Hello everyone, welcome back to another session in dentistry and more. Today's session is about various cysts of the jaws. So this session is about the definition of cyst, the parts and stages of cyst formation, then its classification and the details about relations with regard to pathogenesis clinical features, radiographic features, histopathology, differential diagnosis and management. So the word cyst is derived from a Greek word that is kystis which means bladder or pouch. So we know the cyst looks like a bladder or a pouch with a proper encapsulation or epithelial lining and this is the second most common pathological radiolusincy in the jaw. So we have many definitions for cyst, the most commonly accepted is the Kramer one, it is a pathological cavity having fluid, semi-fluid or gaseous contents and which is not created by accumulation of pus and is often encapsulated or lined by epithelium. So a cyst will be always with encapsulation or epithelial lining. So this part is a crucial part of a cyst which has encapsulation or epithelial lining. So these are the parts of cyst which has lumen surrounding epithelium and further surrounded by a connective tissue capsule. So epithelium would be stratified squamous epithelium or pseudo stratified columnar and the capsule consists of fibroblast, fibrosite, collagen, elastin and other cellular components. So a cyst develops when the stimulation happens then it leads to the proliferation that is the multiplication then there will be the arrangement of cells with the creation of lumen inside. So the final cyst will be a peripherally arranged cells with a lumen at the middle of the cells, aggregation of cells. Theories of cyst enlargement which was summarized by Malcolm Harris in 1975 focusing on three concepts that is mural growth, hydrostatic enlargement and bone reserving factors. The mural growth were focusing on peripheral solution and accumulation of cellular content, hydrostatic enlargement on secretion, transtection and exudation and bone reserving factors on osteoclastic activity. So let's see the classification of cysts. So Robinson as classified as ordentogenic and non-ordentogenic. So in ordentogenic we have periodontal, radicular, lateral, residual, dendritus and primodial cysts whereas non-ordentogenic that is non tooth related tissues. This is tooth related tissues. So non-ordentogenic tissues we have median cyst, incisive, canal cyst and globulo maxillary cyst. In another classification given by WHO it is based on the developmental and inflammatory cell developmental we have ordentogenic and non-ordentogenic just like what we have seen. Some additional classification, the alveolar cyst of infants, gingeral cyst of adults and we have non-ordentogenic mid-palatal cyst of infants. In inflammatory we have follicular cyst, radicular cyst and lateral periodontal cyst. So shear classification is a very simple one, the epithelial line and non-epithelial line. So in epithelial we have development and inflammatory development, ordentogenic and non-ordentogenic. So cysts of maxillary andrum are benign mucosal cyst or surgical ciliated cyst of maxilla and cyst of soft tissues of mouth, face and neck all these cysts will coming under this category. Now let's begin with okc or ordentogenic keratocyst. So ordentogenic keratocyst which has lots of synonyms such as dermoid cyst, colostia derma, primordial cyst, keratocyst derma. So okc was named by Philipson in 1956. So it is arising from dendral lamina or its remnants by proliferation of basal cells of oral epithelium. In clinical features its incidence is 3 to 11 percentage of all ordentogenic cyst and it has a bimodal peak that is third and sixth decade and the predilection is more in males and it is commonly seen in ankle and ascending ramus of mandible and it has got symptoms such as pathological fracture, pain, swelling, discharge, paracetia of lower lipoteat because of the nerve involvement and also since the cyst becomes enlarged and reserves the surrounding bonds and there will be displacement of teeth and anterior posterior expansion. So when we take aspirate we get a odorless, creamy or cheesy content. In radiographic features we see a round or oval well-quarticated radiolucency with large expansile and scaloptor multi-locular lesion which displays uninterrupted, impacted teeth and also the inferior alveolar canal. So there will be perforation of the cortex and the epicenter is above the inferior alveolar canal where the cyst origins and it grows along the internal aspect of jaw with minimal expansion. So I can see a cyst over here. So it expands along the internal aspect of jaw with minimal expansion. So internal aspect of jaw with minimal expansion. You can see this. So it has a few radiological types such as follicle assist which surrounds the crown of an unerupted tooth and is attached to the neck of the tooth which is known as dentisist. Envelopmental type which may envelop an adjacent impacted tooth, replacement type which forms in place of normal teeth, extraneous type which is in the ascending ramus away from the tooth and collateral type is adjacent to root of tooth similar to our lateral periodontal cyst. So in histologic features you can see the satellite cyst which is a unique feature and the term stone appearance of the basal cells. The basal cell has term stone appearance. Then we can see a separation of lining from the capsule, then the big lumen and the parachartinized epithelium. So based on the histology we have two types that is one is parachartinized it is a major one which has aggressive and high rate of recurrence whereas the orthocratinized one which produces only orthocratin which is associated with dentiture assist around third molar which is less aggressive and which is not associated with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. So there are few syndromes where the O.K.C.E. is reported such as N.B.C.C.S., Murphan syndrome, Ehlers-Dangler syndrome and Noonan syndrome. So we have differential diagnosis one is amyloblastoma, the residual cyst, odendogenic mixoma, traumatic bone cyst and the dentiture assist. So in management we need to go for inoculation, masopilization or peripheral ostectomy, osceous restriction, chemical characterization or decompression. The recurrence rate in O.K.C.E. is comparably high because of the presence of satellite cyst and the thin epithelial lining it has got intrinsic growth potential and proliferation of basal cell. So it has proven that it is a neoplastic change. So it has got neoplastic change because the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndromes reports the presence of O.K.C. Now we move on to dentiture assist. Dentiture assist encloses the crown of an uninterrupted tooth by expansion of its follicle which is attached to its neck which is also known as follicular cyst or pericoronal cyst. So Brown and Smith named the cyst as dentiture assist which is two-layered enamel epithelium that is reduced enamel epithelium. So it was actually covering the newly formed enamel and it will disintegrate once it erupts into the oral cavity and it merges with the gengeval epithelium and finally it becomes junctional epithelium. But what happens if it is not disintegrates and if it starts collecting fluid between the enamel and this reduced enamel epithelium? This formation happens. So there will be degeneration of stellate reticulum at an early stage of development with associated enamel hyperplasia. So after completion of crown formation by accumulation of fluid between layers of reduced enamel epithelium. So the enamel epithelium will become reduced enamel epithelium when the stellate reticulum collapses and the outer and inner enamel epithelium comes closer. So if there is degeneration of stellate reticulum at very early stage of development with enamel hyperplasia there will be accumulation of fluid between this reduced enamel epithelium. So extra follicular type is appears to be developmental or follicular ordentogenic keratocyst. So how does the cyst expand? So it is by the tooth erupts the pressure on the impacted follicle there will be venous stasis on transudation of serum which increases the hydrostatic pressure and finally the cyst expands. So in clinical features it is commonly seen in second to third decades and in males. The common site is mandibular third molar or maxillary canine areas. Also mandibular primolar and maxillary third molars and it could also be found associated with supernumery and odendoms. Mostly it is asymptomatic unless it is secondly infected and it presents as a slow growing swelling which can cause asymmetry and the aspiration will be thin watery yellowish fluid with occasional blight. So in radiographic features there will be unilocular well-defined radiolusin lesion with sclerotic border around an unirrupted tooth crown. So this is a cyst it is around the tooth crown a radiolusin lesion with sclerotic border you can see a sclerotic border which is around the neck of unirrupted tooth. So cortical plate expansion will be there. So usually CBCT or CT will be used to determine the relationship of the cyst to the mandibular canal prior to the surgery and MRI investigation also will be done. So we have three radiological variations. One is the central variety where the crown is this is a central variety you can see central variety where the cyst is completely encloses the crown from one side to the other side where the tooth is centrally located where the crown is enveloped symmetrically here the pressure is applied to crown pushing it away from its direction of eruption. So the mandibular third molar is a common example which is found at the lower border of mandible or ascending ramus maxillary canal which forced into maxillary sinus maxillary incisors which is forced to the floor of nose whereas a lateral variety which is not symmetrical it is mainly on one side of the tooth so which results from dilation of follicle on one aspect of crown okay not symmetrically on either side which is commonly seen when an impacted mandibular third molar is partially erupted so that its superior aspect is exposed. So you can see the superior aspect is exposed and its partial eruption. The third one is circumferential type in which the entire tooth appears to be enveloped by cyst you can see the entire tooth okay so this is a tooth the entire tooth okay so the entire tooth is enveloped this variety we differentiated from envelopmental type of keratosis. So differential diagnosis we have hyperplastic follicle adenomatode odendogenic tumor calcifying odendogenic cyst ameloblastoma odendogenic keratocyst and finally the radicalocyst so just like the first cyst we have just like our O.K.C. okay we have dentigerocyst associated with few syndromes like cledocranial dysplasia basilsilneva syndrome mortex lame syndrome okay management by inoculation along with the removal of tooth or marsupialization of large cyst and decompression with orthodontic treatment the complications could be after a incomplete surgical removal such as ameloblastoma this lining epithelium or from the rest of odendogenic epithelium ameloblastoma could develop or epidoma or gastronoma from mucoepidoma or gastronoma from lining epithelium from dentigerocyst which contains mucus secreting cells next we have eruption cyst which is also known as eruption hematoma which is nothing but a dentigerocyst occurring in soft tissues occurs when tooth is impeded in its eruption within soft tissues overlaying bone so this is a eruption cyst dilation of tooth follicle by accumulation of tissue fluid or blood clinical features it will be well circumscribed flexuant translucent and commonly seen with mantibular primary incisors and first permanent molars transillumination helps to distinguish eruption cyst and eruption hematoma ok cyst and hematoma is different cyst and hematoma are entirely different on a microscopic feature cyst has a lining it has a lumen with disintegrated content whereas hematoma is just a collection of blood in radiographic which is how we get a shadow of soft tissue with expansion of follicular space without any bone involvement and there will be dilated and open crypt so we can excise the derm of the cyst exposing the tooth crown differential diagnosis it could be misdiagnosed as dentigerocyst or gingival cyst so gingival cyst of newborn it is seen in newborn babies mainly due to this dental lamina epithelial remnants these remnants will become proliferate and around 15 to 20 weeks it will become a cyst so it looks like a small white cream colored cyst in newborns up to three months at the crest of maxilla and mandible so it could be misdiagnosed as abstinibles which is seen on the mid palatine raffae which is derived from entrapped epithelium along the line of fusion or also it could be bonds nodules that is buccal and lingual aspects of maxillary and mandibular ridges derived from remnants of mucus glands so treatment is just a removal of condense the lateral periodontal cyst and vortioid cyst it is also from reduced enamel epithelium or cell rest of molasses or remnants of dental lamina most commonly seen around 50 years and in males the sites are lateral roots of mandibular canine like primolar and anterior maxilla symptoms gingival swelling with normal overlying mucosa and the teeth will be mostly vital so most of the cases when the tooth is associated with cyst the teeth becomes non-vital but this is a lateral periodontal cyst and most of the cases the tooth will be vital so in radiographic features it appears as round or oval or tear drop shaped so you can see and see a tear drop shape and well circumscribed red erosion area with this clearotic margin which has less than 1 centimeter in diameter and there is no resorption of adjacent teeth and unlike many other cysts there will not be any resorption of adjacent teeth so it is lined by non-characterizing layer of squamous or cuboidal epithelium with glycogen rich clear cells differential diagnosis lateral radical assist where the tooth will be non-vital also lateral dentigerosist associated with impactor tooth or lateral periodontal abscess gingival cyst or mental foramen so mental foramen also means diagnosed as our lateral periodontal cyst because of its peculiar location and if it is present between the primolars management commonly by surgical excision without extracting the tooth so gingival cyst of adult this uncommon cyst either in free or attached ginger soft tissue counterpart of lateral periodontal cyst it is due to the cystic transformation of dental amine or glands or rest of sera or also from traumatic implantation of surface epithelium commonly seen between 50 to 60 years but in females and common sites are mandible to canine primolar region so in symptoms it is attached ginger or the interdental papilla of facial aspect to the small soft painless growth which is dome like shaped with well circumscribed which is ranging from less than 1 centimeter in diameter sometimes blue color and radiographic features there will be soft tissue lesion if enlarges to sufficient size then there will be faint round shadow which is indicative of superficial bone erosion and differential diagnosis lateral periodontal cyst peripheral joint cell granuloma traumatic fibroma management just by surgical excision now we have glandular odendogenic cyst it is derived from dental lamina and it is name given by krammer also known as muco epitomoid odendogenic cyst because of the presence of both secretory elements and stratified squamous epithelium so most common in the sixth decade in male groups and site is mandible or anterior which originate as a small painless swelling which has propensity to grow large and recur so radiographic features there will be cortical boundary which is more than scalloped so you can see the radiographic features both unilocular and multilocular appearance expansion of cortical plates with regions of perforation and also displacement of teeth histologic features this will be superficial layer of epithelium or columnar cuboidal cells will be hobnail with cilia or filiform extension of cytoplasm ameloblastoma kot lateral periodontal cyst or butchered cyst or the differential diagnosis we can manage it by local block excision rather than inoculation because of its unpredictable nature of recurrence now we have ceot that is calcifying epithelial odendogenic cyst synonyms are goreland cyst cystic carotinizing tumor then calcifying ghost cell odendogenic cyst calcifying cystic odendogenic tumor so the t was first described by goreland in 1962 which is unusual and rare relation with features of cyst and also that of a solid neoplasm wh now categorizes this entity as a tumor not as a cyst clinical features around the second decade which is a bimodal distribution with second peak around 70 years more common among females site is both joe seen anterior to first molars slow growing pain less willing with cortical plate destruction cystic mass become palpable and the displacement of adjacent teeth and it gives a viscous granular fluid on aspiration so it has few clinical types such as central or intraoschist which is seen within the bone occurs centrally within the bone produces heart bony expansion and may be fairly extensive whereas extra oschist or peripheral type which occurs in the soft tissue overlying the tooth bearing area which is pink in color circumscribed elevated mass which is measuring up to four centimeter and it is associated with odendogenic tumor now radiographic features it is anterior to first molar cuspid sun incisors are involved so the well-defined corticator curve borders with curved cyst like to ill-defined irregular shape with completely reducing with small 4k of calcified material as white flecks or large solid mass can see the large solid mass so which is associated with a tooth and in and it impedes its eruption there will be displacement of teeth then perforation resorption of roots histology features there will be thick layer of basal layer of columbna cells and ghost cells become calcified that is why it has got this name dysplastic bentine which is laid down adjacent to basal layer differential diagnosis dentistry assist aot ossifying fibroma fibrous dysplasia cementoblastoma can be managed by inoculation or cure attached now we have the inflammation cyst or the radical assist which is also known as periapical cyst apical periodontal cyst or root and cyst which is the most common cyst which arises from epithelial cell rest of molasses in the periodontal ligament just stimulated to proliferate and undergo cystic degeneration as a result of inflammation so in pathogenesis there will be caries trauma or periodontal disease which leads to the death of pulp there will be necrotic deprise which stimulate inflammation then apical bone inflammation there will be formation of granuloma then stimulation of epithelial rest of molasses epithelial proliferation the segregation of cells and assist formation finally the periapical cyst so the periapical cyst formation segregation it becomes a cystic cavity so there are three phases first is initiation where the cyst epithelium derived from the epithelial rest of molasses in the periodontal ligament and bacterial endotoxins are the main initiators of the inflammation so there will be local changes in the connective tissue local changes causes decreased oxygen increased carbon dioxide and reduced pH then the cyst forms by the nutritional deficiency theory which says that cavity forms within the proliferating mass in an apical granuloma by degeneration and death of cells in the center so the cells in the center will be deprived of the nutrients and becomes cavity so the abscess theory postulates proliferating epithelium lines and abscess cavity because of the innate nature of the epithelial cells to cover exposed connective tissue surfaces then finally the cyst expansion phase by osmosis and capillary pressure so in clinical features we have the most common cyst of the oral cavity that is a 60 percentage of all cysts could be seen in any age and most commonly in males and most common site is anterior region of maxilla and symptoms that is slowly progressive painless swelling and the tooth will be non vital so you can see a non vital tooth so you can see the non vital tooth here and the cyst the expanded cortical plates okay so this is a symptomatic one it is associated with non vital tooth cortical plate expansion which will be bony heart and axial crackling and also a soft flexuant swelling the aspirate will be straw colored fluid with low protein levels and large amounts of cholesterol so the radiographic features the location is the apex of a non vital tooth that is epi center where it originates can see the apex the periphery will be well defined and if it is secondly infected that well defined border will not be there the outline is usually curved or circular the internal structure it is readily used in occasionally diastrophic calcification which may develop in long standing cyst appearing as partially distributed small particulate radio opacities so if it is affecting the nearby bones it will cause the resorption and displacement of fruits and the cortical plates will be expanded it will become curved or circular pattern and also imagination of the antrum is reported with the case of upper teeth and it may displace the mandibular nerve canal in an inferior direction so you can see the periapical cyst so differential diagnosis could be periapical granuloma scar resurgical defect lateral periodontal cyst or periapical cemental dysplasia traumatic bone cyst or mandibular infected buccal cyst so management we need to do rct it has a potential to heal without surgical intervention sometimes rct plus periodontal surgery and bone graft sometimes extraction curatage and enucleation so untreated radical assist may give rise to amyloblastom or commasal carcinoma next we have residual cyst which is nothing but assist that may persist after the extraction of causative tooth okay which is more common cause of swelling in edendulis jaw in older person now we have non odendogenic cyst the first one is nasopalatine defect assist which is a most common non odendogenic cyst which is one percentage of the population is affected arises from the embryonic remnants of nasopalatine defect or incisive canal defect it is formed due to trauma infection mucus retention spontaneous cystic degeneration of epithelial remnants or it could be due to any of the mentioned reason so clinical features it develops at any stage more common in fourth and fifth decade which shows slight male predilection anterior region is affected like midline of palate and asymptomatic swelling in the anterior palate drainage through tiny fistula pain due to secondary infection or pressure on the nerves and rarely a large cyst produce through and through flexion expansion involving anterior palate and labial alveolar myocosa so radiographic features we have a well circumscribed radius and see between the teeth that is central incisors in or near the midline anterior maxilla between an apical to the central incisors round or oval or inverted pier okay inverted pier or heart shaped can see a heart shaped with sclerotic border we can see a sclerotic border root resorption and bony expansion or rare diameter ranges from 1 to 2.5 centimeter the histology epithelial lining which is highly variable composed of stratified squamous epithelium or pseudo columnar epithelium simple columnar and simple cuboidal and now blood vessels and mucus salivary glands with inflammatory infiltrate ranging from mild to severe form differential diagnosis as incisive fossa radical assist dentistry assist with mesiodense or median palatal assist so we can manage it by surgical inoculation or treatment indicated only in presence of clinical symptoms and before placement of dentures the next one is nasolabial cyst synonyms are naso alveolar or clestate cyst which is a rare developments of tissue cyst occur in the lip beneath the allow of the nose so there are two theories like which develops from entrapped embryonic epithelium at the junction of medial nasal lateral nasal and maxillary process and also it could be arise from remnants of nasal lacrimal duct because of the similar location and histology so it is more common in females at around four to fifth decade in bilateral 10 percentage of the cases mostly asymptomatic and painful if secondary infected it's a fluctuate and obliterate the nasolabial fold so it arises from soft tissues in most of the cases without any radiographic changes and it is lined by pseudo stratified columnar or cuboidal epithelium and goblet cells are seen acute dendro alveolar abscess stick salivary adenoma nasal pharynchal or differential diagnosis and we can surgically excise it so this median palatal cyst or alveolar cyst or mandibular and globular maxillary cyst they were thought to develop from epithelium entrapped in the process of fusion of embryonic process but nowadays believe that they represent the posterior extension of incisive canal cyst in case of median palatal cyst and anterior extension in case of median alveolar cyst okay next we have non-epithelial lined cirrhosis aneurysmal bone cyst which is described by jave in 1942 which is an uncommon lesion seen in most bones of skeleton it is an exaggerated localized proliferative response to vascular tissue okay so it is a misnomer which does not contain vascular aneurysm and is not a true bone cyst which is modified by communication with the large blood vessels or it could be due to the lesions destroyed by hemorrhage or a vascular disturbance it has four stages osteolytic growth phase maturity phase and healing phase so it is commonly under 30 years with no sex predilection and ankle and ramus of mandible is commonly affected with a history of trauma firm swellings which may be painful swelling and malocclusion with enlargement is rapid with limited mouth opening and recent displacement of teeth which are vital axial crackling but not pulsatile ones tissue shows excessive bleeding and blood soaked sponge appearance in radiographic features it has peripheral well-defined circular lesions with multi-locular one septa which is seen in between and ill-defined at right angles to the outer expanded border which gives a soap bubble appearance expanded cortical plates which displace and the reserve the teeth we can managed by curatage and partial resection these are the differential diagnosis joint cell granuloma amyloblastoma cherubism central hemangioma randogenic mixoma stiffens bone cyst now we have solitary bone cyst which is also known as traumatic bone cyst or hemorrhage exist which is basically due to the trauma or the faulty calcium metabolism or local disturbance or ischemic necrosis of fatty marrow it is asymptomatic seen in first two decades of life in males and commonly seen in posterior mandible the teeth are vital aspiration gives a straw colored fluid radiographic features a margin blend with surroundings and scalopy between the roots and radius an internal structure without any sceptre differential agnosis or radical assist cg cg fibrous dysplasia amyloblastoma and the last one is stuffin bone cyst which is also known as lingual bone defect or static bone cavity or latent bone cyst so which is nothing but group of concavities in the lingual surface of the mandible where the depression is lined with an intact outer cortex the pathogenesis is well defined deep depression which is associated with growth of salivary gland adjacent to lingual surface of mandible where the anterior region near apical area of bica spid that is a sublingual gland where it is commonly seen and it is rarely on the ascending ramus where the parotid gland is there fifth to sixth decade is highest incidence with male predilection without any symptoms well defined round avoid or low-bladed radulosity about one to three centimeter in size which is lies below the inferior alveolar canal and anterior to ankle of mandible with well defined margins with a dense cortical border so management no need of treatment unless suspicion of development of neoplasm so that is all about various cysts of oral cavity so we have discussed in detail about the most of the cysts in oral cavity or endogenic and not endogenic varieties so I will come up with a new topic in the industry and more thank you


I am Councilwoman and Mayor Pro Tem Tamika Isaac Devine and it is my pleasure and honor to welcome you guys to the 12th annual Mayor's Walk Against Domestic Violence. Before we get started with some remarks, I'm going to ask if we could bring forward Chief Aubrey Jenkins, Deacon Aubrey Jenkins to bring forward the opening prayer and then we'll get started. Let's all pray. All dear Heavenly Father, we thank you right now for this occasion, Lord. We thank you, Lord, for just blessing us to be here. We pray, Lord, that all things that are said and done through this walk, Lord, that we bring in more awareness to domestic violence, Lord. We pray, Lord, for those victims that have been affected by this, not only the victims, Lord, but the families as well. So we ask you, Lord, to please bless, heal, touch, and deliver, Lord, and just give us the victory. In Jesus' name. Amen. Thank you, Chief Jenkins. And also, I just want to recognize, because I know Chief Jenkins has another engagement. Want us to all thank him. The Columbia Richland Fire Department has donated the water for our walkers today, so we want to thank you so much. Y'all help me. Thank you. All right. Now, so I am excited about today. Every year, this is just an amazing, amazing event. Some years we have rained like last year. Some years it's cold. Today we've got beautiful bright, sunny skies. We have good temperature, good weather. But most importantly, we have amazing people here. It is my duty to preside over this program, but also to bring you some remarks about the facts and the purpose of the walk. And I share with a couple people, most people who've seen me speak, I usually kind of speak off the cuff. I've actually written down some notes today because I've really, I've been praying about what I was going to say today to you guys, because I just think about us coming out here every year and where we are in South Carolina when it comes to domestic violence.  You've ever been a victim of domestic violence? And I'll say, you know, by the grace of God, I have not. But that doesn't mean make the issue less important for me. It is very important for me, particularly as someone, my first job at a law school, well actually I'll go back prior to law school, when I was in law school, I met an amazing woman sitting behind me, Nancy Barton, who was looking for volunteers to go into the prisons to work with women who were victims of domestic violence, who had killed their abusers. And that was my first introduction to domestic violence. Right out of law school, I became a violence against women prosecutor, and that I was a violence against women legal services attorney. And then I went on to the state attorney general's office and was a prosecutor. And so that's kind of where my history in domestic violence is. And we come out here and we walk and we raise awareness and it's always a great day. And I always give you the stats and where we are in South Carolina and then encourage you to go out and do something. But quite honestly, I feel like that's not enough. You know, I always kind of tip-toe, I give the facts, but those of you who are out here, you know the facts. You know the stats. Those of you who are out here have been affected personally. You've got family members or sisters or girlfriends who have been affected personally. You have seen it. So you know the facts. So I don't need to preach to you and share with you statistics because you have lived the facts. But what I did want to do today before I bring my speakers up here for remarks was just, you know, when you think about really the last two years in this country, most importantly or especially the last two weeks, I don't know about you guys, but I mean I just get frustrated. I wake up and I read the paper or watch the news and I hear remarks about people and I'm not saying whatever is on their heart, but you know, well-meaning, well-intentioned or not, what they say and what they do do not so support for victims of domestic violence and sexual assault. And it has been frustrating because I feel like, you know, we tell people, you know, we tell everybody, you know, our voices can be heard. This walk and other things like that are ways that our voices can be heard. And they are. So don't get me wrong. Don't say okay, I'm not coming to the 13th annual one because Tamika said our voices are heard through the walk. I want you out here, but I want us to also realize that this is just a symbol of the bigger thing that we can do and that we need to be doing in our communities. But there are a lot of more important things, oh, not more important. There are a lot other things that we can be doing to complement our presence here at the walk. And so I just wanted to share with you guys that thought and challenge the folks here as you listen to our speakers who are going to come forward, as you hear the story of our survivor, as you walk with your team that you came out here and you're walking through the beautiful, you know, greenway and thinking about what are your next steps today? You're physically taking steps, but what are your next steps after today? And I really just challenge us that we have to we have to be ever more vigilant. You know, the Violence Policy Center came out this year. We're six in the nation. You know, we've been as high as one several years. We've been as low as nine, but we're always in the top 10. And that just shows me we've got to do something different, guys. There's something that has to be different. And I'm not trying to be political and talk, you know, Republican, Democrat, man, woman, although I will say we need more women in elected office. But I'm saying we've got to have people who not only understand the issues that are plaguing our community, but we have to have people who are willing to make a difference. And so I am going to be political in that. I'm going to tell you today is one month, one month away from Election Day. And we have people all up and down the ballot from congressional candidates to our state offices, to our local offices like Solicitor and County Council. And, you know, we have to have people all up and down the ballot that understand our issues and not only understand them, but also understand and recognize when they don't know an issue and they don't recognize an issue that they talk to people who make, who have the information. And so I just wrote down three things. You know, I go to a Baptist Church.  So I just wrote down three things. One is vote. And I don't mean just, you know, we always hear people say vote, vote, vote. I wore my pin today about voting just to remind you guys about voting. But today, starting on Monday, you can early voting or we don't have early voting in our state, which is another issue that the people that we elect can change. But the people that we currently have in office don't allow us to early vote, but we can vote in-person absentee starting on Monday.  We got to make sure that we're educated about who we're voting for and who we're putting in office and that our voices are heard. That when they make decisions, and I told you guys about my history and working my first two jobs, my first two jobs were funded by the Violence Against Women Act that went in effect. It was written by then Senator Joe Biden, went in effect in 1993. It effectively expired last week. However, the president has extended it to the end of December or to the beginning of December. And so those folks up there in Washington have the ability to reauthorize the Violence Against Women Act or not. When it passed the first time, when it was reauthorized, the second time it was bipartisan support to reauthorize it. The last time it was reauthorized, there were a lot of people who didn't, a lot of elected people who didn't support it because they didn't support some of the people who were being protected under the Violence Against Women Act. So to me, that means for you guys, it's important who we send to Congress because it's important that we have people who authorize the money that come to our state to fund prosecutors, to fund victim advocates, to vote law enforcement, to help combat domestic violence in our community. So we gotta vote and we gotta make sure our friends vote. Secondly, we need to hold our elected officials accountable. Whether you voted for them or not, whether you voted for me or not, you should be able to call me any time and say, Tamika, I wanna know what is the city doing about domestic violence? What is the city doing about this issue?  You should be able to call them any time and say, what are you doing? And I wanna hold you accountable. I wanna know how are you making this issue important in our state? We gotta hold people accountable. And for people to say voices don't matter, we look at whether you're happy or not happy about the way the vote went yesterday in Congress and will likely go today, a week ago, two women stood and talked to their congressperson and said, I am a survivor.   And he did take a pause. Now, we can argue whether or not that made a difference. I'm not gonna get into that debate. But it did, those two women, their voices were heard. What would it do if all of us called our congresspeople? If we were calling them, we were calling Senator Graham and Senator Scott and Joe Wilson and saying, this is my story and I want you to hear it. And I want you to do something about it. And then when they don't do what we think they should do, then we need to hold them accountable. Which means we need to be rallying people and voting them out of office. So that is our second thing. We need to hold all elected officials accountable. I don't care if they're Republican or Democrat. If they represent South Carolina, if they represent Richland County, Karshaw County, whatever, they represent all of us. And they need to be held accountable to us. And then my third thing is we need to continue to be an advocate. I listened to the debate yesterday. I was disappointed by some of the remarks I've heard in the last week. I have called my congresspeople and expressed my disappointment. But instead of being disappointed and mad and frustrated, I am using that energy to be more of an advocate. And that's what all of us need to do. That's number three. We need to be an advocate. It doesn't need to be just the first Saturday of October that we come out here, we put on our purple, we feel good, and we walk. But we need to be calling people. We need to be when an abuser is let out on a PR bond. We need to be there holding people accountable. When money is cut from domestic violence shelters, we need to be out there being an advocate, holding people accountable. We need to continue to be an advocate 365 days of the year, not just today. And so I'm going to get off my preachy. But that was on my heart, and I just had to say it. I just had to say it because I don't want to feel like we come out here, we feel good, we walk, but then what? We don't do anything else. So my challenge to you guys as you listen to our fabulous speakers today is to take those three things and go out there and you continue to take steps against domestic violence and do what you can do because we all can do something. Some of us are elected and appointed and policymakers and we do things there. Some of us are advocates and we work in that field. Some of us are PTO moms and church leaders and we can do our work there, but we all can do something.  I know that there are some of you in here that I've talked to about how do I be an advocate? How can I do this? How can I do that? Well, Sara is a person, her organization is the umbrella organization for our state. They have been working hard in the trenches for many, many years and she can help them point you to the resources necessary to elevate your advocacy in this issue. And so if you all would please help me and join me and welcome Sara Barber. Thank you, Tamika. First of all, I'd like to echo what Tamika said and that Senator Scott and Graham expect my call. They expect to hear from me every day but if they expect all your calls too we may actually start to get some change and they may listen to all of us in a way that maybe sometimes they don't listen to just me. Unlike Tamika, I don't speak off the cuff so I have some prepared remarks about what October and what these kind of events mean to me. So every October we gather to remember the dead. Those who have been killed by abusive partners during the previous year. And every October we recoil from statistics that show our state to be one of the most dangerous in which a woman can live. Every October we pause to recognize that homicides are only the horrific tip of the iceberg of domestic violence in our state. But as terrible as statistics are sometimes they can obscure the lives they represent. The lives impacted and lost to the many types of abuse that form the pattern of domestic violence that sears through our families and communities. Individual stories get lost in numbers. So today rather than talk about statistics I want to focus on two stories that have impacted me. So the work I do as an advocate, the hope I carry is rooted in the legacy of Marva. I met Marva when I was first starting to work with a program that intervened with offenders.  After being arrested and spending some time in jail he was referred to our program. Then a few weeks later he assaulted Marva again and I started talking to her pretty much every day, talking to her about her possible options, about safety planning, trying to engage her in services with sister care. After a couple of weeks her husband moved back in the house, the call stopped and I think I just can't imagine how terrible those few days were for her. The next time I saw Marva's name was in the newspaper a short while later. Her husband had turned gasoline over her and let her on fire while her son watched. She died a few weeks later, 15 years on and I still think about her every single day and although it may seem strange to say that the hope I carry is inspired by her, it is because her story carries forward the urgency of the work we do, the work we need to do as a community and so nobody else has to enjoy what she and her family did.  Scott made a decision to acknowledge his responsibility for the abuse and to make the changes in his behavior and beliefs that would enable his family to be a place of safety rather than fear. His wife and adult sons attested a positive impact of the changes he chose to make, how it transformed their lives and in their voices we hear the value of this work. So there's two stories with two very different endings and to me, in that difference lies the essence of hope. People can choose to change, communities can choose to focus on prevention, to teach everybody about healthy relationships and the unacceptability of violence as a tool to control the ones we say we love. We can choose to stop this before it begins. So this October, we can choose to use this domestic violence awareness month to say that the city of Columbia is ready for change. It's really hard work. It's gonna be long work and it's gonna make people uncomfortable and it's gonna make some people angry. But it is possible. So I ask you most of all to make sure that South Carolina's past and all communities' past on the issue of domestic violence is not our future because we can do so much better. Thank you. Thank you, Sarin. Thank you for sharing those stories. Our next speaker really needs no introduction. If anybody is remotely aware of domestic violence issue and the work that's being done in our community, then you know Nancy Barton. Nancy Barton is the Executive Director of Sistercare who is our local shelter. And Sistercare and Nancy have been working in the trenches for ever. I told you guys Nancy was the first person that I worked with when I was working. She got together volunteers to go in the prisons and work with women who had killed their abusers. And so instead of their abusers being penalized and gone, prosecuted for the abuse to their wives, their wives were actually in prison because they had finally fought out in the only way they knew and it ended in the death of their abuser. And so Nancy has seen everything. There's probably nothing in this world that can shock Nancy as it relates to domestic violence. And to work in this field so long and continue the fight that she does is just awesome. It is amazing and I'm always in awe of her strength and just happy to be around her. So if you guys would please help me and join me in welcoming Nancy Barton. Thank you so much Tamika. You're right about not much shocks me anymore but I tell you it still breaks my heart. It breaks my heart every day. So I'm glad that so many of you are here today giving up your early Saturday to show your numbers and presence. I want to introduce our survivor speaker, Yakisha Means who is a long-term and very special volunteer of sister care and we work with survivors of domestic violence and their children in the Midlands. Yakisha has developed and founded her own business, a better you. She's a licensed professional counselor. She's a public speaker and personal coach, motivational in her words and her experience, professional experience in part has been in the juvenile correctional system as well as working with service people and their families. I know Yakisha because of her big heart and what she does to help tell her story in an effort to try to make a difference and hopefully change some thinking and understanding on the issue of domestic violence, dating violence, stalking and harassment. So if you would please join me in welcoming Yakisha. I first became a victim of domestic violence. When I was lying in bed probably at the age of three or four was my older sister at one end of our trailer and our parents' bedroom was at the other end of our trailer. And when I first noticed that this was my world was when I was awakened by the screams of my mother. Sean, Sean come and help me. Paul, what are you doing this? Stop. And my sister would urge me, Sean, go help mama. I'm only three or four. She's eight and a half years older than me. But see my father and I, we shared this funny relationship. He called me his lady. He doted upon me.  It could be three a.m., two a.m. or five a.m. And I'd get up out of bed hearing the bumps up against the wooden panel walls in their bathroom continuing to hear her screams to stop. And I would walk down this hallway, this dark long hallway and I would slowly enter the entering of their bedroom. And he would stop what he was doing and he would look at me and then he would come and sit down on the edge of the bed with his bloodshot red eyes. And he would say they messing with me, lady. I never knew who they was because there was nobody else in the room. I don't know if he was in a drunken state or if he was hearing voices, I don't know. But all I know at that age was the only thing that I could do to help my mama was to show up in that room and I would pat him on the back and he would say everything is gonna be all right, lady. And sometimes when he was sitting there on the edge of the bed, my father, he would have his 32 gun in his hand. And there was always three guns in the house. His 38 would be on the counter. He would have his 32 in a holster and he would have a shotgun in a closet.  Can you imagine being held hostage, knowing that there are three guns that can take you out in any moment? That's the world of domestic violence. The fear, the anxiety. Not knowing as my sister and I laid in bed every night that he abused our mother, if this was gonna be the night that he actually ended up killing her, if this was gonna be the night after he had sexually assaulted her, after the physical abuse when he fell asleep and when my mother would come and shake us, y'all wake up, wake up. We're going to your grandmother's in town.  And most times, where did my sister and I have to go? After being up all night hearing that, we went to school. Sometimes it was on the weekends and my mother would get up and cook breakfast. She would have a knot on her head.  And guess what? Like most families, we pretended that the night before had never happened. The denial, the secrets. That is the world that most of us at this place today we grew up in. Also, my father, he ended up going to prison. And you would think life was about to get better for us. By this time, my sister had moved on into the Air Force, she got out of there. My mother and I was left, but I was missing something. At the age of 15, I was missing that closeness that I had with my dad. All that chaos that I was accustomed to. The love I thought a man had to physically abuse me. So I got involved with a 20-something-year-old man at the age of 15 who treated me like my dad treated my mother. Because that, to me, as a child, learned behavior. That is what love looks like. That is what love feels like. And one night I ended up shooting and killing this man. And I went to Department of Juvenile Justice. So my father and I were riding each other. We're gonna take on the world once we got out. And so I went from being a victim to being an aggressor. But while I was there, I started my journey to becoming a survivor. To dealing with everything that I had been impacted by as a child. And so my father got out before me, and then I got out into an independent living program in West Columbia. One of the teachers, Nellie Hart, so helped me get into Columbia College. Things are looking up. My father remarried to his mistress that he had had children with while he was married to my mother. But yet, he still was calling her. He was still stalking her in our little town of Union. A lot of people didn't know that. That's something that we found out later on.  And my dad called me one Saturday and he said, Lady, I'm thinking about capping your mama. And I said, Daddy, don't talk like that. And he said, like he had always said years ago, everything is gonna be all right. That Sunday, my mother came down to go to church with me. We went out to Quincy's, had a good time.   We had a great time, right? And so I told her what my daddy said. And she said, I'm not running no more. If it's time for me to go, it's time for me to go. And we hugged and we kissed and she got in her car and she went back home. And I went to my 4 to 12 shift at Babcock Center. You never have that feeling that you're not physically sick, but it's something in your spirit that's not right. For eight hours, I wasn't physically sick, but I felt like something wasn't right. And all my coworkers, they kept asking me, Keisha, what, I mean, you need to go home. What's wrong with you?  I just, I don't know, just something off. Well, when I got off, I got to my godmother's house and I was on the phone with a friend of mine. He was like, you don't sound like yourself. And it was back then that you had them rotary phones and used to get beats. Well, I got a beat. And it was my aunt Tutu from Saluda, one of my daddy's older sisters. And I'm not very close to her.  And then she says, Sean, you have a car, right? And I said, yes.  And then she finished her sentence. Well, you need to get home.  And I'm thinking, God, why now? After all these years, he didn't remarry. He didn't remarry. This woman that he had kids with. I'm about to start college so that I can do better with myself to get her out of union. She was even thinking about moving down here and she was gonna get a job at Babcock. She's getting her GED. Why now, God, why now? That phone call ripped my heart to pieces. It dropped me to my knees and all I could do was scream. Why now, why God, why? That phone call is a phone call that many of you in this audience have received. That phone call is a phone call that many of you have had to make in this audience today.  The police came to her door to inform her what had happened to her daughter. And I came here today with my aunt and my cousin that we don't want any more of those phone calls to have to be made. No more of those phone calls need to be made. And I stand here today to be transparent on how serious it is for us to move from survivors to becoming more advocates, advocates to be a voice for those who no longer have a voice. What does that look like?  That looks like calling in people to educate young teams about healthy and toxic relationships for them to be able to differentiate what does that look like? What does that sound like? When your boyfriend say he don't know what he would do without you, well, let's go further with that. What do you mean you don't know what to do? I will hope you will move on to the next female or the next male. I will hope that means that we go our separate ways without you calling me a hundred times a day, without you popping up at my job, at my school. Let them know what the red flags are. If he or she wants you to quit all your sports, don't want you to have anything to do with your family or friends, that's the red flags, that's not cute, that's not love. He wants you all to himself so he can have control and power over you. But also, we have to show them in our own relationships because they're watching us, they're learning from us. How do we operate in our romantic relationships? Are we cursing, are we fighting? What are we doing in front of these kids? What does being an advocate mean? It means moving from being a survivor, having had something done and managing and overcoming to being active in it, doing something about it, calling the needed people, forming, I don't know what, I mean, relationships with people in other states to where we can have somebody transferred over to another state to achieve a new identity if need be depending upon the severity of the danger because leaving your abuser or a batter is the most dangerous place, it's the most dangerous time. My mother, you would think she would have been safe, my daddy's a remarried. However, he still thought what? My mother belonged to him and if he couldn't have her, he was gonna make sure that nobody else could. So I stand here today, no more phone calls. It's each one of our responsibility, as Ms. Devine said, to move forward and do something and become more active and to preventing us from being another top 10 of women killed by their abusers in the state of South Carolina for next year. Thank you. Thank you so much, Shakisha. So next I am going to introduce two ladies to you and I will let them come first, Stacy, then Tashima, but at the city of Columbia, we take this issue very seriously. As you can tell, we've done this walk, we have advocates and our law enforcement officers, they get training above and beyond what's required by the law so that they can address these issues. No, we're not perfect. Yes, there's always work that needs to be done, but we are dedicated to this issue and so I wanna introduce to you guys Sergeant Stacy Walker from the Columbia Police Department and then after Stacy, I will have Tashima Martin who is a victim advocate with the Columbia Police Department come forward. Thank you. Good morning, everyone. I'm still trying to get the tears from my eyes after hearing all of that and I really... Don't know what to say. Thank you, thank you for sharing. Thank you for expressing that the way that you did. Again, I'm Sergeant Stacy Walker, City of Columbia Police Department. I have been actually a former DV investigator, so I do know firsthand and witnessed some of the things that she has spoke of. To say the least, that it is very challenging for young ladies to actually speak up and I commend you for that. I know it is a very difficult but we need to stop that. We need to end that and we all have a part to play in that. Not just law enforcement, as she said. Everyone is an advocate. So let's diligently do our part to combat this epidemic that's truly affecting every community, every walk of life. Anyone can be a victim. It doesn't matter where you work, where you live, who you are. You too can be a victim. Now, we all have a part to play. All I can speak on today is of that of law enforcement. With law enforcement, I think the key thing for us is awareness. We are aware of what you guys are going through. We are always training and doing what we can do to bring you the best service that we can. When we come to the scenes or incident, we try to accurately put all the information and stuff in the reports that we can but we are only as good as the information that we are given. So when we come, when we're there, be open, be honest.  Phenomenal. They have plenty of resources and stuff. I'm sure Mr. Sheba Martin is gonna expand on that. Again, I don't wanna step on her toes. But again, I just wanna thank you for allowing me to be here. I'm gonna be walking with you guys and if you wanna just stop and talk, we will, I mean, we're happy to do so. Okay, thank you. Good morning. My name is Tashima Martin. I'm a victim advocate with the City of Columbia Police Department. I'm gonna briefly explain to you what a victim advocate is and what we do. A victim advocate is a professional trained to support victims of crime. Advocates offer information, emotional support and help finding resources and assist victims throughout the judicial process. I have, I started my journey as a victim advocate with Sister Care.  I grew up listening to my parents fight and breaking up fights and calling the police and it wasn't as many resources back then from my mother as it is today. So part of my therapy, my healing was to try to help the women in this community be able to combat domestic violence in the men in this community cause domestic violence is not just about women. Men are also victims of domestic violence. When I started this journey, I didn't know how it was gonna impact me. It was definitely a form of therapy and counseling for me cause it gave me an opportunity to help victims of domestic violence be able to move past these situations and every time I helped a woman of domestic violence or a male of domestic violence, I thought about my mother and it empowered me. I grew up to be a victim of domestic violence partially because of what I was exposed to and what I've experienced. And I was fortunate enough to be able to recognize and to get out of that situation before it got too bad. But if I could give advice to anyone dealing with domestic violence or who grew up in a household with domestic violence, the same where we're out here to walk and we do things to take care of our bodies, we eat well, we exercise, we have to take care of our minds as well. And one of the things that greatly helped me was counseling and doing this work, giving back, volunteering and trying to make a difference. As an advocate, we offer a number of different services from assistant victims with filing for order of protections, assist going to court with them, transitional housing, helping them to get in safe houses. We work with a number of different of community partners to assist us in being able to help victims. We also, we do court accompaniment, we do a number of different things. So like Sergeant Walker said, if you don't feel comfortable speaking to the officer or you have additional questions and you just wanna have an idea of what your rights are as a victim because you do have rights, there is a victim bill of rights. You can ask to speak to your victim advocate. Victim advocates start from bond court all the way up throughout the entire judicial process. Again, I appreciate you all being out here for showing support for domestic violence is something that's very personal to me and I wanna see everyone to continue to give back and assist us in assisting you all to get out of these type of situations. Thank you. So as we are about to get ready to close and have Reverend slash commissioner Aaron Bishop come forward to pray for our walk and pray for all victims and survivors out there. Do wanna just couple closing remarks. I would like to, so reminding you guys my three points, we're going to vote. Remember, you can start Monday to vote in person absentee but also encourage other people to vote. There are so many people who feel like my vote doesn't matter, my voice doesn't matter and we need to show them that it does. So make sure that you come out and vote we're a month away from our general elections. With that said, I do and this walk has always been nonpartisan. We've always had different folks today. We do have, I know two candidates with us. I see Sean Kerrigan, Sean raise your hand. Sean Kerrigan is a candidate for the US House of Representatives. So thank you Sean for being here and I think you've been with us in the past and I mentioned to you guys about the Violence Against Women Act which was, you know, started being supported nonpartisan back in 1993. Unfortunately over the years it has gotten very partisan and now it is due to be reauthorized. And so if it's not reauthorized by the beginning of December then millions of dollars that have come to this state to help fund sister care and prosecutors and victim advocates may no longer be available. So we need people in Washington who understand the importance of supporting survivors. So I thank you Sean for being here. We also have with us actually a very good friend of mine who has always been an advocate and has been out with us before but I think this is the very first time you've been out here as a candidate. We've got Byron Gibson who is a candidate for Solicitor for Richland and Kershaw County. Byron raise your hand. Byron and I in law school work together and he's always been an advocate for victims and survivors of domestic violence and sexual assault and our Solicitor will make the choices of prosecuting these cases whether or not to have a no-drop policy and other things. So thank you Byron for being here. And then I saw Judge Milton Kimson. He's on the phone. Judge Kimson is out here. He's always been out here. So we thank you for being out here as well. I also wanna thank our volunteers. We've got so many volunteers who help us. The domestic violence walk is a walk that all of the logistics are supported by a city of Columbia. We couldn't put it on without volunteers. So I wanna thank all of our volunteers for out here. We also have some students from WG Sanders. You guys raise your hands for me. So thank you guys. And so I just wanna brag on them a little bit because I'm a mama of a WG Sanders student but brag on them because they are always working in the community. But these young people also recognize although they are not eligible to vote yet they are eligible. They are able to make their voices heard and so they are at domestic violence walks and the peace walk and other things making sure their voices are heard. So that inspires me and encourages me and I thank you guys for being here. I thank the public relations, media and marketing staff for the city of Columbia. Most of them are working but you guys raise your hand. Yay, over here. They help us get the word out. They help us get the volunteers. I already mentioned the fire department who's donated the water. The police department who are providing our escorts during the walk. I see they're scattered through here and I think some of them are already out there but y'all when you see our CPD officers please thank them for what they do today and every day. And our Parks and Recreation staff and Ms. Wanda Austin is here and others the Parks and Rec staff help us tremendously. So now we will have Reverend Aaron Bishop who is a commissioner for Richland School District I and I'll also kind of brag on that role that he plays as well because we think about the effects of domestic violence within our community and it's seen in a huge way when our young people go to school and so it is important that everyone from our commissioners and our superintendent down to every teacher and social worker within the school district be aware of how this affects students and how they can support young people who come to school that are witnessing violence within the homes and so we always thank Aaron for being here with us in that capacity and as the pastor of Grace Christian Church. So I'm gonna ask Reverend Bishop to come up and give our benediction and pray for our walkers and our victims and survivors. And then after Reverend Bishop speaks, Jessica Jeter who is the fitness coordinator at the Catherine Belfield Book of Washington Heights Center for the city of Columbia and an amazing, amazing personal trainer and fitness instructor will do our warm up. We don't want people to get, although you're like, oh yeah, it's just a walk.  So we wanna make sure we're warmed up properly and then we will kick off our walk over here. So Reverend Bishop, please. Good morning. I wanna first just take the moment in liberty to thank the city of Columbia, Mayor Benjamin, the city council, and especially city councilman, woman, Tameka Isaac for taking this courageous stance to do this public awareness. Can we celebrate their leadership real quick with a hand clap for appreciation and to that powerful testimony of becoming a survivor? As a quote that says, when two elephants fight, the grass withers. So as we get ready to pray, we pray that our grass grows again, that we grow in joy, happiness, and peace. Let us pray. Good morning, Lord, who looks low but sits high. Thank you, Lord, that you have come to govern our hearts and minds because you have bound, binded up the broken hearted and healed our wounds. Lord, today as we walk, we walk with the authority to find peace that passes all understanding, to remain with joy that has been given through the testimonies of people who have overcome domestic violence.  So we walk in the abundance of our life today to walk away from the pain and agony because although we may have seen defeat, we didn't suffer defeat. Thank you, Lord, that today this walk will give us the ability to heal wounds and go forth and become courageous advocates of what is a victory that's already been given to us. Now, Lord, as the battle continues on, vengeance is yours, but the victory is ours. So thank you, Lord, that the healing of our infirmities, our challenges will take place today going forth. That as we walk, Lord, there will be no injuries physically because we're being healed spiritually. Is your son named that we pray? Amen.


Hello, I'm your host Alex Friedberg and this is the Alexa Analyst Show. Thank you so much for joining me today. We are going to be looking at completely realistic jobs. Last week, we looked at completely unrealistic jobs and basically everyone agreed that those jobs were ridiculous. But a lot of people were asking, well, what is a really good job description look like? What are things that we should look for in a job description that we know that that's a good job? And so that's what we're going to look at today. Before we get started, before we jump into that and we start looking at my screen and start walking through someone that I really thought were good examples of what a good job description is and a good job is, I want to say that if you didn't notice, there is a bobblehead right here. I'm going to bring him forward really quick because I already can tell that you can't really see who it is. This is my Dwight True bobblehead. It was voted on by the wonderful, amazing, fantastic people who support this channel over at Patreon and they wanted this bobblehead in this episode. And so I am absolutely going to do that. He has a bit of a wonky head. It's because I've moved with him many times and the spring that makes this head bobble is very wonky. So anyways, thank you for voting on that and for being part of that. Let's jump into it really quick. I'm going to share my screen with you and we're going to jump right into it and let's get started. So let's jump over here really quick. So this is of course my fake account. Now you can tell that there are people trying to message me on here. There are people trying to be my friend on here. This is not my real account. So if you were sending me messages on here or trying to connect with me on here, I'm not actually using this account. So if you want to, you can find my real account on my YouTube page, I guess. I'm just like, click on my channel. There's a link that you can find me on LinkedIn, my actual one, and follow me on there. And I would love to connect with you. So just don't follow this one. One other thing before we get started, this is coffee. I told you guys last week that I might do it, decide to do it because why not? I released this in the mornings. I am currently, this is very late at night. So I currently am drinking it to stay awake, but you might be drinking it to wake up in the morning because I post these videos in the morning. So if you want to join me, feel free. You do not have to, but I will be drinking coffee throughout because that's just the kind of show this is. It's a relaxed chill show. So with that being said, let's jump into our very first job right over here. Let's take a look at this one. I will say that I've looked through all these already. I really liked this one and how they described everything and kind of how they put into the description exactly what they're going to be doing. So let's look at this really quick. The summary is something that I just really liked. It says the data analysts will own the following, extract data from APIs to equal databases and other sources, manipulate and clean the data and then turn the data into insights.  That's what I think a data analyst is in a nutshell. They're extracting the data, they're taking the data, they're cleaning the data and then they're turning it into insights through dashboards or reports or however you're going to do that. And so right then and there, I already liked this job description because they kind of understand what the role of a data analyst is. They're not just giving you random things that you're going to work on. Some of the things that you're going to be needing to know are some advanced SQL and you're going to need to know things like business intelligence tools like Power BI, Tableau, things like that. You may also need to know Python, some ETL frameworks, you might need to know SAS, Excel, RStudio if you're using ARM. And then two years of experience. Now this is just a regular data analyst job. I have other jobs in here that are entry level jobs that we're going to look at because last week when we were looking at these jobs, I was primarily focused on entry level jobs because that's what a lot of people, a lot of my subscribers are looking for. But I wanted to show you what a good data analyst job looks like. To me, this is one where if I was looking for a job right now, which I am not, if I was looking for a job right now, I'd be like, this looks very clean, very simple, and is exactly what I think a data analyst job should look like. So I like this one a lot. Let's move on to the next one. I believe this one is a junior data analyst position right off the bat. I think the pay is good 25 to 27 an hour. And then once you become full-time, you can make $70,000 for your salary, which to me is really, really good, especially for a junior data analyst position. That's fantastic. I really hope that you cannot hear me sip on this coffee and if you can, I'm so sorry. That is not intentional in any way. Maybe I'll move over to the side when I drink it. It is helping me tonight, I promise you. And so I say tonight, it's morning from when you guys are watching, I'm sure, but it's helping, so I need it. So let's read through this junior data analyst position really quick. It says responsible frying sequel, custom reports. You'll utilize SQL scripts to pull the data and then you'll utilize UNIX scripting to move between different systems. And that is, I guess it's kind of a specific junior data analyst, but it's not unheard of. And so if you don't know what that is, maybe this one isn't for you. But again, that's not out of the realm of possibilities. For the qualifications, they're just looking for someone who has a bachelor's degree in computer science or related field. You need no SQL. And you need to know maybe a little bit of Python and an initiative to learn new technologies, such as Hadoop, and Teradata experience is a big plus. So these are not like super high qualifications. You don't have to have tons of years of experience. You don't have to even know Hadoop, just an initiative to want to learn it, I guess, which is fantastic. Your actual responsibilities are going to be writing SQL to extract, manipulate, and formulate data from Teradata platform, analyze pharmaceutical claims, create reports, work with the technical product owner. And then you get some type of leader or mentor in this job who's going to help you. To me, this is a fantastic job, especially if you're just starting out. And it looks like it's a very large company. So it's a Fortune 15 healthcare company. So, I mean, honestly, it sounds really good. And this would be something that I would get excited about, because I'm like, look, a lot of the skills that a lot of entry-level people are learning, it's SQL, it's Python, I'm sure you're using Excel. And it's not like you need three or five years' experience, which is always something that I'm looking for it to not have in an entry-level job. Let's move on to the next one. I believe this one is also a data analyst one. Excuse me, my nose is itching me. Let's see. So this is a data analyst job for EverCommerce. And let's scroll down here. So real quick, it's in Irving, Texas. It says it has a 20,000 square foot open plan office. We even have our own game room. Wow. I mean, honestly, though, when I was, we have that in my current job. I do utilize it. I have friends. Well, when we're at, when we're in the office, I had friends. I still have, they're still my friends, but I would get together with them and we play ping pong and we play foosball and stuff like that. So I understand that that is a big selling piece. I will say that, that is not something that I am really sold on for that job. I cared more about the work, but just knowing that they have that is a plus. And that's, if that's something that if you like doing those kind of things, that's really cool. And so kudos to them for doing that. Let's go down a little bit more. So honestly, the responsibilities are really simple. You're managing the ETL processes and infrastructure across multiple platforms, which sounds really fancy. It's not as fancy as you think it probably is. I'm going to do some ad hoc reporting. You're going to work with leadership to understand business needs. And then you can do some data mining for insights and recommend additional data points for collection. So, you know, all the things that most data analysts are going to do. There's nothing in there that's unheard of or shocking in any way to me. And then the required proficiencies are, you know, really simple. It's SQL Tableau, Excel, be able to speak data and speaks the statistics and a willingness to learn new languages and technologies. I mean, it cannot get simpler than that. In a lot of entry-level people probably fit that skill set. And so to me, that's just a really good, really simple job description at least. And then for the required experience, we're looking at a bachelor's degree. So again, you know, I don't need a master's for this position. You need two plus years experience and then experience data wrangling and cleansing. So in my opinion, these are all staples of things that you need to know how to do in order to get like a mid-level position. This stuff may not be entry-level because, you know, you may not know how to do data mining or you may not know how to clean data super well. Important things to know how to do. And so, you know, I guess that's why it's not a junior position. That's why it's a mid-level position. And so, yeah, so let me say, I'm just curious about the benefits and perks competitive salary, 17 vacation days, eight standard holidays plus your birthday. I mean, snacks, lunches and happy hours. I mean, you know, I don't know about all the specifics, but it looks like it's a good, this is a good position, a good company that's going to pay well. And I don't think it put a salary around here. It did not. So it just, it looks like a good position to me, something that I probably would have been interested in. You know, I like this one. Let's move on to another entry-level position. And this one's that hop jump. Never heard of it. Cambridge. But the funny thing that I really liked about this one was this quip right at the beginning that said, sick of those entry-level jobs that require one to two years experience.  And so they just, they said, if you have an analytical and quantitative mindset and you're looking to apply, you know, please apply. I like that. I think they're addressing an unknown issue and they're saying, you know, we're not one of those companies. So, you know, I like that. But I also liked a lot of the other things in this, not just that funny thing. So let's scroll down just a little bit. Actually, I want to scroll back up. It says, we work with my SQL, Python, R, Excel and more, though no prior knowledge of programming is required. Now remember, this is an entry-level data analyst position. And they are specifically saying no prior knowledge of programming is required. I mean, that is, that is a thing of beauty. This is a, this is a gem, a diamond in a rough, I mean, genuinely, because a lot of these entry level positions are requiring Python or R and you to know that, like, have proficiency in it and having used it like a year or two.  And so they're being very straightforward and they're saying, look, we want someone who is looking to learn, who knows a lot of these basic things and who can pick up these things and grow in our company. So they're looking for somebody who has a bachelor's in mathematics, statistics, physics or another quantitative field. And again, experience or desire to learn some of these skills. And really, that's, that's all they get into. To me, it addresses a lot of the issues that a lot of people have with jobs out there today. Entry level jobs should not require you to already know a lot of these skills. I speaking from personal experience, you know, I lucked into a position that was kind of like this where they didn't require all these things. They wanted someone with a health care background. And that's what they're looking for. And so if you were, if you are so lucky to find a position like this, where they don't require you or expect you to know these difficult skills right off the bat, that's fantastic, highly recommend applying. Let's move over to the next one. This is a data analyst position with Colabero. I think that's how it's pronounced. Colabero, who knows? Not, not super important. But definitely I've seen this name before, so I kind of know what this company does. But anyway, so this is a data analyst position. This is not an entry level position, but it says that it's located in Plano, Texas. It's starting remote. I'm sure once COVID is gone, everybody's coming back into the office. It's going to be a huge party. It's going to be amazing. Things that you need to know are SQL really well, Python really well, and then Tableau. But this is only a negotiable skill. If they have any kind of business intelligence experience, then it might be fine. Pluses are snowflakes. I'm sure obviously they're using snowflakes. So if you know that, fantastic. And then the day to day stuff that they're doing is they're filtering data, building analytic dashboards, writing script for internal applications, supporting the leadership with business risk office, the develop Tableau reports, write Python scripts, and use SQL primarily for analytics and snowflake. I mean, this is, again, kind of classic what a data analyst does. There's no frills. There's no, you know, hey, you need to know Hadoop. You need to know like these random skills that don't really relate to data analysis that much. You're not building ETL pipelines. You're not managing data warehouses. You're doing, you're using SQL, Python, Tableau, snowflake. I mean, these are staples. Like these are, especially at mid-level, like at mid-level position, you know, these are, these are things that you need to know how to use. If you don't know snowflake, that's totally fine. But snowflake is a very, very large software and a lot of people use it. And so, you know, brushing up on it, knowing what it is, could be just good enough for this position, just knowing what it is, because it just says it's a plus. They just want you to really know SQL and Python. That's what it sounds like to me. Let's move over to our very last one, which is a junior data analyst position. So this is with Mintel. I don't know if I'm saying that right. This is a junior data analyst position. Let's go down and kind of see what we're working with. So leveraging modern analytics and database platforms to deliver statistics or dynamic analysis. Nothing really interesting there. Who are we looking for? All soft slash, okay. No, there's actually good information in here. Okay, good. So they're looking at someone who's a good communicator. They want someone who's data driven, who can, you know, I guess solve problems. Really the only hard skills are like in this tech savvy, it says you have excellent SQL skills and the ability to find insights. You also have exposure to business intelligent platforms like Tableau, Looker, Power BI, etc. and an understanding of appropriate application for data visualization along with experience and data modeling. So genuinely everything else is like really soft skills. You know, it's like be able to work on your own, be humble, be somebody who wants to continue and grow in their career. And then the tech savvy part was the only part where it's like hard skills.  And so again, I personally think these are all super fundamental staples that every data analyst should know. And the data modeling might not be as entry level. That might be, you know, sometimes data modeling can get, be a little bit more complicated depends on the company depends on how they do that depends if you know data know what data modeling is. And so again, data modeling is something that you should look into if you don't know what that is, if you don't know how to do it. That's why looking at job descriptions, looking at jobs that you might want to apply for is really useful because you can then see you can be like, Oh, you know, they're looking at data modeling, I'm seeing data modeling pop up here and there. I should look into that what that is and learn that. And so again, this is just a good example of a job that I think is very much catered towards, you know, entry level is very much catered towards somebody who is just starting out and learn knows the basics and the staples within the industry. I really, really liked, I really liked this job. I thought this one was a really good one. So again, I tried to pick not only entry level jobs to look at, I also wanted to pick, you know, some mid level jobs because, you know, looking at the difference and understanding the difference on skill level and kind of like the things that they're expecting that you should know, there definitely is a difference. And I hope you were able to see that through what we looked at today. We have entered a fantastic time in the show, a time that I love personally, where we take a question from, we take a question from YouTube, something that somebody was asking about wanted to know, and I'm going to share it with everybody, and we'll answer and we'll walk through it together. So this is the question of the week, just from a ref, I'm, I'm just going to, I'm not going to even try to do the V's, but it says, do you think based on your experience is a data analyst or a data science a good career for introverts? Super interesting question, something that I actually do get asked quite a bit. And what's really interesting about it to me is that I think a lot of people have this perception that if you're in tech, you're kind of standalone and you're kind of working by yourself. There are positions within tech. That is true. Positions like sometimes like data engineers, sometimes data architects, definitely IT heavy roles sometimes can be like that where you're just kind of off doing your own thing, not really interacting with people. I mean, a lot of data science and data analyst teams for the most part, you're going to be talking a lot. These aren't introvert heavy. This is not an introvert heavy field, right? I used to think that I, well, let me, let me back this up. I used to be an introvert, like really much, very much an introvert. Didn't like going out and doing things, didn't like, I like staying in, I like doing my own thing. I enjoyed my time myself. I still do, but I very much started to become more of an extrovert. I think it's called like an ambivert, omnivert. Don't quote me on that. That may not be a thing, but I now enjoy both. And so introverts, the true introverts, true people who really just do not like interacting with people. It drains them. This, either of those data analysts or data scientists, it's going to be tough, like a true introvert. And I figured out I'm not an introvert. I do have a side to me where I like to be social. And you guys might be laughing at that because you think, well, Alex, you make all these videos, you talk to us, you do these live, I promise you, after those things, like after this video, I'm going to go straight to bed. I'm tired. I want to have some, I'm not actually, I'm not going to go straight to bed. I'm going to stay up and like watch YouTube and stuff like that. Just for a little while, just so I have some like time myself. And just to give you like an example, a data analyst can and does go off and do work by themselves for a while. But you're always going to have to check in with the project manager. You're going to have to talk to the clients. You definitely have to talk to other people on your team, other data analysts, the database developers, data engineers, to work with them to complete your work. This is not a standalone job. And so, you know, going back to the question, because I just went off on a huge tangent, going back to the question, which is better for an introvert?  I would say that a data scientist is probably going to be a better position for an introvert. And here's why. Data scientists are a little bit more technical. And when you get the, I believe at least, when the farther you get in the technical aspect of a job, the more time you spend by yourself figuring it out, researching and getting that work done. Whereas data analysts, they are, they do have a very technical side to them. But there is a lot of working with other people to get this stuff in. Whereas data scientists can rely on themselves to do some of those things that data analysts might rely on other people, if that made sense. So, you know, if I had to choose, I would say a data scientist might be a better career option for you. I, you know, I went off on a tangent on that one. I apologize. We've come to an even better part of the show, in my opinion, an even better part of the show, which is the very end. And if you've made it to the very end, thank you. I appreciate you. I care about you. And we have this very fun thing that we do. I think it's fun. I don't think many other people think it's fun, but I find joy in it every single time I do it. I still do. I mean, I'm smiling right now genuinely because when people watch this video and they post this in the chat, I always, it just makes me smile. So I do this mostly for myself. It's a very selfish act.  You care about getting a job. You care about progressing your career. You can in the chat put a keyword, something that shows that you did all of those things and you care about all those things. And here on the Alex Sandler show, for whatever reason, we keep it plant-based. Well, not even plant-based. Even more specifically, we keep it vegetable-based. And today's vegetable of the week is potatoes. The most universal, incredibly robust vegetable that I can imagine. I mean, it is beautiful and it is amazing in so many ways. There are many people out there who agree with me. There's communities for that. And I will not comment on if I'm part of those communities.  A potato can also be a side dish, french fries, baked potato. I mean, it's just, it has so many uses. It really does. I hope that this was an enjoyable show. I really, really, really, and I'm being genuine, I want to hear feedback on if you could hear me drinking this. Because if you can, I may not do it again. I would hate that if I heard somebody drinking this like multiple times during a video. I probably would. I would never watch again. And I would not blame you. In fact, I would respect you. So let me know if you could hear that. But anyways, that is the end of the show. Thank you so much for sticking around all this way. I know how I am at the end of the show. I start going off on tangents. I'm talking about potatoes as french fries. Makes no sense. But it's kind of a time for us to just reflect on where we want to go in our career, who we want to be. It's a time for us to connect emotionally as well. And I appreciate that. And I appreciate you sticking around with me. So thank you. I will see you next week. I already know what I'm talking about next week. It's on money, which I like talking about money. I like earning money. I hope that it'll be something that it'll be something that you get something out of. Something that you learn something from. So thank you for watching. I appreciate you again. That's like the third time. I'm really appreciative today. And I will see you next week. Goodbye.


Hi again, this is Svader from Superoffice. Today I'm going to show you a brand new feature in Version 8 that allows you to work more quickly in the user interface. Often if you are working with requests, you find that you're becoming quite of a power user and you would like to work more quickly without having to use the mouse all the time. So we have introduced a command line interface where you can type commands in the screen instead of having to click the mouse. Let me show you how that could work with solving a request. To open up the command line window, you just press control space. I'm now in the dashboard window looking at my open requests and I press control space and then I can start typing get next request in queue. This command will give me the request that's in the queue that is in the front of the queue that I should be assigned and work with. Clicking enter and I will get into the request view and I'm looking at the request. This request is a question from Catherine where she'd like to get a new contract. So I'm going to reply to that request. Again, I can press control space and I can start typing reply and pressing enter will take me into the reply screen where I can respond to her inquiry. Hi, we will send you a new contract right away. In this screen I can also use the command line interface to change tabs. So if I press control space and start typing properties I will be switched to the property tab of the request. I can then easily tab down to the status and change it to closed. Finally, again I press control space and type OK to click the OK button at the bottom. As you can see I have now processed this request from the queue and replied to it completely without ever touching the mouse. Hopefully this is a feature that will allow you to work more quickly in the user interface and become even more efficient. Thank you very much.


Hello to all and welcome to the session. Here the question is if x, 10, 5, y are in continued proportion, find x and y. Now before starting the solution, we should know about the result of proportion and that is if a, b, c and e are in continued proportion then a over b is equal to b over c is equal to c over d. Now this will work as the key idea for solving out this question. And now we will start with the solution given x, 10, 5, y are in continued proportion. Therefore by using the key idea if four terms are in a continued proportion then we can write it as x over 10 is equal to 10 over 5 is equal to 5 over 5. This implies x over 10 is equal to 10 over 5 and 10 over 5 and y is equal to 5 over 5 over 10. Now here 5 into 2 is equal to 10 and here 5 into 2 is again equal to 10. So this implies x is equal to 2 into 10 that is 20 and y is equal to 5 by 2. Therefore the values of x and y are x is equal to 20 and y is equal to 5 by 2. So this is the solution for this question and that's all for this session and I hope you have enjoyed the session.


Hello, my name is Dima. I'm from Ukraine, Kyiv. I would like to tell you some words about IGDT program, International Table on Tissue Training. I have completed this course and I have a special certificate which I can use if I want to work abroad and I plan to work in China with Chinese children as an English teacher. And I may say that this course is very, very useful because you may find different information about how to teach, how to teach better what the methods you may use in your work. So this course is very good if you want to be a professional teacher and if you want to be a specialist. So I wish you good luck and I hope that you will be a really successful English teacher. Bye-bye.


Module 41, Masculinities and Femininities. Before we talk about this topic, short language note, SDU, that is about module 37, we should never use all the day, rather we should use all day. Now we come to this module's topic. See here, we are not using masculine, rather masculinities, and instead of feminine femininities, there is something behind it. Why are we using plural forms of these two nouns? These two categories. Let's see, first of all, you know from the previous talk that we are talking about male, female, dichotomy, or we call it gender order. This is established by social institutions like governments and schools and other organizations. How governments do this? They do this when they ask people to provide information in census for example, and schools do it verbally. In classrooms, teachers often say boys and girls, or even when a teacher teaches consonants and vowel sounds, she may use Mr. for consonant and Mrs. for vowel. But gender order is also constructed through generalizations in global market. By generalizations, we mean that we give general statements neglecting differences in gender. For example, we say all men are physically powerful and all women are physically delicate. These are generalizations. Understanding in global job market. But physical power of men may be indirect. There is no direct link between physical power and maleness because sometimes males use their physical power indirectly. For example, it happens when you are in such a position like commander in army or you are head of some workforce and you in a way ask people how to engage with physical work. So this is how you infect using your physical power indirectly. You control other people's physical power. And it means power may not always be physical. It may come from authority, competence and brains, intelligence. If so, men and women are both powerful. So generalizations don't work. There are differences among men. There are differences among women. Men too face. Now it is understood that generally that female are delicate. Now see in global job market even men are required to take care of refinements like they should be well dressed. They should be well mannered. They should take care of their dress and ways of talk. They should be polite, gentle, soft, etc. Women are not always delicate. In local jobs, they show physical power and even they can face threats inside and outside their workplace. For example, these days we see fingernail technology. So there was a time when women had long nails and it indicated that they are free from any kind of physical work. But these days you know nails are artificial. They are just for fashion. So women can remove them and can do physical work with long nails even. So the conclusion of this talk is that these generalizations that men are physically powerful and women are physically delicate they don't work in specific situations. They may work in global job markets but not in particular context. The male-female dichotomy cannot be captured in singular generalizations. We can capture all these differences by using plural terms masculinity and femininity.


I really choose to sell pussies. So what are you selling? Comedy show tickets for Comedy Central's Broadway Comedy Club. What are the leading acts today? Pat Brown from Comedy Central, Jacob Williams from Wild'n Out, and Lucas Connelly from the HBO special. I love that, I love that. Tell me, what's your favorite thing about New York? You can sell drugs any hour, 24 hours a day. You can be on the street selling drugs and you can make a sale. But instead, you choose to sell comedy. I really choose to sell pussies, but it's slow and windy. So I'm choosing comedy tonight.


In 2023, I am not going to be my pain. I'm not going to be my trauma. I'm not going to be my mistakes. I'm not going to be my shame or my guilt or my regrets. I'm not going to be my issue or my problems or my roles. I'm not going to be my identity that I get from religion or from church or whatever group you're in or position in life you have. I'm not going to be those things in 2023. So when I say who you're going to be, maybe it's easy for you to start with who you're not going to be and whittle it down and see what you're left with. Because the list of who you're not going to be is going to be huge and that's a good place to start. That's okay.