Hi guys, welcome back to my channel. I have a special guest here with me today. Hi! Also, if you're not subscribed already, make sure to do so and also follow me on Instagram. It would mean the world to me.  Someone actually asked for this video or you mentioned it. So we're here today to share that. Starting off, where do you want to start, Sherry? Well, first, I just want to say that these are all Sherry's tips and tricks. Yeah. And basically bringing up Alex. So it may work for some people, may not. She was an older mom. I was an older mom, so that probably had a lot to do with my perspective on things. So just know this is just a little fun video, just my ideas and how we did it. So don't take it too seriously. Right, right or wrong, this is what happened. I think I turned out okay. Yeah, I think you turned out great. So I'm pretty happy with that. So let's start off with bottle feeding. When we were at the orphanage, one of the things that they recommended to us that even though the girls were all a year old and probably could eat some solid foods and things, that we should put them back on the bottle if they were not taking a bottle at that point in time. They suggested that because it would help in the bonding process with the baby. So we did and they gave everybody a little bottle to take with them. So we started Alex on the bottle. Now, a lot of people when we came back to the United States, like, oh my God, that child's like a year old. That child's like 13 months. She's 16 months. She's 18 months. She's still taking a bottle. Oh my God, what's wrong? When will they take her off the bottle? We did finally when she was two. So we always wanted it to be like a smooth transition. And Alex was aware enough and smart enough at that time. She really understood what we were doing and understand consequences and things like that too. So when we went to San Francisco for our very first Shaman sisters reunion, when we came home, we said, oh my God, we've left your bottle in San Francisco. Now, I don't remember any of this. But you had already been drinking out of a sippy cup anyway. So it wasn't like, bam, no bottle.  So even though you would throw them sometimes at Valerie when she was driving. But we would sing, you know, probably many of you do not know this song. I left my heart in San Francisco. But we would sing to Alex, we left your bottle in San Francisco, which we thought was really funny, but I don't think she thought it was that great. So it really was a pretty smooth transition though. She really never cried about it. She would be looking for it like at bedtime and stuff. But we'd give her her sippy cup and she'd have orange juice or something in her sippy cup. And then she was fine. But I think that goes back to the being an older parent, because I don't know any kids that have gone to college and they're still taking their bottle. Yeah. So we had that same attitude also with potty training. So because she wasn't potty trained until I guess I was really late for everything. Two and a half, two and a half, something like that. I don't know exactly. But I know that my mom was always concerned because Alex was still wearing pull-ups and she was older than anybody else she knew that had been wearing pull-ups. So my mom did a really good job. She would try to get her to go to the bathroom all the time when she was watching her. And we kind of watched her too, but we were kind of lax about it. So we did sort of the same thing. We went on vacation. This was to be when you were three. Yeah. We went on a vacation to Florida because we usually went around your birthday and we took a limited number of pull-ups with us.  So we did that all day long, just going to the bathroom and back, bathroom and back. So when we got ready to fly home, we had two pampers or two pull-ups. I'm not pampers, two pull-ups. I remember this.  So oh no, we only had, we didn't have any. No, I had to, I had to get aerial underwear. Right. Start the, start the story over. Alex wanted aerial underwear. Yes. So we wanted aerial underwear. So we have to stop wearing pull-ups when you wear aerial underwear. So she wore the aerial underwear. We're like, we're going to be on the plane.  So we got on the plane and sure enough, there it goes. Went to the bathroom. Of course, we had taken everything with us. So we had to whole change of clothes. So we were able to change her on the plane and said, this is it. This is the only other pair of aerial underwear you have. So you cannot go. And I think after that time, you only like once went in the office. Yeah. And once when you were in preschool, when you didn't want to come in from the snow, because you want to come in to go to the bathroom. Yeah. So only twice after that. So the reasoning with her that if you go to the bathroom, your socks will get wet, seemed to work. It really did. I remember that. I remember that. And I don't know how I remember that, but I remember having to change and you put me on the little, we were at the airport and you put me on that little changing table and you're, you told me that. Yeah. So it worked. And I think that again is part of the being an older parent because college students probably not many in pampers or pull-ups at this point in time. So as you get older, you know, like older, older, you might have to have adult size at some point in your lifetime. But right then in college, we figured that eventually it would work itself out. And it did. Okay. So Sherry's theory on children getting hurt, although we didn't really have to use this with Alex too much. I didn't cry a lot. Because she didn't really cry. So, you know, she didn't really have any tantrums. Now I cry at like everything. I cry at everything now. Back when I was a child, I didn't cry at all. There's still some people today that have never seen me cry, like my childhood friends are like, Oh, I've never seen you cry. So I think that part of that was because when you're in the kids learn to cry and it gets them attention. And when you're in the orphanage and you cry, it doesn't get you attention. Yeah. So you learn very early on that that crying doesn't really help get you any attention. So you didn't cry, you would fall down and get hurt and not really cry. My theory was always say no blood, no bones, no tears.  That's it. You know, you're not really hurt. So you never really got hurt.  Because that's another thing you really never crawled either. Oh, really? Yep. You just pulled yourself up and started to walk. Yeah. There's a lot of people concerned. I was so behind. I know. I was just like, Okay, whatever. Because we knew we were doing everything we could. I mean, when you're behind like almost like a whole year. Yeah. You know, your body was physically developing. But that was it because you were in the orphanage and laying in a bed probably most of the day or sitting on a pot that they would tie you into during the day. So one of the other things that we did with Alex is that we treated her almost like a little adult. You know, it's like another little human being. Yeah. She wasn't only treated like a baby very much. We always took her to restaurants when we went to restaurants. We always took her when we went to the movies we took her. We took her to the theater. One of my favorite stories taking you to the theater was when we went to see Rent. Oh, yeah. And I've always been seeing things that aren't really age appropriate as some say, because I don't know. It's just one of those things. I remember a lot of my friends would be like, I can't watch that because it's PG-13. And I'm just like, what? Well, I mean to see Rent when I was like five years old. I know.   Oh, I also remember when I was little, people when you would see each other kiss or see people kiss, people, my peers would be like, Ew gross. I'm like, that's just showing love and affection. Like it's not gross. Like I don't know that I remember that really bothered me. So I love the look on your face when we were at Rent that we had the music from Rent before we ever saw the play and we would play. I love that sound track. We'd play in the car all the time, play the soundtrack. And Alex knew all the words to the songs. So when we went to the theater, I think that was the first thing you saw in the theater because when they started playing the songs, she like looked at us like, what? Where did that come from? Oh my gosh, it's the same thing we hear in the car. So but you really love that.  Right. So we would always go to like sit down dinners. And I was pretty young. Like the only time that I remember causing a scene or like fussy was because I had this huge rash on my leg. We went out to eat or something. I don't know. Oh, and there's this one time in the movies where I didn't want to watch the movie. So I just acted up to get Valerie to go out and play with me. Also, I was afraid of people my age. I was definitely afraid. They're like, go play with the kids. And I'm like, no, I'm still like that. I'm like, no, I really don't want to. Since you went to Valerie's work and you were at home and then you were at mom and dads. Yeah.  You weren't really out playing in the neighborhood because you're always at somebody's house with, you know, or you were at the office. You went to work every day. I did. You went to work or you went to stay with your grandma, right? Yeah. The only people that you knew were large sized people. Yeah.  Yeah. Well, also too, like back in the day, like I couldn't really, I don't know. I wanted to make like photocopies and staple things. Yeah. I didn't want to like play with a doll. Yeah. You were a good office worker. Yeah, I was. You were a very good office worker. I would always photocopy my hand. That was super fun. You would always want to do that, but not, not play with, you're right. You never liked dolls. Nope. This is a side note. I had this really giant big playroom and this is in our old house and every time I didn't really like toys. This is really weird, but I didn't really like toys and every time we've had like a guest or my friend would come over, I'd always give them something because I'm like, I don't need it. Like get it, get rid of it, you know, kind of like how I am today with things like, okay, purge that. And so every time like one of my friends leave with something, Valerie and Sherry would both be like, stop giving away your stuff. She would always give away everything.  You acted the way we treated you. I know, I see a lot of parents will take kids to restaurants and the kids are misbehaving, but they're misbehaving because they want attention. Right. They're not being paying attention. So when we would go out to eat, we went out to eat as a family. And they talked to me. Like they engaged with me like how you would an adult. I guess whether I comprehended that or not, I was forced to like, listen, I don't know. Well, we would always like those, those placemats that would have like little games and stuff on it. We don't get to the crayons. It is they're just giving it to you and saying, here, play that. We would play with you. Yeah. So we do tic-tac-toe and color, you know, color by number and all that stuff. Oh, I learned how to draw a box. Valerie taught me how to draw a 3D box. Really? Yeah, that was at bone V. I still can't do that. Oh, I tried to teach you everything. I know. But they would do that sort of stuff with me and they never brought toys. I mean, iPads and phones didn't even exist back then. So I didn't have any toys. Let's just say that. Yeah, we didn't take any toys because going out to dinner is not going out to the playground. It's not the same thing. Right. And anytime we would go to a playground, we would go and play at the playground and we would play with you. We'd go down the slide and we would swing you and we didn't just send you off to play with other kids because you wouldn't play with those kids anyway. No, I wouldn't. But we'd go out. Remember going to Hideaway Hills? Yeah. We went on hikes and stuff. You remember going on hikes? Yeah, I love my walking stick. I loved that. Yeah. But, you know, we didn't like carry you around like a baby. No. You would like walk around and you know. Oh, I hated being in a stroller. Yes, you never wanted to be in this situation. You wanted to be out walking. Yep. Or having someone carry you. Of course. At the park, she always had to have someone carry you. Usually that someone would have been Valerie, but she always wanted someone to carry her around but not be in the stroller. Yeah. I think you don't like being that low. Yeah.  This has been not a very good view from down there. Okay, so we're going to move on to some subjects that I really disagree with my parents on. And of course, there's always things that you're going to disagree with your parents on. And these are a couple before we get into that though. I want to say I was never grounded. Grounding really didn't exist in my life. So talk about that sharing. No, I mean, we never had to. The only couple instances of what call it a little misbehaving. Yeah, not a lot was when you were little, we were still in Columbus. And this is when I was little. It wasn't when I was a teenager. This is when you were like, you would have been like three, probably three or four. We had this nice pottery thing sitting on the coffee table and that was next to a big cement slab that was part of the hearth for our fireplace. And Alex took the lid of that pottery thing and she was like kind of banging it on that cement piece. Valerie tells the story really well.  And I was like, don't you drop that? Don't you drop that?  Don't you do it? Don't you do it? And you took, you slammed it down on that concrete. And of course, being the good parent that Valerie was, what does she do? She breaks out laughing. So that didn't really teach you anything about that. There was no retribution for breaking the lid to our little pottery thing. But the other time was, all these things are with Valerie too. Yeah. You had to have it a hitting Valerie.  But it was, I don't know. It was like playful. Like I don't know. But Valerie got really irritated at her doing that. And she said, stop it. Stop it. I think I was six or seven. Well, we were in celebration. Yeah. We were in that apartment. We were in the garage apartment. So whether when our house was getting built. The first year we moved here. Yeah. So it would have been sometime between July and October 31st. So yeah, that's how long we lived there. Yeah. For some reason, Valerie just got totally fed up and she said, if you hit me again, you're going to be punished. Yeah. So, I hit her. She hit her immediately. So Valerie said, okay, come over here. So she put a little chair, a little baby chair. Like what with your like table and chairs or something. Put it in the corner and made her sit there. Yep. And Alex cried.  I did. But the only reason she cried, it was the only reason. It wasn't because she was being punished or she was upset that she had hit Valerie. No. She cried and said, please don't tell mama. Don't tell mama. She didn't want her grandma to know that she had been punished. Because that was the only time she was punished. Did mama find out? Probably. Because it was such a funny story. I'm sure we had to tell her that the only thing you were scared of was, please don't tell mama. Okay. So let's move on to stuff that we disagree with. Oh, now we're going to the disagreement part. The disagreement part. I typically agree with their parenting style and everything. But I don't know if this is because you're older or no offense, you're gay. So I don't know. I might be a little prejudiced here. But get into it, Sherry. Okay. So there are certain things that we would not let Alex do that other people do with their kids and you do it with your children. That's fine.   So we did not want Alex to participate in things that were uneven. Even though we treated her kind of like an adult a lot of the time. That was only for behavior purposes. It was not for how she looked. No. So there were a couple things that we did not allow her to do. One was to- I had the worst style just so you know. Okay. That's what you wanted. Fine. We would not let her paint her fingernails when she was little. That was hard.  You're not like- It's just fingernail polish. It's just a color. You're not like older trying to like get a guy or something. I don't know. I never understood like little kids having their nails post. Because it's fun. We did not allow her to wear a bikini bathing suit until she got older. There was no point in putting like a three-year-old in a bikini for what purpose? Because it's cute. So she didn't wear a bikini. I don't know. When was your first bikini? I don't know. I was allowed to wear tankinis but I thought they were the most ugliest things ever. When I was 12, I got a tankini.  There was no point in wearing a bikini and showing off your body. Disagree with that.  Well, I know but it's easier to go pee, you know? You got something smaller. That is a good point. Come on. I didn't want to do your technique of just moving over the piece of fabric, okay? Okay. That is a very good point. I didn't think about that. So, whatever. Yeah. And the other thing was dyeing her hair. And as you can see that worked out so well because I'm crazy with that hair. As an adult, she will just dye that hair any way she can. Bleach it but be bleach blonde. I didn't want her to have damaged hair already. Where I would argue with this is when you get to a certain point in your life, like I'm 20. No, not 20. I'm 24. You're more than 20. No, it's so sad. Like when you get to a certain age, I'm not saying that you can't dye your hair like lime green but it's just if you want like a corporate job and like you're in an environment, you can't do that. I think if you're young and you're like a kid and you have no responsibilities and everything, you should be able to put some dye in your hair because you only get to, I don't know. This is basically society's rules. Because you're thinking there's just a short period of time. There's just a short period of time.  Like who's going to hire you? So when you were little there was no such thing as ombre or dip or whatever it was you just said. The deal was when you were 15. You were 15. You could do one strip of blonde by your face and you did. I did. And you had one strip of blonde and now you have lots of strips of blonde. But you can have this kind of this kind of thing and still have a job. Yeah, I know. It's just but you couldn't have had pink and purple and green hair because of dance anyway. Well, I know that. But like anyway, as you can see when I became 20, 22, whenever that time was in my life when I had the bleach blonde hair, I did that for me and I lived for myself and I went bleach out. And I'm glad you did. Yeah, me too. I'm glad I did. Making your own decisions. I helped you do it at that point. So it's not that I didn't want to have blonde hair. It was a bucket list type of thing. It was an age thing. Not the blonde hair. It was age.  Yeah, but if I was like, let's say if I was like going to be a lawyer, like I could not have hair like that. In my opinion, like bleach blonde hair, like I wouldn't do that. You could have that hair. I guess so, but still, I don't know. I just don't, I don't think I would take it serious. I also wanted to add in here too. I know this might not fit in with the video, but it always bothers me when people are just so happy to get rid of their kids. Like they were never the type of people to say like, we're so excited to like have my kids gone. They never, even if you did feel that way, you didn't express it in front of me, which I appreciate because I don't want to feel like unwanted.  Right? Yeah, we had very few babysitters. Yeah. And the times that I did have a babysitter, it was horrendous. So I didn't like them because they were, oh my gosh, I hated nap time. But now a killer had nap time. But back then I wanted to be treated like an adult. Oh, another thing too, they never had a routine. Oh, that's true. There was no nap times.  It was like, you hungry? All right, get something. If you're tired of our schedule. Because you're going to work. Yep.  And if you would get tired, you would sleep. Yeah. So you didn't have a specific nap time during the day. But when you were in the real estate office, you would climb up on the chair, you'd go from your little desk and climb up on Valerie's chair. And while she was at the desk, you would lean on her back and fall asleep and take a nap. So when you were tired, your body will tell you you're tired. So you never had any specific bed time unless it was our bed time.  But I mean, we would have dinner most of the time at the same time. But you know, if it was a little late, it wasn't like you were fussy or grouchy because you had not been fed. Right. So you were kind of on our schedule. We didn't have a schedule for you. Yeah. So I just wanted to add that in there because there's some people that are really strict about like schedules or whatever. I never had one. I also forgot to mention that I would always ask why as a child, as still an adult, I always ask why and my parents always gave me an answer. It was never because I said so or anything like that. And I'm really happy for that. They always answered my questions. That's our last topic. Okay. Well, one of the things we always wanted to make sure Alex had a lot of confidence instilled in her because recognizing that she was growing up in a world where at least in our area, where we were at that time, being Asian was very unusual and she would have two moms. So she had to build a lot of confidence in herself and be a really strong person. So we always wanted to get her involved in activities that she could where she could excel. We still have confidence issues with dance and stuff. I know, but you know you were good. Well, yeah. I mean, because I worked really hard to like get to that level and I still wasn't like, I was like a good dancer. I wouldn't say I was like that. I wouldn't say I was like meant to be a dancer, but I was pretty good. You were. Well, first we got you into the gymnastics. Oh, I was scared of the balance beam. I know, but you did a really great job. All right, thanks. She was really great. They kept promoting her and then when she got to the balance beam thing, she just wanted to quit. Yeah. Like why? She wouldn't walk on the balance beam. Even though the balance beam, she started I was like this far on the floor. And this kid told me something terrible about the cheese pit. So I was scared. Anyway, but yeah, I was, I was in a lot of activities and stuff. You were brownie and took guitar lessons and mostly did dance, but you kept your body in shape. You learned how to organize things and do a good job at school and at your activity. So hopefully you grew up with a lot of confidence. I think what actually really contributes to confident my confidence and stuff is like doing YouTube as well as dance just because I'm not afraid of like getting hate or like, I mean, rejection is really sad, but like I'm, I wouldn't say I'm used to it, but I've had it in my life, like dance auditions. Oh, you weren't picked to be in that dance. Well, like life moves on, like just look right. You learned a lot from dance. I always wanted to write a book called everything you know, need to know about life. You learn it dance. Yeah, that's true. Because you do learn a lot about life. You learn about teamwork and you learned about, you did learn about rejection and disappointment and you learned about victory. Yeah. The thrill of victory and the agony of defeat. Yeah. And you learned, you learned about prejudice. Yeah, kind of. And you learned about what I want to say. I can't think of the word politics. That's the word. You learned about politics. Because sometimes... You might have the best dance on the stage, but you might not win. Right. Because maybe you were new to that competition. Yeah. And competitions are sometimes political. Yeah. You know, if you're new, you know, they've got other studios that give them a lot of money, they come every year.  So maybe they don't want to abandon those other studios. So it was political sometimes, not always, but sometimes it was political. So you learn about when you think you have the best dance and you don't win. I also think what makes me like really confident and stuff is just being so diverse. Like we add diversity anywhere we go. And it's just like, we're good people. So like, if you don't like that or like us, which luckily we've never really had issues. So like, thank goodness. So maybe if we had different experiences, we would not say these sorts of things. But I mean, overall, like we haven't had a lot of hate. And I think just already being so different from everyone else and not like stereotypical and stuff, it helps just when you're breaking the ice with someone new.  So probably so take it or leave it. So I think that is going to be it for this video. If you guys have any questions, leave them in the comments down below. And I think that's going to wrap it up. I was definitely not raised as your traditional kid. And I definitely don't plan on raising my kids traditionally really, except they're going to be allowed to paint their fingernails and do everything that my parents not when they come to grandma. Let me my grandma, Sherry's mom, let me paint my nails. And then yeah, this is going off on a little tangent. But if I choose to put my kids online, just in general, whatever, like, I never had a normal, a normal life. I mean, I never was like, I don't know, raised traditionally. So right, you didn't have a traditional family. Yeah. So I mean, it's fine. If you guys enjoyed this, make sure you give it a thumbs up. Don't forget to subscribe to my channel. And I'll see you guys in my next video. Bye.


Thank you for your questions. First question I have is what can be done about abuse that was committed years ago, even decades ago? Is there a statute of limitations? Well generally no.  If it happened 10 years ago, if it happened 20 years ago and you wish to make a complaint to police, go to your local station, ask for your child protection investigation unit and we will take that complaint. If it is a serious and complex matter, one that requires interstate, international, inter-jurisdictional within regions, if it involves multiple victims, it may even come to the Child and Sexual Crimes Unit here in Tannert Police Headquarters, but please, if you've been a victim of child abuse, speak out, tell the police, we will listen, we will investigate. Furthermore, if you don't wish to report the matter to police, we have great relationships with non-government agencies like Bravehearts who will accept and talk to you about abuse and they can help you as well. They're fantastic people and I please reach out and talk to someone. The next question I have is what should you do if there were never any witnesses to your abuse? Quite often, and more often than not, there are no witnesses to this type of criminal behaviour. It's not an impediment to us doing an investigation. Police use quite sophisticated techniques to get to the bottom of these matters. You should always tell someone that you trust what's happened, about your concerns. In cases of abuse, you can always consider reporting the matter to the Queensland Police. For children who are victims of abuse, they should tell a parent, a grandparent, a teacher, someone that they can trust. Police have got quite sophisticated investigation techniques and we will use all our resources to get to the bottom of child abuse. Never be in any doubt that we will use the full extent of our investigative capacity to find out what occurred. The next question we have is do police still go around to schools and do the Stranger Danger Talk? Well, the short answer is yes, but the Stranger Danger Talk has evolved over the years with the sophistication of technology and the way Stranger Danger appears in the community today. QPS reaches out to the community in a number of different forums. We provide advice and guidance to students on a variety of topics including surf safety on the internet, who's chatting to your kids. We also have a protective behaviours program and facilitators in all Queensland Police regions with access to resources and training kits. These officers are able to facilitate community presentations and provide internal training to police officers to allow them to do these community presentations. From personal experience I can tell you that if you contact your local police, they will come out to your daycare centre, they'll come out to your school and they will give you a range of protective behaviour, skills and talks which give your kids the tools to protect themselves into the future. Also in this space, the Daniel Morkham Foundation does a fantastic job on these ladies yesterday. They're at Bar-Colden, engaging with school communities and I note the Minister was strongly encouraging all schools to adopt that curriculum. I also encourage all schools to adopt that foundation as well. The next question I have is, are there any books, videos or websites you can recommend that can help us educate our young children on Stranger Danger and what to do if they're approached. The QPS has produced an award-winning program called Who's Chatting to Your Kids and it's available on the QPS website, that's www.police.qld.gov.au. This booklet contains a wealth of information for parents and caregivers regarding the dangers associated on the internet along with helpful tips and practical advice for parents to ensure the risk for their children is minimised. The Australian Communications Media Authority are also responsible for managing CyberSmart, which is a national cyber safety and cyber security education program. I encourage you to go to that website as well. There's a lot of internet questions obviously today. The next one is, can you offer any advice to parents whose children are starting to use the internet? What's the best way to keep them safe online? Like learning to cross the street or any valuable lesson we can teach our kids, the rules need to teach them in the real world also apply online. Having direct and open communication with your child is vital in sitting down and talking to them to discuss issues of safety on the internet. Having an open-liner communication with your child allows your child to talk freely and approach you when something goes wrong. So I encourage you to talk to your children, be open, be honest and make them aware. Next question is, can parents be charged for setting up social networks for underage children? The answer is no, however all social media sites have terms of use which will prevent minus for being on them and they will all have a minimum age. Parents are best to review the particular social medium that their children are involved in and check their local terms and conditions. Who do I contact about truant children? Parents and caregivers have a key role in ensuring their kids attend school every single day. Each parent of a child who is of compulsory school age must ensure that that child is enrolled in attend school every day unless that parent has a reasonable excuse. You should contact your local school where the children are enrolled and seek further information for the Department of Education and training. The process for legal action in relation to truancy sits with the Chief Executive Officer of Queensland Education. You can also inform one of our school-based police officers and in this space there are 15 more school-based police officers being integrated into our schools over the next few months and it's on track for delivery. The next question I have is what should you do if you see a child approached by strangers in a playground? Well look, everyone has a right to feel safe. You as a parent also have to ensure the safety of your child.  This may include approaching the person who is talking to the child, if there are immediate concerns for the safety and others you should consider calling the police on triple zero if life-threatening or requires urgent attention. You could also say you could make a note of the offender if you can take photographs on your smartphone but if only do so, if you can do so safely. Don't do anything which endangers yourself but the priority is to ensure that that child is safe. Is it criminal for a father to give his 10-year-old daughter an old mobile phone with lewd or pornographic images on it? This is a no-brainer of course, it's a contravention of the Criminal Code Act, it's an offence to willfully expose a child under the age of 16 years to any indecent object, any indecent film, videotape, audio tape or picture. The maximum penalty for this type of offence ranges from 14 to 20 years. I've got several questions on when it's appropriate and what age can kids be left alone? I've got, at what age can a child be left alone at home unsupervised? Is it true that it's illegal for kids to walk to school without a parent or an adult? What age can children go together to the park without adult supervision? There's a number of questions on these, the answer is quite simple, quite simply a child under the age of 12 cannot be left alone, this is a matter of common sense for your children and for yourselves as parents. As a final message, it's been child protection week this week and it's been a fantastic week for child protection, there's been several activities across the state, across the country. The general message I'd like to leave for you today, particularly when it comes to abuse and particularly leading into what balloon day today, that's tell someone. It doesn't have to be the police, tell a friend, tell a neighbour, tell a teacher, tell someone you trust, tell bribehearts, tell kids help line. Just use the power of your voice, use the power of courage and tell someone.


This is theCUBE, I'm here with Jeff Frick, my co-host. And theCUBE is this live mobile studio. We bring to all the events. We did 27 events last year. Our goal is to do 40 this year. We invited the ServiceNow knowledge by ServiceNow. Really thrilled to be here covering this transformation of IT. We've been, Jeff and I have been talking to a number of customers. We went into the New England user group last night, hanging out there for a little bit, just talking to people. And it's just a consistent theme, Jeff, isn't it? It's quite amazing. Dan McGee is here. He's the Senior Vice President of Engineering and Cloud Operations at ServiceNow. We're going to dig into the ServiceNow Cloud a little bit. ServiceNow, unlike many cloud vendors, doesn't really lead with cloud. It really leads with business value and transformation. But behind all of that is some pretty serious infrastructure. Welcome to theCUBE. No, thanks for having me, great to be here. Yeah, so, well, let's start with the event. I mean, it's just incredible to see all these customers and their passion. And we were talking to some customers earlier today. I said, you know, you guys really, as passionate as it seems to be in the ServiceNow marketing. And they went, uh-huh. Yeah. Thank you. It's not just the Kool-Aid injection. They really love what you guys are doing for them. But as I said, behind all that, you've got pretty sophisticated cloud infrastructure. Can you talk about that a little bit? Yeah, we absolutely do. You know, and I view myself as one of our customers. You know, my entire career, I feel like I'm just like many of our customers. I've looked for a solution like this to actually make the entire product development and the operation run smoothly. And, you know, prior to my joining ServiceNow, I was doing what many of our customers were doing before they got ServiceNow. Where, you know, we sort of had these disparate islands of applications. And we were trying to tie them and sew them together with various components of technology, very, very difficult to do. We could never really easily implement the workflows that we wanted. And, you know, coming now to ServiceNow, we sort of have the best of both worlds, right? We create and we invent the product, but we actually are now using the product to run our operation and put in place exactly how we want to run things and instrument our entire operation.  Yeah, well, you know, real-time information.  And by having all of these various applications that are monitoring the entire operation, all on a common database, it makes the information instantly available and we can kind of, you know, come up with an idea today and implement it tomorrow. So what are the unique sort of architectural requirements that you feel are necessary to be successful as both a practitioner and a provider? Yeah, so we are a services provider, but I think we need to be at the highest level of availability and the highest level of reliability, much more so than a typical SaaS provider. You know, if you're just doing email and email goes down for a little while, well, maybe not a big deal.  For service now, it's a very different. Thursday afternoon too. Okay, there you go. It's a very different environment at service now. Our customers are using our product in a plethora of applications. We have them being used at the bedside of hospitals where doctors are dialing up prescriptions for patients. We need to be up, we need to be up and running at the highest level of service, 24 by seven without hesitation. So can you talk a little bit about, so as a primary customer, how do you feed back to the product groups and the service groups? How does that cycle work? Yeah, so again, we're very big on making sure those people that are responsible for the customer experience have a very tight understanding of the exact customer experience. So in our case, incident is the thing that customers use to ask us for help when they have issues. And we count the number of incidents that come in in every particular area of our product. And that information is fed back on a real-time basis directly to the people that are responsible for creating that incident. So if you're the development team that's responsible for the email infrastructure, you know on a minute-by-minute basis how things are going in terms of a customer's experience. And that tight feedback loop is then only possible with service now product. Very difficult to implement in other infrastructures where I've been.  They do, but I also will say that some of our best salespeople are customers themselves. So we of course reassure and we sit down and chat with customers about how we do things. But probably the best medicine for service now is to talk to another service now customer. Well, so the reason I ask is because that while that end customer may be able to describe the experience, they might not be as well-versed on okay, what's behind the curtain. So talk to me, so I'm a customer of our prospect. I love what I hear, but I'm nervous. I'm trying to sell it into my organization. There's some skepticism. Help me, let's start with the availability piece and then we'll talk about security in a minute. Help me understand how you architect availability and reliability so that I could sleep at night. Yeah, so sure, I'll start with the end result and then I'll tell you a little bit about how we do it. So last month our availability was 99.98% for all of our production instances. Very, very high level of availability. The way we do that is we actually have a completely redundant production instance for every single production instance we have. So if anything goes wrong with a customer's production instance, we can very quickly fail over to a secondary site which is in a physically different location. It's got all of their data. Everything is completely replicated and kept up to date and we can do that very, very quickly. We actually also use that same mechanism to do scheduled maintenance. So if we want to do maintenance over on site A, we can transfer the customer's active domains over to site B and then do maintenance on site A. So that's one of the biggest ways we actually maintain a very highly available environment for our customers. So when you say 99.98, what are you measuring? Is that application availability? Yes, yeah. So that's not the light on the disk drive. Right, so you count the number of seconds in a month and multiply that by 99.98% and that's how much time the system has been available across all of our production instances. And can you talk about SLA's a little bit? Is there a spectrum of SLA's? Is it sort of one size fits all? Sure, so in terms of if a customer has an outage which is our highest issue, the highest problem that we can have, those things get treated with enormous resource, right? Everybody on my staff and on Frank's staff gets an email whenever we have an issue and crisis bridges are spun up and we go after solving the problem very quickly. And then we go through P2, P3 and P4 issues. And again, we track our, the thing that we focus on most is time to relief. How long from the start of a problem a customer had, whether it be a severe issue like an outage, all the way down to just a simple question, how long does it take us to actually get the response? So in contractually, do my service levels vary? Is there a variable service level agreement or is it sort of a one size fits all? Yeah, some companies do have premium levels of support that they offer and my point of view on that is the reason they're offering premium levels of support is because their standard levels of support suck. And we don't have that philosophy. We want every customer, again, back to the starting point of the standard that our customers need us to be at. We want everybody to have the highest level of support. So every customer is a premium level support customer for us.  We do. So what is it? What do you publish? Well, as I said, so our availability is about 99.98%. So in the contract, do you guarantee me some kind of? We guarantee 99.8% in the contract. And what happens if you don't hit it? I get a refund or? Customers are due to service credits if they slip below 99.8% and if it turns out it was an issue caused by service now, sometimes our customers can do things that can cause outages because you got to remember we are, you know, our customers are developing on our platform and they change them very often and sometimes they themselves can actually have an issue that can cause an outage. Okay, so you guys will diagnose that. That's right. And so that's great. And I appreciate the candor and believe me, we spent a lot of time and we keep on looking at SLAs and digging into them. And I think in general, an SLA is a representation of how much risk the vendor is willing to take.  When you see an SLA that has, okay, you can spend $180,000 a year extra for the premium platinum service. That's a real red flag. I'm impressed that you guys don't go there. Talk to me about, oh, one of the questions I have related to sort of availability, where's the data? Can you talk about your global presence? Yeah, so we have, we're up to 14 data centers worldwide right now. And the location of our data centers is largely driven by the needs of our customers. The Swiss banks like to have their data resident in Switzerland. The Canadians like to have their data resident in Canada. And so, there you go, right? So we have data centers across all the major continents. We're building out Brazil as we speak. And we're going to be moving into Asia early next year as well. So our data centers are pretty much all over the world. And then we have a redundant pair in each major location. Okay, and that's all sort of, you guys own all that infrastructure. We're in Colos, right? So we don't actually own the physical real estate, but we own the equipment that's in those data centers. We administer it. It's our employees that manage it and take care of it. All right, now let's shift gears a little bit. Talk about the other, you know, the other evil twin of the cloud, which is available, I mean, security. So, again, I'm a prospect, but my folks in my organization say, no way, we can't outsource to the cloud. It's too dangerous, security is a problem. Help me, you know, sell internally my peers on why your security is comparable or even better than mine. Yeah, so we do a number of things. There's obviously a number of standards that we comply to already. And we just recently got, I think we're one of the few SaaS providers in the world that now has the federal government authority to operate for FSMA level two standards. And we also are constantly doing our own testing, our own penetration testing with third party vendors trying to attack us to try to expose some of our issues. I think security is one of these topics where you're never done, you're never complacent. We are constantly working on this, constantly trying to improve it. But what we'll do with the customer, you know, many customers come from different industry segments where they have very different kinds of requirements. Pharmaceuticals have different requirements than banks. Banks have different requirements than the Department of Defense. And so we will work with each of these industry segments and go through what we're doing, have a chat with them about what they need. And most often there's a heavy degree of overlap between what we're doing and what they need. Sometimes we need to do a little bit extra to make an individual customer feel better. A lot of times what you hear from customers that complain about the cloud as well, they may feel as though or agree that your security is better than what they can get. But sometimes they're concerned about compliance and the ability for them to meet the edicts of their organization and prove that to their board. So talk to me about, let's say things like audits. Can I come onsite? I mean, for instance, Amazon's not going to let me come onsite and they have good reason for that, you know, physical security. But that causes problems on the other end. What's your philosophy in terms of, for instance, onsite audits? Let's start there. We do allow audits. We have customers that do them from time to time. Not everybody does them, but we realize some industries, you know, they're required to by their regulators. Again, the pharmaceuticals is a great example of that. And, you know, we do allow these customers to come onsite and do audits. One of the things we're trying to do with many of these customers is again, pharmaceutical example, we're trying to work with a consortium of pharmaceuticals so that they can have common needs and perhaps drive one audit on us as opposed to every customer driving a different audit. Make it a little bit more efficient, a little bit more successful. Yeah, how's that working? They're actually meeting at this event and working through that and making good progress. That's good. Now, how about something as mundane as how I define an incident and how we report incidents? I mean, it's, as you say, every customer, not every customer, but many customers have a diverse set of needs. So will you work with me to determine what is an incident, how it gets reported, how frequently it gets reported so that I can comply with, as they say, my corporate edicts? Yeah, we certainly will. You know, and, you know, we don't have too many issues in that area, actually. I think, you know, again, we're part of sort of ITIL and the ITIL standards, and within those standards, you know, the definition of a P1, P2, P3, and P4 is pretty clear. We don't get much pushback on those kinds of things with customers. You know, I think what customers are more interested in is are you working with Vigor to resolve our issues? Yeah, sure. It's more, you know, what's really behind the infrastructure as opposed to some sort of, you know, contractual thing that's written down. It's more the people and more how we're behaving that's selling our customers, not necessarily what's written in a contract. So if you use an ITIL level of granularity, again, a lot of cloud providers don't. It's just sort of, this is what it is. This is how we report it and take it or leave it. So, okay, you passed the test. Yeah. Great. That's very good. That's a question. How has the reception to a cloud service changed in the large enterprises over your time? Yeah, so, you know, I think, like a lot of things, it's started out with skepticism and concern and worry and the way customers sort of address that concern is they would start with something simple, something that they deemed maybe a little bit lower risk for them. And as they build confidence in us, as they build confidence in SaaS, they're putting more and more of their infrastructure into the SaaS environment. And, you know, if I've been with the company now for a couple of years and I remember the early discussions were a lot of these kinds of things you're asking me about today, it's much less that way today. Customers have a lot more confidence and I think that confidence is only going to continue in time and, you know, SaaS is going to become more the norm than the exception. So where have the customers, or the conversations now shifted their focus to? Are those still the big, you know, kind of projections or are there some new things that? You know, we still run into some customers that would like to talk about how we do SaaS and the behind the scenes kind of thing, but more often than not, things are moving more towards where you see Fred talking, right? What can you do to help me? Tell me how I can automate this process. Tell me how I can take advantage of ServiceNotTechnology to make my life easier and make our company more efficient. And that's where we want the conversations to be. You know, we want sort of the backend operation to be relatively invisible. It's always on, it's always there a little bit like the power company, right? And we want to spend most of our time helping our customers really solve their business problems and make them more efficient. And that's what we see happening. That's great. There's an IT practitioner and I'm going to wrap up. What, if anything, do you learn from the big web guys, the hyperscale people, the Amazons, the Googles, the Facebooks? Are they instructive to you or are they just sort of, you know, too heavy engineering and PhD-oriented or are you able to sort of borrow from some of their best practices? Actually, they are very instructive. And you know, many of our employees actually come from those companies. And so we, you know, we learn every day, right? We learn from the employees we hire from many of these companies. We learn a lot from our customers. You know, we like to think that we're pretty good at what we do, but we're not so good that we don't have something to learn every day. So we're always open-minded.  And it's a very productive feedback loop for us. That's like, I think it was Bill Joy. I'll probably hack the quote, but he said something to the effect of, no matter how smart the people are at your company, this somebody's smarter working in another company. That's a great time. All right, Dan. Well, a great story. Really appreciate the candor and the really humble nature with which you guys approach this. Always willing to make improvements, but passing the, as I say, the test of scrutiny for relative to many cloud providers. So well done. Congratulations on getting it done. And of course you're not done. So good luck in the future. We'll see you next year. All right, thanks very much. All right, everybody, keep it right there. We are going to be cutting over during our break to some content from Google I.O. We've got a team, a CUBE team from SiliconANGLE on the ground there. So we'll be running some content there. And we'll be back here after our break at around 11 o'clock Pacific time with Craig McDonough, who's the director of product marketing for ServiceNow. And then we go deep into our customer experiences. And we're meeting with Maritz, CareWorks, FICO, Yale University we'll be on today. And then later on we get Beth White coming on and the CFO of ServiceNow, Mike Scarpe-Haley. So keep it right there. We'll be back after this break and after this word from Google I.O. This is the CUBE. We looked at all the programs out there and identified a gap in tech news coverage. There are plenty of tech shows that provide new gadgets and talk about the latest in gaming. But those shows are just the tip of the iceberg and we're here for the deep dive. There's a difference between technology consumers and those who live the business day today. And our viewers recognize that. 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The Government of St. Lucia has purchased and handed over two new vehicles to the Royal St Lucia Police Force. Minister for Home Affairs Hon. Dr. Virginia Albert-Poyatt says the need for resources within the RSLPF forms part of the Government's priority list, particularly given the importance of policing to national security. At this trying time, we know finances are very hard. However, the Government puts our security first. We put our people first and therefore the Government has decided to invest in this vehicle and we expect the St Lucia Police Force to use it diligently, wisely and to provide top-level security and service to the people of St Lucia. I applaud the Commissioner to ensure that his colleagues make maximum use of this big investment at this time and we look forward to great contribution to our national development as we move forward in tightening and strengthening our security. The constituency of Grozile with a population of over 30,000 people has been allocated one of the vehicles. Hon. Kenson Kazimis, the parliamentary representative. I want to implore the Grozile Police to keep on fighting. We do recognize some of the challenges in terms of the current venue of the Grozile Police Station and I would like them to know that we have a Prime Minister and a Cabinet of Ministers that is committed to the safety and security of all the residents of Grozile and as their parliamentary rep I will continue to fight on their behalf to ensure that they continue to get those materials that they need to continue to be successful in the fight against COVID-19 and the fight against crime. Commissioner Police Milton Daisy assured that the new resources will be put to good use as it will help improve the response time of officers to incidents. As you are aware in crime fighting, the earlier you could respond, it's the better for us. We have a better chance of solving any situation or diffuse an existing situation. As I was coming here, I had heads of department calling me whether it is going to them and so on because you'd realize that we need the resources all over but let me tell you in as much as it is too but it is a lot compared to what we had it to I could assure you that we will put it into good use and serve the public. Commissioner Police Milton Daisy


Hello everyone, welcome to this material characterization course. From today's class onwards, we will discuss about transmission electron microscopy. And we have found so far the characterization in terms of x-ray diffraction and also we used electron microscopy that is scanning electron microscopy and so on. And then we have enough background to take up this another advanced variant of microscopy in terms of electron optics and also in terms of diffraction physics. So with all that background, we will be able to appreciate this microscopic technique also without any problem I believe. And nevertheless, I will reemphasize some of the concepts then and there whether it is a diffraction physics or an electron optical system wherever we need to emphasize with respect to a transmission electron microscopy. So I will just begin the introduction of the transmission electron microscopy course. What I will do is I will first introduce a very general introduction I give about this technique what is that people expect or what is people want to do with this microscope, what are the information they get and then I will touch upon or I would say that we will refresh whatever the basic diffraction and then basic physics behind or optics electron optics once again we will touch upon. And then I will take you to the instrumentation details how what are the various parts and then functions especially and then how they facilitate the imaging system and so on. Then in the later what I will do is I will take to the diffraction in TEM in much more detail what are all the possible experiments one can perform in TEM which exploits a diffraction phenomena and what kind of information you get and then I will focus on imaging part and in imaging we will also discuss about what kind of contrast mechanisms very briefly because it is a part of a characterization course which I would like to finish in our 10 to 12 lectures the fundamentals of all this transmission electron microscope. So if you look at this in the fundamental of electron optics I would like to look at this expressions much more carefully and this kind of expression can be derived from the de Broglie's hypothesis and he showed that in an energy of the electron can be related to lambda or you can say that you know if the acceleration voltage increases you can bring down the lambda to the very small value. Of course this expression is valued I mean valued or you can use this if you ignore the relativistic effects and this is the basic relation but if you do not ignore this relativistic effect then you need to go to this kind of an expression because at the very high voltage the electron travels about one and half times the speed of light. So we cannot ignore this relativistic effect and if you ignore this relativistic effect then you can use this relation and then you can approximately derive lambda is equal to 1.22 divided by e to the power half where e is the electron volts please remember electron volt is the energy of the electron in acceleration and lambda is in nanometer for a 100 kilo electron volt electron we find that lambda is approximately equal to 4 p cometer which is much smaller than the diameter of an atom and we represent the acceleration accelerating voltage of the microscope and e we represent the energy of the electrons in the microscope. And then I would like to give you some very brief you know introduction about this images or the results which you can obtain from an electron microscope normally what we are interested is in a microstructure microstructure containing features in terms of you know if it is a metallurgical sample people are interested in defects and if it is you know physics and then you are interested in defect density and atomic positions and so on and so but what you have to keep in mind in totality I mean the TM image gives an average image in terms of the depth it does not have the depth sensitivity. So what you are seeing in the slide is the image of a dislocation in a gallium arsenide a band of dislocation threats through the thin specimen from the top to bottom but remain in focus through the foil thickness so what I try to say is from an TM image you will not be able to see these features are in the top surface or the middle of the surface or the bottom of the surface. So it gives what you are seeing is in a actually a projection which you will see what I mean by projection and what you are seeing is in an average you are not able to distinguish whether these features are lying in the top or whether these features are lying in the middle of the foil or bottom of the foil and so the TM micrograph will not have the depth sensitivity that is one information and what are the information you will get from this TM results in terms of crystallography you get the basic idea of the crystal structure lattice repeat distance specimen shape crystallographic symmetry analysis of miniscule crystals you can derive point group and space group and so on. So this is the typical electron diffraction pattern one can get from a TM and this is a TM diffraction pattern from a thin foil of aluminum lithium copper and these are the wide range of information one can derive from the transmission electron diffraction pattern. So another very important information from this you should as I mentioned that what you are seeing that there is a photograph where you see that two animals are standing behind one another but it is appearing as if the head of the animal is appearing in the same both sides but which is not the true. So the depth sensitivity is not available in the TM micrograph this is a point I would like to emphasis here you have to be very you have to keep that in my information in mind all TM information that we get images diffraction patterns spectra is average through the thickness of the specimen the most important information one have to keep in mind whether it is an image whether it is a diffraction pattern or a spectra is average through the thickness of the specimen what is the thickness of the thickness of the specimen how it varies we will see when we prepare the sample preparation and a typical thickness we will arrive at and how that is affecting the imaging condition that we will see it in the in the coming classes. A single TM image has no depth sensitivity so this aspect has been illustrated in the previous couple of slides and another important thing is you may get very different kind of features like this you may consider that you know one may think that this is a kind of a second phase particle and this is another coarsening effect of the precipitate something like that but you have to be very careful before we use these TM results this could be simply not at all related to the material at all it may be due to the some of the you know irradiation damage by the electromagnetic radiation itself. So unless you have a combination of all the you know the typical requirement to interpret the TM results I will just mention it when we come to the interpretation in an actual TM results you have to be very careful you cannot just under your well experienced in this field it is very difficult to interpret these results and then looking at this kind of image you can be very easily misled because you do not have enough supporting evidence to prove that these are all second phase particle or something like that. So one has to be very careful about presenting just a one bright field image or a dark field image something like that and then talking about a second phase particle and so on which will be highly you know misleading or maybe completely wrong also. So you need to have an appropriate results in combinations of crystallography data through diffraction and we have to prove the second phase particle through the a simple dark field imaging and then you have to correlate with that a bright field imaging and so on. So the what I am talking about all these are different techniques which I will be explaining it in due course of time. So what I the information I want to derive from this slide is you have to be very careful about talking about the features in a TM micrograph just putting at the one slide you have to have additional information to talk about the features of what you are seeing in the micrograph. Now the depth of focus in electron microscope is very high which we have already seen it. I will play a small animation what you have to look at it as this is the simple lens and then you see that in alpha and beta are the angle correspond to the object side and image side and this cross over is projected here and you can simply simple geometry you can derive that alpha image is equal to tan alpha image if you incorporate I mean if you consider this triangle and this distance is d objective and this distance is a small d objective and if you see this is in a beta objective and for example then if you consider this geometry triangle then you can derive an expression like this for alpha image similarly you can do the beta this is distance b d image and this is an alpha image angle and this is the small d image then you can write considering this triangle beta objective which is approximately equal to tan beta objective is equal to d objective by 2 that is this distance half distance divided by d objective by 2 this is this distance this half distance you can write alpha image by alpha and also alpha sorry alpha image as well as a beta objective angles. So what we do with this we can use this relation to calculate the angular magnification in the microscope that is m a which is equal to alpha image divided by beta objective this is angular magnification and then we can also calculate the transverse magnification which is m t is equal to d image by small d objective and which is nothing but m t is equal to 1 by m a that is inverse of angular magnification is your transverse magnification these are small relationship. So you should appreciate this you have enough background to appreciate this now and we also know that the depth of focus d image is equal to d objective by beta objective times m t square and the depth of field is d objective is small d objective divided by beta objective. So this is the relation between the depth of field and depth of focus with respect to that ray diagram what we have seen. So you have this background to appreciate this we have already discussed enough what is depth of focus in depth of field it is just to give you a recap and now I will just show a schematic where you see that in the electron optical systems they are mostly characterized by small aperture angles leads to a decisive advantage where the image focus is concerned. So you can see that the rays which are converging here and then converging there that is above and below the objective you have a finite distance where the image can be sharply focused that is in general the schematics in general displays the very small aperture angle effect and then the concerned depth of focus where alpha is the aperture angle and df that is this is a df is the most effective electron beam spot size for a collection semi angle of 10 milli radians and dob of 2 angstrom equation 2 tells us the depth of field will be 20 nanometers. So the d objective small d objective of 2 angstrom if you substitute that into the equation 2 what we have seen you will get about 20 nanometers this means a specimen of this thickness can all be in focus at the same time if you want to see a detail at the 2 angstrom level we need to use a magnification of about 50,000 x equation 1 tells us that under these conditions the depth of focus will be about 5 kilometers if we only need to see 2 nanometers we can use a magnification of 50,000 x and still the depth of focus is 5 meters. So all this ray diagram and the small small mathematical expressions illustrates a point that the depth of focus in an electron microscope is very very high and then you will see that the this aspect has been exploited in the in a transmission electron microscope hardware itself where you though you will see that image formation is occurring in the fluorescent screen in the on the table but your recording system will be much much below where you may have a plate camera or a film camera or it is a CCD which is much below but still whatever you are focusing that image on the fluorescent screen will be nicely recorded in a CCD camera of the same focus. So that is one evidence that the electron microscopes have a significant depth. So few more remarks on the depth of focus the depth of focus is related to the depth of field through the magnification M where capital D is equal to D M square by alpha compared to the object plane the extra factor of M square for the depth of focus arises because the image is larger by a factor M. So the ray intersections defining the image plane move M times more rapidly than those on the object plane rays of different angles that converge at the same point on the image have mutual angles M times smaller than what they left the object plane. So now we will try to demonstrate whatever we have just read through with through a schematic you just observe that this is a glass lens and then this is an object for example a solid line D 1 and then see that there is a small correction it has to be you know that is the these two lines are supposed to intersect and then diverge and it is drawn as a parallel line it is not true it has to be an intersection but I will assume that it is intersecting and then diverging like this and then diverging in this direction like this. So you see that suppose if you assume that the solid red arrow is an original object and it is being imaged and what you are seeing here is suppose if you see that you know the distance D 2 is the it is a limit of the blurring image because the you know which when you use this when you move this D 1 slightly to the distance D 1 with the dotted line then these two rays will trace like this you can follow this suppose if you assume that yes this is my solid line original object if I move that into slightly a position D 1 then the divergence happens and then the green ray will trace like this because of that the distance D 2 the blurring will occur and your D 1 is because of the mispositioning of the your the image plane where you have one here and one here intersection so it is a misposition of the image plane so that causes a D 2 so what we have just seen as a if you go back you can you can just verify this that is the depth of focus is related to the depth of field through it is a m square times the I mean depth of field that is that we can prove here suppose if you have this this distance is approximately you know I mean the the object here is magnified here approximately 2.5 times this is to the scale and you can see that if you square of this that is you can see that 6.3 D 1 times the D 2 that means the depth of focus is equal to 6.3 times the the distance of depth of field depth of focus is m square times the D 1 so that you can geometrically prove this this illustration clearly shows that the geometrical demonstration for the factor m square it is not m 2 it is m square so that clearly shows about depth of focus now we will quickly review the resolution of the electron lens we have already seen this in a fundamental of electron optical system and just to recap you would like to go through this a resolution is defined as minimum solvable distance and then if you consider the theoretical resolution if there is no aberration at all the resolution of any lens that is glass or electromagnetic is customarily defined in terms of Rayleigh criterion which is also a practical definition the criterion gives as a merit in terms of the eyes ability to distinguish images of two self luminous incoherent point sources a single point source will not be imaged as a point even if no aberrations or astigmatism are present I will play this animation for these two self luminous point sources which are trying to converge and then these two point sources will be recognized as a independent source only with the distance of 0.61 times the lambda that we have already seen it so you just recall that earlier discussion the finite size of the lens results in diffraction of the rays at the outermost collection angle of the lens usually by limiting aperture this diffraction results in a point being imaged as a disc called the array disc so you remember this is an array disc which we have already seen it so I will not discuss that further which has a cross section intensity profile and Rayleigh stated that if the maximum from one source lies over the first to minimum from the other source then the overall intensity profile exhibits a dip in a middle at about 80% of I max so this also we have seen so the minimum of the next source will be matching with the maximum of the first source so and this dip will occur at about 80% of the I max so this also we have seen previously the eye can discern this dip as two overlapping images thus indicating the presence of two separable sorry two separate objects under this circumstances the distance apart of two incoherent point sources is defined as theoretical resolution of the lens and rth and it is given by the radius of the array disc rth that is theoretical resolution is equal to 0.61 times lambda by beta and we have also seen about the spherical aberration where CS is the constant for a particular lens called the spherical aberration constant and B is a semi angle of collection in the objective lens the resolution of the object is given by some combination of Rayleigh criterion and aberration error so we will now look at the some treatment by Hawke's gives the particularly a clear description of how this combination leads to a value for a resolution in a microscope. So suppose if you include the spherical aberration coefficient how it is going to be so this is a Hawke's treatment suppose if you assume that we are taking a spherical aberration into Rayleigh criterion and take the combination of Rayleigh and spherical aberration discs in the quadrature rth is equal to rth square plus r's spherical aberration because of spherical aberration r due to spherical aberration is called rxph square to the power half we can now thus find how r varies with beta using this relation r as a function of beta is equal to 0.61 times lambda by beta whole square plus CS into beta cube to the power I mean to the power 2 whole to the power 1 by half that means the square root of all this expression the two terms vary differently with the aperture collection semi angle beta a compromise value exist when dr by d beta is equal to 0 is if you can differentiate that expression you will get this kind of value from this equation the optimum value of beta can be obtained like this b opt is equal to 0.77 times lambda to the power 1 by half divided by CS to the power 1 by half so this is called a spherical aberration limited resolution and for a 100 kv electrons a lambda is 0.0037 nanometers for an instrument with a CS is equal to 3 mm gives a beta opt value of 4.5 milli radians so you have r minimum is equal to 0.91 times CS lambda to the power cube whole to the power 1 by 4 this expression that gives the practical resolution of the microscope typically the value for the r minimum is 0.25 to 0.3 nanometers but for high resolution instruments have they are minimum which is approximately equal to 0.15 nanometers so what we have now trying to say is we have already stated that spherical aberration is very important operation which is very difficult to eliminate from the lens so if you keep that spherical aberration into a system and then how the resolution is getting modified that is the bottom line and these are all the small I mean steps or derivations which demonstrates to you what is the how the resolution expression get modified as well as the how the beta angle getting optimized so that is the basic information nothing to get confused here so now we will again go back to some of the basics look at this animation what you are seeing is suppose if you assume that this is a thin specimen which being irradiated by the electron beam and then your transmitted beam will have or if you the image of the specimen will have an oscillation in the intensity that is scattered electrons with varying intensity you will see okay and also you have the incident beam you have a diffraction pattern as well as the forward scattered beam of electrons so these two you are going to get in the transmission electron microscopy where you have a thin specimen is placed so what you are seeing here scattering within the specimen changes both the spatial and angular distribution of emerging electrons so that is the idea you have to appreciate this the scattering within this thin specimen changes both spatial angular distribution of emerging electrons that is it and you can see other schematic so the schematic is self-explanatory so you have a background to understand this so a coherent incident beam is falling on the thin specimen then you have back scattered electron second electron and coherent elastic scattered electrons and then you have direct beam incoherent in a in elastic scattered electrons and so on so if it is a bulk specimen there is nothing like you see the forward scattered I mean signals forward scattered signals only you get the backward scattered signals only a thin specimens permits electrons to be scattered in both the forward and backward directions while the bulk specimen only back scatters the incident beam electrons so very fundamental idea you know it but you have to why we are saying this because in transmission electron microscopy we use only the forward scattered electrons we do not look at the backwards scattered electrons and will quickly rush through this basic idea again once again elastic scattering is usually coherent if the specimen is thin and crystalline elastic scattering usually occurs at relatively low angles 1 to 10 degrees that is in the forward direction at higher angles for example greater than 10 degrees elastic scattering becomes more incoherent inelastic scattering is almost always incoherent and relatively low angle that is less than 1 degree as the specimen gets thicker less electrons are forwarded forward forwarded forward scattered and the more are backwards scattered until the primary incoherent back scattering is detectable in bulk non-trans specimen specimens for this point you have to remember forward scattering causes most of the signals used in the TEM so the convenient definition of small angle is about 10 milli radians in TEM we can control the angle of incidence of electrons on the specimen and we will define the semi angle of incidence as alpha in the TEM we use apertures and detectors to collect the collect a certain fraction of scattered electrons and we will define any semi angle of collections as beta we will define all this scattering semi angles controlled by the specimen as theta and this may be a specific angle such as twice the Bragg angle where theta is equal to 2 theta B or a general scattering semi angle theta so again you can look at the schematic how the electron beam comes and this is an alpha whatever we have just stated in the previous slide you can just look at them as a schematic this is an alpha beam convergent semi angle and this is a specimen and then you have a general scattering angle theta and the collection semi angle is beta and this is your aperture and this is an optic axis so I can play it again so that takes care of all their definitions in a TEM and these are all the typical diffraction pattern one get in a TEM and you should know as a beginner what is the difference between all four of them what you are seeing is a diffused ring which typically comes from an amorphous material and this is a single crystal electron diffraction pattern and this is a polycrystalline single I mean polycrystalline electron diffraction pattern as a ring sharp rings and this is a convergent beam electron diffraction so we will explain I will explain all these things when we discuss the diffraction in a TEM and what is the reason you see this kind of a pattern that also will be discussed in detail and I am just trying to give you an introductory feel that what kind of diffraction you will be able to get from these transmission electron microscopy so you have these four typical types of electron diffraction is possible and then they are very powerful I mean information it gives you can derive little more significant microstructural aspects from this diffraction pattern so we will go through them when we come to that section and little more fundamentals again let us again a recap the atomic scattering factor f theta which is elastic f theta is a measure of amplitude of an electron wave scattered from an isolated atom is proportional to the scattered intensity f theta depends in lambda theta and z it decreases as theta increases and it decreases as lambda decreases and it increases with z for any value of theta so we have discussed this aspects while we discussing the x-ray diffraction so you have enough background for this so I will skip this which are inelastic process occur in the TEM process that generate x-rays process that generate other electrons something like secondary electrons processes that result from collective interaction with the many atoms there is a typo here atoms so these are all the general inelastic process in a TEM and now you recall this animation I will introduce an instrument through this animation what you are seeing is an electron source first where you have the high voltage applied and then you have an anode there is an aperture a condenser lens and then you have a specimen you have an objective lens and follows by an aperture intermediate lenses projector lenses and then final screen and what you have seen is how the electron beam comes through various apertures and lenses and falls on the specimen and it produces some signals second signals and then it further transmits through some of the electromagnetic lenses and apertures and it falls on the so you have the you are now familiar with this kind of an electromagnetic lens we have already seen the functions of this and how they are exploited here and also we have seen that you can look at the the corresponding light optical system where you have the condenser condenser lens and you have the specimen you have objective lens and you have a projector lens and then screen so you have one is to one comparison with the light optical system so both have almost similar I would say the ray diagram except that they are all electromagnetic lenses here it is a so the convergence angles alpha are so small that the ray diagrams are drawn with highly exaggerated angles and while the beam in the figure is not exactly the parallel to the optic axis alpha under this condition is less than 1 I mean less than 10 to 4 radians that is 0.0057 which is effectively a parallel beam and then we will look at the electron sources we will start with electron sources this also we have seen it in the introduction just for the sake of completion I will just go through this TEM will use a thermionic source or a field emission source and the two cannot be interchanged field emission source gives monochromatic electrons thermionic source or less monochromatic in nature and this is the typical I mean electron source or a gun design you have this electron gun this is a bayonet cylinder this is an actual photograph and this is an optic axis and you have the filament here and then you have the anode so corresponding anode is shown here and you have the gun crossover and applied voltage is there and we have looked at the function of this lens I mean the electron source and it is designed earlier also a high voltage is placed between the filament and the anode modified by the potential on the vernet cylinder which acts to focus the electrons into a crossover with a diameter d naught and the divergent divergence angle alpha naught and then if you look at the the thermionic sources for example it is a junction harping the tip of a junction harping filament and the distribution of electrons when the filament is under saturated and misaligned and then saturated aligned. So you have the this is an under saturated and misaligned beam will look like on the screen and and you have the under saturated aligned beam will look like this and this is the saturated beam. So we will look at this when we you will evidence this action while we operate the microscope and this is another thermionic source LAB 6 crystal and the electron distribution when the source is under saturated and aligned C is a saturated beam which will appear like this. This is a field emission gun tip electron pass from the field emission source showing a how a fine crossover is formed by two anodes acting as an electromagnetic lens and at one provides their extraction voltage to pull the electrons out of the tip and at two accelerates the electrons to 100 kV or more whichever is designed. So again we are looking at a second time we have discussed this. So we use apertures in the lens lenses to control the beam current and the convergence of the beam hitting this specimen. All lenses are imperfect in so far as they cannot gather all the radiation emitted by an object and so we can never create a perfect image. The image formed after each lens is rotated by 180 degree with respect to the object. We will see how this aspect is taken care in the modern microscope when we discuss the image and so on image formation in the TEM and a typical electromagnetic lens is shown in the schematic. You can see that these are all the copper coils which is this is a cross section of a electromagnetic lens which I have shown in the fundamentals of electron optical system as well. So you have the soft iron pole pieces and this is the bore and this is the gap and then you have the water inlet and outlet for the cooling and this is an optic axis electron optic system. The pole pieces surround the coils and when viewed in a cross section the bore and the gap between the pole pieces are visible. The magnetic field is weakest on the axis and increases in strength towards the side of the pole piece. So the electrons are more strongly deflected as they travel off axis. So you can see that why the schematic is shown in this manner is because of this effect. The bore to gap ratio is another important characteristic of such lenses controlling the focusing action of the lens. When we pass a current through the coil a magnetic field is created in the bore. This field is inhomogeneous along the length of the lens but axially symmetric. The strength of the field in a magnetic lens controls the ray path. So though we have we are going through this we have already seen the basic function of an electromagnetic lens just for the sake of completion and the recollection I am doing this. So we will continue to look at the some of the instrumental details and then we will go to the diffraction in TEM in much more detailed manner. So we will continue our lecture in the next class. Thank you.


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What's up everybody JC over jazby's case breaks calm. Happy new release day 2020 panini gold standard football Six bucks half case break Pick your teams number four the second half of the master number five is already in single digits down to seven left And we can get another one going guys about a 20 minute break. So Here you go. Aaron got the Cardinals last bomb. Oh, Joe. Good luck, Brian First first time customer mojo hopefully comes your way Was Seattle. I was gold standard husband beautiful guys as always. I just think we kind of forget How nice this is when it first comes out Are we got for the dolphins?   Look at that Mike Golic Old school eagle fly go fly 34 out of 49 who has my eagles David does got four of the Packers Josiah the garth And we got cam acres. Look at that triple patch in auto 46 out of 49 for the Rams Cam Acres should be pretty productive there For the Rams. 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Imagine TV going to the Super Bowl in TV winning a Super Bowl with TV Isaiah Simmons That'll go to the Pats Brian. We always go by the checklist and what team is on the card Now if it was a collegiate version of Tom Brady like Michigan Then it would go to the team.  Just got to search it We got chase young Washington football team and you got points, but I'm not gonna show that No way someone's gonna get two hundred for the points. We got Damon Arnett autograph and Van Jefferson 1099 Rams It's gonna yeah, I don't know did did the penises send us all the LA teams Autographs here a lot of Vans into perverts. I mean we've got a Brady, which is all East Coast but still I feel like we've gotten a lot of LA Rams and Chargers Speaking of them. They are chase young Two out of five chase young. How about that? The only boroughs and two as we've got in our relics and triple relic or triple patches. 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That's that's the risk Instead of buying a whole box at whatever these costs, you know two three hundred plus or you buy a team for a fraction and Get a piece of them in six boxes or 12 boxes, whatever it is Jaguars and a Roberts and there you go guys Devo 101 James Morgan Got a patch out of there Derek Brown Michael Gallup Golden Gloves Michael Pittman Frank Gore 10 K Chase young two out of five van Jefferson For the Raiders there Deandre Swift We got a Brady out of five. That's pretty nice Jaco Trelik camakers. We got Josiah DeGarra for the Packers Golic for the Eagles Little Brady base as well Not a bad half case, but I know some teams went hit this but hey, we'll get them next time guys But everyone's gonna have a shot of this right here For the points. I know that's on Instagram Jordan Personal box breaks is on Jasper's calm and then at Jasper's breaks on Instagram Yeah, we got a 101 Debo Samuel Otto Tom Brady out of five chase young out of five right there All right, so let's run one of the 250 points And see who gets a little extra something or hit in this break Let's roll it and we got a four and a three for seven times Number one gets it one two three four five six and seven Tom There you go So there man Usually guys new fresh case in numbers five and six that's on the website And as you can see it is already done to five left so we can get another one of these going Jasper's case breaks calm


We're here at ITU Telecom World 2015 in Budapest, Hungary and I'm very pleased to be joined Mr. Gottfried Mutabazi, who is the Executive Director of the Uganda Communications Commission. Mr. Mutabazi, thank you very much for being with us today. Thank you for having me. It's a pleasure to have you in the studio. Thank you. Now, I'd like to start off by talking about the theme of ITU Telecom World 2015 is accelerating innovation for social impact. How do you see ICT innovation directly impacting on socio-economic development in Uganda? First of all, it's so clear and obvious that with this digital economy coming up, this transformation from the old technology to new technology, the socio-economic development in Uganda is influenced by the trend of events. Technology is changing. We are moving into a new world now, schools, agriculture, roads, whatever. It's really a huge transformation that we are seeing huge opportunities now coming into Uganda as a result of this transformation in the digital era. And what measures do you think government and industry should take to encourage entrepreneurship and SMEs in the ICT sector? And in particular, what's the government of Uganda doing? Well, Uganda has now changed laws, have been working on laws to make sure that we incorporate all the new technology changes that are taking place. We have also made it easier for people to train into new technologies. We have empowered people, they are loans now. As an organization that uses, for example, we have innovation funds. We are sponsoring young stars to get into this technology. As I said, as I've already said, technology now is very interesting because new invention now are taking place in the garages, in the coffee shops, tax men, coming up with the application. So it's really a dream come true. Now the most important thing is how relevant are those applications, are those new solutions that are coming up. Once they do connect with the population, then there's huge impact and huge development. And secondly, we must know that there is now a converged world, the application that is written or made in Uganda can't be applied in the USA or Russia or whatever. So it's a converged world now. You are looking at a solution that can change, not only Uganda, but the whole world. And in terms of economics, that's where the trick is. Look at the whole world first and foremost and see how applicable this technology can help people and transform society. Now ITU Telecom World here is providing a showcase for innovation and support for SMEs. I wanted to ask you, what's the value of attending events, do you think, such as ITU Telecom World? But this exposure, a bit of it, we come to learn from each other as an industry. This is where we meet really as a whole world and we see what other friends of us do in other countries. I've also looked at a bit of technology. We've got companies, I've seen Rodin Swaz, I've gone away, and other companies, ZTE, where we see new technologies, new ideas. We've attended some workshops that are really very relevant to our industry. So it's a huge platform to meet and compare notes. Is there a principal message that Uganda is trying to convey to pass on here to people here at ITU Telecom World? Yes. I've been with the view that now the world is really coming closer and closer and especially when it comes to content, that we have OTT for example, so the regulation of content is now beyond borders and the world must come with the treaties, understanding, friendship, collaboration or so, colleagues, whatever, to make sure that we regulate this content because content now is cross-borders. We used to regulate because of specific conditions, majorly based on morals. But now the content coming from Budapest is viewed in Uganda. It may be good for people here. It may not be good for people in Uganda. So how are we going to do that? So the message is that yes, let's come together, accept that we are now going cross-borders. We must work as a universe, as one entity, so that we can resolve these matters and move into the next year. Got room with Tabasi. Thank you very much. Deeping with us today. Thank you so much and thank you for having me. Thank you. Thanks so much.