Hello. Welcome to this session with the STM32 trust and get started with security. In today's session, we're going to talk about why do we need it? Why do we really need security? In our second part, we're going to talk about threat analysis, then root of trust in the third part, the fourth part, chain of trust, and the last, we're going to go through some practical examples of threat analysis and analyzing your product design. We see a lot of threats in the news and this is concerning. Most of the large hacks detailed in the media are hacks about confidentiality and they can be expensive. One recent survey estimated that data breaches cost on average $3.8 million each. This type of theft can be embarrassing too, like the theft of celebrity photos from Apple's iCloud or personal information at the Ashley Madison website. They can even be financially damaging, like the theft of tens of millions of internal documents from Sony or 83 million customer accounts from JP Morgan Chase. However, the Internet of Things and connected devices are a bit different. These are mostly threats to integrity and availability and are just as important as threats to confidentiality. It's one thing for a hacker to be able to monitor your smart door lock to know who's at home, but it's another thing to be able to use that information and have the ability of unlocking the door to allow a burglar in or even prevent you from opening the door. With the advent of connected physical systems like cars, industrial equipment, medical devices, we've given the hackers the ability to cause injury or even death, so you need some sort of security, but do you know what you want? Do you know what you need? You know you want your devices to be secure, but what does it mean? Security needs to be considered from the beginning, but where is the beginning? So who really needs security anyway? And what are we trying to protect? Well, we all need some level of security to keep safe information about ourselves, like health, financial, personal details, as well as our business processes, products and services. All these items or assets are valued by all participating stakeholders in an ecosystem. Different stakeholders value assets differently, and it's important to appreciate the true value of these assets. Of course, with handling and protecting assets comes risk. What sort of assets would a cyber criminal be after? Almost anything they believe that can be exploited. It's one thing to have your personal data stolen, like the credit card information of a major retailer. It's another and far more dangerous if they can deny you control of your car. When a security breach involves transport, industrial or medical devices where personal injury can occur, data integrity is also linked to safety regulations, legal actions and fines if harm were to occur. So first, what's at risk? Your brand, your reputation, and possibly lots of money. One important item to mention about security, and this is the most important item about security, is that security is a system. It is not a peripheral that you turn on and off. Let's take a look at how the hacking community views a common Wi-Fi network. We see that a hacker will look at all possible routes to gain access to valuable assets. Your device needs to make sure that not only the device is protected, but also how this device participates into the bigger system. This high-level view will ensure that it can't be used to gain access to assets, or that other systems can't be used to gain access to the asset of your design. In our example, we need to make sure the system is built to protect the asset from perceived threats, all working together to make things secure. Most attacks today, about 95%, are logical vulnerabilities, mainly software errors. They need to make sure that these flaws are fixed quickly and make sure that they're identified up front, if possible, so that the consequence of overlooking these isn't huge development test or support efforts. We need to keep the time-consuming support and development low. Another important consideration is that security means different things to different people. Let's take a look at protecting a home here in 2020 and the security needed to protect a castle in the 15th century. Today, do you need a dog, cameras, door and window bars, or sensors, the police or your own weapons, or do you live out in the country? The security considerations here are very different from my castle. In the castle, I need to make sure I have food prepared for a siege, well-equipped archers, boiling oil, maybe a trebuchet or two, the location on the highest point to make sure my cannonballs are the most effective and to make sure my family, friends and community are all behind large stone walls. The situations are very different, but people within the 2020 home or the castle, they feel safe and secure because of what I've put in place to mitigate the threats and vulnerabilities that I have. This is really the beginning and this process is starting you down the road of risk management. So what's important in risk management? It's building fortified solutions and when you do that, you need to understand the value of the assets you're going to protect. You need to understand your threats and vulnerabilities and you need to develop a security strategy to reduce your risk and that strategy needs to be at the right level of security for the value of the assets that you're protecting. So make sure when you use microcontrollers, you make use of their integrity and hardware-based cryptography tools available, the crypto libraries, crypto accelerators, and also the robust robustness features like debug port protection, memory partitioning, firewall and tamper detection. And in the end, you want to make sure that your fortified solution builds a layering of security functions and features and that your fortified solution makes the best use of these features for the system that you're participating in. So let's not make it easy for cyber criminals.


T F N N headline news update Everyone Basel Chapman on this fifth day of April. My pleasure to be here. This is the T F N N noon update Just before my show the Tiger technicians are coming up right after this update The dial is up 19 at 26,000 404 did make a recovery high of 26,000 487 Just about 500 points of the old-time high However, yes, this is what I'm looking at. This is what I said to my subscribers. I'm opening call I said, let's be careful here a little bit of tentativeness You've got the Dow in a leg. You'd actually had a gap up to leg E in the Chapman wave But the Mac Dean this and the stochastic in the data are still very strong. So it says yep We're gonna get a bit of a pullback here There's a rotational upside direction going on right now to explain in a moment But at this particular point the Dow is weaker than the S&P which is up the S&P is up 9.96 at 2,889 it has gone to the inside track through pallet line right at 28 92.44 that's the high Let's see what happens over the coming few days Tacticals are still very strong the QQQ the NDX 100 hasn't made a new recovery high since the one eighty four point ninety two I have a few days ago. I suspect that it's just bumping into resistance and one of the reasons is that some of the Tech stocks are starting to take a bit of a breather here the IWM. Yeah, it's funny how we've been rotating This is what I mean by rotational upside correction the IWM Russell 2000 is taking the lead is up 1.24 up point 8% way better than the others at 157 15 in a leg D and here the technicals are just starting to improve quite a bit So this is going to be an important factor coming into the coming into the beginning of next week Gold is up to at one at 1296 and the dollar is holding very nicely It's really working very hard trying to get to the 97.60s and then 97.70s It's at 97.43 on the index right now good action. It should actually be a little higher I would have liked to have seen it by the end of the day take out the 97.52 higher the second crude oil has been an absolute star right up until now It's sort of stalling, but it's up at the higher level. It's up 51 cents or 61 60 62 60 and we'll talk a little more about the Transports and what everything means in my coming show or in next few minutes And it's going to be a wrap up what's going on for this year this week and what's next week? I'll be back


presents Lesbeth Scott and Walter Brennan. From Hollywood the Mutual Network and Cooperation with Family Theater presents Mail Order Misses starring Walter Brennan. To introduce the drama here is your hostess, Lesbeth Scott. Thank you Tony LaFranco. Family Theater's only purpose is to bring to everyone's attention a practice that must become an important part of our lives. If we're to win peace for ourselves, peace for our families and peace for the world, Family Theater urges you to pray. Pray together as a family. And now to our drama Mail Order Misses starring Walter Brennan as Henry. Here bring the coffee cups in here Jeff. Yes dear. Just set them on the sideboard there. That brother of yours is teens a lot. I bet all this cherry ain't gonna get much attention. You and Henry can drink as much cold beer as you want. The coffees for me and Wilma. Marie? Yes Wilma? Are you sure they're in the pantry? Up on the second shelf under the oil paper. Oh yes I see them. Wilma sure looks pretty tonight. Doesn't she though? Will you hand me that potato salad Jeff? Well here. Yeah I must say you two girls got the trap pretty well baited. I don't know what you're talking about. You know good and well what I'm talking about Henry your poor unsuspecting brother who thinks he's coming back to Colton don't he'll live out his days in peace and quiet. Now Henry is a very unhappy man. He's been living alone now for better than five years. Yeah and if there's anything that brings blood to the eye of an unattached female it's a contented widow. Oh lower your voice. Do you want Wilma to hear you? She won't hear nothing she don't already know. Well you seem to forget Jefferson Gale that Henry was caught in Wilma before you and I were married better in 20 years ago. Well if she's much to a chance to get him there and I say he ought to be declared off limits. And I'm saying if I know Henry he doesn't want to be left alone. He's lonesome. Why do you think he sold his plumb and business in Hartford and decided to come back here? Well probably to try to get rid of some Eastern female who had designs on him. Oh little does he know. Wilma is not a designing female. If you must know she doesn't like the idea of seeing Henry his first night home one single bit. Mm-hmm I guess that's why she spent the whole afternoon down at the beauty poly having herself messed up real bad so Henry won't like the looks of her. Oh the beauty parlor was my idea and if I say so myself it did her proud. Well I better get down to the station. Where's my hat? On the haul tree. Oh say Henry and I may be a little late. No stop-offs Jeff you promised. Yeah but I feel a little flat tire coming on us. Jeff you promised. You know by golly it does feel good to be home Jeff. Enjoy it while you can Henry. Enjoy it while you can. Enjoy it while I can. What do you mean? Oh nothing. Not a thing in the world. Is anything wrong at the house?  Oh no Marie's fit as a fiddle. In fact sometimes I think she's got too much energy. Well then what's the matter? We're friendly brothers-in-law you can tell me. Well maybe it ain't my business Henry but well did you have any special reason for coming back here to Coltonville to live? Yes Jeff I don't mind admitting it but I want to get married again. You what? Jeff look out look out!  I'd like to stop my heart beating. I'm not joking. What's the matter with you? I just can't seem to believe it. You can't believe I want to get married again? What's so strange about it? But Henry you've been married once don't you remember what it's like? I certainly do.  I didn't even appreciate how happy I was at the time. I've gone five years without that kind of companionship and I'm not going any longer. Well suit yourself Henry. Got anyone in mind? I have. You remember a girl I used to go around with by the name of Wilma Phillips? Oh no this is too much. What's the matter now? Wilma Phillips is sitting in our parlor. There's very minute just waiting for you to poke your unsuspecting nose through the door.  Yes I tell you Marie's fixing to marry you. Marry you off to Wilma. She figures you got away from her once 20 years ago but this I didn't get away. It was Wilma that kept holding back all the time and if Wilma's finally agreeable after all these years then so am I. That's them all right Wilma. I just saw the car swing into the driveway. Oh Marie now that Henry's here I'm where you stop fussing Wilma. I want to go home. Oh Marie I'm scared. Oh what if he doesn't like me. Here they are. Now you look pretty and stop blinking at everything Wilma. There is something to see. How are you sis? Oh I'm fine just fine. Say Henry you're not near as involved as you look in your pictures. Well this is my second childhood you know maybe it's starting to grow back in again. Henry you remember Wilma. You bet I do. How are you Wilma. I'm just fine Henry and you. Oh I'm fine just fine. That's what I call getting off to a good start. Now who's ready for a cold bottle of beer.  It's a long hot drive out here from downtown. Something cool would taste good Jeff. How about you Wilma. Not just yet Henry thank you. Well that's too anyhow wife. No come on out in the kitchen with me I just remembered a good story. Oh I've heard your story. Well you ain't heard this one come on. Oh if you weren't the most unsubtle heavy handist man I ever saw. Simmer down simmer down. I'll make a nice peanut butter sandwich. You know I guess Jeff must think that well I wanted to talk to you alone. Yes. Well he's right Wilma I do. Oh yes and I might as well get right to it. I've been living alone the better part of five years now. I know Henry we were terribly sorry when we heard about your wife. You never did meet Evelyn did you. No. Well we drove here through here better part of August is about 12 years ago one summer on the trip. I remember how Marie told me I was working over in Cedar Falls then. Marie was just crazy about her Evelyn. She was a lot like you Wilma.  I think she'd approve. Approved. Yeah you and me getting married. Married. My gracious Henry you but you have been here five minutes. Well what's five minutes got to do with it. I started asking you to marry me better than 20 years ago. I'd like to think about it. Think about it. Wilma I'm getting older every minute. What's there to think about. Well we haven't known each other for years. Well that's no fault of mine if you'd married me the first time I asked you. Well we'd be pretty well acquainted by now. That's a very unfair thing to say Henry. You think you're being fair putting me off the better part of two years. Well apparently you recovered quickly enough. You hadn't been east for six months before you found someone else. Yes now I wouldn't have been married in half that time if it hadn't been that Evelyn was such a staller. She was a lot like you. Oh Henry Jeff just told me I knew you had a reason for coming back here. I just knew it. Wilma what did I tell you. Welcome back into the club brother. I guess a man just can't be smart and happy all at the same time. Yeah well maybe you'd better stash away those congratulations for a while Jeff. Oh what's the matter. Well it turns out I've been a well just a little too impulsive. Wilma what's he talking about. He's talking about me. I just don't like being being stampeded into things. Stampeded she says. Twenty years. It's not twenty years it's five minutes.  I'm not asking you to pick up anything. I made you a bona fide a proposal of marriage. Yeah very romantic too. This may be your idea of a proposal Henry but it's not mine. Well how do you like that. I said it wrong. That's right. Said it. You didn't ask me you just said it. You said you thought your first wife would approve of our getting married. Let's leave every out of this. I didn't bring her into it. You did too bring her into it. Just started by saying you were sorry to hear she passed on. Well I was and I am and what's more I'm getting sorry every minute. Now look here folks. That's all I wanted to hear. The offers withdrawn. Now look Wilma don't run off like that. Let it go let it go if she don't want to get married there's plenty who do. Yes and I'm no doubt you'll find someone who's just your type. You better will and if you don't think so just watch me. Your breakfast Jeff it's getting late. I was just noticing. There's nothing in the world stairs back at you like two fried eggs on a blue plate.  I'll do it. By the way ain't Henry down yet. Yes down and out. He wanted to get over to the post office early. Say what is that brother of yours up to. He got more mail in the last week than Santa Claus could handle. He hasn't told me and I haven't asked him. Wilma's cold any better. She hasn't got a cold. She's broken hearted and all I got to say is that. Good morning Jeff Marie. Morning. Beautiful morning. Morning Henry. How about some eggs. Yeah thanks Jeff I will. Good grief Henry. Did you get all those letters down at the post office just now. Yeah. You please pass the pepper Jeff. Oh yes here you are. Were they all for you. Those letters all for you. Yeah. Most of it forwarded from Hartford. Henry. No. Oh. All right all right you're burning with curiosity so I'll tell you. These letters are all responses to an advertisement I ran in the Chicago paper last Sunday. An advertisement. For what. For a wife. A wife. You advertise in the newspapers for a wife. Well I'll be done. I'll be done. It's nothing to laugh about. What's wrong with advertising for a wife in the papers. People do it for everything else to sell houses buy use cars get in touch with lost relatives. But you don't buy and sell wives. No but you got to get in touch with them. And then add in the newspaper shows you mean business. Look at some of these letters here Marie. Don't tell me advertising doesn't get results. Oh it's the most scandalous thing I ever heard. Listen to this one. Dear Mr. X. I didn't give my name I am five feet five and weigh one hundred and thirty two pounds. My age is 41 and my friends say I am an excellent cook. My lambs too and hot biscuits are the talk of the town. Enclosed is a recent snapshot of me. Say take a look at that. Yeah let me look. She looks like a pretty well kept forty one to me. Let me see that. Fifty if she's a day. That's not the best one. Not by a long shot. Look at this picture I got yesterday. All the way from Boston. Jump. Gee. That's a blonde. And just thirty five. Primal life. Primal life. Why you two old goats. That girl's much too young. She ought to be ashamed of herself. Mary I better tell you right now that I've telegraphed her an invitation to come out here and visit me. That blonde Miss Adele Fitzgibbons. I won't have her in this house. Well I didn't expect you to. I've reserved her room for tomorrow night down at Morris and if Miss Fitzgibbons and I find ourselves mutually agreeable. Well we'll take the plunge otherwise I'll keep right on looking. I can't believe it. Yes. Yes I can. It's just like Henry conducting a courtship through the classified ad section. I came over as fast as I could Wilma. Now the question is what are you going to do about this. Do. If he's going to marry this blonde woman from Boston. We can't marry her before she gets here and she ain't doing till tomorrow night. Now that gives us twenty four hours. It's hopeless. Oh nothing's hopeless if you keep your wits working. It's too late. Too late. I've lost him. Now you listen to me Wilma Phillips. Do you or do you not want to marry my brother Henry. I'd love to. Well are you willing to fight for him. Fight. Fight. Yes that's all I want to know. Now you reach into that desk drawer and get out a pen and some paper. Well what do you want me to write. A letter in response to this newspaper advertisement of Henry's. It's getting on day 30 if we're going to be on time for that train we'll have to shake a leg. Be right down just putting on my neck tie. What are you looking so chipper about dear. Nothing. Nothing. I was just thinking Henry's going to have his hands full at that train station if they both show up at once. Both. Oh you mean that mystery woman he got the letter from this morning. She won't be on that train. You waiting to see. He wired her in Chicago to come down didn't he. Yeah but from the way her letters read I don't think she'll stack up as good against Adele. Oh now it's Adele. She's going to be one of the family isn't she. Now don't be too sure. Don't be too sure. Well unless the Chicago entry is a real dish I don't give her much chance. You don't hey. You may be in for a surprise. Surprise. Listen Terry if I'd known 20 years ago you could get results like this through the mail order. I can hardly hear what you're saying over the sound of that neck tie.  It ain't anything of the kind Henry them hand painted ones are supposed to be lively. Well I wired that Chicago woman I'd be wearing this kind of a tie at the station. So she recognized me case she's on the train tonight. What she going to be wearing a Japanese lantern. No I told her a carnation. You know it didn't occur to me until after I sent the telegram that she and Adele might be on the same train. Yeah there's only one that comes through here at a Coltonville on Saturday.  Well it's too late to do anything about it now but cross my fingers. Gosh look at the time. Say that train's due in five minutes. Come on folks let's go. Looks like everybody still turns out to see the 840 community. Yeah it's a high point on Saturday evening. Folks got to do it for entertainment during the depression just never broke the Here comes the train. Well Henry won't be long now. Henry have you got any idea who this woman who wrote you from Chicago might be. Well she didn't say too much in the letter. Except that she's originally came from downstate here in the lack of chance to move back.  Well I'm trying to but I must admit a certain partiality to Now you remember Henry beauty is only skin deep. She comes Henry. We better get down the other end of the planet. Wait for me wait for me. There's a whole slew of people getting off the other end of the car. Henry look isn't that woman coming down the stairs there wearing a carnation. Well I'll be dark. Sure enough looks that way. Say she looks familiar. She ought to. Why why it's Wilma Wilma. I saw your ad in the paper Henry. Oh my gosh. I tried to find a white carnation but all the ones they had were yellow. I shucked you didn't have to have to go to all that trouble. If you still want me to marry you Henry I'd be proud and honored. Well there's nothing in the world I want more. Oh what did I tell you girl what did I tell you. Oh Henry I've been so foolish and proud. Henry look there she is. Oh my gosh Adele. Jeff you get that woman right back on the train. Go ahead Jeff I'll climb aboard and explain things to her in a minute. All right I'll try to stall her. Who's Adele. Oh she's just some woman who wrote me a letter. She doesn't mean a thing to me. But Henry. I tell you she doesn't mean that to me.  Well yeah I invited her to come down here. Of course I understand.  I can imagine how she must feel. Okay I'll be back in a couple of minutes. And get that husband of mine off the train before it starts up again. I will. Hurry back. Excuse me please I just want to climb aboard for a minute too. Jeff. Oh Jeff calm down calm down Henry. Did you explain to her what happened. Sure sure. How'd she take it. Just dandy. She said two hundred dollars is more than she can make in a whole week acting in television. Well as far as that goes I guess she's just as glad she didn't have to get off the train and go through all that make believe we had rigged up huh. I gotta hand it to you Henry. I never thought Marie would go for that hocus pocus about the classified ad in a million years. Well I knew I had to do something to build a fire under Wilma. So you know she's the witness woman I ever did see. Say we gotta get off this thing. Remember now Jeff. Keep a straight face no laughing. Don't don't fret yourself son. I enjoy a good laugh as much as the next fellow but I'm not going to let any part of this joke get back to Marie. Yes dear. Yes dear. Oh Henry. Is it all right. Did she understand. Yes she's understood perfectly will mind and she wished us all the luck in the world. Oh I'm so happy to hear that. Yeah this is a nice clean job all around. Now all you've got to do is name the day Wilma. Yes. Well I was thinking. Say Wilma how about driving over to Murphy's first thing tomorrow morning we can pick up the license at the city hall. First thing tomorrow. Why sure Marie can be the maid of honor and Jeff. Henry we just got engaged. Oh now don't tell me that you. Wilma you're not going to start stalling again. Well I'm not stalling at all we just got engaged. I don't have a ring we haven't even announced it in the paper. The papers. Yes the papers don't you think I want my friends to know I'm getting married. I tell you a man can't win a man simply cannot win. But Wilma's perfectly right Henry you'll have to pick out a nice place in town here to live. I know some of the girls will want to give me a show. Yes and then there's all the invitations to send out. All right all right I give up.  Come on Wilma. Come on Henry you know something Jeff. Yep. Those two women weren't fooled for a minute. Well maybe for a minute but not much longer. You know there's something downright spooky about the way they always managed to get the upper hand. Welcome back to the club brother. You know it's funny. Well all of a sudden I feel like I never even been away. This is Elizabeth Scott again. You know there's an old saying we've all heard John Don said it a long time ago no man is an island and to himself or to put it another way no one can live in a vacuum. We depend on one another much as we strive for independence and even pride ourselves in it. It only takes a little sorrow a little pain a little poverty a little fear to make us realize how much we need the help of others. And if we depend on our neighbor for support how much more should we look to our maker on whom all of us depend. We need God's help every minute of the day. And if we're wise we'll acknowledge that need by praying to him daily with our families. We won't wait for sickness or sorrow but we'll make family prayer a normal natural part of our daily lives because we know and believe that the family that prays together stays together.  Hollywood Family Theater has brought you Mail Order Misses starring Walter Brennan. Elizabeth Scott was your hostess. Others in our cast were Irene Tedro, Gail Bonney and Leo Cleary. The script was written by John T. Kelly with music composed and conducted by Harry Zimmerman and was directed for Family Theater by Joseph F. Mansfield. This is Tony Lafranco expressing the wish of Family Theater that the blessing of God may be upon you and your home and inviting you to be with us next week when Family Theater will present the Heart Also Sees starring Gene Crane and Maureen O'Sullivan. Join us, won't you? Passed throughout the world and originates in the Hollywood studios of the world's largest network. This is the Mutual Broadcasting System.


It's 2021. The biggest pieces from last season's bullpen remain in place. Collectively, the group fared well. Adam Aduvino's numbers were skewed by a single bad game. And pitchers like Jonathan Loisiga and Louis Sessa saw increased opportunities when Tommy Canley was lost to injury. One addition who could have an impact next year, Adam Warren, who just returned to the organization. So we just heard from Adam Aduvino with Meredith. And it reminded me, Flash, that the formula was supposed to be Aduvino, Britain, Chapman. And that changed during the course of the season, where it was a lot more Chad Green. Yeah, Chad Green obviously stepped up a little bit. But Adam Aduvino, I mean, if you think about the way his year started and the way it ended, I mean, he was not a factor in the postseason. It seemed like maybe there wasn't a whole lot of trust there. And I mentioned a lot last year that Adam Aduvino had such a hard time with the running game that you almost couldn't bring him in a situation either in the middle of an inning or a close game because it was just such an easy thing to exploit. I think if the Yankee bullpen is going to be where they want it to be next year, Adam Aduvino has to be better. But there also has to be some new additions, maybe some surprise names that we don't know about right now. Yeah, I think we're going to see a lot of arms in that bullpen because we've talked about with innings limits, who is going to be the guy or who are going to be the guys who step up and give the Yankees maybe something they didn't expect. I said this before the 2020 season. If you could just clone Chad Green, you'd love to have four or five of him in the bullpen. As far as Aduvino goes, I appreciate his honesty with Meredith there. He absolutely struggled. That one bad game against Toronto did hurt him. But I also thought his slider wasn't as sharp as it had been in 2019. David Cohen always talks about the fact that you've got to show the hitter you're going to throw that slider for strikes. And he throws three versions of that pitch, but it can't just be a pitch that's going to be the one that's out of the zone. You've got to show the hitter that you can throw it for a strike. And his slider wasn't as good in 20 as it was in 19. You know, one of my favorite times of the year is going to spring training and evaluating a new team. And one of the things I always look forward to talking to the pitching coaches about, who in the bullpen has surprised you? What names can I look forward to? Because it seems like every year with every good team, and I think about Tampa Bay when you think about good teams and good bullpens, there are always some surprise names, maybe some reclamation projects that they found on some cheap contracts. Yankees have to get into that business, where you have to bring in some people and make them a little bit better so they can be factors in your bullpen and not expensive factors. I mentioned Loisiga and Sessa. More valuable in the rotation this year or in the bullpen? Well, we'll see because Brian Cashman needs to add to that rotation. I would think they're going to end up being more valuable in the bullpen because I just can't imagine the Yankees are going to stay status quo where they are right now in the rotation. Loisiga is always a guy that really intrigues me. For a little guy, he has that great breaking ball. He's throwing 96, 97, 98 miles an hour. I know the Yankees look at him as a very important weapon. You look at Nick Nelson. That's a name that within the Yankee organization, they talk a lot about him and how he came in last year and wasn't flustered. And then a kid who got a taste of it last year but who they also really like, Miguel Juhuri. That's another youngster to keep an eye on. All right, guys, we're going to take.


Hi there, my name is Susanne and I'm from the University of Cologne in Germany. And today I will talk about our paper which only recently became editor's choice in Femmes microbiology ecology, where we investigated the phonology of grotesque and tree canopies. Tree canopies form the largest interface between the earth and the atmosphere, but worldwide more than 3 trillion trees each tree provides habitat for millions of microbial taxa. It can be presumed that the enormous habitat heterogeneity in combination with microclimatic fluctuations and seasons may play a crucial role for structuring microbial communities. However, we still lack in the basic understanding of the driving factors affecting microbial diversity in the canopy region. For our investigation, samples were taken from different microhabitats across the entire tree surface during spring and autumn season of two consecutive years. For our metagenomic approach, total DNA was isolated. This was followed by a PCR amplification with highly group-specific primers for two prominent groups of plant-associated protists. Afterwards, Illumina sequencing was conducted. Variance petitioning analysis of our data revealed that besides microhabitat and tree species identity, the respective seasons seems to affect community assembly in the canopy and ground habitats. Seasonal differences were particularly evident within communities dwelling the microhabitat of fresh leaves. Interestingly, these communities became highly specific for the respective autumn sampling, indicating a variable outcome of community assembly right after colonization due to priority effects. In addition, we were able to detect specific spring and autumn taxa, whereas usually highly whole-specific root parasites were exceptionally abundant across the entire canopy surface during autumn, pointing towards the hithero-unknown role of forest canopies as potential physical filters for air-dispersed protistin pathogens.


Okay, this talk is about the sub-solver, and basically the algorithm is behind it, which is actually not really the reason why the new code is so fast, but the real reason is the different preposterous handling, but this is a rather boring topic. The interesting topic is the solving part, so I'm talking about the solver here. So first of all, what was the issue with the old solver? I mean, it just got replaced for 10.1, and now we're replacing it again, what on earth happened. So basically, it turned out that it was just too slow. It was written, it was the old solver from the red carpet project. It was basically written so that the company can keep their workstations up to date. So it was written with a mindset that there's one small update repository that they call the channel red carpet, which was subscribed to, and then the solver just always installs the newest version of one package. So when we used it for complete installation, especially with the build service, where we have 10 or 20 repositories added, it just broke down. So we really had cases where the solving took several minutes, so that's why in the code we disabled some things like the original red carpet solver branched at every alternative and tried every solution, and then had a metric and chose the best solution at the end. But this turned out that we couldn't do that with so many packages. In open source it has about 10,000 packages and it had 10 minutes or so. So part of that code got disabled very fast, but then of course you don't have an optimal solution in such cases. And the other problem we had, it really could get stuck. There were times when it couldn't find a solution, just hung. Probably due to bugs, we never found out exactly what was going on there. So the just team actually implemented a timeout, that after a couple of minutes you'll get the refaster, something's wrong. Do something different, I can't help you with that solving, so that you get super feedback. Another issue we had, we did that extension with the big dependencies where we have recommended packages and suggested packages and the idea behind the recommended packages is that they basically get installed when it's possible, but as the code was pretty fixed at the moment because we took it over from the carpet, it really didn't integrate well into it. So basically the solver more or less treated recommended packages like required packages. It couldn't go back and deselect the recommended packages and then branch something else because then it was to the code. Are you okay working on the Zipno or the pre-perfect? That's basically for 10.1 and 10.2 it's the same. The Lipser code took over the solver from Red Carpet. So the Red Carpet code, as you can see, was bought to C++ and put into a little bit, but the algorithm is the same. Another thing which really annoyed the users is the bear diagnostics. So if the user lecture turned out to be unsolvable, then you got a re-tester telling you that Libfuba requires dependency bar and none of the providers can be installed and you think, gosh, what's that? I never pre-twisted Libfuba. Why is it telling me something about Libfuba? Why that other package installed? So the user just doesn't know what to do with that and the suggestions, as I've already told you, was don't install Libfuba or break Libfuba. The user doesn't know what Libfuba does and why it's there. So this is also great. But the thing that the new solver will do very, very much better than the old solver. Speaking about the new solver, why is it called SAT? That's because it's the name of the standard problem from the algorithm for us. It's called the Boolean Satisfiability Problem, which basically is that you've got a big Boolean expression with some variables in it and and or or not. And the job is the algorithm must find a solution for the problem and solution is defined as assignment for all the variables so that the resulting expression is true. So this is actually an empty complete, so this is a hard problem. And when the clauses are in the expression here, it's not very trivial, it's empty complete. So what you normally do with that problem and what you also do with the algorithm is you do some sort of search with the backtracking. Of course, easy preprocessing is normalization. So you have that big expression to normalize it so that all the expression now has this form. This is some variables with or in it. And then, of course, you can have a negation here and all the terms here are connected with an and. This is normalization form. Here's an example. You have A or B or C and not C and not A or C is true and the solution would be set A to false, set B to true, set C to false. Then this term is true because of the B, this is true because of the C and the last term is true because of the A. So this is the solution. Normally there are multiple solutions for a problem, but I come to that later, not to do that. What are the advantages here of using the sub-algorithm? The very big advantage is the very good research problem with lots of papers and lots of intelligent people have thought about how to do that really, really fast. There are very, very good algorithms out there to solve such problems. An example would be Schaffer's very good solver which introduced some special things to make it fast and Minisat is pretty much state-of-the-art and actually my code is based algorithm-wise on the Minisat solver. So it's really, really fast because it's researched that well. Actually the good thing is for the sub-faults package solving is basically trivial. They have yearly competitions where the solving can compete against each other but they have millions of rules and hundreds of thousands of variables. So our little dependency problem is for them so small a problem. So the sub-codes we have normally used to solve the problem in milliseconds. Sorry, they don't even bother about thinking about that. Their problems are solved in minutes or so or hours so it's really not hard to solve dependencies. The code algorithm is pretty easy to understand if you know about the come from the sub-fault. If you read some papers or so the algorithms are very basic and I'll show you later on some of the main things how solving is done. So it's not hard to understand but it's just a couple of hundred lines of code where as the old red carpet solver used the sub-faults a couple of thousands of codes so it's about ten times less code to understand and that's good because if the community is working on it with ten thousands of lines of code it's hard to find people to really dig into that code and understand what's going on with just hundreds of lines of code people will contribute to it. And of course as I said the algorithm gives you a nice little if there's unsolvable it gives you really good suggestions how the problem can be turned into a solvable problem so this is also much better than with red carpet. So let me start digging more into the depth how the normal package dependencies are turned into a sub-problem. Say we have a package A and A has a multi-dependency that you can find as dependency B and B gets provided by packages B1, B2 and B3 so the idea is now that this can be transferred to the following rule. As you can remember the rule all rules must be true and all the terms and rules are connected with war so the rule is it's either A is not installed or one of the three packages here is installed this is exactly what the requires also says if it's installed then we need one of those otherwise I'm okay with it. Same with conflicts if I have a conflict dependency A not the problem with conflicts with B and B again is provided by B2 obviously what my transfer is then three rules from that namely minus A or not A or not B B1 so this is true if either A is not installed or B1 is not installed but just only false if both are installed that's exactly what the conflict says you must install A and B1 if the second one is the same you must install A and B2 and you must install A and B3 and obsoles pretty much work the same way normally for installed packages they are ignored but for uninstalled packages obsoles are treated as conflicts because the solver doesn't know but if you select a package A for installation and A was not installed before you select B before installation and B is not installed before and if A and B obsoles what is the result if the first install is A and then B then both packages will be installed but if the first install is B and then A then the other one is obsulated so it's undefined so it's conflict because actually they can't exist very well in the system together if the other package is already installed then of course obsoles is ignored and then it also works that's actually it that's for obsoles that are really directly in the package but of course they are also indirect obsoles namely packages with the same name if you have some package A which has version 1 with another package A which has version 2 you can't install both because they obsolete each other more or less so if I would install it with minus U with RPM then the other package is redundant also packages with same name also get those conflict this is of course where you can do special casing because in SUSE anomaly if you have a kernel then you catch dumps in and secure it up therefore a kernel doesn't automatically de-install the other kernel so wherever you have a special case you would just drop the rules for those special cases but normally you want to also need packages with the same name you want to conflict those so there are also unary rules these are basically special cases when there is no nothing that provides a requirement then of course we have a unary rule that is not A which just stays to the sub-solver package A can't be installed so this can either be because what is provided or maybe it's a request from the outside this is where the user interface comes in when the user selects erase a package then this rule gets added so that the solver doesn't install it because the user wants to erase same with installation the user clicks on once a package installed then what really happens down in the machine is that unary rule is just a package gets added which stays to the sub-algorithm as this must be true A must be installed true is installed and false is packages don't install package so it's previously was installed uninstalled if you have questions about something just don't hesitate to ask me now some slides about how the solving works and then I'll show you what that means for dependencies so the solving algorithms the main algorithm is this unit propagation and this is a special word from the sub-forced the rule is exactly called unit when all literals but one are false and the special thing is if it's unit then the last literal must be true so here's again the example say this is false because it's an assertion so C must be false because the complete expression must be true then this rule over here is unit C is false as it's only one literal left this one must be true that means A must be false and then we have to look here we have C was false because of this one A was also false this rule is also unit so B must be true so we have a solution for this problem between propagation and the complete solving algorithms works like this if there's nothing for propagation we need a free choice so we pick some undecided variable assign basically a random value this is all first this part is basically heuristics and then the next step is all rules that are now unit and if the F must not propagate if no rule is unit any longer then continue with the first step and do this as long as you assign for variables and then you found the solution of course you're thinking this is stupid picking some random variable won't help us very much but here's where you program the direction the solver should take so here's where you program that the solution must be minimal must change the minimum number of packages or must update as good as possible so this is where you can program your goals and this is what's forced about this unit propagation is that what's forced from the dependencies from the RPMs but I'll come to that later too I can show you what unit propagation is if you think about RPM dependencies so a request rule say this rule is unit that means all must be true except one now if say B3 is the one that is not unassided and all other is false that means A is false so A is true B1 is false and B2 is false and build propagation says we must be true but that's basically what you'd expect because this is just if I put it into a sentence if A is installed and B1 and B2 are not installable then I must install B3 so if I for dependencies and for a package that is installed and all more alternatives if I just reduce to one left that are installed then I must take that alternative so this is actually very easy to understand so what this adds packages to the set of installed packages this is basically how every other solver also works it checks dependencies that are unsolved and if it's more than one alternative it may try branching or try something different but if just one package left to install it chooses that one this the thing is if A is uninstalled then this is what normal solvers normally don't do if A is still left and the others are false so if none if all the providers of the dependencies can't be installed A also can't be installed this is normally what the solvers don't do so this adds packages to the list of conflicts or packages and conflicts is a set of uninstalled so this says this room says if those are forbidden for installation then I must also be forbidden for installation so this is very nice to have because it runs the set of packages that this one runs the sets of packages that are uninstalled and this one runs packages with list of packages that are conflicting or must be installed conflict user of course if you understand if A conflicts with B then if A is true that means A is not installed no A is true that means A is installed but that means we were not before this is pretty straightforward so of course if in normal solving I will probably know you sometimes get contradictions same is true with SAT solving the unit propagation can lead to contradictions here is an example with rules the description and maybe the SAT solver chose to install A so this is the rule is the unit so we know B is true this rule is the unit because A is true so no C is also true and then we have this rule it tells us B conflicts with C we have to establish to install both B and C so this is a contradiction so what happens is that the SAT solver algorithm checks and learns from all the rules that were involved with the contradiction and learns a new rule and adds this new rule this is sort of a learned rule to the set of rules in this case it's very easy the learned rule is just I can't install A and we get this contradiction but the learned rule can actually contain any numbers of literals with knots there can be more complex than this one and if I can't go back, if I can't undo all steps then of course the complete program is unsolved in this case I could go back because this was all the contradiction was also only there if A was set to true I could undo the steps led to the contradiction and then continue the solving and the idea of learned rules was a major breakthrough for the SAT forks and determined in 1969 in what was first implemented in the grasp solver this is really what makes the solving reliable so that's really always if there is a solution then the SAT solver will find it so otherwise it will return and prove by the what's unsolvable so the code is really reliable because of this it doesn't get stuck somehow it doesn't get stuck in an endless loop like the old solved by the time everything better than the old no but it's really it's surprising actually when you know the algorithm that the other solvers like smart or don't use the algorithm because it's easy to implement and it's fast and it works really really well okay but anyway Susan must let that's why one part excuse me I can't read the development no okay that's a joke okay but time back to the free choices here is where you can direct the solver on what the aim is from the side normal goal is try to keep packages that were installed installed so arrays as less packages as possible and also minimize the number of packages that get added because you want the user doesn't want the changes that don't need to be done and the algorithm I implemented to do this is pretty easy first of all if there's a free choice it checks if there are packages that were installed before and are not yet set to install then it chooses those so this is first step we try to keep all packages installed that already been installed of course it depends on what the goal is if your goal is to always have the newest version installed it would change this to if the package was installed try to install the newest version so this here can tell how the solver should behave and the other part is stealing how to find a minimal solution if we have rules that are not yet true because if we have rules I don't even want to look at it anymore and all negative literals are false then I can choose from the positive literals any packages with some metric maybe the best version and install it so in here with our example if A is true then I have an unfulfilled dependency so I have to choose between B100 B2 and I normally choose the package with the highest version and then install it and the strategy is if those two points are done I can set all packages to false and have a valid solution because of this part here all the rules that have negative literals are already done so I can just set anything else to false and have a solution and this is the minimization part because I just it makes sense to this is where I must invest some work where I must install packages to fulfill dependencies and if all packages are fulfilled then I'm basically done that's maybe the best way to explain okay let's talk about policies the thing is if I only have the dependencies coming from RPM when the terminal solution is always don't install anything because no RPM installed means no dependency broken so we are finished but this is not obviously not what we use around so we have system policy rules the policy rule basically defines what to do with installed packages some policies maybe must not be de-installed or downgraded or must not change architecture that's also normally what we in SUSE do so we have installed packages which is 32 bit we want to keep let's talk about GNC with I686 and the solver this is installed the solver must suddenly change it to I586 so we insist that the architecture doesn't change without the user confirming it or a vendor changes the same thing if the package is from SUSE then the depository contains the package say from PEPRIN then the solver must use the other package without asking the user that it's okay to change to a different vendor so this is such policies are defined with policy rules and the rule format just looks like this you notice there's no negative packaging it so this says A must be installed or A2 must be installed or A3 must be installed or A4 must be installed which pretty much finds the package says to the solver you can replace this installed package A with any of those but that's it so packages with different archer different vendors are simply not in this list so the solver now says it must be installed now normally as I said with those packages and this system rules you normally get unsolvable problems because maybe you want to install the newest version of emerald which needs some other package from the pacman repository also then you get the package system unsolvable and if you want to ask the user is it okay to switch my vendor this is done with standard problem reporting mechanism and the trick is as I said systems without just when you look only at the rpm dependencies then it's always solvable so if that can turn that around if I find that the system is unsolvable then there must be at least one rule involved in that proof this is either a job rule so the user click install me that package or erase the package or policy rule because that is this package must only be replaced with the net package so and furthermore I get from the algorithm all the rules involved in the why it's what's not solved with the contradiction if I now break one any one of those rules the system gets the conflict is gone and the system may be solvable again so the suggested solutions is just do a basic any one of those rules normally we just as of this we have at least one system or job rule and we can create suggestions by leaving out all the rpm because we normally don't want to break rpm rules because this leads to an inconsistent system so we just say is it ok to break that job rule which means you click install that package maybe you don't want to do that and just leave the old package alone or don't install that or maybe do a policy rule that means is it ok to delete that package or is it ok to change the vendor so this is and the good thing is the user knows all that so he knows what's going on there because the user either clicked if it's a job rule the user either directly clicked on that or the user has also an understanding about those policy rules because they are so easy they just don't change the vendor don't change it out or whatever so this is if the user gets suggestions that he understands ok so basically my I stretched the surface of the algorithm so if you are interested in more in depth part you have to currently have to look at the code or ask me about the code is in the library called libsatz solver which is currently in the opus of the factory unfortunately as we are heavily hacking on the code the documentation really really is not basically how peaceable is it to use it in other than just it's actually in SUSE it's used in different projects not only in SUSE because it's just a generic solving library well I was more thinking outside of in SUSE it would be easy to put in different but the library is so simple it could be maybe in the Python interface you do have bindings for it so you are focusing on actually making it easy for us to use but it's not an advantage for you you are focusing on doing it like peaceful like some others can do it's very modular and it's generic we try we don't it's not so specific actually it already contains some code about for Debian if somebody wants to use it for Debian solving because Debian has some different things which provides and requires so it's pretty generic and all the SUSE specific stuff is in Lipsy also we are working on but that's algorithmically not that interesting we are working in a repository format to replace the XML format which really makes things fast because the repository files are very very small compared to the XML of course that's easy and the trick is that this is dictionary base so we have we first have a string space in front of the file so where do we define all the strings and assign integers to the strings so just string 1 is there and string 2 is there and then all the dependency lists and so are the only list of integers which is good because integers if you have 64 bit you can still fit in 32 bit and with pointers to the string that's over 60 per bit so solving doesn't take more memory if you transfer a 64 bit machine and its string compare as dictionaries get unified string compare is that easy you can do an exact compare you just compare the integer if the integer is not the same you know the strings are the same so this is what's really making the solution but solving 2 but this is much more okay any questions on the previous slide ah wrong version when you're talking about trying to remove a rule to find to change from an unsolvable thing into a solvable thing if you try removing one rule and for every rule and you still start remaining 2 or do you not try that actually what happens is that there's a function called refine suggestion that looks if it's now solvable and if not this adds more it knows what to do it it just adds more rules to remove because normally if I delete say Perl or so then I want to list all those which is all Perl and don't need to be removed and this one will just give you one and then you click okay and then it brings up because the next Perl rule and that's not what the user likes the user likes to list so this is why the refine solution then adds more rules to it so we're doing some clever things there so user interaction can be minimized but this is more complex to come it's very hard and I kept on the easy stuff here another question yeah presumably once you found the solution the intention is that you do a single RPM transaction to take the system to the new solved state and you thought about because RPM is not truly transactional we'll be lighter together in the fact that for example if you have if you're removing an RPM the uninstalled script fails then in those cases there's no easy way of reliably backtrack doing rollback so if you thought about maybe doing a separate step where after you've got a solution that you're trying to get to then you break up the journey to that solution so there's multiple smaller transactions to make the thing more reliable so if one smaller transaction fails then the rollback isn't going to be use to tell you the truth Lipset normally just doesn't do it in a complete RPM but in single steps so it doesn't doesn't use RPM with one big transaction but with one feed to one RPM after each other you don't have to implement the transaction so but you still have the problem that if the script fails the uninstalled RPM's normally don't have some downgrade script or so because there wasn't something like that to go back to RPM5 the rollback is basically a new world screen and put back in what was there before and even if you rollback you're not moving forward you really want to move forward so the approach there is no solvable approach what was supposed to happen there's a solution QA to take out the script failure and type O and there's no discipline RPM goes a great length to compute the resolution of every file that's supposed to happen beforehand there aren't no failures the president is just a state machine and he went okay there are exceptional failures so if it fails then we'll get them out of failure but the script's out of the whole extra dimension but breaking it down into smaller transactions does partner and I'm less aware of that it's not too hard the RPM works loads and treat and so we could process subtrees as sub transactions but don't bother it but this is just the layer above it doing the real installation this is different than that I'm not working on that if that's another fault can we try integrating RPM? can we try integrating RPM it's just but feel free okay I noticed that when doing several doing it in many several transactions instead of one or larger


We continue our workshop with a lecture on global scenarios for nuclear energy and role of the innovative nuclear energy systems, which will be delivered by Dr. Bichkov, who is working now in the IEA as senior engineer expert in the in-pro section. Alexander, please. Good morning, dear colleagues. And good morning, good evening, maybe good afternoon, for colleagues who joined virtually. I will give you four lectures during the last three days. And all these four lectures had a lot of cross-cutting points due to now I'm working in pro-project. And all these lectures will be connected with this project. It is one of an activity of the agency, but my second lecture will be dedicated to this project. Initially, I would like to make a brief view to current status of nuclear power and to make some key remarks relating to nuclear power. And I would like to share some approaches and ideas to consider future scenarios of nuclear energy development in the world. So first of all, currently, all lectures who walks about future should take into account current United Nations approach to consider our future from point of view of sustainable development goals. The understanding of what is sustainability and the effect on sustainability from different point of view. It is a special branch of current human science and some other things. But taking into account role of nuclear power, we should underline that some lines directly connected with nuclear power. First of energy. I will not discuss about others, but energy.  And here you can see traditional picture, human development indexes, and consumption of energy in any form per capita, in countries. And so you see these standards. Take into account that now more than 25, oh, sorry.  Of course, we in the world should walk in the direction of improving of this situation. And current tendency in our century and the end of 20th century, growth of energy market. Yes. Change of energy mix. Please mute your microphones. Oh, it's maybe my, nope, nope, nope. It's just that it's taking the badge away, if you don't mind. OK, OK. I was banging against the microphone. Mm-hmm. OK, thank you. And we have high dependence on Hoseil fuel. I will not explain this picture in detail. And here you can see the tendency during the last 40 years. Truly speaking, it's a period of my scientific, technological, and administrative, and diplomatic life. Namely, the same period. I start work from 1982. But in this period, we had, in the world, we have, first of all, growth of generation of electricity more than in twice. Growth of so-called renewable sources share. You see growth of coal, growth of gas. Partial growth of nuclear, but later some stabilization and growth of hydropower production, due to now the world has a lot of interesting technology for effective using of these sources. So in any case, the role of nuclear power is very important here. Some evaluations made by International Energy Agency, not our International Atomic Energy Agency, describe picture that demonstrated near 30 or 40 years, we will have more high portion of renewables. No, truly speaking, I'm not believe in this system due to dispersed sources of electricity. It's very high challenge to practical security of these sources. I know that in some countries, in relation to properties, it's not so similar as, for example, in Austria, where it's possible to have more than 200 small hydropower plants without any defense, very small defense, without any guards who try to save this equipment. But in some countries, I know if last soldier will left from site, next morning, this site will be empty. It's, unfortunately, it's necessary to walk with society too. So, but in any case, the part of nuclear in these projections also very high. Why? First of all, we have very important point from point of view of greenhouse gas emission. Nuclear is one of best technology and it really has competition with offshore wind and hydropower. And what we have now, so truly speaking, we have tendency to increase the production of electricity by energy, by nuclear power, but what we have. Now, December's last two months was very important months from point of view of our statistic. Till September, in our statistic, we took into account around 20 Japanese reactors, as reactors which should be considered as operated, but in situation of shutdown, but not full shutdown. But now, now, agency received official information from Japan. Now, we have on 20 reactors less in the world. And you can see that currently the main part of reactors locates in North America, Western Europe, Far East, Korea, China, and Japan. And Eastern Europe, including Russia, and a few reactors in Africa, Latin America, and other part of the Asia. No reactors in Australia and in China, too. So, simple statistic. Of course, till now, the key records man is US. Slowly, they drop a number of reactors. Five years ago, no, no, no, no. Eight years ago, they had 100, but now 92. France's stable has very good demonstration of stability of operation of nuclear power plant. In spite of some specific economical and political situation, but very stable. China, very strong growth. Russia, relatively stable situation. Closing of some reactors, construction of new. South Korea also has a very good picture. India, continue growth. Canada, stable situation. But Japan, unfortunately, dropped from 50 to 52, I think it was maximum. Yes, 52 reactors under operation, but now it's only 70. Construction. Of course, China is records man. India, Russia, Turkey, South Korea, more than two reactors under construction. And we have long list of countries which have two or one reactors under construction taken to account. USA, UK, developed countries, so Egypt, Bangladesh, developing countries. So, agency, International Atomic Energy Agency, where I saw, sorry, every year, every August is publishing some projections for capacity of nuclear power for next period. This year, this data published this year, we have two scenarios, low and high. In case of low scenarios, during next 30 years, it was expected to have approximately the similar capacity of nuclear powers.  But in high level, it's growth more than in two times. These projections change little bit every year. For example, before Fukushima, we had very high projections after so-called nuclear renaissance, but now it's more realistic scenarios. And only few words about key points of nuclear. First of all, capital cost for US dollar for established kilowatt hours. Nuclear is not cheaper, but it's not so expensive in comparison of nuclear power plants with coal, where carbon dioxide has carbon dioxide capture systems. No, but taking into account tendency in some technologies, maybe in future, this line will move to less and expensive part, but nuclear will have the similar indexes related to capital costs. But in comparison of all other sources, nuclear power actors now can walk more than 60 years. So of course, it is not easy to compare. Construction period, it's also not very good part of nuclear technology today. Unfortunately, we have not good experience in some countries, leading countries in construction. Here is no Russia. You too, Russia had very specific period. For example, very famous reactor, BN 800, that now operate with MoxFuel truly had construction period more than 30 years. But it was very long period of this site state without any activities. So also very important point, the distribution of cost of some sources from point of view of capital, operation and fuel. Of course, nuclear here has very interesting situation, position. The part of uranium is very, very low and all expenses for fuel is also not very high. This is usual 15%, but for some reactors, 10 or between 10 and 15. So, and of course, now and not now, it's during maybe taking into account history from 1973, from first oil crisis, the effect of doubling of fuel price for nuclear is much low in comparison of coal and natural gas. If we will have situation with increasing price for uranium in twice, we will have very, very, very small effect on cost of kilowatt hour in comparison of coal or natural gas. So, key drivers, it's diversification of supply of energy, situation with greenhouse gas and air pollution. Energy security, it's also very important point, taking into account that nuclear power reactors could work very, very long period in comparison of other sources. Predictability of generation cost, stable and reliable base load supply. And nuclear has very strong socioeconomic benefits. Not only from point of view of stable supply of electricity, but from point of view of growth of, first of all, education and so on, so on, so on. For coal plants, you need approximately 10 good educated engineers for nuclear power plants. You should have 150 good educated nuclear engineers. So, education system, culture system of the state also need some adopting for high level technology. So, now about scenarios. Of course, I underlined that to discuss about scenarios for nuclear power and to work in area of prediction of some technology, it is not so strong science. To do every year, every decades, you can receive in the world some new challenges, some new data and maybe some new technologies. For example, we compare 70s, 60s when nuclear power was established. It's branch of industrial branch. Nobody had any dreams about current informational revolution and revolution in area of system controls and some other things. But from other hand, all predictions are necessary for understanding what we can do in the observed period that can be observed. So, here I include some scenarios, ideas and developments from point of view of, to my professional line, first of all, fuel, nuclear fuel cycle, it's my key line of expertise in the fuel cycle and from point of in-pro-project. So, some words, I think you know this picture. Maybe I'm third of all for lectures who remind this picture. But here I would like to underline that new generation of reactors, innovative reactors have potential for significant improvement to make very strong contribution for sustainable development goals. So, it's relation between current political and social needs. Of course, here, not generation for considered reactor system, but we, I think we should consider not only reactors, new reactors, different capacity reactors, we need to consider fuel resources from point of view of diversification of supply, from point of view of new technology taking into account some specific systems, we should take into account inventory of spent nuclear fuel, we should take into account a multinational approach to nuclear fuel cycle and of course the problem of high level waste, it is one of problem in the mind of people and of course to work in area of optimization of this system. From point of view of relation between reactor systems and nuclear fuel cycle, we can consider three scenarios and one of our colleague who left agency last year suggested to consider for example fuel cycle activity from point of view of three scenarios. It is close to low projections of agency, low case of projections of engines in nuclear power fuel cycle options are implemented as they are today. Next scenarios, it's prognosis for significant increase of nuclear power taken into account multi recycling and some other things and third negative scenarios that nuclear power is gradually phase out during next 30 or 50 years. For first case, we need improved reactor design, we need advanced fuel, maybe we need innovative reactors also for some part of the system, enhancement of fuel cycle facility safety, it's also necessary taken into account that they will affect on final disposal systems, it's necessary to organize system for final disposal, spend fuel on high level waste and some other international and political aspects but innovations has a role here but mainly for extension of life cycle of nuclear power, construction of new reactors. Second scenarios of course request a lot of new innovations, not only advanced reactors but innovative reactors too, expansion of into non-nuclear market, it's also very important due to some nuclear sources can work in some different systems, I know you have lectures related to this, it's necessary to have full close fuel cycle and to work direction of minimization of burden from point of view of waste for speaking walk in our transmutation and really here in these scenarios we should, we can speak about sustainability taken into account this historical, expected historical trend of energy demands and some other related things. And third of course here it's not good but in any case people should continue university courses, we should continue walking area of improvement of safety and in any case we need a lot of efforts to make nuclear power relatively effective and safe. So from INPRA project I will explain about this project little bit later but here I would like to demonstrate some exercises of experts from different countries for in area of consideration of future architecture of nuclear power and fuel cycle. We have so-called area or task global scenarios where the agency through INPRA project walk in area of global vision of sustainable nuclear energy development in current century and beyond and it's a very important point these exercises, these studies, collaborative studies generate some information, some instruments, tools for member states, for formulating national strategy for enhancing nuclear energy sustainability. So we had steps activity for example in first period of this project INPRA made some analysis of nuclear technology for our development. Here I would like to say some very important historical words. Agency, international atomic energy agency during very long period had no specific activity related complex consideration of nuclear power and fuel cycle. We had faster actors activity, activity in area of uranium mining, activity in area of spent fuel management, mainly collection of information and only some conferences organized by agency could be considered as places for sharing of view about complex future, complex vision to future of nuclear power. INPRA was first step to organize this study on basis of first of all in the frame of the agency and second from the basis of current available instruments that can help to consider future of nuclear power. Taken into account some limitations in activity of the agency for example activity in area of enrichment, current reprocessing is not so supported by many member states. So we start from analysis of situation for future. It was activity close to generation 4 activity. For example we have also some type of pyramids, low scenarios, moderated scenarios and high scenarios. For example here it's maximum innovative systems, fast reactors. Here fast reactors are modular reactors, SMRs and in high scenarios of course new systems taken into account probable application of efficient thermonuclear reactors. So we had a very interesting study where first time in agency the term close fuel cycle was put before reactor system, close fuel cycle, nuclear fuel cycle with fast reactors. In nuclear community we had a number of schools for example in Dimitriograd we also considered systems also from point of fuel fuel cycle and this advanced but in the agency it was first status. Colleagues from many states considered different sources for example role of thorium to supplement fuel in future nuclear energy taken into account different scenarios. And finally the agency understood that member states needs to consider some transition scenarios from current situation in nuclear power and for newcomer to also to new sustainable nuclear energy systems. First of all member states need supporting decision making process and this decision making process should be organized from point of view of harmonization of national political, technical, institutional aspects and access to technology. And some member states suggested to start modeling of some regional global trends for nuclear power supply in some regions. This is not only state activity. Okay and in the frame of INPRA we fulfilled two collaborative project, one project project with title of gains, abbreviation gains, it's global architecture of an innovative nuclear energy system based on thermal and fast reactors including fuel cycle. And next followed project has also very bright title synergies, synergistic nuclear energy regional group and interaction evaluated for sustainability. Briefly about this project if you have interest you can open some slides and read later. But here I would like to underline that some issues were taken into account as key issues for example accumulated accumulation of spent fuel in the world that can create some burden for next generations, non-effective use of natural material resources for reactors if it's light water reactors, heavy water reactors, presence of some materials that can be considered as very dangerous from point of view of proliferation. But from other hand the world, nuclear world, key nuclear countries have and will have very big investment to research and development related to innovative reactors. And from other hand of course we have, we should take into account risks related to uranium enrichment and reprocessing of spent fuel. Colleagues consider it different scenarios, for example here gains consider it for so-called architectural systems, it is homogeneous world as business as usual, light water reactors, heavy water reactors, little bit fast reactors. It's like a genius world, I will explain a little bit later. And a new system for transportation of mine rock tonight, taking into account not only current fleet and current innovations and future systems type of ideas. Yesterday we saw a number of studies related ideas in the poster session and molten salt reactors too. And of course one of step is thorium. Colleagues consider from, let's say remember it's around 18 countries participated in this study, some countries more active, some not so active, but they consider it different type of fuel cycle taken to using of some modeling system, try to understand what we will have on the final stage. And one of key conclusion of this study is not so technical. This conclusion is really more connected to architecture of future fuel cycle and nuclear power systems. You see, truly speaking current genius world could be split on three groups. One group of the states, for example, France, Russia, the tendency China, tendency in India, former strategy of Japan. It's the state has different type of reactors and system for our production, management, production of fuel, management with spent fuel and so on, so on, so on, taken to account that this state could work in area of transportation of waste and reduction of radio toxicity and so on. Nuclear group, second group, they have nuclear power plants, they have system for production of fresh fuel and some repository, it's here, for example, Switzerland, Finland, Canada, and third countries that will have mainly nuclear power plants for operation. They can buy nuclear fuel outside or maybe have some limited system for production of fuel and place for storage of fuel, non-disposal. And finally, of course, the colleagues who worked on these scenarios recommended, now it seems it's very simple to organize so-called homogeneous world where all three type of countries work together. This state can take responsibility for transportation, for disposition, non-disposal, using of plutonium and actinides. This state can work, contract by other intergovernmental system to serve all other countries. Of course, this tendency discussed in many other platforms, taken to account that we need necessary to create some international service for spent fuel management. But unfortunately, currently, we have only two active states who really works in this area, it's France and Russia. Some, maybe 10 years ago, we had UK that also organized some adversaries' contracts, but now they are closed, the programs. So, it's some elements from this study. And next study, next study, synergies consider it more complicated line of technologies related fuel cycle and reactor system. It's one of picture demonstrated technology connection between current reactors, current technological system for fuel production with advanced system and innovative system taken to account necessity to dispose minor actinides to all type of available fuel cycle where consider it and this study was more thick, I remember it is around 500 pages. But the next options were declared that synergies in the context of nuclear energy, those actions that the country or group of countries may undertake, facilitate the development of the nuclear energy system with enhanced sustainability. It's a very specific system, enhanced sustainability, maybe achieved via innovations, it's one line and increasing collaboration among technology holders and technology users. So, it was not so new conclusion, but it was a conclusion after very precise consideration of different technological scenarios. So, now close to last words of my first lecture, I would like to underline what drivers we have in area of international cooperation, collaboration for establishing sustainable nuclear power with fuel cycle. First of all, economic competitiveness of nuclear energy and technology users countries have chance to receive very strong and important sources of electricity. Second, technology developer countries also have chance to monetize, to use the big research and development program for implementation of innovative nuclear reactors. Here we have really synergetic effect of this cooperation, not only simple increase, but really we can have some effect of resonance if truly speaking, we can organize similar world, similar nuclear world and of course it's additional motivation technology holders to continue their studies. And I can underline that we have good commercial practice in this area, for example, French practice, taking into account the service for European countries. And for related Russia, it's maybe mainly past service related from a so-called socialist countries, it's also a comprehensive service. Also some points here in that case in the world, we have very good chance to control plutonium inventories and from other case to receive effect of minimization of high level waste. From other hand, increasing of energy independence for many member states and preservation of natural resources. So it's key points and some impediments, first of all national laws, insufficient of institutional procedures for nuclear fuel and high level transactions between countries, also legal problem with radioactive wastes and it's maybe not so strong underline, but it's some political and social situation around nuclear power. So these studies, last study synergy was published in 2018. These studies recommended some actions toward this enhanced nuclear energy sustainability. It's a very complicated term and enhanced sustainability, sustainability enhanced. So in any case, near and medium term actions, I needed to continue ensure and improve the long term sustainability of global nuclear energy use of these technologies. Synergetic activity is very important for global advances of nuclear subject related spent fuel inventory and here also we need to expand these systems. And of course we need to work with public acceptance in this area. So it's end of my, so last slide, yes last slide, sorry, sorry, sorry, sorry, major fighting of these two projects. We consider in INPRA, not only INPRA, but really it was a very good attempt to consider scenarios of future energy and also a very important point connected to cooperation, namely potential benefits of this collaboration is minimization of infrastructure efforts for individual countries, nuclear energy systems. If you will have some homogeneous nuclear world, it's very important. Suggesting sound solutions for spent nuclear fuel utilization and disposal will give effect to public acceptance too. Enable optimum use of available resources using co-fast reactors and other systems of course and future using co-thorium, minimization, minimizing cost owing to economy of the scale and other factors. So it is one of the tendency and taken to account other activity of the agency. We have had, have and will have discussion and some movement to these directions. That's my first lecture. I have another, maybe. Thank you. Thank you, Alexander. Would you like to go first questions to this or you go to the next one? What do you think? Do we have any quick questions? Please, use the microphone. Thanks for your lecture, Dr. Bichkov. I have a question about the part of collaboration between countries because we know that nuclear technology is a very sensitive technology in most cases and for example in Brazil that we had to develop our own Iranian enrichment processes that would be not transferred by other countries and how do you think that we can enhance the collaboration in the sense of being open to transfer the technologies? Here it's a very important point of mainly in synergy where is some country so-called technology holders cannot transmit this technology to some other countries. They can organize service through this technology. For example, simple approaches for using co-thorium. For example, the technology holder can construct and put into operation new reactors in some new countries. But if in the future these technology holders can take back spent fuel for reprocessing and using of plutonium in holders, technology holders territory, it's one option. Or maybe sending of Mox fuel or new idea of my Russian colleagues, remix fuel back to these countries. In that case, any technology related extraction of plutonium, separation of plutonium will be behind of new user of this technology. Of course, if we will suggest some innovative technology to newcomer countries, it's also necessary to consider these aspects. But from other hand, we should take into account some expected advances of technology. For example, so some interesting discussion inside of IFNEC some years ago, I suggested to consider safeguardability and security long term safeguardability of disposal place for spent nuclear fuel. For example, after 100 years disposal, you will have very good quality plutonium. But maybe in future somebody will have technology for horizontal drilling, for example, 50 kilometers. And to extract in cities some plutonium. It's possible. But from other hand, maybe in this period we can find technology when we can ability to account any grams of plutonium behind each gradient in any world. So we cannot speak about realization of long term point scenario of safeguards and security. So it's a subject for consideration of export of technologies. Because I see like in the European Union, you have the development of for example the lead, cool technologies in each country, you have a facility that develops a part of the technology. But I don't know if the communication is very open between for example the European Union and South America or even Russia. As we could all be developing the same technology going forward instead of competing against each other. Because it's a sensitive information that we don't want to share. From point of view of, no, first of all, additional to technology cooperation we have some name institutional or legal aspects and I will explain on Friday some nuances related this part of innovations. It's also important. Truly speaking, currently we have a lot of instruments in the world for control and regulation of export of sensitive technologies. Of course, they mainly, mainly, not fully, mainly based on some political decisions and some international laws. But in some technological line it's possible to use some name technical system for limitation of using of some technologies. But here it's not predictable. Yes, okay. Yes, I would like to have something about collaboration. I don't know if there was a part of the answer. On the other side, for example, in the frame of sodium-fast reactors, we have, I think, a lot of collaboration between I would say most of the partners involved in the sodium-fast reactors. Clearly, for example, the case between France and the Russian Federation since a very long time before, during the Soviet Union and more recently, of course, we have exchange possibilities of irradiation in BOR-60, exchange on technology and so on, same with Japan, of course. We have a very close collaboration, particularly within the frame of Astrid. And we have the GIF frame for collaboration, the IMPRO, the AEA activities, the OECD. So there are a lot of places where we can exchange and share and develop sometimes some common programs, some common RENDY and so on. Yes, and you're right. But the fuel is particular. It's too early for competition. It's time for cooperation now. There are not so many commercial products. In live water reactors, we have very big competition. I'm talking about fast reactors and a question about lead-cooled fast reactors. One more question. I did that from your time. Thank you for your presentation. I'll continue the OMAZO question. I'm a similar question. For example, we talk about the nuclear energy system for future. We have many designs, many ideas for the future of the energy. Without the collaboration, the future of the energy is very dark, I think. Because, for example, for the licensing of the nuclear power plant, every country has its own ways and follows its own ways. It would be very difficult for that. We need collaboration for the future of the energy for the world. It's very important. And I think we need committees to connect in IAEA, for example, for a technological to follow the near replacement of the near technology for future, I think. But there's no question. I understood there's more remarks. And, truly speaking, in the energy world, in the United Nations system, we had a lot of attempt. For example, when I serve agency as deputy director general, I had very strong communication with, so-called, sustainable energy for all. It was initiated from Pangi Moon, previous general secretary, and one of our colleague in Vienna, Mr. Yom Kela, who lead UNIDA, led later this sustainable energy for all office in Vienna. We had the idea to establish a special post of his advisor on nuclear power. And we had a lot of discussions preliminary. And, unfortunately, the Board of Governors of Sustainable Energy for all took decision that we will not touch nuclear due to our focuses on the developing countries. And his joke, we have three sources for underdeveloping countries. Call, call, and call. Due to for real growth of fast growth of electricity in many countries, it's possible to establish small or big coal factories. Unfortunately, now it's considered as relatively negative from point of view of climate and big world, but from point of view of every small countries, where half of population have no access to electricity, it should be considered as big progress. But so it's difference view, differences in views, differences in needs of states. We cannot take into account all aspects, but your remarks is very important here. Would you like to add something? I think that in your slides, there is not a slide, maybe showing the impact of a new approach, for example, to see what is the impact of small reactors, modular or not, small reactors to decarbonize some activities. For example, production of fertilizers, use a lot of energy for hydrogen. You know that hydrogen comes from the natural gas, and the people when they grow carrots and so on, they ignore that they are using in fact the natural gas. This is the first point, cement, steel and so on, and so on. And small modular reactors could be maybe implemented in several countries without maybe the reprocessing plans for major countries could process. I think it's a good approach. So I think that my question was, because we see on your slide that in the future, even if we increase the nuclear, the total energy increases much more due to coal, gas and oil energy. So it means that if we don't want, in particular the young people, roasted and without water and so on and so on in the near future, I think that it's mandatory to increase, of course, nuclear. Maybe nuclear with small reactors in order to be more on the sites, industrials close to industrial sites, to produce water because energy is one problem, the water is another one, maybe very important also, very important, not maybe very important. And for this alienation in this, and of course with renewable energies, of course a good future. So I think that the energy problem is maybe less, it's a problem of large reactors, but also it's more there is a necessity to check how we need to implement nuclear energy and maybe to have a more adequacy between the needs and the power. It's necessary to have maybe smaller reactors to adapt to many places because some countries are very large and so on and so on. I would like to know what is your position with small reactors and to decarbonize.  I would like to touch on this problem. Let me add to this question and then you discuss. So also your forecast was low and high, I mean pessimistic and optimistic, this is like the same total installed capacity or double. And even if it's double, it will be less than in percentages as now in 2050 because the total energy electricity production will be two, three times higher than now. So and of this, let's say we go to be five or 10% of the electricity production. How much of this part will be on SMRs from you? Good summary. I had intention to touch this problem on Friday due to from technological point of view currently we have a lot of open doors for SMRs, but from point of view of economic, legal, security, safeguardability, spent nuclear fuel management, we have five closed doors. I will explain on Friday. Thank you. So please prepare as a good explanation for us. So now let's go to another presentation by Dr. Bichkov on