He said when he was offered the appointment to work with Buwari, he was reluctant to accept it because he did not know what was going into. I would say I had known President Buwari long before I came to work for him as advisor on media and publicity. He went further. Before then I had not worked in government and I had no desire to work in government. But when the invitation to work with him came, I took it because he was a man I admired. After he won the election in 2015 and said come and work with me, I wanted to say no because I was managing director of the Sunday's papers. I was president of the Nigerian Guild of Editors and I did not want to leave what I was doing. I was very reluctant when I was asked to come to government. When I resigned my appointment, I began to cry because I did not know what I was going into. We have the honor of having Mr. Fermi additional literally in our studios. Welcome. Thank you. Let's start on the lighter now. How are you fitting back into normal? Well, the truth is that even while I was in government I was not out of normalcy. I was still a member of the society. I didn't cocoon myself in government. I didn't make myself unreachable as a part of society. So finishing ten months ago and coming back home was not difficult for me. Still on the lighter note, were you also sticking by the reported invisible voodoo phantom in the presidency? One of your predecessors actually was once quoted to have stated that there is a phenomenon that ordinarily plagued those who worked in the villa. Were you... Well, I think if you have read the book working with Buhari, it's a whole chapter that was dedicated to that. I didn't see anything untoward. I didn't see anything mystical or mysterious in the villa. I think it's just a myth. And anybody that claims things like that happened is one that can defend it or justify it. But I was there for eight years, nothing untoward, nothing unusual. Would you not think that maybe when people think that those who are going into the villa would hurt in a particular way given what they think they know about the antecedents and they see them acting in seemingly contradictory way. Maybe that's why the reason, like the administration you served and the president you served was once thought to have subscribed to the idea of devolution when it was campaigning, especially in 2014. Was once thought to be a president that was going to bring about a more profound degree of sanity in public life. And so, you know, people naturally would take to such an opinion from whoever may have served in the villa that maybe when people get as constant in the villa there is a degree of detachment from the Nigerian public. How would you want to respond to that? Well, it would be a fallacy. And I'll give you this account. There was a time that things were quite difficult in the country. You know now, a lot of people say being power we are hungry, we are hungry. There was a time when we were worried that things were difficult too and things were expensive. So, one evening I went to see him at home and I said Mr. President, do you know that there is a lot of complaint about scarcity of food and the prices of essential commodities and all that. He said I know. He said I have people from my constituency who give me feedback. He said so I know what is happening. And we will do our best to make life better for them. So that shows you that when you are there there are different feedback mechanisms you can have. And unless you shop all those avenues then that is when you become closeted from reality. But there was this particular audio leak from the then Honourable Minister for Transport. Right Honourable Rotimiameichi when he said he was jukulally referring to some characters who felt they could complain. We said who doesn't even read newspapers. We would be concerned. There was that audio leak there. And it gave the impression of a man who was living in his own world. A man who was so far away from the reality of the Nigerian environment that even a ministerial character could have the temerity to allude to his principle as somebody who could not be bothered by any opinion or any especially social media opinionation that some people thought would reverberate to him. Well just like you said it was a leak. And in nature of leaks is that you can't authenticate it. So for all you know it could have been cooked up. It could have been manufactured. I didn't hear Minister Mechih saying yes I said so. Neither did he say no I didn't say so. So for all you know it may not be true. But the president who heard I won't do it was the one who told me as his media advisor 10 am every day I want the media highlights of my table. And when you give it to him he begins to read it immediately. And one time he told me he said when I read the media highlights at times I may not even read the main paper again. So when I read the highlights and I want to know more I find the paper you have referred to in the highlights and I go to read that story. So I guess in this age of information information inundation that is what most of us do anyway even those of us who are in the trade in the morning you want to look at the highlights and those items that are of interest to you you then dig further by I'm not saying you know it's a brief to hold. You know it's a lifelong brief you and Gaba Sheru. I was a bit sympathetic to you and Gaba Sheru and I must confess that on a number of occasions I think I you know just repeating some of the lines I would say you know I can't really blame Gaba Sheru and Fermi Addition because for me it would bow down a miracle to competently speak for an incompetent government many of the things that happened and it's not very inconsistent with the presidential system of government because it's like a big orchestra somebody inevitably we miss a chord somebody we miss a note that's not even in America where we've copied it from we know that the president may be speaking to a particular agenda and you could have one or two but I haven't said that what was the greatest challenge that you personally had whilst rarely and faithfully working for the man Buwari as his official spokesperson Well let me first attempt to one word you used an incompetent government that's your opinion that was what I used to say I never say it's not my opinion it is your opinion you have a right to it but it doesn't make you right I never said that I used to empathize with you and Gaba Sheru sometimes I would look at the two of you looking like even what you saw places with this gentleman you have done better you can't begin to pontificate that whatever is my opinion is the gospel truth is what is right I never said it to you but you have a right to it thank you thank you for at least that makes you more democratic more of a democrat than I would have thought of somebody that worked with a principal that that makes no sense that makes no sense okay you are asking what is the challenge specifically that you perceived that you encountered that you had to within the context of your personal values your principles your understanding of your profession how did you juggle it well I wouldn't say there was anything that came up that was insurmountable the nature of challenges is that they are meant to be confronted any challenge that came we confronted it and as much as possible we tried to surmount it I wouldn't say there was anything in my eight years in government that gave me a stiff challenge and maybe it amounts or amounted to regret no nothing I just took things in my stride as they came and I believe that I did my best a particular passage in your book speaks to the fact that when the distinguished senator Bukala Saraki emerged as the president of the of the Senate we knew that it was against the run of play of what the establishment the party establishment that's the APC establishment wanted but many of us just felt that he ultimately emerged because a man who was predisposed to allow a man who was predisposed to allowing democracy to run his course was not president Buwari was not ready to use any form of intimidation or but from the way you have reported it it seemed not to have liked it you had to work on him a little bit they even concede to really congratulating the new leadership of the then newly merged leadership of of the of the Senate how could we have bought the line those of us who thought were tele-readers and political analysts how could we have on the one hand bought the line that it was it was just because he didn't want to interfere with the process and yet somebody as proximate to him as he were still is and writing from the perspective of somebody who still wants to portray him as a democrat write that it was not a line it was reality because president Buwari is on record as having said before the proclamation of the national assembly whoever emerged as the leader or the leadership of boot houses he will work with he was on record as having sent that that means yes the party has this prescription rather than the prescription of the party is what happens but if it happens the other way we will work with anybody that emerges but then somebody has imagined through was what the president couldn't broke if he had imagined fair and score there will be no issue remember the background happenings they were waiting for a meeting with the party and then some people went behind to begin to meet left the venue and joined the plenary at the expense of majority of it while a large chunk because the people were not there still waiting for the meeting with the party leadership and because they had formed the corrupt something constitutionally acceptable was deemed to have happened so it was the subterfuge and the hanky-panky that went in with it that the president took not wanting to be too forensic it was a bit disturbed as an onlooker because at the said meeting that the senators elect of the party were supposedly scheduled to have all of them had congregated a detachment of at least what made some of us what convinced us that the president was going to come was because a detachment of army operatives were already on the ground and the only elected officer of state in Nigeria that is protected by personnel or officers or operatives of the Niger army is the commander in chief so we thought it was going to come but there was a bit of a delay because it like came in from the foreign tour the very morning so and in your opinion which is not gospel you thought some people play the first one on the party and play the quisling and want to join forces with the other side ultimately gave us a very chimeric leadership of the senate where the substantive president was the president was the party from the majority party but the vice president the deputy president of the senate was from unusually the opposition party but even at that as a democrat the municipal ought to have accepted it we have covered that ground he would have accepted it if it was fair and square but it was not there was subterfuge so how long did he take you to convince him that he needed to do what democrats ordinarily do across the world sometimes you get the leaking and keep on thinking the important thing is that at the end of the day he agreed that the statement should be used if you read the book he inserted one word that where I wrote that a constitutional process had been concluded he inserted a word some words in other words a constitutional process has some words been concluded the constitutional process was concluded it was, that was what I wrote and then he inserted a word some words because there was a lot of shenanigans that went into that which were not unusual in a political environment not unusual but there is also party supremacy and everybody that is a lawyer party member is expected to differ to the party using that now as as the microscope to to analyze managing a principled often obstinate man sorry he is minting the positive I agree with you you know I am appreciable to that point of obstinacy obstinacy and I am sitting there thinking who 80 years of your life was spent micromanaging not only the intellectual persona but indeed the emotional persona of a man who could tell you to your face that you know because of such things that were mentioned like soft afield I am not saying is not true many of us outside too could see the machinations and the but 80 years working closely with such a man you you didn't lose much weight you didn't lose much weight and your chubby face sorry maybe I wanted to take a I don't want to take a punch at you okay one thing I need to iterate here or reiterate because I have written it is that on the day I resumed work president Bwari told me he said one thing I want from you additional is the truth always always tell me the truth in this kind of position people cancel ring you and you would not know what is happening he said but from you I want a truth he said when I argue please argue with me he said in a general so I can argue he said but argue with me if you argue with me and you are right I will end up agreeing with you it was like giving me a blank check and that was why on that day and I said last issue a statement to congratulate the leadership of the national assembly and he said no I argued with him until he agreed there was another time more later in the administration a different party from the ruling party one election in one state I want to meet him we need to congratulate the new party and their candidate he said why should I congratulate my party and then he said why must I do it I said you need to do it otherwise it will be misinterpreted and I showed him the statement he wrote through and then he said go ahead if I didn't insist that statement would not have been issued so with such a person like any other human being sometimes these things are natural you know when your side is is walloped you feel you see and this part will be the last time I mention it I earlier said that I often empathized with you and the word empathy word that usually came to me then because the administration at a point went into or nurtured a culture of taciturnity you know it was almost almost got to a point of condescension you needed to hear from the president and the president was like in in Mongolia and we were getting exasperated some of us we were getting exasperated and Gabbashewu Gabbashewu is not Mohammad Buwari is not Mohammad Buwari what instructed a strategy and near let me borrow the word you had earlier used I will not call it I will call it a style pekulia and that was a metaphor a metaphore and phraseology you were very adept at it was even far more irritating it was even far more it was even far more yes yes because I had also been a student of stylistics in school I remember my stylistic lecturer telling us that style is idiosyncratic which means it differs from person to person showing class style is different from archaic style archaic style is different from JP Clark style style was pekulia to each of them so also with the president Donald Trump had his style where he would personally tweet and land himself in trouble and leave this media team and then president Buwari left things to us we just needed to cross check very crucial things with him before we issued now let me give you an illustration during covid you know there was a lot of trepidation everywhere it was going to wipe out the world it was going to wipe out Nigeria particularly and the black race so when there was going to be a shutdown the president made a broadcast a week after he made another broadcast and in another two weeks he made another broadcast three broadcasts within a month I was there on the radio station somebody called him and said we want the president to speak to us he must speak to us and then I asked the person I said this month alone there have been three broadcasts isn't that president speaking to the country but that was a time when the woman was a president like Donald Trump who be tweeting but that was a time when many world leaders many more world leaders were almost literally in the faces of their of their public president rose to the occasion and set up a presidential task force under covid headed by the secretary to the government which did a fantastic job in fact the UN secretary general commanded Nigeria for the way the covid challenge what mattered was result and not just the body movement Nigeria just wanted the president who had all the body movements last to some of the we've tried well enough to analyze cycle analyze the idiosyncrasies of the president but you also have some very peculiar idiosyncrasies that may that means the style is idiosyncratic I'm coming on to you because at least at least I could sympathetically pardon you speaking for your principle but you also took on some some unnecessary battles how did the welling wellers how did that emerge from less psychography if you also read my book a whole chapter was dedicated but you must tell her if you want and I'm going to tell it now maybe that will make some people buy your book a whole chapter was dedicated to the welling wellers what happened in the early days of the administration only summer 2 was a spokesman for pdp anything the president did or did not do if he went too heavily he would issue a statement against Buhari that was his that was his portfolio if he didn't read he would say Buhari's fault anything he should statement it became very exasperating to you not a word to anyone who was following and partisans of your party why well and we were in a large number so one day he issued one unnecessary statement from my view I then did a tweet I said these people went power for 16 years now they have lost it they do not seem to realize that they are not going to taste that power for a long time I then ended it with welling wellers so who was I talking to pdp and his spokesman that tweet was done in august 2015 remember the government came into power May 29 so it had only served june july the third month was when that tweet was done war followed he has abused us not pdp people people generally on social media who were anti Buhari he has called us welling wellers he is disrespectful he is this so they assumed that epithet for themselves that they were the welling wellers because I did not refer to them as welling wellers and they adopted it so I said well if you have adopted it you are welcome would you want to agree with me that you see sometimes you present a very innocuous facade of a face you act like you can barely kill an ant you but you are a very mischievous when it comes to when it comes to matters of the pain you could be very mischievous what instructed you signing even if it was methu and pdp what instructed the phasology welling wellers because we knew Bob Malley and the welling wellers and then we had a party which worried about everything so I then called them welling wellers so as innocent and chubby as the face looks don't be fooled sometimes sometimes goes to hunt for a fight when jakes presents there is no art to find the mind's construction in the face now reminds me of another TV host who said talking about the same thing he said again two troublemakers indeed some of us could some of us knew that you wouldn't want to run away from a fight but you would pretend and give a facade of a very comely I don't give a point to you know but you might slightly be biting anyway there were some there were some unfortunate incidents in Asorok that any any media any media professional would find it difficult to manage encounters some reported encounters between excellency the first lady and some family members one incident when there was a chase and somebody jumped the wall and there was there were some reported shots fired I'm picking my phrases well I wasn't there it was in the public and a moment like that a moment like that somebody like you and Malam Gaba she would have to not only sit by yourself but sit with your cutaway of strategist what did it take how did you manage such you know on the one hand it related more with the family than with the person of the president on the other hand the people would need some modicum of logical explanatory quote on quote and I was thinking I once told a friend what would you expect you know what would you expect in family addition to say about this now if you say a bit too much madam could be offended if you say a bit too much president was such there that you would even know he had this emotional management style that you could go blank you wouldn't even know so how did you guys for me and for us in the administration family was off limits off limits we didn't touch I remember that you emotionally lashed us with that line too these lines are coming now to hunt you who first used that line I think it was during the campaign and there was an issue about you bored it abandoned it because no family is off limits so me too that was the position I took family is off limits I was and I was feeling you want me to give you and I was feeling sorry for sorry for the French that was one weekend I came home you were on the radio station and you were criticizing me so much I said who is this person God love what did I do to him sometimes you got me so leave it but you see and a part of me would again say but what could you have done if you were to sell places I'm not doing this as a PR for you I know you because some people are watching now they are feeling I still have my cane somewhere in here I didn't want to speak the French but to speak the Yoruba I have my book you know it's a very delicate and sensitive assignment and you have to use your sixth sense to do it otherwise you land yourself in trouble you became the first Nigerian to hold the position for two times of a president not only in Nigeria in most liberal democracies it is perceived to be one of those portfolios with lots and lots of banana peels littering littering the warfare of the professional or the person because whichever way you speak some will be happy especially loyalists and partisans of the party of the president but some even if you even if you walk Rotimi Williams from the grave and Ghani Williams and Ghani Fawahimi was backing Rotimi Williams you couldn't you know that was because of the rabid partisanship that before I got into you became the media advisor of the president in an age when conventionalism left journalism left public relations left public perception management now speaking to students of journalism public relations because at some point we have to we have to appropriate some of the experiences you gained there for the benefit of especially as it relates to the fecundity of how you know information sometimes most of the negative ones come from the social media how do you think about it it was really so you see that in the administration the social media like exploded it has started under you know that Ruben Abati had to tackle people on social media at a point but by the time we came in 2015 it was everywhere it almost became a national distraction so what I did was I had to get on all the platforms social media too Facebook Instagram make a confession now you hold in an imaginary bible most of those tweets by the president was not directly by the president no this is how it happens this is how it happens there is a digital team headed by Tulu Gulesi when we do statements for the president most of which are approved by him they then convert it to tweets that's how it happens so it was more of a proxy yes it was a statement the back room the back room guys are already chasing us out of the studio but I can't but ask this look in a back now and you know the incumbent president has been very circumspect not making any negative allegation about his predecessor but we have some officers of the executive now speaking to how some things were done with utter absurdity in concrete lack of respect for processes procedure and the rule of law you are somebody who was part of that administration how do you sometimes feel when you wake up and you see there are still allegations but and you see the MFA and the CBN story go one way you hear some you read about some abuses of processes and how it did seem if one were to draw a picture that the president was being not directly but in a way being painted not to be in control on January 16 when this book working with Buhari was publicly presented President Buhari was there he made a speech and he said when things are not put on record revisionists who have the day he said for everything that was done under him in his administration the records are there so anybody that wants to check anything should look at the records so all those who are talking today they would fare better if they go to look at the records to find out what exactly happened under President Buhari they will find that there are questions already is it a friend family addition I don't like when I get this even me I was thinking I know you are you have an enthusiastic title of a sort I just love the one brother brother family to be honest with you loyalty is said not to be an act that is done only when you are seeing to be doing it that you are still standing by your principal and using the giftings of God in your life to still want to give the record as best as you believe it should be seen all the best thank you very much wish you all the best this is where we wrap it up for today quite an encounter with Mr. Family Addition I am Gola Oba


Good morning to everyone. I'm Tomasz Wolczynski and I'm a product manager at RF Elements. And today we'll continue in our mini-series on sector antennas. And we'll talk about the patch race. So in our previous webinar, a few weeks back, we talked about horn antenna sectors. But one of the most used sector antennas that WISPs deploy or choose to deploy in their networks are also patch array antennas. So today we'll dedicate this webinar to patch arrays. And if you missed our first webinar about the horns, make sure to check our YouTube channel where you can find the recording of this webinar. So you have a complete comparison of both technologies. And before we go into the topic directly, make sure you actually write down the questions as they pop. In your webinar tool, there is a section for questions and answers. So make sure to write them there and we'll get to them after the presentation is over. So what makes a great sector antenna? And there are many parameters antennas have, of course. But it makes sense to actually consider which parameters are important for WISPs networks and why. So because the noise or interference is the number one problem in WISPs networks, you definitely want an impeccable beam performance. Meaning minimum side lobes and really exact radiation angles and similar properties. But on the other hand, also, again, because of the noise, you want to consider what's the maximum gain you want to use. And of course, WISPs use quite a wide bandwidth. So the bandwidth antennas work in should cover at least the bandwidth the radios are working in. And also to provide a stable and reliable service to your customers, you want your antennas to simply have very low frequency dependence of their properties, which it turns into a reliable and stable service you provide to your customers. And there are many other parameters that go into consideration. But of course, we understand that being a WISP, you're actually multitasking between all kinds of tasks every single day. So you might not have the time to give a proper care and thought to each deployment. And that's perfectly fine, of course. But just know that whenever you have the time and space to actually look into the choice of the antenna more carefully, that the recording of this webinar will be also available on our YouTube channel where you can access it any time you need. And there are great differences in performance and all other properties between the horn sectors and the patch array sectors. Because these two antennas are fundamentally different. There are different types of antennas working on different physics principles. So their performance really differs in all pretty much almost all the parameters that we're looking at. And of course, again, based on these differences in the physics and performance, also the suitability of each antenna type is varying depending on the frequency range they're used in and the application. So let's go to the patch array antennas as advertised. So first of all, why do we call these antennas patch arrays? It is because they're composed of a number of patches. And this single patch is a basic radiating element of each antenna array, in this case patch array. And as you see, it's a simply a metal sheet etched on a surface of a printed circuit board in a particular shape. But as soon as we stack one, I mean two or more patches above each other and feed them with the same signal, we call it an array. And this is actually a value regardless what is the single radiating element. But in this case, because we use the single patch antenna, it's called patch array. So let's look closer at a single patch. So patch array antenna is a resonant type of an antenna, which means that if its length is equal to half of the wavelength of the feeding signal, it resonates. Which practically means that the antenna radiates the RF signal into the space. And this resonance is a phenomenon connected to the size of the patch. So when the size of the patch again is half of the wavelength, the patchry antenna starts to radiate. And as I mentioned, because the size of the patch determines the resonant frequency, we can play around with it. So as you see, when we're, for example, now decreasing the size of the patch, the resonant frequency is increasing and vice versa. If the size of the patch is growing, the resonant frequency is decreasing. This is a very typical scenario and very common in our engineering where the size of an antenna and its resonant frequency are actually counter dependent. So if frequency is increasing, then the size is decreasing and vice versa. And besides the size of the patch itself, there is also other parameters that influence the properties of the resulting antenna. So and those are the properties of the substrate, the printed circuit board on which the patch is etched. So the height of the patch influences the resonant frequency and the amount of parasitic radiation one sees from this antenna. And the second parameter of the dielectric or the substrate itself is its permittivity. And this is a number which tells us how strongly the material of which the PCB is made influences the radiation or influences the electromagnetic wave. And in effect, it influences the how big the size is of the patch or can be and also the bandwidth of the resulting antenna. And the substrate itself also has losses, you know, so some power inevitably gets dissipated in the substrate itself. And this is expressed in by the tangent delta, which in eventually results into into varying gain. So the bigger the tangent loss tangent, of course, the smaller the resulting gain of the antenna and vice versa. And this is an example how substrates used for manufacturing of patch or antennas look like. So it's a thin sheet of some sort of material, which has metalization most commonly copper on the top or even bottom surfaces. Yeah, depends. I mean, there is great variety of the substrates and the quality can differ, of course. And naturally, the less lossy substrate is the more expensive it becomes. And also the higher the relative permittivity is the more expensive it becomes as well and so on. And as you can see, the patch antennas can have various shapes, and these are not not, you know, they're just for fun. Like each of these shapes has, you know, results into specific properties of the resulting patch or antenna. And these different various cutouts, you can or shapes, you know, these sharp shapes really influence the properties like bandwidth, you know, or, or, or the gain of the resulting antenna, and so on. So how does a single patch antenna radiate. And here you can see the 3d radiation diagram of a single patch antenna. So because it's a it's a small element, I mean, electrically compared to the wavelength, its radiation pattern is similar to that of a dipole. Yeah, but because of the presence of that of that ground plane, most commonly, the radiation is sort of pushed up. Yeah, so we see that on the bottom there, the radiation pattern or the gain is quite, quite small, it's weak, but and the patch antenna radius mostly in the upward direction, or the perpendicular direction to the to the substrate itself. And there are few properties, which, which basically make a single patch array and or patch antenna, an insufficient antenna for for application in West network. So one of them is that fixed beam with, you know, because a single patch antenna is just one radiating element. There is really not much we can do about the beam with its most fixed and quiet wide, and it's kind of has this mushroomy shape. So there is that's really not so favorable for a sectorial or point to point application and with networks. And on the other hand, also the game of this antenna is typically quiet low. But I mean, of course, it's higher than the than a single dipole simply because of the presence of that of that ground plane. Another not so favorable property of the of the single patch antenna is that it's being with is I mean bandwidth is usually quite narrow. And that's because the resonance and the phenomenon, which makes the patch radiate is a narrow band phenomenon, meaning that it only the patch antenna only radiates in a narrow band of frequencies around the resonant frequency. In this example, you can see that the highlighted bandwidth is around 500 megahertz. And that's that's because that's simply because the right, of course, the the the resonance is not like a super narrow frequency, right? So there is also some span of frequencies around the resonance that in which in which it actually works. But of course, as wasps, you use much wider spectrum because the radios you use in your networks work typically within even like one gigahertz and beyond. So obviously 500 megahertz is not enough. So the solution to to these properties is to make a patch array. Let's have a detailed look at that. So as you add more patches on top of each other, you start seeing the the radiation pattern changing. So obviously, first thing is that the gain is growing now because more patches means bigger aperture and that means higher gain. And the second second thing you'll notice is that the the the shape of the main beam is also changing. So as we in this example, as we stack the patches in the vertical direction above each other, we see that the the beam width is changing in the in the elevation plane. So it's counterintuitive. One would sort of intuitively assume that if I if I stack them in a vertical direction, the the beam width will also be narrowing in a vertical direction, but it's actually the opposite. So that's one of the things that are that are sort of counterintuitive in our engineering, but it's just the fact to to get used to really there's nothing, nothing strange about it. But we can also stack the patches in a in a in a surface, not only in horizontal or vertical direction. So as you stack more and more patches, and on a surface, you see that the the beam width is actually increasing or shrinking, sorry, is shrinking, not only invert in elevation, but also the azimuth plane. So we're basically forming a very narrow pencil shaped beam. But another thing we'll see is also that the the side loops are growing. And this brings us to to the things that are that are maybe unfavorable for patch array antennas or their application and with networks. And one of them is their side loops. And as I said, as soon as you so here you see an example of how one patch irradiates. If you put more use start C in the near field irradiation that the that one main beam is formed, which is great. That's what we want, you know, higher gain in there. But there's also side loops which start appearing. And this is because of the physics of an array is so called array effect. And this happens regardless of what's the basic building block of an antenna array because of the wave interference. Because you have multiple sources, or in this case, multiple patches that are fed with the same signal. The waves from each of these patches start to add. And there is so called interference somewhere it's constructive, somewhere it's destructive. So where it's constructive, you get a maximum or a low in our case, main loop and the side loop. And where it's destructive, you have the minimum, which is the which is the blank spaces between the side loops. And that's that's something that's just the, you know, the physics of these antennas. There is really no way around it and avoiding it. Another source of the side loops in the patch array antennas is actually the feed lines. So the feed lines are inevitable because we have to bring the RF signal to the patches somehow. So typically the feed lines is a network of a thin of a thin metal stripes, which basically branched the signal from the from the coaxial connector to however many branches we need to be able to feed each and every single patch. And unfortunately, these these feed lines have their own resonant frequencies and their own radiation, which adds even more side loops on top of those side loops which are stemming from the array effect we explained in the previous slide. So not only that. So one of the things is the radiation of the of the feed lines, but there is also something called lateral radiation, which which is caused by the surface waves. And this is basically the same RF signal, you know, with which you feed the the patches themselves, which propagates along the surface of the of the substrate itself. Again, it's an undesirable property of the patch antennas. And which results into into yet more side loops. And here we can see an example of how the feed lines were radiated. So when we look closer, and when we just want to see how the feed lines radiate, so we remove the patches themselves and simulate just that structure. This is what you come to it's the radiation pattern of the feed lines themselves. So you can clearly see that indeed, the, you know, the feed lines definitely do cause an additional radiation. And you can you can see it actually it's not negligible because the maximum gain of these side loops is run for and have a DBI. And a typical answer a manufacturer and Wisp industry would give to, you know, the issue of the side loops with patch arrays is to use all kinds of metal shields and aftermarket shielding kits, examples of which you can you can see in this slide. So how do they actually work? What do they actually do? So seeing the simulation of the near field near the antenna. So now when you look at the antenna from the top, this is what you'll see. And the left side is the result for an antenna patch or antenna without any shield. And you can see, well, it radiates in the in the main direction we want it from the bottom up. But then there's a lot of radiation kind of bending around the edge of the antenna and going all the way to the back and resulting into the antenna radiating pretty much everywhere. So on the right side, you can see the same antenna simulation, but with a shield, which you can see as that as those two wings on the side. And mind you, the shield is sold to you with the hope that, OK, this should mitigate the the side loop radiation. But as you can see, the fields still bend around the edge of the shield itself. And there is still strong radiation in the back. So unfortunately, these shields really don't do much to the side loops that patch or antenna suffer from. They sort of rearrange the side loops. They made them pointing in different directions, maybe somewhere there, you know, they're a little bit smaller. But altogether, the effect is really is really negligible to nonexistent. And here is the same example, but looking at the far fields of these two antennas. So on the left again, an antenna without any back shield. You can see substantial loops in the backward direction. And on the right side, you can see, OK, the antenna with the shield. So the main loop changed a little bit. It's a little bit more pointy. OK, maybe the maximum gain is a little bit higher. But looking at the side loops in the bag, you'll see that, well, the shape is changed a little bit. But other than that, they're still there. And this is yet another look on another view on the side loops of the patch array antennas. So on the left, you can see how the coverage looks like with using an antenna without any shield. So yeah, some typical coverage. You have those back loops close to the antenna and the oval coverage provided by this antenna. But on the right side, you see the coverage provided by that antenna with the shield. So you see that the main beam actually and the coverage pattern itself has actually changed substantially. So especially for the customers who are sort of near the edge of the sector or the coverage area, they might actually experience their service getting even worse, where you actually deploy the antenna with the shield hoping that it will improve something. So again, the conclusion for the patch array antennas with the shields is that, well, you might as well just buy a different antenna simply because the shields really don't mitigate the side loops at all. But there is a way to go around. And one of the solutions is shown here. So here you see an example of a patch, a circular patch with an air core. So on the right side, you can see the side view. And there is an air core, meaning that there is nothing there. The substrate was milled away. And they're also fed by a coaxial cable from the bottom. So the coaxial feed from the bottom ensures that the radiation, parasitic radiation from the feeding lines is not there. And the air core mitigates to some degree the parasitic radiation through the surface wave, which we talked about before. And on the left, you can see the antenna structure looking from the top. So on top of those two things, there is also metal fences, which are just dashed lines of metal between the patches to separate them even better. And here you can, on the right side, you see the resulting radiation pattern. So there are two lines. One is for the azimuth cut and one is in the elevation. So of course, the azimuth cut is pretty wide because it's a vertical antenna array or patch array. And the red one shows us the elevation plane. And now we can see the green line dashed line shows us that the side loops are more than 20 decibels below the main hole, which is really amazing result for a patch array antenna. But as anything in our engineering, this comes at a price. Everything is a trade off. And one of them is that the bandwidth of this antenna is very narrow. And that's because we removed those feed lines, which extend the bandwidth of patch array antennas typically. But because now we're feeding them with the coaxial probe from the bottom, well, that additional bandwidth is gone. And not to say that the price for this kind of antenna would be a lot higher than what you're used to paying for your typical patch array antennas in the WISP industry. So probably many WISPs would be very much hesitant to actually buy this type of an antenna. Another possible solution to the parasitic radiation or the side loops of the patch array antennas are frequency selective surfaces. And that's the metal profile on which the antenna is attached that basically suppresses that tangential radiation to the side. So it mitigates the side loops in the azimuth direction. And this is the cold solution we called back shield that we use for our patch array antenna sector. And here is the result of comparison of how patch array antenna works with and without the back shield. So on the left, you can see an antenna radiation pattern without the back shield. So looking at the azimuthal side loops, you can see they're strongly present as we would expect. But looking on the right, the antenna with the back shield, you can see that these side loops are effectively mitigated, which is really great because that's exactly what the back shield is supposed to do. But looking at this same example from the side, we can see comparing the side loops in the elevation. Yeah, there is really not much difference. So with or without the back shield, these side loops in the elevation plane are still there, maybe somewhat rearranged, pointing in slightly different directions, but nevertheless, still strongly present. And these are the side loops caused by the array effect we talked about before. And unfortunately, this is, again, the natural property of the antenna array, and therefore it's actually impossible to remove completely. Another of the issues with the patch arrays is actually their low beam efficiency. So what is beam efficiency? It's the ratio of the energy and antenna radiates that's contained in the main loop to the energy that an antenna radiates, to the total energy and antenna radiates. So effectively, it tells us what part of the energy antenna radiates is in the main loop. So beam efficiency can have values from zero to 100%, where 100% is the best, meaning that an antenna has literally zero side loops. And the lower it is, the more side loops an antenna has is that simple. So as a WISP, you should definitely use antennas with as high beam efficiency as possible. And here you see an example of a typical patch array antenna. So 58% beam efficiency means that this 58% of energy this antenna radiates is in the main loop. So what about the remaining 42%? Well, obviously it must be in the side loops because anything outside the main loop is a side loop, right? So this is basically actually a very simple and effective measure of how to compare antennas in terms of the side loop or noise mitigation capability. So the higher beam efficiency an antenna has, the better it mitigates the noise. And here we show examples of sector antennas WISPs used in a licensed 5GHz band. And you can see that the patch array sectors are on the tail of the beam efficiency performance. So anything between 58% to 69%, that's the beam efficiency these antennas can typically achieve. And you can also see we're showing some horn sectors there, which are just to highlight that actually not as soon as you have the horn, it doesn't mean that its beam efficiency is high. It really takes considerable effort to actually optimize an antenna or a horn antenna more specifically to have a high beam efficiency. So unfortunately because of the physics of the patch array antennas, their beam efficiencies are pretty low. Meaning that this is really the ultimate measure of the noise mitigation capability. And because it's a clear number and that is based on the properties of an antenna. So obviously it's as simple as the higher number wins. The higher the beam efficiency is, the better an antenna suppresses the noise. And these are the antennas WISPs should definitely use in their networks because the noise or interference is the number one problem in WISP networks. So yet another issue with the patch arrays is their unbalanced performance. And this translates into two things. So first looking on the left graph, you see how the gain of a typical patch array antenna changes with changing frequency. And you can see that it's changing a lot at the beginning of the of the useful bandwidth. You know, it's pretty low. Actually, it's almost nonexistent. It's around two or close to zero decibels. Then okay, then it grows up and then it's somewhat stable, let's say from 5.4 to 5.9 gigahertz. And then it goes down again. And that's unfortunate because you cannot really use effectively use all the channels you have at hand. Because, you know, seeing a clear channel you want to switch to by doing so, you might actually lose quite a lot of decibels in the single strength, which, you know, leaves you just, well, you know, wondering what, what do I do now? So that's one part of the problem. And the second is that the horizontal and vertical polarization curves are different too. So when you're using different, so using the two radio channels you have, their performance is actually different at the same frequency, which is, again, another undesirable property because you cannot rely on the performance of such antenna. And on the right, you see how the radiation pattern of patch array antenna in vertical and horizontal polarization may look like. So again, there is a mismatch, meaning that the radiation pattern is simply different in each polarization, which, again, another undesirable property of the patch array antennas as you switch between the polarizations, you see a different coverage and your customers might eventually see a different quality of the internet connection you're selling them. And the list goes on. There is definitely more issues still. And mind you, these are the parameters that are actually important in WISP networks because you want your antenna to have high beam efficiency. You want your antenna to have very high frequency stability. You want your antenna to have wide bandwidth. You want your antenna to be mounted easily. So we're not just picking these parameters based on our whim, but actually based on considering what's important for this particular application in WISP networks in unlicensed frequency bands. So looking at the frequency stability of patch array antennas, we see that the side loops and the main loop are actually changing substantially with the frequency. And that's, as I mentioned, it's really undesirable in WISP networks because you cannot rely on the coverage you're seeing at one frequency. As you change the channel, the coverage will change. The noise background will change inevitably because of the frequency instability of the radiation pattern the patch arrays have. And here you see another view on the frequency instability. This is a simulation, the closest thing to reality because this animation you see is a result of simulation with the real 3D radiation pattern of this antenna and how it changes with frequency. So you see the frequency changing in the lower right corner. And you can see how the coverage changes with the frequency. So this is really speaking for itself. As you change the channel, the coverage changes substantially. Talking about the mounting, typically these patch array antennas are having quite a complicated mounting system that is composed of many parts that are easy to lose. Especially as you climb high up on a tower, which can be quite difficult in terms of the save installation and the time actually spent on the tower. So typically the patch array antennas mounting mechanism is quite cumbersome and not really user friendly. But patch arrays also have their strengths and one of them is their scalable gain. So this is the example of how the radiation pattern of a typical patch array looks. And we see again as we now we already understand that having a vertical patch array, we see the radiation pattern being squeezed in the elevation plane. While in the azimuth plane, the shape of the radiation pattern is still similar to that single patch array antenna. And right, this is something you're of course used to from your daily operations in your wrist networks. So as we grow the number of patches in an array, we see the main loop thinning down. And that definitely puts a limit on how big the gain. I mean, despite that, we can put as many patches into an array as we want, which is great because we can grow the gain and thus keep increasing the distances which we can cover. The definite limit on the number of patches is actually the beam width in the elevation plane. For example, these 32 patches, the beam width becomes so narrow, but so narrow that it's actually very difficult to provide that sectorial coverage. We all know that the down tilt is a very sensitive setting. You have to be very careful with how you adjust the down tilt of the patch array antenna. And this is exactly why, because the thin radiation pattern in the elevation plane causes that anything beyond a few degrees of the down tilt, the coverage is gone. And if you think that, well, I want a really high gain patch array antenna, why don't I get it? Well, this is why, because it would be extremely difficult to aim these antennas such that they would provide reasonable coverage area. Which would result, I mean, let's assume, okay, this is what happens when you have a patch array with many patches stacked on top of each other. And this is how the coverage looks. You experience that the null zone near the tower is actually increasing with the growing amount of patches. Yeah, okay, you get the gain, but then you're losing the coverage. So that's, again, another trade-off which makes the patch arrays more difficult to use and more difficult to scale for a higher gain. So another strength of the patch array is their cost. They're very attractively priced. And that's simply because the printed circuit board technology is a very old technology and it's very well developed. So it's very cheap to manufacture the patch array antennas, which makes them also cheap for the end consumer. So this is actually really great because that's something, especially when you're starting out, you're, of course, very happy to have an antenna that doesn't cost much. I mean, which might be good for the starters, but in the long run, you know, you'll definitely notice that the noise is actually a problem and a growing problem with networks. And then you have to start looking at other antennas as well. So scaling the horn, I mean, scaling the patch array for higher gain is very easy. All you need to do is to grow the area of the printed circuit board, meaning stack more patches. It's as simple as that. Yeah. So and for example, here you see a comparison of a 18 dbi patch array and a 24 dbi patch array at five gigahertz. So if you increase the print circuit board area five times, you get six decibels higher gain, which is really nice because you only you only increase the the area of the antenna and not the volume. And that's very attractive because the again, the printed circuit board is is is a technology that it's very well developed and and it's very cost friendly. And so having a patch array with higher gain is actually doesn't come at the at the very much increased price. So let's sum it up with the patch arrays. It's very easy to achieve high gain of the main and that's by simply stacking more and more patches. But again, there's a limitation to that to that beam with their cost is also very attractive, which is also one of the reasons why we use them so widely. I mean, besides also the historical reason that that was pretty much the only antenna that was available for the sectorial coverage back in the day. And they're also very easy to manufacture.  And because they're also used in other applications, like especially the cellular industry has has really pushed the the popularity of these antennas above and beyond. But there is a lot of a lot of cons of the patch array and tennis. So they're their frequency dependence. That's that's definitely a thumbs down. There are side lobes which unfortunately we cannot avoid. I mean, okay, we could but it becomes really expensive. So nobody really does that. And also the other parasitic radiations which are which are difficult to deal with. And again, that high gain is actually a really great thing, but it has its limits simply because the coverage area is is difficult to achieve as you grow that gain. Not to say that also mounting these antennas on the tower becomes is typically cumbersome. So and if you watched our previous webinar about horns. We now bring you a comparison of these two types of sector antenna technology. So in terms of high gain, the patch arrays are a little bit better, but the horns are not far behind. And honestly, the other properties like the lack of side lobes or high beam efficiency of horns really, really compensate for those one or two decibels of the gain difference very well. So you may lose two decibels in the signal strength, but you gain even good 10, 15 decibels in decreased noise floor, which is a trade off. You definitely should be happy to do simply because it's the signal to noise ratio that matters the most, not the signal strength alone. And if the signal to noise ratio is higher, the radio can leverage higher modulation encoding scheme rates. And overall throughput can be higher. So in terms of the gain stability, horns are definitely the winner here. As we saw the patch array radiation pattern changes substantially, whereas with the horn, it barely changes at all. As I mentioned, horns do not have any side lobes, which means their beam efficiency is between 93 up to actually 99%. For example, the ultra horn has beam efficiency 99%, which is really amazing and really unmatched in terms of noise suppression and wisp industry. Whereas patch arrays, unfortunately, do have a lot of side lobes, which are avoidable, right? But the cost is really way too much for the wisp industry altogether. In terms of bandwidth, the horns are also very good. They definitely cover a wider bandwidth than the patch arrays do. And again, with patch arrays, it's possible to make them a wide band, but then again, there comes the trade off with other properties. And the pattern stability is very high with horns, whereas unfortunately with patch arrays, there is very little of that as well as the balance between the horizontal and vertical polarizations of these antennas. Simply because all these parameters, the horizontal vertical balance, pattern stability, and the amount of side lobes really are all those parts components that are adding to the quality. To the quality of the perceived service from the side of your customers. So you want no side lobes or high beam efficiency. You want very high pattern stability. You want an antenna to have very balanced horizontal and vertical polarizations because those are those building blocks that ensure that your wisp network analysis bands will be stable and reliable. And with consistently high overall throughput. So horns on the other hand are more expensive to manufacture, obviously because they're they're basically like, you know, a metal full metal structures with some with some complicated ridges inside. So yes, they may be more expensive, but they can be definitely the manufacturing process can be optimized to the level that these antennas are attractive even in the wisp industry. While the patch arrays are typically one of the cheapest antennas, which is really great, great attraction for wisp. So in our development, we, we try to, we are leading the wisp industry in terms of antenna performance and we deliver a solution. Or the solution to the problem with noise by providing you the horn antenna technology that rejects the noise. And to add together with our new or zero laws to export ecosystem, which also makes the radios very easy and simple to install and uninstall. And all of these properties combined really provide you with the unlimited scalability options. So no longer you are limited by the hardware in terms of how big your wisp network can be. The only limitation is actually your imagination. And I invite you to check our YouTube channel where you'll find the playlist called with traveler where we traveled around the world and talk to a bunch of our customers and ask them how they, what's their experience with our products. So if you don't take it from us, we get it. But, you know, check those videos and see what other risks think about our antenna technology. Other YouTube channel we have is called inside wireless, and these are short few minute educational videos about all kinds of concepts and ideas from, from the wisp world. And whether you're, you know, experienced with or just starting out, it doesn't really matter, you can refresh or get some better understanding of all kinds of concepts from our engineering world. We also have online discussion forum called our field com. We check this form daily. So if you have any questions about our products, this is definitely the place to ask, besides our social media pages. And it's a really, really great resource you can search through the questions that have been already asked. It's a really great knowledge base for for our customers. So that's it from me today. And I hope you have a nice rest of the day and bye bye.


Now we can look at motion with constant acceleration. Now this video kind of assumes that you've watched a couple of my earlier videos. And these were ones in motion with one deep playlist. And they're the constant acceleration equations and constant acceleration strategy. So in those videos, we took a look at linear equations. So we were working with just the x direction. And we had a series of equations which represented that motion with constant acceleration. And amongst these equations, there was five variables, delta x, vi, vf, a and t. And each one of these equations had four of those variables. And you could use that to solve for some unknowns, but only if the acceleration is constant. Well now we're working with angular variables. So we have the angular displacement, the initial angular velocity, the final angular velocity, the angular acceleration and time. Time's not an angular variable, time is just time. So we still have five variables, but now we have their symbols for the angular versions, delta theta, omega i, omega f, alpha and t. So just like our linear equations, we can end up having a set of angular equations where each equation has four of these variables. And the equations are exactly the same as my linear equations, just replacing out the linear variables with the angular variables. And time still stays time. So this means we've got a set of equations anytime the angular acceleration remains constant. Now again, I had an earlier video that talked about this general strategy, so you can go watch that for a little more details. But if you have a problem where you know you have constant acceleration, make a list of that table of variables, fill in the ones you know, use the rule of three. In other words, I need to know three of the variables in order to find the other two unknowns. Select the right equation, the equation which has the three things you know and the one you want to find. Do your algebra, plug in your numbers, and then check your final answers to make sure they're reasonable. So we're following the exact same strategy and the same sort of equations here for angular acceleration that we did back with linear acceleration. So that's your motion with constant angular acceleration. We'll work quite a few example problems in class and on the homework.


Hi, this is your host Subhan Bhati and welcome to this panel discussion and today we have with us James Faulkner, Director of Product Marketing of Hybrid Platforms Adoption at Red Hat and Reza Rahman, Principal Program Manager for Java on Azure at Microsoft. James, Reza, it's great to have you both on the show. Today we are going to talk about Red Hat, JBoss Enterprise, Application Platform and Azure. Can you start with what is this platform all about and who is it catering to? Yeah, sure. So, JBoss Enterprise Application Platform or we call it EAP for short, that's Red Hat's flagship Jakarta EE platform, it's been used for a number of years for building high performance and business critical applications, transactional apps, secured apps, traditional web apps and so we've partnered with Microsoft to bring that same platform that we've had on-prem for a number of years onto the cloud and take advantage of not only the cloud scale but also the capabilities in Azure to really enhance the value of that EAP platform on a global scale. Reza, now can you talk about that through this partnership, how is it helping your Microsoft as your customer base as well as Red Hat customer base, who is benefiting from this partnership? Well, both Red Hat and Microsoft and the customers are benefiting from it obviously. So, as you're aware, Azure is one of the premier public cloud providers out there, it's either number one or number two, however you look at it, so we have a huge install base and a lot of our install bases, the world's largest companies. So, naturally, those type of companies didn't start their Java journey and their enterprise computing journey in the last three years, they started it 10, 15 years ago, sometimes 20 years ago. So, there's a lot of mission critical applications, Java workloads that are running at these companies, they're not necessarily using the absolute bleeding edge thing out there, they're often using something that's proven and has been around for a very long time, in this case, something like JBoCAP. So, these customers do modernize their enterprise applications, major mission critical enterprise applications and they do do that on the public cloud in many cases, if not probably a majority of cases. So, we absolutely had to build a robust solution around being able to run these type of workloads without necessarily draining the ocean and completely throwing away your application and doing something funny with it. So, this is the reason why we established the particular relationship around JBoCAP and enabling it on Azure in the best possible way. And honestly, we have quite a few customers already using the solution and many more in the pipeline and as you are aware, we're more and more strengthening the offerings, making it even more compelling in all in service of our customers, our joint customers at the end of the day. These are Red Hat customers by virtue of having JBoCAP subscriptions, they're Azure customers or Microsoft customers by virtue of the fact that they're running these workloads on Azure and of course, it's a win-win for the customer as well if both of these companies are working together to make the best possible solution. If you look at the open source world, especially in the cloud space, new technologies are coming at an explosive rate. Even I cannot keep a track on what's happening in the industry, which is actually exciting. However, customers cannot keep up with these new technologies. They cannot be dipping in those tools or start embracing these technology that can become too overwhelming. They want something which is stable, reliable, mature that they can rely on. Talk a bit about the maturity of JBoCAP, of course Java doesn't need any validation there, but talk about the maturity of this market and what kind of customers are using some of these technologies and also if you can touch on what kind of challenges they face. We at Red Hat by virtue of having this product around for a number of years, we have a lot of big and small customers running these applications on these app servers and as you said, they can't necessarily dip their toe into the latest and greatest every single day. Oftentimes, they're looking at solutions that incrementally improve their situation. For example, data center consolidation, moving these apps out of the data center onto the cloud, not necessarily changing the app significantly, but really taking advantage of that scale. That's why we wanted to have this partnership with Microsoft and these offerings on Azure because we do have customers looking at things like rearchitecting, but the vast majority of customers running these workloads that they've been running successfully for a number of years, they don't want to rock the boat and burn it to the ground and start over. So this really provides that path forward for them as they modernize their business around these applications. Yep, so basically what James was saying, right? So there's many different reasons why these large customers move to the cloud. Data center exit is a primary one. They're looking to make their operations get a better bang for the bucket fuel instead of maintaining a large in-house data center presence. In many cases, operationally speaking, there's a good ROI in moving to the public cloud and we certainly try to make those things competitive. So that is one of the reasons, a lot of the reasons is globalization and probably maybe not always for big companies, but medium-sized companies when they're moving to take their operations and business to the global scale, often they do not have those kind of capacity, whereas something like Azure does have those capacities. The biggest headache for a lot of these customers is in moving to the cloud, making sure that things remain operationally stable, reasonably cost-effective, and without necessarily rewriting everything absolutely from scratch. A lot of the common challenges are upskilling. A lot of these customers, believe it or not, still are relatively new to things like containerization, things like Kubernetes, even general ways, the ways your infrastructure and data center management differs from the cloud and on-premise. So a lot of those kinds of concerns actually. So this is one of the reasons why we have our offerings. One of the sort of driving principles is to make it as easy as possible for customers that have these mission-critical workloads and they need it more reliably without big rewrites and also doing it in the most productive way possible. Right now I'm looking at two big Linux players with WSL2. Windows has kind of become one of the biggest Linux distributions out there in the consumer space. We used to joke about here on desktop, Linux is there through Windows, ironically, but jokes apart, when I look at you two folks here, I want to talk a bit about the kind of partnership between Microsoft and Red Hat that goes beyond this announcement that we are discussing today. It absolutely does go beyond that. Again, James, do you want to get stab at it and then I'll... We've been partners with Microsoft for a long time, and like you said, not just with EAP. We started with our Red Hat Enterprise Linux and then we've expanded it to much of our portfolio, including OpenShift, Ansible, and of course JBoss and our Metalware stack. We've supported our software on Azure for a long time, but several years ago we really increased this partnership because we really feel like Microsoft gets it. Especially in the middleware space, they jumped headfirst into the Java space several years ago and haven't looked back. And so with Red Hat's track record in the Java community and Microsoft's as well, we feel like it's a natural partnership where we can offer our expertise in the middleware space on top of a fantastic cloud platform with Azure. And it goes beyond just supporting the bits. It's also a partnership in terms of how we work with customers. So we oftentimes go to a customer together and that really sends a strong message to a customer who may be invested heavily in Red Hat or may be invested heavily in Microsoft and not so much on Red Hat and seeing us working together, providing that partnership and providing the integrated support offering across the portfolio really sends that strong message that Red Hat and Microsoft are here to support these customers as they go through that transition. So something as you alluded to, Microsoft is on a journey. It has been, I think, a fairly dramatic journey that has worked out well for everyone. It's no longer news for me to say it's not the same company that it used to be in the early 90s or even early 2000s. We are embracing open source in a big way on the cloud. Obviously, something like Rail is a very key part of that in enabling the Linux story and more broadly speaking, the open source story on the Azure platform and treating Azure as a platform for all, rather than a platform for some. So it's been honestly, Red Hat has been one of the key partnerships in doing that, in entering the Java space. We want to be humble. We are a new relative newcomers to the Java space. So it is absolutely important that we work with partners like Red Hat and bring the customer credibility that they have, hopefully with a very powerful public cloud and make a win-win for everyone. Now let's just go back to this announcement. Talk a bit about some of the new features and capabilities for users. So what we announced were several important updates to our offerings for EAP on Azure. The first one is support for clustering. And so when we started down this journey with Microsoft, we wanted to provide more than just a single type of solution for our customers. They're oftentimes, if they're exiting the data center, they might also want to get out of the day to day operational aspects of running an app server and really focus on the business value of the applications themselves. And so one of those services on Azure is Azure App Service. And so what we announced two years ago was support for EAP as a native runtime through Azure App Service, which is a platform as a service offering from Azure. This past month, we added clustering support. This is a really key feature for a number of our larger customers, banks, government, healthcare, retail that are doing transactional applications, which they've been doing for a number of years. And so having this support now allows them to take not just their easy web apps onto the cloud, but also their transactional distributed applications into Azure very easily and quickly. And as Reza said earlier, it's important for us to make it easy to do. So adding that kind of opens the door for those customers. We also announced a new listing for EAP on Azure Red Hat OpenShift as part of this flexibility and choice we want to give customers for customers looking to containerize, again, not necessarily burn everything to the ground, but take their applications, containerize them, and then use the services surrounding the Azure platform to manage them. We announced availability of EAP on Azure Red Hat OpenShift, which is our Kubernetes offering, a native offering on Azure. So that's the second one. And then the final one, we also have a number of customers who do have a large investment with Microsoft in Azure. They have a committed spend program. And so for those customers who have, they've already spent the money, they have the opportunity to move their applications and essentially burn down that committed spend. They can now do that with EAP in a pay-as-you-go offer as consumption-based pricing has become super popular, almost expected in many cases. And so we wanted to offer that to our customers. So that was the third leg of that announcement. As I mentioned, we do want to make sure EAP customers are successful on Azure. So there's three different primary mechanisms that we provide that, right? And three different destinations, if you will. One is a more conservative customer base, and we have quite a bit of those. They're really, when they're moving to the public cloud, they're still wanting to do things more or less the same way that they have been doing. So we offer fairly robust mechanisms to enable JVOS EAP on just Azure virtual machines. The announcement, and by the way, we're evolving. I'll talk about all three offerings in a moment. These are all actively evolving things. And maybe in a moment, we can talk about how do customers work with us and make sure we are actually going the right directions for these. But setting that aside for a moment. So conservative customers, we have VM-based offerings for them that they can run JVOS EAP1 on. And the change here is that we now have a pay-as-you-go VM-based image. And actually, that's also consumed by something else called Azure Solution Templates. And that again goes to the productivity story. So that's one specific change that we're announcing as part of this announcement. The second one is, I would say, let's not say super conservative, but somewhat more progressive customers. And a lot of those want to containerize their applications a bit. And OpenShift is a great platform for that. And we have, by the way, ARO, Azure Red Hat OpenShift. That's another sort of first class managed offering, one of the few that offer OpenShift in a managed way. And basically we have a solution template that makes it super easy, automates the provisioning process. We're taking a JVOS EAP instance and putting it on an OpenShift cluster in the most productive way possible. So that's what the solution template is about. And then again, the app service offering is relatively old. We started a little bit modest. We didn't have, we had low balancing support. So the auto-scaling and creating a set of JVOS EAP instances that form a logical load-balanced set, that has been there for some time. And really what we're doing now is adding, we're adding support for first-class JVOS EAP clustering all the way down to things like JTA transaction recovery and management, maintaining a stateful session being clustered in reliability to the max, basically. Everything that in JVOS EAP allows as a state, we now are enabling that in app service for specific cases, right? Specifically, in order to take advantage of this, you need to join your app service cluster to an existing VNet. And the moment you do that, we say, okay, now let's create a reliable high-performance sort of all the way down to complete state management type of scenario for your JVOS EAP cluster deployment. What kind of things we can expect next from this collaboration between Microsoft and Red Hat? Yeah, I'll start. And Reza, you can join in as well. Yeah, we do have a number of things on the roadmap to evolve all of these offerings. One in particular I'm really looking forward to is the ability to do free SKUs. Currently, when you use EAP on Azure, in order to kick the tires, you still have to pay. And so we want to enable this free SKU so that customers don't have to make in an upfront investment just to see what the operational mechanisms look like, how it may differ from what they currently do today and give them a sense of how easy it is to use this offering and then upgrade later on for production use to paid SKUs. So absolutely looking forward to that one. Reza, you want to add additional color? So all of those three arcs that we talked about are under active development. And frankly, I would like to turn this around. The customers, we would like for customers to take a look at what current state is for JVOS, CEP and Azure, give it a try, try it in the real migration cases. And we are there to help them. So maybe I can share a link after the fact. It's as simple as if you don't even want to talk to a salesperson, you want to talk directly to engineering, well, you fill out this nice little survey, and then it comes directly to people like me and James. And we will reach out to you and talk to you about our roadmap and capabilities and help you out with your migration cases. So all of these things and perhaps even more, we are looking to evolve all of these things. So all of these have active roadmaps. On the VM side of things, we need to do a little bit more polishing around the solution templates. And perhaps right now we're not, we don't offer a tremendous amount of version diversity for JVOS, CEP and JDK and OS versions. Maybe we were looking to add a few more of those options on the VM side of things and polish up the solution templates a little bit more. Right now there's a few hiccups, if you specifically, if you want to use things like bring your own subscription as opposed to pay as you go. So a bit of sort of maintenance type of ease of use, improvement or quality of life kind of changes on the VM side. There's one specific feature that I'm particularly keen on on the JVOS, CEP and ERO side. And that is right now you can do an initial provisioning of your app. So you have an app on a repo and you say, okay, provision that using JVOS, CEP and ERO and using a technological source to it. You may be aware of that. It's relatively common in the open shift space. So what we're looking to do is there's also open shift pipelines that's built into an ERO cluster. So we're trying to create an option where for development cases or what have you, you can say, okay, deploy my app using this GitHub repo. But also next time I do, I post something to this GitHub repo, auto redeploy my application and auto update my deployment on, you know, that's created through the solution template. So that's an interesting one I'm kind of excited about and would love to get customer feedback and maybe even active usage while we're developing these features. And yeah, definitely on the app service side, we are looking towards more of a scale out question, right? So, you know, right now we've proven it out in terms of it's a good quality service. It has, I think, most of the features that customers would expect. I think now we need to focus more on how do we scale out those customers and make it perhaps even more price competitive to use JPOS APN app service, right? Absolutely. Because this is a best solution, frankly speaking, it tends to be a little bit priceier, right? So we need to find, if you will, creative ways of making it more price competitive, right? As you just mentioned, adding a free tier is one, right? So, you know, being able to make that okay, if you're not doing ready to do a production deployment yet, what can we do for you to make it make it a little bit cheaper for you in the meanwhile? Can we waive the JPOS AP licenses? Can we waive the infrastructure fees for now, right, for trial use cases? Maybe adding more flexibility in terms of what type of horsepower you would need, you know, for your particular application. If it's an application that run on, can run on slightly lower resources, that's another way of, you know, being a little bit more creative in terms of price competitiveness. So adding like sort of dev-test scenarios. So if you're familiar with JPOS AP, you know, on-premise deployments, you don't actually, you really are only required to pay for production deployments, right, where you're going to call up support and get help. You don't necessarily pay JPOS AP subscriptions for your dev-test scenarios, right? So maybe that's another area we could think about, how do you make things more price competitive? So yeah, there's these kinds of things that we now need to explore to see how do we make it okay, you get PaaS, you get productivity, but you know, how can we also make it more price-spellable for you? Jim, anything that you would like to add before we wrap this up? No, I think that Resna actually hit a really great point, which is that flexibility and choice. So we don't just have App Service, we don't just have VMs, we don't just have containers, we have all three. And depending on how the customer wants to manage their solution going forward, we have PaaS for them. So I'm, you know, really looking forward to enhancing those PaaS with some of the features that Resna and I talked about, and just making it even easier to consume this platform, while Azure and EAP both continue to evolve. For example, EAP will have a new release, a new major release later this year, EAP-8, which brings some additional capabilities, things like Jakarta EE-10 support and a number of other new features in the platform. And seeing that, marrying that with Azure, I'm really happy to see that. I'm really excited to see how customers adopt that. The main call question for me would be, you know, if you're somewhat on the fence and you're a big Java customer and you have Java workload, maybe rethink how you think of Microsoft and, you know, rethink how you think of Azure, right? In my opinion, we're doing a lot of quality work to try to enable these Java runtimes in the best possible way on Azure. And, you know, the work we're doing with JbaCPA is a good example of that, right?   So don't just, you know, try these things out. Also, try these things out and reach out to us and say, okay, this is what I like, this is what I don't like, this is what I like to see, you know, and so on, right? So that to me is a key, key message, you know, engage with us, see what we have to offer and see if it makes sense for you. Here's James. Thank you so much for taking time out today and talk about not only this partnership, but also talk about the larger open source, cloud native, landscape and your partnership together. Thanks so much for those insights and I would love to chat with you folks again. Thank you. Awesome. Thanks. Absolutely.


We regularly get questions about our devices and we get questions regarding convection and conduction and how the tips work and how the caps work and air flow and vapor production. So I thought we'd take a little bit of time here to explain the difference between the titanium and the stainless steel tips, explain conduction, convection and vapor production as well as air dilution. So let's get into it. So I drew a tip here, this tip if we just imagine a line down through the middle this left half here is representing our current stainless steel tips and the right half is representing our titanium tips. So just a couple key things to point out. What we see is three grooves for the CCD placement on the titanium tip and only one for the stainless tip. We see a slightly different groove structure on the exterior of the tip for the titanium one and the double triple helix grooves on the stainless steel tip.  Also what we're going to see is we're going to see that at the other end of the tip the stainless steel tip goes all the way straight through versus the titanium tip has a taper on this end and it's specifically designed to mate with the Omni mouthpiece condenser assemblies. So when we draw a mouthpiece condenser assembly what we're going to see is that the condenser is going to come in here and as you turn the mouthpiece the condenser moves in and out reducing the clearance right here between the condenser and the tip. So as far as convection versus conduction is concerned we'll address that right now. So if we were to take and draw a cap the cap is going to fit over our device here and now we have small gap between the cap and the tip. The clearance between the cap and the tip is very very tight which is why we have our grooves both on the titanium and stainless tip. This forms an air channel so that when outside air comes in it's going to pass over some of the fins and it's also going to pass through these helical channels around the tip warming it up because the tip is going to be very hot somewhere in the neighborhood of 350 to 400 degrees depending on where you heated on your cap and how long it's been since you heard the heat up click. As that air passes through these channels it gets heated up to convection temperatures it is then going to come down this direction diffusing across the space between the end of the tip and the inside of the cap which is why it's usually a good idea to take your material and pack it down to leave a small amount of head space between the end of the tip and the inside of the cap so that air can diffuse throughout this area. This gives us our convection effect also during the heating process. We're applying heat here, here and sometimes even back here and in general what this creates is temperature ranges okay. The closer we heat to this end of the tip the lower the temperature when our cap clicks the further we heat from this end of the tip the higher the temperature as well as the higher the temperature of the air that's coming between the annular space of the tip and the cap creating our convection extraction because now we have more heat in this area and we also have more surface area at a higher temperature to be exposed to the air passing through this space and then passing through the material that we're trying to extract all of our compounds from. There's our convection and at the same time when we're heating here we're driving heat using the conduction process into our extraction chamber so direct conduction before you even applied any suction to the device that heat is conducting right through and preheating all of this material so the material is going to be close to if not at vaporization temperature before any suction is applied and what this means is the little bit of air that flows through here only needs to effectively displace the vapor that's already hanging out in this extraction chamber so a long slow draw allows for a small amount of air to come in get heated up by the mass of the stainless or the titanium tip come into the extraction chamber displace the vapor that's already there and at the same time transfer additional heat from this hot air into the vapor into more of the center of the extraction chamber providing for more effective evaporation of all of your active compounds and then further displacing more of that vapor all the way down through the tip where it then meets up with the condenser and can then mix in with cool outside air that's going to be coming between the inside of the stammer body and the outside of the condenser and mixing at this point right here which creates a significant amount of turbulence cools and conditions of vapor and in general there's the magic of the VapCap thanks for watching check out our other videos here and here and please subscribe we appreciate your support and look forward to next time


I remember growing up as a teenager, and every day I would come back from school, Syria would be on the news. I would see images of destroyed cities, bombs, and people lying severely wounded in hospitals. And I would think to myself, how is anybody still alive in that country? If you had told me back then that I, as a young woman, would travel to Damascus alone, I probably would have laughed in your face. My name is Zaynab Amy. I'm a British revert to Shia Islam, and I'm going to Syria to complete the pilgrimage of Lady Zaynab, the granddaughter of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him and his family. And I want to take you all there with me.


Hi everyone, Joe from jaspyscasebrakes.com with another 18-19 Chronicles basketball Hanger box break. This is break number 10 with a chance to have five spots chance to win five spots in the basketball Mixer that's on the site right now big. Thanks and good luck to all of these wonderful people right here There are the teams right there. So we're gonna do the break itself first Let's roll it and ran it 11 times for each list for the break and 11th and final time after 11 times we've got McCarthy down to McCarthy Let's randomize a team to your to the group here 11 times and 11th and final time. Oh, I missed William Fulmer Hi William Fulmer, just saying hi. Okay, see you down to the Lakers There's the first half of the group right here. Remember this is 18 19 So sorry McCarthy Pelicans there, but there you go Brian Crouch with the Mavs and Sean Black with the Hawks now This is only a single hanger hanger box break So I wouldn't I wouldn't set too many expectations on here But we've seen some surprises in these little hanger retail Packs Make this pretty interesting. So let's print. Let's rip. No, we will retake those names Rerandomize them and see who's gonna win those mixer spots Michael Porter, Jr. rookie Jaren Jackson, Jr. Rookie. All right Jaren Jackson, Jr. Goes to Matthew Michael Porter, Jr. Goes to Jonathan Bonnie Walker We got Mo Bamba or Michael Porter, Jr. Let's see if there's any of the mini Donchich or Trey young here. No Jerome Robinson Robert Williams That's a couple nice Michael Porter, Jr. Is here though. All right. Well No big deal the whole point of this Ladies and gentlemen is to is to see who's gonna win those five spots So let's copy the names here so top five And the basketball mixer after five top five after five after five times Thanks everyone for getting in and congrats to Ryan Zach Chad Mike and Kevin there you go There you go. Congrats guys. Thanks very much I think we only need to do one more couple more hangers Maybe use some spots straight up and then we're breaks on that basketball mixer. So let's do that Thanks, everyone Joe for jazby's casewrakes.com. I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye. Bye


Hey there, it's Chris and right now at ReadLion.com and an unbelievable story out of Howard County, Maryland where the school board there says they can create an eighth school board seat. And while this is being fought in court, get this, this eighth school board seat could be voted on only by illegal aliens, not the residents of the county, for real. This is a court case that's playing out right now and they're covering it at ReadLion.com.


So let's see if we can use calculus to help us graph implicit functions. So let's try and find all critical points for the function defined implicitly by y squared equals x cubed minus 4x plus 3. So first we'll find the derivative. Now remember the critical points are going to be where the derivative is zero or undefined. And since our derivative is a quotient, it's possible for it to be undefined. And so one place where critical points occur is going to be wherever y equals zero. To find this point we need to solve our equation for x. Now this is a cubic equation and most of us were never taught how to solve cubic equations, but that's okay. We have plenty of options. We can use trial and error or a computer algebra system to find a solution x equal to 1. And just as a quick note, we see that as x approaches 1 and y approaches zero, our derivative is going to approach plus or minus infinity. Depending on whether y is approaching zero from above or approaching zero from below, and that suggests that our tangent line is vertical at our point x equal to 1, y equal to zero. Are there any other such critical points? By the root theorem, we know that if x equals 1 is a solution to x cubed minus 4x plus 3 equals zero, then x minus 1 is a factor. And so we can remove that factor and additional solutions to y equals zero will be found by solving the quadratic x squared plus x minus 3 equals zero. And so we'll use the quadratic formula, which gives us two additional solutions. Alternatively, if we'd used a computer algebra system, we would have found all three solutions to begin with. By a similar analysis, we see that as x approaches either of these values and y approaches zero, our derivative is going to approach plus or minus infinity. And again, what that tells us is that at these points, our tangent line is going to be vertical. Where else do we get critical points? We'll get additional critical points where the derivative is zero. And because this is a quotient, the only way a quotient can be zero is if the numerator is zero. So we'll set numerator equal to zero and solve. And this gives us x equals plus or minus square root of 4 over 3. Again, we have our x value. Now we want to look for our y value. If x equals square root of 4 over 3, then our equation tells us that y squared equals x cubed minus 4x plus 3. But then an interesting thing happens. When we evaluate this right hand side, we get negative 0.0792. And it's impossible for the square of a real number to be negative. So there is no solution. And what this means also is that there is no point on the graph where x equals square root of 4 thirds. The graph somehow skips over this x value. What about x equals negative square root of 4 thirds? Here, if we substitute our x value into our equation, we find our y value. And it's important to notice that there are two possible y values for this one x value. And so we get two additional critical points. And we'll make one quick note about mathematical style. It's not considered good form to mix dialects. And what that means is that we have our y value in decimal form. We should give our x value in decimal form as well. And so we'll convert this x equals negative square root of 4 thirds into its decimal equivalent. And our critical points are going to be given in decimal form. Now, in order to determine whether these are local maximum or local minimum values, we might find the second derivative. But that's going to be a nightmare because this is an implicit function, which is a quotient. Instead, we'll do a first derivative test. Since our derivative is in terms of both x and y, then we have to evaluate our critical points based on both their x and y values. So let's consider this first critical point. So remember our x coordinate here was the decimal equivalent of negative square root of 4 thirds. So now let's consider if we're to the left of this point, our x values will be less than negative square root of 4 thirds, and our y values will be positive. And so this means our derivative will be positive. And that's because in our derivative the denominator is going to be a positive number and the numerator is also going to be a positive number. And that means the graph is rising up to meet that point. Now, once we go to the right of the point, the x values will be greater than negative square root of 4 thirds and the y values will still be positive, so our derivative is going to be negative. And again, that's because our denominator is going to be positive and our numerator is going to be negative. And so the graph is falling from this point. And that means that this point will be a local maximum. Similarly, if we're to the left of this other point, the x values will be less than negative square root of 4 thirds and the y values will be negative, so our derivative is going to be negative. And again, that's because our denominator is a negative number and our numerator is a positive number. And if we're to the right of this point, the x values will be more than negative square root of 4 thirds and the y values will still be negative, so our derivative will be positive. So the graph is falling to the point and rising after it, so this point is a local minimum.