Hello, my name is Marcus Brandt. I'm the head of mission of international idea in Myanmar and I'm here today with my colleague and friend Boudicarchi who is a senior advisor constitutional lawyer for international idea in Nepal and we will be talking about lessons learned and experiences from Nepal's process of introducing and implementing a federal Constitution and we hope that this will be interesting for an audience in Myanmar But maybe beyond the country as well Woody you are here in Bangkok today sharing information sharing experiences with our colleagues about the the experience that you've built up in the last 15 years or so we work together in UNDP many years ago now We're both with international idea and you have seen in Nepal the process of Designing conceptualizing a federal constitution and have now seen seven years of Practical experience of turning that into reality. I Wanted to ask you a few questions and thank you also for taking the time and sharing your your insights What would you say in general are the key takeaways from this process? Has it been a success has it been a failure or is it too early to say? Thank you Marcus You know, it's a it's a fascinating experience of you know being involved in eight years of constitution making and seven years of Constitution implementing and I feel really really fortunate to be a part of it and Having a sort of ringside view in the Constitution making process It's a fascinating process. It's and then Being involved in that constitution implementing process is even more fascinating Going to your question What are the major takeaways and whether I? Take this constitution as a successor failure There are so many takeaways, you know, we have such a thrilling constitution making Experience, you know, the process started in 2007 2006 and then the first Constituent Assembly was elected in May 2008 Which was supposed to make a constitution in two years time, but it took four years And then the Constituent Assembly got dissolved in without producing a constitution in 2012 May and of course it started after a ten-year violent conflict that had torn the country apart a lot of trauma a lot of Displacement a lot of killing so it was the culmination of a peace process That led to the demand for a federal inclusive Constitution. Yes, exactly That's why you know that for a year of Constitution making after that violent Conflict of ten years Conflict where you know around seven thousand people lost their lives and so many displaced and Whatever and then two years of painful that early peace process and then elections then four years of that Constitution making exercise and suddenly, you know Constituent Assembly Dissolved without put it producing a constitution a lot of people got disappointed and they thought that constitution That that Constituent Assembly was a failed Constituent Assembly But I don't agree because a lot of issues were resolved during that four-year Constitution making process then we got another election second Constituent Assembly was elected and in second Constituent Assembly was was able to produce a constitution in In less than two years time So we got our new federal democratic Constitution in 2017 and then the first elections took place of all spears of government and then recently we had a second Local government elections and in November we are We are having the second federal and provincial elections so If you see all this thing in You know, I mean we have got a lot It was really a very because I am a competitor's you are a competitor's From competitive prospects perspective, you know Nepal's Constitution making process overall peace process Although there are certain issues yet to be resolved But I would consider the Constitution making peace process a really a successful process And overall one can say at least peace has been maintained. Yes The monarchy has shifted successfully to a Republican form of government the Democratic form of government. Yes, and many Steps have been made towards inclusion and participation. Yes, and secularism of course That's a very important element secularism Republicanism in a country like Nepal, you know 20 years ago You wouldn't have imagined that one day Nepal would be a Republic of federal country a secular country and an inclusive Nepal would be much more inclusive society so and peace was restored and Most importantly, you know, we never had that that threat of going back to another conflict. So Up to the Constitution making I I feel that Nepal's peace process and Constitution making process was highly successful Because it results so many issues that Nepali society had been having for centuries and then you know Whether you know federalism or the new Constitution is successful or not It's too early to say It's too early to judge Many people in Nepal feel that you know federalism has not walked well But what I say being a part of the implementation of this Constitution and Supporting federalization process again, we have to see in a comparative perspective If you see that the countries which adopted federalism to address certain issues related to diversity No country has been as successful as Nepal federalism has in early five six years so In Nepal the problem is you know in 70 years time. This is our seventh Constitution We changed the Constitution as one changes the court and We never give the system to properly function. We never give time for the system to be tested and too early we We made the judgment that okay system is not working But I think you know There Nepali federalism is federalization process has too many objectives and it's it's Natural that initially, you know federalism is a compact system as you know, Ron Watts Very eloquently says a country The federalism is not difficult actually a complex system federalism is adopted because The the issues are complex. So if a system is designed to solve the complex problems You know, it's not easy. I mean, that's why I think Nepal's federalization process is really going to write directions. Although there are certain issues That needs to be resolved like, you know Sometimes we feel that, you know, it's too early the federalization process is more democratization process in Nepal More devolution process of devolution process of decentralizing political devolution political decentralizing and somewhere, you know, there is a recentalization de facto recentalization process because you know conservative forces the bureaucracy certainly wants to Wants to Recentralize it more which is natural. So one of the interesting features is of course that the federal constitution not only created a federal tier of government but Constitutionalized three tiers of government three spheres of government the federal the provincial as well as the local and I think the creation of a very strongly constitutionalized Own sphere of local government is perhaps one of the most interesting Also from a comparative perspective. So would you how would you see and describe the relationship between these three tiers of government? Yeah, this is I think among the federal countries also There are fewer federal countries where the constitution establishes recognizes Local government as third sphere of government. So we in Nepal we Established a three-spare federal structure with constitutionally distributed Exclusive and concurrent powers and then a design to you know state powers power has been Devolved in three spheres of government and to exercise these state powers the state resources also constitutionally designed Through constitutionally designed process the state resources are distributed among these three spheres of government and You are right to that. There are very few federal countries with such a powerful constitutionally established powerful local governments with the jurisdiction Competence to provide deliver the services as well as deliver the development So our local governments not only provide You know Deliver the services that national government Decides to distribute it to the people but it also has development Competencies so the roads and the drinking water building schools and hospitals Health posts come under the jurisdiction of local government. So these are very very powerful local governments constitutionally even from the federal perspective also and recently, you know our first Local governments completed their tenure and we had the second election look election of second local government and if you compare How these three spheres of government have been functioning in the last five years? Whether they are functioning according to the path the Constitution has in this is I would say that local governments have been more More successful compared to provincial and federal government to actually deliver to actually, you know deliver the Deliver of the What people have expected? I mean local governments are the government of I would say that real government of people They are the government closest to the people and The local government representatives live among the people unlike provincial or federal parliamentarian You know when they get elected they move to a provincial or federal Capital but the local government representatives live among them and They have been doing pretty well. There are issues because you know, they are they are the new constitutionally designed governments with new responsibilities with a lot of challenges with high expectations of people because you know for Decades, you know, Nepalese people were living so far from the government So past five years Nepalese people are living closer to the government and getting services From the government. They are closer to people. There are issues. I mean the capacity of local government We can we can question because you know, a lot of local government representatives are not formally educated or well educated But overall, you know, I would say in five years time Nepal's local governments can be termed the most successful governments in And that's also of course very interesting because a lot of the original demand for federalism came out of Decades or centuries of the feeling of marginalization of exclusion and the agenda to to be non discriminatory to be inclusive was very much packed into that original push for federalism and what is interesting is that the elements of inclusion and diversity and Equal representation were also baked into the design for local government And this is really interesting if you could tell us a bit more about how that has actually Shaped up and and how that has been designed and also what you have been doing to to further develop this kind of process Yeah, to understand the demand where the demand of federalism comes and how the Constitution has incorporated these demands and aspirations of people we have to go a little Deep into how Nepali Constitution has addressed this, you know Nepali peace process that the two key tools of Nepali peace process is a Constitution through a Constituent assembly elected by the people So which means that Participatory Constitution making and the aim of that participatory Constitution making was to make to restructure the state So that you know the discrimination Various forms of discrimination that existed in Nepali society could be could be addressed Eliminated through the state. That's why state restructuring was the key you know tool to address this discrimination So in the state restructuring there are various strengths of state restructuring one is federalization another is inclusion and another is you know restructuring the electoral process right, and then there are a lot of fundamental rights that that You know addresses the discrimination there are rights of woman rights of deletes and rights of Janjati is Are guaranteed in the fundamental rights of the electoral system is reformed as a mixed electoral system Which ensures 33% of woman representation and representation of Dalit and Janjati's and other marginalized historically marginalized communities as per the Population it's a mix of proportional system and personal system and fast past the post system. That's why you know our Assemblies from federal level to a provincial level to local level assemblies are really inclusive There is 33% of woman representation in House of representative of federal parliament lower house of federal parliament and Provincial assemblies 35% of woman representation is insured in national assembly upper house of the federal parliament 40% of woman representative is insured in local government. So along with this, you know, they're the Inclusiveness in bureaucracy in police force in army force all these are insured, you know ample Representation of woman and deletes and other marginalized groups. So inclusion Reform in the electoral system and then distributing the state powers in three spheres of government that is Whole that is the state restructuring in Nepal and these all things and along with a lot of social and economic rights Along with civil and political rights as fundamental rights, right? So this is how the whole are you know a Design to address the century long Discrimination was designed. So yeah And what have been the Let's say insights when you look back now ten years ago What would you say should have been paid more attention to or what should have been more prioritized during that? Preparatory period or planning period before the enactment of the new constitution or if you look for example to Myanmar Which is several years behind that kind of process in designing a new federal structure What key advice would you give on what is important to focus on at this point? Well, you know, we have as I earlier Discussed about the painful and long prolonged constitution making process, you know Nepal being a very very diverse country having you know over 120 caste ethnic groups and speaking 125 Linguist dialects a very diverse country with very diverse Espirations expectations from people, you know people had real high expectations while designing Fidelism people thought that you know designing federalism according to the wish they According to what they wanted would solve all of their problems and everybody major Federalized the federalism forces pro-fedalist forces were very much stuck into the names numbers and boundaries of the provinces And that was one of the major regions why first Constituent Assembly did not produce the Constitution because the political forces could not agree on name names numbers and boundaries of the provinces Looking back what I feel is very little Time effort energy was invested in distribution of state powers What what should be the powers of federal? Government what should be the power of provincial government? What should be the power of local government very little time and effort and energy was invested and because of that, you know one of the I mean there are I'm not saying that Nepali constitution is perfect Nepali constitution is adequately federal to begin with and you know because The amendment of constitution there there are demands of amendment of constitution The constitutional amendment process in a federal country is Naturally very complex and in Nepal it's even even more complex But what I think is that if we Move this Properly a lot of structural problems can can be solved through a right process You know through federalization process we can we can um, you know, um Repair them for example, you know If somebody says that why 33 percent woman representation why not uh, why not 50 percent because woman make more than 50 percent of the population But the constitution does not stop you to make it 50 percent or 70 percent, right? Then there are so many other other issues, but what is the major Problem we are facing in Nepali federalization process is that very sort of Not well thought distribution of state powers There is a lot of you know, we have five lists of competencies And these these competencies of federal provincial local level government are At times very overlap a lot And that makes the conflict as earlier you asked what site of relationship all these three spares of government share You know in any federal country in the federal the the Intergovernmental relationships evolve During the course of federalization process In america, for example, you know until 1950s I think there was no formal law to regulate the intergovernmental relationship in american federalism But in new federalism like us, you know, we have got a lot of Intergovernmental mechanisms in the constitution and there is a federal law that that has designed the various Structures and mechanism to maintain the intergovernmental relationship Politically, you know if you say because the Because the distribution of power is not very clear cut and there is a lot of overlapping The especially the relationship with local government and province between local government and provincial government is not very pleasant You know the federal government and local government they share good relationship There is not much complaint but provincial and local government relationship is not very good And provincial and federal Government relationship also is very second. There are several Gases in the constitutional bench of supreme court filed by provinces because the federal laws Because they claim that federal laws increase the provincial jurisdiction So these are in the early phase of federalization process. This is natural And you have that in even long standing established federal, of course I mean the whole american federal system is actually the the tension between federal and state government The the supreme court plays a lot of role the the judicial process and political process and legislative process the federal system moves ahead But in nepal, this is more complex the relationship is more complex and there are a lot of risks because The constitution makers did not give ample Importance and time while Distributing designing the distribution of state powers So nepali masses to the new the the countries which are going through federal design I would say that The most important thing While making constitution federal constitution is the distribution of state power among various spheres of government That is the most important thing and every day while you know implementing that constitution You will face that That that determines whether The federalization process is smooth or not. No matter how clearly you did You you distribute the power there is always tension for example in america There is there is not much ambiguity because there is enumerated list And then all other residual as a residual power goes to the state But still there are hundreds of cases every year that go to the supreme court You cannot Distribute the state powers in a watertight way But you can do a lot to make it less ambiguous right in our case We didn't do that well Other thing I would say, you know with the time it will it will improve But distribution of powers Is very very complicated because the constitution makers did not give much attention Care and importance to that distribution of power. So what I would say ultimately in a longer run You know name of the Of the province or a state or a constituent unit may give you some abstract sense of satisfaction Right number of provinces might be later on Become irrelevant especially for the people not for the elites But for the people name might not in a long run matter Number might not several of the provinces still don't have a name Yes, one of the provinces still does not have the name and people are people don't complain, right This is the failure of the provincial government because the constitution has given the authority to name the province To the provincial assembly provincial government and that is the failure of provincial government But people don't much care. What people care is what type of services they are getting from federal government What type of governance they are getting from provincial government and federal government and local government ultimately What matters is what role The constitution gives to the provincial government and local government and federal government and what people get from them That's why distribution of powers. I would say is very very important and where we did pretty well in other aspects Inclusion Redeigning the electoral system federalization. We did a pretty good job But in the distribution of powers. I think we we could have done much better Let us end maybe on an observation From your work with local government on inclusion As you say, this is one of the maybe success stories of the whole project Of building a new constitution and could you say in what way these This new space for participation for women for dali. It's for local communities How that has impacted the quality of democratic culture at the local level And in what way does that change in a way? The the nature of napal as it as a democratic society Yeah, you know a napalic constitution invises to build a sort of egalitarian society where you know everyone lives With dignity With his or her one identity with dignity An egalitarian society where no discrimination exists And it's very sort of very ambitious You know objective to achieve But if you see napal's local government The local governments are really inclusive Because there is a 40 percent representation of women is ensured Mayor or and deputy mayor At least one female You know representation is ensured And even in the executive because if you see in napali, you know, although the constitution says that all state organs must be shall be Shall be inclusive But it gives the number only in the assembly parliament 33 percent of women And the janjati jan dal is all are represented but the the the executive the cabinet Is not inclusive, you know, there is no 33 percent of women and others In provincial assembly Inclusion is ensured but again executive if you see executive is not that inclusive But in local government Inclusion is ensured in the executive also in making government where decisions are made Collectively the mayor cannot dictate although in practice still mayor may dictate but later on slowly, you know that will change so the local governments in napal In I think every local governments are the real governments of people because they are they they are closest to the people And the government representatives live with the people and they are very closely They can be they are scrutinized by people and whatever they do the people know In in our local government, you know, although there are issues of corruption and all But it is very difficult for a local government represented to be corrupt For example, if a local government representative if a mayor for example, although the mayor does not make a procurement The mayor decides the procurement make the decision and the bureaucrats procures the The decision the the goods But people know the price of a chair for example, right? so our local governments are In the real sense, they are the government of people, which is very inclusive. I mean there is the 40 percent of representation is ensured in local government and even in the executive Yeah, woman woman's representation 40 percent woman's representation is ensured and local governments are basically, you know, the Who is who gets elected is the people the community who has majority Inclusion is there. I mean and decisions are made collectively. Yeah, and decisions are made collectively even the executive is Inclusive there are at least four or five woman Members in the executive. There are two deletes Delete members in executive and the decisions are made collectively the decisions have to be made in majority I mean our local government operation act prescribes that Decisions as much as possible make the decision in consensus and if consensus is not achieved than majority Which means that sometimes decisions may be made could be made Without the without the consent of the mayor So, you know, they are really really inclusive local governments Although, you know, I I I won't say that all local governments The decisions are made collectively But because of the system, uh, you know, slowly these women and deletes are Asserting their roles in they were never in decision-making table earlier Now they are in the decision-making table and then there are a lot of that's why the the real support to federalization process in Nepal Is to support these representatives from women and delete and marginalized communities to Go to the table decision-making table and play that role That's why international idea what international idea is doing one of the things international idea is doing is Supporting the local government representatives to take part in that political deliberation While making decisions That's why and and this is working very well now. We have in past five years. We have generated a lot of lessons From the work we have been doing in several local governments of several provinces where if you You know, these local government representatives, especially women deletes and from marginalized communities They might not be well educated But when you explain them their roles and responsibilities and help them How they can play this role, they don't need to be educated, you know, because they know The issues of their community much more than any expert would know Only the thing they only the help they need is how to bring these issues to the decision-making table How to present these issues? In in a reasoned way with evidences and if you help them This, you know, then they can challenge the mayor and other, you know, dominant members to To be lesioned. So this is this is working pretty well Well, thank you very much for sharing this and this gives us some good insights on how it is possible Through a participatory constitution building process to bring democracy to the local level in a Poor conflict affected society and this may be some inspiration for other countries such as in Myanmar as well and hopefully we will be able to Follow your process your progress and share more such experiences also with our friends in Myanmar Thank you Marcus. It's It was pleasure talking to you. I mean, yeah Nepal, you know We when we were designing our constitution, although it took eight years Eight long years I think we did not you know, look at Other similar countries we although we looked at South Africa But we didn't go there our constitution makers travel throughout the world But they didn't go to the country which went through the similar process and you know, which were similar I think we can we can have a lot of Nepal from Nepal Nepali process of constitution making and constitution implementing I think there are relations to be learned But as a competitor to you, you know, I know that competitive knowledge has strengths You can help take help of competitive knowledge Identifying the issues understanding them But to solve the issue competitive knowledge Does not help or should not competitive knowledge should not be taken to solve the The issues but again, uh, you know, uh I'm sure there is a lot of uh Space to learn from Nepali process to understand the issues to identify the issues and understand the issues and take You know lessons from not only what has walked in Nepali process But what hasn't uh today as I said, I was there for eight years in constitution making process After supporting the federalization process constitution implementation process for five years Now I think if I were there I would have done certain things differently or I would have suggested the politicians to do certain things differently, so I'm sure There is something to learn from Nepali process and it's a real pleasure talking to you We'll certainly continue the conversation Yes, uh, we want to thank you for watching today and if you're interested in the, uh Constitution building process in Myanmar, but also in Nepal We encourage you to contact us or check on our website And we hope that this was interesting for you and that you will Continue to follow us. Thank you


And now the man of the hour, the man of every hour, our great leader, our great moral leader, as well as our great leader in economics and in politics and philosophy, Dr. Ron Paul. Thank you, Ron. Thank you, Lou. Thank you, Ron. Very nice. Thank you very much. As Lou's leaving the stage, I might mention one thing that I don't have a speech because that Tom Woods tricked me today. He tricked me and I gave my speech already. That's what you have to always watch those media people. They know how to handle it. So I have to think up a new speech, but I might have a few words to say because I always argue that the crowd makes the speech. And we have a good crowd here today, so I might be able to wing it a little bit, but I am so pleased to be here. And I have to be very thankful for all the support and especially for Lou's very nice introduction and his statement. And of course, Scott Horton has done a little bit of work on that subject, too, all of you have. And I think one has to be cautious about helping their head gets because I don't think you gain a whole lot from that. And the people frequently at rallies would come up to me when I was still in Congress. And they would say, Ron, you're the best congressman in Washington. And that's compliment. But I would have to get a little easy. And I say, yeah, but just think the competition isn't all that tough. So we have to be a look at it in the proper perspective. One thing in Washington that people often would ask me about Washington is, how come I just never got really frustrated? Because I was there for six years, seven years. I had three terms. And then that was in the early 80s and late 70s. And there were various personal reasons for that. I really didn't like the job. I really didn't think I was going there in the first place. And I was missing medicine. And I still had kids in school. And a few things like that. So I just said, I think I'll go back. I gave it a pitch. And then I was out for 12 years and practiced medicine for that time. But the frustration level is I never felt that frustrated because I never had the same goals set as others. The first thing that happens when you get to Washington is the leadership of your party comes, especially if they're in charge. What committees you went on? And what are you going to give me? If we put you on this committee, what can you promise you'll do for this? And I listed my committees and this sort of thing. But that was not my goal. I had enough seniority if you looked at it, the old fashioned seniority. I had a lot of years eventually. I went back in 1997 and was there until 2013, so I had a lot of seniority prior, a lot more than the ones that ran the committees. But there was absolutely no desire on my part to get there because I knew what it would take. You'd have to deal with lobbyists. You'd have to deal with leadership. You'd have to vote according to leadership. I often wonder, I would kid some of them, but it was serious on my part. There would be a group of us that would vote together, six or eight or so, pretty solidly with the Constitution. In one day, one of the members of the groups voted the wrong way. He was voting with the leadership position. And I said, what's the matter? We're losing you. How come you're voting this way? He says, I'm in leadership now. So he was directed how to go. But to be a chairman of a committee, I don't know how many millions I can't keep up. It's not a million dollars you need to raise for the party. It might be 10. It might be $20 million. You'd actually have to talk to lobbyists and get that money. That, to me, I had no desire for. But I also never had any desire for the confrontation. My personality, some who do very well and they vote well. But personally, I just didn't enjoy confrontation. I didn't want to get into some battle over who's going to get nominated for speaker and this sort of thing. And there was no interest at all for me to do that. So I actually just had goals of, in a social way, just talking to people and asking about their kids or something else. I didn't want to get into it because I didn't see a victory in that. The victory, to me, was always thinking about you. And getting a message out, I know last time, the first time I was in, a lot of financial newsletters were going out to gold newsletters because of the excitement of gold in the 70s. And I communed that way with a lot of people. But I was always thinking of another audience and realized that the audience was in Washington. And the other one other thing that I came to a conclusion to on this was the two-party system. And my topic today is two parties. Who really cares? Doesn't make a difference. And a lot of people, people outside of Washington, would come up to me. And media people would come up when the third party idea came up. And they said, well, do you think we should have a third party? And I said, yeah, I think, matter of fact, though, but I think we have to get a second party first. But I am a member of two parties, even though I'm not a very party person. I don't belong to the Democrat Party, but I do belong to the Republican Party, technically speaking, and to the Libertarian Party. And when I joined the Libertarian Party, I joined as a lifetime member. And I paid with my membership with one ounce of gold. But the parties are very secondary. And I would get into trouble with the Republican Party when I thought, I indicated, the party is very secondary. It's a vehicle. It's the way you do things. But they're not very philosophic, either party, even though that's a lot of what they make of the noise that they talk about. But I thought it was better not to be in a confrontation with people. It was more that part. I sort of separated my mind. That was a social thing. And the other part was I wasn't much interested in it because I never wanted to get into a fight that the results had no meaning. And that's about what goes on up there long term. Just which parties in charge and head of the committee, it really didn't make a lot of difference. In 2012, there was a convention. And we were doing very well. But we didn't get all our votes kind of. They slipped through the cracks some place. So our votes weren't kind of. But we had our own convention. I think we had probably as many maybe more than were at the other convention. And there was a lot of excitement. Of course, I remember giving my probably very typical speech at the time and typical political speech would be 45 minutes or an hour. I'm not going to go that long today. Don't worry. It would be, and I think that day it was an hour and 15 minutes because there was a lot of excitement, a lot of people. And somebody from the media came up to me and they said, you've talked for an hour and 15 minutes and you never once mentioned the opposition, Obama or Mitt Romney. And I said, who are they? To me, I didn't do it deliberately. I wouldn't do that. I'm a nice person. So I excluded them because they didn't seem to be that important. And but they said that you never mentioned their name. But concentrating on what I thought was important in a scheme of things long term, I think it'll turn out that they're fairly irrelevant. And I think people like you who think and have ideas, people who support the Mises Institute and these other groups, I think that's what has real value. And that is where I can get energized and not expect a political fight there. So I wasn't kind of out for politics. I didn't like those kind of fights. I never thought that I could be successful. So I was always surprised how well we did. But I tend to think that people shouldn't be arrogant and boastful and that people should think that a little bit of humbleness doesn't hurt you. And at times I learned that in campaigning. I don't know if my wife has arrived here today. But she might be, yeah, I hear she is in the back there. She snuck in. But she would do a lot to humble me, not by lecturing me, but just getting recognition. But I remember one time when we were in our district here and we were leaving a restaurant and I was in the car driving and she was sitting next to me. I see a lady coming out of the restaurant running over toward the car. So I rolled my wind down. She didn't even stop. She went immediately over to the other side. She wanted to talk to my wife. Boy, I lectured her after that. There's a limit to how much of this you can do. I'm a congressman. But she was pretty important in all of that. Because in 1997, 1996 and 7, that was the campaign I had been on for 12 years. And the Republicans weren't anxious to have me back. I couldn't understand it. Because I'm an ice guy and I never fought with them. But boy, they didn't want me back. So I went to the group of Republicans by that time. When I first went to Washington, there were three Republicans in all of Texas. And at this time, there were about 15. So the Republican Party was growing. So I went and had a meeting with this group. And that was when Delay and Army were in charge of the Texas delegation. So it was a courtesy call. This is what I'm thinking about doing. There was a Democrat in the seat. And I usually didn't fight over leadership positions. I said, they shouldn't expect that. And I would give the Republican a vote on leadership. So I went in there thinking, well, I can sell them this. Look, I think I can beat this Democrat you had in there. I think we can make this a Republican seat. And I'm thinking about running. But you know, I was shocked after I decided that I was going to run. The seat changed a lot sooner than I realized. I went and bribed the guy to switch over to become a Republican. And they gave him everything. So to my surprise, everybody else, because I didn't think I could overcome that, because Newt Gingrich came to campaign against me. Both Bush's campaign against me. Both Senators' campaign against me. And I think the House of Representatives had about 65 House of Representatives donate some of their campaign money to beat me on this. So I thought, well, I was sort of, you know, stoic about the whole thing and let it be what has to be. But then we did accomplish that and we won that seat. But it was something that probably was a big surprise to them and to me. But it also says something because the whole issue was I had been a libertarian in 1988. And one of my issues, because even then, that I thought was so ruthless was the war on drugs. And I took this very strong position of abolishing the war on drugs.  It's gonna be the war on drugs, you know. So the Republican, then I had to have a Republican primary race and the establishment, the NRCC put in the money and did so many other things.  But how these drugs are hurting babies and we counteracted that by me delivering a baby and holding a newborn and nobody believed their demogonking about what harm I was going to do to these kids. But they spent a million dollars and they then win. And you'd think that would tell the Democrats then I had to run against a Democrat. But they said nobody can be against the war on drugs in the 1990s, maybe today they can. But back then nobody was opposed to it. They all opposed it, you know. And they would tell me that we'd have token votes in Washington. They said, I know you're right, but oh, I couldn't handle how would I explain this to my district? So the Democrats spent a million dollars too and it didn't do them any good. And it was still a pretty strong Democratic district in many ways. But it is something that you just don't know. And I came out of that with the conclusion that a lot more people had been damaged, families damaged by the drug law. That was back when it was not unheard of to take teenagers and put them in prison with hardened criminals and just make real criminals out of them. And I think all you'd have to do is have one individual treated that way and how many family members and neighbors would understand the stupidity of the whole thing. So I think that was lying there, but nobody ever talked about it. But I have to give Carol a little bit credit for this too, because she really worked on the assumption she didn't know too much about this political stuff. She was interested in raising kids and girl scouts and all those things.  And I said, what are we gonna do? She says, well, you know, I think we should do a family cookbook. I said, family cookbook. Who wants to care about our family cook and our recipe? Because some of them had too much fat in them or something. So she said, no, we should do that. And she put this together. And I said, nobody wants this. They wanna hear me talking about the Federal Reserve. And the exchange stabilization fund. But anyway, I caved in pretty easily. I said, go ahead, do it. But there was really nothing political about it, except it was shrewd politics. So she took pictures of our kids and some were married, some weren't, and little ones and big ones. And she'd take pictures of each one and put the kids together and have a little note about each one of them. Now, they're strangers. What do they care about our family? And so I made fun of it a bit. And I made fun of this at Republican rallies afterwards. I said, I did it. And I said, we went along with it. And I said, I have to admit, it turned out to be the best political outrage or political advertising we ever did. People loved it. And it makes a point though, that even in spite of how important philosophy is, and I put it way up here, dawn confrontation and getting along with people and being friends with people go a long way too, because most people don't pay much attention. And that's why a personal approach, if you're involved in politics, is pretty important. And it turned out that that had a lot to do with changing the attitudes because after what she described how wonderful our family was and we do have a wonderful family, they said, this guy can't be a drug dealer. So we took care of that. So the issue during the campaign was whether or not we should have a strong president and we don't want a weak president. A strong president is one that knows how to fight wars and a strong president sometimes gets credit if they even start the wars because sometimes people say, you have to be a wartime president. And I think there was a Bush that claimed that one time. I need a war to be a wartime president, which is pretty bad as far as bad morality I think. So the strong president is usually just signed with militarism, law and order, crack down, control people and all that. Some people think if you're strong you take away the guns from the people and you give it to the bureaucrats. It's all kind of a mixed bag of a strong president. But I think that there's a different type of strength and I think that's what we see in the philosophic group. The strength, I hadn't met Murray and Mises and Sennholds and Haslett, all these people. And they were strong people of character. To me, that's where I thought the strength came from not in this political demagoguing and we hear that. So resisting this temptation and pressure, resisting the deep state that gets the organization there to put pressure on the politician like in the drug war. They did admit that drug wars were bad but they were convinced that it would hurt their political career and they had to do it. So I think of strength in politics as the willingness to stand for what you believe in and not be intimidated and it's not a violent confrontation. It's just a philosophic strength and that's distinguished from that of the people who are militant and think that the greatness of American exceptionalism is our willingness to spread our goodness around the world and have the people accept our way. Well, I don't happen to accept that. I think that's a terrible thing to do and I believe that America is a great country, has been, has some great ideals. But if they're worth anything, we as a people should be practicing those qualities and people should want to emulate us and then I think we could spread the goodness of American rather than thinking you spread it with guns and killing and wars. You know, I want to just mention a few things that does motivate me and I mentioned that a little bit earlier when Tom was quizzing me about what my speech was all about. The thing that I really find as a great selling point about liberty is that it's not divisive and it brings people together. You say, what do you mean? You know, how can you bring these far leftists? Well, some you can't do it, but some conservatives you can't do it either. But people with an open mind, you can and there are people from the left or whatever you can call them, but honest progressives, progressives who believe in civil liberties and believe in a non-confrontational foreign policy. So you can reach people, but what people have to realize that in liberty the government is out of the way. People get to choose totally and completely how they're gonna use their liberty. And the hardest thing to accept is the fact that once you get your liberty, the responsibilities is on that individual, on all of us to do what we think is right and you can't depend on the government.  Shouldn't the government be there to take care of you? And I say, no, you should suffer the consequences of what should happen if you waste your liberty. And this whole idea that you have to have government there to make it safe and secure, whether it's socially, religious-wise or economically, this isn't true. People should be allowed to use their liberty any way they want. That means that in a free country, you can have any religion you want and you don't have to have one if you don't want. And you say, well, you don't care? Yeah, I care, but I just don't think the government should be involved. And that's a big difference. And if you have personal, moral and religious beliefs, they should be expressed in your own way in a voluntary manner, but not through the government. The government shouldn't be there for that. The government should be there for one thing, and that is the preservation of liberty so that we can make our own decisions about our life, our money, and allow in other countries to do the same thing. But bringing together means that the crowds should be diverse. The more diverse they are, I think the better. But the problem really is, is that their diversity that the opposition wants means they want the upper hand in what we do. And I think the best answer for people that talk about this is if the, see, I believe socialism should be legal. What the heck? There's been socialist type, you know, enclaves, but they should be legal. But they don't have a right to make you participate in their socialism. So a good libertarian society should tolerate people who believe in economic socialism. They should be allowed to do that, but they're not allowed to use force to do this. And that's, of course, if you're a, the conventional wisdom of socialist is, no, we don't want any voluntary capitalism. We need your money. And that's the whole thing. They want to use force. And they have all the guns. We should work much harder at talking about getting rid of guns. I think guns need control. We need to really crack down on the guns that are used to modify our lives. That means I want to eliminate all the guns of all the federal bureaucrats in the whole country. So we're for gun controls, but we're for self-reliance too and self-defense. So that's a big difference. And yet today, every year, we have more and more police force. And not only do we have the federal police force, we have the militarization of local police departments now too.  But this was a consequence and still probably is to a degree of the war on drugs. You know, you need tanks to go after these bad guys and they have all kinds of equipment. And so that's the opposite of a voluntary society. So I think of volunteerism as a good example of what we should do. If we have our freedoms, all associations are okay. One strong rule is no lying, no cheating, no stealing and no killing. That's not too complicated. You know how long that's been around? Probably about four or 5,000 years, they've been talking about that. So why aren't we doing better at this? And one thing I think has happened over the years is technologically, think of what has happened in technology, especially the last 200 years, especially in the last 100 years, especially in the last 30 years and it's moving rapidly. And so often who gets control of it or helps design it and that is the government. You think of, I remember at the end of Second World War when the jet aircraft came out and they were talking about, well, they'll be, and they did, they made jet fighters, one of the first things. You know, the first wheel was discovered and used probably 30,000 years BC. And it was, the first wheel was a potter's instrument to make pottery. And the first wheel for movement was used on chariots, military chariots. So it's this moral attitude that so much is conceited to the government, too much power to the government and technology is used so much to perpetuate what they're doing. Even today, just think how much money goes into the military and all this technology.  I think it's wonderful, but I don't like the part where they're in bed with the government. They just collect information for the government and that's getting worse. You know, this super patriot act that's coming in, they're going to accumulate more and more information ever and the attorney general and the president all for this thing because we have to find out the potential bad people and put them away without trial. You know, that sort of thing. So that this technology is wonderful, but it can be used the wrong way. And for some reason, we have, you know, in spite of this challenge we have from the government, just think of all that has advanced in the modern age. Tremendous advancement that we have. Even in the last 100 years, I mean, 100 years ago, there were still, you know, horse and buggy days. And so that we do get in spite of the government, but can you imagine what would happen if we had a government or a lack of government or a minimal government where people made all the decisions and that you had to follow these rules? I think it would be a nice place to live, you know. And it would be a safe place to live too, but it wouldn't be perfect, but the imperfections now are magnified because it's the government that coerces us into doing things and the collection of the revenues to be paid for. But of course that is the calamity that we're working toward and that's why our message is so important. And the calamity is that we have taught people to believe that entitlements are morally proper, that they are entitled thing and they are victims and we have to take care of them. And they think of that as a moral principle as strong as we think of self-reliance and hard work and effort is a good moral principle. So they think that this moral principle of entitlement is the thing that we must go along with. And I say, no, that has to be reversed. And you can say, well, wouldn't this make the world a lot poorer and more dangerous? No, I don't think so. I think there's all forms of being protection. But what we have done is we've slipped away to thinking that the government, and I don't know how people could accept it, is omnipotent and they can make us safe and secure. So they will always make us safe from harm and they'll make a secure economic exchange. Well, the economy is on the verge of becoming like Venezuela or worse. So it doesn't make us safe and secure. How many policemen do you think you need? John Baza would tell us how many, how many policemen would he have to engage if he wanted to just go into the homes of all the people just in this room to make sure that there was never a harm done to anybody on your property? You'd have to have about six policemen at each household. The whole thing is ridiculous. They can't make us safe. So what do we do on the inner city where most of the crime is? That's where the strongest laws are against the guns where they might do something for themselves. Self-reliance, self-reliance is great. There's a motivation and people are inclined to do more and more. And then you say, well, what is this all about? Can't we just send good people to Washington and they'll take care of us? And I say, no, you can't do that. It won't work. But one of the reasons, and this is very personal and other people will have other reasons why we want to live in a free society for economic reasons or whatever. But I think ultimately a free society that I talk about and I envision is something that is very personal. I think our freedoms are very personal. They come to us in a personal way, in a natural way, or a God-given way. And that we're responsible for that. But we should then have to deal with our lives not only of safety. We might not even need the FDA. We could maybe put them on a business and we might even learn better eating habits. And in the campaigning, one of the examples I used to throw out to the crowd and I thought it was just as a spur of a moment and everybody would think it was silly. I said, in a free society, we are supposed to have a free society and we're not even allowed to buy raw milk. And there was some applause and as it went on it was sort of a joke but there's a lot of people who believe that things like that, what you can drink and eat. But I think the goal should be, for me personally and suggest for others, is that in a free society, you're more, the responsibility falls on us as individuals with the help of family, friends and neighbors and churches. And that is that hopefully we can get people to think that it would really be pretty neat living in a solid society where everybody's goal is to seek excellence, work for excellence, do the best we can. And I think the rewards, no matter where you are on the scale of IQs or what your abilities are, I think the rewards are not that way just because somebody has more ability that they have greater rewards. But I think when people work for their excellence and do what they can to take care of themselves, the satisfaction that people have for self-reliance is not related to the size of somebody's pocketbook or anything else or basic intelligence. It's just assuming this responsibility. But I think that the free society offers that or puts pressure on people to seek excellence but also to seeking virtue. But virtue is something it's not that easy to define. I think everybody has a pretty good idea about it. And there's a lot of people in Washington assume that you have no virtue. You don't behave yourself, you have habits like this and you do this, so we want you to be more virtuous. So they take over this whole issue of making people virtuous and make them work for excellence and make them prosperous and make them safe. I would say that's all wrong. We should limit it strictly to the role, if we are to have government, the role of government ought to be narrowly limited to the protection of your liberty. I think the founders understood that and they made that point and they understood it. I always marvel at reading about the founders when you think about their intelligence and how well educated they were. You know, they really were educated and they didn't even have an internet, you know? They had books, they read books and they probably most all weren't educated in a government school either. But it was, they were well educated. They knew their history and they brought together the ideas of liberty that had been around. And of course Adam said that we've given you a constitution but the truth is it won't work if the people are not moral. And that's back to the virtue and excellence. So in an immoral society, and that's our real challenge today is because we see more and more immorality. It might be more challenging to accept my optimism that there's still a lot of people out there about that care about this and that we can still win this. And I really do believe that and my goal is to take all this wonderful technology that we have and instead of building more tanks, maybe we need more ambulances and more good medical care coming out of the market. But everything should be voluntary. Everything should be peaceful. And I would think that that would be a worthy goal.  But believe me, that dream of living in a free society is a lot better than a nightmare that we're facing and it's going to get a lot worse because we have to resolve all the mistakes made, the financial mistakes. And if people think that modern monetary theory is going to solve the problem, just run the presses faster. And they're in a dilemma right now and the end stages are coming because even those on Wall Street and in the banks and the Federal Reserve, we have never heard any time in all of history where people had negative interest rates, figure out what does that mean, you know? Interest rates are key because it tells the price of every transaction and the price of money. But this whole thing that the price is down to negative, that's going to be resolved. It's not workable. So that's what we have to prepare for and see it as an opportunity. We may have to be frugal for a while and take care of ourselves, but we'll all survive and we'll all do well if we can live in a free society. Thank you very much. Thank you.


Good afternoon everybody today. We're going to uni. It's it's Monday That's on my makeup My hair's all curly Not my choice. Yeah, let's go to uni I'm just sat on the floor It's also a really good opportunity to think about what is the industry standard or what are the series finances of And how does your project compare to that? So there's also bear in mind that this program, the program you're on, is teaching you different skills and you're submitting assessments in different formats And so you've done things across documentary, you've done things across obviously advertising and branding content Here you're doing something like a web series or a series based series based series based series I'm kind of in the brink of what I need to do If you saw in the last shot, if you do your makeup all the time, I have to do it for you. I'm wearing it on my phone, but not so I think I'll have to do that One of the things you're after is how long can you go and go? Yeah And that one, that's good, I can go Yeah, because you can create like this woman, you can get married in five seasons, the board is clever, it's so exciting That's right, I've been thinking about what's the life, how long, like four or three But that's something we can all choose to do, that's something you like, especially like we'll just go for it and be like ok let's try and develop these content How do we get like, because you know that shit bible we read that was like of all of them I'm trying to make some stuff on camera and I've been told multiple times on producers and commissioners that out of the town's conference magazine You can see it makes them want to read it because it just looks nice, it looks clean, it looks fresh, it looks crisp, it looks very well presented and thought out And that's all thanks to the camera, not me, ok? Canva gives you all the templates, all you have to do is stick the information in it, it's so easy, it's just really, really It makes the whole process of creating pitch documents creative and fun because I can't do it in pitch documents to be honest with you And this makes the process a lot more enjoyable So it's canva.com Create an account, so use your email address to create an account On that note it's up to you guys in your groups how you want to tackle the series bible My suggestion and how the groups did it last year was you all allocated yourselves to campaign each to do And did that in your spare time and then put the document together It's a great way for everyone to be involved that way, it's equal responsibility The other way is if you task the writer in doing the whole series bible, but that's what you're saying That is if the writer wants to do that and if they and the whole team are in agreement, ok? You can't just tell the writer that's what you're doing, they're like no So that's down to you guys that are signing your groups I'm not fussed either way just as long as you get that information down and it's submitted on time That's what I care about Anyway, if you are allocating to each other a page each Make sure that whoever creates the account for Calvary That you obviously give the passwords to everyone so that they can access the document on the account To add in their section Yeah, we're very clear But then also like a bigger festival that everyone can kind of see and kind of do things with I also want to make extracurricular activities In my MA chat we are always organising things Like we've got Halloween parties coming up We've got Thought Park right now We have Bango exhibit So like we post kind of literally everything in there So like, I don't see why we can't just make a point And that's how it's done The walk Bro, now are the general six and 24 Logo is going to say that at least five secret shows there are popular with secret shows One that's the detection page Please So to the diagnosed so freaking tired. Thanks for watching. If you're new, subscribe. Get this 6,050 subscribers, which is insane. Thanks for watching and I'll see you guys in my next video. Peace.


Welcome to All Hands Update, I'm Petty Officer Ian Cotter. September is National Preparedness Month and the Navy wants to make sure you are ready. Emergencies can happen without warning and the Ready Navy program is designed to provide you with the resources and tools you need to be prepared. www.ready.navy.mil. It's a website designed solely for sailors or family members and you can virtually find information on almost any kind of threat or hazard. It will walk you through a process of staying aware during a threat or a crisis. Preparedness is key to survival in any type of disaster. Get a kit, make a plan and be informed. Visit the Ready Navy website for more information and checklists on how to be better prepared.


So let's see if we can define some vector arithmetic. Since we've defined a vector as an n-tuple whose components come from a field f, we can define the equality of vectors the same way we defined the equality of n-tuples. The corresponding components must be equal. But because the components came from a field, then both addition and multiplication are defined for these components, and so we can define arithmetic operations as well. We'll define these operations component-wise. Given two vectors v with components v1 through vn and u with components u1 through un, and some scalar a, we define a times v, the scalar multiple of v, to be the vector where every component of v is multiplied by a. We'll define v plus u, the sum of the two vectors v at u, to be the vectors whose components are the sum of the corresponding components of the vectors v and u. And finally, we'll define v minus u, the difference between the two vectors, to be the vector v plus negative one times the vector u. Because we can add scalar multiples of vectors, and because anything we do once we can do as many times as we'd like, we can form a linear combination of vectors, a sum of scalar multiples of vectors. So let's take a look at a few examples of scalar multiplication and vector addition. So we'll have two vectors u equal three, one negative two five, and v two one one negative five. Given these vectors, we'll find u plus v, three u, and u minus v. So remember when we add two vectors, we're going to add them component-wise. The first component to the first component, the second to the second, and so on. So we can add these two vectors. We'll start by adding the first components together. Three plus two is five. We'll add the second components together. One plus one is two. We'll add the third components. Negative two plus one is negative one. And finally, adding the fourth components together. Five plus negative five is zero. Which gives us the sum of the vector u plus v, which will be the vector five, two, negative one, zero. What about the vector three u? This is a scalar multiple, so checking our definition, we see that we want to multiply every component of our vector by the given scalar. So the vector three u is going to be found by multiplying every component of the vector u by three. So we'll multiply the first component by three. That gives us nine. We'll multiply the second component by three. That gives us three. We'll multiply the third component by three. That gives us negative six. And we'll multiply the last component by three. That gives us fifteen. And so our vector three u is going to be nine, three, negative six, fifteen. Finally, our vector u minus v. By definition, the difference between two vectors is the first vector plus negative one times the second vector. So that means if I want to find u minus v, what I need to find is u plus negative one times v. So let's find negative one times v. And that's going to be the vector v with every component multiplied by negative one. So that gives us the vector negative two, negative one, negative one, five. Now we'll add our vectors component-wise. The first component of u with the first component of negative v. The second component of u with the second component of negative v. The third components. And the fourth components. Performing the additions gives us our final vector u minus v one, zero, negative three, ten.


Good morning everyone, myself Dr. Vasan Kumar El from Miso Medical College and Research Institute. Today I'm going to present my paper on evaluation of interstitial lung disease by high resolution computed tomography of chest. Coming on to introduction, interstitial lung disease or heterogeneous group of disorder characterized by bilateral often patchy pulmonary fibrosis. Many are fitting the wall of angioling with diffuse abnormality on lung radiograph. Now on HS sitting of the thorax, it is one of the standard diagnostics test for IRD, which is used to see the fine details of interstitiation, which may or may not be visible on chest radiograph. And it has seen coming onto the specific diagnosis so that further testing of which are in Miso, like bronchoscopy or surgical and biopsy is not required. So the coming onto the objectives. The main objectives is to evaluate the interstitial lung disease in symptomatic patient with normal or equivocal chest radiograph to accurately assess a pattern of distribution and severity of the disease process for the purpose of treatment and management. Coming on to the etiology. It can be because of drug induce like antibiotic or anti-arithemic drug can be because of connectivity disorder like slero derma, HCL, rheumatoid arthritis. Can also be because of certain inherent agent can be organic or inorganic like silica asbestos form antigens. Other conditions like infectious malignant condition like ground call work or cinema can also cause this condition coming onto materials and method. All the patient with clinical suspicions of industry or lung disease will have been referred to our department web is subjected to HR city. It was in hospital based cross section study conducted for a period of 18 months. So coming onto free of the representative cases. The first case is an unusual interstitial pneumonia. The classical anxiety findings in usual interstitial pneumonia are. Presence of reticular opacity with any coming and with or without action bronchitis. All this should be sub plural and base of predominance. This is a case of usual interstitial pneumonia. We can see the presence of any coming with the extreme. So reticular opacity, which is sub plural and base of predominance, which usually present in the second case is an acute interstitial pneumonia. In acute interstitial pneumonia. It is a firm and form usually causes like diffuse early on damage, usually in a previous healthy individual. The classical anxiety findings will be patchy bilateral groundless opacity with consolidation, which is predominant in the posterior segments of the lung. They can be architecture distortion traction bronchitis or any coming as a disease progresses. The first set of image is a case of AIP. We can see patchy groundless opacity with interlover septal technique involving volatile lung lobes with traction bronchitis. The next is a respiratory bronchitis associated interstitial lung disease. This disease is mainly associated with smokers and it is categorized by macrophage accumulation within the bronchal and alveolar wall. On HRCT, we can see groundless opacity, centelopolar nodules. In one case, we can also see fibiotic changes. Other changes related to smoking such as bronchal water cling and centelopolar nodules can be seen. In the second set of image, we can see the presence of diffuse groundless opacity with patchy areas of air trapping and diffuse emphysematized changes with media-stainless lymphenopathy. This is a case of respiratory bronchitis into ILD. Next is a non-specific interstitial lung disease. Here, the HRCT will have various combinations of groundless opacity, consolidation, reticular opacity, traction bronchitis, etc. Any coming may be present but it is very safe. One of the classical features is the purest pairing of changes within the lung parankima. The first set of image is an NSIP. This is a condition of NSIP. We can see interlover septal technique with groundless opacity and sublural pairing involving bilateral lower lung groups. Next is lymphog interstitial pneumonia. Here, there will be diffuse D-cell infiltration. On HRCT, we can see thickening of bronchal vascular pandas along with interstitial thickening, pulmonary nodules. We can see thin walled cyst with groundless opacity. In this second set of image, which is lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, we can see numerous thin walled, wide-defined cysts which are randomly distributed. And also, there is presence of groundless opacity with nodules. So, coming on to results and interpretation, we included about 50 patients in our study. And age group ranges from 60 to 69 years. Majority of the patients were housewife and farmer by occupation. There were 36% were smoker. There were 10% were exposed to grain test and bird and animal droppings. In HRCT, we can see features like interlover septal thickening, reticulation, phytotic changes, traction bronchitis, honey combing, and groundless opacity. So, on coming on to discussion, interstitial lung disease, diverse group of parankamal lung disease, having varying significantly in etiology, pathogenesis, and histopathology. HRCT remains a standard for precise diagnostic in symptomatic patient, particularly if the clinical diagnosis remains unclear. In the present study, the patient mostly included between 60 to 69 years with the female predominance, and there was significant history of smoking. So, the form and diagnostic diagnosis in our study was user interstitial pneumonia and SIP acute interstitial pneumonia, lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, and respiratory bronchitis. To find the observation in our study was incompatible with other study like studies done by Patel BB et al, Mohammed SK et al. And all these studies, the user interstitial pneumonia was the most common followed by NSIP and AIP. ILD is a disease of middle age group with a pre-female predominance. HRCT is a preferred technique to study the lung parankamal, which precisely demonstrated the pattern distribution and extent of the ILD. HRCT reduces the need for conformative lung biopsy, even though when HRCT findings are equivocal, it can guide for accurate lung biopsy sites so complication can be prevented. Thank you. This is all my references. Thank you.


So, I voted absentee from California. I had my mom send over the ballot to me in Massachusetts, voted and then voted from here. I did that because it was the easier option for me.


for the school, and we'll talk to you about it. We'll see you there next time. We will realize that if we're on the school meeting, we're going to say goodbye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Bye. Preview, change. I don't see. I see what I've got. You have come on. I think you can use both that food. Touching some of this and what the rest of it. You actually and does make a good effort that we sort of wrote the first two. We saw of course that we were searching for the best on the field. We just used them to get that. Yeah, I've seen this nights. Raising for that decision. It was good for that decision.  I'm going to say that.  And we're going to do what's up. We're going to do what's up. We're going to do what's up. We're going to do what's up. We're going to do what's up. to hate that young man, seeing his lines, raising for that decision. It was the full-back decision. I'm going to go and work on the city. I'll have the one shape, and that will create smile. On the first meeting, though, a simple cast didn't believe in the market. They weren't sure if they were mistaken. That's the idea. It was pretty terse. We were just seeing how all the changes were real. Yes. I'm going to be speaking so loud that these guys aren't even here for the next time. They just thought they were a lot here. And they came to replace it. And just a shot. Let's start saving that. What was that? The light that was up on the break? Yeah. Yowdy? Later. This looks like an abstract food. Someone's going to want this. Oh my God.  I'm trying to get to what they want from us. I really don't care what they're supposed to make out of. Okay. Color-durable ceramic and then cast-indurable resin. It came across your YouTube channel. It's really blown away by the extensive experience with advanced surface material than epoxy resin. If you find time in your schedule, I'd love to learn from you. Just get as possible. Process to incorporate the marble appearance and resin art. The product line between... Oh, I don't get it. Are you trying to do jewelry?  Will you copy and paste that email and just send it to me? Like, text it to me? We're open to it. You see? Mucha. Shit. Oh, I wish I had my glasses. 23 years later is the winter fencing of the star of season 1. GTT used to put it in front of the tower. It's all about the popular sit-down. It's been sick. And I hear that many of the children in the tower used to sit in front of the tower. In the set-up of your opposite, Jean-Claude Gendier, the time clock, the star of the star of the tower, which will be in season 8 shows. The workers remain in person.  I would recall the girl and said, you know, I can feel it, and it's happening like, you know, like that, I know I've never said it. But this is what it was. It's so much, it's so many young people. I'm trying to produce in some kind of way for the 100 years that we're trying to attain the things that we really need in this world. And one of the parts of your success is your quality, your series. You've been turning such many films as far as how you find out issues in that long period of history. In the end, you could feel just how increased the amount of money that's going to save the number of directories that are shown at the last minute, and then you could actually make a living from your life. And it's really, of course, a sense of responsibility that allows you to create the kind of difference that you want to have and to believe in it through thought. You listen to what you think and play your part in the game. You just want to be in the room back to the room and be in the room. You're trying to use that, trying to use quality of makes and markets and outcomes. As for us, as I've heard, we're just going to stay with that. We're going to use things that we really, really, we're going to stay with that. I think it was a really simple, it was a great passage. We're going to be useful that they're really important. I'm going to show you hands and fingers. It's so easy, but not the sharp. You know, for every moment, every day, so you're not going to see something that's kind of wrong. It's like, you're having a tough day.  There's a chance, you're going to see that. Thank you, all of you.  This is the best of all the information though. I really really like how you can say I'm the greatest control of the world. Uh, okay. In 30 years, the time's creations have turned into our intents. While anti-Muslim sentiment was reaching a leaderage. I mean, people fall into our necks and bring on stage the other kind of part. I'm almost ready to pitch out some more. This is channel time. More definitively. Definitely need a skinnier one. Don't show your nose. Who do they call me?


Very good. So for this final presentation before the before the break. So, Jitendra and Svelana going to spend 5,30 for the industry distribution of for the random matrices and as it was a place which I supervised so please, Jitendra, Svelana, you can start. Hi everyone. So, as Isaac has already mentioned, we'll study diluted random matrices, specifically the index distribution using functional rate theory. And this project was done with Svetlana. She is from QMUL and myself under the supervision of Professor Isaac. So this is the organization of the talk. In the beginning, I'll just give a brief introduction of the problem, and then just motivate the replica method, and we'll explain the replica method in the next part. And then, after we get it, I mean, we give a brief introduction to the derivation, not the details of the derivation. So we get a final equation, which has to be solved, but it can't be done analytically so we use numerical method which is population dynamics algorithm. And using that one can compute some interesting quantities which I'm going to describe, and then we'll be talking about the results and finally the conclusions. So, like, I mean, I'm just going to make a statement here. Generally, we physicists think that we study truth, but the reality is it's the model of 5 over N independently. Yeah. So, on average, each vertex of the graph will have five neighbors. And we are studying the adjacency matrix of such a graph. It's a Hermitian matrix and it has real eigenvalues. So, what one want to study about eigenvalues? First quantity is like empirical spectral density. So we put delta function into each eigenvalue. And afterwards, we are renormalizing this measure with coefficient 1 over N to make such a measure probability measure. And we study this. Also, one can study number statistics. So the fraction of eigenvalues between X and Y. Here, we will focus on index distribution. It's a fraction of eigenvalues that are less than X. Yeah, so index distribution for one random matrix is a function. And so we can generate the distribution on the space of all the functions. And we want to study the asymptotics of the probability that this particular index distribution equals to this particular function when N tends to infinity. And we will calculate the mean of index distribution and we will calculate the covariance of index distributions in points X1 and X2. So one can reduce studying these asymptotics into studying the cumulon generating functional. So, this probability will be asymptotically equal to exponent of N times this integral of mu of X k of X minus cumulon generating functional. And in the mu star that extremizes such a thing. So we will focus on studying the cumulon generating functional. If we study and if we study what it is, we can get the probability and we can get some quantities that are connected to original index distribution. Okay. So, yeah. So, Jitendra will introduce you the replica method to study cumulon generating functional. So now that we have this cumulon generating functional, we would like to, I mean, I mean, this is the expression for cumulon generating function, we would like to compute this integral, this doesn't look scary right now. But so the method we use is replica method, which is seems to be very powerful method. We are just, I mean, it seems very powerful. Like, let's talk about how to frame the problem. First of all, to proceed further, we need to rewrite the index, which is the fraction of eigenvalues, which is less than X in terms of theta functions. We use a very special property of log for it, because we know that log function has a branch cut for negative x axis. So as you go along the, I mean from positive to negative y, along negative x. We see a jump in log value by two pi Iota, and that jump can be used to represent theta function as this expression using this expression. So this is the fraction of eigenvalues can be represented in terms of this, this log of Z by Z of X star, where Z is actually nothing but a determinant over determinant of the random matrix minus this X, X eta times the identity matrix, the value of that and using this representation of index fraction of eigenvalues, we can and discretizing this some integral into L boxes. We can rewrite this expression in terms of Z as this. Here, one thing to notice is here we have delta X times mu. The delta X times mu divided by pi I is actually denoted by nl plus and the minus of delta X mu divided by pi I is divided represented by nl minus. Now the very important trick, which is that applicator is to, even though we know this nl plus and nl minus are, as you can see, imaginary, we assume them to be positive integers. We can write them to the analytical continuation. And once we do that, we can use the representation of Z function, and in Z, it's like a partition function representation of Z to simplify this expression, and if we assume them to be positive integers, we can write them as n plus copies. So it's like creating copies for Z and similarly nl minus copies and create, which is like creating copies for Z star. Once we have this, no, like, yeah, we have this expression, which is very complicated looking. And this is but when it's actually a microscopic description. And there are summations involved inside it. So it seems natural to go to a more field theoretic description, microscopic description, going to such a microscopic description using this P and P hat. And we are not showing the expressions of P and P hat. We can rewrite the cumulant generating function exponential of cumulant generating functional as this expression, which is a functional integral over P and the conjugate of P field and exponential of minus n times action. Now to solve this kind of integral, very like common statistical physics, I mean, very common statistical physics is a trick of saddle point approximation, which says that we have an integral which has a weight x time in the rate n times some x of x, such an integral can be approximated log, I mean, asymptotically represent, I mean, is asymptotically equivalent to exponential of n times the maximum of s, which is like s, s prime is zero. Whatever x where s prime is zero, that will be the x which will approximate this integral, the best. Using this approximation for this functional integrals, what we get is a self consistent equation for P and P hat. Now we have, we have to solve this self consistent equation, it looks, I mean, we haven't shown the expression but they look terrible. So to actually proceed further, we use a replica symmetry and which is a like application of Definity Theorem. Svetlana will describe what is Definity Theorem and what exactly we do here. Suppose that we have n variables. We call them exchangeable in the joint distribution of x1 and xn, from x1 to xn equal to joint distribution of their permutation. So if variables are exchangeable, it doesn't mean that they are independent. And Definity Theorem tells us the following. So suppose that we have x1, xn, that are exchangeable. Yes, we can build all such sets of variables the following way. First of all, we choose delta according to some distribution mu. Then in for each delta, we choose the distribution P delta. So firstly, we are choosing delta according to distribution mu. Afterwards, we are choosing x1 variables from x1 to xn independently according to distribution P delta. Finally, and we rewrite our field P the following way. At the end of the day, in P mean, we have variables that are linked to n plus and minus exchangeable. And afterwards, we generate such density w. That means that there exists such density w that the following expression holds. So we had self consistent equation for P. We put the previous expression into self consistent equation for P. And what we get is the expression for w. So if you don't know w, we know P. If you know P, we know cumulon generating functional from here. So this is how the expression for w looks. Here we did the following. We had variables delta s before. So we had variables delta i that were linked to each bulk. So originally we had one big bulk and divided it into small bulk. So variables were connected to each bulk. Afterwards, we make this thing continuous and we look at w of the function delta of x. And this is how w of the function delta of x looks like. And if we know the function w of delta of x, we will know cumulon generating functional. And here is n is the normalizer. Yes. So if we know cumulon generating functional, we will know mean value that is the first derivative of cumulon generating functional. We can calculate it through w. And we know covariance that is the second derivative of cumulon generating functional. And it's also can be calculated through w. Jitendra will explain you further. So we have a self consistent equation for w. Jitendra will explain you further how we calculate w. So now, as we can see here, like to compute these things we need this here w this w is actually the marginal distribution to compute this. I mean this expression we need w and to get this w it's a non trivial job because how do you solve this kind of equation. So we use something called mission dynamics algorithm. The basic idea about the population dynamics algorithm is think of a transcendental equation how do you solve a transcendental equation it's like solving for a fixed point right, but here the fixed point instead of being a point it's a function and to solve that we use population dynamics one like important thing to notice is here when we say it's a mean we assume that after taking the functional mu is zero. So the self consistent equation which we are interested in solving for the computation of mean and covariance are when mu is zero. If the mu is non zero, then it's a whole different game. I mean it needs modification of this algorithm. So first we'll talk about new equals to zero and since we haven't computed new non zero and not go there. So to compute a distribution to find this w. How do we go go about it. So we consider a population of deltas and like you have some NS samples, I mean members of a population. Because you have this expression, which says you have to choose the random variable delta from a poison distribution. We have to choose we choose a random variable K from a poison distribution and K and so using this K we like we pick K members of the population. And these K members of the populations are used to update one of the member of the population using this expression which is coming from this delta function. So this is sort of like a Markov chain, and this Markov chain will eventually reach a steady state. And now you'll have an updated population. This updated population is actually sample from this distribution, which is eventually which is what we needed. This is actually a slight very deep, very interesting algorithm. I don't completely understand it. But this is the algorithm. Using this algorithm we actually try to compute the results but we because lack of time we couldn't do the exact expressions. Here we only show the numerical diagonalization of the random matrices. We specifically talk about the mean and variance mean and covariance. So, since this is this talks about the fraction of eigenvalues less than X, the fraction can't be greater than one so it has to be a sigmoidal kind of function. I mean, it has to be increasing function because it's going to keep increasing. Now for when C is equals to two that means the average connectivity is very small. That is the case, then you see that this matrix will be sparse. If it's a sparse matrix, there will be many I can I mean nodes of vertices where there won't be any edges connected. So that those nodes will correspond to zero, zero eigenvalues. I mean those vertices correspond to zero eigenvalues. So you see delta function at zero big delta function. This is a expert. I mean, this is how the density looks like which has a delta function and it's slightly understandable why these jumps are coming in the mean, I mean it's understandable why the job is coming here and here. This is because of the delta function. And similarly, then for C is equals to three. We see the spectral density has a delta function, which is very strong at zero but it's the weight of the delta function is smaller at minus one and one. So we see a huge jump but it's because of the accuracy. We can't see I mean visually it's not, I mean it's not visible here the jumps. Similarly for C is equals to five. Now you have bit more less sparse metrics. So you have delta functions, the strength of the delta functions are reducing. So it's actually a jump here but we can't notice it. So this is how the mean looks like. If you look at the covariance. So you have like, you want to study the connected correlated of the index distribution at point x one and index distribution at point x two to do this connected correlated. I mean, we computed numerically. We found some interesting result. I mean one interesting result is x one and x two can be exchanged because these are numbers of course they can be exchanged, but x one common minus x two also has a can be exchanged and they'll give the same result which is quite interesting. We don't completely understand it right now because it's a preliminary work. It's a work in progress. Similarly for C equals to three. One thing I should mention is that the correlation is highest when when x one and x two are close to zero for C equals to two. Similarly for C equals to three, but C equals to five the correlation becomes higher at other values of X one. I mean, it's a work in progress as I said, we need to understand why this happens. So, yeah. So, in some like to summarize what we have done is actually we are developing this functional rate theory with Professor Isaac and we computed the mean for the index distribution through new I mean exact diagonalization we would like to verify it. Using theoretical population dynamics algorithm, but that will have to wait for now. And similarly correlations also need to be verified and better understood. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you for the interesting presentation and congratulations for the project you have developed. One of these was very challenging. Theoretically speaking. Okay, so we have time for questions before the first break. So if somebody wants to ask, please go ahead and meet the microphone so raise the user icon to raise the hand. Questions to one has his hand raised go ahead to one. Thank you for the talk. I just have one question regarding to the population dynamic algorithm. You said something about member from an ensemble. What would you mean by member here is he's a graph from the ensemble of the graph that you generate. Just a question about I don't because I don't know this method. Can you explain a bit. So, so suppose here we have, we want to solve something like this equation, but here there are many delta eyes. We are, let's say we talk about only one delta I let's say some some particular value of delta I, then we consider just one population in this population. This is like a sampling. How do you do a sampling suppose you have a distribution, you have to sample from a distribution right so suppose this is the sample. And we would like to get make this sample look coming from this distribution to do this we use this population dynamics algorithm. The way to do this is to update these members of the population using this particular since we have this kind of structure in the consistent distribution, we update them using this method. And once we update it for long enough time, it will reach a steady state. I mean this is a mark of genius of sorts right so it will reach a steady state and you'll have a population which will be coming sample from this distribution. Okay, it's about it's just a like you just want to solve this equation. It's like you can think of it as independent of the random matrix. Okay, thank you, thank you. Thank you. Any, any other questions. Okay, I also have a question. Go ahead. Sorry, because Fernando sorry. Yeah, yeah. So the first congratulations for the world very, very nice very interesting. Can you go back to the population dynamics where you have this me of X this function. Just for me to understand a bit better. So, if I understand well what you did now you plotted for instance the index as a function of X. And in this case you, how did you choose me me of X. I mean, you mentioned, sorry, you mentioned something about me of X. Yes. So, like, for computing mean and variance, we have to we take new going to zero limit after taking the. Okay, sure. And, and what type of information do you get when you, when you consider me arbitrary or. Yes, exactly. You mentioned in the beginning of functional theory so I just would like to understand, for instance, for the mean value of I. What do you what do you get in this functional approaches, is it an average over X as well or actually actually can compute the asymptotic behavior of the probability, given a K function, like given an arbitrary function, it is an increasing function. Based on the new, we can actually compute how the asymptotic, what will be the asymptotic behavior when case are actually away from the mean index, I mean mean index, we can compute this thing. Some last division kind of forms. So this helps in, okay, the beauty of this method is actually to be able to relate the correlation of eigenvalues, I mean, we might be able to study the correlation of eigenvalues from this method, like it's still a work in progress but it can be done. Yeah, but in principle you can also compute if I'm not saying any stupid thing but the, in principle you can it seems you can also compute like for instance the deviation from the, from the bigger, from the bigger case from the bigger. In the case you can compute analytically the function, right, you can compute is this fraction of eigenvalues as a function of X, so you know what I mean. So in principle, you can also compute deviation from one finger. Is that right? Yeah. Go ahead, you tend to because we need to wrap up and then maybe I'll add some points. Yes. When you mean like the function is that you're talking about spacing distribution. No, I'm talking about just the average index of the case because then you just obtain by integrating the Vigner law right so you can find the function. And I need to get as a functional fact so I was just wondering if you put computer fluctuations around the Vigner around the Vigner case, exactly functional approach. Yes, we can. Yes. Okay. Yeah. And the difference. Yes. And I will add just more if you go to the, to the main object we just put in the property, you know, the definition right, not this one. Yeah, yeah, the previous one. So the difference that we do here, Fernando as opposed to our previous work is that here with this method that we developed, we are able to consider the index. The index number as a random function as a function. So then you can you can wonder yourself what is the probability that this object as a function takes a given value for a function. Okay. So yeah, go ahead. No, no, no, no, sorry, sorry to interrupt it. Go ahead. And also that means that essentially now you have access to you may have access to level correlations. In principle, this is what we believe. And the cool thing about this method that you know the thing in very well is like when you do not do the replica limit to apply to a method. You have to, you have an infinite number of applications, right, so you have to make a functional replica limit in them, but it seems to work. Anyway, so, so we have to wrap up sorry. Maybe if somebody's interested in this work we can discuss and I have a play there. Okay, so you tend to us with Lana. Thank you very much for this presentation. You did a fantastic look from my part so shall we thank for the presentation. Thank you and ask guys. Now, so let me stop recording.