Yeah, we said that we will start the lectures on lateral dynamics and we were talking about as a precursor when we started this in last class, we were talking about what we called as high site fall okay. We said that there is the graph and both of them are acting. I hope you are able to derive the expressions which we got we wrote in the last class. If there are any questions we will answer that in the tutorial class right and please derive that those expressions which we said or which we gave which we saw in terms of the combined slip okay the lateral and the longitudinal slip from the brush model right. Try it out or else we will do that sometime next week in the tutorial class right okay. So we were just talking about this as a precursor to the lateral dynamics. We said that suppose a motorcycle is taking a turn, you are taking a turn in the motorcycle and that you are applying a brake okay. When you apply the brake actually you what are you doing? You are getting both the longitudinal forces, you require a longitudinal forces for braking as well as due to cornering you also require a lateral force. Assume that you are at the edge of the friction circle or ellipse as you can call it or other words you are say at this position. Let us say that you are at that position. In other words you are making use of all the friction that is that is available right.  What would happen? That is the question.  In other words what would happen now? The longitudinal force goes to 0 right. The longitudinal force goes to 0 and suddenly okay you are now shifting from this corner where you are at the boundary to the vertical axis okay with the same force, total force. You are now shifting from here to here. In other words the lateral force is more than what is required for the equilibrium of the vehicle. Yeah lateral force would remain the same but yeah because what happens is something like this I have plotted the slip curves. See suppose you are at this point okay you are at this point then if you now apply a brake the slip force remains the same. In other words you are moving from here. These are the slip curves, forces that are generated due to the slip angle. The slip angle remains the same okay but you are shifting from this corner on to the y axis. So in other words you are shifting from B to C. You are shifting from B to C position right. So because look at this curves how they are. This is the lateral force curve maybe this is equal to alpha is equal to 3 degrees and so on right. So you are shifting now to the y axis. In other words the forces the y axis force which was this much has suddenly increased from this point to that point right. So when the forces increase suddenly increase and is not it is more than what need to be compensated by the for the centripetal force then there is no equilibrium there is loss of equilibrium. So in other words you overturn clear okay. We will come back to this maybe towards the end of the end of this lateral dynamics where you understand it better but I am only telling you that there are practical applications of what we are going to study okay. Now we will get into the complete lateral dynamics derivations so that when I come back you would understand this better right. Let us look at how we are going to deal with lateral dynamics. Let us go into some fundamentals of dynamics right. Now I am going to deal with what is called as a body centered coordinate of a week. I am going to deal with what is called as the body centered coordinate of the week. In other words you can study the vehicle motion with respect to what is called as the inertial frame of reference which I would put in terms of capital X and capital Y or you can study this motion with a body centered coordinates which I would put as X and Y. It is a usual practice to study the motion of a vehicle in terms of body centered coordinates rather than the inertial frame of reference. You all have done engineering mechanics so you would understand what would happen when I have a body centered coordinate. You would see that you have to have additional terms to take care of the realignment of the body centered coordinates in order to take care of realignment of the body centered coordinates. In other words what are the body centered coordinates? Suppose this is the vehicle so I have a body centered coordinate in this vehicle so the vehicle takes a turn the body centered coordinate also takes a turn okay so they also move along with the vehicle. In other words in other words I have to take into account this motion of the vehicle and the body centered coordinates right. How do we take this into account? First thing is that is what we are going to see and then we are going to apply Newton Euler equation in order to understand the motion right. Let us say that the usual ijk is what defines the unit vectors along x, y and z right and let us say that the velocity of the vehicle in the three directions are u, v and w. These are the velocity of the vehicle in the three directions right and let us say that the rotation okay which we would call as p, q and r denotes the rotation of the vehicle or in other words the angular rotation velocity or angular velocity of the vehicle okay. So this is the angular velocity or rotational velocity and u, v, w is the linear velocity of the vehicle. In simple terms what is p? p is nothing but the roll, q is the pitch and r is the yaw of the vehicle okay so we call this as p, q and r. Now what are the peculiarities if I am going to deal with this kind of systems okay that is what we are going to see. You know like what are the additional terms that come into picture. Let us say that the force acting okay on the vehicle let me write down the forces as f x i plus f y j plus f z k is the three forces that are acting on the vehicle and the moment m or let me call that as tau okay the moment that is acting at when they are all vector quantities I am putting a squiggle at the bottom to indicate that they are vector quantities. So let me call that as L plus I will maintain the same thing so m what am I going to do I am going to first write down the linear momentum and the angular momentum and I am going to look at the rate of change of this momentum and the result is the Euler Newton Euler equation right that is all I am going to do. So let me write down first the linear momentum p m v and the angular momentum let me call that as h what is angular momentum I omega right now what is I now in this case the moment of inertia is it is actually a matrix right. So you actually have this as I okay omega what are omegas angular velocities how are we define this p q r okay so I omega and what is I is if you want we can replace that with a matrix notation okay I you would have studied this as one single quantity along xx and so on now we are just extending this to 3D so I am writing this as a matrix and so I xx so this is I xx I xy I xz so you all of you know the definition for I xx integral y squared plus z squared dm right so you know the definition for I xx throughout the volume of the body and you know also what is I xy minus of integral xy dm right okay from this we go to write the we are going to have some peculiarities we will come to that in a minute we go to write the Newton Euler equation right so what does the Newton Euler equation say so how do I if it is just f is equal to ma we call this as a Newton's equation so if it is a Newton Euler equation we also include the moment that is acting okay on the on the body so we write f is equal to where p is the linear momentum of the body similarly we write tau is equal to rate of change of angular momentum right so far it is very simple dynamics now we have to be careful in writing these terms okay we are going to write it with respect to the body centered coordinates I jk have introduced that for the body centered coordinates okay now I have to introduce them with body with respect to a body centered coordinates let us see how for a body centered coordinates a particular vector changes that is what is our goal now okay let us consider a vector a okay vector a some vector a we are we are we are following Kornop the reference for this is vehicle stability by Kornop k a r no p p Kornop vehicle stability is is the reference for this so let us say that I have a vector a which I am going to express in terms of I jk which are the unit vectors in the body centered coordinates I want to find out now the variation or rate of change of a so I have in other words if I now write da by dt I write this as a dot x I plus a dot y j a can be any vector it can be velocity we will see that a is a dot k plus because I is not the inertial frame of reference and I also changes with time so I have to rewrite that part so I will in other words all of you from a fundamental dynamics know how to write I dot how do I write I dot I dot j dot and k dot in other words di by dt you remember that in your earlier classes you would have done this suppose I have x and y along which I and j are defined and if it is rotating with say for example omega so the new coordinate due to a rotation of an angle theta gives you x prime and y prime right so the new value of I which let us say that I prime which is equal to I plus di by dt right is given by the changes okay here which is along j same way along I okay and so what is di by dt d theta by dt into j right so because this is a unit vector I is a unit vector r into theta gives me this right so this is r into theta it is along the direction of j so di sorry di by dt di is this di by dt is nothing but d theta by dt d theta by dt is omega omega into say j right so this you can do it for all three and write down this part right this we will keep that plus omega cross that is what happens omega in our case is pq and r clear so we will call this part we will give a new name to this and we will call this as dou a by dou t call this as relative so what is the physical meaning of the first term the physical meaning of the first term is simply that that is what an observer who is sitting in the body centered coordinate would see as the rate of change of a right so because I have to apply this my formulas in terms of inertial frame of reference now I know that when the body centered coordinates okay changes with time okay I take into account that as well by putting that omega cross a right okay what is omega cross a all of you know this where omega cross a how do I write that i j k what is omega as I said before pq r and a is a x a y a z so now d a by dt if you write that in terms of this write it in terms of that so what would happen for i a dot x plus pick that up from there plus i into q a z minus a y the whole thing is i right if I want to express this as a vector then I would remove that i and just write that as a vector because after all a that is a vector write down a dot y plus what are the terms that are there that is the that is for the j term r a x minus p into a z and a dot z plus p a y minus q a x yeah so that is d a by dt now I can apply my Newton Euler equation by assuming that a is are substituting for a the velocity I can write down the first of the equations which is d p by that is here that equation I can write it down of course m is a constant so m is you can take that out and so write down what is the first of the equations simple a f x f y f z is equal to the first term becomes so m into what is it u dot plus q into u v w is what we said q into w minus r into v right any questions no questions everything is crystal clear write down the rest of it write down the rest of it v dot plus r into u minus p w and w dot plus p v minus q so that is the first set of equations the second set is my tau is equal to d h by dt which is here tau is given by l m and n so that becomes my left hand side so let us let us write down that tau is equal to d h by dt again that is equal to dou h by dou t relative this is the first term that is the h dot term plus omega remember h is equal to remember h is equal to i into p q so omega is p q and r right omega is not p dot q dot and r dot it is not p q and r right this is a very standard terminology for example r small r is used in the literature in vehicle dynamics to indicate yaw okay this is a very standard terminology it is not usually written as omega x omega y and omega c right write down that that is going to be an interesting expression it is going to be a long expression do not differentiate i with respect of course t so the words of what is the first thing okay let me remove this so do you know that already l m n i x x p dot plus i x y q dot plus i x z r dot that is the first term in the vector plus write down omega cross h right okay I will write down the final things it is just nothing it is not very difficult so let me I will quickly write down that I hope I do not make any mistakes in this if there is anything just point out i y y q dot plus i y z r dot i z x p dot plus i z y q dot plus i z z r dot okay so that are the dou h by dou t terms so then I have to put the same way q into a z minus r into ay okay what is a z a z is h z h z is what remember that I had to multiply I had written already what is h so i x x i y y i y z multiply it and put that there and so there will be plus q into h z okay how many terms will be there and h z or h z how many terms there will be three terms right so write down those three terms so you can write down that as q into h z minus r into h y remember that h x h y h z is what i x x p plus i x y q plus i x z r so what is this term is the h x term and that term h y term h y and that term is the h z term right so that is what is going to come here and so on so the expression looks very formidable and long it is very simple to understand there is nothing much it is very simple to understand this expression okay do not worry I am not going to deal with this kind of huge expression I am going to make as usual some assumptions right what are the assumptions you think we can make what are the terms I do not like okay but I want I want all that you know let us u v w terms I need the terms usually I do not like are this i x y and so on right so how do I eliminate that look at I mean imagine that you have a car like I mean up to this is mundane there is nothing nothing great about it you know just the relationship between inertial frame of reference and body centered coordinates now what are the assumptions you think you can make symmetry fantastic so symmetry in a car is about what are the axis is that you can consider the symmetry what what is what do you think and we can consider so one is a longitudinal axis you can consider this as symmetry the other is that we are dealing with principal axis let us say that the I x x okay I y y and I z z and so on what you have chosen as x y and z for the car let us say that it is the principal axis or they may not but then in that case if I choose them to be the principal axis all others go out right okay so we make this kind of assumptions and we also say that the q the pitch is not is not of interest to us neglected and ultimately we will bring it down in a very simple handleable form right we are going to make all these assumptions and then we will bring it to handleable form so what is my first expression I am going to now write down right I mean is this this is clear any questions okay now with that assumptions I am going to rewrite my expression one say right here one and my expression to substitute that and write it going to be a huge expression and I am going to rewrite them in simple form handleable form which I am going to use so let us let us see write down what is what is the expression which I can use f x and f y let us write down f x and f y so f x that is the longitudinal force in the longitudinal direction which we had already seen okay but with respect to the body centred coordinate is m into u dot minus right so that is the body centred coordinate expression for longitudinal forces now write down for the lateral force f y f y is equal to m into v dot okay that is the first term our relative d a dou a by dou t so because of which I get a v dot term what is the next term I would get I am neglecting q and so on plus r q right and what is my l and m l and m from my expressions here so it will be the first term will be there i x x into p dot if you are not considering it just consider symmetry or not considering that you are under you are in the principal axis then i x z will be there so i x z into z into okay and so on right so you can write down for m r dot again plus the last is this term what we have is here the other terms because of symmetry goes off plus i z x into p so I am going to remove these two later and look at I would say the expressions for the lateral dynamics so this in other words this is the most general expression you can look at for the three dimensional case but I am going to from here I am going to make geometric assumptions so that ultimately the equations I am going to use become handleable right that is what I am going to do and from this handleable equations handleable in sense that you know I want to work it out in an analytical fashion I want to look at the results I want to interpret it and so on so from this I am going to extract out the equations for lateral dynamics that is all I am going to do clear any questions yeah oh sorry n n l n okay for yam you can sorry n n n you are right and that would be okay that is the first that is this term and you can you can write this down I think you should have i z x into p yeah you are right good okay now we will move and be more specific and we will get into the expressions for the longitudinal dynamics so what are the two expressions of interest to us in longitudinal dynamics what are the two expressions which are of interest to us when you are talking about sorry lateral dynamics you are talking about lateral dynamics what is the force talking about f y right and what is the other thing that we are talking about is the moment due to lateral forces so the moment due to lateral forces will be along z direction right the moment due to the lateral forces will be along z direction so that is my interest so in other words just to quickly summarize so I have forces that are acting okay that is the vehicle then that forces create a moment okay which is perpendicular to the plane of the board which is the z so the two equations of interest to us are the lateral forces and the moment that is acting due to the lateral force which is this yes no yeah we will come to that okay so we are now going to look at a simple model which is called as the bicycle model okay so when I consider this that is why I have drawn it like this I am not going to consider the role okay so you are absolutely right I have to role is an important phenomena that happens you know during cornering but right now okay I am going to neglect the role I was expecting that question I am happy that you asked this so let us now look at these two expressions in other words what I am going to do is I am going to shrink these two wheels okay into one wheel like this the front and the rear wheels and look at the vehicle by means of these two wheels the front and the rear and call this as a bicycle model this is one of the most famous models in vehicle dynamics as he very correctly said we are not taking into account the role right now but then when after we study this we are going to introduce complexities one by one in order to understand what happens okay because of other factors which we have neglected what happens due to the other factors this is what we are going to study clear okay so we are into one of the most important models in the whole of vehicle dynamics which is called as the bicycle model right so I will remove this as I promised I will make it much easier so that is the one equation I will remove this I will remove this and these are the two equations that I am going to look at let me now expand this bicycle model now we will introduce after crossing the all these equations now we will introduce lot more again physics right okay so let us say that this is the rear wheel which I have collapsed which I have collapsed and let us say that this is the front wheel which is okay I am giving a turn to the front wheel let us say that that is just exaggerating this I am giving a steering input to the wheel okay of course that is the vehicle that is the center center of gravity location of the vehicle okay so that is the lambda which I had given which is the steering input now so I am taking a turn when I have when I take a turn I will of course need this Fy which we have been talking about right and how is Fy created or how is it generated we have already seen that this is due to the slip angle so a slip angle if this is the force that is acting okay the small angle differences which I am going to neglect right so that is the Fy in the front and this is the Fy at the rear so how is it generated by slip angle and what is the slip angle and that is the slip angle is alpha okay note out my coordinate system that is X, Y, Z is perpendicular to the plane of the board clear right now the very first point I want you to notice we will continue this in the next class is that is that the slip angle which we have seen it before but I am going to put some sign to it the slip angle is look at that is in this direction which is which is in the negative direction okay and the force is created in the positive direction of Y in the positive direction okay so this negative and positive directions we have to though we know this physically we know how Fy is created but this negative in the positive directions will be careful when we write down the equations right so there will be two alphas that are created because I want the front and the rear and let me call that as the rear alpha or alpha R the rear slip angle and let me call this as the front slip angle so note that this is a confusion I have said this again and again note that what is slip angle this alpha is not is nothing to do with this delta which is the steering angle clear I need a slip angle to generate the force now I have these two equations the n is equal to what is R that is R okay which is the yaw velocity and r dot is the rate of change of R right okay let me call this is again usually done like that we call this as L1 and L2 let me call that as A and B because in the lateral dynamics literature the distance from the of the CG location from the center of the tire is A and that is B right okay so that A into Fyf minus B into Fyr is the moment that is acting so n is equal to Fyf into A minus Fyr which is equal to Izzr dot clear Fy will come to this in a minute Fy is Fyf plus Fy we will continue this in the next class we will stop here and we will continue the bicycle model the this is probably the most important central piece of the whole lateral dynamics so we will look at this very carefully and then understand the vehicle behavior during cornering so we will continue in the next class.


United States Navy fighters and farmers in clashing low-level attacks on Japanese shipping in Mindanao Harbor. Clearing a fiery wave for the liberation of the Philippines, 18 ships were sunk, 19 damaged in this raid alone. Japanese airfields on Mindanao and other land installations are plowed up by explosive. Three score Japanese planes destroyed. An early taste of the full fury to be unleashed on the enemy in the Philippines. Striking first at Leyte Island have now been undertaken by the largest ocean-going amphibious force in history, led by Admiral Halsey. Jonathan Wainwright and some of his men who were captured in the Japanese invasion of the Philippines two-and-a-half years ago. They are still prisoners. The Filipino people, General Douglas MacArthur has returned, accompanied by overpowering military strength and by every able-bodied man who under orders left the Philippines with him. At an American Red Cross packing center, parcels of food for allied prisoners of war in German camps are prepared in large quantities for shipment overseas. Box contains biscuit, cheese, tinned meats, raisins, cigarettes and other items. Scientifically planned to fill out a healthful diet on the basis of enemy prisoner of war food rations for one week. Soap and vitamin tablets are also included in the standardized 11-pound boxes which are packed almost entirely by volunteer workers and are sent to French, Dutch, Belgian, Norwegian, Polish, Yugoslav and Greek prisoners as well as to Americans. Fully packed, the parcels go by neutral transport to Switzerland and under international control are then distributed to allied fighting men in German camps. 69th year and President Juan Jose Amazega arrives for formal ceremonies marking the anniversary. Colonel Toscano, President Amazega, Defense Minister Campos and Army Inspector General LaGuardia. Upranking cadets are honored. States and Great Britain review the Uruguayan Cadet Corps in full dress parade. Mechanical skill is this great new automatic calculator at Harvard University. Intricate problems in mathematics put through the machine in coated form on tape are accurately solved in a minute fraction of the time required for human calculation. Designed to expedite all forms of mathematical and scientific research, the giant mechanical brain will work for the United States Navy until war's end. Last pockets of Japanese resistance on Peleliu Island, United States Marines storm enemy pillboxes and concealed gun positions. On a jungle ridge, a Japanese comes into the open, throws a yard-long grenade before being hit. Marines attack enemy posts directly beneath them with bullets, hand grenades and charges of explosive. Stove a marine headquarters on Peleliu, stepping stone to the Philippines. Across the Apennines at Mount Altuzza come men and arms of the Fifth Army to smash the Nazis' highly fortified Gothic line. In conjunction with an Eighth Army thrust at its Adriatic end, American tanks and mortars now blast German hillside strongholds in the center. Marines are driven almost entirely out of their fixed defense positions. Some over a mile long cover the area. With the breaking of the Gothic line, the broad Poe River Valley now lies ahead. Which port of Brest, after 46 days of fighting, finally falls to United States troops. Commander of the Nazi garrison is accepted by General Robertson, commanding the Second Infantry Division. Feeding his dog, General Ramke, German commandant at Brest, gives himself up. Prisoners are marched off to detention camps. By holding out here at Brest, as in every French port, the Germans gained time for their retreat to the Siegfried Line. But they were foredoomed to failure. Brest was the home base of undersea fleets that once terrorized Atlantic shipping. Now these huge U-boat pens are lost to the Germans. The port of Brest, with the largest anchorage in Europe, was heavily damaged by the fury of battle.


Hi friends, Janae would be procure with some exciting news. Town meeting day elections for mayor, city council, and more will be using Ranked Choice Voting and all Burlington voters get to participate. Unfamiliar with Ranked Choice Voting? Keep watching or visit the link below. Ranked Choice Voting is a simple way to let voters rank candidates in order of preference. First, second, third, and so on. If your vote can't help your first choice win, it counts to your second choice instead. Here's how it works. If one candidate gets over 50% of everyone's first choice votes, they win and the election is over. However, if no candidate reaches a majority, the candidate with the fewest first choice votes is eliminated and their supporters' votes will count towards their second choice. This process continues until one candidate reaches over 50% of the vote. Ranked Choice Voting is an easy way to give voters more voice, more choice, and makes for a stronger democracy. Learn more about Ranked Choice or try it out for yourself at BetterBellatVermont.org slash BTV 2024. Hello and welcome to Town Meeting Coverage of Town Meeting Day 2024. This program is part of a series of forums we are bringing you in advance of Town Meeting Day on Tuesday, March 5th. On Meeting Day, TV hosts forums with all candidates and covers questions. You will see on your ballot introducing you to community decision makers and connecting you with issues that shape your local community. You can find all these forums at cctv.org slash 2024 or on Town TV YouTube channel as well as we auto generate captions where available. On tonight's program, we will hear from Eugene Bergman, I hope I said your name right, Chancellor. Gene Bergman. Gene Bergman please. Gene Bergman, councillor for Ward 2, and you're also basically, you're the incumbent and you're running for the same position again and contested I believe. And we're glad to have you here. We've prepared a list of questions for the candidates and we'll have 90 seconds to answer these questions and if you are tuning live, we also welcome your questions at<PHONE_NUMBER>. If you are calling in, we do our best to prioritize your questions, though we will screen calls to ensure that questions are not repeated. We ask you that you share your name, town you live in and that your question be directed at the candidates. So in this case we have one candidate and not just one candidate in particular, which I think that is repetitive on my part. So let's get started with one minute opening statement from our councillor for Ward 2. Councilor take it away. Thank you Romeo. Thank you for doing this. Thank you to Channel 17. I've been a supporter for a very long time. Public access television is essential to a thriving democracy. Two years ago I ran for office because I wanted to share my experience as a city attorney for 20 years in the city of Burlington, as a former city councillor under Bernie Sanders and as an active community member and I really believed that the city was off course on safety, on affordability, on climate and on democratic engagement and I'm running again because quite frankly I believe that progress that we've made is just not been enough and I still have the energy to do the work. I'm energized by working with younger climate and justice activists in particular and I think that I can continue to serve the city to share, to mentor and to learn. There's a lot that we've got to do and I'm looking forward to it so thank you. Thank you so much councillor and we're going to ask our first question. And this will be a city finances question. Do you support to propose tax increase for the city budget, yes or no, and what experience do you bring to the overall financial management of the city? So the answer is yes to the question about the public safety tax and it's important that we make it clear that this is for public safety and that it authorizes, it would authorize up to three cents and it doesn't mean that they will get charged but it means that you can raise the rate for police and fire services up to three cents. The reason is because for the last two years that I've been on the council I have supported and I continue to support rebuilding the department but I also support all of the bigger public safety, community safety initiatives related to mental health, related to drug addiction and you put all those together and it costs a lot of money. Inflation, we did a new contract for the police union and the fire union. We have hiring bonuses so there's a lot that's going to be paid for. Much of that it was paid for in the past in the last two years by federal funds. So if people want to maintain public safety then we need to have at least this part of the revenues brought into the city coffers and they're still going to be a major budget gap of about six million dollars that we need to be able to fill through other ways and I have been focused very much on alternatives to the property tax that are based on ability to pay and I'll continue to do that and what I bring just to close this because I'm sure I'm over the 90 seconds is, I mean I was a department head for two periods where I had to do budgets for the city of Burlington because I was the code enforcement director for two ten month periods and they were part of the budget process. I have been a city councilor now this will be my eighth year as a city councilor and I was a city attorney so I have a real understanding of the way that our city works in particular and I mean there's a lot. Well thank you and this also brings back to the same within realm school budget. So the Burlington school district administrators have proposed $119 million dollars, $0.6 million dollars as it were, school budget resulting in tax rate increase of about 13.97%. Do you support this budget why and why not? Again the answer is yes I'm not happy that we are raising taxes or proposing to raise taxes as significantly but the fact of the matter is that a huge percentage of this tax increase is driven by the need to pay the $170 million dollars in bonds to do the new high school. So this community and I supported that my kids went to Burlington high school both of them. This community supported rebuilding a high school that was outdated and then was poison. Well you know like you got to pay so you know now that this is the first year that the bonding is coming due to be paid so a huge section of that. Another section of the budget relates to and the tax increase for the schools relate to what's called the common level of appraisal and the fact is that house prices property values are skyrocketing and that means that even though we had a reappraisal just a few years ago they're not now at fair market value so a huge amount of this proposed tax increase is going to also go to that and the third reason is because the alternative is to slash like 70 teachers to slash all sorts of programs it's insane and the whole you can see the you can see in the in the state legislature's debate that's happening right now have today that's been happening all week and the weeks before about re-dealing with the with the education legislation because there's major dysfunction at the state level and even if we were to make cuts we would not have significant reductions in the taxes that are people are going to be asked for so it makes absolutely no sense to not support this budget in my mind thank you counselor we're gonna move on to direct democracy the city of Burlington City Council recently decided against putting two proposed questions on this town meeting day ballot one on police oversight and another calling for apartheid free community do you support the council's decision to prevent these questions from reaching this ballot for this town meeting day when is there when is direct democracy an appropriate method of decision-making based on this question sure two questions there there are actually three questions that were kept from the voters and I did not support that action at all in fact I was a sponsor of the resolutions to put them on the ballot and I think it was an insult to the voters and I think it was an insult and an attack on democracy itself and I said so in the debates so that's clear about that we've got a process of petitions that we have been that we have had and used in this town for 40 50 years I've been a participant in that and it's been very meaningful so part of direct democracy is making sure that people that voters have an opportunity to tell elected officials what's important to them and we have done that this flies right in the face of that other towns in the city in the state of Vermont actually can adopt ordinances so the laws of the city by votes of their their residents they can petition for ordinances we don't have that because it is a you know we're a big city we've got a charter and that gives the city council the the right and authority to do that I happen to have supported prop zero last year which narrowly lost which would have allowed voters to have that level of direct democracy was not a perfect proposal but I I believe that in Vermont you were talking early on about this being a relatively small city thing maybe before the cameras rolled that one of the beauties of Burlington is that we're small enough to be able to interact with each other and to build community and to figure out what needs to happen and I want to maximize that so I I'm appalled that the Democrats on the council voted you know to to stop people from being able to vote the last one was on the the carbon taxes on climate change a very important change that we needed to our ordinance and to allow voters to to authorize us to to look farther than what we did thank you councillor so we're going to move on to addiction and opiate crisis which is becoming prevalent in our city we do offer or rather we do differ from other candidates in your proposed or rather where do you differ from other candidates in your proposed approach to opiate crisis where do you differ specifically I don't know if I'm asking the right way no I got you I got you what are the most important initiative the city can undertake to address the opiate crisis I actually think that there is broad consensus and it's around dealing with this I think there is broad consensus among the candidates not unanimity I was at award at awards two and three NPA where there was not unanimity but there's broad consensus around there being harm prevention centers you know the safe injection sites is another way that people are talking about that about getting social workers out into the community and addressing things there was broad support for the fire department's rapid response team that was stood up very quickly and there has been strong support for a special unit in our public safety system right now it's supposed to be housed in the the police department called the CARES program we have we we authorized on the council and I supported having three there are three positions in the budget right now that have not been filled at all so those are all of those initiatives right are ones that I think we should be engaged in as well as mental health issues because and so other social workers because it's not just drugs that people are having those are symptoms of of disease and other other problems but I believe that there is actually really broad support for the most part for all of those things thank you counselor and this goes into the next question into public safety more than anything else policing what does effective policing look like here in our city of berlington vermont should the council have the authority to discipline police officers let's do the second one first I actually think that the city council is poorly situated to be the decider of discipline we're a political body and I have been in the council I have been the council's attorney I have also been a prosecuting attorney in front of the council and they are um it's very difficult for the council itself to act like judges what's what we call in the law the quasi-judicial function we have it we just did it last night in terms of the board of abatement but it's it's very difficult so no I don't believe that I do believe and I support community oversight with a board that would be um in in charge of at least the most serious of the offenses there was a police proposal that was defeated last year I supported that there was a proposal that has been blocked from going to the to the voters that I supported even though it didn't go nearly as far as I wanted to do so those are the ways that I would look to to deal with it in my mind community-based policing absolutely essential but it's not just sworn armed officers that we need so a police I look at it as community safety actually so police form a very critical component of that but so do the the the the community support officers that do civil enforcement so are the urban park rangers that are out there in the parks so are the mental health workers that we've got the street workers so when I look at public safety and I look at our police force I look at it comprehensively um and I actually think that we've got pretty much consensus on that as well I don't know how thick it is right well thank you um you're not yet unfortunately I know so much and I've been involved in this that getting me to do 90 seconds on this is going to be hard but I'm trying right right okay um we're going to move on to quickly racial justice um the city declared racism a public health emergency in 2020 what will you do as a city councilor and as an incumbent city councilor who's sitting in reelection to address systemic racism in our city or at city hall in this case and the city across across the city in general so um I am a supporter of the racial equity and inclusion and belonging office we need to continue that commitment I am a a supporter of diversity and equity and inclusion in the hiring for the city and in terms of you have a public health emergency which means that brown and black folk are disproportionately hurt by systemic racism so that means that access to decent affordable housing and the ability to have uh enough wealth to be able to know that you're going to feed your kids that you're going to be able to go to the doctor all that stuff so when I look at how to deal with systemic racism key is to make sure that we have programs that are going to assist brown and black folk from uh to get housing owning homes very important access to uh you know affordable housing like inclusionary zoning housing and safe housing there's work that needs to be done in the um in business development as well so I would look forward to you know we've got some business development and loan programs through that office that they need to continue to be promoted and I could go on but we're well thank you I appreciate that and um I don't know if we can make these other questions but I will go through nonetheless um connecting with constituencies which I think is incredibly important for direct democracy as a candidate and an elected official how do you gather input and balance differing perspectives from your constituency and your ward and around the sea of course and how do you ensure that you're hearing from wide range of perspectives so um I'm knocking on doors even though I'm not opposed by anybody including me you're in ward eight I believe so six actually you're in ward six so I'm not running out there you go but but if you were in ward two and you know I I'm trying to to knock on lots of doors and so that's a way and you know folks I say what is the the question I ask people what's the most important thing on your mind and I had somebody tell me an old guy old white guy uh about my age who uh said to me I don't know that you want to know and I said you know I didn't ask you to not hear what you had to say so that's one way I answer my telephone which is kind of crazy so people call me up I answer emails people let me know um and I get a lot of them I try to engage in the front porch forum um and just be around so I feel pretty good about the constituent work that I'm doing perfect I hope I can okay all right well thank you so much and hopefully we get to ask you the other questions in the near future but um thank you for tuning in uh to town meeting tv's ongoing coverage of local candidates uh budgets and valid items you can find this in many forums like it uh what is it cctv.org slash 2024 or on town tv meeting youtube channel and you can of course tune in our live election results show after the ballot has been cast on march 5th also contact your local clerk to find out how you can obtain a ballot item as well as to register to vote here in vermont and thank you for watching and again don't forget to vote to vote on march 5th on town meeting day thank you and have a wonderful evening


Now, Steve has been doing this work for a while looking at the nature of conspiracy theories and how they're operating, and he mentioned a couple of the psychological mechanisms that are operating. One is kind of related to the confirmation bias, when you're only looking at the evidence that supports what you want to believe, seeing what you expect to see, seeing what you want to see, in a sense. And when it comes to climate change denial, climate change deniers actually only cite the evidence that doesn't support the fact that the climate is changing due to human involvement and so on. Paying attention to that one thermometer, not ignoring the other. All the billions of thermometers out there, you're just focusing on the one that supports the evidence that you're looking for, and kind of picturing it in a two by two table, you're only focusing on the positive, positive cell. And that's the confirmation bias in a sense, cherry picking the evidence that you're looking for. This is related to a really nice paper by Hastor from Cantrell. What they did, this is back in 1954, what they did was they essentially interviewed fans of a football team. So there was a football game, football match that was happening, and you have fans watching exactly the same football game, right?  And so, yeah, they're watching exactly the same game, but they have completely different perceptions of what actually happened. And you can imagine this. This is just at the level of a single game, people looking at exactly the same thing. And this is also related to this idea of availability in a sense. So you're only exposing yourself to a certain type of information, right? So when you're reading about climate change, the news that you get is always based on a subset of news in some respects, right? So people who read Facebook are only exposed to information from their friends on Facebook, very like-minded individuals. And in fact, things like Facebook and Google only show you the things that you like, and therefore probably agree with, which is going to buy Steve even further. Exactly. As Steve was talking about, our news is being shaped now that the information that we get on the web is being more and more encapsulated. So when you do a Google search, it's catered to you in a sense. So the information that it pops up is not the information that I would get when I do the same search, which is fairly strange, the same as Facebook and everything else. So we're in a sense suffering from what's called false consensus, right? So you have this perception that other people think the same way that you do. Now we asked a really nice question at the beginning of this episode, beginning of the course rather, in the about you section. So we asked people whether they've had anything strange happen to them that science can't really explain. So we asked people that question and half of the people in the course, tens of thousands of people said yes. Also, tens of thousands of people said no. So roughly 50-50, we had a nice split between the two. So half the people said yes, something weird has happened to me that science can't explain and half the people said nope, nothing like that has happened to me. Now that's interesting in and of itself, but the very next question we asked people to guess what percentage of the class agrees with them, right? So what percentage of the class also said yes or also said no. Now what we did was we compared the results. So of the people who said yes, that something weird has happened to them, they estimated that 69% of people agreed with them. And the opposite is true. If the people who said no, nothing weird has ever happened to me, they said that 64% of people agreed with them, right? So this is massive, this is a, I didn't expect actually the false consensus effect to be so big in this case, but it's huge. So people literally think that people agree with them, right? So they think that by virtue of being exposed to the same sort of information that other people have the same sort of life experiences and other people around the world think the same way that they do. And scale that up, so the influence of the media, the information you expose yourself to, the more narrow that you, the more narrowly you focus on where you get your information, the more and more you're going to be reinforced and think that people agree with you, more and more people think the same way as I do. And it's almost like an availability cascade, it just keeps going and going. That's exactly right. So in terms of narrowness, if all you're doing, so, and this is kind of the nature of conspiracy theories, right? I'm, if I'm a climate change denier, it's very unlikely that I'm reading the scientific evidence for and against climate change, right? I'm focused on these, this one small bit of evidence. I surround myself with like-minded people who also cite the same sort of evidence and it just keeps building and propagating exactly as you said. And the anti-establishment bias is operating as well. So if the government or an official body releases some information and says here, here are the data, this is what's happening in the case. Well, that's not just ignored. It's taken as evidence that the opposite is happening. So if the authority, if the official body says one thing, then it's probably actually the opposite thing that's going on. So it's going to be really difficult to change your mind, probably unless you have some help. So unless somebody is helping you through the six leads to find out whether you are focusing on particular information, falling prey to the confirmation bias, it's going to be really difficult to change your mind and get out of that sort of thinking. This is related to two other biases that are somewhat related. When we're dealing with issues in the media, one is called the, it must be in the middle heuristic in a sense. I mean, you can imagine what's happening here. So someone presents one thing, someone presents something that's the opposite. And the person who's listening casually just goes, well, there's a bit of truth in both sides. It must be somewhere in the middle, maybe, right? But in a lot of cases, it's not somewhere in the middle, right? If I say that on one hand the UFO was big, on the other hand, it was small, well, it must be medium sized, right? Might not be true at all. And a lot of people would argue in the case of climate change, that's exactly what's happening. So you say that the vast majority of the scientists around the world, 99.9% of scientists think that something is happening due to humans, that's changing the climate. On the other hand, when you're covering this sort of thing in the media, you bring on a climate change denier and the casual listener would say, oh well, must be happening, maybe, maybe not, somewhere in the middle. And that's related to a second bias called, it must be fair to both sides, right? So the media is trying to be fair and balanced and so they include both. And so you can see how these two kind of go hand in hand. If you're being fair to both sides, then you feature both and thinking about it in terms of availability, then you're giving both of these things equal weight and people think that they're much more common than they are. So we've tried to apply everything we've learned so far in the course to three specific examples in this episode. We looked at facilitated communication, expertise in forensic science and conspiracy theories, especially about climate change. But those are just three that we picked, mostly because we're actually interested in them. But I hope that people can see that the mechanisms that are operating here, the tools they now have could be applied to any, any other area, anything, their pet project that they're particularly interested in. You can use the six leads, you can have a lot, you can try and disentangle what's operating in really specific cases. So gay marriage, whether to put fluoride in the water or not. Vegetarianism, gun laws, absolutely. Anything that you can think of. People have the tools, right? Go out and conquer. Figure out, take a very specific example like these. Take gay marriage, take anything, asylum seekers, you name it, all of these very relevant topics that are happening in their lives, something that's important to them and apply everything that we've been teaching them to these particular areas and you'll see it. They will absolutely see what's happening in each of these cases.


Moving on to our penultimate awards, the PR Consultancy of the Year and the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Year. PR Consultancy 2016, IPRCCA. They're backing each and every platform in particularity in India is concerned. PRCCA Agency of the Year and did I miss out something? Yes, of course PR, Moment and Praxis Agency of the Year. So every single agency of the year award this year has gone to ad factors in the broadcast. One, the Global Corporate PR Consultancy of the Year in Miami and the Eco-Independent Regional Consultancy of the Year for APEC.  It's Sujithi is here, Girish Kalrai is here, Shraunee is here, so many of them. It is a client who make the agency and as value 360 would say, it is a client that makes the agency and it's the same experience for everybody. I'm really grateful to the jury, all members of the jury to IPRCCA for considering ad factors and thank you very much all of you. Thank you.


Okay, so I can tell something about these, yeah? As you said, I was like, to marineology training, and then I was always passionate about science, and I did like a lot of doctors, just to like science to get their titles, right? I was really passionate about the project, so, and I really came up with new ideas and stuff. I always did like two days a week in basic medical imaging sciences, and then I realized that there's not everything like it could be, you know? There's no links in the references in the paper. Why is it the case? Well, and then I thought about open science and all these things, and friends of mine founded a research game. It was like a crazy idea, very early stages, so I started to think about open science, opening science, and then, well, as she said, the next revolution is the blockchain revolution in science. Okay, so, we had like this last week, these four days of uncomference in Vienna, Zurich, and Zug, where almost 50% of the blockchain for science projects worldwide came here, like from artifacts from North America and two other guys from North America, and Korea, and from Belarus, and so we're all talking together like what's in there in the world, what's the status of blockchain for science? And I will first go over what is actually blockchain, and you will hear something that you've heard a couple of times already, but there will be also new aspects. And then I get into the crypto economy for science, and then I like showcase a project and how they could all work together, maybe potentially in person, and some pain points of blockchain. Okay, so, what is blockchain? Well, it's a shake of blocks, okay? We heard this a lot of times, but I want to add the hash of the references into the previous vlog, right? And I compare this to the term internet. We had this today, and I really like this comparison. Internet was a protocol or some interfaces between networks, right? But nowadays, we use the term internet much wider. The same happened with blockchain, yeah? It's not longer the shake of blocks, yeah? It's something, it's much more, yeah? And I like the comparison from another perspective, like, there was one guy who mentioned that blockchain, the only thing that blockchain does is basically doing decentralized time stamping of something, right? And this comparison is as useful or as useless or meaningful or meaningless as to say, the internet just like transfers bytes from one computer to the other, yeah? Okay, well, it's the thing that we made out of it.  And I actually had this slide in that blockchain is just a method of decentralized time stamping of anything. I removed it because I thought like, these are too many abstractions, right? So what, okay, now we came to it. And I booked my flight in the internet, right? So I can make some meanings out of the bytes and this is the same what we do because you understand as a blockchain, yeah? Blockchain can be interpreted as a way online services or database are organized, yeah? We had this distribute, I will like talk about decentralized. They can be immutable, they don't have to be and it's not, no, in reality, immutable means happened only that I just, every change is that I do to the system. I can't even move it, just like a paper. It resembles like what paper means to our society as any contract, I delete something and it believes in trace. Blockchain under certain conditions does the same in computer memory, in computer space. If we have an extra sheet at home, we open it, we delete a number, we search at a number, maybe the mouse was just sick, you know, the P-value is not reached if I drop this mouse and I will have to P-value get a major publication, right? In blockchain, this wouldn't be possible because there wouldn't be a trace if there was another mouse, okay? So this is like, and this all to trust a third party and puts like an important thing and this was not mentioned like in the right way is like blockchain makes an internet service transparent and proven to the outside, to the outside, yeah? And a service runs and advertised, like built in stone, yeah? But it's so common for us that we trust an internet service that it does what it says it does. Like Facebook says that it only increase the amount of likes if somebody clicks the like button but we just have to trust them, right? There's no way of us really knowing this. In blockchain world, this is different. The easiest form would seem Bitcoin. Everybody can see that you only can send Bitcoin from one address to the other one if you have cryptographic proof of the private key that belongs to this address, right? And this is like interesting for science as well because we don't distribute research money according to the amount of retweets or likes because our government would never accept to rely on a trusted third party, such as a resource gate, to measure the amount of likes and allow research to put on it because we all know that they can just sit down with an admin password and just change the amount of likes, okay? As soon as there is some monetary interest, blockchain has like a value to like make a service provable to the outside, okay? Well, this is like, blockchain is a socio-techno-economical, legal and cultural evolution or evolution, a fascination of game theories, strong cryptography, tech and money, and it's a hype, we had this a couple of times. And I like, I don't have anything like, I have a problem with hypes, right? And I want to use the hypes that is associated with blockchain to piggyback stuff on the hype to get this out into the research world, right? If you make it right and use it. So I want to use the hype, not abuse it, that some people do in ICOs and scams, let's use the hype to like, fix something in the science world, okay? And, okay, this we didn't have in this form, like what is blockchain? You can also like include this into blockchain, like we had like this pseudo-numos identity. Well, what you do in blockchain is you kind of keep control over the system in a way that you keep the private key under your own control and every change to the system you sign. If you log in into Facebook, we have a password of course, but then we trust Facebook to do whatever they want to do with my identity, right? In blockchain world, we keep like as Conan said, like for example, the key in the Metabas, browser plug in, or even in the internet of things in a ship, and design every transaction or change to the database. And if you don't like the change, it's not going to happen because we don't sign the transaction, okay? This could also be sub-summarized under blockchain. Conan said this already like, I have another diagram for the same thing, like blockchain is a new way to look at computer security. You all know these things, right? And in blockchain world, so game theory, economic incentives, photography, these, all these things, like Bitcoin just runs in divide open, yeah? Everybody can like, do everything like spam system, it doesn't work. It's so, so economic incentives, it's so secure that it's always better to act in a good way with the Bitcoin system, yeah? So it can be seen as a new way to look at computer security. And then, blockchain is, well, we all know that somebody wants to service. He can like, on the hardware somewhere, he can change the service or manipulate the data as he wants to. In blockchain world, it's no longer the case. Of course, blockchain systems run on some hardware somewhere. But whoever controls the hardware doesn't have any control over the service automatically. Yeah, this is a new aspect. And it's the detachment. In the most beautiful form, this is like in crypto clouds, but not like name one, like five point or swarm. It's like, you know that, like, there's no cloud, right? There's only somebody else's computer, there's no cloud. But in blockchain crypto cloud, there can be a real crypto cloud, but we put the data somewhere and nobody has control over it. Only us who has a private key, okay? So, this is a new abstraction. And, well, blockchain is unnecessary. Yeah, well, this is a couple of times, yeah? And, yeah, that's completely right, you know? Blockchain can't do anything and perfectly trusted third party wouldn't be able to do it, right? If we have a perfectly trusted research game or whatever and we can trust millions and if we could like, use it and it would be easy, and no scalability problem, nothing at all, right? And if it could be perfectly secure and like firewall protected, there will be, okay. So, blockchain is completely unnecessary. Well, it's like asking for the Leviathan, the Benewald and King, the perfect King, you know, that is good to everybody and only had best intentions. You don't have it, so we have democracy, right? And so, when blockchain will add something, anyway, I have a perfect third party for you that I want to advertise. And it's between the 5th and 6th of November of the first international blockchain for science conference. The evening will be when it will be the third party and I want to invite you to the conference, take your attention, okay? All right, well, this was a little joke and blockchain, blockchain, I have another reason why blockchain is unnecessary. Well, the computer services that will compromise all these things that we said might, at the end, not be based on an actual blockchain data structure because there are other ways to achieve profitability, distribution and decentralization. So, we might use the term blockchain totally independent from the data structure that we presented at the beginning, okay? And then, I want to talk to you about that we should maybe include even more things into the term, into the well-known term, blockchain, especially if we talk about blockchain for science. This would be like distributed file systems that are based on cryptography, DAT and IPFS, which are slightly similar but a little bit different. They are distributed, encrypted and it has other similarities to blockchain systems. And then, I want to talk about novel data processing concepts because what we do at the moment is, we basically, I will show more clear way later. Today, we just fix people who will be allowed to get patient data or subject, like sensitive privacy, sensitive research data to do everything they want to do with it. So in series, they could do everything, be trust them, like easy permissions like trust them only to do certain analysis and publish certain values like ever which is. Maybe in blockchain world, we'll be able to change this. I come to that later. And then, I would love to include trusted hardware concepts into blockchain because it has a good cryptography and blockchain can be used to secure and test whether the hardware is still acting in the right way. And then, the thing is about this is to like data marketplaces. So imagine somebody like provides the data and artificial intelligence algorithm uses data and pay for the training on it. There is like a project ocean and they can be like, they can use blockchain for this micro payments. So it will all be beautiful to like integrate them into the blockchain hype and get them out into the research landscape using the blockchain. Okay. And then we talked about the term decentralization a couple of times. We had this term now. And most of the time we talk with people about decentralization, they are not interested in the technical decentralization. Amazon, Google is highly distributed in a way certainly decentralized. Well, there might be some type of clucks that I can put in like, we'll crash like Google at least in North America or something, but so it's like, what they mean if they want to have decentralization? They often say that they don't want to have obscure single point of failure. They don't under control of the company or they want to have an independence of the service and control over the service. As I said, like they don't want to have that data behind firewalls, right? They don't want to have the data stands stored at one place at one university where the university disappears, the data is gone, right? This is what people mean with decentralization. And like another speaker like referred to it's a power over the data, right? It should be distributed or we don't want to have constraining business models and technically decentralization is not so important to the people. So the people that are excited about decentralization, okay? Do you agree with this in some way? Okay. And well, and then let's put the whole crypto economy under blockchain as well. So you know what the crypto economy is sort of, right? All these tokens, ICOs, even more tokens and like ICOs even more 200 million within three hours and well, crypto economy is based on the blockchain can easily create a bullet proof of something of a computer variable which can be named token which can be named coin. So a token in blockchain world is basically just a variable in smart contract or Bitcoin address. It's all the same. And you can like prove that there are only so and many of these tokens because there's an upper limit of the variable, right? And this end, what's blockchain, what's new is blockchain, I mean this was all before possible. You can just write down a piece of paper and say I give like 200,000 or something to him and to him and to him. This was long possible just long before blockchain but the thing is that we can do this now at near zero costs, right? And it can be still be made in the internet and then everywhere. This was not possible before blockchain and without traditional trust in certain parties and here we have a paper contract, lawyer, notary banks or stock exchange, okay? So we can create a bullet proof of something of maybe a value can require some value without the traditional trust in certain parties. And then we saw this token evolution that were first like protocol level tokens. So this was actually how Bitcoin, the beauty in Bitcoin is in my opinion that it's a self-advanced system. So you have like the miners that like maintain the blockchain and on this blockchain are Bitcoins and the Bitcoins are given back to the miners as a reward, right? This was an earlier stage token systems. And then there was a phase when people just created some tokens and did an ICO. I think like the first coin was something like this or there was another disinput here. Where I was, Dorje? Main coin? Yeah, a main coin for example. Yeah, they had some functions and there was like no ICO had not so much money involved or it was kind of a nerd geek thing. Nobody had like they collected a few millions and did their job. I say main safe, it's the same like four or five years ago, right? So you just created a token and sold it and everybody was kind of heavy. But then it's like all this ICO craze happened and the lawyer and the legal entities looked into it and now we have like this utility token which are basically vouchers or security token. And I don't know what the status in the countries is at the moment. But we can like see that in the mid future we will have much more legal structures. And I think in the long term future like the whole stock market and everything will go to smart contracts, yeah. But what the setup will be and things you know it remains on here, okay? But this is like the vision because it's just too appealing to have something like that, right? Okay, but this is okay but this is sort of where we had this info of like millions because of blockchain hype and then there were crypto billionaires who spent like on some nice projects, tens of millions because they wanted to like get their money somewhere into some very room. So we had like this ridiculous high ICOs but everything else is basically only just little advantage in a sense that we can like create this good proof token but we have like basically the same old economy. And I question myself whether it's now time for some new exciting value positions, right? There was a post by Vitalik and by other people that they know we have like the equivalent that stocks are to companies to open signs, open source projects, you know? Imagine you invest in a Linux coin or in something else, you know? Like there were not posts that innovators in the market would resolve, is it? Couldn't there be like very important positions like let's invest in peer-to-peer mobility there's a peer-to-peer coin or some open science coins that they're like, you know, like can overly still stick, this is all very important. That's the question. And then people say like the crypto economy is a more onboarding economy in terms of that we have like people, the more people contribute to Ethereum, the more value Ethereum gets. It's not like Facebook where they like create a whole garden and a silo and a few people get rich. It's more Ethereum, the more people openly contribute some more value over the whole ecosystem gets, okay? The question is, is that really the case in this new economy? This would be a good thing because then it would really like have a system that would like support real cooperation, right? Well, and now I question my left, what's in for science? There's a blockchain in research. This is like we all, like read it, quickly, you all know that, okay? I don't have to go through it, yeah? So we have legacy structures that are grown centrality, unlimited media, which if you go digital, but we have to like probably it's from Word to PDF to print to a software, to publish off the web page like download it behind the fiber like, and then we have like these artificial competitions, grants. Yeah, the governments want to distribute the tax money in a very reliable and responsible way, right? So they set up like this competitions for these are artificial state competition, but they are like, they went wide, right? They use so much time of researchers that there's one guy who actually claims that more money is used or more resources are used to write all the grant applications than the money that is actually distributed for the ERC 20 grants, yeah? This was all in best intentions, yeah? But there's too much overhead. And then we have like the point that only certain parts of the research process is open and we have like how we measure research, it's in the hand of like obscure third parties, yeah? How the impact is escalated and everything, yeah? Okay, well, I'm not pessimistic and I'm not one of these open science hippies and Anarcho, Gupto Anarchist and so on. I want, we just want to like say that science is fun and we respect science and scientific culture and we respect like how it's like integrated in people's lives and career paths. And this is a very important thing. We want to build something great and not destroy existing stuff. We will build something that might demand the system on the very long term will maybe replace existing systems, okay? And who's our enemy here? Who's our enemy? Against who are we fighting? These are. No, it's just okay, no, it's okay, it's like us. It's us as a science culture, right? So it's not that we just like pointed to publishers and say business model and everything might have effect in our science culture in a certain way but it's a very long discussion, right? So it's us who adopted all this, who only published full paper who like maintained this grant writing system and everything and it's a complex thing, right? Like life is complex, okay? But the exciting thing in this blockchain for science evolution and which is different from all the other science evolution that had happened in the past. Like name it open science 2.0, the open access phase, the social networking phase of science is that this time funding is affected, right? And like blockchain is about money and I'm like showing you papers later. So the crypto economy for science is already happening and where the money goes, the honey flows, right? So if we are like this in a very constructive way we can really change science for the first time I arrogant to claim, okay? That by this like online technology development we might be able to really change something, yeah? Well, this is a research, you need to get some more work done like five minutes of hard work and then comes fun again and then an outlook. Okay, this is like I put like where blockchain can like in the research circle help or I envision something, but it's an experiment, right? You can't do the experiment in the blockchain world, right? Everything else you could do in theory in blockchain data banks, yeah? Which would be beautifully connected, you know? In a future, in a future vision, right? But not to experiment itself, okay? We can like save our data, timestamp it in a blockchain database, but we have like this real world blockchain interface and if you find something that a database, a lot of things that we discuss are basically this real world blockchain interface problem because the computer system can't prove anything about the real world, right? There needs to be always a trustee to a party, a sensor or something that brings it into the computer system. If you would find a way to do this, there will be a few novel files that we'll see included. I'm pretty sure, you know? This would be like really beautiful, but we can't do this. Okay, so what is blockchain if I, what could blockchain if I science be? Okay, goes for this diagram, it's worth, 10 seconds and you'll understand it. So this is basically like how we do the research study and this is like how we did science for centuries and decades, we do our stuff and then we just publish a paper, all right? And this is like things that you pre-register studies so that you can't do like X post-factor hybridizing is especially important for like pharmaceutical approval studies. You analyze the data and then you see that there are like significant things and then you claim that this was your hypothesis which was just proved. This is like warm and it's a very bad thing for science. This is like, and then we have like this open data science where you publish your research data but you publish it at the end together with your paper, yeah? In between this is very of trust where we have to trust the research and not to delete an outlier and not to delete something that doesn't fit this narrative, okay? If we would do blockchain-ified science and publish constantly, maybe every day we timestamp our Excel sheet. We wouldn't be able just to like fake the data or drop something and delete something. It doesn't mean that the research data has to be open from the very beginning. We just like save, timestamp it and then we publish the timeline at the end, right? The data and it's very hard to fake. You would have to fake at the sensor and like really think about data distribution and everything. It's a big problem. So this would increase the trust into science data a lot. And then I come to trust the hardware. We have like in our iPhone, we have like this thing. We have like our fingerprint sensor and it goes to a hardware chip. And this is like built into the private key of this hardware chip is hardware, there's a hardware firewall. So the system can't see the private key. It only leaks encrypted and can be deciphered with a public key that is outside. So there's no way for like, for everyone to like leak the fingerprint, original fingerprint data. And then it actually goes to the Apple cloud. Like keychain, blockchain, but there are some dependencies and this Apple system where it's based, it's all based on the trusted Apple servers, but it has some similarities with the blockchain system. And if you would put something like this in our microscopes, we could always prove that there was no data stored, the data was not manipulated and everything. And I don't think a researcher that like, looks a little bit biased with a glass of red wine and his exo-sheet like short, like two data publications dropping one number is different from a researcher who would actually go there and like manipulate the hardware. No researchers don't do this, right? They might look biased as the data, okay? Bias as like in most major application by like most studies were not reproducible, yeah? Okay, and then we can do all the data processing through smart contracts and we could call this smart evidence. We just like make the decisions like save some on the blockchain, have some research data that goes post-processing analysis and then we accept or reject our research hypothesis and meanwhile there are like a few things like experiments can go wrong and we have to put this just like general idea how it could be done, yeah? And then there's this idea of this new subject privacy that I just mentioned. So we have like in healthcare, we have like, huh, unlimited amount of data that we can't use for research, right? Because people didn't consent and the eating, you have to like apply for easy commissions, agreement before we can use the research data because what we do today with this research data is with patient data is we anonymize it or not, like genome is not possible. It's like a fingerprint, you can anonymize it and then we like give it to some people that we trust to, in theory they can do everything with it but we trust them just to like release avaricious like the blood pressure of Bostonians at 55 years, you know? So they analyze it after some better blockers and stuff and there was no better blocker taking once and they just release the average amount of the average blood pressure, right? So imagine, we would change this thing to let's get the research, let's get patient data and give it to something that can truly do only certain things with the data, a smart contract that is secured by a blockchain system and we send all the Bostonians blood pressure data from all hospitals to the smart contract and the smart contract avaricious the data and releases four weeks later, prove of it. Well, at the moment the smart contract systems are evaluated on all nodes so the research data would be catastrophe but they are like researchers that work on projects where you do like combination with your knowledge group and the moment still trusted hardware so that you can prove what's actually happening with the calculation they want to build such systems. So, and I think here the blockchain of distributed trust would be a perfect correlation of the responsibility to society that we have like for the patient privacy, right? We don't want to trust one entity with relying on making the system secure, yeah? So this is just an out of the division there are some publications that go into this direction so an inverse way of like handling data security. Okay, this is like you will notice we like store it in one of the expensive systems. Some are distributed, very interesting systems and some have like blockchain incentive systems so that you keep the data, yeah? They work, work, work, work, work and don't work, yeah? To make them really decentralized it's very difficult and I don't know whether it's really solved the problem yet but they are like good approaches and it's like a tough thing, right? But the question whether we need to store all the data on the blockchain is like not the question, right? We just use timestamp, yeah? And then we have like dynamic publications we do microcontribution, we just publish everything with the acquire, the moment we acquire the data and secure it, timestamp is in the blockchain system we don't want to trust Wikipedia or research gate with timestamping this because I might win a Nobel Prize or later we have peer review systems on the blockchain, this incentivation for peer review with blockchain tokens. Okay, now the exciting part starts science funding is affected by the blockchain revolution, okay? We can have data marketplaces so whoever is good at analyzing data can like as a service analyze the data for somebody and for even microscope time for somebody while they have been there and centralized decentralized on the blockchain that would also work, yeah, there are some projects. Okay, I promise you the crypto economy in science is already active, it's already happening there was the first ICO for research project that was accessible in the first round and I just said now we want to like influence science so we are working on good practices for ICOs in research we just come up with a big document and we go through a review process we will say no excessive marketing and all the research project should be blockchain open in the end, right? So not only open access publication but like every step in the research project should be open, right? Otherwise don't invest into this ICO, right? And you have shared slides already, easy here the government agencies don't see ICOs at the moment, yeah? For research, but once we have like a very nice looking guideline ready, then I mean if they look at it we have it ready, okay? And the other thing is why don't we do micro ICOs for research ideas? Today we do our research and if you have an idea we just like to take some resources and money from some other projects and well this is how it works why don't we have an idea and like I talk to people at lunch you want to contribute, yes, okay, good and then if it's like 3,000 euro and it worked out I can like do the next day maybe 30,000 euro and I can say like if this works out and I publish on the blockchain the results and the tokens get bigger, more variable the better the results are and actually you can sell your tokens it's different from standard crowdfunding and you can make some value proposition you have to have a legal framework for that money, imagine you say I have this crazy idea if a pending company application comes out of it I give 30% of all the revenue to the token orders, yeah? So and what is happening with ideas today? I just like go at lunch and talk to my research peers give you my idea, test it maybe in the lab and the first time my idea is time stamp is when I send the facts to the credit office it's the first time that my name is associated with it and it's pretty late, right? because it takes some effort to like write this better than everything in blockchain world we could like the moment I had the idea I timeshifted my name and then we'll say you know and I could like, it could be much earlier, right?  Yeah, and then we have like this complex systems token system, incentivization system that can be built in a blockchain system where actually money flow goes through references, links, data that is used, if something is cited the expertise increases of some researchers and we can do this because it's provable how we do it with smart contracts. If we would like to learn research care we would know that they can just like pay everything and just like manipulate it in theory. So this could be the first time that we actually can build an open science ecosystem and new incentive structures and we know where these systems can obviously also be gained, probably, and manipulated but maybe less than the current systems, yeah? And the current system is so off that probably every system that we built that is somewhat good, even better than the current system. Okay, now I have like three moments of like the pain points of blockchain and science, okay? Identity, we discussed this, yeah? But I want to like say something. Everybody loves ORCID or the projects? Yeah, they have ORCID ID, ORCID ID, super ORCID ID. The problem is, yeah, ORCID ID, what is it at the moment? It's just your name and some publications, right? But you don't get any money from your ID, right?  But immediately start with blockchain ecosystems and there are several projects that are building on it and you create fake researchers that upward you, right? Or you get some money and as soon as you put economic pressure on an ID, there will be much more interest for people to like create fake IDs and I don't know whether ORCID is prepared for this. This is not now, not tomorrow, but once the systems are running and there's like this video project by Springer Nature Digital Science, they already get token, yeah? So I don't know how many people sit at ORCID and read you whether there's a real person that applied for an ID, right? I know that at research grade, there are like 30 people looking at this, yeah? So there might be a point for social networks to actually, or universities to prevent cryptographic proofs that this is a human, yeah? They could like maybe be new technical, new trusted third parties. Okay, the blockchains that are for science, how would it look like? Well, we have trusted third parties and our attacker is not a government level, yeah? So we don't need mining in research, yeah? In science, we don't need mining blockchains in science. And we already, if we want to have a mining blockchains for science, we already have it. So humanity is most secure and in-depth database also for Bitcoin, which might even survive a nuclear war, some people claim, yeah? It's already there and we can use it to timestamp our research result actually for free and you can like put gigabytes every day through mercantile hash into Bitcoin and timestamp it at zero cost, okay? So it doesn't depend on the amount of people using it or the amount of data, yeah? The costs, yeah? And for sure, there will be different blockchain systems that we will use in science. And one, we already use this Bitcoin, yeah? And some consortium chains for some application and it's an ongoing development and the question is how can we decentralize to the science blockchain actually have to be? Because it's not so much interesting that decentralization is referring to the technical data. It's more the information of data of the nobody can fake our data, that the trusted parties that run the hardware has no control over the data. And this brings me to the rule, trying to, we already had this in a couple of version. It's like you need to hear it once you understood forever. So in every distributed system, you have availability that means like how many transactions you can do per time. You have consistency that the system is, everybody has the same information and how decentralized partition resistance is. And this is physically proven computer science theory. You can only have two of both. Two of both, yeah, whereas banking, like banks, hardware, are located. Here, here, here, there, more here, or more here. Banks, banks, where you put Bank of America or Visa, here. Yeah, okay, there's banking, yeah? Facebook, Dropbox, everything is there, right? It's centralized, highly consistent. There's your account, nobody messes with your account. You use your account from your ATM, the same amount of money on your account, right? Bitcoin is highly consistent, yeah? But it's decentralized, but it's not available, right? The amount of transaction in Bitcoin are only seven, or so per second, depending on how you measure it, yeah? So, and this is not, has not been squared system. There were some tricks and treats in a lot of marketing speech and there are things in the middle, I said, do some of this in like obscure, like in other fields a little bit, you know? So, what one solution is like, Dash is using super nodes where something is put at stake, this is a method, so you have like more centrality in this system, it's not as distributed as Bitcoin, you have more centrality, and then it's like, Conan already said this is like trusted channels or state channels, so what you do is you open up or your second layer, as you named it, between nodes, you put some 100 U, 500 U, and you trust from here to here for 100 U, from here to here 300 U, and then you can then like very quickly money through this system, like forward, backward, several times per second without any costs, but the thing is, well, it still looks decentralized, but the availability is reduced because you can only to transaction up to 300 U, you can't send one million, okay, and Bitcoin I could send one million to somebody, yeah? Okay, so there is a lot of marketing speeds, for example, Toyota is not blockchain but scalability, right? They have like consistency problems at times, and they are not decentralized because they have like super nodes that like inside this part of the tunnel, it's a wide one, yeah? Okay, we had this, and the thing is that for sure, we will have centralized services in signs to prevail for meaningless transactions in terms of downloads from the database, like data providers, and I like to provide actually the research data and all these things, so for sure, I have centralized services. Okay, and this like we discussed in Vienna, like the blockchain setup for signs would be delegated to our state, so we would put some tokens and ask universities, government agencies to run a service, a blockchain service on their computer, and I came up with the idea other blockchain signs for signs were came up, this is the end conclusion, yeah? So why not do this, right? We don't need mining, we have like trusted third parties, the thing is that these trusted third parties can't control the data, right? We only need to trust them that they run a node, we don't need to trust them who actually don't manipulate our data, it's different from classic cloud providers, right? The problem is we will run in legal issues here, the university. I thought this is no problem at first, like just have them like run a node, it's just like the university runs the FTP server, it's not responsible what people upload there, right? In crypto, whatever, blockchain world, it's like even less the data, but the problem is there are tokens associated, right? So it gives the university tokens, and they will like have a problem with it because we don't know what these tokens mean, okay? So this will be a problem, and we need to like pay and discuss this, okay? And then of course in every system that we build, like ecosystem, we will have system gamers and the trust and research results, where can it be solved? We have user interface challenges, big if we like have this ecosystem and show the value flows through knowledge network, big problems to display, there's big challenges. We have like we need to like get the building and communication right, and well these are the implementations and projects that work on blockchain for science and implementation worldwide. Like almost half of them have been in Vienna and Zurich, and on different levels, they come from different directions, very good teams, good teams, and all is like, it's a real ecosystem. And most of them come from really interesting aspect, like yesterday we heard Nobel attack, right? They like want to use the company economy to make dormant IP available, and we heard about artifacts who like connect, like the artifacts and give it back to the community, and then there's for example, science matters, they have like a micro contribution journal concept, built a blockchain background. Akasha, a social network that runs on the blockchain, wants to go into the crypto economy for science. So, they come from, most of them come from very different DEI key works on a very elaborate crypto economy token system for research and integration. So, this kind of reminded me in the web to go into all revolution for science, guess what is this? This is a competition analysis of research data from which year? What do you think, which year is it? 2003, 2008, or 2014, huh? Okay, okay. This is 2008. Yeah, it's 2008, okay? 2003, this was too early. Okay, but these are like counts, the amount of social networks that were there for science, right? These are all social networks that were there for science. And some prevailed. Nature networks was actually there. They were kind of good, yeah, much more. So, this was it. But they failed or they like went into research data or they were combined and everything, yeah, because web 2.0 systems have to cash out on the central point of failure, have to create a whole garden around the software, became the new evil, you know? And so, maybe the token economy or the blockchain economy will prevent this and maybe they can really work together and provide all the parts. There will be ICOs and there should be several ICOs, there should be several legal entities. We don't want to have one system and do a mega open science ICO to open up science for 200 million and then our lawyers goes to Hawaii for a nice life, yeah? So good to know what happened in ICOs, right? Tasos, for example, okay? So, this could be the slides and all these things like ecosystems provide together and really build the open science ecosystem and we should unslice the pie and build this open science ecosystem together and we founded the International Society of Blockchain for Science for this to bring this project together and this is the funding picture of our last day in from the Hong Kong events. And this is the list of Blockchain for Science project. This is a very active open science ecosystem telecom group. You joined their almost all project. This is the list of all the projects and this is the components. And thank you very much for your attention, yeah? You are most welcome. Thank you so much. Okay, questions. We're ready to go. We're questioned now. Okay, fantastic. Thank you very much. So, before you go, I'd like to thank everybody, all of our speakers today was fabulous and thanks for all the light to keep this conversation going. So...


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will hatch and will go into the bark but they're so tiny that you would never even see the hole that they make because they go through the bark and they go into the the cambium layer which is the living layer of the of the tree and that's when they start to feed and so you can start you can see here that they start out really small and they go back and forth and back and forth they're getting bigger and bigger and bigger and bigger. There he is right there. Yep there he is.