at five five p.m. I know it's maybe we're the last talk between now and going to the bar, but Thanks for coming and thanks to the entire team for building this We are just here to kind of representing an large team at the West Bank who build this and then couple of them are in the room and and Then thanks thanks to the Cassandra team and the data stacks team also for supporting us So what we'll be going through is in some of the You know cool mysteries that you guys have is when you swipe your credit card at a you know Starbucks or something like that And then you know, how does this transaction actually show up in the mobile app or a web app? You know, maybe you'll answer that questions and then partially at least So I myself am seishu good anteep seen a director of software engineering at the US Bank and then Um Wicked All right, so thank you for coming and thank you for showing interest for the session today I'm Winkert and I'm an engineering leader at US Bank With over a decade of experience. So most of my experience lies in the data space. They're engineering in a moving data between systems And so I've like my journey evolved from using leading ETL tools from the market For the best data movement to a developing of a homegrown software platform at US Bank a software product enabling real-time data transfer and I have you know, deliver impactful projects for the bank and Today migrating workflows from mainframe took a sunrise one of them, which is our topic of discussion today so Just few few few words about US Bank and then the scope and scale of the problem that we saw So the problem that we saw impacts consumers and then consumers are part of the consumer and business banking and We offer for consumers products like checking and Savings and and deposits and then And and loans and then for credit cards also, which is the payments are payment side of it We offer credit cards and then wealth management based on your network Then we offer different kinds of services. So if you kind of total up all of the percentage of kind of revenues 80% of the Banks traffic is kind of impacted by the consumers Space and and then the solution that we kind of belt is for for a large Scale of the customers That's on the on the sort of the scale side of it and then you know, but the other side of the equation is You know the sort of the digital Interactions are kind of increasing at a high scale or percentage points if you look at it from Four years ago to now they went up by by 16 percent on the on the digital transactions And they went up by 20 percent on the on the remote remote deposits and then it's not that Somebody is actually encouraging them to kind of move to this digital It's actually this trend of migrating towards digital is an across industries and across Many different companies and then I'll just go over some of the drivers on why actually this digital transaction or transfer the digital interactions are increasing So one of the main reasons is that if you kind of look at it As we are all moving away from the analog version of it to the digital version The number of interactions actually will go up. So for example, if you were Renting a DVD in the in the olden days with with a DVD in a blockbuster You would browse for 20 minutes there and then check out one DVD and then return the DVD after three days You would probably have three rows in the database one for checking it out One for written ink and then one for some late fee So if you you know add up, you know, maybe three transactions But the equivalent of that if you are kind of browsing on a Netflix, you'll browse for 30 minutes and Then you know, you probably create. I don't know 50 interactions or even 100 interactions on all the movies and the reviews And then you know who the actors are so you'll do a lot many interactions And then even same thing with the Kodak to I mean like, you know If any of you remembered old film roles, you would have like 24 or 36 But in the in the in the camera or in the iPhone camera world people take like hundreds of pictures Yeah, so you're kind of scale of interactions in the same concept even same in the bank, too You don't visit a branch as many times, you know If you have a digital app, you know, we would see like 10 times more transactions So that trend is the one that is actually kind of impactful to the kind of existing infrastructure, which is kind of mainframe So we have to move to a different infrastructure which will support a different scale of the interaction. So that's the first problem And the second problem is that When when customers are actually moving away from the digital transactions or from the from the analog to the digital People want continuous engagement And when I mean continuous engagement again, if you go back to the old days of ordering a cab Versus Uber when you call the cab you would probably have one kind of you know interactions But when you look at ordering Uber, you have to you people follow that every turn by turn Oh, it's one minute away five minutes away ten minutes away and then you keep track of it that so similarly even when we kind of wire money when we Do to credit card processing people are constantly following those transactions That means that the number of interactions that they're going to have Is significantly higher than in the in the traditional days And the last thing is is more on the velocity So as we are developing more products and more features And and selling them as bundles There's a need for different groups to develop in parallel And especially in the kind of the mainframe world. It was much more difficult for multiple teams to kind of operate So we wanted to kind of unleash the kind of the creativity of all of the product managers and engineers so we wanted many different teams to work on this and This was another driver to kind of migrate away the workloads from And I'm not kind of discounting the fact that cost is a driver But but there are other reasons to kind of move away from the mainframes So I'll go into the simple kind of the architecture kind of view of this. It's a very simplified view. So you from a UI There is a UI meant like it could be a mobile app or a web app or even a customer agent a generalized version of UI and then You know, somebody's making a address change And then it goes through a thin domain layer and the domain layer is is nothing but a security There are no business rules in it and it goes to the mainframe and then frame has all the business rules And then of course it returns back the data to the UI and therefore in the back end itself There are other batch updates that happen batch or even real-time like grid card processing or a CH transfers So all of them put together are sent back to the UI, which is about retransactions This is a very simple Kind of representation of the architecture And then if you want to move away from the mainframes, what are the strategies that we typically have from this world? One is we started moving away in new domains new domains or anything new and don't put them in the mainframe anymore Well, that will take care of I don't know some percentage of the of the avoidance in some sense that you're not building anymore and the second one Which is probably the key part of the problem is the read part of it Which is in a financial services, especially, you know, you don't wake up every day and then do transactions You every day you wake up and mostly look at the transactions, but rather than modify them So our kind of ratio to read and write is around 20 to 80 percent 20 percent for write and 80 percent for read. So that's the focus of this conversation And how we kind of Migrated away the reads from the mainframe And then of course you can move the non-core functionality So all of these efforts are going on in parallel But but the one that we're talking about is the migration part of it and then we could migrate the core Which is probably the most complex one And also expensive So as I said for this particular conversation, we're talking about the read part of it So now what did we do to achieve the Reduction in the 80 percent of the traffic and then we describe the scale of the problem before For 80 percent of the business is mostly consumer Focused and then 80 percent of that is Read focus so this forms a particularly significant chunk of the banks Problems So again starting with the with the left-hand side. This is the same Architecture that I showed you before so what did we do to that? So We modified the mainframes to put in a publisher So we can kind of answer why not CDC? But but we modified the mainframes to publish the data a full-fledged event And then the events were published to a streaming platform And the streaming platform consisted of an API abstraction on Kafka and then of course Kafka and then there was a event processor spark and Then all of this a combination of that which was built as a platform So that we could stream all kinds of data We had around 40 45 years events or 50 events just for one kind of particular project and then all of that we moved it to Cassandra and then we built some of the Business rules now in the new domain layer And then not only this when we move the data to Cassandra You had an opportunity to kind of enhance the data like today when you go to your credit card transactions All of them are enhanced and what it was actually years ago. So some of the enhancements enrichments Happened and then we built different kind of Services to you can search you can do why search now one on the on the data that's there in Cassandra So you can build a lot more features This is what we did and so now we are going to go into this particular CDA pipe and and what we did at the mainframe and then tell you some of the problems and challenges that we had so there Like numerous problems that we encountered. Let's not be And then here we are only listing some of them Of course the new system whatever we built the pipe the Cassandra all of them have to be reliable They all have to scale And and and we will go into like three of them because in the best interest of the time So the first one that we will get into is the data transfer For this whole thing to be kind of meaningful the When the event actually happens in the mainframe For reaching the Cassandra, it has to be less than a second and the reason why that is kind of important is you know If you change an address in the mainframe and you want to go back and then see the address you want the address to be reflected there Same thing with transactions, you know when today you swipe the card It would have gone to the mainframe and then customers would kind of immediately look at it and then if the data is now in Cassandra and and even if there is like a 10 more seconds delayed you are kind of degrading the customers experience. What is today and what's You know what we are going to propose or what we proposed or what we did So in that sense like we didn't want too much of degradation of what the customers actually have today And the next one is missing events. We you know, we are a bank Even if the one transaction is gone customers call you Even if it's one cent away people are going to call us So we wanted to be very very careful and then build Systems and processes to kind of detect the missing events and the next one is There are potentially problems and The events even not being published The mainframe itself would have problems or maybe there are some business rules that kind of failed and then events So we had to have kind of some reconciliation between the mainframes and the Cassandra You know run at a frequency so we will get into the details on some of these problems and how we solved And then when can you want to go ahead and Talk about this. Thank you, Shesha Okay, so the three problem that Shesha was talking about latency right without bringing down the one second latency This project doesn't exist. So we have done number of you know Performance test we can see, you know, we had fire more than 500. So the first thing is how do we reduce? Where is the latency right? So we started with the mainframe. So of course Shesha mentioned CDC There are reasons why we did not use CDC is one of them, right? So the mainframe, you know, we they had they tuned the number of threats How many threats are listening to the events they added, you know, more You know listeners kind of more partitions and when you talk about Kafka That they do the latency under 500 milliseconds within mainframe. So that's one part of it There may a number of tests we have done but just listen. So that's one of them Then when mainframe published to streaming engine, of course, this is a based on Kafka spark and there is a springboard Which is a rest API gateway for mainframe to publish. So it's a complete abstraction for mainframe So they just published an endpoint. Everything was taken care of behind the scene. So the streaming engine We are, you know, it's it's probably processing in less than 100 milliseconds today We started with the one second more than a second was taking more than a second when we started with the spark traditional D-sleeps, which is a micro bath streaming. So it was taking more than, you know 10 seconds that way we started when we started this journey in three years ago so of course the spark structure streaming came in next and Continuous streaming is one of the part of the structure streaming that helped us you're processing every event You know one message at a time that also helped us to reduce the latency and of course Kafka how many number of partitions you need you to have the right number of partitions to speed up. So that's you know Using the right number of partitions. We will also bring down the latency under 100 milliseconds That means the moment you hit the streaming platform the streaming box right here we're taking 100 millisecond less than 100 milliseconds to write it to Cassandra and The other important was checkpointing a destination here our Cassandra is the destination and a spark comes up with the you know the fault tolerance it comes up natively, you know Checkpointing to some Hadoop system or some NFIs. So but it's an external system So Cassandra help does Cassandra one of the Cassandra feature is a term city so you can batch your transactions You have the data row. You have the checkpointing and you have you know There's another cable called journaling. I'll talk about that in a bit So you can batch it and write it to Cassandra. It's it provides a very, you know, low-right I mean the high-right throughput when you do that. So with that, we were able to bring down less than one second latency There's one more thing with the kid with the checkpointing We we modified some of the native spark code that gave us full control of our checkpointing We want to go back and replay those events. We are not dependent on Kafka It's completely decoupled so can always go back to Cassandra update your you know offsets it's gonna replay the events so that's the you know important problem that we had to solve and Moving on to that the two problem was data loss so data loss is Just to give an example.  You will be worried about, you know, hey Determined package reached so that's why UPS gives us a tracking number and we have that, you know Confidence we go and track that and then when the message is delivered, you see the tracking number is updated the same concept So if you see that box journal and mainframe publish any event the track it It's it doesn't cost anything. It's just a tracking number. They're not storing the entire payload Just a journal table with the tracking number and then when we the tracking number pass along with the streaming pipe So when you write to Cassandra, we also, you know stored that tracking number It's a short lived three days. We kept it for three days because you will come to know if the native the events are missing Within the next 30 minutes. So what we built was again using this spark. You know the streaming It's not a streaming. It's a time interval batch pipeline built on spark Just checks every 30 minutes. You can depending on your criticality of your data You can change it to even five minutes, right? So what he's checking is finding out any the mainframe published a million events did a million events reached a Cassandra. It doesn't do any data validation. It's just identifies. There is a data loss Humans we make error. So, you know, we have all of the lighting enabled today, but when someone something fails humans make, you know, okay, he Missed to address some of those, you know events So that usually missing a transaction in Cassandra is a big deal focus for customer if it doesn't see a transaction It's a big deal for customer. So that's you know data loss Now if you look into carefully the box the between mainframe between mainframe and publish there is an arrow, right? So when you change an address Mainframe itself never published the data to and now streaming engine data loss doesn't tell you that because Data loss doesn't know it doesn't even never happen. So that's where The next problem that we need to solve is data reconciliation. How do you know now the data is the rights are happening in mainframe? Reads are happening against Cassandra. How do you know the data is in sync? I know we have done all the quality testing, you know Thousands of test cases every test cases more, you know more validated in the lower environments before you You know moving to production, but they're always edge cases. So as long as you know As long as we're using computer systems in the world could always be a problems So you need to be ready for that. So data reconciliation is an edge cases. So this is a capability It's a product. It's a one of the transformation think about the software platform built it. This is kind of a transformation Where you can plug it into your pipe To verify the data between two systems So this is where the mainframe on the left side mainframe is publishing the data and keep in mind We are not putting burden on the mainframe the whole model is to you know reduce the main You know cost on the mainframe reduce the mess use on the mainframe. We did not put a burden Like any company everyone has data lake so it's the same concept mainframe is turning the data to a data Like it's a day minus one data. That's fine But we use the data lake we use that you know every element and column that is published in real time So built in a Daily reconciliation pipeline what it does is identifies three things if a if you change an address But mainframe never published that record into streaming engine. So it identifies as a missing record. Hey There's a address change record, but it doesn't you know Cassandra did not get it another one is mismatches So the rows and columns are compared in this. It's a very fast utility that we built So it can process you know millions of requests as well So the mismatches is something again, you know you updated your street number But you know Cassandra mainframe did not publish it So that's one of the problem, but there are the problems could be anywhere right in streaming engine in spark You know there's a memory loss that happens the events any events that get lost data reconciliation is another control process That could identify proactively, you know all the issues without creating without impact in the customer experience so with that said I Mean So to just the key take us are and a three years ago when we started the real-time TS Bank we all thought everybody thought here This is impossible that you're gonna do it in one second without impact your customer experience But it is possible with the right using the right technology, you know Of course Cassandra spark and there are other tools I'm not saying spark is the one but fling is another one that could be Printerly we could even use fling for the real-time going forward but we have spark built with both batch and real-time components, so it is solvable and And so latency is one of them we sold it less than one second. It's better than that You know, it's I don't I would say most of the 95% of messages are under you know find a millisecond between mainstream and Cassandra So so I would say thank you for everyone being here and thanks to you know data stacks and Cassandra Giving this opportunity and of course thanks to the team in the ES Bank The entire team who helped us who encouraged us who you know the all the leadership so thanks to everyone and not to make it happen and I'll open the floor for any questions so we migrated the data and the structures in In the mainframe could be different from how we stored it in Cassandra because The the mainframe structures were probably best suited for its storage system On how it indexes the data or whatever mechanism it is and then we stored in Cassandra the way the reads from the from the clients would be like from the mobile app or the web app So the the structures could be different, but but the data is the same So the data the model is not just one-to-one the DB to table is not one-to-one. So Yes, yeah Okay Any other questions? Yeah, so We try to be use solar the simple answer is yes the complex answer is Relative to the most of the use cases would be based on the key We have a customer key And account keys and then so you can actually retrieve When the user logs in in a bank at least we clearly know though you who the user is and what account they're kind of related to so we can pull the exact data but there are some edge cases or less percentage of the use cases where search is kind of Needed and search was provided But for that the latency is actually slightly more higher for the solar to kind of re-index So there's kind of difference. So we have to kind of Carefully orchestrate the searches in such a way that the customers doesn't search Insert into the mainframe and search within the next second and then you know, but it may or may not exist Some of the like not critical functionality like voice, right? So it's not customer is expecting, you know Hi, the low-latency in that so the solar is used kind of wise in such use cases But not in the you know when you log into mobile app and want to see transactions It's all key based and now provides the you know the low latency Yes, it comes with it, but there is a if you insert into kind of Cassandra, then you know, of course the data is there persistent But for re-indexing of the solar or indexing of solar takes few extra seconds So that's not counted in the in the in the budget of one second That's what I meant So you may take two seconds, but but yeah, it's in billions Yeah billions Yeah, right. I think the peak it depends on the peak traffic with the 300 TPS we During the business hours so for the one second, I mean 95 the ways I'm not saying 95 percentile But what we measured is if you have a thousand messages in that second like 95 messages are you know We prove that it is writing under one second. There's always spillover, right and That we cannot the spillover is not minutes, but at least it's in you know extra more than a second so we have alerts enabled anything about it, you know less than 95 Tell me why right? So sometimes you know mainframe might be publishing a little late so and Sometimes it's a scene in the streaming pipe. It's little delayed Kafka lag on all of that Yeah, we have fine-tuned this or Some some few months Maybe even a year And then to Wengen's point. We have made sure that 99% of the 99% of the events not percent and then percent of the events are within the the one second and As you said, we kind of fine-tuned the number of threads on the mainframe to partitions to Kind of the technology of the event processor to the checkpointing so lots of effort have been gone there So that that's almost you know Without which like as we said, there's no reason to build it So we built it to make sure that we meet that sometimes it's even matters Spark on VMs, you know, which disk you're using using SSD or That's for the garbage collection all of that even we went to that level Spark is better if you use SSD, but you know, not on the virtual desks Guarding that no that it's not the security concerns Sometimes what happens is when the data gets written. I'll just give me maybe one best Data point, but when you write to some of the mainframes, for example, the the even doesn't get published It could be whatever maybe that they it kind of, you know Crashed or turn or maybe not crashed, but we don't know the exact reasons, but let's assume it didn't write it So the the data loss won't catch it because nothing was actually published But the batch export from the mainframe would have that record And you will not have a corresponding record of that in Cassandra. Then we know that hey, yes the data recon That's again what happens is when we kind of I don't know when we went to production say on day one The data recon will produce. I don't know thousand errors But you fix all of those edge cases And then you know now if you look at it, maybe you'll have 10 and then we constantly keep fixing it but then hopefully There'll be a day when data recon is kind of not needed, but but of course we need that as an insurance It's not for not all of your data is wrong. Think about that if you all of it is wrong, that is You'll come to know immediately like that, right? So it's a subset of customers, right is impactor Maybe it's just one of the product that we offer just making it up in a money market so it's something wrong with the money market data we know how exactly how many customers have a money market accounts and This could identify it's like When you cook rice, you know, you're not checking every piece of it. You just check like that So the same thing data reconciliation is a sampling. So the moment you identify it identify the issue We can quantify what all the impactor customers and then we can quickly react to it So and it can correctly fit you know can be fixed as well So I mean that's not the at least I mean This project is not driving that but as we stole that that that you know, there are New domains are being built outside. We are migrating the reads The reason why the mainframes are far or at least in the thought process wise say we acquired another bank The the rights itself are going to go up Yes, we you know drained out all the reads but but the rights actually went up because we are actually doing more customers now So the goal is not to kind of replace it But argument it in such a way that we are actually kind of doing different kinds of services and also serving More volume or interactions to the customer which you know were probably cost-effective or less cost-effective on the mainframe versus So think of it as that way and then you know, maybe there is some future at some point where you know The core will be migrated but that that's that's not the kind of line of sight for us Yeah, all the Transactions that you swipe your card a CH transactions money movement transactions and all of that. Yeah Good Got a question Okay Okay, all right time stop apparently. Thank you. Thank you guys. Let's get that. Yeah


Hi, nice to meet you. Oh hey, you must be our new builder. That's me. I'm here to revitalize this town and develop deep interpersonal relationships with everyone who lives here. Don't forget battling subterranean lizard monsters. What? Anything else I can help you with? Yeah, actually, I was hoping to tell you to a duel. Well, you know, I'm always down for a friendly non-lethal sparring match. Oh, we'll see about non-lethal. I like this guy. Ta-da.


Hi, I'm Emmy Golding and I'm the Director of Psychology at the Mental Health Recovery Institute. In 2012, a review of Victorian suicides between 2000 and 2007 found that in over half the cases there were both work-related and non-work-related factors involved in the suicide. Non-work-related factors are things like a history of anxiety and depression, relationship problems, drug and alcohol abuse and other physical and mental illnesses. This highlights the factors leading to a person to suicide are often complex and multi-dimensional. But in almost half those cases, work stressors were the sole factor contributing to suicide. So what kind of work stressors may lead a person to take their life? The World Health Organization says that stressful work environments are those with constant time pressures, uncontrollable work schedules, background distractions, strife or things like poor employee relations, bullying or harassment, lack of space, general uncertainty and a push to do more with less. That sounds like almost every modern workplace, doesn't it? An earlier study done in 2002 found nine factors that contributed to workplace suicides between 1989 and 2000. Six percent were due to being investigated over a work matter. Thirteen percent were due to an argument or a disagreement with a work colleague or supervisor. Fifteen percent were due to performance pressures or long hours. Seventeen percent were due to fear of retrenchment or actual retrenchment. And twenty-one percent were due to work stress. When it comes to reducing the risk of workplace suicide, one of the most promising strategies to emerge is gatekeeper training. Gatekeeper training is where you find a group of people who are in a natural position to look out for a large population. These gatekeepers can be trained to spot the individuals at risk and refer them to appropriate supports. So potential gatekeepers can be police, sports officials, teachers, coworkers, shopkeepers and other people who get to know a community of people really well. Now, as leaders and work colleagues, we're the ideal gatekeepers during the third of our waking hours we spend at work. We can learn to identify the warning signs of suicide so we can reach out to someone at risk before things move past the point of no return. If you'd like to develop your skills in this area, please check out our online suicide prevention course. In it, you'll learn some practical life-saving skills to identify the warning signs early and to intervene correctly. The course can be completed on any desktop or tablet at a time that's suitable for you. So head to the link on the screen to find out more. Thank you and take care.


Wel, wrth gwrs, ydych chi'n gweithio'r sefyllfa yma, a mynd i'n gweithio'r strategiaeth newydd o'r Pelylithu Brytysg, felly mae'n gweithio'r amgylchedd, amgylchedd, a'r enthysioedd. Yn ystod, mae'n profesi Mark White, o'r Dyrwm Universty, o'r Loth Lansgapes o Brithnol. Rwy'n gweithio'r Loth Lansgapes o'r projag, a'r ddau'r ddechrau ar gyfer archif, of it, which we used as a way of proposing a kind of new, a new type of framework before the British Paleolithic, and one in which I want to move away from specifics and towards a number of general, which I think of philosophies rather than actionable plans at the moment. I'm trying also in this to be very inclusive. I notice that maybe a lot of this morning's discussion has been focused on Paleolithic archaeology for Paleolithic archaeologists, and I just want to try and move the discussion in a more general way and offer some ideas as to how we might move this stuff forward. There is a lot of text on my PowerPoints. I am not going to read out the bullet points that there is an aid memoir for myself, mostly because the excesses of my youth are haunting me in my middle age. Moving on, I'm speaking on behalf really of all the people on this list. At the time that the Lost Landscapes project was going, we all signed up to this. I'm sure that we disagree on a number of issues, but we agree to disagree. If anybody doesn't like what I'm saying, don't blame anybody on that list, blame me. What was or is Lost Landscapes? It was a project that was initiated by Historic England, then English Heritage under the auspices, I think, of Jonathan Last. It was aimed specifically at disseminating the results and implications of the Aggregates Levy fund, which ran from until 2011. The project proposal was led by Liz Stafford and was awarded in 2013, and the book came out I think late last year or early this year. These were the results of the Lost Landscapes project, a book, an edited book with different chapters tackling different parts of the record. We've got the marine, we've got the terrestrial, we've got methods, and we've got fauna. I topped and tailed this book with a general kind of rationale. At the end, instead of producing the usual summary in chapter one we saw in chapter two, I decided actually just to write a polemic to try and push things forward. On the left here you've got the archive document which has been rebadged, rebranded by Liz and I think has been circulated to some degree. Okay now we've seen this morning the fact that I think that the British Paleolithic is an exceptionally vibrant place. It's very busy, it's very exciting. There are some very good field projects, exemplary even, field projects taking place. There are books and papers in abundance. We've got MAs, at least three institutions, and Paul Petty and I have been asked by Durham to try and develop one for our institution. Most importantly I think is the fact that we've got a new generation of postdocs coming through and from my perspective I'm really pleased to see a number of those people in the audience today because they've got to live with the decisions that we make and the directions that we suggest are the ones we want to follow at the moment. And also I think that British Paleolithic has got what I term the post ahob glow. Mr Leverhune can't seem to stop throwing money at Nick Ashton at the moment and so there is this thrust, this initiative, this agenda growing around the British Paleolithic and again in inclusivity Nick I do include the upper Paleolithic in this. OK now I want to say a few words about rates of discovery because it kind of leads on to where my emphasis lies. During the lifetime of the aggregates Levy I've got these six sites which I can think of as being major discoveries, well excavated, giving us quite a lot of very useful information. Now there's six sites there, sorry if I've left your pet site off, please let me know about it afterwards. If we look just a bit further back in time, pre 2000 this picture doesn't look quite so good, we've got red barns which we've heard about Box Grove, Waverly Wood and Fandham Fields which I think were pretty much the new sites discovered during the period from about 1970s onwards. Contrast that with old sites which have been revisited for a variety of purposes, beaches pit is so important it's on there twice. Now the point I want to make here about this is that Rob's distribution map would probably have looked very similar to John Evans and looking at that distribution map there's not really anything north and west of his line from the 7th of the Wash, there are odd fine spots but it still is very much a south east England dominated record. OK so that's just a bit of context about the sort of that thing that we found it came out of the lost landscapes and a little bit about the way that paralithic archaeology works and has worked. Now I want to turn my attention to frameworks and I think there's three ways in which I consider that the paralithic is lost in the ground or underwater in museums and in the stakeholders minds and I want to explain that a bit now by going through a framework that we have developed which we don't see necessarily as being the answer to everything but which could perhaps provide a series of overarching structures under which planning advice agendas and priorities would fall. OK so framing agendas at shaping frameworks I'm sorry to have to say that I don't think we should be producing any more frameworks of the type we currently have the research agenda. They're written by academics they're written for academics and they're speaking to academics and I noticed when I was writing Lost Landscapes that if we take both frameworks and we look at the research agendas and then we look at what we might call the conservation agendas almost every single one of the research agendas was hit and only one of the conservation agendas was hit and I've got a very sneaking suspicion that it was on the framework because it had already been achieved. Now one of the problems I find with these research agendas and I've heard this morning that we've got a series of very interesting questions and we're developing new ideas and new methods but actually I think that most of these questions were probably in the mind of Hugh Falconer before he persuaded Joseph Presswich to to pop off to Aberville while he was on his Easter jolly and I think that what we do with the language is different the information is different but I think what we're trying to do now is not a million miles away from what they were trying to do from the 1850s. I've also got a problem with the use of jargon and I also think that they as I said they fail to talk to everybody and this is I think they fail to talk to the public they fail to talk to developers they fail to talk to many people I'm sorry I've had a hand in writing both of them and I think it's time now to stop. Okay so what do I think we need in its place I think we need something which builds capacity I think it needs something that we can share with everybody archaeologists the public developers curators all the people on Frank's list and I think we need to do much better to explain our interests our wants if you like not needs it's like Christmas Christmas is for wants not for needs and that should be our framework should be for wants they should be aspirational but we might not get everything that we want there will be no xbox 360 here and as I said I think we should include young researchers who would have to work with with the things that we champion so we came up with a model which is based on three principles the the ecube framework as Clive pointed out archaeologists love threes the first one is expansion and of course this is this is what we're talking about with most development control can we find new sites we need new sites desperately and this is what why at the beginning showed you this rate of change or the rate of discovery we need new sites I mean David finds more sites probably in his back garden than we've discovered in 20 years that that's got to change there is I think an urgent need for new surveys and for using models of the type that Frank was talking about for predicting deposits not me predicting deposits predicting where these deposits might actually fall in there sort of that pedagography and for moving forward with those but the second one and I think that the more actually I think as equally important as finding new sites is making the best at what we've got and the thing is we're really really good at this and Rob's work at brew Frank's work at Baker's hull has taken sites which we could have lost and by use of um a targeted field work but more importantly an understanding of the archive and that this is what I want to emphasise more than anything else is the archive there is archive out there in museums that we just do not know about they keep coming up as a chat with Peter Hor at Coffey and he's discovered a raft of unknown letters from Worthington Smith to various people around the sort of Dunstable area and this is all new stuff which has got the possibility of shedding new light on sites that we know of but we may not know enough about and so one of the things I think that we we need I don't know how we're going to get this funded I don't know how we're going to any of this funded don't ask me about that please is we need an archival database we need to be able to link objects and the materials that actually tell us what those objects mean um and so as I said we've got to to move on I think in this because if we can bring these two things together ideally online so that people have got access to them I think we can actually start to motor on rather than just plod okay and the final one of my things is engagement and I think this is really important and it's not just engaged it's engaged with everybody that expresses an interest in what we do and and I think it needs to be a partnership that's based on a mutual understanding we need to develop a language that we can all understand um I think and we this was brought up a kind of before the the um before the break is that we need a national network we need something along them along the the the route of of nyan the national ice age network because I think that's the philosophy of that um was spot on um there were just things that happened during the lifetime of nyan which subsequently led to its its demise and and I think that what we really need to do is we need to reboot this as something more user-friendly and and the british ice age network gives you the the usual action of brian although of course we might get into trouble with copyright issues with Confuse.com on that one um and of course the elephant in the room and this is really I think possibly the most important thing I've got to say is the government's impact agenda and what it means for the academics in this room because we uh have to make our work count it can be policy it can be economic it can be social but the worker's got to count now okay why is that important well as I understand it if my institution is anything to go by universities are terrified of impact particularly archaeology departments and universities are putting money into seed corn funding and into developing impact related projects now if the government turn round and say that impact is going to be reduced in importance this money will disappear so we need to be very quick about developing seed corn ideas and I think these ideas should be cross institutional and the reason I think they should be cross institutional is if I'm beavering away in Durham and Rob's beavering away in redding and um Dan's beavering away in Royal Holloway then we could end up with a best of series of diluted case studies and diluted impact agendas which are there cynically just to conform to the government and the government's desires for academics rather than something that could actually make a difference for our discipline so I think what we should do is we should subvert impact and make it work for us make it part of what we do in terms of everything we've been talking about today um okay a new horizons um paraphrase and clive as I like to think in biggest too small um we need to look to the continent if we've heard a lot about this um today um when we do look to the continent we find this forest of literature and David I'm sorry your English is excellent my friend is apocalyptic bad so this this needs to be sorted out into that and one of the things I think we could do one of the things we struggle with in this country and when we look to the continent is that there's nothing the equivalent of turps another English heritage historic England initiative which I think has given us in this country an unparalleled database and it's now online it's available for study it's generated I think a vast number of papers I use it Rob uses it Nick uses it Becky we all use this um and so on one of the things I think we should explore is try to with European colleagues develop an idea for a a turps for Europe which I think tropes the rivers of Palinus at Europe kind of fits it this is an idea that Danielle de Britain and myself have been discussing the problem is this is just a nightmare it would be a little bit like trying to find one person in this country to work with on developing a thing what you need buying from from many many people so I think that one of the other things we need to do and sorry Hannah I want one more sentence one of the things we do is we need to talk to our our continental colleagues about whether they're interested in this and how we can do it thanks thank you Mark um again save your questions for the end and um if I can introduce my colleague Jonathan last from Historic England who's going to talk about heritage 2020 effective frameworks for the paleolithic okay um good afternoon everyone and I'll get my apologies in first um I'm not a paleolithic specialist so I'm not going to give you a framework for the paleolithic um I'll try and say something effective but we'll see how that goes um and also I'm speaking towards the end of the day so most of these points have been covered already um but again hopefully um we can uh build towards a bit more of a discussion of some of these points so it was presented with this title um but I think it proved useful in thinking about three senses of frameworks and I wanted to just pick up and perhaps extend the comments on a few of the things that Mark and colleagues said in the the documents that um he was just talking to so first the frameworks in the archaeological sense um we have a plethora of these documents they set out what we know a resource assessment what we want to know a research agenda and how perhaps we're going to go about finding it out a research strategy um research frameworks have been championed by Historic England and English Heritage its predecessor over the last 20 years and they aim to provide a common agenda for different parts of the sector to work to um to provide a research focus for developer funded work and a means of uh of deciding on priorities um on the other hand they can tread a fine line between the generic and the specific um and they can be seen as part of what Marilyn Struthern has termed the audit culture that they're perhaps they're more about organising and controlling research than the facilitating it um and Mark's critique you've just heard so there are different views on the values of these documents and that would be a whole talk in itself um but the the quote at the top um is from uh Mark's document and as he said suggest that at this academic level our high level research questions haven't really changed for 150 years um I don't know about the 19th century but the the 1948 cba document which is the first kind of formal research framework for British prehistory has these questions for the uh the paleolithic age as it's called I'm not going to read them out you can have a look and decide whether these are still the same questions we're trying to answer in a different guise or not but the key assertion that that the lost landscapes team have made is that research frameworks have kind of taken precedents over survey and discovery and they're arguing for a shift of focus from academic research questions to as we've heard finding more sites and developing better understanding of old materials um my response to that is that I don't think it's an either or question um and I don't think we can oppose discovery to to research I think it's all part of one process you could argue that a lot of the the kind of landscape modelling type work that took place under the the aggregates levy was designed to facilitate the the discovery of sites by refining understanding of the areas most likely to to produce them um but I think the key thing is that the frameworks need to be owned by everyone um and not imposed on it whether it's by organisations like Historic England or by academics um so really it's up to us as a as a group to to decide what we need um whether we need the the research framework and the e3 but I think the key thing is actually to think about how it might work and how to embrace technology um perhaps develop a more interactive framework uh with a with a digital platform that is more responsive and scalable um so the scope there perhaps we're better linking discoveries at the site level to some of these these bigger questions um so rather than saying no more research frameworks I'll say what sort of research frameworks do we need and how do we integrate this work at different scales um the second kind of framework is the legislative and policy context and again these are quotes from the the lost landscapes kind of extra document um and we've heard a bit about this from Francis earlier but this has two aspects really heritage protection legislation and planning policy um and the main issue with the former is the problem of sites without structures as we have been termed which is basically all open air paralithic sites failing the definition of what can be legally scheduled heritage bills in Scotland and Wales have both amended their definitions but England still lags behind although the work we did for the aborted heritage bill at Westminster a few years ago was made available in the form of the bottom right there the scheduling which is basically a scheduling selection guide for sites you can't schedule so I don't know I'm not sure whether anyone else in Historic England or DCMS has picked up on the irony but it's available for you to read in any case um of course there are other other mechanisms for protecting sites with a paralithic interest including the geological conservation review and the SSI system that natural england administer and working with them obviously has the advantage of developing relationships between archaeologists and the geoconservation side and when we do this there's a lot of approaches in common also occasional differences of practice which lead to kind of constructive um discussion I think about um maintaining accessibility of uh of sites and that kind of thing um other people might argue that we don't want sites scheduled because that would might just close down any any field work I think this again is a slightly um misguided um I think instead what what scheduling does provide is a a sense of importance for a site like Starcar I think the scheduling actually enabled um research field work and funding to uh to flow to that site and there's also access to um to funds such as the the heritage at risk funding for field work at Baker's Hole which is a an anomalous old paralithic scheduling which we probably shouldn't mention too loudly but the fact that it existed allowed money to be targeted at understanding the condition of the site so continuing to press for these this kind of the ability to have assigned this legal status to key paralithic sites is perhaps something we want to to maintain. The second aspect of this policy framework is the planning and development led investigations side I think there are a number of things that we can and must continue to do in this respect a lot of these we've heard about during the course of the day improving the representation of the period in HERs not only ensuring that the data is accurate but also structured in a way that suits the nature of paralithic archaeology so the deposit model the character area approach perhaps we need guidance and training to support curators and units who are investigating paralithic potential the middle document on the slide was prepared by John Wymer at the end of the TERPS project in back in 1998 I think it it badly needs updating to reflect the methodological technological and policy developments of the last 15 to 20 years and we need to improve the the implementation and communication of of planning conditions archaeologists paralithic archaeologists image problem if you like with industry some of which we have we've heard about and the consistent application of planning policy to to paralithic sites and paralithic interest and then the the third type of framework is the kind of overarching concept really of heritage or the historic environment and where we see the paralithic sitting in this at historic England we've moved from the the NHPP the national heritage protection plan under which the the top set of bullet points was the kind of work we were doing we're now in a kind of intermediate stage developing the a new action plan which will address what is a a more nebulous and not yet fit finalised sector wide initiative called heritage 2020 and the key sort of draft headlines for that are in the bottom and and and I think it's about seeing how we can take the opportunities that arise from that and even even at a level beyond that where does the paralithic sit in this bigger conversation about the value of heritage how do we position ourselves to get a share of the resources that flow from it relation to culture science landscape these kind of big concepts and this is an issue with advocacy and outreach at a at a wide level we've heard about the kind of attention I think we've heard about the citizen science the range of interested parties the fact that everyone is in it you know is really interested in flints when we talk to them about them and perhaps attention that with the view that still persists in in some areas that the paralithic is difficult and that people are not interested or they don't get kind of deep time so I think we need to kind of understand more sort of the values of the wider public and the wider and wider society really and I think this this links to what mark was saying about impact how we kind of you know beyond just the academic definition how we increase the impact of of what we do amongst the widest possible audiences how these invisible aspects of heritage can be incorporated into perceptions of landscape into local communities sense of place and into educational initiatives linked to the the national story I think we need to present the paralithic as a kind of seamless part of the the long jury of human occupation present it it sometimes seems to be treated separately from the rest of archaeological heritage because it is often found in different locations done by different people subject to different protection regimes maybe and not well represented on key databases but I think everything that that we've heard today has shown that um we have these engaging and relevant stories about deep time that includes human origins where we all come come from and the changing relationships between people climate and environment so you know the three questions like what what kind of research frameworks do we need what do um curators units and others need for a consistent and a proportionate approach to the paralithic and how do we sell the paralithic and make it part of the bigger kind of cultural and scientific picture as I say we have these um engaging relevant stories and after all who can think about the mega floods that formed the English Channel um without wondering what the simple hominins who were around then thought about it all thank you thank you Jonathan um so if uh Mark would you like to come up for questions um just before the break then Liz you got cut off short a little I don't know whether you wanted to where have you gone so it's here she's gone oh okay I was going to see if Liz wanted to pick up what she was saying um just before the break but um if anyone else wants to take that up and feel free does anyone have any questions yeah can you hold the mic closer to the right representation of the period we're not western continental written in the last research joint and not only the methods that I use but also relating to the archaeology directly to the rich landscape because it is actually part of that landscape as well and I'm wondering how that has become part of research genders in lots of the UK Jonathan I'm not sure I'm in a position really to talk about the uh this is a continental picture I think that probably says something about historic england and um uh but I think the initiative that um that was developed I think with the North Sea prehistory framework um a few years ago there's something that we could could pick up again and I think that the sort of maritime work that we've heard about really um provides a you know a means of of engaging you know a number of countries around the the North Sea basin and the channel in particular and I'm sure um I can't talk but Mark can maybe talk about common research interests but I think um we can begin to talk about um how we address some of the the sort of um conservation management and um knowledge issues that that document um identified I put it in my presentation because I think it's it's rather languished slightly of late and it would be interesting to pick that up again yeah I mean one point I'd like to make is the fact that I mentioned France as an example of course if you're if you're looking at continental connections you have to take the entire seaboard and um I would also suggest that if we're I mean this idea of this European rivers project this grand design to go all the way over to the Urals you know and then we panicked a bit so I pulled it back in pulled it back in so you know you then get the Lowlands France and Spain I don't include Spain I know it's not a nearest name necessarily but it could be a potential refugia and I think that these are the types of questions that we can answer with this starting off in the sort of zonal approach and you get across but I agree with you we have to do it but the problem is um well it's that the middle's missing the middle is missing we've got all the edges of the jigsaw but we haven't got the middle you know it's underneath the the sea and this is where Rachel and her colleagues you know and this is why I was talking about paleogeography in that why don't you look at South East England recently I said the examples we've had with North East in France have captured a very different kind of virus than we did in South East England we've got how many huge extensive genealysic causes by these multiple steps that we've heard in this fashion. Is it the fact that Lewis isn't here with the Lewis gone? Where's Simon Lewis? I mean if talking to Robin Dennell a couple of weeks ago I mean Robin who's if you want to learn about archaeology and Lewis talk to Robin but Robin's of the opinion that it was here it is gone you know this is why when we were on jersey talking about the fact we're talking about the the plateau at the cotton when you could actually physically drive mammoth across it it's a really broken rolling landscape there's a lot of reasons why you wouldn't be able to run mammoth over it and Robin Dennell said we'll turn it into a tabletop full of full of Lewis you know so there are these questions about you know the the landscapes we've got today compared to what the landscapes were like in the past. Francis. Yes hello there's lots of interest we've been saying about all these presentations. One particular point I wanted to make was this about public engagement and appreciation of the paradigm actually in terms of France we're in England we're trying to say that the paradigm is part of how to try and tie support but France itself has got the whole separate subject called prehistory with its own mythology so it's some ways compared to France as part of a separate field for the rest of our project but in Britain the public are generally really interested in the ice age and the man and mammoths and all that but people are most doubtful about archaeology. It's your grizzled curator and grizzled and rolled up smooth and fueled archaeologists who's going about monkey rocks and with friends like that so I think that is where the first occasion to generally use to address. Yeah I think there's a grain of truth in that but I think to a certain extent it's because people feel they don't understand it for some reason and so I think there is a community there is an onus on us to to communicate to them and make the case. I think we can also be our own worst enemies I think we're very good at repeatedly saying why the paleolithic is special and different and difficult and perhaps we need to try and do a little bit less of that and focus on the common things that we can say. Mark do you want to pick up on? No I agree with the whole engagement thing and with Frank's point of it but the other thing is is that I would say that if we can get people young as well we can win their hearts and minds. I'm excavating in South Yorkshire in the summer and I've already got four local school groups coming it's going to save me two whole days to sort of like show that. If we find a single flake that would be a remarkable discovery believe me but you know they're coming they're interested we're just going to talk about you know mammoths and stuff like that get them early with the interested stuff and it will be an interest that goes on. Yeah I think that the fact that prehistory is now in the national curriculum for history is a great opportunity but of course it's in the primary curriculum so we really need to think hard about giving teachers the resources that they need because I think they're another group that feels they don't understand it's not just the paleolithic but prehistory in general give them the resources that will allow them to actually teach the children of that age in an appropriate way and as you say try and hook them young. Yeah we also we also can actually mould what we do to what they're doing as well because one of the things that these year they're year the age of nine year olds is that year four or year five I can't remember and they're doing biomes and they've already been down to the gorge where I'm working and they've done the biomes of the gorge and so my thing to the teacher I said like I said I'll do I say biomes I'll get them to imagine everything that's different about this and pop it over different you know and we've got a tiny little cave that we just want you to have a look in there isn't it dark but yeah we can do all of this but as Frank said you know we do need to start talking amongst ourselves in a common language as well there is an habit as well for little research groups to develop their own languages. There has just been a project undertaken at Historic England looking specifically at how heritage science can feed into the science curriculum which I think we're waiting for a report shortly and we've got three questions waiting one at firstly at the back and then... I'm sorry Frank, I'm not having that. I'm just not having that. It's certainly when I started that I was a pre-schooler in the field of archaeologists and I happened to be two of them too. Now again we need a bit of a size. I'm having a single archaeologist in the commercial sector that when they have encountered good archaeology have been entirely fascinated by it and have thrown themselves into it and have really enjoyed understanding about it and I think a bit of the community is going to do a lot more said earlier on in actually in a broadening out here in the horizons a bit and engaging the rest of the archaeologists out there who do the rest of British archaeology and I think maybe some so you're right, being two years a lot of good to go out and dig you know on the chains or filler or wash or sand and well that's a very important cemetery too you know there is more out there and I think perhaps if it wasn't you know the sysilos that I think there is a sysilos here at the archaeology we've seen it even this morning you know this thing of good nature to the other people in there you know the sort of angax and flintbashes down a lot so I think that sysilos has to break down a bit and the other thing is I would agree entirely Mark but the research I like to write bits of the resource assessment and a research strategy a far on the way it was useful bits of any of that I found when I learned nature archaeology use this stuff was the resource assessment because he actually had somebody of you paid to sit down go through all the dots on the map read the excavation reports and just sit down and actually tell right down from the piece of paper what we know about a particular period that had a particular time yeah and that's sort of generating knowledge yeah that's the most and that's the starting point for any research yeah and you know but the rest of it you know the agenda and the strategy is transient and you come down to some limiting yeah and one of the one of the reasons I was I forgot to say but one of the reasons I was emphasising survey and going on about we need to sort of re-survey I wasn't saying that we need to read in terms don't get me wrong what I do think we need to do is we need to redo the 1968 um cba gazzateer of paddynithic um fine if if for no other reason the closure of museums in the intervening 50 years because there are as I say archive there's archive there's unknown the entire passport upwards is something some halo in Essex apart from the victor in my office but um so yeah I absolutely agree with you uh john if I just make one point it requires a quick one is the curators who feel they cannot justify how it should work that's the real peolwch, rym ni'n rhaid i'r pethau yn ymddangos, a'i ei wneud am addresses, er mwyn yn y gwneud y prydwyd? Mae'n wneud byddai'r tyfu waith ymddangos, rydyn ni'n deilio i'r hebodau i'r cyfnod letter hynny'n diolch yn y cydnod rydyn. Mae'n hynny'n cydnod i'r llun. Rhaid i'r llun yn y cydnod yw wedi gwneud yn ei adael cynydau yn y rrwynt, oedd ychydig ar y cael ei ddylch ne HUion. I agree with Mark that we really do need to focus on impact, but I don't think this is the way to do it. I think what we need to do is actually go back to what makes us scientists in prehistory. We need to focus on what are the big research questions. The public is excitingly interested in this period, but we're not picking up on that. They want to know what makes us human. How are we different from the Andrew talks and other species? When did we get to Britain? How were we able to survive there? There are lots and lots of big questions that we should be trying to answer, and the public will come along with us. These are the things they want to know as well, and use this as the framework rather than simply listening. We want more science. We want a database. With all due respect, Randy, I don't think that's what the government understands by impact. It's not about the results of our research. It's about the economic, social and the other benefits in the much wider world. It's not about just having a programme on Channel 4 saying we've got the oldest site in Britain. What they want is to make sure that we contribute to society. If they want the people to be happy with what we're doing, that's what impacts all of that. We've got a member of the last ref panel there, hopefully enlighten us. I think... Well, after all, remember that the impact agenda emerged after the ref had been announced. Everyone was running around trying to discover what impact was. It was extremely broad. It's more interesting to actually ask what impact has been in 2020 or 2021, whenever the next ref or whatever it's called actually comes in there. The government is looking to see that the research that it's been funding through Hefke actually has an impact on people's lives. The impacts are described in a whole raft of ways from policy to economic to social to cultural to whatever. I thought that in the last ref, archaeology was extremely good at a very short notice of matching what it did to those impact agendas and had a very strong shown. Where it fell down was if it just said, you know, I had an excavation and 20 people came to visit it, and that sort of outreach engagement just didn't wash. But when you had a strategy impact and you could show how you delivered on it, then archaeology was doing as well as any other subject. So I think we're coming up for half past. We've got two more questions. Rob and then Becky. Are you okay? All right. All yours, Becky. Yeah, it was just a side really rather than a question, but are we going to work up about impact on what we're expected to do and blah, blah? The government will expect us to do this yet, but we have a responsibility to share and communicate what we do with anyway, because this isn't our stuff. We don't own it. This is everybody's panellethic heritage. And, you know, we have a responsibility to communicate that anyway. We shouldn't be worrying about hitting the right button, getting the right sort of funding. We should be doing this for its own sake anyway, because, you know, we're doing this for everybody. I'm not doing this for my own sake, you know. Well, I think you're absolutely right, Becky, but I think that the opportunity to sort this out is now. I mean, as Clive has explained last time, we were running around trying to retrofit a lot of our practices to a strategy which we didn't have before they told us that we had to have one. Now we know that this is in place. We don't know how important it's going to be, but we can have a strategy. My point is, is exactly your point, is rather than what happens in some institutions, perhaps a little bit in my own as well, is that you're sort of going to people, have you got an impact case study? Well, I don't know, but maybe I could do it. We need actually to build these things into our research designs and what we do from the start, which should we do anyway. But the thing is, my point is, Becky, it's not outreach anymore. You know, it's not just about community digs and stuff like that. It's a more nebulous thing, I think, but something that we can actually adopt as a work in practice, that our work must be important to more than just the people that we speak to on a daily basis. I think there's a whole diversity of audiences that we need to think about how we address from eight-year-olds to quarry managers, to county archaeologists, to television audiences. And I think we need to spend more time thinking about that aspect. We need Brian Cox. Who's the Brian Cox for the Pallio Lift? It's apparently that clock is five minutes fast, so we have time for one more question, if anyone's got that. We were saying about making sure we make this count. I mean, as Becky says, we all have a responsibility as public archaeologists. We all spend a huge amount of our time, not paid time, time in the weekends, time in the evenings. Working in all kinds of ways outside of academia with all sorts of different audiences, but the trouble is none of this actually counts in a rep-impact framework, because none of it's accounted for, none of it's documented, time sheeted, none of it actually fits into strategies. Again, I think this is where talking about a kind of more networked approach to what we do means that everything could be accounted for. That would mean, as you've intimated, devolving an impact strategy across lots of different departments. It could no longer be the pet impact case study that's going to get that department to stand out among all the others. And it's how we make that work. I just wonder how you would see we would balance that. Well, I think we probably need some steer from the ref when the rules are eventually published. We'll probably know where we are on that. But I do think that from our point of view, from the point of view, and it might not be 2020-21, it might be the following one. But I could just imagine a time when the ref panel has got eight different impact case studies all claiming to have done this wonderful stuff with the power of the heritage agenda, and it's just been seen straight through. I think we need to be more coordinated. I mean, we do generally get on. I mean, at least we've got one thing for it. I mean, we have our spots, don't we, Frank? But you know, we forget about them and move on. And of course, there's impact with the little I, which goes much wider than the ref and the academic definition. And we can all work together, I think. I think that's where other public bodies come in to help provide that impact, because it's through working with people like ourselves at Historic England, with curators, with local groups, that you can bring that together. It's back to that network again. Has anyone got any final questions or comments? No, it's stunned silence. So, Rob. I mean, only to know that the value of the sort of networking that a number of colleagues have talked about should help us do one of those really tricky things with the more formal impact agenda, which is it's not just that you've done the outreach, it's can you document change behaviour? Now, documenting the fact that you've genuinely impacted on your audience, you've changed some aspect of what they do, how they behave, becomes much easier when you're all tied into a network where you can follow that through. And it's not six months here or a few weeks there. It's several years, and it allows you to track the effects that you're having over the longer term. I think for me, and I know for other people I spoke to about this, is actually of the awful word, evidencing impact is the difficult thing. I come from an institution where an ex-colleague was never off the television, but 4 million people watching the Channel 4 thing on the domestication, it needs to be something tangible, something that we can show. So I guess you don't start a project until you know how you're going to measure the impact? No, I think it should be built in from the beginning. It's something that we need to think about now. Everybody in the room is faced with increasingly ridiculous initiatives from the government, and we've just got to find a way. I'm fed up with fighting, I prefer to subvert. And if this is subversion by adoption, then that's over here.


So sometimes you might get a function, more complicated function embedded inside a quadratic function. For example, you might get something like this. So if we have something like this, five x squared plus five squared plus five bracket, x squared plus five plus three. Now what you gotta notice here is that is in the form of a quadratic function where x is equal to negative b plus or minus square to b square minus four is the over two a, right? I'm gonna stop saying this, but it's a good idea for you to continuously say it until it just rolls off your tongue, right? Like I said, you should have nightmares or dreams about this, right? So that's our quadratic function, but this x is not that x. This x is whatever is being squared, okay? And this x is when it comes to expressions where there is some confusion where it does confuse people. So what you should think about it is, again, this is not an x, it's whatever is being squared, which is in the form of the quadratic equation. So the way you should think about it is this guy here is representing our x here. So this is our box. This is our box, which is in the form of a quadratic equation and our box, not the x, is equal to the quadratic formula, right? That way, what you can do is use the quadratic formula to solve for this equation, right? Or to factor, this is not an equation because there's no equal sign there, to factor this expression, right? And at the end, what you're gonna end up having if this is factorable, you're gonna have x squared plus five is equal to this, right? So the way you should think about this, this box, x squared plus five, replaces the box. Now, you don't wanna sit there and write down x squared plus five is equal to your a, b's and c's in the quadratic formula, right? So b here is five, so this would be negative five, plus or minus the square root of five squared minus four, our a is two, and our b, and our c is three, divided by two times a, which is two times two, right? So that's what the quadratic equation gives us, right? But over here, you don't wanna constantly write down x squared plus five, right? What you wanna write down is just one letter, one expression, one term, so that way you don't have to worry about it. And so the way we do this is, what we do is use the let statement. So what you can say is let w, so we're gonna say let w equal x squared plus five, and that gives us a certain amount of control to rewrite that function or that equation or that expression in the form of a quadratic equation that we can recognize instantaneously. So as soon as we say let w equal x squared plus five, all of a sudden we're gonna have w is equal to this, and our above equation turns into the quadratic formula, which is what we want, right? So it turns into, let's write this guy here, if we say w, let w equal x squared plus five, so what this turns out to be is, right? Hopefully you can see that. So at the beginning here, the way we're gonna do one in order, we're just sort of trying to, I'm trying to go through the explanation of, you know, the mental process and why we do this, is just to make life easier for us, right? So what we end up having here is gonna be w is equal to, you know, this guy's simplified. So that's gonna be negative five plus or minus 25. Four times two is eight, eight times three is 24. Minus 24 divided by four, right? 25 minus 24 is more, so the square root of one is just gonna be one. So it's gonna be negative five plus or minus one over four. W is gonna be negative five plus one is gonna be negative four divided by four is gonna be negative one. And four, if you wanna think about it, it's an or, but it's an inclusive or, okay? So it's this or that or both, okay? So this negative, so negative five plus one was negative four divided by four is negative one. Negative five minus one is negative six divided by four is negative six over four. And that can't be simplified into negative three over two. So right now we have two answers, right? We have w is equal to negative one and we have w is equal to negative three over two. Now we haven't finished solving this equation yet because in this expression, if you're given that question to factor that question or to solve that question, what you need to do is it would basically be solved, right? They wouldn't give it to you to say factor. What we're working towards is equal to zero and we're trying to solve this equation, right? So if you got w is equal to negative one, w, you gotta have to go back to the original where you let statement when you began this expression began solving this equation. W is equal to x squared plus five. So what you end up having is right down here, you're gonna substitute w is equal to x squared plus five for w and then solve for x because x is what you're looking for. So what we had was we let w equal x squared plus five and we solve for this and we got w is equal to negative one and w is equal to negative three over two, right? I'm gonna write these a little bit bigger so they come up nicer. So what we end up doing is substituting this for w. So what we're gonna end up having is x squared plus five is equal to negative one and x squared plus five is equal to negative three over two. Okay.  So what you're gonna do is move the five over. So you're gonna have x squared is equal to negative six, square root both sides and x squared is gonna be, or x is gonna be square root of negative six, right? And you can't take the square root of a negative number so this one doesn't give you an answer. There is no solution for x here. Over here, we're gonna have the same problem. If you don't like fractions, get rid of your fractions right away by multiplying by two, right? If you can multiply the whole equation by two, so you're gonna have two x squared plus 10 is equal to negative three and again, we've talked a lot about this in series three, and you should know how to do this if you don't already. And then grab the 10 over, so you're gonna have two x squared is equal to negative 13 divide by two, divide by two. So x squared is equal to negative 13 over two. And then if you take the square root of both sides, you're gonna have x is equal to square root of negative 13 over two. And again, this one is not gonna give you a solution. Okay. So the basic format is, if you get something that looks a little confusing, what you can do is use the let's statements to make substitutions into the expression or the function or the equation that they've given you for you to be able to put it in the form that you can recognize that you can use the quadratic formula in, okay? Let's do one where we did as a complex trinomial factoring and use the let's statement and use the quadratic formula just to prove to yourself that we're gonna get the same answers, okay?


Here's a black and white image that we're in the middle of rendering. Let's try to guess what color the next pixel is going to be. It looks like we're in a white area right now, so let's guess white. Hmm, now it seems like we're going into a black region, so let's guess this next one to be black.  If we could automatically make good guesses like this, we could use this to compress image files better. Instead of needing to store the color at a pixel, we could just tell image decoders to guess it. It is a usually decoded top to bottom, left to right, so we can't use future pixels below or to the right of the current one when the current pixel is being decoded. And to make decoding fairly fast, we'll only use three pixels around the current pixel in the guessing system we're going to develop. Okay, so when all the pixels are the same color, the next pixel is probably going to be the same. We don't have any evidence to suggest that it would be a different color. Here it looks like we're at a point in the image where we're transitioning from one color to a different color. There's one color on the left and a different color on the right. Let's extend the line on the right to match the other side. We can also extend horizontal lines in the same way. In these ones, it looks like we're transitioning from one color in the top left to another one in the rest of the area. Let's use that knowledge to fill in the remaining pixel with that color. Now we've got all eight possible inputs to our guessing function. Now conceptually, for all of these cases, we're looking at the direction of flow of the colors in the image, or the gradient. In these cases, the gradient is a horizontal line, and in these ones, it's a vertical line. For the corner ones, the color changes as we go from the top left to the bottom right. Continuing the pattern, it seems like the remaining value should be even more black or white than as possible, but we're limited to black and white, so we just clamp the values to be black or white. And finally, for the trivial cases where all observed inputs are the same, there isn't any gradient. These heuristics for guessing the colors of pixels were originally invented by Alan Pate in 1991, and this procedure is called Pate Production. Here's what the Pate Production for each pixel in this image looks like. It doesn't get all of the details right, but it's still pretty good. Let's see if we can generalize this technique to grayscale images. We'll keep looking at the gradient of the colors in the input pixels to try to guess the next one. We can do this with a surprisingly simple formula. Add up the colors on the diagonal, and then subtract the upper left value. When the inputs are diagonal, this makes the output look more like the colors on the side and pushes it away from the color on the other side of the diagonal line. When the outputs are like this line, the upper left and left pixels are close to zero, leaving only the upper pixel to contribute to the result, making it close to the upper pixel and forming a line. Watching how the output changes in response to the input can help you get a feel for how this works. Next, we can extend this technique to color images by just raking up the image into its red, blue, and green components, and then doing path prediction on each color channel individually as a grayscale image. Here's what we get when path predicting every pixel in this color image. Nice! Actually, this isn't quite path prediction. Path prediction clamps the output value to the closest input value. This is because it's often the case that predicted pixels are the same as one of the input pixels. Here's what you get when doing that output clamping on that image. The most popular use of path prediction is in PNG files where the lines of an image can be stored as the difference from the path predicted value instead of the actual value, and since the error tends to be close to zero, the smaller values will result in a smaller image size when the image data is compressed later in the PNG encoding process. Path prediction is also used in the fairly new AV1 video codec, which has some of the best video compression ratios to do intraframe compression. I hope you enjoyed learning about path prediction.


So there are super rare items in Diablo IV, weapons like the Grand Master, armor pieces like the Harley Quinn crest. Well today guys with confirmation from Blizzard I can tell you how to get these super rare items. How's it going guys, my name's DPJ and if you do enjoy the video leaving a like really helps out and if you like what you see and want to see more be sure to subscribe. So Adam Jackson who is a league class designer for Diablo IV at Blizzard Entertainment tweeted this out last night. Hello, I wanted to clear up some details on the rarest unique items in Diablo IV. They can drop from level 85 plus enemies, you do get them anywhere you can get any regular unique and they always drop at 1820i power. We currently have 6 of them in the game, they are really rare. That's how rare these are guys, I mean I'm pretty sure only two people have the Harley Quinn crest. That's how rare these are so yeah, I'm not sure about any of the other weapons here, the Doom Brunger I've never heard of, their grandfather I have heard of there's quite a few here so let's actually check them out. Okay so we'll actually start with the Doom Brunger, this is a unique sword slashing pretty cool. Now you can see here it says it requires a level 65 but confirmed they drop at a level 85 plus. So what this means it's probably just a placeholder value but what's more important here is definitely the aspect as well as the set stats so let's check out the set stats here and we'll go off the high step value. So we have a 19.5 core scale damage, we have 17.5 damage, we have up to a 5% chance to heal 941 life per hit, not bad. We also have up to a 26% maximum life. Okay so the aspect, lucky hit, up to a 25% chance to deal 5,822 shadow damage to surrounding enemies and reduce their damage done by 20% for 5 seconds, well this would fit my Necromancer build down to a T. Okay so that is the Doom Brunger, let's now check out the grand father. Okay so this one here, starting with its stats, we have up to a 56% chance of damage, we have a up to a 2770 maximum life, we have up to 72 plus to all stats, ignore durability loss, wow! And the aspect here increases your critical strike damage by up to 100%, that is crazy guys it really is. Now it also says there are other properties only swapping can roll higher than normal so that's good to know too. So let's move on to guys, a unique ring called the Ring of the Starless Skies, pretty bad ass. Okay so stats, 6% lucky hit chance, we have a 5% critical strike chance, we have a 21% critical strike damage and we have a 19% core skill damage aspect here. Each consecutive core skill cast reduces the resource cast of your next core skill by 12%, up to a maximum of 40%, pretty cool guys. Okay so we're going to move on to a unique helm called the Anderil's Visage, pretty cool, probably pronounced that wrong, I normally do. Okay so stats here, we have plus 80 into all stats, we have a 10% attack speed, we have 2% life steal and we have a 45% poison resistance. Okay so the aspect here, a lucky hit up to a 20% chance to trigger a poison over that applies 10,077 poison damage over 5 seconds to enemies in the area, that is pretty cool too really is. Okay so next up guys we have the Harley Quinn Crest, this is the item I believe two people in the world may have got. Okay so stats here, we have 1,359 maximum life, we have 10% cooldown reduction, we have 12% resource generation and we have a plus 28 to all stats, great. Aspect here we have gain 20% damage reduction, in addition gain 4 ranks to all skills, now that is absolutely wild guys, that will stack with some of the items I have giving me up to 15 ranks on some of my skills, absolutely craziness guys. Okay so we're going to move on to a unique amulet called the Mounted Heart of Selig. Okay so core skills here, we have a plus 18 to all stats, a 19.5% core skill damage, we have a plus 23.5% damage while healthy and we have a 12% resource generation aspect here, gain plus 30% maximum resource, in addition when you take damage, drain 3 resource for every 1% of life you would have normally lost instead, wow that's pretty unique I'm not going to lie guys. There we have it, these 6 super unique super rare items you can get in a game right now again these can only drop from enemies at level 85 plus, you get them anywhere you can, get a regular unique, now the places I've had uniques already, I've had them in cellars, I've had them in dungeons, I've had them in the legion events, I've had them in normal events, I've had them in nightmare dungeons so practically anywhere guys, okay so like he says here as well, there's currently 6 of them in the game right now and they are really rare, so there we have it guys, so yes these are super super super rare items again, there's only one item here I've seen a couple of people in the world have got, any of the others if you've got them let me know down below, but there we have it guys if you enjoyed the video leaving a like really helps out if you feel like what you see I want to see more, be sure to subscribe and hopefully guys I will see you on that next one.


Hello everybody, Andrea here. I want to talk to you guys about today. Tooth grinding and clenching also refer to as bruxism. So I've been a dental professional for 17 years and I see this in both children and adults and a lot of people don't know where it came from, how it started and how to avoid it. And then what do you do when you do have, when you do have it, especially if it happens in children. So that's what I want to talk to you guys about today. And did you know that clenching your teeth is about 170 pounds, it could be 200 pounds of pressure. So that's a lot of pressure that's happening inside the mouth.  It could be because you are clenching at night. So let me show you guys a couple of pictures here. So basically your teeth should be healthy. They should be a good shape, long enough, not too short. But when you're clenching and grinding the teeth together on a consistent basis, it looks like this. And that is called tooth attrition, where notice how half of the tooth is gone, because you are clenching that half of the tooth away. It might not be half the tooth, it could be less, it could be even more depending on how much clenching you are doing. Now it's very common in children. The good news is though a child tends to grow out of it. So just kids clench their teeth at night, or if they're angry, if they're throwing a tantrum, they're going to be clenching. At nighttime, they could be doing this all night. And it does make quite a noise. So if you kind of notice there's a funny noise coming from their room, it could be because they are clenching their teeth together. But kids do usually grow out of it. There's nothing we can do for kids, because it's not like we can give them a night guard. They're not going to wear one, and we just don't give night guards to kids because their mouth is changing, literally every day. We don't want to slow down that process at all. So for kids, we keep an eye on it. If it becomes painful for them where they are clenching every night, they might be starting to wear down half of the teeth. Hopefully they're going to lose those teeth, and then new teeth start to come in. Once new teeth start to come in, that is when clenching usually stops for kids. And it shouldn't continue after that. But if you're not sure, ask your dental hygienist, they can have a good look and they can definitely let you know. But in kids, I'm never concerned because usually they do grow out of it. Now, this is what a night guard looks like. So again, we don't give night guards to children, we give night guards to adults if they're clenching because you would wear this at night, either at the top or the bottom. You would not have two in the mouth. So this is just showing this is a top one. This is the night guard for the bottom depending on which one you need, either the top or the bottom. Everybody's different. It depends on how you're clenching. If you're in pain, we might typically give you one for the bottom. So there's different reasons why we do either top or bottom. But it's not as thick as most people think you would wear this at night. What it does is it helps to keep your mouth in a more further back position so you can't clench. If you still are, you're clenching on the night guard, but not as much and you're clenching on the night guard, not on your teeth to wear the teeth down. I have a lot of patients where they might need a night guard every two years because it does start to get worn down because you are clenching over time, but still not as much as if you didn't have the night guard. But then I have some patients where we have to give them a new one every six months because they're clenching through the night guard so often, but I would much prefer they clench through the night guard than if they clench through their teeth. So that makes sense. And night guard is needed. You can buy them from many different stores but they're not customized for your mouth. They're not going to fit properly. I do highly recommend going to the dentist spending the money to get a custom made night guard. You would see them for 20 minutes, they would take an impression and then send that impression off to the lab to make the night guard so that it is for your teeth. You get the night guard within two weeks or so. So I do highly suggest doing that. It can't hurt, right? It can only make things a lot better. This is a very extreme case. So can you guys see that? Notice how the top teeth and the bottom teeth are worn down. Your teeth shouldn't be completely worn like this. There's natural lumps to them. They're pointy sometimes but not worn down like that. So if your teeth look like this, you're more than likely grinding or clenching or both. This can become quite sore because remember how I said when you're clenching or grinding, that's a lot of pressure.  That can become quite sore. So it's good to get a night guard sooner rather than later. This is another example of just how different things can look. So notice how these teeth look pretty normal. You wouldn't necessarily know until you look on the inside where they're not as full as they should be. Admittedly it's kind of hard to tell from this picture but we look on the inside of the teeth and the outside. This is more obvious where notice how the teeth aren't pointy anymore. They're not their full shape and then this is how these teeth look on the inside. So we can tell they're worn down from either clenching or grinding. Same thing here. They might look normal to you but I can tell these teeth should be much longer again from clenching or grinding. This is a very extreme example. So these are the teeth at the back and the premolars. Notice how it kind of looks like there's large holes in the teeth. This tooth is normal. Okay, so this tooth back here is normal. That is what it should look like. If we see big holes like this, that's from clenching or grinding. In most cases though, we will put a white composite filling in these holes because we do want to cover them up but then we are also going to give you a nightguard. If we don't give you a nightguard, you are just going to clench away and we could put in composite fillings but then you're just going to wear them away again. It's still better to wear away at the composite fillings than it is your own tooth but we would give you a nightguard right away to really stop that from happening. So does anybody have any questions? It's so common to clench the teeth and to grind the teeth. Children will grow out of it and then once teenagers reach college, they tend to clench and grind again. They might also stop that after college has stopped because a common reason for clenching and grinding is if you are stressed, which is why a lot of people ask me, well, how is my child stressed? Why are they clenching and grinding? I think for children it's because teeth are coming in, they are losing teeth so just a lot of things are happening inside the mouth that it might even be a comfort thing for them. They're clenching like this. They're grinding but who knows and might feel good for them. Who knows? For adults it is a stress thing. Your mouth just automatically clenches. When you're doing anything stress related, your mouth clenches but if it's too much then those things can happen. So let me know you guys if any questions. The best thing to do is if you think you are clenching and or grinding or if the mouth is sore, especially around here, because these are your cheek muscles right here that tend to become quite irritated when you're clenching and grinding is ask your dental hygienist and they can help you through that. They can have a look and see if you need a night guard. So thank you guys so much for watching and I'll see you guys in the next one.