Everyone, I'm Yu Wei. I'm from the state key laboratory of information security. In the Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. It's my honor to introduce our paper on EuroCurved 2021. 2021. This paper is collaboration work with Professor Xu Guangwu. My topic today is pre-computation scheme of window-toe knife for acrobatic curves. The outline of my presentation is as follows. First, a brief introduction of this work. Secondly, we introduce from this map tau. Thirdly, we introduce the complex conjugate of tau and present efficient formulae of the complex conjugate. Fourthly, we propose a novel pre-computation scheme that we discuss scalar multiplication using the new proposed pre-computation scheme on cobalithic curves. Finally, we conclude this work. First, we introduce our work. The elliptical curve cryptography has drawn intensive attention from the literature. The family of cobalithic curves proposed by near-cobaliths are non-super-singular curves defined over binary fields. The arithmetic of cobalithic curves has been of theoretical and practical significance since the start of the elliptical curve cryptography. Four cobalithic curves were recommended to be used in digital signature standards. K is tabular on the schemes and K management. By NIST, this indicates that cobalithic curves can still be useful in practice. Cobalithic curves has a computational advantage that a fast scalar multiplication can be achieved by replacing point W with fobbing's map. The cobalithic curves are given as the following equation. These curves can be considered over the binary attention. Since EIF2 is a subgroup of EIF2 to the power of M, then there has a factor P. P is the cardinality of the main subgroup of the group of rational points on cobalithic curves. It's of cryptographic interest to choose suitable M that makes P a prime in the rest of our discussion. We just consider cases that P is a prime using the word conjecture in the range of 160 to 2000 when I is equal to 0. P is a prime when M is equal to 233 to 239. 277 to 283 and so on. When I is equal to 1, P is a prime when M is 163 to 283 and so on. For cobalithic curves with I equal to 0, I will be recommended by NIST. K233, K283, K2409 and K571. When N is represented as a binary representation, we usually employ Hohner's algorithm to calculate the scalar multiplication. An example of 31-time P is shown as follows. One can compute this scalar multiplication from left to right or right to left. Cobaliths propose a method of computing scalar multiplication using Froben's map. Salinas further developed an extremely efficient window-to-knife to compute scalar multiplication. There are many related works about the scalar multiplication. For cobalithic curves, Kher and Caesar discussed the multi-scalar multiplications. For cobalithic curves, on Eurocurb 2009, Chose Energy talked about the optimal pre-computation of window-to-knife for cobalithic curves. In 2016, in 2017, Kher proposed to achieve the mu4 norm form elliptical curves to speed up scalar multiplication or binary fields. To achieve the mu4 norm form elliptical curves can also be applied to cobalithic curves. This work will discuss the scalar multiplication using window-to-knife. We propose new formulae of complex conjugate of Froben's map. We design a novel pre-computation scheme and use it to improve the efficiency of scalar multiplication on cobalithic curves. The Froben's map talks in the morphism of EF2 to the power of M which is defined as the following formulae. For each point, we have this equation, that M is the main subgroup of the group of rational points of cobalithic curves, namely the subgroup of all the p. There are some properties of M. Also in this work, we mainly work on M. cobalithic curves are proposed a method of computing scalar multiplication, then time p, with p from the main subgroup of a cobalithic curve. And by representing it as a representation of Froben's map, Salinas further developed an extremely efficient window-to-knife to compute the scalar multiplication, refinements, and extensions of Salinas' methods were obtained by black, mochi, and sheen. The procedure of window-to-knife can be described as four steps. One, reduction. Two, window-to-knife with widest omib, pre-computation, and fourth, employ Hauner's algorithm to calculate scalar multiplication using window-to-knife and pre-computation. In 2017, Goheir introduced a twisted-mule phonon form elliptical curves over a binary field. Goheir proved that twisted-mule phonon form elliptical curves cover all the elliptical curves over binary fields recommended by NIST. A cobalithic curve using twisted-mule phonon form is called a mule phonon curve in this work. Because of its promising computational advantage, it's of great interest to consider the use of mule phonon curve in the window-to-knife, especially for the pre-computation part. Let tau bar be the complex conjugate of tau, and pb original points on a cobalithical curve, both events Dimitriev, dash, and psych. And dash, Goheir, and psych use complex multiplication in double-basic representation to speed up scalar multiplication and multi-scalar multiplication. Inspired by their elliptical results, we introduce new dreadings. Under these dreadings, we design new formulas which only require two multiplications and two squares. Chose lines to prove that one point addition is necessary for computing each pre-computation point. We use our new operation to replace point additions or mixed additions in pre-computation speed. As the cost of one addition costs more than our new operation, our formulas, there are quite a few field operations. Our formulas for our new operation, our new point operation, are part of w formula. It may lead to a simplicity of the implementation to take full advantage of our new operation. A new pre-computation scheme is developed to several more field operations. Our pre-computation scheme only requires six multiplications plus six field squares for window tall knives with widest fall. The cost of Salinas pre-computation scheme, the cost of Hengxing many days went down to pre-computation scheme. The cost of Chose the energy's pre-computation scheme and the cost of our pre-computation scheme are all in this table. The particle implementations show that our pre-computation is two times faster than Chose the energy's pre-computation. And at present, our pre-computation scheme is the state of art. In window tall knives, a bigger window wide, a bigger window wide corresponds to sparse tall expansion for scalar multiplication. However, when shooting to make the widest too big, as it would increase the pre-computation cost and affect the overall performance, currently, the state of art pre-computation scheme suggests to use widest at most six to achieve the best efficiency of scalar multiplication. Our pre-computation reduces the cost by half in most of the practical cases, namely, scheme with widest seven is about the same as the cost of existing pre-computation scheme. With widest six, this allows us to use a bigger window wide for example seven to get a faster scalar multiplication. The balance between the pre-computation part and the other part of scalar multiplication shows that the pre-computation takes a bigger radio of scalar multiplication than before. This is useful, especially for scalar multiplication with unfixed points. At present, scalar multiplication using our novel pre-computation scheme and with a bigger window wide is the state of art on Kabaly's curves. Now, we briefly conclude this work. This paper introduces new radius on Kabaly's curves. Efficient formulae of the new radius are then derived. And using a novel pre-computation scheme, our pre-computation scheme is about two times faster compared to the state of art technical of pre-computing scheme in the literature. The impact of our new efficient pre-computation is also reflected by the significant improvement of scalar multiplication traditionally. Window-toe knife with widest at most six is used to achieve the best scalar multiplication. Because of the dramatic cost reduction of the proposed pre-computation scheme, we are able to increase the widest for window-toe knife to seven for best scalar multiplication. This indicates that the pre-computation part becomes more important in performing scalar multiplication with our efficient pre-computation scheme and the new window-wides. Our scalar multiplication runs in at least 85% the time of Kabaly's work combining the best pre-computation our results push the scalar multiplication of Kabaly's books, a very well-studied and long-standing research area to a significant new stage. This is all I want to share. Any questions please email me. Thanks for your time. See you.


Have you ever been so absorbed in a task that everything else is banished to the outer limits of your attention? When other stimuli fail to distract you? When you have no notion of the time that's passed? This state of full attention and deep engagement is termed flow. Coined by a Hungarian psychologist Mihai Csikszentmihalyi, flow is described as an experiential absorption in a task, a control of consciousness to the point that the sense of time is lost. It is the ultimate state of intrinsic motivation, where our minds are challenged to accomplish something difficult but which we consider worthwhile and achievable, and which leads to a feeling of enjoyment. Csikszentmihalyi suggests that those who have autotelic personalities are far more likely to experience flow. The term autotelic comes from the Greek words auto meaning self and telos meaning goal. Csikszentmihalyi has stated that the mark of an autotelic personality is the ability to manage a rewarding balance between the play of challenge finding and the work of skill building. These types of people have a disposition to actively seek challenges and flow experiences, but also have the ability to manage the balance between the enjoyment of undertaking a challenge and the work of skill building. Those with autotelic personalities are open to new information attracted by challenges and are achievement oriented. They view outcomes as dependent on effort and not on chance. In her study of the attitudes of autotelic personalities, Nicola Bauman suggests that such people tend to have family and school environments which simultaneously provide challenge and support, independence and cooperation, flexibility and cohesion, integration and differentiation. So we might ask if students who usually have difficulty focusing can experience a flow state. We might also ask if flow is only associated with deep learning or is it possible to experience flow at the surface level. We do know that there are some very strong connections between collaborative learning and flow, and that experiencing flow can lead to increased skill, challenge and complexity over time. People do get into a shared state of flow, they test out ideas, try things that work and find success, which leads towards spiral of self-efficacy and fulfillment and leads to improved concentration, increased intrinsic motivation, psychological well-being and enjoyment. We often think about people who engage in creative tasks as being those most likely to experience a flow state. Dr. Robert Davidson is a senior lecturer in composition at the University of Queensland. A prolific composer and bassist, he is also the founder and musical director of the Musical Ensemble Topology. Rob is involved in the creative process every day and this can involve a flow state. When I really get into it and get into what people do call a flow state and it's fantastic. It gets very emotional, you lose track of time, it's something you've got to make sure you don't get into too much if you've got appointments, because that's one of the big things. You have so much energy, you don't really know that you're not having energy and I find I get very emotional, I actually get quite sort of teary and just so absorbed into it, you're not really aware, you're just doing it and it feels great and you lose yourself really and I think that's where often some of the best ideas come from. I know that when I've had those ideas and they've come into music, that's when the audiences are the most emotionally engaged as well. So I've experienced flow like states with others, particularly with my group Topology, I'm in a quintet with four other musicians, play double bass and yes, we've been playing together a long time so sometimes we just know each other really well and we get this state where we are responding to each other really well. It feels quite euphoric, it's a bit different from the individual flow state I find but it's more just ideas are very quickly communicated and there's really strong awareness and things sort of come together and it's actually often you don't quite remember it and like I've seen it, we look back at videos and we've seen that and oh that's amazing that happened and then you get back into that feeling but often it's really quite hard to remember it so yes I think when you're in this communal flow state you are very much in the vibe, in the groove all these sort of ideas which means that you're really responding to each other, you're very synchronised, you're entrained, this is why it happens particularly well with music because you're in tune with each other, you're in time with each other, things are flowing, ideas are bouncing off each other and it feels really great, it's like a fantastic party. Well I've got to say it's something that I've consciously developed but I don't think I naturally necessarily have, I think maybe I did have it a little bit naturally but I would, I just messed myself up so much as a younger musician when I would have so much self-criticism and I had to find ways to put that at bay and the more I've been able to do that and just say it's okay to do anything it doesn't have to be good or bad you can sort that out later, the more I've been able to have flow states then the more I've been able to be able to find the music which I think is more uniquely me. My creative process I tend to have quite a clear conscious separation between acting and reflecting between I guess play and then scrutinising that play and what I find is really really crucial is to keep the critic under control that's actually the biggest problem I find is that the critical voice comes in a bit too early and messes up the creative flow. This is actually something Stephen Schwartz I noticed said in an interview where he's talking about the musical Wicked he said that he became a professional when he worked out how to be quite consciously aware when he was playing and reflecting those separate stages to not criticise too early. So I think in deep learning it's actually a very similar process that one has to silence your own inner critic at the beginning so you can simply explore in an unhindered way with flow. I think any sort of engagement with something in a deep way requires you to have your critic sort of under control and so I think yeah to explore something to simply play with it to find what it is almost to have a relationship with it. So with the composer I often find it's a little bit like a relationship with somebody you've got to allow the idea to be itself you don't really want to come in and judge the person and I think that's maybe something similar with learning. Flow can be a really cool thing but sometimes it happens and sometimes it doesn't. Actually we're not really sure how to make flow happen. What we do know about flow is that we need to identify a challenging task but there must be a balance between the challenge set and the perceived skill set of the individual to meet that task. If the gap is too great the learner will become anxious and if there is not sufficient challenge then the learner will find the task boring. So deep learning as exhibited in a flow state is less situational and more attitudinal. If a student exhibits deep learning traits such as being able to self-regulate thoughts behaviors and emotions they exhibit dispositions towards their learning that are fairly consistent across time. There are other factors relevant to deep learning here. Is the learning meaningful and relevant to personal goals? Is there safety in the learning environment within peer relationships within the student-teacher relationship and free of the fear of failure? Is there the necessary availability to resources to commit to the learning including if the student is emotionally socially culturally and physically ready to invest in the learning. It's interesting to note that you don't have to be a student who has the attitudes of deep learning in order to experience a flow state but there's a real crossover between those enduring traits of deep learning and the momentary episodes of the flow state and those attitudes are certainly helpful in promoting flow. So a self-regulating student will actively remove distractions from the learning environment and that's going to promote a flow state but what do we retain from achieving flow with regard to learning? It has been suggested that we can have something capture our attention and focus for long periods of time but we don't seem to learn or retain a lot. Recent research suggests that we actually need to put in some hard effort to grapple with concepts we don't understand in order to then achieve deep conceptual change. What we've learned is that it's actually the confused or puzzled state that we appear to be learning more. So does flow actually lead to learning? Hmm I'll leave this quandary with you. Good luck.


I welcome you in the course of leadership, emotional intelligence and the CN making. This is module number 43 and we are going to talk about mindfulness and changes to view taken off what the mind is processing. When we talk about mindfulness, we have to be focused, we have to be persistent and we have to have the mindful activities jis se ke hum sahi tohre apne faslo ko wakarsakem. Now remember that sometimes habitual ways of understanding produce habitual reactions. Hamari aadat wo hamare kirdar par, wo hamare guftar par, wo asarandaaz hoti hain. So we have to be careful ke what are our habits and we have to involve the habits jo hame success ki taraf wo lekar jaasakem aur un successful habits me the most important thing is that we have to think positive. Now remember jab ham mindfulness and metacognitive awareness ki baat karte hain to us me hamare liye bohot zoroori hain ke ham do baato me fark ko kreat kar sakem. That either we have to be proactive or reactive aur jab ham proactive aur reactive ka comparison karte hain to reactive hone se ham sahi tohre par apne nataaj hasal nahi kar pahenge. Therefore it is always suggested that we have to be proactive. Ham cheezon ko proactively analyse karein, situation ko proactively assess karein aur us proactive assessment se what we are going to get is that ham first mover advantage wo lekasakemge. Ham followers ko guide and train karsakemge sahi vakar par sahi direction ki taraf. The second thing is when we talk about mindfulness and metacognitive awareness that you have to involve in yourself one thing that either you are going to be emotionally attached aur emotionally detached. So ye aapka faisla hain ke aap apne aapko problem se separate karpate ho ke nahi karpate ho. It is always suggested ke we have to keep ourself detached from emotional context of the situation ta ke ham usko rationality ke saath understand wo karsakem. Otherwise hamari emotional attachment jab kisi cheez ke saath hojayegi ham jizbati wabastagi ke saath kisi cheez ko involve karlinge to us vakat hamari rationality wo madham hojayegi. Another important thing is that we have to see ke aaya ham ek to-do list follow kar rahe hain ke ham situation ke mutabek apne aapko evolve kar rahe hain. And therefore remember ke sirf ek to-do list banalene se we might be involving ourself to become a machine. Ham ek robot like operations meinvolve ho jayenge. Therefore we should be able to know what to do and what not to do. Hamare pas evaluation points ho ne chahin hain. Hamare pas iss paat ka ndaza ho na chahiye ke kis vakat kab kaha kyun kaise ham ek kya kar na chahiye aur kya nahin kar na chahiye. Another important thing is ke ham rather than assumptions ke upar chale ham e challenge kar na aana chahiye assumptions ko. Ta ke ham sawal puth sakhe ham investigate kar sakhe ham cheese ke multiple dimensions ko parak sakhe. To sirf mafruzat wo aapko natayaj par lekar nahin ja sakte. Ham e question kar na aana chahiye kisi bhi aspect ko. Ke koi bhi cheese kyu runuma hui aur uski back-end ke upar kya cheeze kar amat thiin. So we have to be careful that in our development of mindfulness we have to involve our metacognitive awareness. Aap us metacognitive awareness ke kuch hamare pas certain steps hain. Ke agar hain is metacognitive skill ko apne ndar involve kar na chahathe hain. To sabse pehli cheese je hain ke aap je jaan paayin ke aapko kinn baton se nazar aandaz kar na hain apne aapko. For example, the skills of seeing that their mind is not where they want it to be. So is baat ko jaan na ke aapka zihin bahar par nahin hain jaha par usko hona chahiye tha. Second aspect in the metacognitive skill is ke ham e kaisi skill payda apne ndar kar hain jis se ke ham detach kar sakhe apne mind ko us point se jis point par hain hain nahin hona chahiye tha. The third skill which we require in metacognitive development wo yeh hain ke ham apne aapko focus kar sakhein us point ke upar jis par actually hain apna focus rakhna hain. And the fourth factor is ke jab ham sahi point ka analysis kar lein jab ham us nukte par pohon jaayin jo actual situation hain hain hain to aap ham waha par apne focus ko munjumind kar sakhein waha par abhum remain kar hain apne thought ko, keep kar sakhe apne thought ko. So the skill of keeping their mind where they want it to be. So detachment se lekar attachment tak yeh sefer hain metacognitive skills batati hain ke kin chison ko nazar ndaz karke aur kin chison ko focus karke rightful results wo hasal kiye jaa sakte hain.  Thank you.


And they said, hey, do you want to come up and do a talk at our conference? I've been floating for years and years, but I didn't think that my current line of research was really in line with what they were doing. I just released this book called Deep, which was looking at the human connection to the ocean from the very surface to the very bottom of the sea. So I told them, I said, what does the deep ocean have to do with floating? And they said, I don't know. That's why we're bringing you up to tell us all. So I thought about it a little more, and I realized that, yeah, there are connections with the ocean and floating. It turns out that our bodies in our blood contains a very similar chemical composition to seawater, and when we immerse ourselves in water, we become almost like another animal. And this is what I was talking about, the mammalian dive reflex, how our blood shunts from our extremities to our core, our heart rate lowers, and all the rest. So after this talk, I got another call the next year, and they said, hey, do you want to come up again for the next conference? I said, what am I going to talk about? I already talked about the mammalian dive reflex and our connection to the water, but once again, I thought about it a little more and realized there was more to the story. So I came up to Portland, Oregon, and talked about magnetoreception, how when we enter water, we are able to heighten other senses that we don't normally have access to on land. So many years went by, and finally in 2018, I got another call from FloadOn. They said, hey, I heard you were working on a book about breathing. Do you want to come up and do a talk? So I was mired in tons of research at this time, and I still had a deadline to hit. But I thought about it, and I thought, maybe this would be good for my mental health to go up to a conference, get out of my office, and start to talk to people. So I came up and did this talk, this talk, which was the lost art in science of breath. So the only thin resemblance to breathing and floating I could think about was to look about how our faces and mouths had changed over time. So the etiology of all these breathing dysfunctions are tied to all these changes in our faces. Well, what does that have to do with floating? Well, it turns out that there is one of the greatest movies ever made, at least the first half of it, Altered States, which has somebody go into a float tank, and he regresses into a primitive human. And it turns out that the older we go back in our evolutionary line, the better breathers we were. So at the end of this talk, I went out into the lobby, and I was drinking like hydrogen water or something. And this guy comes up to me, and he says, that was a really interesting subject to talk about at the float conference. I said, oh, thank you. I was very happy when the talk worked out so well. But he said, no, no, no.  You should have talked about human respiration in a float tank. So I apologized. It never appealed to me or occurred to me that I could have talked about that. I told him, I said, hey, if I ever get invited back here, which is very doubtful, I promise to you I'm going to talk about human respiration and floating, which is what I'm going to talk about today. So specifically breathing and flotation. So all of you know the benefits of floating, right? When we float, we relax the nervous system. It helps to manage pain. We boost our immune function. We can lower blood pressure. We can reduce anxiety disorders. And we can help speed recovery. But if you also look at what conscious slow breathing does and look at the benefits of that, what do you find? You find that you can relax the nervous system by breathing slowly and eliciting that parasympathetic response. You can help manage pain. You can boost immune function. You can lower blood pressure. You can reduce anxiety disorders and you can speed recovery. So what is going on here? Are these two things just identical? Are they coming about fixing these core problems in different ways? Or are they eliciting the same exact responses in our bodies but through different mediums? I couldn't figure this out and I thought about it for a while. So I did what a lot of reporters and journalists do. I started talking to experts in the field and the first person I called was this guy who you may recognize, Justin Feinstein. And he was kind enough to share with me some of the research he had been doing. And turns out that Justin had just released a paper that was being reviewed that was looking at how floating once again offered significant effects in reducing anxiety, muscle tension, blood pressure, and more. Because of course it did. We've known this for a long time. But he also mentioned that when people float, their respiration slows. It's not a huge amount, okay? Maybe a breath or two a minute, but it was statistically significant. And it turns out that long term meditators will breathe more slowly. They will breathe less than other people, so about the same amount. It's not a huge decrease, but it was statistically significant. So if you look at these two things together, they're essentially doing the same thing. But again, why? How is floating affecting breathing? How is breathing affecting the floating experience? We still don't know. Are these compliments of one another? Are they coming together to make this a more pronounced and strong experience for each person who does it? No one really knows. So I thought about it a little more and I realized that something that a lot of people probably aren't thinking about is posture in the float tank. So this is how we used to lay out people when they came to the ICU with COVID. They used to be laid on their backs, respirator in their mouth. They were just able to sit there. And it turns out that this was an extremely bad way of having someone be sitting all day with a serious respiratory condition. Because every time we breathe, this thing called the diaphragm, it's this muscle that sits right underneath the lungs, lowers when we breathe in. And it ascends when we breathe out. What you're going to see here is a very slow, short breath, followed by a very deep breath. And you can see the difference here in these two things. That's what a very deep breath looks like. So doctors realize that having patients on their back, most of that expansion is happening when you breathe in the back. The diaphragm is a back muscle.  So what did doctors start to do? They started to put people on their sides. And this worked so much better because of course it did. You didn't have that pressure on your back. You were able to breathe more deeply, more slowly, more easily by being on your side. So the ancients have known all about this. Look at any statue of the Buddha, any painting of the Buddha sleeping. And he's always on his side. Even when he's awake and chilling, he's on his side. So when you're floating, yeah, you're on your back, but you're floating in water, so there's no resistance on your back. So just this posture is going to allow you to take deeper, slower, easier breaths. I don't know if anyone has ever done a study in this. I don't think we need to. But I can't imagine someone going into a float tank and breathing very short, stilted breaths and panicking. I don't think you get any very few of the benefits of floating if you're just... I think so many of the benefits tied to floating are tied to this very slow, very easy breathing. We know that there are several hundreds, even thousands at this time, of studies looking at slow breathing, its effect on your heart rate, its effect on your blood pressure, how you think. It changes all of these things. Slow breathing also allows us to take different control of our brain in the way that we are able to put different areas of the brain online more easily. Things work better. So when you float and when you breathe very slowly and calmly and consciously, these two things are just a great compliment for one another. Like the classic peanut butter chocolate, even more so punch and jawn. It's just a marriage made in heaven. So I see as something that you can do if you're not already doing it, is to start to incorporate this slow conscious breathing into the floating practice. You can try this yourself, but you can also use it for your clients. And how you do that is up to you. I think a short video would be helpful to them or some pointers. I know that you don't have too much time. This people are checking in about ready to float. But just to take a few slow, deep and calming breaths is a way to prepare the body and the nervous system and the mind for a float and can allow you to more easily transition into that state of deep relaxation. And one breathing technique I really like and I like it because it's so basic and simple. It's called coherent breathing. And all this is inhaling to a count of about five to six. And exhaling to a count of about five to six. Just like this animation, you can have your clients take one hand, put it on the belly, another put it on the chest and breathe in from the belly to the chest to a count of about five to six and breathe out in that same way, belly to chest back out. Just by doing this for a pattern maybe 15, 20 times while you're showering, preparing to float can really calm you down. So if you listen to how William Hurt was breathing before he transmogrified into a primordial human, I mean listen, it's extremely slow, it's extremely calm, it's rhythmic. So I can't say by just breathing this way, you too will be able to reach this point just to go back in time. But I can say that the science is very clear that you will be able to calm yourself, be better able to take control of your thoughts, be better able to lower your blood pressure. You can turn all of the different waves in your body from those blood pressure waves to your brain waves to the way your heart beats from a state of incoherence, which is like this, to this state of coherence. All it takes is one breath in and one breath out and then you just add water and there you go. Thank you very much.


The T2 Tile project is building an indefinitely scalable computational stack. Follow our progress here on T Tuesday updates. Distance 7. We'll come back to that. So last time, it was about the common data manager that I've been struggling to get it to do what I wanted it to do, and had this little bit of a breakthrough that was easily understood in the ideas of Stigmergy, that you want to not keep stuff hidden away in your head, but have stuff out in the world, and then everything you and others who are involved in collectively getting something done, react to what's out in the world in a way that makes the next step automatically possible. And got a lot of progress, got a demo to kind of work. There was some strange things about that, I was happy that it worked at all. But the speeds were kind of weirding me out. I mean, so these kind of numbers like 1.6 kilobytes per second, 1.7 kilobytes per second, those I was familiar with. But you know, I was also seeing these things, where was it? It was somewhere here, you know, 5.9K, 5.8K, that was like more than I was usually familiar with seeing. And put it all together, and it still came out that CDMSS03, that's the MFM distribution, that's the big one, 15 megabytes in 2 hours, 2 minutes, 10 seconds, 2.2 kilobytes per second. So that was about what I expected, and 2 hours is a big drag. But you know, what was going on with the 5.8K, the 5.7K? Well you know, so I looked into it further, and it actually turned out that there was a combination of bugs. And the way that the transfer of data works is the one that's getting the data asks for the next chunk, and remembers what chunk it asks for, and then when the chunk arrives, it checks and makes sure it's the one that's expected, and if so, it puts it in its buffer and writes it out to the disk in the appropriate time and so on. But there was another part, which was the background, you know, timeout mechanism that was supposed to kick in and, you know, give everybody a bump if there was some kind of problem. And that hadn't been tested, and the, well, it had been tested, but it hadn't been tested enough. And the net effect was that it was actually waking up and saying, hey, what's going on? We're still looking for block number, you know, 109, and it would send out another request for it, so that eventually the first request would get handled, then it would get handled in a normal way, and then we'd say we're looking for 110, and then another copy of 109 would show up, and the way the code was written, it was saying, no, no, no, I don't want 109, I want 110. So it would end up taking what was two copies of 109 and turn that into two requests for 110, one of which was going to get ignored. And then when the timeout would come in again, it would inject yet another one and another one. So the 5.8 kilobytes per second, the 8.0 kilobytes per second was almost all repetitions of multiple copies of the same block, which were getting tossed away, but additional requests for it were going out.  And that was what was slowing it down, because eventually the requests and the replies would sort of run out by going into this space. So it was like, OK, well, you know, maybe we should fix that bug number one, but maybe we should take advantage of the idea number two. So I rewrote the thing so that instead of just waiting for the first packet to come back, it would have a notion of it could have a certain number of requests in flight simultaneously. So it could ask for 109, 110, and 111 before it actually saw 109 reply coming back or whatever it was. And that's what max MFZ data in flight was. It's the number of bytes that you're willing to have on spec that you're asking for. And I said it, at first, I said it to three times the packet length. And it started to work, and it started to work a little better. So eventually I went to six times the packet length, and I ended up at 12 times the packet length. So in theory, you could have 12 packets, each with, you know, a chunk of 180 bytes plus metadata in flight at once before you actually stop waiting until you start waiting for the reply before you go ahead to the next one. That I also needed. I had another parameter, which was how much time around the loop we would check to do outputs and inputs after I kicked that up a little bit. I mean, originally the whole point of CDM was to keep it as a background process so that it didn't take up too much in the machine. Still want that to be the case, but I have to admit that during development, it really helps CDM moving MFC files reasonably quickly. And when you are moving a lot of, you know, the fundamental things, changing the laws of physics, changing the MFM engine itself, changing the T2 infrastructure, are you really going to be running simulations that you're trying to collect it for? Well, maybe you are, but it's not going to be for a while.  I'd never used this in my life. It's great. I mean, it's got a little quirks and everything like all debuggers do, but man, it helps out a lot. So all of this wouldn't have even happened except for the fact that I've now ramped up a little bit on Perl debugging. Big artist started up again and now 15 megabytes in 45 minutes, 40 seconds. More than cut it in half, 5.8 kilobytes per second coming in. Now, so that, taking that in combination with getting rid of all of the debugging symbols from the MFM package, cuts the MFM package down to like 7 megabytes. And the time to push it out is like 25 minutes, something like that. And it can push to an entire power zone in a half in under an hour. Not so bad. Now, of course, there was the whole problem. Oh, and I updated the CDM control, the program to manage the deleted files. You know, this is what it used to look like. The names of the files are deleted as of this time stamp and so forth. But that all got changed because now we went to slot stamps, which, you know, a two-digit slot number in hex, a six-digit time. So that got redone and now we've got, you know, now it's, you know, slot 90 at 51675 is deleted, slot AO is deleted and so forth. So, but we gave up on backward compatibility to do this. And so now how am I going to get the software? I can't use CDM to get the software into the middle of the grid. I can plug into the west edge of the grid using an Ethernet cable, but I can't plug into the middle of the grid. So I was either facing, disassemble the entire grid yet again or what. And I came up with a what. I used the serial port cable, you know, the serial cable, this thing, that I can plug into any tile that I want to as long as I can get at the little slot on its lower right side. And I used Z modem. Is anybody old enough to remember Z modem? We have exchanging files like over telephone lines, over UARTs, over serial lines. Well, that's what this is. So I used Z modem to send down a tar file and to send down a hack, a little script that I made to unpack it and set it all up so that with those two files down, if I ran the script, then that tile would be ready to go with then CDM could be used for the rest. And I sat there and I went through each tile in the grid, like three minutes apiece. And I got it done. And there it is, the Z modem saying it's uploading the files. I would have thought it was downloading, but you see, things are different now. And we got the thing updated. And there it was.  This is a whole power zone, all powered up. It's got an ethernet cable sticking out the side. You know, I was thinking about when the power, when the whole grid gets bigger, it's not necessarily clear that there's going to be a wire near ethernet nearby. I mean, you could just stick in one of those little dongles, Wi-Fi USB things, but the tiles don't have any USB ports accessible. The USB stack that's built onto the underlying board is blocked by the West ITC.    And so I said, you know, this is much, this makes a lot more sense. I will just plug in a tile. I will let the tile update using CDM. So there it is. It's pulling, you know, 03, 516, 98B. You know, one of the things, I kind of like these timestamps. So these six-digit timestamps are hexadecimal, base 16. So each one is four bits long. So 516 represents 12 bits and 98B represents 12 bits. And these are five-minute chunks since 1970. And the way it works out is that the first three digits, 516, lasts about two weeks, kind of like the current T Tuesday update period. And in fact, most of the time that I was doing this development, I was in the 516 era, which was kind of special to me because it was one of my phone number area codes when I was a kid, you know, 51675129, you know, on Suffolk County in Long Island. They've rearranged the area codes. I don't think 516 goes there anymore, but it did when I was there. It was kind of nice. So now we're actually on to the 517 era, which is nice too, but I enjoyed 516. And it seems like a good pacing, at least for someone of my age, you know, about two weeks isn't bad. All right. So anyway, so I would collect up the packages on one of these tiles and then power it down. So there it is, 99% for the O2 package, which is what we were dealing with here. And it's done. Now, it's actually trying to pull in an MFM package too, but that's still going to take a while.  So I just power this guy down, boom, and I carry him over to the grid with a ribbon cable, I plug him into the grid. He boots up with the power from the grid. And actually the first thing that happened was he resumed picking up the MFM pile. This, the Stigmergic solution for CDM, it's really nice. You see, you see the files going in opposite directions at the same time. Oh, you need O3. Oh, you need O2. Sure. Let's swap. You see things where, you know, one file starts being fed in one direction and then eventually this guy gets ahead and it turns around and starts feeding the remainder of it in the other direction. It all just works. It's nice. And so there, and now the grid is starting to pick up O1 and 90, these various things they come on through. And here comes O2 and it moves on through the whole thing is good. I realized that, you know, maybe it would be worth actually getting like a little 12 volt battery pack of some sort and making a little portable tile that had its own power supplies and used the power inject the data only connectors, the DOs, so that you could actually carry this guy around and he could be live and you just sort of plug him in. He'd go feed, feed, feed and so forth. May still don't know was shopping for it a little bit. All right. So that's the state of the CDM version three pipeline. It's pretty well done. It's in production as far as I'm concerned and I'm kind of moving on. So let's do that too. While I was doing that, you know, if you remember about a month ago now, I had the power zone was flickering and disappearing. It was all terrible and it turned out to be, you know, lousy wiring. So this little loop of wire was touching the other side and so forth. So I said, I think really I should try to find so I made it better. I did it much more carefully. It's all beautiful now for the ones that I hand built, but I also started looking around to shop for these, you know, commercial ones for a Y connector so that we plug it into the power supply. We'd have two heads coming out and we could put two power injectors on it and that turned out to be really handy because that way you could put one down and then put the other one down. And if you needed to get at either one of the tiles, you could move the other power injector without losing power to the whole zone. So I wanted to have Y connectors for everything. I found some cheap ones on Amazon. They came in. I tried them out. I plugged them in. Things seem fine. It was working everything. All the stuff that I just showed you that picture with the yellow ethernet cable was using one of these Y commercial Y cables. Now, when I was looking at it, this was an example. So look at this guy. He's got big green arrows coming in from five directions at once. That's a CDM running and pulling packets from five neighbors at the same time to build up whatever it's looking for. I don't know what it is at this point. And that was pretty cool. I was spending some time just kind of enjoying it. It's working pretty good.  Why is the voltage on this thing 10.93? The power supplies are supposed to be 12 volt power supplies. We've specked out a power zone so that it should be less than, you know, 50 to 60 watts. The power supplies are supposed to be good for 65 watts. What's going on? Looking into it, it's like, wow. And here's another example. 10.87 volts on these two and this one, you know, so 10.90 volts here, 11.95 volts here. What's the difference? Well, there's actually a frontier here. These are two different power zones. This one is running off of one of the existing power supplies that I had from way back when using one of the homemade DIY splitters. And this thing is running off of a sort of a scratch power supply I made using one of the commercial Y cables. And the Y cables were hot. So I'm really not so sure about those Y cables. I was worried about them for current carrying. I'm still worrying about them. Yeah. And you can almost see the power injector frontier there between the pretty much nominal 12 volt side and the 11 volts and downside. So at the moment, I'm happy with these lead mo AC adapters. And I'm going to stick with them, but I think I'm going to stick with the handmade splitter cables unless I can find some that have heavier wire. So that's it on the hardware front. One more issue after getting the CDM kind of working. It was the, you know, the next pain point for as far as developing and going forward was a way to avoid having to click every single tile. When I wanted to switch to see the CDM, what was going on and then go back and click every single tile when I wanted to see what the tile menu was. It was showing and so on. So it was time to implement flash traffic, which had been, you know, we'd had it running in an earlier version when it was the MFM T2, the direct port from MFMS, the simulator before that was proved hopeless and got all torn out. And we've been working our way back towards that as a sort of second system put together better flash traffic reserve for messages of extreme urgency. Brevity is mandatory. That's what we're talking about. And it's been in the spec for ages. You know, there it is, the flash traffic all right up with the MFM traffic and the intertile connection negotiations and so on. Going through the various still there, the ITC changed its design. That's when we go through a couple of months ago when we were trying to get the intertile connectors to talk to each other. And eventually it got fleshed out. The flash command has a command and index a TTL checks on what's that. So the command is going to be a single byte saying do this, you know, put up the tile menu, the index is supposed to be a way to disambiguate so that you know that this command is fresh. And so the idea is that each index, each command should have a higher index than the previous one. Unfortunately, of course, there's only one byte. So you can't count very high before you're going to have to wrap around. And that's a big problem in general. It's a big problem in distributed systems. There's a related thing called the count to infinity problem, which is mostly known specifically in one particular routing context. But it's really a more general problem of trying to come up with a way, a distributed system for describing freshness without dealing with the fact that the numbers get eventually bigger than you want to deal with. So this is one byte when it gets to 255, it wraps back around a zero and we have to deal with that somehow. TTL is a time to live. When you put a packet into the grid, each time it takes a hop, in our case, from one tile to another tile, it decrements the time to live when it gets to zero, the packet stops. Check sum is just a little bit of redundancy that kind of mixes together the bits of the rest of the packet. So you have some idea whether something has happened to it. In the current iteration, this is now C code, C++ code. We've got the packet header, one byte, the command, one byte, the index, the thing that's supposed to count to infinity, one byte. We also have the range, which is the initial time to live so that any person getting it can not just know how many hops it's got left on it, but it can know how many hops it had when it started. And then it's got this B point.  It's the XY coordinate where this particular command originated. Because one of the big problems with this is, okay, so this guy says, he wants to tell everybody to show the tile menu. Then somebody else says, no, everybody else show the CDM menu. How do you know which one is supposed to have priority? Well, the index is supposed to be going up. But what if they both happened before neither of them had seen the other? They're going to have indexes that are, who knows what? Who knows how they're going to relate? A better way to do it would be to say, I'm only going to compare your index to your previous command. So in this case, now what we do is we keep track of where the packet came from just in a relative way. You know, I start out at 0, 0, and by the time I get to the other guy, I'm at 3 minus 2 or whatever it is. And I say, okay, what's the last index I saw from this guy? And if I only compare indexes from the same origin, then I don't have to worry about the inconsistency of the commands coming from different places. I may still have race conditions where multiple commands come in from different directions and they will be executed in different orders at different sites, but that's a separate problem. We'll have to deal with it. So we pass along the x, y, it's a signed single byte, which allows us to go 128 basically in either direction in x and y, which totally limits the range of our flash traffic. The maximum size of our fleet is going to be some kind of 120 by plus or minus 120 relative to us and so forth. But of course, that was already limited by the time to live, how many hops we can go and so forth. So all that's there. And then there's a little array going from the directions of the compass north, northeast and so forth to how the B point, the x, y changes. And it's a little bit surprising, but it ends up making sense that if we look at the east and west offsets, when you go east, you actually add two to the x. When you go west, you subtract two to the x.  So if you went straight across, you need to increment by two, not by one. So there's this coordinate system where moving left and right on a horizontal row increments by twos in either direction, going up and down on the diagonal, goes up and one and down on the other. And you know, okay, and that works pretty well. And so here's the code that says, when you've got a packet and you're getting ready to propagate it onto someone else, you take what they thought the origin was and you subtract out this offset that we just talked about based on the direction that you're sending it. Similarly, you decrement the time to live and you update the redundancy so that because whenever you change any of the arguments to the packet, you have to recompute the checksum. I did some early design for what I wanted the flash traffic menu to look like, boot everybody, turn them off, show the tile. Eventually I realized I wanted more commands than we're really gonna fit on one screen. So I developed, well, so it turns out the graphics library that we're using never had a radio button concept. We never implemented it before. So I implemented radio buttons so that you'll be able to pick one of these commands, show the tile menu and the other one, show the CDM menu will pop up automatically, that kind of thing. And I got it all implemented and it was like, what's gone wrong here? The whole thing, it's got all of these different coordinates coming in. This was all coming from one command that I sent out. What would it turned out to be? Oh yeah, I had a loopback cable.  It's exactly like standing between two mirrors and saying there's that guy and there's that guy and there's that guy behind him. So that's kind of a pretty inherent flaw in the idea of being able to locate relative to you based on the hops that you pass, which is a problem on the one hand, but on the other hand, I am not going to stop because of loopback cables. This makes total sense that this loopback cable would cause this illusion. So we're just gonna live with it. And I was gonna show a demo, but we're really running super long. Maybe we'll pick it up next time. So the flash traffic stuff is starting to work and I feel good. I feel like a lot of progress, that the CDM stuff in particular was solid enough that I could build on it and stress it and it would work great. And so that's it. Don't know if anybody's counting, but next week is gonna be the two year anniversary of these T Tuesday updates, two years. So gonna have to do something special. I'm not sure what. And I will stick a little bit of some of the video that didn't get to use on the end here just so people can watch it if they wanna hang around. Thanks for being here in any case. Hope to see you in two weeks. All right. Well, I was trying to catch the first try of this and I forgot to turn them actual start recording. So we missed it. So this is a redo of the new flash traffic system. So like I was saying, you can still pick these outer commands and set things like what we view, the different menus on the titles, but now we have this control panel in the middle where you can issue commands to the grid. So let's, for example, say, everybody should show the common data manager. I'm gonna send it to the grid. I'm gonna send it out to distance eight, which is measured in terms of hops. And I counted it out before and I think eight does it. One, one hop, two, three, four, five, six, seven. So eight gives us an extra stop, in fact. So there's no calling this back once more. We've sent it out, so here we go. It took a while, but there it is. And we ought to be able to do it from anywhere. Display the tile, distance seven. It's really surprising how much variation there is. The way I designed it theoretically, it spreads out from the center and it ought to execute from the outer back toward the center. So like the captain, the one that gives the order goes last, but it doesn't really work out that way, or it works out that way sometimes, I suppose. Now, let's see, let's go back to the site display, then try one of the things that we have not tried yet. So this will be a first. Now, what happened here? This guy just failed to get the order, completely failed to get the order, huh? Why don't we try it again? We'll try it from a different guy. Display sites, grid sites plus eight. All right, you, there we go. You got it that time, and this guy got it as well. All right, so this is the new one. So let's try control physics seed one to the grid. Engage, uh-oh, oh, what that did. But nothing has actually happened here, so I suspect it didn't work. Ah, yeah, there we go. Worked fine, I just forgot that I hadn't written it yet.


I have met a lot of Syrians who have told me that even if the war is about to be ended, that they want to leave because they have no water. They don't have the basic necessities for life. Syria was one of those states in the Arab world whose standard of living had become comparable to that of Western European countries. It was completely self-supporting in terms of food supply and the conditions prevailing in the field of health were fine. For instance, kids, 95% of kids were all getting vaccination. Nowadays, the situation has considerably worsened. The unemployment rate, which was about 8%, is now over 50%. The rate of growth, which was about 4.5% per year per capita, has now become a rate of impoverishment. I have recommended that the money that is frozen, the state resources that have been frozen by international banks be unfrozen to import wheat in order to ensure the survival of the population.


Let me show you what this bad boy can do. Hey guys, welcome back to Tantane Man Garage. Today I am working on a 97 Blair Sportspin 500. And I've had a couple questions on these, so I figured this would be a perfect time to answer some of those questions. On these older ones, they have a lot of electrical issues, so stay tuned after I do the rebuild, get the thing back together, and you'll find out what kind of electrical issues I've got going on and how to solve them. So sit back, relax, have a beer, and watch me do all the work. If you remember in my previous video, this thing came in a box. The guy tore the engine apart, something was locked up in the bottom, something with a connecting rod to the piston, I believe. I did have another bottom and laying around, so I cleaned that up. I also went through and I took my honing stones and I honed the cylinder. The cylinder was actually in decent shape, it's usable, so I'm going to use that. And I also resurfaced the head, the head was pretty clean. So one thing I do when I take an engine apart is I will take this off and inspect that. You will always have a little groove in there from the decompression ball on the cam. I'll also grab this, turn this around, check the cam lobes. Those are pretty good within spec. If they were bad, normally the exhaust lobe wears off on these. But this one looks pretty decent, so I'm going to go ahead and use it. This actually came off a 425, and the 425 and the 500 heads are identical, and the cams are identical. The head that came with it, the guy had dissembled the valves. The cam was shot, so I'm not even going to use that. I'm going to just use this, because I've got one that's in good shape. Another little trick I wanted to show you guys, and one of my subscribers suggested this.  Spray it on there. I left it on for about maybe 15 minutes, cleaned it off right away. The only downfall is it leaves oxidation on the block. So after I get this all assembled, I'm going to take a brass wire brush and kind of clean off all the oxidation, clean everything up. So my next step is, I'm going to get the jug put on, but I want to go over something, as you can see here. I do have the piston in already. I didn't want to go through that. I did post a video a while ago on it. When you buy a piston, I like the number of pistons. Their average price, they hold up. I've had them in a lot of ATVs and they last a while. But before you put the rings on the piston, what you want to do is check your ring gap. So you take the ring, put it inside the jug, and then make sure, with a feeler gauge, that I think it's like .006 gap in between the rings. If you don't have that, you're going to burn up your rings or something's going to jam up right away. So what I like to do is, after I get my gasket surfaces all cleaned up, the choice of zero is whatever you want to use. I use a little lacquer thinner and I clean this all up. And then it actually makes any gasket material stuck on there yet pop up. And then I'll maybe take a razor blade or a fine piece of sanding paper and sand that down. Clean it up real nice. Go over it again so that way I have clean surfaces before I put the gaskets on. So I've gone through this about a hundred times. So I'm not going to show you how I put the cylinder on the piston because it can be time consuming. And usually my arms are in the way when I do it. But I'll use a piston ring compressor, squeeze it on, and I'll squeeze the piston rings and I'll slide that on. Another thing I like to do is throw a little oil in here on both sides. So that way when I slide this on, it's pre-lubed and it'll slide on a little nicer. So I'm going to clean off my surfaces, get my base gasket on, get that jug slid on, and then we'll go from there. All right, so I got the jug on. It took me a couple tries with this, but I got it to work. So I always got people asking me, the teeny man, what is the torque specs for the jug bolts? So these are 12.12 millimeter. And I just drop them in there, throw a little oil on them. And they are 49 foot pounds. So I'll give each one up just a crisscross pattern. Also you put your two little bolts in here. I got those in already. Now before you assemble the head, remember to put some slides in. Let's go in a little notch right here and in here. That's for your chain. All right. So the next thing I like to do is, oh, I've inserted the jug. I want to check the action, move the piston up and down, make sure the rings are incorrectly, make sure I don't hear any grinding noise, so this is good. You guys can see that. Everything moves nice and free. It's already pre-lubed, so it'll be good to go. I'm going to leave that there, top dead center.  Now let's double check, make sure there's no gasket material left. Maybe we see a little bit on there. Like I said, the lacquer thinner does make it stick out, which is nice.  Let's use a razor blade to just kind of drag it back. Try not to scratch the surface too bad. If you do get some deep scratches from a razor blade, just take a little 320, actually 600 grit wet dry sandpaper, sand it down. This is actually 1500 grit that'll work. Clean this up a little bit.  All right. Wipe it down again.  Now I wanted to show you this. Every time I install the head, I just put a level over it and a flashlight. Just make sure there is no gaps in there anywhere. And I already inspected that, and that's good to go. So I'm just going to clean that surface off. Put this bad boy on. You want to watch out because there's notch here. Notch right down here. If this will get hung up on, so move that over. And you want to make sure this is latched into the right position that it didn't move or fall out. So you don't use any Loctite or anything. As you can see, I'm using a little bit of oil. That is factory recommended. Some guys will be like, oh yeah, you can't do that. You're not supposed to do that. I used to work in an engine plant, and we did the same exact thing. I normally don't like the name drop, but it was called our engine plant. And what we were told was with the Torx spec or the Torx sequence, is you tighten it, and you loosen it, and you tighten again. The bolt stretch. So you want a little oil on there. It kind of acts like a cutting agent and also helps with the bolts. That is a 14mm, I believe. I'm just going to snug them up. And because of the Torx sequence, I usually wait until I put the engine in the ATV and torque it down only because then you've got everything mounted down. Engines held in place. Otherwise you'll be hanging out of this thing, trying to torque on it like I was trying to do with a jug. So that's what I do. Don't forget your two bolts here. And then I'll go ahead and install the timing chain. So I'm going to install my timing chain and my timing gear. Let me show you guys a quick little trick. So right here, there's a mark on the crank gear and there's a mark on the case. Line those two up, you're at top dead center.   Also, your chains are discolored. So these two are lighter. And this one at the bottom is light. So you hook this one with that mark and these two with the little indentations on the cam gear. When I install that, let's do that on the camera. Two little indentations, one here, one here. That'll all get lined up. Now if you notice I've got the engine laying on its side, it's a lot easier to install the timing chain that way. A little kind of slide down. Let me turn it sideways, wrap it around. Got that lined up. I'll put my bolts on and you will be at top dead center.  I do put a little Loctite on these because I haven't seen some that do tend to back out. Here you have it. Perfectly timed engine. Now, a little sloppy but easy to adjust. Same here, you put a little oil on them. You can put Loctite on these if you want. Let's check the valve lashes to be .006. I love this one. It's got a nice little handle. I believe we got it from Snap-on. Tape there, tape there. Yep, we're tightening all of them. 10mm wrench and a screwdriver. And we'll get her set. I'm going to go ahead and just loosen them all right away. Lock nuts. So I know all of them need to be reset. You want just a little bit of drag on there. You want it too tight like that. Set that right there. Check this one out too. I'll do the other side. If you don't do this, when you go to start it, your intake valves could open before your exhaust valves do. You always want to make sure these are set. And every couple of years, you'll have to reset these. I thought you guys don't know that. They think there's an issue with their carb. They're like, well, why doesn't it run right? I think there's something wrong with the carb. Usually the first thing I ask is, did you check the valve lash? Let's remove a little bit. They're still good. Usually you can tell like the wiggle and you've just got a little bit of plague or good to go. I'll put the cover on and this rebelle will be done. All right. I always forget to show this in every rebelle video, but also have your chain tensioner. Unbolt that. That's a 12 millimeter bolt. Take the spring out. This little clip, press that in. You want to go ahead and install that. You don't want to install a tension on it because it'll need to readjust itself after the rebuild. I think it's six foot pounds, but I trust that gun. That gun's usually set about that. So now you can hear it clicked, pushed out. Now it's done. I just put my cover on after I install the engine. So I'm going to install the engine, go through the torque sequence for the head bolts and put the cover on.  Next I got the engine installed right now. A lot of things sucked up and I'm going to go through the torque sequence. The first set of the sequence is going to 22 foot pounds, which I'm pretty close to that gun. I'm just going to double check everything. And then I believe the next step is 51 pounds. 52. Oh, 52 pounds. 52 foot pounds is the next step. Turn my torque wrench up here. Go across, cross ways with the bolt pattern. So then you're loosening each one a half turn or 180 degrees. And then another half turn. 11 foot pounds. What I do is I grab a marker, draw a straight line of each bolt and you turn each one quarter turn. I like to draw a line of bolts so I can physically see where my quarter turns are. I do have a video on this, if you guys are wanting to actually see what I'm doing. Quarter turn, all four. And then the next step I like to do is after the cover's on, I'll tilt the ATV on its side. So it's like leaning at an angle. And I'll grab a funnel and I'll put it in one of these ports and I'll put like a, like maybe one quarter of oil just so that there's oil in the case when I started it up. It's already pre-loomed. You don't have to do any of the funky stuff because your oil reservoir's on the other side so if you're filling that up, there's no oil in the engine. So I'm going to do that next. Put the stator on, the rocker cover on. You got to pick up an oil filter and this thing should be ready to ride. Okay, so I got the engine in, I got everything hooked up except the exhaust. And I just wanted to try to prime everything, make sure I got spark. So I plugged in the spark plug there. I don't have the spark plug in the block. I'm just seeing if I got spark. I did, but I had to hot wire the starter solenoid right here because when I hook juice up to it, it doesn't even click. I've got power to my red wire right here. So I know there's power going up to the switch. I just don't have anything going right there. So I do have another starter solenoid by chance. Not sure if it works. I'm going to find out. I'm going to hook that up and see if I can get this bad boy fired up. Like I said, with these old polarises, sometimes you got to go through the wiring. It's bad grounds.  This seems pretty crusty. Move that, which I'm not liking. I might have to replace that. So that could be my issue too. So I'll see what I find once I get that replaced. Alright, so I put a new starter solenoid in. It turned out that wasn't the problem. So on these old polarises with the circuit board, these get pretty crusty and corroded. So what I end up doing was I unplug the white wire with the red line on it and that goes to the starter solenoid to the start switch. And then I also checked the key switch. And it turned out I got a funky key switch. So I'm going to have to replace that. Yeah, I got her all together. Just brought it in from pressure washing it because it was pretty dirty. I'm going to fire this bad boy up or as you can see what it does. I did hot wire the fan. The issue I have now if I shut it off. Oh, now it shuts off. Before I would have to push up on the key, something wonky going on with this. Or I could just hit the kill switch. So here you have folks, my latest project. I'm going to get the plastics back on. Double check this circuit board, make sure I clean up everything. And I'll add another ground to it because a lot of times the ground is going to these boards. Fail.  If you like the video, hit the thumbs up. Like always till next time.


Call all hands, speak to quarters. Sir, please Captain Bush. Pointes on target. Link's tough, ready? Hereby see as foresters, indomitable man of the sea, a ratio of hornblower. We turn on the open sea, where our enormous superiority and firing force must give her the advantage. That was bad enough. The additional responsibility of our high-born and influential passenger, Lady Barbara Wellesley. When I returned to the ship after calling on the viceroy at Panama, I summoned Bush, my first lieutenant, to my cabin. Mr. Bush, where's Lady Barbara? She's all recorded, sir. I had the carpet to knock up her habit chair. I had a bit of awning rigged, so she'd give us some shakes. Mr. Bush, the Lydia is a frigate, but to go into action, not an Indian man with nothing to do but pamper passengers. No, sir. If Lady Wellesley takes advantage of her position and forces me to carry her to England, I cannot refuse, but this is no reason why my ship should be turned into a... A boudoir. No, sir. Confront your Bush. Can't you say anything but no, sir? Yes, sir. A ship just for a lay ship, as spreading as it is. So she seeks safety by coming aboard a ship which is about to fight an enemy twice its size. I can't give Mr. Bush no good or gum with this. If we win the battle, we shall be censored for exposing her leadership to danger. If we lose it, we shall not imagine you losing any battle, sir. Not if it was a whole Spanish fleet, instead of just one ship. When I want your opinion, Mr. Bush, good, or otherwise, I will ask for it. Place my quarter deck with a woman sitting there. The thing I just thought is my shower glass under the pump on deck. Look, um, have a screen rigged. See that the crew are warned about dress, too. Um, this heat most of them work half naked. Goodbye, I, sir. It was still on the quarter deck when I went to attend to the business of getting the ship underway. Sail forward, I must do so dead in line with the anchor, with no slack in the gavel. Well, we might well bring the masts and rigging about our ears. Hi, Mr. Starman. We shall see how well you've drilled our crew.  Thank you very much. The Jedi broke off the conversation and moved away, as I approached. Oh, it's heavenly to be at sea again, Captain. And may I congratulate you on your amazing theme and ship in raising your anchor. Also, you've given me no opportunity to tell you how grateful I am to you for taking me away from Panama. I was treated well enough, but, well, I was in charge of her excellency. An admirable woman, but oh, so dull. In Spanish America, women are treated like Mohammedans. And Spanish-American food. Oh! On the latter point, I agree, heartily, your ladyship. Well, will you not sit down, Captain? Sit down on my own quarter deck. Thank you, your ladyship, but I've never done such a thing in my life. If you'll forgive me, I prefer to stand. I came to give you good news. Your brother, Sir Arthur, has won a great victory over the French in Portugal. A great victory? Oh, that is very good news. I've always been proud of Arthur, and it makes me proud as still. Well, I am happy to be the first to congratulate your sister. Oh, Captain, just look at that setting sun. One almost expects to hear a hiss as it sinks into the sea. Yes, I am never, never to miss the sunset in these waters, your ladyship. It's a daily miracle. Beautiful. I hope your ladyship was well provided for during my absence ashore. If there's anything further that lies within my power... Well, there's just one thing, Captain, that I should like to ask as a favor. What is that? That is that you do not call me your ladyship. Call me Lady Barbara, if you will. Certainly, Lady Barbara. And if Lady Barbara doesn't come into you and you wish to attract my attention, you can always say... Oh, Captain, I'm so sorry. Please accept my apologies. I realize now that to mock you was quite unforgivable. There is nothing to forgive, ma'am. And now, if you will forgive me in your turn, I must attend to my duties. One moment, please. Captain, I know that you have much on your mind. I know that before you sail for home, you must fight the Natividad. Will you tell me what are your prospects in that battle? Well, the Natividad, ma'am, is a two-decker with 50 guns against my 36. She is commanded by Vice Admiral de Crespo, a ruthless and blood-thirsty man who will never surrender. Whatever his faults, he's no coward. But against his force, I have perhaps a little experience. Capable and loyal officers and a very well-trained crew. And they are English. That counts for much. You may be frank with me, Captain. What will happen if we should be? If I or my crew are taken alive, we should be hanged or tortured. El Supremo will show no mercy to us for having turned against him. And you, it shall be my last care to see that you do not fall into the hands of de Crespo. Thank you, Captain. But you're not to worry about me, nor to allow my presence to influence you. Should it come to the worst, I, too, am English and a Wellesley. I know how to die after the heat. It's your health, ma'am, about which I'm anxious. I thought water was harmful.  Well, it's not really. Every man knew his job and did it swiftly and well. The decks were suspectly watered and strewn with sand. The bulkheads were knocked away. The fire parties took their places at the pumps. The boys ran with cartridges for the guns. Down below, the acting surgeon was dragging the midshipman's chests together in the cockpit to make an operating table. Yeah, better like the map. Hands are full to waste powder and shot at such range. Never forget, Mr. Bush, the first broadside discharge in coast water. My cruise with time to think is worth ten under an hour's circumference. Yes, sir. We'd be partially mighty close, sir. If we both stay on this course, in fact, we'll meet out of bow. Seeing sea of the Nativity Dam, I could see de Crespo up on the poop. The fellow actually had the insulence to weigh barely, hadn't it? We'd have the advantage from our maneuver. Two broadsides into under close range with only one shot in reply. I saw the rudder of our appointment kick over, and the next one with a two-decker had swung round and was hurtling down upon us. A broadside from her, too? Well, too. At intervals, as the sea permitted, her lower deck ports were opening like clockwork. Her big 24-pounders were vomiting, playing, and smoking. What work did you say? Yes, the air force is too great for us to continue this close work. We shall have to use running if we have to survive. Answer the voices! Now, Mr. Bush, back the main tops of the trifle to take way off this. And let them give you a jacket ahead. Aye, aye, sir. Now, tack ship for Ronacosa Stern. Approach, aye, Mr. Jordan. I know what he about to receive. She was free of the wreckage. Round and round again. I forced my mind to concentrate on the problem of how I can maneuver my crippled ship and continue the fight. The ship which is ready for action... Sir, I'll get that bush. Pardon me, sir. That asking questions like a fool, I'm staring, aren't I? Get this deck cleared up so we can move by. Lady Barbara, who gave you permission to come on deck? My order's for you to stay below. The deck is no place for you. I can see that, Captain. I have no intention of obstructing you. I propose to lock myself in my cabin. Oh, your cabin! Yes, please allow us to go to my cabin, sir. There's no cabin left for you, ma'am. Four broad sides of 24-pound softened women. Twenty-four pounds off of them and it's a bit out of path to your cabin, ma'am. And what is left of it wouldn't sell to the fly. Oh, dear. And we've much to do to make our ship ready to fight again. I... Very well, Captain. But... Your coat is torn, sir. You're bloody. Can I help you at all? Yes, ma'am. You can help me and all of us by going back to the cable here. I offer my humble apologies, Captain. No doubt, appreciate the situation. Yes, sir. Miss Brigadier, they must and get back into battle. As soon as possible and impress on the men, Mr. Bush, of their lives and liberty depend upon speed. The first ship ready for action is going to win this battle. Conducted by Sidney Torn.


Okay, so thank you everyone for joining us again after the break. So we have one more presentation for you from the Insight program and then we'll have our panel discussion. So now we have for you Stephen Kingsmore from the Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine. Thank you Anastasia and thank you to Robert for raising the bar. So I'm going to try and trump him. What does Insight taught us about treatment of infants in intensive care units? So infants in intensive care units with genetic diseases and what's left to do pretty straightforward. So I'd like to thank those of you, the many thousands who are listening online. And in case you don't know what a genome is, this is one of my favorite videos. Genome is the equivalent of a book 425 feet tall. It's a four letter language. It's written right to left, left to right. And that's the full instructions for a human being. And that's what our four Insight projects set about to decode in newborns and to try to understand what that information could do in terms of healthcare delivery. So the first genome sequence was a rather slow affair. It took 13 years, $2.7 billion. The first medical genome, somebody will probably disagree with me about this, was from Seoul National University and took a year and a half and cost about $2 million. And that really was a genome that was eye-opening because many of the things which Robert talked about for which there's now abundant evidence were first seen in that genome. Right before Insight started, we published this manuscript in 2012. So Insight started in September 2013.  And it was costly. And then we have the Insight era. We've all been doing this together for six years now. And we both had a technology aim, which was to make genome sequencing faster and more robust. And we were able to set a Guinness World Record twice, $8,500 a time. That's the going rate. And we also did a number of clinical studies. And so now we're at the end of Insight. And in 2019, really, what was research is now moving over into quality improvement projects that I'll talk about at the end. So this is the fundamental problem that we were focused on. It wasn't newborn screening. It wasn't healthy babies. It was seriously ill infants in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units. And what we now understand, based on our most recent study, which is called Insight 2, is that in our NICU, over half of babies at time of admission, the etiology of their condition will be unknown. And that's kind of the subset of infants for which a genome might be indicated. And so when a baby is admitted, there's a very rapid search for an etiologic diagnosis. And before Insight started, we were in an era where getting genome information was completely irrelevant. We did microarray tests. We did some single gene tests.  And so empiric treatment was the norm for infants with simple genetic diseases. And there are now 14,000 simple genetic diseases if we add together those that are associated with structural variations and single gene diseases. So at the outset, this study started at Children's Mercy Hospital in Kansas City. And the study on the left is really the one which changed my life and the trajectory of the science that I've done ever since. It was the first 35 babies to receive a rapid-hold genome sequence. So these were babies in whom it was suspected. They might have a genetic disease. And we both gave them all standard tests and this newly invented technology called rapid-hold genome sequencing. And the results flabbergasted us. We couldn't believe it. 57% received a diagnosis of a genetic disease. 31% had a change in management. 4% or 11% had a favorable change in outcome. And one baby with HLH, hemophagocytic lymphoesthetosis, their life was saved. So that really changed the world. We realized that this was not a small effect size in the grander schema things. And that if substantiated, this would usher in a new era of genomic medicine. And really all that genomic medicine is using that genome information, the 400-foot-high book, to inform management. So the first study we did was shown on the right-hand side after that cohort study where we randomized children either to get standard testing or standard testing with rapid genome sequencing. And that recapitulated the findings in the first 35. And this was now about 65 kids. And we found that rapid genomes were both faster and gave higher rates of diagnosis. Not quite as profound as the first study, but very similar in terms of magnitude. At that juncture, the team moved. I moved, Julie moved with me. We formed a new team, got some new friends. And we continued the insight study at Rady Children's Hospital. And really at Rady, I had a lot more resource availability to be able to really push on this hard and fast. And so on the left-hand side is the first study that we did. Again, it was a cohort study, 42 infants, the first 42 babies at Rady, to get rapid whole genome sequencing. And the numbers are exactly the same as in the Willig study from a couple of years earlier, that 43 percent received a diagnosis, 31 percent change in management, 25 percent, 26 percent change in outcome. And that stood in stark contrast to the standard types of genetic tests. Then more recently, David talked about this this morning. We haven't published this yet. We've just finished, in October, a study of 213 infants. And they either received a rapid genome sequence or a rapid exome sequence, which is about 2 percent of the genome. Or if they were really ill, we didn't randomize them. And instead they got ultra rapid genomes. And over the space of the last six years, our technology has gotten better and better, faster and faster. So these days, an ultra rapid genome is typically a 36-hour proposition. And the same phenomenon is shown again. It starts to get boring that we have high rates of diagnosis, high rates of actionability. And so this insight study, for me, is quite remarkable. This is the world's literature in terms of the utility of genomic medicines. That's medicine, which is informed by genome information in infants in intensive care units. There are, I think, 12 studies here. And the ones in yellow were all funded by insight, either at Rady Children's or at Children's Mercy. And together they build a very comprehensive base in terms of our understanding of the utility of this technology in this very peculiar setting. And now the work that we started has been recapitulated by other groups inside the US, in England, in Canada, and in Australia. And the rates of diagnosis and the clinical utility are now fairly standard, and we're all finding pretty much the same thing, with the one exception that the tighter the enrollment criteria, the higher the diagnostic rate, the broader the enrollment criteria, the lower the diagnostic rate. So about a third get a diagnosis, about a quarter have a change in management as a result of that diagnosis, and about one in five have a change in outcome.  So like others, we were into questionnaires and touchy-feely stuff. I personally wasn't into that, but others in my team were. I won't go down that rabbit hole, very tempting to do so though. So this was asking physicians whether they acutely, at return of results, thought genome testing was useful. And you can see that almost 80% said yes. And that the group who were most seriously ill, and who received the most fast turnaround time were the group with the highest positive rate in terms of utility. Parents felt the same way. And the backdrop to both of these slides is a diagnostic rate in the low 20s. So what this indicated to us, which again was a bit of an epiphany, was that many parents who were getting a negative result, many physicians who were getting a negative report, still felt that the test was useful, speaking to the negative predictive value of genome sequencing. And most parents felt that the child did a lot of good. We've seen this across all of the studies now, that there were a lot less problems with stigmatization, decisional regret, and all the big words than we all had feared when we first got together six years ago and had lots and lots of ethical and legal dialogue about whether this was a wise idea or not. It turns out that really it's very difficult to see that we're doing any type of harm and instead we're doing a great deal of good. One other thing that we showed during the six years was cost-effectiveness. We're still doing this analysis on our new study, which is 213 babies, so it'll be much more powerful than this study, which was 42 infants. But if you just look at the bottom line there, bottom right, that there were net healthcare savings in six cases that more than paid for the entire cohort to be sequenced. And some of these cases now are well known. The KCNQ2 patient, for example, is somebody whose life was saved as a result of this. So at this point at the end of insight, we have basically a completely new way of managing patients who are admitted to an ICU. So again, over a half will have a disease of unknown etiology at admission, and we favor a rapid genome sequence done as soon to admission as possible, and that these days you can expect a result, a provisional result, in about 36 hours if the baby is really sick, and that that shortens this period of empirical treatment. With 14,000 genetic diseases, empirical treatment is not optimal treatment. It means the baby's getting a generic treatment course for a very specific illness if they have a genetic disease. So I'm not sure where the 46% comes from, but we'll just go with that. A proportion will get a genetic disease diagnosis. And another third, roughly, there won't be variants of uncertain significance that may have explained the child's condition, essentially in that group. To some extent, we have ruled out genetic disease, and where there are specific genetic conditions that the clinical team is worried about, we can do a deep dive on those genes and actually rule those out, and that has turned out to be very important in decision making as well because it refines differential diagnosis. And then many of the children will get genomic medicine, and many will have an improvement in outcome. So that's now the world today, six years in. These are two of my favorite ladies. On the left is Sebastiana, and on the right is Riley. So Sebastiana is now two and a half years old. She was one of the first children to receive a rapid genome sequence. She was in status epilepticus. We diagnosed her with Otahara syndrome, so the gene is KCNQ2, a potassium channel. She's been seizure-free now for almost two and a half years. She's off all medications, and she's doing really well. She's a little bit developmentally delayed, but she's catching up on her milestones. And then on the right hand side is Riley, who's also two and a half years old from the same town in California, and Riley was diagnosed with infantile Parkinsonism. And now that she's been on L-dopa, she's also hyperkinetic. And so really, life after insight has been about making what these two little ladies experienced become normative for children all around North America, in fact, all around the world. So let's talk a little bit about that and how we're going to accomplish that. So we have a lot of barriers to adoption, and we're moving gradually from NIH funding and philanthropic support over to this being a reimbursed normal part of medicine, where Medicaid and private payors will recoup the costs of genome sequencing. So we've knocked off some things during the six years. So at the start of insight, it really wasn't feasible to think about sequencing 10,000 or 100,000 children's genomes and doing it in time to change their management as inpatients. Now it is. It's not all due to us by any means. Illumina have a new sequencer, the NovaSeq, the Dragon technology gets the compute piece down to 30 minutes or so. And we can now realistically think about 60,000, 80,000 infants in North America getting a rapid genome sequence as part of their workup. It's really just a matter of setting up a factory. But the other bottlenecks are proving much, much more stubborn. By far, the biggest bottleneck to deploying this all over the country and all around the world is that we know more than pediatricians do. Most pediatricians can't read a genomic report. They don't really understand the whole concept behind genomic medicine. They think in terms of formulating a differential diagnosis, giving empiric management, and then gradually working through that and refining their thinking. And instead we have a system where a genome addresses all conditions. And so they don't need to think. It also comes with an associated therapy. And this is kind of intuitive for pediatricians. And if we're not careful, can meet with stubborn resistance. And furthermore, the group who might be best able to help usher in this new age are all dying out, apart from Robert Green. We just don't have enough medical geneticists. We certainly don't have enough genetic counselors. Most children's hospitals with a NICU don't have a medical geneticist. So this is a profound barrier that we need frontline pediatricians to be trained in genomic medicine in some manner if we're to do this. The evidence of cost effectiveness is getting better and better. And so the good news is that we're gradually winning over payors, and they're starting to reimburse this. And we now have people in our hospital who will call up insurance companies every day on children who need a genome, and they're starting to get to yes. And then the last point is that we haven't solved the underpinning problem of bad outcomes. That yes, we've solved a bottleneck, which was we were never really aware before that genetic diseases were so common in intensive care units, and we weren't diagnosing them. Now we are, and it points out to us, that we have very primitive treatments for many of these conditions. This slide just underscores this. This isn't our complete data. We haven't audited all of our data from our most recent study, but this is 45 children who died as infants that were enrolled in our studies over the last couple of years. And what you can see there is the profound genetic heterogeneity that's associated with infant mortality, and the fact that 47% of inpatient infant mortality is associated with a genetic disease. I think there may be three huge surprises for insight for me. Number one is this, that this has provided the pans out on a larger number, the leading cause of infant mortality in North America. It will rewrite our national vital statistics. Many of these conditions don't have effective therapies yet. So a huge need there, a huge need to build a knowledge base so that we can pick these things up, and a huge need to have interventions for these. Second thing which really has struck me, and this again resonated with what Robert said, we found 15% incidence of genetic disease in a regional NICU, not a birthing NICU because that's populated largely by premature babies, but a referral NICU where babies are transferred in 15%. And as David spoke to this morning, that's just surveying about 47% of admissions. Undoubtedly we're still undercalling genetic diseases. Then the third thing which really has been mind blowing for us is the rates of change in acute management. So again, back to after insight. How do we proceed? Well, we've got to be highly inventive. We still need a great deal of money to push this through. It takes on average, believe it or not, 17 years for any new medical technology, major medical technology to go from proof of concept to being standard of care. I don't have that long to wait. So with the help of Illumina lobbying at our state legislature, we got a grant given to Rady Children's Hospital, whereby we're going to enroll about 140 babies from six NICUs, they're mentioned on the left hand side. On the right are the actual zip codes of the 90 or so enrollees to date. And you can see the interim statistics. The statistics just keep being recapitulated. 52% rate of diagnosis of genetic diseases, 41% rate of change in management. Now this study is a quality assurance project. It's not research, our politicians said we don't want to pay for research in babies. But this is supposed to, this data set will go back to the Department of Health and will help them make a policy decision for coverage of medical babies. And all across the country, somewhere between 40 and 60, maybe even 65% of the babies in a NICU will be paid for with the federal pay order. And so just winning over this one group will be hugely influential. Another thing which is new for me, haven't had to do this ever before in my life, is this idea of educating pediatricians and starting to get up to speed on how you actually do educate neonatologists. Physicians are very busy. They don't have very long attention spans. And they are only really interested in on-the-fly learning, where they get just in time information to help them manage a patient that's directly relevant to their practice. And so we have a new partnership that we kicked off last year with Vermont Oxford Network. They are the largest quality assurance organization in terms of NICUs in the world. They have 1200 members. And we now have two 30 minutes once a month webinar segments, which are cases. And we try to plant into that enough genetics and genomics so that people are starting to get over the hump in terms of the mystical language that we all use. And the word cloud there is actually from our first one and just speaks to sort of the quite amazing level of interaction that there is inside this network. So in summary, insight from my perspective has been maybe the most successful NIH program ever. We can clearly point to children's lives that have been saved. I don't know of any other NIH grant I've ever heard of that resulted in lives saved. But even more important than the individual lives is that we've really demonstrated something that's now ready for implementation in the care of seriously ill infants. We estimate the number to be somewhere between 60 and 100,000 infants per year in the US. What we find is that rapid turnaround is really what it's all about that neonatologists just don't have time to wait for results. They're going to go ahead and make their decisions anyway. And so if you can turn around a result in a day, they will take that information into account in their medical interventions. And many of these are surgical. They're not all medical. Many of them are in disposition and in counseling. And so it's a very broad swath. It's not all what we traditionally think of as treatments. So now we're in a new era of implementation science and quality improvement where we are trying to do this now outside of the research environment. This is actually very, very challenging. When we ran the insight study, we had genetic counselors who would go in and talk to people. We had program managers who would sort out all the details.  Suddenly and now we're confronted with real medicine where you don't have any of the sports staff and you've got a busy neonatologist trying to make that decision about whether or not this baby might benefit and then getting on the phone to try to get insurance to reimburse this. So there's quite a lot of work that needs to be done to actually make this user friendly. It's been very interesting. We now are doing this in 23 children's hospitals around North America.  It's the most extraordinary phenomenon, but it's not easy for individual NICUs. It takes six months to switch on a NICU and have them go from another test to where's the genome. And then lastly, and I hope the program managers, especially listening to this, we need a huge amount of work to be done to fill in the background knowledge base about infant genetic disease. This is something that all of our studies have really unearthed, that there has not been a lot of work done at looking at newborns in terms of the burden of genetic disease. And all of us had to make quite tough decisions as we designed our studies and shortcuts and some of them paid off and some of them didn't. And so we still don't know whether it would be worthwhile to decode the genome a very premature baby. That's a great question to answer. We talked a little bit this morning about hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Thankfully, David just wrote a grant, which hopefully will go under review and be favorably scored to study exactly that group.  And yet encephalopathies are maybe the single indication where a genome can do the greatest good. These are where we save lives. And then there are all of the community NICUs, right now our experience is really limited to level for regional or quaternary neonatal intensive care units and pediatric intensive care units. And what we're seeing is true of all races and ethnicities, but we don't know how that this translates to birthing hospitals and community NICUs. And the vast majority of babies when they're born, they're not going to have access to a regional NICU. If they're sick, they're probably not going to get transferred. And so we've got to redesign what we do for these other centers where there aren't abundant subspecialists and medical geneticists. So as with everybody, across six years, you accumulate quite a heck of a team of people who contribute to the work. And over on the right, I don't want to forget my colleagues at Children's Mercy Hospital, who really helped kick all of this off. And I also would like to point out something that I hope you all are doing, which is reaching out to the public, that one of the things which helped us a lot in terms of funding was to get support from the community, from parents to help add to our NIH funds. So thank you very much for your attention.