a time value. You're not going to go in and say okay if we had a published at column on our scroll we're never going to have someone come in and say I need every scroll that was published on the 23rd of April 38 BC at 942 a.m. You're never going to have that because it's too specific and it's not the kind of information people keep in their heads about the kind of scroll they're interested in. However, you add author ID to that sort things by author ID first and then publish that and then you can answer queries like I need every scroll published every scroll by this author in order of publication date and your index will give that to you because your indexes are just sorted lists. In fact when it uses an index like that many times I think it will even return the data in that order whether or not you provide an order by author ID which is a nice interesting side effect. Another example of this. Here we have a little query that's going to say give me the 10 most recently added scrolls the scrolls that were added most recently to the collection. Notice there's no criteria here there's no where clause. We're not saying give me all the scrolls where this is the case. We're just saying give me the 10 most recent scrolls. Now without an index on added on what is your database going to have to do? It's going to have to basically reorder the entire table just so it can return the 10 rows that correspond to the most recent. Not a happy thing to do when you've got a million rows in your database. But if you add an index on that suddenly that query becomes trivial because all the database has to do in this case we're sorting the sending so all the database has to do is go to the very end of the index and return the 10 rows at the bottom and you've got the 10 most recently added scrolls just like that. So please don't do like Basil did at the first and forget your indexes because indexes on sort column are as important as pretty much anything too. Make sure that if you're doing sorts in the database that you're indexing the column. So Fabian's like one more question and Basil's like dang it we're so close stop interrupting me. Fabian's like well but how do you know that these indexes are actually going to be used? How can you know that the queries you're going to be getting are actually going to be satisfied by these indexes? That's a head scratcher. Basil thinks about that for a minute. He's like you know let me check my spell book and so he flips through it a little bit looks at the index in the back and he stumbles upon one a special little incantation called explain and explain is an incantation you can and should learn. It's really not hard to master. Let's take a look at how it works. Here we've got a query that says give me all of the scrolls by Greek authors. It joins on the author and the nation table and finds all the nations named Greece and then returns all the matching scrolls. Not too bad, especially if you have an index. But now let's say we want to see what indexes, in fact how the database in general is going to satisfy this query. You ready for this? You just put dot explain on the end of it and Rails will automatically run the explainer. Now a little side effect of this Rails will actually execute the query first and then return the explain. Which I don't entirely understand but I do understand that there's a rationale behind it. If that's a problem like if your query is one that's going to take like three hours to run then you might want to go directly to a database console and key in the explain yourself. But this is a quick way to get familiar with how the explain works. If we were to run this explain without indexes it would spit out something like this. Now this is really arcane output. Very typical of the kind of thing Basil breathed. And this is my SQL output my SQL output as well. It's going to be different depending on the database you're using. But let's talk through this quickly. On the left, well first you see there's three rows in the output. I've kind of had to break the table in half because it was so long. So bear with me on that. The top is the left side of the table and the bottom is the right side of the table. So scrolls, the database is saying first thing I'm going to do is I'm going to look at the scrolls table. And under the type column you see that word all in all caps, that is bad news. That is my SQL saying I have no other recourse but to scan the entire table row by row. A bunch of nulls after that we'll talk about those in a minute. On the bottom there it's saying I expect we're going to look at about 43,000 rows. But that number could be much, much higher if that's the number of rows in your table. If you've got 4 million scrolls in your database that's going to mean that it's going to say we're going to look at about 4 million rows. Not good. So next the database says okay for each scroll that we see we're next going to look at the people table. And this time I have a key to look at because the primary key index is given for you for free. So it says okay I can use that one because the scrolls.author reference for foreign key and I estimate that there's going to be one matching record which you'd expect because each scroll has one author. And then it says from that then we're going to join on the nations table. Again we can use the primary key and we're going to look at the people.nation ID and compare that with the nation ID on the nations table and I estimate there's going to be one row there. So for every single row in the scrolls column the database is saying okay get the person get the nation. The nation grease? Nope. Throw it out. Let's do it again. Scroll. People. Nation. Yep. Match. Keep it over and over and again for the entire scrolls table. And that is what kills performance. So once we add indexes though suddenly the query plan changes. Notice it's not even starting with scrolls anymore. Now the database is saying if I start with the nations table this is going to be a lot more efficient. Now it's suddenly saying oh there's possible keys to use here. The primary key and I have this nations name key and I think we'll go with the nations name key because that lets me use the name column. It estimates that there will be one matching row and it's using where and using index. Using index is a lovely sound because that means that the database is going to be looking at the index to solve it and it can actually use just the index. It doesn't even have to go to the data on disk. Using where because it's actually comparing the information in the where clause to the index in order to come up with it. So it finds every nation named Greece and then for every nation it finds there it's going to use the people table and here it's using the people nation index because now it's going the other direction. It's not using the primary keys now it's looking up people by nation ID and again it says I estimate we're going to find about one. Sometimes it's just an estimate too. Using where using index. And then finally scroll and we'll look up scrolls by author ID and the result comes out pay presto I'm thinking about 107 rows we're going to have to look at to get this and that is a whole lot better than 40,000. So see how explain can help you answer these questions like why is this query going so slow. You can look at it and see oh heck it's doing a full table scan on this table used to have just a few but now has thousands and thousands of rows a useful little spell to know. So this is Basil's new schema. He's ripped out a bunch dozens of indexes that he doesn't need significantly slimming down his schema and he's ready to try again. He summons the genie makes his wish a presto there's a brand new library that gets to work. Scrolls start coming in one a minute he's filling out just a few indexes now for each one. Fabian are answering the queries a few hours go by they're biting their nails but it seems to be working they're actually staying on top of it this time the queries come in they're handling it just fine and every once in a while you get the weirdo that's like you know I need every egyptian scroll by about a century that was written between the 5th and 8th century BC and needs to be in blue ink on yellow parchment and they're like you go wait over there I don't have time to deal with you right now next and then they'll keep dealing with it and the other person then goes wait over in the corner until they have time to deal with them which is usually going to be after the library closes and the scrolls stop coming in and things are calm and they can go in and deal with these one off obscure queries the thing is there's only going to be like one scroll each day so it's totally doable sadly and who knew but alexandrians have this thing about libraries and so on general principle they torched it um basil and fabian you know basil was pretty crushed fabians like whatever I almost died again but that's perfect of course basil but basil has learned that he can do this he's found a system that's going to work and he's going to go now some place where they will appreciate his libraries and he will come down on general principle and he is going to be happy um so now it comes back to you how are your databases looking what's the health of your database how have you been treating your database what indexes are you missing what can you do to increase the speed with which you can respond to customer queries look at your foreign keys look at the belongs to has many has many through look at your sorting use explain to figure out whether or not your queries are actually using indexes it's a lot better to discover that your queries aren't using indexes when the load is still low like when your queries still seem fast that's the time to be checking to see whether or not they're using indexes because you don't want to wait until suddenly these queries are taking four or five seconds to do and the requests are backing up because what do you do to add an index you have to do a migration if you add an index does a full table scan which is not going to help your situation one little bit take my advice add the indexes as soon as you can and if that means adding them at the moment you create the migration for the table please do that is the way to go so if you've enjoyed Bazel and Fabian at all last summer I wrote a little novella online at blog.jamespark.org um I encourage you to go read it it has nothing to do with databases I'm discovering path finding algorithm um and totally unrelated to this at all but because I have the opportunity to do a shameless plug I'm also writing a book about maze algorithms for programmers mazes for programmers and if that sounds interesting to you at all you can go to praggprog.com slash book slash jb maze and it's in beta and I'd encourage all of you to go out right now and buy it but thank you


My name is Rebecca Lim. I'm a researcher from the University of Newcastle. My team and I would like to thank the Brain Foundation and its supporters for their generosity in supporting our project, targeting therapies for the treatment of acoustic neuroma. A disorder which affects our balance and hearing. We look forward to working with you.


Γεια σας, είναι Vicky εδώ και σήμερα θα παίρνω με τα στενσίλια μου. Αυτή είναι η Ωτομ στενσίλια με την νέα στενσίλια κόλεξη από την Τυμ Holes και νομίζω ότι είναι καλύτερη από τη στιγμή. Λοιπόν, θα δουλεύω σε αυτήν την καρστόκ. Και θα παίρνω τέμπωρα στους τέμπωρας ή την καρκάφτα μου για να καταλαβαίνω ότι δεν θα σημαίνει. Και θα παίρνω τέμπωρα στους τέμπωρας as well και αυτό γιατί θα χρησιμοποιήσω τα χώρια μου καρκάφτα μου, μετά με τα στενσίλια της, και θα κάνω και λογικό στενσίλια μέσα από τη στενσίλια. Λοιπόν, θα πρέπει να καταλάβω ότι αυτό δεν θα σημαίνει. Λοιπόν, θα αφήσω στις λόγες από τα στενσίλια της λινότητα και εσύ θα το αφήσω με αυτοί γρώσσια στους στους καρκάφτας και θα αφήνω με ένα κέντρο σκοπό μπρο και γι'λ. Και θα πω πάντα να χρησιμοποιήσω τα χώρια μου. Now I get a lot of questions about my finger dabbers, I really don't have one dabber for its color, but I do have a couple for its color family, so I do have one for dark greens and one for lighter greens and so on. Now I'm going over the stencil with my dabber and I'm mixing directly on my paper both colors, so for this I went with green and an orange. And you can see on screen right now the distress ink colors that I have used as I was coloring my leaves. As always you will find a full list of all the supplies that I used today down below in the description area and as well as on my blog. Now I'm going to put on some music as you are watching how I colored all the leaves and I will catch you up once everything is colored. Now at this stage I was happy with how everything was looking and you can leave the stencil as it is for the next technique but I just couldn't leave it there, I wanted to see the result. So this is how it's looking, I think it's really gorgeous as it is and you can just stick the panel on top of a card.  So I'm kind of working backwards today, I first did my focal points and then I'm going to do the background.  Then again I'm going to place it on my craft mat and make sure that the stencil is directly on top of the leaves. Again I'm going to tape it down just to make sure that this is not going to move. Now I'm going to use my VersaMark ink, I'm going to make sure that I apply enough VersaMark through the stencil on all the leaves. I'm tapping the ink pad again and again on top of everything and I'm going to peel off the stencil and I'm going to try and catch the light on my paper just to make sure that I have a good coverage on all the designs. So now I'm going to apply my embossing powder and I'm going to use clear embossing powder. This is by Nouveau and although it looks white when I apply it it's going to melt into a totally clear one. Once I melt the powder I'm going to have two advantages. The first one is that it's going to give a great texture on my panel because all the leaves are going to be glossy, they're going to shine and the second one is it's going to turn all the designs into a resist area which means that whatever I do on top with my distressings it's not going to mix with the color of the leaves. I'm using my heat gun to melt the embossing powder and you can see here how it turns totally clear and at the same time it makes the colors pop even more and makes everything shiny. I think it's really a beautiful technique. So this is how it's looking right now and again you can stop at this stage and stick it on top of a card but I'm going to take it even further and I'm going to show you how you can color the background. So for the background I'm going to use three different distress ink colors that you can see on screen right now. I am going over the leaves with my blending tool. If you want your leaves to be really vibrant against the background and you want everything to look really crisp then you shouldn't go ahead and add the color on the background, just leave it white. So you have a big contrast but in this case I'm going for a wood grain background which I'm going to show you how to do that which is going to turn this panel into a more warm looking which is perfect for a full card. So after mixing the two colors I'm going to go ahead and add my darker one at the edges which is going to frame my panel and it's going to bring everything together. Once I'm happy with how my background is looking I'm going to bring in a clean cloth I'm going to go over the leaves just to make sure that I remove any excess ink on top of the embossing powder. Now for another great technique, I want to have a wood grain texture at the background so I'm going to stamp the whole thing with a wood grain stamp. This is a stamp set by Tim Holt, it's from his latest release and whatever has a wood grain on top I really love it so I'm trying to decide which one of those I'll be using. I'm going to place it on top of my misty, close the door and then I'm going to ink my stamp. Now for my ink I'm using Distress Ink again and that's the darkest color that I have used on my panel at the borders. So I'm going to close the flap and the whole wood grain is going to transfer on my panel however don't worry about the transfer on top of the leaves just because they have embossing powder on top they resist the ink so with my clean cloth I can just go over them and clean them up and this way you can create a wood grain texture at the background with all the leaves staying in the foreground. Now that the panel is ready you can just stick it on top of a cart base but I decided to add even more texture. This is a burlap with adhesive at the back and it comes from a collection by Tim Holtz with lots of different textures.  I'm using some strong adhesive at the back of my panel and that's just because I want to stick it on top of the burlap. I'm going to peel off the backing and I'm going to stick it on top of my cart base. Now this panel is slightly smaller than the standard cart which is going to leave a nice border all around so that you can see the texture from the burlap. Now all that's left to do is to stick the sentiment for that I'm going with a die-cut that says hello and I have cut it out from craft paper. Now this is a very versatile cart you can pretty much stick any type of sentiment on top and you can see that it looks beautiful wherever you stick the sentiment. Now this also is a great design because it works as a masculine cart as well. Just to make sure that everything is stacked down perfectly I'm using glossy accents at the top of my die-cut and then I'm going to stick it down. And that was the cart for today I hope you had fun and got inspired and if you did don't forget to leave me a comment as well as give me a thumbs up on my youtube channel. Here are some close-up photos of the cart I made today.


It's very firmly committed to ending all forms of violence against children. To this end, you've already heard quite a bit from the Outlaw Minister for Women Affairs. In 2003, we enacted the Child Rights Act and subsequently developed a national strategic plan to end child marriage in Nigeria. That plan is one covering the years 2016 to 2021. And also adopted a national priority agenda for vulnerable children, 2013 to 2020. And in 2015, we've initiated a declaration of a year of action to end violence against children, establishing a technical working group on ending violence against children and in February 2017, Nigeria became, as you've also heard, a pathfinder country within the global partnership to end violence against children when it made a formal commitment and since then, Nigeria has worked diligently to protect all children. We welcome the 2020 Global Status Report on preventing violence against children. It's important to highlight that Nigeria ran, above average, in promoting norms and values and response and support services to survivors and ran high in the education and life skills strategy category. However, we acknowledge the need to improve on the implementation and enforcement of laws, promotion of a safe environment and strengthening parental and caregiver support. The speaker of the National Children's Parliament, on whom a Nassar Abbas has already presented to me, the commitments that the Nigerian government makes today on ending violence against children are perceived to read those commitments in the title of the Restatement of Commitment to Ending Violence Against Children in Nigeria. Recording our commitment to protect children from abuse, exploitation, trafficking and violence under Goals 16.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals remain fully committed to collective action at all levels. To end all forms of violence against children, we therefore seize the opportunity presented by this National Policy Dialogue to mistake our continued commitments for one. The federal government will continue to support and encourage states yet to adopt the Child Rights Act of 2003 as law. To do so, states that have the child rights law will continue to be supported to ensure that the laws are enforced and perpetrators are held to account. Two, the government through the federal ministry of finance, budget and national planning will continue to apply its best efforts to provide adequate funding in a bid to strengthen child protection and social protection systems. Three, the government will deepen its efforts towards achieving universal birth registration in order to improve the lives of our country's most vulnerable children who remain without legal identity. We will continue to work with relevant agencies to develop and implement a digital universal birth registration system. Four, the government remains committed to implementing the recommendations of its recent convening on Financing Safe Schools in Nigeria and ensuring that no child will be subjected to physical, mental or emotional injury, abuse, neglect or maltreatment or subjected to torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Five, recognising the need to keep children safe in the digital classrooms and the need to ensure that every child is free from sexual exploitation and abuse, the government is committed to enacting appropriate laws and policies relating to cybersecurity safety and data protection with a view to putting in place a robust child online protection system with the cooperation of regulatory agencies, law enforcement agencies, development partners, telecommunications companies and internet service providers. The child online protection system will complement the already established child protection information management system that is coordinated by the National Human Rights Commission. Six, we will continue to invest in support services that protect children affected by violence. Not only will children be able to report incidents of violence, but when they report, the services will be available to them as such. And we will encourage more states to establish sexual assault referral centres to ensure that survivors receive an integrated care pathway. There are currently 31 sexual assault referral centres in 17 states and federal capital territory that provide free medical counseling and support services to survivors of sexual assault.


Yn y gweithio, rydyn ni'n amdano'n gwaith y cael ei gael y cyflog gwaith iawn o'r byn ymdod yn hyn. Yn y cyflog gwaith iawn, yn eu cyflog gwaith cymryd y cefnod yn cael ei gael y byn maen nhw, mae'n gweithio'n gwybod o'r prynsibol i chi'n gael ei wneud oherwydd yng nghylch ar first principles. Yn y bydd ymdod y gwaith, rydyn ni'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gwybod yw mwych. Y flow net yw'r diagram yw'r flow lines, yw lines of water flow, against equipotential lines. Equipotential lines are lines that depict areas in the soil with the same pressure. I'll use red for flow lines in my diagram, and I'll use blue for equipotential lines. A flow net is constructed of both flow lines and equipotential lines. For flow nets to be effective, they need to observe certain rules. The first is that flow lines and equipotential lines must cross at right angles. You can't cross these at any other angle. The second is that flow lines cannot cross other flow lines. That would imply that the water molecules are resistant within the same space. That can't happen. Similarly, equipotential lines can't cross other equipotential lines. If an equipotential line denotes an area of the same pressure, then they can't cross by definition. Impermeable boundaries are always flow lines, so you always get flow around an impermeable boundary. That's another rule. Similarly, water bodies within your system are equipotential lines. Finally, for the maths and flow nets to work, you need to draw curved linear squares. What are curved linear squares? If I have a flow line or two flow lines that I've drawn, and let's say the water is flowing like this, to form a curved linear square, I need to draw my equipotential lines to form a shape that looks like this. My equipotential lines should look something like this, where I can draw a circle within this space. That's a curved linear square. This is probably one of the hardest things to do within a flow net, at least drawing it by hand. It's often where some of the mistakes crop in when you're doing a flow net. The trick to getting this diagram right, or getting a flow net right, is to draw it as big as possible. Use a pencil first, because you never get it right first time. Do multiple iterations to make sure you get as curved linear squares as possible. Those are the rules for a flow net. Let's look at an example of drawing a flow net. To draw a flow net, we need to know some things about the geometry of the system we're looking at. Let's say we have an example that looks like this, where we have an impermeable material, and sitting on top of that material is some sort of permeable material. We know water can flow through this permeable material. Let's say we drive a sheet pile through that material like this, and on one side of the sheet pile we have a high water table, and on the other side we have a low water table. To draw a flow net we need to know what the geometry is here. In this example we have two metres on one side of water and one metre on the other side of water. We have five metres depth of this pile into a ten metre body of permeable material. We know the geometry. From that we can start to construct our flow net. The best place to start with a flow net is to start with the realisation of point two and three, in that impermeable boundaries are flow lines, bodies of water are equipotential lines. We can draw a flow line on the bottom of this profile, because this is an impermeable boundary. That's our first flow line. This sheet pile wall is also an impermeable boundary. We can draw a flow line around here. That means in this situation we have particles of water moving along this boundary and it's part of the water flow. We can draw our first equipotential lines on, so we know that at the base of this water body, well at the top of the water body we have constant water pressure at zero, and at the bottom we also have constant water pressure, so we can draw our first equipotential line here, first two equipotential lines. Now what we want to do now is divide up the rest of this space with flow lines and equipotential lines to be able to draw curvilinear squares. The first step I suggest doing is draw your flow lines in, and the best way of doing that is cutting up this space here between the bottom of the sheet pile wall and the impermeable boundary. There must be some flow lines that exist within here. If you pick too few flow lines, your diagram doesn't really quite work, but if you put too many in you end up getting too small squares and it starts to become a little bit confusing. You need a bit of experience in drawing these to get it right, so do practice and make sure you can do this in a sensible way. I would start maybe at least dividing it up into two. Those flow lines would then depict the water movement through this material, so you could imagine them being drawn in this sort of shape, and they'll have to cross these equipotential lines up here at right angles. We can draw our first or second, so we can draw our next flow lines like this. Those must cross this equipotential line at right angles. You can't have them crossing in this angle because that's wrong, so they must cross at right angles. What you've got to do now is try and cut up this diagram into circumlinear squares. This is when it starts to become a bit iterative, and you'll need to rub things out and put new flow lines in and new equipotential lines in. Let's start up here, so we draw our first circumlinear square, and remember we have to cross at right angles between equipotential line and flow line, so it might look something like this. You can see that there's maybe something wrong with this shape, so what I might want to do is redraw this flow line to bring it in a bit. Let's do that in a second. Let's try and draw a few more of these equipotential lines on, so we can draw another one here. Again, careful to cross at right angles, and we can see that there's maybe something, a problem here with the circumlinear square. That's certainly not right, and then we'll draw another one here. You can see that maybe these look okay, so these look like I've got circumlinear squares in. I can draw circles that fit reasonably into these, but you can see that maybe there's a problem here, so what I might want to do is bring this flow line up into the diagram a bit more. That looks a little bit better. I draw circumlinear, and we draw circles and they look reasonably okay. Let's keep going. You can see that this flow line could possibly be a little bit lower, so I could draw that to a situation like that. With a bit of care and a bit of attention, you can probably do a bit better than what I've done here, but it generally demonstrates the principles where we're trying to form curvilinear squares on a sheet of paper graph. Paper would help a lot in this case. What's the next step? The next step is we count up all of the spaces between the flow lines and the spaces between the equipotential lines. The spaces between the flow lines where we have one here, we have two and we have three. We have three spaces between the flow lines, so nf equals three. We also count up the spaces between the equipotential lines and we have one, two, three, four, five, six, seven. We have an n h of equal to seven. The nf represents the number of flow tubes, that's sometimes how it's referred to, and the nh represents the number of equipotential drops, so this represents a drop in pressure. If we take nf and nh, we can relate it to the flow through this equation, where the flow equals the permeability, multiplied by the h, multiplied by the nf over nh. The permeability we can find through testing this material, so let's say we tested it either in the lab or through a pump test, and it had some sort of permeability, and let's say we knew that to be 10 to the minus six metres per second. We knew the permeability of this material. Our h is the total head drop over the system, so the total pressure difference, which is just the difference between these two heights here. So this is h. So if we know k, the permeability, we know h, the head drop, and we know through the flow net we've got an nf value and an nh value, we can work out what the flow is. So in this situation it would be q equals 10 to the minus six, multiplied by one metre, multiplied by three over seven, which equals roughly around four times 10 to the minus seven metres cubed per second, which equals roughly around 35 litres per year. And that's for every metre of retaining wall, so for every metre in the, I suppose the z direction, in and out of the board here, we have 35 litres of flow per year.


Hello, welcome to this week's CMC Markets Commodity Snapshot with myself, Jasper Lawler. We're going to look at oil markets just because they have been breaking out higher recently. Particularly, we're looking at WTI and it's just reached $58 per barrel and not coincidentally, the US dollar is breaking down and we've seen one of the slowest builds in US inventories, oil inventories that we've seen in several months. Now, when it comes to oil markets, we've discussed this a few times really. These are the drivers that we're looking at. The Middle East has impacts from now and then and obviously, there's been some tensions over there and that will drive short-term prices. But really, Saudi Arabia, the major oil producer in the Middle East, has held pretty firm producing oil at a pretty consistent rate. So that's not really been a variable. What has been a variable and what can change is US oil production. Now all prices have been basing out for the last couple of months, even as US oil inventories data has been increasing. But obviously, markets are looking ahead three to six months and now as markets have based, oil inventories have began to slow and now as of last week, we just saw 1.9 million barrels added to US crude stocks. Now that's still the 15th consecutive week of gains, some of the largest seen on record, but it does just get us closer to zero and that much closer to possibly going negative. And that has corresponded with oil prices breaking out. And when we look at the chart in a minute, you'll see that we're pretty much in uptrend territory. It is worth mentioning that the US dollar did fall generally across the board on weaker GDP data. So we've seen corresponding breakouts in the Euro, the British pound, even gold and silver looking like possible breakouts. So this is not an oil unique move, it's very much correlated to the US dollar. And so that's why we have to be cautious. The inventories have not actually starting dropping yet. Production has not actually slowed yet in the US and so there's still risk of a recovery and that's why we're going to look at both daily and weekly charts. Now in front of us, we have the daily candlestick chart for West Texas crude oil. Now this is a pattern that we've been talking about for a few weeks now and it's just about reached its objective. So this was a falling wedge pattern. The objective was about $58.50. We've hit above $58 so we're almost there within a few cents of hitting the objective of this pattern based off of the height being projected from the breakout area. Now there's a few things to consider here. Now you can see according to these moving averages, both the 21 and 55 day moving average, we're in uptrend territory now. We've broken the highs that we saw in March. And so we're making higher highs, higher lows. Now what we have to look at is if we do flip over to the weekly chart, we can see that yes we've seen a strong surge in prices but still a big decline in oil prices and we're still generally in the context of a downward move in oil prices. So we have to be a bit cautious here. We've moved above the 21 week SMA which is significant, we're still significantly below the 55 week. And so there is room for oil prices to turn lower and one consideration is that right now just around current levels, we're at matching some of the peaks that we saw in December last year and that corresponds with a 23.6% Fibonacci retracement of this whole decline in oil prices. So this is an important level, it's this objective from this pattern, it's these previous highs, it's the 23.6. So room for a correction from here, should we get through it then logically the next step would be the 38.2% retracement and that's around $67 per barrel. So that's it for this week's CMC Markets Commodity Snapshot. We were looking at West Texas crude oil. Now we've had a big surge high, we've broken higher, we look like we're into an uptrend but there's a few barriers ahead, we're possibly into correction zone where we could see a correction. So let's see if that follows us through right down to those lows at 42 or if we can make a higher low and push higher in towards perhaps even this $67 per barrel.


Friends, in this class, we will study the important insights occurring on ground nut and their IPM recommended throughout the country. Ground nut is one important oil seed crop, which is consumed in large quantity within the country. Because of its higher consumption, we are importing even today the oil from abroad. So, there is a major need to increase the production and productivity of oil seeds. In particular, the production or the productivity of ground nut crop itself. Ground nut is grown both in the curry and rain fed situations and under irrigated situations during summer season. So, insects continue to harbor in both the situations that is in curry as well as in summer situation. Also, we will try to list down first the important pests occurring on ground nut. I have grouped them into defoliators, sucking pests and root and pod feeders. Coming to defoliators, large number of economically important insects are there. Among them, the foremost important pest is a leaf miner, which is scientifically referred as aproerma modicella, which occurs both during the curry as well as summer season. Here the larvae is the damaging stage. It mines into the leaflets in the early stage and forms brown patches on the leaf, which you can very clearly see here. Later on, the same larvae, after second instar, it webs the leaves together and then feeds on the chlorophyll content inside, resulting in a burnt up appearance from a distance as if you feel the whole plant is burnt. So, that much appearance it gives because of its nature of damage. The next important pest is a tobacco caterpillar spodoptera leptura, which is a polyfagus pest, which is more common in curry season. Here the eggs are laid in mass always and immediately after hatching, they feed in a gregarious form, unitedly by staying in one place. This will happen for about 3 to 5 days. Later on, they migrate. When they start migrating, they cause small holes on the leaf and sometimes the damage is so much, only PTOs are left. So, that much will be the intensity, thereby the total plant is killed. Next in the series is BR-heri caterpillar spilosoma oblicua belonging to a leptopterous insect. Again, this is also a polyfagus pest. This also lays its egg in mass particularly. The young larvae for first few days, they feed by staying on the under surface of the leaf and later on, when the grown up larvae, they start migrating and cause total depoliation to the plant. Again, only stems are left in some severe incident situations. Then gram pod borer, you all know that helicoverpa armijera, which is a polyfagus pest. Groundnut is also one of the important host. The larvae is the damaging stage. It feeds on the foliage, prefers to feed on the flowers and buds. When tender buds are attacked, you know, we find on the leaf, the symmetrical opening whenever it opens. Then we have another polyfagus pest, red-heri caterpillar, which is referred as amsacta albistraiga. Again here also, the egg laying is in mass what you are seeing here. The young larvae feeds on gregariously by staying in one place for about 3 to 5 days. Later on, the grown up larvae starts migrating and particularly the fourth and fifth in star stages are voracious faders. They defoliate the entire crop as if a cattle has been graced. That is the appearance of the incidents of this particular insect. They feed on everything, leaves, flowers and the growing plants on the plant.  Because of de-sapping, the growth of the plant is affected, stunting and distortion is normally seen and these aphids also secrete honeydew on which sooty mold develops, which affects the photosynthesis of the plant, thereby the growth of the plant. In addition to this direct damage, these aphids also transmit a virus, this is known as pinot stripe virus and a ground nut rosette virus. These are the two viruses, which are transmitted by aphid. Then we have the thrips complex. We find more than one species, sirtotrips, frankenella thrips and calliotrips. More than one species may coexist in some situations. The typical damage symptoms are yellowish green patches on the upper surface of the leaf with brown necrotic areas and you know whenever somebody touches it, it is silver is seen and hard surface and these infestations, they coalesce, the entire whole leaf dries up in the later stage. All these three species transmit the deadly virus disease, pinot bud necrosis. You can see the clear cut symptoms in the early stage, which even extends to the growing tip here, which is totally killed here and the whole plant by the side of a healthy plant, you can see the entire plant is killed by this particular vector. Then the next important sucking pest is leaf hopper. Empower sky different species are involved. Again, here also both nymphs and adults, they inject toxin into the leaf and also the veins because of this we find chloratic patches on the leaf tips and it gives a yellow color, very typically you can observe them in the ground nut field resulting in a hopper burn symptom. Then the next group of insects include root and pod feeders. In that white grub is one of the important seasonal pest, usually occurring during curry season. We have two species, holotreca consinguinia and holotreca serrata. Here the grub is the damaging stage. They mainly feed on the roots and damaged pods also. Even because of damage to roots, the whole plants will be drying and then when pulled, they come out easily. Then we have termite, another important pest, odentotermis and microtermis species. Termite is a problem particularly in a rain-fed situation whenever there is a failure of rain resulting in wilting of plants because of the workers feeding on the roots and then they also bore into the pods and damage the seeds in case of severe incidents. Then in isolated areas, as a sporadic pest, we find jewel beetles, penoptera species, particularly in Tamil Nadu, this is a major problem during Ravi season, that is during November-December season. Here because of the adults as well as the grubs, both are the damaging stage, they cause wilting of the plants because of their feeding to the roots and grubs burrow into the stem also resulting in total death of the whole plant. The infested fields show dead and drying plants. When pulled again, they also come out easily and the stem contains the insect stages. In some situations, we find the severe incidents of wireworms, false wireworms and earwigs particularly during curry season whenever there is a failure of rain. Coming to the IPM of these important insect pests, a series of technologies have been recommended throughout the country. First among those is the cultural practices, now use of particularly the trap crop. Trap crop such as soybean or cowpea for leaf miner and then castor, spodoptera insect can be used as a broader crop or mixing with the groundnut seed can also be used. Second cultural practice is growing of tall crops particularly bajra, sorghum or maize all along the border mainly to reduce the movement of the thrips because you know thrips in addition to direct damage there also vectors particularly the peanut but necrosis virus. Then another important and very simple and economic technology is use of vegetative trapping particularly for red-hairy caterpillar that is using these zetropart wigs or calotropist wigs which when placed in the groundnut field the fourth and fifteenth star larvae are very much attracted to these trapped plants and they first feed on this and large number of larvae are located on this so they can be mechanically destroyed. Similarly, the neem plant which can be used as a trapping device for adults you know adults after the first train they emerge out from the soil and they prefer to feed on the neem leaves so this behavioral response can be used in the IPM technology. Then the use of mechanical control now majority of the insects that are listed as defoliators include the polyphagous pests particularly the spodoptera, spilozoma, red-hairy caterpillar they all lay eggs in groups particularly on the as I said in the broader leaves and such leaves when searched you get egg masses which can be collected and then destroyed not only that the early instar larvae when they are feeding united leaf for the first three to five days because of their united feeding we find skeletonization on the leaf such leaves can be identified and then they can be destroyed mechanically. Then the grown up larvae which can be seen very clearly in the field situation can also be collected and then they can be destroyed. Another method is putting up of bird purchase about 10 to 12 per acre you know the predatious birds feed on these grown up larvae also. Then another technology is use of behavior modifying and also the botanical pesticides and also biological control you know setting up of pyromon traps almost 10 traps per hectares per spodoptera or and also for helicoverpa 25 traps for leaf miner or even light trap will help in identifying the peak abundance of the adults of these polyphagous insects. Then secondly spraying of botanical insecticides neem seed kernel extract or commercial neem formulations are also available they can also be used or neem oil at the rate of 5 ml mixed with a detergent neem powder about 1 gram per litre of water so that better dispersion will be there in water can be very effectively used against defoliators and sucking pests. Then microbial insecticides is also recommended particularly spodoptera NPV or helicoverpa NPV both at the dosage of 250 le per hectare or even commercially available bacillus thuringensis insecticide is also available which can also be very effectively used at 1 gram per litre against spodoptera and helicoverpa. In high humidity conditions a fungal pathogen is also available commercially nomorea relay can also be very effectively used for spodoptera management. One of the important component of IPM is use of ETL technology you know economic threshold level is most important for the effective application of pesticides otherwise the cost of application of insecticide will not benefit the applicator. So at various levels the economic threshold levels have been worked out for different insect for leaf miner it is 5 mines per plant on 30 days with age of the crop increase the number of larvae also increases from 5 to 15 mines per plant at 55 days. For spodoptera and other defoliators it is 20 to 25 percent of the defoliation particularly during 40 days after sowing. Then for leaf hoppers you know 5 to 10 adults per plant after 1 month of sowing. Then for thrips you know 5 adults on the terminal bud becomes the economic threshold level. Then the chemical control is one of the important component I said lot of insecticides have been listed for defoliators leaf miners. Similarly for sucking pests also seed treatment with the imidaclopid is found to be highly effective then spray formulation is also recommended particularly in endemic areas for white grub management. Seed treatment with chlorophyrophosis is one of the best treatment that has been recommended by various organizations across the country and then central insecticide board has listed various insecticides on ground net crop use. So these are the list of insecticides against which pest it works and what is the recommended dosage also everything has been given in this table. There are no varieties particularly released against the various insects in case of ground net. But some of the varieties which are hiding having some added advantage of tolerance to some of the pests have been recommended. In curry falls so they have listed series of varieties which are released having some short of resistance the ones which I have indicated with red are showing high degree of resistance for example, kadri eight and of late kadri nine is also been released. They are highly tolerant to bud neck roses virus disease similarly during rabbi summer also quite a number of varieties have been recommended across the country for using it in the IPM package. So all these technologies can be very effectively integrated to get higher yield with maximum net profit to the farmers. Thank you.