Okay, thank you for coming. This is the second talk for this session. Should be a lot easier talk, I think. Not so difficult, but actually, the earlier we were also quite okay. The content was okay. Just the math was a bit too much. Anyway, this is more programming oriented. So this is on a different kind of programming. This is about object-oriented programming. And it actually solves one of the classical problems in object-oriented programming called the expression problem. I'll tell you what is the expression problem and how this particular method solves it. And this method is very nice because it's very simple. And that's probably why it won the best paper award in the conference it was given, which is ECOP, the European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming 2012. Oh yeah, I'd also like to thank Professor Strom for allowing me to use his slides. This is slides by Professor Strom at the Joy of Coding 2014 conference. The talk was Who's Afraid of Object Algebra. They essentially also talk about the same paper, but here's really nice slides. So I thought I'd just reuse it instead of redoing the work. This was the original cover slide of the talk. Okay, so the idea here in general talk about accessibility. So we're looking at we have some existing module or classes or objects. This is object-oriented. This is setically typed. The object orientation is the feature that we use in this particular solution, but this problem, this expression problem occurs in any statically typed language. So the classic example is you have some, the toy example we have is you have some language with additions and you have some code written for that. And now you want to extend this language with multiplication. And you don't want to change any of your existing code. You just want to write like new code to add in the addition feature and reuse all the existing implementation for the language with addition. How do we do that? So that's the question. This is what it looks like sort of. So you have the syntax like one plus two and then the classical way of doing it in object-oriented languages is you define you know interface say expression exp and then you define subclasses for each of the parts of the expression. So you have the literal, the one and the two. We call the class lit and then you have a class represent the addition operation class add. This is a very classical way of doing it. And then you might convert that syntax one plus two into the abstract syntax, which is the new add parentheses, new literal one, new literal two and so on. Okay. So this is the example problem we will look at. And generally what we want to do is there are two classes of things. So one on the left hand side we have the variants, which are the different kinds of components of this simple mini language, right? You have add, literal and multiplication. And on the other hand you have different operations, which is what you want to do with this structure that you've constructed. So maybe you want to eval, like you want to print out the value or you want to print means you want to like show the string representation of the expression. Like so just like show the string one plus two instead of show the value three. And you can do many other things like you can run a type checker, you can run different things over the tree of expressions, right? So here's an example of eval, right?  If you run the print operation, you get the string one plus two, right? So let's talk about, okay, let's talk about this. Let's talk about this first. So okay, the expression problem was coined by Philip Wadler in an email to the Haskell mailing list, I think. So it is a problem with technically typed languages. I think dynamic languages have no issues with this. So the idea is you want to add new cases, which is new variants, like the multiplication. And then you want to also add new operations, like maybe, you know, instead of eval, you have print and type check and so on. So you have these two ways of extending the problem, right? And you want to do that by writing new code without changing existing code. And then obviously that means without recompiling because you didn't change them. And as well as you still have the static type safety. So all the types work correctly. This is called the expression problem. Okay. And then, so you have different languages. And actually the examples languages now was shown in dot. So in particular for all languages, they work very well in adding new variants. So that's what it means here, right? So all languages like Java, C sharp and so on work very well adding new variants because they are like new, like subclass new implementations of your interface, like new class multiplication, right? And so on. But they're not so well in adding new operations because you can measure operations will be like methods in your the classes, right? Like your ad class, your multiplication class. So to do another like operation like print, you're going to add a print method to all these classes. So that requires actually need to change all the the classes. Yeah, you can put code. So that's not that doesn't solve that doesn't satisfy the expression problem. The other way around for functional programming languages like record, which is not here. But anyway, so Haskell, ML, F sharp, OCaml and so on. It's easier to add new functions like because you usually pattern match over the objects. And you can just define new new functions like you can do you find eval function, divide a print function, define a define a type check function or whatever it is. It's easier to add new functions, but harder to add new types or variants, right? Because we add a new change all your existing functions to have a new case to handle the new variant. So it seems like there's some trade offs like if you use one and the other, right? You can extend in one axis, but not the other. So the question is can we extend in both axes in a very simple method? So that's what we're going to do in this particular paper. Okay, which is called object algebras. It just has a very complicated name, but it's actually a very simple thing. So you can think of it as a design pattern, you know, a way to structure your classes using something called abstract algebra, explain what it is, and that solves the expression problem. And the interesting bit about this solution is not the first solution, but it's a solution that uses very little advanced features of languages. So you see as I tell you the solution. Okay, yeah. So let's look at, okay, so this again is a classical example of how you do it in OO language, right? You define a class for each of your variants. So, okay, I sort of went through this part. Yeah, never mind. Okay, yeah. So OO does it the horizontal way, right? You define all the variants, but you can't do the other part. And then one way we can also do it with the operation is something called the visitor pattern, but I guess I won't dwell too much into that, not really a crucial part of the paper. But you can do like the FP style, you can call visitor pattern, if you know what that means. If not, never mind. You can also do the functional programming style in OO languages with this visitor design pattern. So it has the opposite problem as I said. It doesn't work well for adding new variants. Okay, so let's come to the solution now. So this is the interesting bit. How do we solve it? And what is the inside actually? And this is the paper, right? So what is the inside? So again, let's look at the original solution. I mean the original, the classical way of doing it with OO, right? You will have like print and eval methods in your object, right? And then if you want to do another like method like type check, for example, then you got to put another add a type check method to all your objects, right? So it seems like our objects are getting more and more fat. So the solution turns out to be let's make custom design objects. So instead of one object with many methods, one method for each of the operations we want to perform, we will use a sort of custom object or single purpose objects as it says here on the slide. So for the problem of printing, we will just have one object with the print method. And for the problem of doing eval, we have another object with the eval method. So separate objects instead of mashing it all into one thing. So sort of like a factoring, right? We break it into the parts because actually print and eval are sort of separate. They don't really like interact with one another, right? They're actually quite independent code. So we should perhaps do them separately instead of mashing them together. If we do that, then it turns out we can actually do it, can actually solve the expression problem. So let's see how we're going to do that. So as I said, we need to have a different object each time, right? So for print, we have an object that knows how to print and for eval, we have a different object that knows how to eval. So they're not the same thing. So that means we cannot construct the objects directly like new something because then that will fix the object. So we need to change the object depending on what we want to do. So for that, this is also somewhat familiar pattern. It's called the factory pattern, right? An abstract factory pattern in this case actually, which means instead of calling the constructors of the object, we use a method. So in this case, the lit method returns you the literal object and the add method returns you the add node or add object, right? And we just need one more step, which is we don't actually know the type because the type will be different because in one case, the object can know how to print and in another case, object knows how to eval, right? So actually the type is going to be different for the two objects. So we cannot fix the type ahead of time, which is here exp. So we just need to perform one more level of abstraction. We just put the type into the generics. So we just, we don't know what type because we don't know what we're going to do. So we just say it's the type E, some type which do something, maybe print, maybe eval, maybe type check, whatever. So we'll have this, now we call it the generic factory because it's a factory to produce something of type E, which we don't know what it is until we need it, right? Does that make sense? Okay, so actually this is all we need, kind of, more or less. Okay, let's see. So where is the link with algebra, right? Turns out way back in the study of ADTs, abstract data types, in a sort of formal mathematical study, there's this notion of algebraic specification. This is the thing on top. So an algebraic specification of a data type has things like a signature, it's a little ML-ish, I guess. You have the signature, you have this generic variable E and then you define the operations and so on. These are the operations of your ADT, I guess, in that particular paper. So if you look at that, that's actually very similar to the thing below, sort of factory methods, the lit and add returns you objects. They don't actually do anything, they just sort of return your object that has the method. So that's why they call it object algebras. Okay, so let's actually see an example first. So before we get into the last part, let's hope this doesn't mess up the recording. But anyway, so let's see an example of implementing that type. So we could define a type, okay, here the name a little bit different, but the thing of VEL as lit in the presentation. So just now, you just saw how we defined the generic factory, right? But we actually still need to implement it to actually write the code that does the plus and E VEL and so on. So this is how it will look like, right? So you would say it's of some type E VEL, but the type E VEL means it has a function called E VEL. That's really all it means. That is the interface, which says that there's one function called E VEL. And so this is the factory method. So this VEL here is the factory method, right? It returns a new object of type E VEL. This is Java. So this is an anonymous in a class, anonymous object that has a single method called E VEL, which just returns the thing because this is the literal, right? The value. So the evaluation of the literal is just like the number. And then this is the implementation of the add sort of factory method that returns you an object of type E VEL, which has this particular implementation, right? So it evaluates left hand side and then the right hand side and then adds it together. Does that make sense? See? Simple, right? The code is not complicated, I hope. So you can see what we need here. So we actually need two things. We need generics and we need, later on we'll see actually, well, we need subtyping actually. But here we need, here with implementing interface, which is also quite a common operation. And you also do this with, I guess, C. You don't have interfaces, fine. You can use like an abstract class or something. Still works fine. Okay. So now let's try and do the two ways of adding things. You can add, so one way is to add a new variant, which is, let's say, add a multiplication note in the expression tree. Okay. Let's look at, oh, sorry. Let me show you the print first. Yeah. So this is how print would look like if I want to implement the print part of it. So I want to print the value one plus two instead of print, print number three. So it's pretty similar, except we define an interface called print that basically means it has a function called print. Pretty straightforward. And then, you know, you just implement that particular method print inside the, in the object that you return. And same for the add, right? Okay. So, so here we're going to, here's the, now here's the interesting, here's the extension, extension bit, right? So far we're just using it to encode the standard part of the problem with literals and adds. No one extended with multiplication. So in, here in object algebra is actually quite easy. So you define a new generic factory, if you recall, this expression algebra x is a generic factory. So we extend this. So it means it has all the methods of the earlier factory, which is let val in this, in the code is val and add. And we extend it with one more method called mal, which represents multiplication. This is adding a variant. This is the left-hand side, right? So again, mal is like add. It has left-hand side, right-hand side, and then the result, which is, again, this unknown x thing. So, okay, so this is fine. And now we need to update the two methods, right? We have the eval and print. So how do we do that? So in quite a similar way actually. So we just extend the, so we're going to do evaluation of the new language with multiplication, right? The interesting part here is you can reuse all the other things we did in front. We just extend the exp eval, which already defined the methods for val and add. We just need to add in the case for the new variant, which was mal. That's all we need to do, actually. So we didn't have to change any code at all, right? If you notice, we only extended existing classes. So this is particularly more important when you're writing libraries, for example. Because we're writing all your own code, then you can just break open your class and just change the methods, right? But if this is some library that you're giving people, then it's easier for them to just extend it with their own additional things instead of having to edit the library code. Okay, so this is eval. I think there's one more example, which is print. So print will sort of the same way. We'll just write the minimum we need to do, right? Which is just to tell it how to handle the case for mal. Because I think other cases we extend from exp print, right? So that's pretty much it, actually. Let's say this is simple. It's not supposed to be complicated. Okay, so we'll talk about this. So the syntax here is a bit different because this is Dart. But it shows that it works for works in Dart. So not just in Java, it works in Dart and probably in C-sharp and bunch of other things. Because it doesn't use anything at all, right? It uses only generics and subtyping. So subtyping, most languages have, most object-oriented languages have subtyping. Most modern languages have generics, like even though Java retrofitted generics in after 1.5 or something. So yep, this is like a recap. So object algebras, what are object algebras? So we defined a generic factory interface. And then to define the implementations of the various operations, we create the implementation of the factory, like the exp-alg. So to add new variants, we extend the interface of the factory. So we can extend it with the mal operation. I mean, just define what it means, right? mal x lhs rhs. And to implement it, we just, we can implement the interface, but we can reuse the previous implementation by extending it by inheritance. So this is implementation inheritance. This is sort of a diagram that shows you the relationship between all the various classes. So the left-hand side, you see the two algebras. Alg is algebra. So the top, we have the expression algebra. So if only the value and add, then the multiplication algebra is like a subtype, I guess. It's an extension. It extends. The hollow arrow is extends. And the dotted arrow is like implements. So we have two different operations, print and eval, that implements the algebra. And then you have the, so when we add the new type, we can create the two new print mal and eval mal by subtyping from the earlier implementation. So we don't have to write any additional, like repeat any code. Okay. And sort of this is a rearranged version of the diagram. So here on the vertical axis, you have the different variants. So the variance means we add new type of node operations. You can just easily add more, just by defining more of these concrete factories that creates the objects. So the special thing if you remember, again, the key trick is that we create the object on the fly as we need. So we create the object with just the method that we want. So if you want to do print, we create an object with just the print method. If you want to do eval, we create an object with just the eval method. So this scales because then you can have objects with different kinds of methods. Okay. And in summary, this is a very simple solution to the expression problem. So earlier solutions actually require other things like bounds on generic. So some languages support bounds, you can have upper and lower bounds on your generic parameter. Java supports that thing can say e extends some type t or e is a super or some type t. So that is a little bit more complicated. The other features that some other solutions use is wild cards. So you have, you can have things like question mark in the type, like any type in the generic. That's also a little bit more difficult to use. So this particular solution doesn't have any of these features. It uses a concrete type. So we always say it's an expression algebra of type e or x. We don't have to say e extends some other thing or using more complicated type features. We just need, we need just simple generics. It's good enough. Yeah. For any generics as in like templates in C++ is good enough actually for this purpose because C++ doesn't yet support the idea of bounds, which it may I think in later versions. Okay. And so we use object algebra because we solved the expression problem. Okay. That's all. Yes. Question. So there's a problem. Yeah. What happened when you extended in parallel and then you try to join them in, then you need multiple imperatives. Good question. What do you mean by join them in? You start with the ad, right? Yeah. So you have a mouth that extends from ad. Yes. And then let's say you have another one division that also extend from ad instead of extend from mouth.  Ah, okay. So let me see.  So there's another, there's another example actually in the paper they discuss this. They didn't discuss this in the talk. Another way they, they discuss in the paper is like this. So maybe I'm more, because that's a bit a little bit weird example. So another example, maybe you have a, you have like integer expressions and you have Boolean expressions. They're sort of different realms. Like Boolean will have like n and different operations, right? And then, then you want to combine the two algebras to have a language that have both integers and Booleans, for example. Yeah. So that may be more, slightly more realistic scenario. So how would you do that? So in particular in Java, you can't really do it without rewriting code because you cannot have, there's no multiple inheritance, so to speak. In Java specifically, it's a single, so for that you can actually solve it with languages with traits or mixins like Scala and maybe, maybe Dart, I don't know. But anyway, so not specifically in Scala, in Java it cannot, it cannot solve that particular case. So you could do it with composition as you, as you normally would. So you can, you can have a, you can have an int-bool language, int-bool algebra. And in Java, I guess you would have to have two like local variables like do it with composition. I think that's the cleanest way, right? So you have internally as two local factories. One is the int-algebra factory. One is the bool algebra factory. And then for each of the methods, it will sort of delegate to the appropriate internal factory. So you get an int-bool factory. Yeah. But yeah, you have to sort of rewrite the, the methods to delegate because there's no way to delegate automatically, right? But some languages say, you can say, these methods will use this, like object. This is super fast. Yeah, these are like members, right? So you have members of this, this int-bool factory, then you can just use it. But in Java, I guess you have to say like, you have to say explicitly, because there's no sort of delegation feature. Yeah. But you can still combine it actually, yeah. Yeah, you need to delegate. I think in practice, this would come out a lot more often because new features can be added in parallel. People can develop different kind of language features separately and then they want to join back. So if you use inheritance, they could have like multiple branches. Yeah. That's true. Inheritance here mainly is for the purpose of reusing the, the code. So if you have language with delegates, you could technically also use delegation. You don't have to use inheritance. It's just an example here in Java, we can only use inheritance if you don't want to rewrite the methods. Yeah. Other questions? It's interesting because when you're working, you, you end up coming, coming up with like half big solution of something similar because the problem was never formalized, like in my mind, I never knew this was one of my strengths. It's like, yeah, but I want to do this, but I want to do this. Right. So annoying. And then you come up with some strange solution for it. Now you realize actually, this would have been a much nicer and cleaner effect if you had known about this problem and this solution. This is quite, quite a bit of a leap of insight in the sense that you cannot bake your objects in, you cannot like new like construct the objects. You have to use another function to construct it. So there's this additional level of indirection like here we have to call all these methods. So for example, if you're really writing a language, your parser will have to take in as input the factory object and use that to instantiate the stamp out of the nodes. Yeah. But then the nodes can only do one thing. So if you need another kind of node, you have to put it into the parser again to stamp create a different tree. So these examples are for like, like a trees and stuff. It doesn't have to be, it's really anything where you have variants and operations. Doesn't have to be like language trees or whatever. It's just that this happened to be the example from the expression problem paper. In the functional languages, I think there's also another solution is which is open some type. I think it's a demo where you can have an open and some type that you add new variants later on. Yes, that's also possible. Open classes. In general, there's some languages with open classes. So I think that's similar, right? Where you can add variants to the some type. Yeah, that's true. I guess here they're talking about the fact that if you, so in that case, the type is still the, there's still only one type, right? I guess when you extend the type, does it become like a separate type or is it still the same type? It's a bit like, it becomes a bit like object oriented because then you have to add a default case for a handling unknown type, unknown variant. So then every time you measure a variant value, you have to always have a default case. A default case, okay. Yeah, that could work too actually. It's just that that feature is probably not available in most object oriented languages. Yeah. Another new language features probably can help is also like low polymorphism. Yes, you can define a record and then you add in a new record and then you can combine these type of records of factory functions. Yeah, I mean, this is not the only solution as I said. So I mean, I think that the fact about this one is that it's just, it's simple enough that it works in most like existing languages, mainstream languages. It doesn't need any language changes. So that's the beauty of this particular solution, I guess. Yeah. Thank you very much. All right, thank you. Next meet up in a month. If we have people, thanks for both of you for doing necromancy and reviving the meetup. And you can always blame me for being the lazy person to not border, you know. Advertising this one, you want to point out to me. Isn't that a big like internet meeting? Yeah, ITF. Maybe you can find someone to present. Yeah, can maybe. But that one is like second week. Sorry, there's some interesting people who want to talk. We can work stuff out. I don't know. I don't know if people think that preparing a talk is a big hassle. That's kind of a cheap trick. If you notice that I've been using, you don't use your own slides. You find someone who has given a really good talk and you ask them to use their slides. Then that kind of gives you like 90% of the way. They just need to do 10%. That's usually quite doable, actually. The hard part is finding good slides. It's very hard to find good slides. Still, this is all the problem. It's still back in the same thing. But at least there's an option. There's a sort of a cheat way out. No, but it's a paper. Usually somebody presented it the first time. No, papers are different. But likely, because generally people will write a paper, then talk about it at a conference, something similar, whatever. Yeah, a lot of the conference things are now online or whatever. Yeah, now it's very good, actually. Now it's very advanced. Try HM's PhD. Secret. Nobody knows, ever. No, definitely not on the interwebs. You now have video, now they have slides, whatever. It's so many. Have a look at Michael, over here, please. Thank you, sir. See, it's like Michael Chang is more, you know...


Mae gweithio i ddweud yn gweithio y seisio.  The next item of business is a member's business debate on motion 11282, in the name of Mark Ruskell, on restoring nature to tackle climate change. This debate will be y trylau i ddyfodol i ni siŵr i i'r ddechrau i ni i ddyfodol i chi'n dweud i ffioedig i gael. I nodi chi i'r ddweud i ddyfodol i gael i'r ddyfodol i sgol해on wrth fynd i gael i gael i Mark Ruskell, a i gael i'r ddyfodol i gael i'r ddydig, yn ddyfodol i gael i ddyfodol. Thank you very much. Can I thank members for signing the motion and to those joining me this lunchtime to shine a light on the twin nature and climate crises and how communities across Scotland are responding? My green colleagues recognise the critical role of nature restoration in the fight against climate change ac mae gennych ddigon ni oherwydd ein bodi'r ddechrau i gyffredinol i gael i Llywodraeth Cymru. A bod Llywodraeth Cymru yn gael 65 miliwn o gael o gael o gael o fod yn gweithio cymdeithasol a ym Llywodraeth Cymru yn y gael o gyfer 5 ym Llywodraeth Cymru. A felly, mewn gael 30 miliwn o gael o gael o gael o gael o gael o gael o gael o gael o gael o gael o Gael Oedon.  Y Dduby Cop yn ysgwp bellach yw eu rhai gwleidau cymryd y work o ein wrth gwrs ar y ddysgol o fynd nifer, gwneud o gydag o waith 200 miliwn per y lyth o by 2030. Y Fund for Restoration of Nature has allowed us to take the first steps to all that goal here in Scotland. I am proud that the fund, launched on the same nature day at the Glasgow Cop two years ago, has been so successful. Countries around the world will be following Scotland's footsteps to support on-the-ground action that is so vital for achieving the aims of the global biodiversity framework. However, it is important to remind ourselves again that Scotland sadly remains a nature-depleted country. This year's state of nature report underlines that our wildlife has decreased on average by 15 per cent since the 90s. One in nine Scottish species are still threatened with extinction, nearly half of sea birds have declined since the 80s, as have nearly half of our flowering plants. Nature is impacted not only by exploitation of our land and seas, but increasingly by climate change. We only have to look at our wild salmon populations, for example, to recognise how warming temperatures affect their delicate ecology. Through restoration projects that help nature to adapt and become more resilient to climate change, while locking up carbon and helping us to adapt to flooding and extreme weather, we can tackle these twin crises together. These nature-based solutions, as they are often called, are rarely quick wins. It takes time to build up the action that is needed at a scale that can make the difference, and nature needs decades to fully build back. Scientists believe that these projects to restore and expand nature will be critical for cooling global temperatures over the long term beyond the net zero goals that have been set for the middle of this century. They could play an important role to bring us back down from peak global warming, but only if we start acting now with an eye on the future for our children's children. This year's State of Nature report said that the social and ecological consequences of living in a nature-depleted country are immense. They include impacts on human health, happiness and wellbeing, alongside direct costs associated with lost and damaged ecosystem services. In essence, what harms nature also harms us. That also means that if we restore nature, we also restore all those lost benefits to ourselves and our communities. 96 per cent of Scots think that the natural environment is important to the country, so it is no surprise that where we see nature restoration projects take root, they draw in volunteers and whole communities in a shared endeavour. What is happening around Scotland right now? I am looking forward to hearing from members about projects across their own areas later in this debate, but what is clear is that we are seeing an amazing range of approaches across the 150 projects that have so far benefited from the fund. From ancient Atlantic rainforest in Argyll to amphibian ponds on former coal mines in Lanarkshire, from pollinator corridors and arable farms to rewilded former airfields in Creil, from coastal dune restoration in St Andrews to sea grass and oyster bed receding in the fourth, communities, NGOs, landowners big and small are working out how to restore neglected species and landscapes. I want to highlight some of the work that is happening in my own region and particularly in the freshwater environment because our rivers, burns, locks, floodplains and wetlands are the arteries and organs of our catchments. From source to estuary, they sustain incredible species and habitats, but they also supply us with water when we need it while buffering us from floods. The relationship between water courses and our land is critical because over many years we have degraded land to the point where water freely thunders off hillsides into swollen rivers, rivers that have often been canalised and moulded by industry over the centuries, with barriers that impact species like the salmon. I really welcome the NRF-funded work that Forth Rivers Trust have done on the Allamwater, placing large woody structures to create wetlands, reconnecting floodplains and planting riparian trees. Working with the community at Pull of Mockot in Clackmallanshire, they have also built wetlands, installed overflow channels and introduced leaky dams to mitigate flood risks. On the river Teeth, they pushed on with establishing riparian woodlands, planting over 10,000 trees along the banks of the community and the restoration of 20 hectares of wetland at Blechwych. Jonathan Louis from Forth Rivers Trust told me that the Nature Restoration Fund has allowed them to collaborate with partners and make a tangible impact on wildlife and communities throughout the Forth region. Further down the Teeth catchment at Argytyfarn, they are also using the fund to reconnect their waterways, ffencing off areas from cattle, encouraging wildflower seeding and planting 16,000 trees while establishing new hedgerow corridors. Tom Bowser at Argytyfarn tells me how this will benefit a wide range of species, from pollinators to birds, bats and beavers. He also said how this would simply not have been possible without the fund. We are seeing very similar work on other catchments, including on the Banffer State near Eileth, where projects to establish habitats have now been expanded to include another 10 of 11. Mr Roscoe, I appreciate that there is a bit of latitude here but I think you will need to bring your mic. The momentum is building for nature restoration. We are seeing action in Scottish communities as the world gathers to discuss a global response to the climate nature crisis. That is just the beginning, but the fund is already creating a legacy for future generations and I really look forward to seeing progress on the ground in the years to come. Thank you Mr Roscoe. I now call Audrey Nicol to be followed by Stephen Kerr, Ms Nicol. First of all, I apologise to the chamber. I will have to leave after my contribution due to a pre-existing commitment. I thank Mark Ruskell for bringing forward this motion on restoring nature to tackle climate change. It provides us with an important opportunity to recognise importance and success of the nature restoration fund. It is incredible to think that the fund has already supported 150 projects across Scotland working to protect watercourses, restore coastal habitats and so much more. I thank organisations who submitted briefings for today's debate and I acknowledge in particular the Royal College of Physicians that calls for the climate and nature crisis to be recognised as one global health emergency. I look forward to reading the editorial reference in the briefing and I hope that we can return to consider this at a future date. Like many colleagues, I am in my peaceful space in the outdoors. In a single walk I have encountered deer, hare, foxes, herons, woodpeckers, raptors and even red kites. Truth be told, my love and respect for nature has probably been a little bit one way and more about what I was getting out of nature rather than the other way round. That was until I became nature champion for the freshwater pearl mussel and it is through this role that I now better appreciate the importance of projects such as those referred to in the motion. Today I want to highlight another project, the Belt and Burn, a successful nature restoration project in the north-east that I was pleased to visit this summer. This project was funded through the biodiversity challenge fund, which I understand and I stand to be corrected was a precursor to the nature restoration fund but nonetheless, thank you minister, but nonetheless is funded through the biodiversity challenge fund, the de-catchment partnership, the de-district salmon fishery board and the James Hutton Institute worked tirelessly to remeander a 1.5 kilometre section of river channel and reconnect it to four wetland ponds previously straightened to accommodate the dayside railway. Wetlands are an incredibly rich food larder for fish, a vitally important aspect of the river habitat and what has now been created is an improved habitat for fish and other wildlife whilst also allowing the river to expand and contract during periods of high water and this was all done at relatively modest cost. So just weeks after work completed in 2020, 15 spawning reds created by salmon and sea trout were seen and I pay tribute to in particular Susan Cooxley and Edwin Third and all the other stakeholders for their utter commitment to the project and for their vision that belty burn must not just be a demonstration site but an example of what we need to do more of across Scotland. In their briefing, Scottish Environment Link recognised the importance of the nature restoration fund in tackling biodiversity loss but they also highlighted the impact of funding cuts to Scotland's environmental agencies. The fiscal landscape is immensely challenging but I hope that the Scottish Government is able to protect funding for those agencies especially in light of the expertise and experience that they will potentially contribute. Mark Ruskell. I thank the member for giving way. I was wondering, obviously we do have an incredibly challenging fiscal deal coming from the Westminster Government that doesn't keep pace with inflation but I'm just wondering if she would also reflect on the fact that because of Brexit, because we've lost all that European funding now, including life funding, then carrying out these nature restoration projects is even more challenging now because we don't have that support, that fiscal support from the European Union that was so critical. The Scottish Government's had to step up in order to make these things happen. I thank the member and I completely agree with the point that he made and in fact this was something that we reflected on when I visited this particular project and also the site of some pearl mussel survey work that is going on on the River Dee so it's a very strong point well made. To conclude, I hope that nature does indeed feature as a key theme in the forthcoming UN climate change conference in Dubai and that the conference will indeed provide a platform for Governments, NGOs and others to demonstrate strong leadership and genuine commitment in tackling the twin nature and climate crisis so that Scotland can indeed contribute to support projects like the Bellty Burn, reduce emissions, reverse nature loss and meet our ambitious climate change targets. There's not going to be a lot of disagreement in the chamber about the value of our natural endowment in Scotland and certainly as a Scottish Conservative I believe in conserving and indeed restoring nature and I also recognise and agree that there is a correlation between our happiness and our mental health and the environment in which we're living. Especially the natural environment and therefore I think there's a lot of common ground so it's very disappointing but not surprising to hear Mark Ruskell's last intervention in Audrey Nicholl where somehow rather we managed to get Brexit into this and another go at the UK Government. This but it's worth saying that this Scottish Government, this SNP Government, Scottish Green Government is doing a polling job at delivering against its own ambitious plans in terms of Scotland's nature and I think the problem we've got in Scotland frankly is that a lot of good things do happen but they get lost because of the emphasis particularly from the Scottish Greens around more controversial aspects of nature restoration and I wish that specifically mentioned rewilding because while absolutely we should be focused on nature restoration it is important that we bring people along with us in respect to this very important aspect of the stewardship responsibilities we have for Scotland's natural endowment but rewilding I'm afraid is problematic because what we are effectively seeing happen before our very eyes in Scotland is a new wave of clearances where vast tracks of our countryside where people have been living are being vacated because there is no space for people with rewilding. Yes, of course. Mark Ruskell? Point, I mean it's very disappointing to hear Mr Kerr invoke the clearances. Is he honestly saying that rewilding projects that are brought forward by communities many of whom have applied successfully to nature restoration fund should be stopped? Is that what he is saying? That he doesn't support communities doing the rewilding, doing this work? Stephen Kerr? Against faceless organisations usually with headquarters outside of this country that are buying up tracks of land and then basically neglecting it and in the course of doing so you see, yes, you see clearances. You see people being taken out of those areas of our country because if you have rewilding on the scale that is happening in many parts of our country, what you have is you basically see jobs going, communities going, all the social infrastructure going, it's going to be done. The infrastructure going, it is a reckless piece of environmental vandalism. Of course I will. John Swinney? I'm grateful to Mr Kerr for giving me. I wonder if you could name an example of any area that he's concerned about? Stephen Kerr? Well there are many areas that I'm concerned about and I'm sure I can more than happy talk to John Swinney in subsequent to this debate about areas of interest that we share his mutual interest but can I just say that it's important that we listen to Scotland's farmers? That's the point I wish to make in my speech. I wish us to acknowledge that there are genuine concerns that are held by Scotland's farmers. There was a recent meeting between the Cabinet Secretary for Rural Affairs and a group of farmers sponsored by NFUS where one farmer was greeted with applause when he highlighted the fact that there were grave concerns about the nature of rewilding as it impacted their businesses. The quote that I have here from the article that I'm referring to from the courier last Saturday is that a farmer called Andrew Steele said that species such as golden eagles and beavers were all eradicated for a reason because they are vermin to farmers. In my opinion, the white elephant in the room today is that the SNP went into coalition with the Green Party to run the country. How can you actually run the country with statements? I will if I have time. I appreciate the member's being generous with his time but will he also reflect on the fact that there are farmers who have applied to the Nature Restoration Fund for species reintroduction, for riparian planting because it benefits their farms and it benefits the local community. Will he acknowledge that there are farmers who support the agenda and are financially benefiting from it? If Mark Ruskell were to listen rather than think about how he can next make an intervention, he would hear me say that I generally support nature restoration but I am raising genuine concerns that are being raised by Scotland's farmers and they deserve to be listened to and they also need to be worked with. You cannot work against the grain of opinion and I specifically want to mention the issue surrounding beavers because that has also been highlighted by NFUS. Particularly in relation to the recent flooding, Martin Kennedy has had something to say about that. Let me just conclude with this quote if I might. We need the Scottish Government and NatureScot to recognise that in some instances the scale of damage, flood damage, was exasperated by growing beaver activity, burying into and significantly weakening long-established flood banks. There is a whole bunch more that I could quote from, but the point is that we need to work with those who are currently the stewards of the land. We need to trust them and work with them and not against them as they currently feel threatened by the agenda of the Butehouse agreement. Thank you Mr Kerr. I now call Foisal Choudry to be followed by Mikey Chapman. Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer. Nature can be used as a first line of defence against the impacts of the global climate crisis, but we cannot just look at protecting the existing nature and species that we have. We must also make targeted moves towards restoring what has been lost. This means building spaces in urban areas. It means investing in our rural lands and nature reserves. It means taking and integrating targeted and cross portfolio approaches. Scottish Pitlands holds unique carbon catching properties. In its 2023-2024 programme for government, the Scottish Government made a commitment to restore 10,700 hectares of degraded pitlands over the course of the next year. I welcome this investment in nature and climate restoration and hope to see the targets achieved this year. We need to focus on this just much as prevention in the fight against climate change. Presiding Officer, the climate and nature emergencies are deeply connected and must be tackled together. We are at a crucial turning point for nature restoration in Scotland. Investment in nature and our natural space is vital to reduce biodiversity decline. Scotland's native species inspire and sustain our health and culture. However, Presiding Officer, currently in Scotland, one in nine wildlife species are at risk of extinction. We need to evaluate and abundance and distribution of species in our natural spaces and monitor the extinction risk to ensure we are taking the right course of preventative action. We must also monitor the extent and quality of habitats for these species are up to standard. Targets for nature restoration must drive ambitious action across Scotland, across multiple levels and portfolios. Similar to the successful mainstreaming of climate change targets. However, finally, Presiding Officer, we must pair this great investment in Scottish nature with efforts to tackling climate change across the globe. A recent report on climate inequality by Oxfam outlined that the richest 1% of humanity are responsible for more carbon emissions than the poorest 66%. This week, I returned from a CPG visit to Bangladesh. There, we can see firsthand the impact that climate inequality is having in the global south. Going into COP 28, we must ensure that climate justice is also on the forefront of our minds. Nature restoration targets should also involve helping those countries disproportionately affected by the climate crisis adept to long-term climate related changes. Scotland needs to engage in multifaceted response. This means climate mitigation, adeption and support to ensure that climate justice for all countries can be realised on our global path to net zero and nature restoration. Thank you. I now call Maggie Chapman to be followed by Arianne Bridges. I congratulate my colleague Mark Ruskell on securing today's debate. As world leaders and others gather in Dubai at COP 28, it is right that we in Scotland's Parliament take some time to talk about the twin crises of climate and nature and the all-encompassing work that we need to do to create a liveable planet for future generations, both here in Scotland and around the world. It is clear that the climate and nature crises share the same underlying cause, our economic system that is based on extraction and exploitation of resources without regard for externalities, future consequences or the deterioration of the commons, because our climate and our natural resources are our commons. They also have intrinsic value and should not merely be considered important because of some commodified value that economic structures we create deem appropriate to give them. So today's debate is important to think carefully about how economic, social and environmental justice are inextricably linked, and therefore how we, as policy makers, need to consider the links and connections across the often messy web of life. The north-east of Scotland, the region I'm privileged to represent, has benefited significantly from the Nature Restoration Fund, mostly in rural areas, as might be expected. I'd argue that we need a wider view of what natures are worth supporting and restoring and not be limited by thinking that only some natures in some geographies matter. So I want to spend the rest of my time talking about a little spot in an urban environment that I think is worth championing, protecting and sustaining, the award-winning wetlands and reedbeds in Sudfertych's community park in Torry. The brainchild of SEPA as a way of making space for biodiversity and supporting local people, these reedbeds are relatively small, in a relatively small urban green space in Torry, surrounded by a community which is one of the most deprived in Scotland, with a life expectancy a decade lower than elsewhere in Aberdeen. Squished between industrial land and sewage works, a landfill site and incinerator, the park is the only accessible green space for this community. It is well-loved and well-used by people who live locally, mostly in tower blocks and flats. In stark contrast to the greyness of the heavy industry around them, the park and its wetlands and reedbeds are vibrant, varied places with a range of habitats, species, facilities and amenities for all to enjoy. Sudfertych's has what you might expect from a community park, but it also boasts areas of woodland, wet meadow, reedbed and diverse dried grasslands. And then there's the staggering biodiversity, over 40 species of breeding birds including nine red list and eight amber list species, over 115 plant species including a wonderful array of orchids, hundreds of invertebrate species that are still some of which being documented, and otters, deer and other mammals can be spotted in the reeds and woods. As autumn shifts into winter, we see migratory birds stopping over in the green spaces. Over winter we'll see substantial snipe populations. All the work done a little over a decade ago by the Aberdeen ranger service and SEPA has rarely paid off. What was a polluted, poor quality and inaccessible area is now an award-winning, bi-diverse wetland. This nature too is worth protecting and restoring. We must not compromise already marginalised people's health and wellbeing and the restored nature they currently enjoy in the mistaken belief that these smaller natures don't matter to the grander natures others have already spoken about. It would be, I think, a travesty for the wetlands and reeds and the wider park to be lost in the name of a so-called just transition. If this nature is lost, any transition will not be just. Thank you, Ms Chapman, and I now call Arianne Burgess. Ms Burgess. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I speak in this chamber at a time when we are deep into a nature emergency. That is the unavoidable backdrop to everything we do in this Parliament, but somehow it's not always foremost on the agenda, so I am grateful to my colleague, Mark Ruskell, for focusing our minds on it today. COP 28 starts tomorrow and there will be a renewed focus on how countries will meet their targets in the Paris Agreement to maintain a safe operating space for humanity and the nature that supports us, that makes our lives possible. That's why it is so important that we proceed with ambitious environmental policies, like the proposals on clean, green heating and warm green homes led by Green Minister Patrick Harvie. But despite Scotland leading the UK on decarbonisation of buildings, there is no way we can meet our climate targets without giving the same level of attention to nature. When our natural world is healthy and thriving, it's a key ally in our fight against climate change. But if humanity does not reverse rising emissions and nature loss soon, we will reach tipping points setting off a cascade of global warming and species extinction that we can't undo. The good news is that we still have a small window of time and we have people working tirelessly across Scotland to ensure our depleted natural world, to raise us up the global biodiversity league tables from our current spot, 28th from the bottom, out of 240 countries. Seagrass restoration work on Loch Creadnish is doing just that. It's led by the community with help from seawilding supported by the Nature Restoration Fund. Globally, seagrass captures carbon up to 35 times faster than tropical rainforests. That project not only boosts biodiversity, but it also sequesters carbon and creates good green jobs. The Nature Restoration Fund, spearheaded by Green Minister Lorna Slater, is supporting several more projects in the Highlands and Islands this year. Protecting Gia's Woodland project will remove invasive species and create a system of hydro corridors across the island. Scots burns farms in Invergordon will plant aspen trees to provide habitat for our precious capricalee, and the Glencoe Habitat Recovery Project will restore woodlands, wetlands and peatlands in Glencoe National Nature Reserve. Llewyng and Scarba host the Turning the Tide project and in Baddanoch and Strasbeth there is work to restore five feisty species. Projects at least could go further and faster with multi-year funding, especially for a non-abased species, eradicating and preventing and prevention work, to benefit seabirds and other island wildlife and to eradicate rhododendron from rainforest habitat. A great deal of the work on the ground to meet our climate targets will take place in the Highlands and Islands. The Highlands and Islands has the land and the nature that is pivotal in this national effort, so we need to welcome and accommodate more people in the region to deliver more and more projects like these. That is why affordable rural housing is crucial. We need housing for workers and long-term homes to support stable growing communities. We also need to continue increasing support for farmers to integrate trees on their farm, restore peatland, manage water quality and create habitat mosaics. Finally, we must remember to keep our side of the bargain. Nature is powerful, but it cannot stop climate change alone. We humans in Scotland must continue to play our part by reducing emissions, supported by policies that we can pass in this Parliament. Let's work with nature, not against it, to stop climate change and protect our shared home. I now call on Minister Lorna Slater to respond to the debate around civil servants. Thank you very much to Mark Ruskell for bringing this debate and to all the members who have contributed today. It warms my heart so much to hear my colleague Maggie Chapman speak about how nature is our commons and that we should be celebrating the intrinsic value of nature. So many of my colleagues in the chamber here today have done exactly that, celebrating specific species that they have enjoyed seeing otters, specific projects that they have enjoyed seeing, specific champions of nature that they have been doing. Audrey Nicholl saying that she is the champion of the freshwater pearl. It is just wonderful to hear the commonality of treasuring nature and valuing it for its own sake, although we all acknowledge that restoration of nature can have benefits for us in terms of benefits for our communities and health, tackling this global health challenge, which is the consequence of our climate and nature emergencies, as well as sequestering the carbon that we know we need to do to keep global temperatures within a livable boundary. This is so much of a contrast to what Stephen Kerr was saying, calling golden eagles and beavers vermin. That is a real contrast to most people in the chamber who was valuing nature for its own sake. I think that that is a shame. Please, Stephen Kerr. To be absolutely clear, I was quoting a Scottish farmer who was using his experience of what he is having to deal with in terms of running his business. That is who said that. Would the minister not agree that we should be listening to Scotland's farmers when it comes to species like beavers and others that are causing their businesses and the landscape in which our food is growing damage? Absolutely, we need to be listening to farmers. I will give him the specific example of Argati, the site where they have received 65,000 pounds of nature restoration fund and had one of the first beaver sites in Scotland. I have seen their posts on the internet and their challenge to other farmers to match them and meet their goals of thriving nature alongside thriving and profitable farm businesses. So many farms in Scotland are doing terrific things. I have met within Nature Friendly Farming Network farmers doing organic farming, regenerative farming. There is really good work here, land managers who absolutely get that we can have thriving biodiversity alongside sustainable food production in Scotland. We have huge opportunities ahead of us to bring all farmers along on this journey as we reform agriculture subsidies to ensure that farmers get paid to do the right thing to produce sustainable food and to do the work to restore Scotland's biodiversity. I enjoyed very much the contributions of my fellow members when talking about the link between the nature emergency and the climate emergency. I am so glad that the conversation has moved to a point where we are discussing these things together and how they interconnect, how increasing global temperatures increases the risks to our nature, more diseases, more pests, more invasive species, native species struggling to thrive in warming climates. Mark Ruskell highlighted the issues, particularly around wild salmon and fish, which we know are so sensitive to temperatures and, of course, declining fish numbers affect our seabirds. The statistics on our seabird decline, 50 per cent decline in the seabirds, is absolutely devastating, sickening decline, and that is before the effects of avian flu have been taken into account. Those are absolute emergencies in our nature space. Things such as the Nature Restoration Fund and all the work that we are doing across Parliament on wildlife and mureburn bill, land reform, agriculture reform, the natural environment bill, all of those things together to turn that tide from one of loss and decline and damage. Mark Ruskell rightly pointed out that there has also been a 50 per cent decline in flowering plants in Scotland, as illustrated by the latest publication of the Plant Atlas. That's really something to think about, that our parents and grandparents lived in a world that had more flowers in it, and therefore more insects and therefore more birds. We live in a damaged and declined, a decimated nature space. We talk about how beautiful nature in Scotland is, but how beautiful it used to be when there was just more of it. So, working to stop that decline, to halt it by 2030, to substantially restore nature by 2045 is the goal of the Scottish Government, and the Nature Restoration Projects highlighted today are part of that goal, of course. Foil of Childry rightly mentioned our role as global citizens, and that we should consider in our nature targets how we interact with the global community. I would really be interested in hearing more on that, as we go forward to developing our targets in the natural environment bill. Of course, how we interact with the world as global citizens is important to tackling the climate and nature emergencies. Arianne Burgess highlighted the work that volunteers and workers do all over Scotland in restoring nature. That is true whether it is tackling invasive species, trapping mink, whether it is farmers planting wildflowers down the sides of their fields. So many people in Scotland are spending their free time and their working time to restore nature in Scotland. This is something that I absolutely celebrate. Arianne Burgess also highlighted that so much of our nature restoration funding is going to rural areas, to farmers and to our coastal communities. This is creating jobs, and Arianne Burgess gave us a specific example on the Seagrass project of job creation. Also, I can give further examples. For example, the Cairngorm Connect project, our largest landscape scale restoration project, now employs more people on that nature restoration project than were previously employed when that land was under other management types, which is a direct contradiction to what Stephen Kerr is claiming, without any concrete examples brought that jobs will be lost and the number of people reduced. Arianne Burgess is exactly right. We need more people in our rural areas, more people in islands and islands to do this work. We've got peatlands to restore, we've got forests to plant, we've got wildflowers to plant, we've got rivers to remiander, we have species to monitor and we have farmers and rural communities to support. That's a lot of work, that's a lot of jobs and I'm very proud of the work that the Nature Restoration Fund is doing for nature, jobs, rural and coastal communities in Scotland. Thank you very much. Thank you minister. That concludes the debate and I'll spend this meeting until 2.30pm. Thank you.


The old Progressive's Congress, APC in River State, has revealed that the attack on the secretariat last week Wednesday was planned to disrupt its delegates' Congress ahead of the party's primaries. The party disclosed this to newsmen during a news briefing in Port Harcourt, the River State Capitol, the report. The party's publicity secretary in the state, Chris Feinborn, who debunked reports that the security men invited to disperse a crowd during the attack killed one of the protesters and said that the mob made an attempt to stop materials from leaving the party's secretariat. He said the party invited the security personnel to avoid a repeat of what happened to the party in River State in 2018. Reflecting deeply on the incident, we have come to the conclusion that the mob was deliberately assembled and sent to block the party gate as early as 6 a.m. to ensure that materials for the Congresses were not sent into the 319 walls of the Congresses. Unknown to them, there were no such materials to be moved to the walls, apart from a small sleep or recording resource in each wall. We believe the police account that no one died, despite that the patience of the police was stretched to its elastic limit by the violent conduct of the mob. The sponsors of the mob are still flying the narrative that Congresses did not take place, but much of the world now know that that is not the case. Fine Bone also said that the party is fully ready and prepared for the primaries having conducted the delicous Congress. Much to the disappointment of the mob and their sponsors, the world and FDA Congresses took place peacefully and transparently across the 319 walls fully observed by officials of the independent Electoral Commission and Security Officials, except one. And that one exception is in Assarator LGA, where the returning officers and eagles of Assarator could not do their work because of violence. Despite the unfortunate incident on Wednesday, we believe that our march towards participating in the next stage of the election airing calendar, which is the primaries who proceed at pace without elect. We hope to ultimately build on this moment to achieve our overall objective of winning the 2020 election. Party leaders from the 20 local government areas of the state attended the briefing. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


All right good to go. I think we're good to go folks and we are with that good afternoon cyber traders Welcome on back here this Monday afternoon Shortly after 2 30 p.m. Eastern time great to see Andrea John Henry all of what you had said I'm loud and clear good to good to see everybody great to know I'm good to go across the live trading room of ours Great to know we're good to go back on social media folks Facebook live or YouTube I had a big stream stream yard issue early this morning And I thought I was doing the whole show in front of you folks I finished up about 80% of it and then I realized that there is a stream yard like some tech issue I was like oh my god. All right, so we got a full house now all was back on social media Facebook live YouTube all Was back inside the live trading room. We are good to go so for right now folks Let's really just be efficient with time We have the the PYPD trade at least on the screen right now I just wrote this a moment ago Rich was mainly calling this out for us here heading into the early to mid-afternoon Ended up making this really good run probably the best trade across the whole day Right anyone jump in on this PYPD trade from earlier I know a few of us went in and out just momentarily for about 10 12 cents a moment ago But is anyone still holding on to this trade here? You know the thing that peaks my interest the most about this stock and it's the thing that I just noticed You know a moment ago is that it's a gap fill for as much as this thing got crushed back from early last week Or even from the end of the week prior heading into Labor Day weekend You know it looks like it ended up stumbling off a little bit more and then out of nowhere here heading into the early to mid-afternoon Ended up making this big squeeze up big short squeeze dead cat bounce You know and say meaning essentially for as much as this ended up getting clipped back from a week ago or so You're seeing shorts cover and with that it's making a run up. So, you know, it's a dead cat bounce It's a short squeeze don't pull your hair out trying to get the technical name for it Well, we care about here is where the iceberg orders are so right now It's not even to say that at to you would find a big level But just look up a little bit more read it to 10 even to 13 little guy up there But you know your main level to 10 as of right now for about 25 plus thousand shares So we'll put this on our watch list just to begin the PYPD trade I was kidding not actually I wasn't really kidding But I was making a light of a joke with my own trader's dyslexia here between PYPD and PXMD here. I'm gonna have a tough time trying to get them straight The PXMD ended up making a nice move as well ended up making a big pot mid-morning off of like 340 ish 350 and just out of nowhere took off like a rocket ended up making the same type of move heading into the mid-afternoon Right off of 440 445 perhaps you could save 450 there Yeah, just about 450 just about lingering underneath there for a little while and then suddenly heading into the mid-afternoon here We ended up seeing a big pot. So this still has some life left to it. It's shooting a lot of volume per minute Relatively cheap stock, you know, it hasn't totally tanked although it did briefly just break under this chart support roughly off of 485 ish just loosely kind of putting that line there Probably up a few cents more than that, but it was really holding that line pretty nicely Well, just most recently broke under it, but now it's trying to break back above it So this is still in good standing here right now PXMD. I'm gonna put this on the side list though I'll definitely come back to this at the end if it's still holding over this line here Then I'll put it on our main list. I just want to see what what else we have across the gainers and losers here coming up All right, so I'll show nrbo briefly. It's a stock below a dollar I saw what it had looked like earlier, you know It's trying to squeeze back up temporarily here But ended up doing most of its pop from the market open and then just shortly going into 12 o'clock Eastern here ended up making a break here again off of 53 cents 54 cents and ran up pretty nicely But normally we're not as keen to follow the stocks below a dollar They normally don't make as concise of a move or as good of a move So with saying that you know, we'll come back to this at the end if we need to but on the opposite side of the spectrum We have VTYX crazy stock I think the only news out on the stock if anything was coming off of an upgrade I mixed this up with another stock from earlier coming off of phase one pharma news But I think the only news on this company is that openheimer ended up Giving a new price target on this trade from 40 to 65 So, you know in the morning meeting, I was telling you folks just from a past experience Don't hold your breath waiting for that number. Don't hold your breath waiting for 65 bucks on this stock So it ended up making it like a little run earlier topped off just over 40 41 29 the high of the day There is no need to put this stock at this point on our watch list here for the afternoon if the spreads were better maybe but You know right now there's better and bigger fish in the sea to catch in this I believe All right, so we have PXMD on the main list or see I just messed it up We have PYPD on the main list PXMD here on the side list and we'll kind of just keep going through we'll definitely come back to PXMD at the end Market pulling back a little bit after the pot from the market open there So no surprise from the end of last week into this week You can't keep expecting a perfect straight trend up or balance Especially the more the markets go up in a shorter amount of time You're gonna see that eventual pullback So you could see the spies been making a series of lower highs across the day Pulling back down briefly here a bit The INM stock hey this one we did really well on from earlier It did take a while for this to you know make its break and run so from the open This was a mess it was choppy it ended up pulling back a little bit more But it ended up breaking back above big level off of 15 That was a huge level from pre-market just the amount of volume traded off of 15 heading into the open So ended up leading to a pop above 15 and just a straight run from that point made it really easy for us in that regard But you know hey You don't know when the wheels are gonna fall off on a trade like this right so looking at like the daily or weekly chart Even you can go back to the beginning of this year beginning to mid of this year March April time You know ended up bottoming out Right around 1862 1875 the close in the open respectively so generally it did break above that right, but what's the end result? Snapping right back down. It's got a big spread here in thin volume anyway So this is the exact type of stock like the other one You know you don't want to be on the the receiving end of the drop here, right? You don't want to be on the other side of the roller coaster as it's coming right back down So, you know with this one, we're gonna pass on here CLVS. Wow nice little pop heading into like the early to mid afternoon I wasn't really watching this then broke out from 135 to make a run up just about 20 cents 20 plus cents And right now it seems to be trying to make that squeak back over 150 years. We speak I'll come back to this at the tail end this and the the other one the PXM D Yeah, ID YA. It's at the high of the day right now It's actually not really treating a whole lot of volume compared to what it normally does day to day It's like just a little bit more than the average You know, of course, it's at the highs right now so that part's interesting But again, I got to treat this day like Friday from last week where gotta be picky and choosy here right now We're coming off the summer coming off of Labor Day weekend. It's not going to be an instant You know where the market starts, you know trading a ton more volume. It's like a trickle-down effect CPI numbers out on Thursday. I believe this week Fed meeting big big Fed meeting on a Wednesday next week So probably gonna see a little hesitant of a market at least until next week and we'll see what happens from that point Rgls. Hey ended up making a nice run So thankfully this ended up being one of the trades that we ended up catching from the market open It wasn't on the main morning watch list because after pre-market it made that pop and drop So you don't normally expect the run afterwards. Well, thankfully it gave us the run So we weren't late to this we were on top of this one pretty nicely Especially as it re broke back above to right over here It ended up breaking back above to broke down from it as support So truth be told when it breaks above to here right away You'd expect more of a false break more of a false breakout here more of resistance to hold Well, when it pops that price unexpectedly, that's where you have to make that switch mentally to say All right, wow It's really gonna break that and run off a little bit then maybe it could be support on the pullback right here So right over here where my cursor is that's like the moment that you look for to try and see support get tested From that point led to the next leg up on this trade But now it's making the same type of drop-off that it made from pre-market. So You know at this stage right now will pass on the RGLS But you know great trade from pre-market great trade from the market open or shortly after Trying to like go through this with the fine-tooth comb right now There's actually a bunch of different names that in one way or another over the last several months We've traded like I BRX. I remember trading like four or five months ago at one point, you know, it's at the highs right now It's trading decent volume on the day. Let me flip my Weekly back into it daily there But definitely trading a lot of volume across the day this I BRX this one looks good I like this one not really much of an iceberg key resistance sitting on the ask here for right now And that's all right, you know right now it still needs to break high the day here And we'll see what happens next But I'll bring up level four after we finish up this meeting and we'll post that in the room for all of us like Grant and Michael and then Alex etc. All right, we keep it going. We keep it moving BB IG flat as can be a bit of a dud there Let's go over to my lovely lovely neo. Oh Man this thing was a monster today And it's not to say that you hold this going into the market open You really do not you get out of your pre-market trade by like nine o'clock 915 the latest and then you readjust so after this popped when the market opened up Well, hey it blasted above resistance off of 2050 and ended up moving close to 21 at the time And at that point much like we just said before on the I think it was the I BRX where you end up seeing a big level unexpectedly get broken through All right, well the first time it comes down to it it should be support So right here it broke under back over and thankfully it held after you know I don't like seeing this hold in the layover support as long as it even did But if we're gonna have a payoff like this Then I'll take it. You know what I mean now that doesn't mean that I've been holding on to this trade all throughout the day This is like my favorite stock personally for a lot of us inside the trading room I know that you folks do pretty well on it. I ended up getting out on this trade as it was pushing up towards even 2080 I left a lot of money on the table here I ended up getting back in on this trade as it broke back up here and I ended up noting I moved my line down from it 2091 2090 is a key volume-based level So if we were led to believe that Neo was going to run higher it had to not just break above this but Really push up towards 21 and higher. I still left a lot of money on the table on this trade It was just getting flat So I ended up getting out on the second trade right off 2112 2111 and from there I stayed away So this has been popping up without me since and that's alright But hey for the afternoon there could still be a lot left here on the table to take so Neo Definitely, I'll put on our main watch list right now Take a look at a couple of the other Chinese EV companies I know that Xpev had a big move from pre-market, but hey, this one's not looking nearly as good as the Neo Lee li Not not even this one's actually down 2.2 percent compared to Friday. I mean yeah I don't know if it's Neo specific or what but this is looking really good across the whole day And we'll give it a little bit a little bit more love here across the afternoon All right, what else we got we definitely have a lot more on the gainer side here folks I know the markets have been making lower highs topping off a bit here, but there's definitely a little bit more We had the IMRA if I'm not mistaken from Friday last week and Thursday and Wednesday But you know right now it's just looking a little slow It's trying to move back up towards the highs of last week already So you know if we end up seeing this make a pop after three o'clock will likely call it out and follow it up from there but Maybe later on this week. I'm kind of imagining this can make it's bigger pop and run should it break the high back from Thursday last week We got a vya familiar name and that might just about wrap it up on the gainer side There's you know a little bit more that's up that 5% plus So if there's anything else looking really good folks type it in the chat board early type it in now And I'll come back to it at the end dice dice number eight on the loser's list down nearly 19 percent Dropping off nicely. This is a pretty sharp drop my only gripe on this trade. You know where I'm going to here It's like no real volume on the order book. So it's a nice drop right now. It could be a good short, but it's tiny volume It's tiny money We're not following the tiny money here at C2. We're following the big money, right? There's no big money to follow Probably find another stock That's all right Praxier prax it is shortable. It is a lot more liquid And it actually just broke under the VWAP most recently here So thinking out loud this could potentially be a better short but Still I want to see if there's something that is even better perhaps MOS for a $52 stock. It's pretty liquid, but the whole day. It's been in this tight range We've tell down over seven percent. This is even slower than the other one What was the other one?  So this one even worse and that's expected for a Monday here folks I tell you there's not a whole lot out there that looks, you know, great If there's anything that I completely missed any oversights. Let me know here in the chat board, you know That's how we work together as a team Got one from me then one from Andre and myself I'm looking at ARQQ just popped up on my Benzinga scanner here You know, hey just before this last little inch up. It wasn't doing anything. So I kind of overlooked this one But right now it's trying to break back above the VWAP price Just trading really thin volume though On the book trading 6.8 million shares on the total day So I got to see more out of this trade right now could be interesting but for right now pass Andre asking about the ATHX stock, you know, hey for more of an afternoon move I did overlook this one. So good call reminding me of the ATHX. It's still holding there, right? For right now, you know, so Maybe I slipped this on the back end of our watch list here the ATHX It's got a break over that 10 11,000 share order on the ask at 280. There's also a bigger one up top at 289 Then Andre also says Peloton.  This looks really nice right now I mean that beautiful trend. Yeah, I wish he was actually trading a lot more volume per minute Compared to what it's actually trading because when you look at the order book here It's got to take a lot more for it to cut through, you know, the 14k at 96 22k at 98 and etc at 11 But really good call on Andre. I like this one Peloton Michael says path near the high of the day and then Michael D says Peloton has been moving up the last few days as well Path is moving up and is trading some good volume across the day and per minute right now It's like right at the highs It's getting pretty close to completing the gap fill here, isn't it? Bottom down at 1555 closed at 59. It's only a few cents away from that here So I'll put this on our list as well. It looks great. It would be hard for me to not put this on our list Just be a little mindful of The low slash close back from last week here Because I could top off there today on the intraday chart complete the gap PxMD coming back to this one here at the end It looks like it broke back under that line off of like 487 ish 486 ish and with that Big ass shake down. I mean really just shook right down to the VWAP So, you know our last call on this would be to see if the VWAP holds its support right off of 465 I'm gonna scratch this from putting this on our main list just yet But if we end up seeing it pushing back up later on I'm sure that Rich will call it out as he comes on the mic at three o'clock here We got the CLVS trade and this will likely do it here folks The CLVS trade it's kind of just sluggish right now. It's holding over 150 briefly It's closer to the highs than it is the lows. That's for sure. All right I'll put this one on our main list, I guess. All right, so that wraps things up folks in total We got two four six seven stocks to work with and then I think that just about does it there I apologize again for all of some social media Facebook live YouTube I was covering for Fausto this morning tagging in for him as he is in Florida not on vacation It's actually pretty nice here coming off the weekend though So I'm probably enjoying the nice weather, but he's actually doing the DTI Tom Busby on-site class again So I know that he's trading live down there with a bunch of Tom's students and Tom Busby himself So, you know aside from that, I know that he'll be back on Wednesday I believe at least for all of us on social media and inside the live trading room to do the meetings But we had a little bit of an issue this morning of StreamYard So I thought I was good to go across the whole meeting and never got recorded Ended up fixing said issue so we are good to go now though folks So if you have any questions feel more than free to send it over through email josh at c2 trading calm is my email I always like to post it at the end of the streams here If you were interested in joining our live trading room continuing the audio commentary that we have again I'd said that rich one of our instructors will be on the mic right at 3 p.m. Eastern taking us into the clothes Just go right down to the link on the yellow banner below if you're on social media Facebook Live at YouTube That is just on the stream right there to get yourself started But for Grant for Andre Michael Kathleen Leda Henry Robert John Andrea I look forward to chatting with you folks coming up a little bit I'm gonna jump on to a coaching call coming up at 3 o'clock myself with one of her students I'll be chatting away though inside the trading room though at least here folks. I'll talk to you all soon Come a cyber group member today Just click the link below and receive all these amazing products and a world of knowledge We're just nine dollars do it today


The biggest challenge was the language barrier, but since we have this resource at university, it helped me a lot to overcome this barrier. My biggest challenge here is the weather, so there are four seasons here, so I have to be prepared with my clothing. The higher standards of education, and it requires a lot of time and effort as well in preparing your assessments. To find that accommodation is not that easy, you have to do a lot of searching, apply, apply inspections. It will make you stressed sometimes, but take it easy, you'll get it. I don't know where the bus stopped because, I mean, they didn't announce where to stop, so I just have to guess. Finding private accommodation, it's just a lot of different laws which are not practiced in my home country, and you need to do your research to just navigate through all of them. You need to be very careful in managing yourself. Slowly, you'll forget about your assignment, you'll slowly forget about your schedule's agenda, so this self-management is really important.


Harry Harrison's best-known book was first serialized in Astounding magazine in 1960. It's about the planet Pyrus, which is rich in mineral resources and also teaming with life.  Everything is radioactive. There are earthquakes and volcanoes everywhere, severe weather. It's a nightmare, but there's a small human colony there that's determined to take advantage of the mining potential there. They live behind massive walls that are under constant assault by waves of screaming animals and plants. And visiting Pyrus requires a great deal of training and a specialized environment suit because in addition to everything else, the gravity is twice earth normal. The Death World series are not great literature to be sure, but they are fun and memorable. You can support 30 Seconds Sci-Fi and my other projects by becoming a patron. There's a link in the description below. And visit the 30 Seconds Sci-Fi Tumblr, that's my headquarters. In addition to my videos, I publish links and updates there every day.