We have been looking at fixed law with the hope that we should be able to relate the diffusion mass flux to the concentration gradient so that we would now reckon the concentration gradient let us say in terms of a mass fraction as one of the primary unknowns then we should stop thinking about what would be its corresponding equation okay so when you now want to solve the combustion problem that means you have to actually find out how the composition of your mixture of reacting species changes so your reactant whether the species concentration is an unknown and therefore correspondingly you need to have an equation that determines it and the equation that we will be looking for is the equation of conservation of mass of species a this is this is a general mass conservation equation for a particular species as an extension of what we have already seen before in the in the case of the thermal thermochemical processes that we have looked at like constant volume constant pressure fixed mass reactors in the well stirred reactor and so on so there we had a very limited approach to conservation of species or species mass but here we will try to actually have the most general approach that is possible that would include convective effects as well as in the most general way as well as diffusion effects right so we want to now bring those into the account in addition to unsteady effects that there are possible and chemical reactions right so the way we want to do this is to now consider a arbitrary volume so we can now look at this is like a volume so shedding basically is to give a 3d effect there the surface as the surface is denoted by sigma and the volume itself is denoted by script V and so we consider a consider a an arbitrary control volume I would like to emphasize that the arbitrary arbitrariness of the control volume is pretty important for us okay and that is what actually tries to make it quite general for us and we will probably try to get the same equations in the end but we will invoke the arbitrariness of the control volume to do this pretty soon so then the question is how do you how do you conserve mass the answer is just like you consider anything else okay so how do you conserve anything the answer is so you now look at a situation like let us say a control volume and then you have to now keep in account the rate of rate of change of whatever you want inside the control volume as equal to whatever is coming from outside versus what is going out what is coming in okay so this is pretty general as I have said earlier you know this you know to do this from looking at your bank account on how much money you have like versus how much money is getting depleted versus what is coming in and what is going out and so on so this is a very intuitive idea nothing great greatly mathematical about it so what we will first do is write the conservation equation like a sentence okay like a verbal statement so that it just appeals to us appeals to a common sense without getting into mathematical notation so here rate of species a generated slash consumed by the by chemical reaction in volume V in volume V is equal to rate of species accumulated or depleted in volume V plus rate of species entering or leaving right entering or leaving the surface sigma okay so there are three things that are happening primarily one you have species getting generated or consumed within this control volume okay and you have species coming in and going out of the control surface so if you now look at how much of your species a so we are looking at a particular species a okay so whenever we say C species we should be looking at species a here right the amount of species a mass in this case okay when we say amount we are looking specifically at mass of species a that is accumulating or depleting the rate at which it is accumulating or depleting how much of it is growing or decreasing it depends on how much of it is generated or consumed within the control volume okay plus how much if it is entering or leaving in the control surface so in other words we will now see that there are these three things right generated or consumed accumulated or depleted entering or leaving and you have all these things with a slash in between to say this or that and you can always look at whatever is on the left hand side of the slash they should kind of go together that is if something is generated okay or entering it will get accumulated if something is getting consumed there is a disappears or it leaves it will get depleted okay they all go together so this is fairly straightforward for us okay the second thing that I would like to point out in this verbal equation is two of them are happening in the volume the other thing is happening across the surface okay so keep this in mind we will have to apply the Gauss's divergence theorem to convert the surface term to volume term that is that is what that is why I am basically looking at this okay so this can be now written as then a integral over the volume dou rho a over dou t dv plus integral over the surface m dot s vector dot n hat d sigma equal to integral over the volume wa dv all right here this is the first term on the right hand side of the verbal statement which is to say the rate of accumulation or depletion so how did you get this rho dv is the mass in a elemental volume that is inside this control volume so you now have a dv that you want to integrate over the entire volume ultimately so rho times rho a times dv so rho is the density the rho a is the density of species a times the elemental volume is the elemental mass there and dou by dou t of that is the rate of flux rate of mass accumulation or depletion right we all want to worry about the dv being changing in time because that is like fixed in time so the only thing that is accumulating that is changing is the density itself right there is a sentence like the mass concentration as I said so the concentration of the species is changing in time and so this is the rate of accumulation or depletion term that is a volume term we can see that that is a volume integral the rate of mass entering or leaving the control surface is a second term on the right hand side of the verbal statement which we now put on the left hand side of the second term here so this m dot m dot a m dot a is the mass flux okay so we have looked at this as a mass flux so essentially what happens is if you now were to look at a little window on the surface as a d sigma this has a m dot m dot a vector mass flux that is cutting across at an angle to let us say that is your n hat if this is your unit normal locally all right to this to this elemental area d sigma which we want to now integrate over to get the entire sigma this is the mass flux that we are looking at that is going at an angle so if you want to now look at the projected mass flux it is coming out that should be the dot product there right and this this now takes care that the dot product will actually take care when you now integrate over the entire surface whether it is going to leave or enter it will take care of that okay so the dot product could be negative or positive depending upon whether it is going to be entering or leaving okay so here WA as we know is the is a reaction this is the mass reaction rate this is not the molar reaction rate okay we are looking at the amount of mass that is produced per unit volume per unit time so this is actually going to be the units units is going to be kgs per meter cube second right so this is not this is not to be given by the law of mass law of mass action and Arrhenius law you need to you need to use that expression and multiply by the molecular weight of the species a in order to get this because this is mass all right keep that in mind all right now so we now notice that two of them are volume volume terms this is a surface term therefore we now use the Gauss's divergence theorem to convert your surface term to a volume term as well and so we now have a volume term for the first as before plus a volume term for the second as well now which is the origins of m dot a vector dv equal to integral sign over volume WA dv so what you can do is group all of them rho a dou rho a over dou t plus divergence m dot a I am sorry minus WA dv equal to 0 here is where we now invoke the arbitrariness of the shape of the control volume that we have considered okay now if this integral has to be 0 over this integral for the entire volume for any arbitrary volume in general that is possible only if the integrand is 0 right so we now get from here for any arbitrary control volume the above can be satisfied the above integral we should specifically say the above integral equation can be satisfied only if the integrand equal to 0 so that implies dou rho a over dou t plus divergence m dot a vector is equal to WA we are still not quite looking at the 3 fundamental processes of combustion showing up here although we see three terms okay this is a unsteady term but this actually embeds convection and diffusion together because we now notice that this is actually corresponding to a rho a VA vector where VA vector is the velocity of species a in a laboratory fixed coordinate system for a stationary frame of reference okay and then we will now have to split it into the mixture average the mass average velocity of the mixture and its diffusion velocity when you do that then we will get into a convective term and a diffusion term separately in addition to the reaction term that is showing up already okay then we will begin to see the three basic processes convection reaction diffusion reaction okay so that is where we are heading you can now do this for species B okay so let us let us say we now say similarly species B do we have to do this again shall we right so how would I do this all I am just going to do is wherever I see a I am just going to replace that by B are that that is that simple so I can write do rho B over do t plus divergence m dot B vector is equal to WB now let us just go back and call this equation 1 in this class and let us call this equation 2 okay let us now try to use fixed law okay using fixed law using fixed law for a binary mixture of species A and B okay as a reason why we wrote another equation for B it is not like we want to have fun with all the letters in the English alphabet and so on right so if you now have a fixed law then how do you how does this work out we can we can now say do rho A over do t plus divergence rho A V vector equal to divergence rho DAB gradient YA plus WA and do rho B over do t plus divergence rho B B equal to divergence rho DAB gradient YB plus WA W I am sorry WB all right is there a problem I guess not we had a m dot m dot B let us pick m dot B in this panel and m dot B is a row row B VB vector okay so VB VB vector could be now written as V vector plus capital VB vector okay so you now write split that and then you now get your row B V vector this is the mass averaged velocity of the mixture of A and B then you have the other part you have the row B capital VB vector and that is actually JB vector for JB we had a negative row DAB gradient YB all right and you now try to take it on the right hand side you now have a row DAB gradient YB we already had a divergence so we now have the same thing outside all right so this is how we have actually got these two equations now what happens when you try to add these two so here okay before we do that so we can now begin to see that this is the n study term okay that is because the process could be n steady we now have a rate of depletion or consumption of a so the depletion or generation of or accumulation of a in an n steady process so this is an n steady term okay so I can now say this is n steady term right this is a convection convection term right heat transfer people might probably use convection for natural convection okay but aerospace people are used to force convection most of the time so we and then they might call this advection okay so what we are like we are convective people so we we connect so all the time therefore this is we just call this convection and this is the diffusion term right if you want to now generalize most conservation equations well you would call you would have an n steady term all right let us say for example looking at a momentum conservation you may have an unsteady momentum term you have a n steady momentum convection sorry you may have a momentum convection term this would be diffusion that would be a viscous effect okay and then this is this is the reaction term in our case but in general this this this diffusion term could be referred to as a transport term okay or the reaction term could be referred to as a source term in the case of momentum for example a body force could be like a source but in this case the chemical reaction provide the source so these are these are typically what is going on so primarily what is happening is we have a convection diffusion or reaction that is coming up that is that constitutes your combustion process this is something that we have seen in the past all right now let us try to do some interesting thing here let us try to add up these two equations right at the above what would you get you have a partial derivative of rho a with respect to time plus partial derivative of rho b with respect to time that is dou by dou t of rho a plus rho b okay in our looking at a mixture which has only two species right so rho a plus rho b is nothing but sigma i equals 1 to 2 of rho i what is that that is just a mixed density rho so rho a plus rho b is equal to rho so effectively you now get a dou by dou t of rho dou rho by dou t right so you now get the rho by dou t plus you can do all the summation all that stuff through divergence and so on no problem so divergence of rho a times v vector plus divergence of rho b times v vector is nothing but divergence of rho a plus rho b times v vector so rho a plus rho b is again rho so this is divergence of rho times v vector right so this is divergence of rho v vector equal to let us look at what happens here right divergence of rho d a b well if you are if you are very picky we should probably put ba db a here right we just wanted to like a like a computer we wanted to wherever you got a here we put a b and vice versa to to construct this equation right so we should have put db a let us do that but then we notice that d a b is equal to db a we saw that the other day right and so these two are the same row is the same in both and then you have a gradient so all that this is going to happen is divergence of rho d a b times gradient of y a plus y b what is y a plus y b that is one okay you now have a mixture and y a and y b are mixed of fractions okay and this is making the mixture has only a and b so the two fractions together should become unity right and what is gradient of 1 0 okay so you now get a 0 what does that mean is it because gradient of 1 is equal to 0 that we get this addition right it actually tells us the same thing as what we saw the other day for d a b equal to db a if species a is mixing into species b then species b is mixing into species a they are just having fun with each other nothing else is happening outside of this so you do not have a extra so the notice that this is act this and this are actually coming out from surface terms right so it is a it is if like these two together are all happening inside there is no extra mass of the mixture as a whole that is entering or leaving because of the diffusion process if you now put things together right so that is exactly why the diffusion fluxes the diffusion mass fluxes of all the species together will equal to 0 it all looks like they are all interacting with each other but the sum effect that the net effect of this is nothing there is really no net mass exchange by diffusion of all the species put together in a mixture okay this is a very important idea that comes out of what we are doing here plus what do you get for w a plus w b can we just write that there if it were a n component mixture right where we were we had subscripts like I for the ith species equation we would have written like sigma i equals 1 to n wi would be should be can be we did it in the past we had these sigma i equals 1 to n the question is did we have a wi or did we have an omega i and does that matter Greek or English did that matter did not matter if you were to be looking at omega i that is a number of moles of species I produced per unit volume per unit time okay and you try to sum over all the species you might find that there is like a net mole production in this reaction that we are looking at okay but here you are looking at w which is the mass that is produced per unit volume per unit time right so if you now try to add up the mass that is produced or consumed okay keep in mind things have to get consumed if things have to be produced right if mass of species I produced per unit time produced or consume per unit time per unit volume plus mass of species be produced or consume per unit time per unit volume right what would that be that should be equal to 0 because if you cannot have a depleted or consumed you cannot have be produced or vice versa as first mass goes because mass is conserved in a chemical reaction because chemical reactions are only based on electron exchanges and nothing to do with nuclei right so you get a 0 again okay so does not look good to have an equation with two zeros right next to each other sufficient to write one and what do we have do we recognize this yeah so this is basically your continuity equation of the mixture as if there was no diffusion going on no reactions going on so when your aerodynamics professor writes this equation for flow past an air foil okay air flow past an air foil right you could strictly speaking argue with him or her that there could be chemical reactions and diffusion of species going on and you would not know would you right that is what that is as that is as first the mixture is concerned okay the mixture does not really feel these things as first the mass of the mixture mass mass conservation of the mixture you will find that the there are effects in the energy of the mixture and so on okay but as far as the mass the mixture is concerned it did not matter that you had a multi-component reacting flow is not that kind of interesting right so you get back your mass conservation of a mixture as if it is a non-reacting single component situation okay now for fun let us also have one more thing that we can do we could we could could write we could write conservation species conservation equation we will simply call the species conservation equation that there is a stuff that we have done here we will simply call this a species conservation equation okay so we could write species conservation equation on a molar basis okay we will pretty much get the same thing except that we will just change our notation we will not use row we will use C we will not use M we will use N we will not use W we will use omega right so simple right so we could write ? CA over ? T plus divergence NA dot vector is equal to omega A all right can you do what I said before what will happen if you now write the same thing for a for species B and you look at only a binary mixture okay what do you think will happen you will get CA plus CB is equal to C right and you can you can also get a similar similar expression over here we would we would not recognize this because we never really do a mass conservation kind of thing for mold conservation for a mixture or a non-reacting single component species flow right but then what is going to happen is this two terms the corresponding two terms for this we will have a XA and a C we will have a XB and a C right you now add these two you will still have zero because you are not going to get like gradient of XA plus XB which is one again right just like yA and yB right so this is going to be zero but ? A plus omega B is not going to be zero right that is the only difference okay now you can do a couple of you can do one more thing we will have a I am sorry we will have a V star we will have a CV star okay we keep that in mind so using Frick's law we get ? CA over duty plus divergence of CA V star which is the molar average mixture velocity equal to divergence of C DAB gradient XA plus ? A right now for a for a quiescent quiescent non-reacting binary mixture with meant by quiescent effectively we say V star is equal to zero right and what is non-reacting what is meant by non-reacting ? A equal to zero each of those ? A ? B would be zero right so we get the CA over duty is equal to DAB gradient CA sorry del square that is the plush in CA right this is what is called as Frick's second law I remember studying this in high school in a verbal as a verbal statement along with the Frick's first law of course but later on I found that students in subsequent years have not heard of Frick at all okay now what is the second law say it say something like if the first law were to mean that the diffusion mass flux is directly proportional to the concentration gradient okay the second law then says that the rate of change of the concentration is directly proportional to the second derivative of concentration okay so that the mass flux is proportional to the first derivative the rate of change of concentration is proportional to the second derivative this is how the fix laws were formulated but we can find that the first law that we started using cannot be derived from continuum point of view it is stated as a law okay we said we needed that law because we wanted a connection between the mass flux that the diffusion mass flux that is what else the species is doing other than going with the rest of the mixture we needed a expression for that in terms of a primary variable namely the concentration so that was a constitutive relationship that the fix first law provided to us and it can be obtained only if you get down to molecular level you need to get into at least kinetic theory or quantum statistical mechanics those kinds of approaches in order to be able to derive it from fundamental first principles right so you now go through like a course like a physical gas dynamics in order to explain how you can get fix law okay and when and the two not necessarily very satisfactorily alright so that is a that is a fundamental law whereas the second law is something that you can actually find out from molar conservation for a specific for a special situation of non-reacting quiescent binary mixture right so that this is not as special as the first one good now where we started talking about mixing there is diffusion we have been stuck with binary mixture binary mixture is boring can we need something more right so let us look at what to do for a multi-component system now a truly multi-component system in a truly multi-component system when you say truly that means it is not even binary that is what it means binary is multi-component okay but by is not multi enough okay so we want to have like at least three so you always look for the simplest situation three species becomes complicated okay for us so a truly multi-component system that is more than two species right the we can write the species conservation equation okay on a mass basis course that is to say an equivalent of this particularly something something intermediate between this and this that means we will now be we will now say let us let us open up m.a as row a row a times v plus row a capital VA we will do that but then we will start blinking because we do not know how to write row a capital VA which is JA in terms of the concentration gradient because Fick has not said this for us for more than a binary mixture right but we can go up to that point so we will write this equation by just opening up into a mixture average velocity and the and the diffusion velocity we will write up to that point and then we will start blinking okay so not yet at the moment okay so we can go ahead so we then say and unless otherwise stated it is always going to be mass basis from now on we will never really go back to molar basis okay so we will now write this as row yi for this is writing for the ith species right so row a can be written as row y a all right so similarly I am going to write row yi over here for the y ith species plus divergence again I am going to write row a or yeah row a as row y a or in this case for the ith species row yi times I am going to write this as the mass average to mixture velocity V plus capital VI right is equal to wi or can now try to do a few things pull out the row use chain rule so can write yi do row over do t plus yi divergence row V with a mixture average velocity plus row row V dot gradient yi plus divergence row yi times capital VI is equal to wi okay so the way it is written up is to group these two together right and then notice that this is just why I times this so therefore this can go out and therefore you have a do yi by do t plus V dot del yi plus one over row divergence row yi capital VI equal to one over row wi this is built this is good enough to begin with because we can get some insights into what is going on you can see that this together you say doh by do t plus V dot del of yi right what is doh by do t plus V dot del that is the material derivative capital D over dt capital D over capital DT of yi okay so in a Lagrangian frame of reference you would simply look at a rate of time rate of change of species mass fraction yi as far as this is concerned all right so this is actually together then call the inertial term okay this this together is called the inertial term inertial term of course you can in an Eulerian frame of reference we notice that there is a basic change in the concentration because of with respect to time as well as there is an apparent change because of its motion all right so this is this is this is the distinction between an Eulerian and Lagrangian frame of reference if you were to go with the particle you will not know that you are moving therefore you will see everything as only a rate of change of time that is that is what indicates your material derivative right but then you now step back and say wait a minute all the changes that I went through is because I was truly changing plus I was also going go experiencing the world around me as I was moving this is happening in our lives right so there is a lot of philosophy in fluid mechanics you see you see start thinking about this is very intuitive okay so if you now look at an Eulerian frame of reference you can now identify this as the unsteady term right before and this is your truly a convective term now the moment you see your capital VI that is your diffusion mass diffusion velocity okay that is the relative velocity of species I with respect to the mixture right so this is your diffusion term and as before this is your reaction term right so you always have to learn to read equations term by term and try to assign meanings those terms physically then a mathematical equations begin to look like sentences in English okay or your favorite language right and these are basically words okay it so happens that these words are composed of spellings that are very jumbled looking from a language point of view but that is all it is the equation tries to tell you something and it is a string of words that makes sense and you have to start looking at each of those terms like words that make sense right and of course you know you have to keep in mind these pluses and minuses they are like the verbs and all the things that there are thrown in between these meaningful words to convey the meaning for the sentence as a whole right so this is what we are essentially looking at for the species conservation equation we still have a problem we do not know what is capital VI vector alright but you have to keep in mind now that you are looking at looking at a truly multi-component system this is one equation that represents actually n equations and n could be pretty large okay could be 5 10 40 100 not more than that mostly okay so this is a equation that is actually consisting of large number of equations keep that in mind okay and then the next problem that we have is we have to start looking at a much more generalized version of fixed law for a truly multi-component system that tries to relate your V to why I VI to why I okay and you might be worried VI is a vector capital VI is a vector so it has three components okay so we are actually having three n equations that we should be looking for but fortunately if you are now going to be looking for VI in terms of gradient why I all the three components are buried into just one unknown why I because it is a matter of taking gradients in different directions for you to get your capital VI right we hope that we will now be able to get a fixed fix law to work for a truly multi-component system but unfortunately it is not going to be as simple okay it is going to take some more time for us to get there we will start doing what is called as the multi-component diffusion equation tomorrow.


Greetings, everyone. Welcome to Holistic Health Talk live podcast. I'm your host, James P. Madonna of Megalike21, the hardest-hitting internet talk radio station on the planet. And I would like to introduce, very soon, my guest for the very first time, a very special guest, Mr. Stephen R. Santangelo, originally from California, but now resides in a state of Kentucky with a very large, very comprehensive, non-GMO organic farm. He's an expert organic farmer and a longtime old-school fitness professional and fitness expert. And we will be discussing, aside from natural, holistic health and proper diet, like it used to be back in the day, we will be discussing exercise, resistance, fitness bands, and exercise for older adults. Okay. Primarily, fitness bands as an excellent alternative source of exercise, outstanding exercise equipment that I personally use and that I personally promote. And we will get into depth about exercise bands and fitness for older adults, exercise as a form of fountain of youth for older adults, and particularly Stephen R. Santangelo's special fitness bands. And his organic GMO produce, he's also a beekeeper, so it should be a very, very fascinating show for holistic health talk, the very first time ever on my show live. And we will now go to my guest, Stephen Santangelo. Yes, all the people, all the people that accept taking pharmaceuticals, and I was making the comment that almost all people accept the fact that by the time they're in their 40s, they have to take pharmaceuticals, that's a natural part of life. And when they say, well, it's natural that I should do it. And I always tell them, I said, this isn't natural, it's common. There's a big difference between being common and what is natural. And just way too many folks, the average American takes five pharmaceuticals on a regular basis. Now, through the simple math, I haven't had any pharmaceuticals, not even over the counter drugs like aspirin, titanium, none of that, since October of 1992. Okay, so that means I don't take any, someone out there has to be taking 10 of them in order to make the average American only taking five. So simple math tells us that our country is very drug, in fact, Americans take more pharmaceuticals, especially painkillers than the entire world combined. Very dangerous epidemic nowadays, prescription painkillers. Yeah, and people don't realize how easy it is to become addicted to OTCs or pharmaceuticals. And they don't look at it as being negative because it's not classified as a recreational drug, even though in many cases it's used in combination with recreational drugs. You talk to someone and they'll talk about how bad the epidemic is right now in this country with heroin, that it's now taking over cocaine and meth. But those same people aren't talking about the number of people that are dropping dead every year from pharmaceutical overdoses. And there are even more deaths per year from pharmaceuticals that people are following the prescription. They're taking what is recommended. It's not in combination with recreational drugs. It's not a deliberate overdose like suicide. It is following the directions that are given to us. And I always tell people, don't take my word for go to the CDC and look it up. It's all right there. And yet that's very acceptable. It's not to get off the subject too much, but it's like the same argument between legalizing marijuana and alcohol. And the number of deaths every year from alcohol is well over 20,000. That's just driving, Trump driving. It's not a cirrhosis of liver and other diseases.  Hey, Jesse Ventura said it perfectly.   Yes, exactly. And people don't understand that.  It's a downer. It's a depressant. It totally takes the nervous system down. And people will be more than happy to stare at a fish tank for a couple of days rather than going out committing a crime. Meditate, yeah. But not to get too much into that political stuff. But I want to draw that parallel as to, you know, how people think and what they have been brainwashed into thinking and manipulated into thinking. So, you know, when our parents were growing up, they rarely would go to the doctors. They weren't drug induced the way young children are. And that's one of the reasons why so many of them lived more of a healthy life. It might be, yeah. That generation's life expectancy increase. It's not our generation. Though there will be those of us who will live a longer life. And when I promote nutrition, when I promote exercise, especially to the older crowd, it's not about living longer. That whole longevity thing is the fountain of youth that's promoted by the supplement companies. So take this, you're going to add three years to your life.  It's not about longevity. It's about the quality of life and making every day something that you can look back on. But wow, yeah, I felt good that day. I can't wait till tomorrow. I accomplished something yesterday. I want to accomplish something today. It's about the quality of life, the vitality that we could live with now. How you feel and the self-confidence that comes with how better you look. Yeah, yeah. You brought up the guy that says, well, I can cross the street and get hit by a truck. Well, yeah, of course. But what does that have to do with your quality of life and how you felt up until you got hit by the truck? Yeah, all of that, we can't control. So that's why I never talk about longevity and that respect. I always talk about the quality of life and how you're living in the present, what you are accomplishing in the present. Now, my Italian grandparents as children, they grew up during the Great Depression. And it seems like many ethnic people that grew up during the Great Depression, they all ended up having fantastic backyard vegetable gardens with fruit trees and herbs and they stored things. They used the mason jars and all that and they stored food away for the winter and they had it in the basement on shelves. They all had this similarity. So out of necessity, I'm sure they learned from their parents, they grew produce in the suburbs and some people have even done it in the city with urban gardening. Yeah, it can be done. It's that nowadays people don't want to put the effort out. They always use the excuse, I don't have time for this, I don't have time for that, but they sure have time for everything else. Now, I don't expect people to do what we do. As you know, I'm really over the top and familiar with what I do to produce a very high quality food and a highly nutritious food. Yeah, it would be great if more people took that avenue but I don't expect them to, but there are so many things that people can do and it's a matter of time. It's a matter of structuring your time and doing it. Now, when I grew up, my parents had a garden ever since I could remember.  My grandfather, he had a garden, a family garden. My wife, she was raised on a 600 acre farm out in Iowa. She grew up working on the farm, learning to cook, which unfortunately most people don't do anymore. A self-sustaining family farm. Right. So, you know, that was a lifestyle and that's when children were part of it. And I remember visiting my grandfather in Jersey, not far from you, when we would visit. Yeah, I would be out there every day with him, watering, you know, weeding, pulling crops, and that was just part of the lifestyle. I didn't look at it as, wow, this is work. I don't want to do this. I want to go play with my cousins. No, that was part of the family structure. I even had chickens. Yeah, yeah. It's like, it was a lifestyle. It was, you grew up with the, oh, for God's sakes, my Italian relatives had fig trees in the north. They used to cover it with burlap and mulch for the winter. They used to wrap the fig tree. They had, I know an Italian family that not only has vegetables, herbs, but they have a kiwi fruit growing on a trellis. They have grapes. They have, I mean, you grew up with this and a lot of modern families have no idea how to grow a friggin string bean for God's sakes.  It was delicious. It was organic. And I think it should be a course in grammar school and high school, a home gardening. I think all that wasted landscape land at every grammar school and high school. This should be a gardener. It should be part of their curriculum learning that and they could donate the produce to the homeless, the soup kitchens, food pantries, county parks, state parks should have fruit orchards for the poor. But as a school course, learning organic home gardening. The unfortunate part is all anything related to what you're talking about, especially in the arts, music, art classes, that's being eliminated and kids are being taught on a computer.   There is not the connection between the mind and the hand as in both school art. Well, kids don't go out and play like I did. No, they don't. They have their iPhones, iPads, iBis, iBat and it's a real shame and we are seeing a generation of zombies because the world now is based upon that technology. You can't do business without the technology and you really can. Obviously, I use it to my advantage with the internet and Facebook, social media. As you know, my page is a business setup. It's not for gossip. It's not for dissing and I greatly appreciate that. I have close to 1800 followers right now. It's growing all the time and I appreciate the fact that everyone respects what the page is about and they don't get on with a lot of this social media junk. However, a great many of the people on my page are closer to our age and they still have that sense of value, that sense of respect and I think that also presents a mindset for older people in their fifties, in their sixties to allow them to look at life differently, to have a mutual respect. Not that I'm better than you are and I'm going to prove it or I have a hotter body than you are that you have but we have this more holistic approach or holistic outlook on life and that's part of being youth. I don't remember who was a very prominent author once said that youth is wasted on the young and many decades later that quote is very true. There are many adults my age, even older, that have a lot more zest and a lot more youthfulness than people that are teenagers, people that are in their 20s. So that has a lot to do with longevity, it has a lot to do with the value of life, your well-being. You don't think about disease, you don't think about getting sick because you're too busy enjoying life and you're too busy planning the next day, you're too busy looking ahead instead of living life looking in the rear view mirror and enjoying life plays a major role in how you live, how you treat others and that's something that a lot of people don't have anymore. There's just a certain value in life that is lost. Well this is, yeah, as you mentioned earlier it's all about me type of attitude, whether it's in sports or non-athletics, just all across the board. We see this in politics, we see it in schools, we see it everywhere. Yeah, it's a me generation, me, myself and I, it's very self-centered. Sometimes it's frightening because some people actually behave like sociopaths where they show no remorse in what they do, they can't distinguish right from wrong. The young people in my region, they don't say thank you when I hold the door open for them, no way. That's very true, yeah, my wife and I just are blown away with that. Rarely hear thank you and usually the people that you do get a thank you from are people, you know, my age, our age or older because that was part of life, that was part of respecting people. I'm sorry. Oh, I was just going to say it doesn't make any difference whether you like that person or not, it's a matter of just respecting people and overall. And we got old-fashioned discipline back then. Okay, the kids today, they're treated, they're negotiated with as an equal, there was no alpha parent anymore, there's no, you know, we got the old-fashioned discipline and we grew up to respect others and I think we grew up just fine. But getting back to your page, you know that I love the beautiful natural multicolors of your farm fresh food and I post it on my group, everything is food and people love it. And this is the beauty of organic non-GMO farm fresh produce, nature's beauty. And so when you post a photo of all different color peppers or whatever, I mean, that's nature's work of art. I just have to share it and you know, could you imagine having a good juice extractor or a ninja or a Vitamix and making smoothies from produce like that locally grown? It's incredible, it truly is. My wife and I were just talking about it today because we're finished harvesting so we don't have the fresh foods, now we're using foods that we have frozen or have canned and you know, we're 99% sustainable when it comes to food. We don't eat out, I couldn't imagine what it would be like eating out at a restaurant, it's been so many years. But we're talking about that, that you know, we don't have the fresh juice anymore in the morning or post-workout juice and we do miss it but we get to look forward to it. And I always make the comment often and you could probably caught this that I do not manipulate the color or photoshop any of the vegetables or fruits that we present because I want people to know what real food is, hopefully encourage people to find a local supplier, encourage people to grow their own. And people don't have to grow enough tomatoes to last a season but you know, enough to have some good sauce once in a while or just bite into to throw in a salad, just enough as a reminder, maybe enough to inspire people to promote healthy living. You know, 30, 40, 50 years ago and when my parents were growing up, you know, they went through the depression and World War II. This is what it was all about, fresh food, you know, canned food, packaged food, pretty much to not exist. Not toxic factory farm of Monsanto GMO poison but food the way it was meant to be. Yeah, absolutely. And you know, points of vitality that I often post on my page. There are key elements and this is another reason why I think a lot of the people, our age are living better because when we ate real foods, we had foods that contained enzymes. We had foods that had minerals. We had foods that were alkalizing that would balance the blood pH. We had foods that were anti-inflammatory. We had foods that were loaded with antioxidants and we had foods that supported our natural hormones. Unfortunately, today's food does not have that. It's totally opposite. It's devoid of minerals and enzymes. Most foods nowadays, even vegetable-based, plant-based foods, a lot of them are acidified. A lot of them are any or not any inflammatory, but they are inflammatory. Antioxidants basically don't exist and so many of the foods are estrogenic because of the toxins, whether it's GMO or non-GMO, but because of the toxins, it combats these elements for long-term, before a healthy life, for vitality, for whatever word you want to use to describe a better quality of life. Well, the commercials that I see on TV, advertising so-called antioxidant-rich juices like the pomegranate, was it POM, something or other? People have to understand these supermarket juices are pasteurized and the living enzymes are destroyed. Now, let me ask you a question. Is it possible as a way to store a lot of your produce in an indefinite way? Is it possible for you to acquire a commercial-grade food dehydrator and along with a slow juicer, take a lot of your excess surplus produce, juice it and then dry it into a powder and possibly sell your own organic non-GMO combination freeze-dried powder or just dehydrated powder drink in cans? Well, we kind of do that. I have my special fall-winter blend and my green power blend, which was a formerly named spring-summer. That's pretty much the line that we work on. Now, there are ingredients in those that we do not grow. It would not be financially wise whatsoever and far too time-consuming. You mean like spirulina, chlorella and things like that? Yeah. Yeah. And as you know, I post often is anything that we provide. Well, let me step back a little bit. Not everything, but nearly everything we provide is medicinal grade. And there's a huge, huge difference between medicinal grade and other products. And we'll definitely get into a lot of this later. We'll be absolutely surprised. But pretty much what you're saying. Freeze-dried, there are different types of processes that are used. Nearly every single process is worthless because of what it does to the food. When you're talking about a good extractor, that works well, but you have to freeze it very rapidly. We freeze almost all of our foods, whole foods. The only products that we actually put through a canning process are tomatoes, because tomatoes need that heat in order to break the shell of lycopene to be available to our body as the powerful antioxidant it is. But as far as canning other foods, no, we don't. We have tons of tomato sauce and lots of salsa. That's a powerhouse of lycopene. But everything else we put in freezers. I know a honey can be dried because I've seen, I've seen a pseudo-fake Arizona cactus honey. And that's another story, consumer fraud.  Well, guess what? It's not cactus. It is not a cactus. It is not true high desert cactus honey. It's not. It's fake. But they dry it and they sell it as a powder. But I didn't know this. Bill's definitely be touching on that in the upcoming series, because you know how I am about honey and pollen. You've seen my post and I'm very adamant about why our honey is the quality it is. And we will do a show on honey because honey is an ancient, very nutritious, very medicinal food. But we will do a show on apple. Let's go to the bands now. Before I talk about the bands, I just want to say that my take on the epidemic of obesity in America is because of refined carbohydrates and insulin resistance. I believe in a paleo actins type of eating. You have to get enough fiber though, a lot of fiber, but no refined carbohydrates, no sugar, moderate protein, and high-fighter nutrients. But this is the problem. Our toxic food industry has people have people hooked on sugar, like a drug dealer would have somebody hooked on, let's say heroin, and it's a racket. Unfortunately, this is where capitalism has gone. It's all about greed, the bottom line, a profit over people and the planet. Now, getting into bands, Stephen R. Santangelo, aside from being an expert organic farmer, is a fitness expert. He is a proponent on exercise resistant bands, which he sells his own particular brand now. Take it from here, Stephen. Yeah, I want to step back a little bit before I get into what I'm doing now with bands, but step back a little bit with the history of bands because there's a lot of misinformation out there. There are a lot of planes by individuals who call themselves the original rubber band man and a few other catchy phrases out there. And some of these people, which is, I don't want to just limit it to these particular individuals, but since we are talking about fitness nutrition, it's all over the net. People steal like crazy. They make claims that are there, that claim they are on their own, but they really aren't. They rip off a lot of people. Plagiarism. Yeah. And unfortunately, in the world of fitness, it's next to impossible to protect yourself. It's just the way patent laws are. I have looked into that quite extensively over the years, but let's get a little bit, step back a little bit with resistance bands, a little bit of history on it so I could set the truth about them. I won't go into big or deal about it, but just to give people an idea and also give people an idea of how I came across bands and why I have been using them for many, many years and how I finally developed my own line. Resistance bands have been on the market since about the early mid-80s. And a fellow by the name of Dick Hartzell out of northeastern Ohio had actually begun experimenting with seamless resistance bands. And over a period of a handful of years, he was able to connect with overseas technology to develop these. Eventually, Elite Fitness Westside Barbell, with their accommodating resistance, they began using a lot of bands for their development of power lifters. But when it comes to power lifting, go to Elite Fitness, go to Westside. They have produced more world record holders than any other club around. Now, regardless whether they're using or natural, that's not the case here for discussion. But they really got into the science aspect of it and have promoted it in a very positive way. Now, in about the last 10 years especially, there's been all sorts of geometry all over YouTube and all over the internet and people claiming to be original developers of it. I did play a role in developing resistance bands, not back in the 80s with Dick Hartzell or early on with Westside. But I helped bring to light that there's more than just four or five different types of bands which Dick Hartzell had initially created. And got all these different sizes, different thicknesses for all different types of applications. So it took it out of the power lifting world into the athletic world for a whole variety of sports. And I was also the one to bring about all the flashy colors as you've seen in some of my posts and what you've seen yesterday. Yeah. And there was a reason for it because once you start getting into 40-inch bands in the different widths and then you get to 30-inch bands, different widths, and then into 12-inch bands, 10-inch bands and so forth, the color coding, more people are going to identify with that than they are if you start calling out numbers.  You don't have to tell them, hey, it's a number 6, 40-inch such and such. And that has helped tremendously to move bands more into the common fitness arena. Now, I was first introduced to bands before Dick Hartzell had actually created these. We used to use inner tubes and we used to cut inner tubes to different sizes, tie them in knots, and we would do all sorts of crazy exercises with them. One woman that I got to meet, she lived not far from us, she had her business real close, is a Dr. Victoria Voda. Now, 35 years ago, she was just beginning to come into her own and she was still using inner tubes. And I had worked with her and got to do some great stuff and exercises that she had developed at that point I still use today. Now, Dr. Victoria Vodan, I still call her Vicki Vodan, she was the chiropractor for the 1984 women's gymnastics team. And she has gone on, she has now worked with world-class athletes, especially elite Olympic and world record holders in track and field. She had been very progressive in her thinking because at that time a lot of people just didn't think, ah, this stuff is just not right. This is too gimmick drink. We didn't really have the science back then to prove it, but we had the results. And we got along very well because I'm, as you know, I'm very progressive. I'm always stepping out of the norm, but still staying with the basic science, staying with the basics of what's needed for an exercise program. And then eventually, when bands became popular, after it was taken out of the powerlifting world and after it was taken from the elite athletic world, that's when everyone was coming up with these ridiculous exercises and promoting it as science. And what they were doing was they were taking the true science of what was being developed and what was being used for accommodating resistance in the 80s and 90s, and then using that to support their absurd exercises. Well, I know rehabilitation physical therapists use bands and tubing as part of their profession. I know that, and they, and they, however, yeah, I'm sorry. However, most of the bands that are used are not the professional line of bands like I have or others that have it. Those are bands that are used for a very limited amount of time. And unfortunately, so many people that have not been involved with the athletic world, when they hear about resistance bands, they are thinking of these real thin latex bands that the chiropractors and their physical therapists will cut and then tie and knock, say, you know, use it for this and that. It has its applications. However, to get it out of that realm is where there's a big, big issue and an issue that I have, because that's where the gimmick tree starts. So they tear. Oh, they tear. If you use one of those on a regular basis, you will be lucky if you get 90 days worth of work out of it. Okay. Okay. Now, also, there are the tubes. I am not fond of the tubes at all, even though a lot of infomercials promote them. I don't care for them. One of the reasons is because with a tube, it has to have a handle. And once you have a handle, your hand has to be on that handle at all times. If you use a tube and try to wrap it around different body parts, just because the nature of a tube being cylindrical, it's going to roll. It's not going to stay fixed. Whereas, you know, with the flat bands, such as I have my line, been distributing for many years now, I honestly can't tell you when I first started. But when you wrap it properly and put it on a selected body part, do any sort of exercise, it stays there and it works in conjunction with your natural biomotor patterns. And that's one of the key factors of seeing bands. I snapped many a tubing and it always breaks at the same point where it enters the handle. Where the tubing enters the handle, it has like a round or football-shaped rubber plug in there to hold it in. And that's where it always snaps. But with a heavy duty band that never ever happens to me. And I also noticed with the larger bands, you really do not need a handle. It's extremely comfortable in the hand. And you can very easily supinate and pronate your hands. Like if you're doing bicep curls or even if you're doing a tricep extension with a door anchor from the top of the door.   And I will go on record and say that exercise bands of high heavy duty quality are just as good, if not better, in some ways than barbells, dumbbells, and machines. They are not, they are not toys people. They are extremely challenging exercise equipment tools. And they have lots of pros. They don't take up much room. They're outstanding for travel, fitness suitcase with no problem, work out in a hotel room, et cetera, et cetera. Yeah. In fact, a survival fitness program that I had developed for a military special forces some years ago, we use resistance bands exclusively. And even some of the guys when they would go overseas, they used to take the bands with them because it was very easy. Like I said, it's very convenient. It's pretty much a home gym in a one little pack.  It develops eccentric and concentric movements of the muscle. The list goes on and on. Now, even though I am very pro, very pro band user and promoted in my training, it's not the absolute. It's, as you mentioned, it has a lot of good qualities when used properly, but there are certain drawbacks and every implement has its positive, has its drawbacks. It's a matter of how that implement is used and it's a matter of what is your goal.  Yeah, well, obviously a professional athletes that go on the road, it's perfect for them. Right. I mean, any professional athlete that goes on the road. Yeah, well, almost all professional athletes use them exclusively. Olympic athletes, elite athletes, endurance athletes, strength athletes, they use them because they work, but they use them properly. Oh, it's real resistance.  I mean, it's like lifting weights. It's not a toy. It's not a pad. It's the real deal, in my opinion. Yeah, and if the bands didn't work, bless you. Thank you. If the bands didn't work, all these, you know, high-end athletes will not be using them. And another advantage with them is that they use them as a single implement, but they could also be combined and are extremely effective with barbells and dumbbells. You know, Westside Barbell Elite Fitness, the big power lifters, they have found the accommodating resistance to be incredible. They could be used, attached to kettlebells. They could even be attached to ridiculous weight machines that you find in the gym. You know, you know what I do, strongman implements, they could be used with. You know, it's all a matter of understanding the purpose. Every implement has a purpose. And that is where the foundation or the baseline needs to be established. Too often, trainers just love to jump on the bandwagon. They love to jump on the CrossFit bandwagon. They love to jump on the kettlebell bandwagon. And a lot of them are jumping on the resistance bandwagon. Well, look at the mace. They're using the gata, the ancient tool called the mace or gata. They're using it as a barbell. They're inventing these linear one-dimensional barbell type exercises and doing videos of using a mace as a barbell because they're selling their program, their DVDs or their certification program. That's another thing to talk about on another show. Every time they can, Harry has their own certification. Now, what educational institution is backing their so-called certification? None of them. None of them, right? You know, and I run into this quite a bit. And since we're on the subject of certification, I used to have tons of certifications that I collected over the years.  I'm not going to renew most of these because it's just not worth it. Now, ones that I still have and that I've held on to is I'm a certified Olympic weightlifting coach. I'm a level one track and field coach. And I'm a certified resistance band instructor. But from the original days, not the stuff they have out now.  And some people are always surprised to hear this, but I'm also a CrossFit certified. However, my certification, I was one of the very first ones when I felt CrossFit had a very good plan. They had a very good baseline. Nowadays, CrossFit is not what it used to be. That's for another show. I'm a certified biathlon individual. When I say biathlon, don't get it mixed up with the do-athlons, which are running and cycling. But the biathlon is like the winter sport of a cross-country skiing and shooting. And during the summer, another popular one is running and shooting. And then certain types of memberships that I have, which I find do have substances. The United States All-Round Strength Association, which is an organization as well as the International All-Round Strength Association, is an organization to hold on and promote the old-time strong man lifts. Some of the fellows that we were talking about, some of the incredible women of the era of a century ago that I posted on my page. I like that because it still has the nuts and bolts of really getting into all-round strength.  But it really deals with the body holistically. And we touched on this earlier, that those early old-time strong men approached strength from a holistic standpoint. They dealt with angular strength. They want to develop strength from every possible angle because it was the fullness of the body, the natural movement of the body.  It's real functional strength and doing circular from all angles is a very real thing. That's a huge, huge advantage for resistance bands. In fact, resistance bands are the only implement that trains the body in a true three-dimensional fashion. Wow. I'm impressed. Thank you for saying that. It is impressive. It is just absolutely phenomenal. And that's one of the reasons why I emphasize this in my training clients, training groups, whether it's working with SWAT, whether it's working with law enforcement, first responders, the military, as I mentioned, special forces, because their task is very three-dimensional. That is very different than a 100 meter swimmer. It's very different than an 800 meter swimmer. It's very different than an Olympic lifter. It's very different than a power lifter. It's very different than a bodybuilder. So the foundation has to be established. So that baseline develops to their particular needs. And everything with the bands supplies that. Now, it's not to say that these guys don't do deadlifts. They don't do squats. They don't do bench or bicep work. And as you know, you don't have to tell a guy to do bench press or work his bicep because every guy is going to do that anyway, whether it's in the program or not. So it's just a matter of a trainer or for myself to monitor that so it doesn't become dominant, a dominant force in training. And it takes away from the more important aspects to develop basically a 911 life-saving situation. And that's why three-dimensional training is so useful for those particular professionals. You should definitely put together a series of band workout DVDs, fitness band DVDs. I think it'll be fantastic. You're very qualified to do it. Thank you. Well, believe it or not, I used to do that a lot. But what happens is a lot of people would buy the DVDs and then they thought they didn't need me as a trainer. So from a business standpoint, there was a little bit of an issue there on finances. So I think it's, oh gosh, it's been maybe about five years now that I sold the last of my DVDs. And also on my Facebook page, occasionally you will see I will post a few different exercises using them. However, I do not go into depth because for those clients that are paying deserve to have all the information, deserve to have the best. I like to introduce people to using resistance bands and educating them. But if they want to take it to that next level, they hire me and they get to go to that next one. But you have the population in Kentucky and your region to have enough one-on-one clientele. Well, yes and no. That's another subject we could talk about later. You know what I mean? It's like you have a large organic farm, so you must be in a rural area. So maybe a source of income might have to be the DVDs. But unless somebody wants to fly you out and do seminars like some of these jabronis I know, one guy in California is getting, he asks for $130 a person to attend one of his workshops on swinging the mace. I mean, I think that's pretty expensive. But if people like that are actually getting clients to pay and attend a workshop and people are flying him out and putting him up in a hotel, my God, and he's not nearly as qualified with certifications and training as you are, and he's getting all this money per head for his workshops. I mean, you could very easily do band workshops with your bands, teaching band training, I mean fitness band training. I don't want people to think we're like heavy metal rock and roll. It's fitness band training and you bring extra bands to sell to the people at the workshop. Right. And now when we had our second home in Vegas, that's a heavily populated area. It was a lot easier to do that. Exactly what you're saying. Now I'm going to be getting back to doing that over the past five years. We've been really putting the focus in what we want for our food supply, what we've been providing for people, building the Primal Creations Private Buyer's Club, which is like a food co-op. It's different. So the focus changed a little bit, but I will be getting back into that where I will be doing the seminars and exactly what you said, taking the bands along with me and getting people reeducated. And you know, we could talk about that more often. I don't want to use this as a podium to sell my seminars at this point. But it's an idea.  And I understand and I appreciate you mentioning that and bringing it up for your listeners. I mean, I could picture you discussing healthy eating and talking about what you do on your farm. And I know you sell certain products from your farm like honey. And then you can go into the bands and at the end of the seminar, you've got a whole load of bands and blah, blah, blah.  And if somebody that has very, very little academic qualifications is making this much money per person and getting flown out, there's no reason why somebody like yourself or your caliber can't do it. The same thing. And I just want to mention, you know what I do with my bands? I hook, I've learned how to attach them to the Shenna board. And I do the Persian and the Hindu pushups with band assisted Shenna workout. And I've also learned to attach them to the abdominal wheel. So, you know, that Bob Backlin abdominal wheel thing, I hook the bands up to that too. So like you were saying before, the versatility of these bands is incredible. Yes, yeah. They're just absolutely amazing.  Yeah.  And I have various sizes on my shoulders. So I am doing drop sets. I'm doing it.  Yeah. And I'm sorry, go ahead. No, go ahead. Go ahead. Yeah, I was just going to say the bands are so versatile that, you know, my grandchildren, before they were age five would use them. And my mother, you know, a bless her soul, she passed away last year at age 92, but she was using bands three weeks before her passing.  And they think, well, gosh, I can't do that. But I have developed so many different sizes of bands and so many different resistance capabilities that anyone could use them. A lot of exercises, you know, my mother being in her early nineties at the time, I would just have her do the exercises in a chair. Sure. It's still do it. I mean, there are others where she'd be able to do it standing. But again, it's learning the appropriate application of the bands. I could picture you training major league baseball pitchers to do rotator cuff exercises with the bands. I mean, there's a huge potential. Right. And I have worked with some of the elite athletes. I've worked with some Olympic qualifiers and track and field and bands were a very integral part of that. I mean, I do want to say it's not to not to pat myself on the back, but anyone that I have ever introduced with with elite athletes who I have introduced with resistance bands improved performance. Now anyone could introduce bands to any athlete, but if not properly apply their performance does not go up. And that is a very important case aspect. If you take a top athlete who's already pretty much at the top of the game and you are able to improve that says something about the application. I mean, of course proper to me proper form not only means optimum results, but proper exercise form also equals safety. So you're getting optimal results and you're exercising safely. And I rather I rather emphasize perfect form over the amount of resistance any day. I mean, you can you can you can you can get more gains from a moderate thickness band using proper strict form than you could get in sloppy with a heavy duty band. Same thing with dumbbells and barbells, you know. Yeah, absolutely.  However, there are times when you get to the point where you've got to go a little beyond technique and you've got to execute a certain weight. You take a look at any top deadlift competitor. You know, the form looks really great. But when they get to that point where it's between these two guys who's going to win, basically technique goes out the window. Even though it's inherent in their biomotor patterns, it's now do or die. It's I'm going to grunt. I'm going to do whatever it takes.  Well, because winning is how they get paid. Yeah, exactly. And also they have had those years and several years of experience of properly training technique. So their body is able to accept something beyond that. Well, before we say goodbye, I want to tell you that I am particularly fascinated with doing more research on a talk about old time strongman. There was a guy by the last name of Zas. He was Russian. Yes. And he did isometrics using chains. Yes. I am very interested in finding out more about him. I never heard his name mentioned until this past year. And he was an old time strongman. He was Russian. I think it was during World War One and Zas. Z A S S I believe. Yes. I believe I have some information on him in one of my files. I'll double check that. I'll definitely get it to you. Yeah. Yeah. What I would like to do is just for those who are not familiar with me or familiar with my page, if they want to go to facebook.com slash steven.santangelo.75, they could go on my page. Check it out. It's a public page. If they like it, shoot me a friend request. If they want to contact me direct other than through Facebook messaging, they go to primalcreations at aol.com. And those two contacts are the best way to get ahold of me. I'm very open to communication. I emphasize communication with my clients and with anyone who wants. And if they want to purchase, let's say some of your organic wildflower honey or some of your bands, they can also do it by communication from those pages. That is correct. Every so often, about every three months, I run our top 12 selling products on the Facebook page. We go through PayPal right now. We no longer have a website. I closed my website about a year ago. We pretty much use social media. It's more effective. It's more efficient. PayPal also is considerably more secure than other methods. We have downsized and not respect to make it as simple for people as possible. You could very easily have a free Facebook promo page where people click like. Do you have one of those yet? No, haven't gotten around to that. We could talk about that as well. Yeah, just haven't gotten around to that. Yeah, life and I are very, very busy, you know, other than with our food supply for folks and what we do with our critters. You know, I do have the fitness business, the nutrition business, and of course my own training and competitions. So we just want to take things one step at a time. We used to be much, much bigger. Learn to downsize and prioritize. The reason why I mentioned the free Facebook promo page where people click like is because you can access those pages without signing into Facebook or even having a Facebook profile. The general public can go to the link and see everything on it like it was a web page. But if you want to open up somebody's profile, you have to log in to see it. That's the reason why I mentioned it. Yeah, we'll definitely talk about that. Sure. But anyway, I must go and I thank you profusely for being a guest on my show. I enjoyed it. And we will definitely do the series on other topics. And as you could see the background of the show people, those are examples of Stephen R. Santangelo's fitness bands of different sizes. And remember it's Stephen as an S-T-E-P-H-E-N, not V-E-N. I don't want people going S-T-E-V-E-N and not getting your page. I just want to thank you for mentioning that. Yeah. So anyway, thank you. And I will talk to you very soon, sir. Well, thank you for having me and you're very welcome and looking forward to more subjects to discuss. This was very invigorating. You're getting two very excitable, passionate, enthusiastic Italians together, man. It's like a whirlwind over here. That's right. Like a whirlwind. But we'll talk soon, all right, sir? All right, James. All right. Take care. Bye-bye. This has been a MegaLife 21 production.


us enlightened people and some far-off metropole we're going to tell you how to do things and That's just really the fundamental relationship. I think that's really being appreciated more and more in the u.s Now there's always going to be that strain of thought among people who don't even view National borders as relevant right neo-conservatives. So well, well just it will invade whatever country we have to Under humanitarian grounds, but the idea of invading foreign countries for humanitarian reasons again is the exact same logic as Sending federal marshals into Texas or Wyoming or some state that isn't doing things in accordance with the edicts of the federal government It's I really don't see a real distinction there other than this arbitrary idea that hey We're all Americans, but here's the thing if if people in another part of America are so culturally different from you That you find their way of life Abhorrent to the point that you have to send in the federal government to correct that. Are you really all Americans? I would suggest that the definition of being an American has to be broad and sort Significantly or the term doesn't apply to people everywhere in America So we're getting I think to that point where either if America means yeah I tolerate people in other parts of the country doing things differently or you need to make America smaller So as to not include those people who do things in a way you find disgusting


Black history is American history. It is New York City history. This month, we come together to honor the triumphs and remember the tragedies that have defined the Black experience in our country. We must have a real discussion about the injustices that we have faced. And we must remember that lives were lost to racism from Emmett Till to Yusuf Hawkins to the countless names we'll never learn. We don't do this just to sit with the pain. We do this because when we have a full, honest account of our past, we can create a better future. This month, let us celebrate, reflect, and commemorate Black history. And let us recommit to the work of building a city and country that will make our ancestors proud.


Meet Lily a girl who lived a sheltered life cocooned away from the world by her controlling parents Finally her parents allowed her to attend a private school, but her social anxiety made it feel like a terrifying ordeal All right, let's go around the room and introduce ourselves. You can start Lily Lily It's okay Lily You don't have to face this alone. I'm here to help you With the support of the school counselor Lily starts her journey towards managing her social anxiety The progress is slow and some days the weight of her anxieties feels unbearable She feels frustrated that she's still having bad days Hey, is this seat taken? No, you can sit here Then one day Lily's world begins to change Lily discovers a kindred spirit in Emma who's also facing similar challenges You're not alone in this and remember small steps can lead to big changes With the support of her new friend and the counselor Lily learned strategies to cope with her anxiety as Time goes on Lily's confidence grows and she learns how to navigate social situations with newfound strength Though she still has challenging days Lily knows she's not alone in her struggles and that makes all the difference and so Lily discovers that sometimes the most beautiful transformations come from the most challenging journeys Are you looking for a cuddly companion that brings positivity and mental wellness to your daily life? Get your very own sigh the lovable plushie is here to brighten your days It embodies the spirit of psych to go and it serves as a reminder to prioritize your mental well-being It's green leaf symbolizes growth renewal and the importance of self-care Whether it's for yourself or as a thoughtful gift for a loved one Sai is ready to be your snuggly friend through all of life's ups and downs by your side plus you today Link is listed in the description box


Well immobile therapy is really helpful for any couple regardless of their experience because it teaches you foundational relationship skills. If one of you did have a traumatic childhood experience then obviously if someone's not able to go to therapy or they're not even able to talk about or not willing to participate then yes it's going to be difficult for you to get help as a couple. But if a couple is willing wants to work on their relationship but they have a very difficult experience in the past the the work that you do together is actually going to be able to help you not only improve your relationship in the here and now but also help heal that individual issue as well. So we view we view it in the in the paradigm of a relationship so it's not like I have a problem I need to get it fixed but I need to be able to kind of have a do-over I need to be able to get that consistent and safe loving presence from another human being and the best way to do that is in the context of a marriage. So we find that the relationship paradigm in immobile therapy is going to actually help you deal with your own individual issues. People think well maybe I need to get help first maybe I need to fix myself first. It's not necessarily the case if you're willing to be able to do the work you're open and you're able to do the work then it can be very helpful.


74 sailors were killed and 27 wounded undestroyed Novosekask ship. Activists from the cyber resistance movement of Ukraine have obtained a letter verifying that 74 Russian soldiers were killed and 27 wounded on the Novosekask, the Russian landing ship that Ukrainian forces destroyed on the 26th of December. Ukrainian National Resistance Centre said this with reference to the intercepted letter. In the letter, Nikolai Yevmenov, commander-in-chief of the Russian Navy, proposes that mourning should be declared in the city of Novosekask, in connection with the deaths of 74 Russians. The letter was intercepted thanks to access to the mailbox of Ksenia Goncharova, a propagandist from the Nashi TV show, on the Russia One Channel. Novosekask had been destroyed by cruise missiles launched from tactical aircraft belonging to the Ukrainian Air Force. Yuri Inat, spokesman for the Ukrainian Air Force, said that the significant explosion observed on the Russian ship indicates that it was not a minor detonation of something there, but rather a detonation of ammunition because a large landing ship is used to transport equipment, weapons and personnel. Russian media reported that at least 19 Russian sailors were injured and 33 missing after the Ukrainian armed forces attacked the landing ship.


Cucurbita papo belongs to the cucurbitaceae family and is a widely cultivated vegetable. It has two subspecies, subspeepo and subspevifera, which differ in their morphological characteristics and fruit quality. That zucchini variety ranks among the most valuable vegetables globally, while other sea. Papo unrelated cucurbita SPP are important sources of fat and vitamins. Genomic tools are now available for other cucurbits, but not for sea, papo. This limits our understanding of its metabolism and hinders the development of improved varieties. We generated a total of 512,751 ists from root, leaf, and flower tissues of two varieties with contrasting phenotypes. These were assembled into 49,610 unigenes, representing the first transcriptome of the species. Over 60% of the unigenes were functionally annotated and assigned to one or more gene ontology terms. The distribution of cucurbita unigenes followed similar trends to those observed in Arabidopsis and Melon, suggesting that. This article was authored by Neues Fernando, Ziasalopelo, Roy Cristina, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Hey, Psych2goers! Welcome back to another video. Thank you for all the love and support you've given us. Psych2go's mission is to help everyone learn about psychology and mental health in a digestible way. Let's begin! Have you ever woken up feeling more tired than when you went to bed? Exhaustion doesn't only come from doing strainiest activities like playing sports. There are many little habits that you might not even be aware you have that drain your energy. They're normal, seemingly small activities that most of us probably do, but they can't have many unknown negative effects. So, here are 8 habits that drain your energy. 1. Looking on the negative side of life Are you a pessimist? Do you always look for things to complain about? Studies from the University of Concordia have shown that optimists are better at regulating their sympathetic nervous system compared to pessimists. This means that those who look at the more positive side of things are better at handling and coping with stressful situations. By focusing on the negatives of your life, you may end up constantly feeling stressed, anxious, and exhausted. 2. Overthinking Do you stay up late running various what-ifs and worst-case scenarios in your head? Spending so much mental energy without any physical outlet can be draining. These never-ending negative thought spirals may cause you to constantly feel anxious and distressed. Your body produces the stress hormone cortisol when you overthink and stress yourself out. Over time, this constant release of cortisol may lead to feelings of exhaustion and cause burnout. 3. Living in the past Do you often replay moments from your past and find yourself overcome with regret about some of the things you didn't or did do? Living in the past takes your focus off the present moment. Like overthinking, spending too much mental energy without an outlet or way to cope can make you feel exhausted and stressed. 4. Associating with negative people and drama Have you ever felt drained after spending time with a friend? Maybe they spent most of the time talking about themselves or they're bringing unnecessary drama into your life. Whatever the reason, being around people who don't make you feel supported, happy and comfortable can leave you feeling anxious and exhausted. Healthy friendships should be a balance of give and take, so if you always feel that it has become your job to please them all the time, you may feel tired and exhausted. 5. Using social media to bring you down Have you ever scrolled through social media to compare your lifestyle to others? Social media is a great way to stay connected and entertained, but there's a huge difference between using it to get inspired and to connect with people and using it to compare yourself to others. Comparing yourself to snapshots of someone else's greatest highlights and achievements isn't healthy. This can affect your self-esteem and lead to a cycle of negative thoughts which can be mentally draining. 6. Having a poor diet Did you know that eating a ton of junk food can leave you feeling tired and drained of energy? While junk food in moderation is normal, a constant bad diet lacking in water, nutrients, vitamins or fruits and vegetables can leave you bloated and unhealthy. According to a study by Harvard Medical School, diets high in refined sugars, for example, worsen your body's regulation of insulin and promote inflammation and oxidative stress. 7. Not exercising Do you exercise regularly? Besides the more obvious health benefits, exercise can actually help increase your energy. A study by the University of Georgia found that those who completed a regular exercise routine reported reduced fatigue and higher levels of energy compared to those who did not exercise. This, along with many other benefits of exercise, means everyone, no matter your age or fitness level, can benefit from exercising. 8. Having an unhealthy sleep schedule Do you often wake up late into the afternoon? Whether you are sleeping too little or too much, having an irregular sleep schedule isn't good for you. A study by the University of Pennsylvania found that subjects limited to 4.5 hours of sleep per night reported feeling stressed, angry, sad and mentally exhausted. Similarly, sleeping too much can lead to lethargy, excess drowsiness, and in some cases, depression. So, have you done any of the habits we've listed above? Tell us about it in the comments below. If you enjoyed this video, please like and share it with others who may find it helpful too. Don't forget to subscribe to Psych2Go and hit the notification bell for more videos. All the references used are also added in the description box below. Thank you for watching and we'll see you soon.


Going on everyone, Sam here at Leighton Sports Cards, ripping 22, Panini Playbook, football hobby, eight bucks, half case break, number 10, Pick Your Team style, let me read off a list of our names in our teams, Antonio M. with the Cardinals, Armando B. Chargers, Brett W. Ravens, Charles K. Commanders, Chris C. Broncos, DeWard B. Raiders, Edward P. Cowboys, Dolphins, Jacob R. Panthers, Jeff S. Bills, Jeff M. Lyons Steelers, Jeremy H. Bangles, Jim G. Jets, Jordan W. Patriots, Long J. Texans, Manny V. Giants, Mathias S. Browns, Nicholas P. Rams, Paul G. Falcons, Bucks, Paul F. Jags Vikings, Peter N. with the Chiefs, Robert R. Seahawks, Robert P. Niners, Scott C. Bears, Scott A. with the Colts, Steve C. Packers, Todd D. Saints, Yidget D. with the Eagles, and Zach S. with the Titans, let's do it everybody. Broncos gone in 11, and Giants gone in 12. Guys, we are getting close, getting close. 11 ago now in number 11. I think Tuesday we're doing an early, early release, and then Wednesday, I believe, Booga. Yeah, swing on the Panthers, why not? Got Matt Corral, got some decent, decent bets, Jonathan Stewart's gotten auto, which is pretty cool, I don't see a lot of Jonathan Stewart nowadays. There's a, Matt Jones to 49. Patriots won one of the last teams taken. Grats on that, they're Pats. We've got a Jonathan Taylor, double moves, 299. It's going out to the Colts. Two-color patch, two-color patch, Chase Edmonds. 105 out of 199 for the Broncos. Grats on that, Broncos. Panthers gone in 11, thank you, William. We've got to 299 is David Bell, rookie jersey auto. Still upset about tie law. That's a brutal one, dude. Nice one there, that's a tough one to swallow.  I mean, bro, that'd be like putting like James Harrison as a bangle in a product, you know what I mean?  We've got a down and dirty Tyler Boyd, 149. Here we go again, Manny, another K-Vom Tibidou. Owner of the K-Vom Tibidou, can't tell her Brit booklet. Let's go Manny, there you go, buddy. Again, guys, we're at 11 to go, breaks next all on sale. Plenty of good teams to be had there. Here we go, Brett, we've got a gust of the bus. Edwards, 42 out of 199, goal line graphs for the Ravens. Let's go, Brett, let's go, Brett. Nice gust of the bus. And rookie jumbo, 299, Trayvon Walker for the Jags. Trayvon Walker, there you go, Jacksonville. All on to the next now. Go, Brett, gust of the bus. Sorry, I was gonna say sorry, Jake. We've got a Christian Watson, Nexus, 9 of 25. That's Jersey numbered for the Packers. Jersey number and color match on the green foiling. Up next for the Broncos, Jerry Judy. That is 76 out of 99. Ford Denver, Thomas M taking the Bears. We're down to 10, Kirk taking the Vikings and 12. Thank you, Kirk. Fair, I agree with that one. That is Russell Maryland, 63 out of 75 for the Cowboys, really cool one there. He's getting autos this year in certain products. Very nice, congrats on that one. Cowboys and 8 of 99, Danny Gray for the Niners. Two colored RPA booklet, going again out to San Francisco. Very nice, congrats on that, San Fran. Again, guys, we are now down to 10 spots left. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven. We are down to nine spots left. Nine spots left, everybody, in number, number 11, yeah, nine to go. All on sale as well, guys, all on sale. Some teams significantly mark down as well. Nine to go there, all on sale if you'd like to pick up a team. Taking the Vikes and 12. DeAndre Swift, double moves, 275. For the Lions, two-color, three-color. We've got nice for the Falcons, Tyler Algier at his base arm, followed by Golan Grass, Alexander Madison, 24 of 25 for the Vikings, handcuff legend, Alexander Madison. Total handcuff legend. Really is. Really is, followed by Tyrion Davis Price to 299 for the Niners. Booklet Jersey Auto. TDP. Jalen Tolbert, Nexus to 99. Breece Hall, one of 25. Nice one there, Jets. Breece Hall, cool Breece. Guys, just nine teams to go. In the next one, nine to go. All on sale. Nice, George Pickens, 25 of 25.  Two really good base, or like rookie autos right there. Pickens and A, Breece Hall. And we've got 299, that is rookie Jumbo, Desmond Ritter. Congrats on that there, Falcons. Desmond Ritter, he's done that in everything. Really? Yeah. All of his stickers are at least.  Cool. Down and dirty, Kareem Hunt to 149, that is game used. Game used. We've got a goal line graphs, Amon Ross, St. Brown. 74 of 99 for the Lions. Amon Ross, St. Brown. Amon Ross, the Brown. We've got Kenneth Gainwell, that is 132 out of 199 for the Eagles. Interesting, okay. We've got playbook material autographs to 10. Scary Terry. I think this is the first one of these we've seen. First or second one, there you go, Commanders. Nice one there, they've got a great checklist, man. Lot of Terry McLaurin in this. Lot of Terry McLaurin. Grats on that, Washington. Two to go. Again, guys, nine to go in the next one. Let's get that filled on up. That is breaking right after this immediately. Once it is filled, we go. Jay Herbo, 22 of 99. Justin Herbert for the Chargers. Three color, three color. We've got a Cooper Cup. Sunday's best, three of 99. Nice one here is gonna be a rookie auto, Christian Harris, 45 of 49 for the Texans. And there we go, Manny, 70 of 99. Wandaille Robinson, two colored rookie jersey, rookie patch booklet auto. Let's go, Manny. Congrats, buddy. Nice Wandaille coming your way. Wandaille, little Robinson. Next up is the last box of the half case. Good luck, everybody. There's a hot routes, Mike Evans to 99. The Bucks. Next up is gonna be a Tyreek Hill, hot routes to 199. This one's cool for the Steelers. Hashmark's auto, Greg Lloyd, 32 of 75. Not a name you see very often. And really nice way to end it for the Seahawks. Also to 99, canine. Three colored RPA booklet patch auto, 92 of 99 for the Seabirds. Congrats, Seattle. Let us do a quick recap here. Brett taking the Ravens in the next ones. Go, Brett. Good luck, buddy. Got eight to go in the next, and number 11 guys, eight to go. Tweet that really quick before we do our recap. Do our recap now, speaking of Tyreek Hill, Kareem Hunt, Tyler Boyd. Got Deandre Swift, Mack Jones, Jonathan Taylor, Christian Watson, Jerry Judy, Jalen Tolbert, Justin Herbert, Cup, Mike Evans, Greg Lloyd, Kenneth Gainwell, Amon Roste Brown, Alexander Madison, Russell Maryland, there's Gus Edwards, Chase Edmonds, right, yeah. Kevan Tibero, Tyler Algier, Christian Harris, Reese Hall, and George Pickens. Nice autos in there, our booklets we had. Kenneth Walker to 99. Hey, Wondale Robinson to 99. Tara McLauren to 10. Desmond Ritter, Tyrion Davis Price, and Danny Gray to 99. Hey, Trayvon Walker and David Bell. I'll do it for the break, guys. Thanks again for the fill. Eight to go, still in number 11.