give you a brief background of what environmental geomechanics is all about and just to give you the overview of this course, I define this course as an engineering philosophy and the genesis of this course was you know I have been teaching soil mechanics, engine mechanics, foundation engineering, advanced soil mechanics to different levels of students and then this idea came to my mind that why not play with the conventional subjects and create something new. In fact the prompting was done by my undergraduate student who was sitting in the class and he prompted me to develop something new. So this was the back of the mind to create something interesting and something which is unconventional and that was a genesis of this course.  And it so happens that most of these philosophies we find them happening in real life. So my emphasis of our discussion would be to showcase how the philosophies can be realities in life and that too when we talk about the engineering philosophies. So to answer your question quickly Vikram I suppose you asked this question in the last lecture that why environmental geomechanics. So truly speaking we are trying to either incorporate the influence of environmental activities or effects on the systems either this could be manmade or this could be natural on conventional geotechnical engineering concepts and practices. So if you check the internet you will find that most of the western universities you know they do not offer civil engineering as the courses right now. They basically talk about the you know manmade structures or built environment. So the present day context is built environment. The connotation is that the built environment is the one which is created by human beings and we along with our systems which we create coexist in the environment and subsequently we will see that the environment itself could be either manmade or natural alright. So if you look into this like you know our great grandfathers they used to live in caves and most of them these caves were naturally built of course they might have created caves also and then caves are the best examples of you know where the soil, rock, water environment interaction takes place because most of caves either are leaking or they get frozen or they get you know debris flow or they may have seen the collapse of the walls because of the movement of tectonics alright. So all these possibilities are there. So basically what we want to do is we want to study how the environment is influencing the structures which are either natural or which are manmade. So when I say this the scope of the studies become quite diversified. So anything which is happening you know under the sun is our focus of interest because the sun also is a part or attribute of the environment why right now the humidity is very high in cities like Bombay is it not because there is no sun. So disappearance of the sun is an attribute associated with very high humidity when very high humidity occurs how the systems which are created in the soils are going to behave this is what I would like to study or in the words how the soils will respond to this type of a system where the humidity level is extremely high. The reverse could be the situation 2 months back when there was no humidity it was extremely hot alright sun was on its full glow how the soils were responding how the structures are responding. So these type of extreme climatic conditions or the environmental conditions you know one has to study if you really want to do good engineering and if you want to avoid failures. So basic theme of our discussion is how the environment influences the structures and this is what we would put up in the form of a philosophy and then we will try to visualize how this philosophy is really work in real life situations. So it so happens that this is becoming a very very trivial situations for all of us who are dealing with you know issues like municipal solid waste I would say alright or suppose if you have to do engineering in the regions which are quite difficult to you know work on problematic soils, marshy lands, coastal environments. So these are the situations which are very tricky. So when you come out of the realm of the areas where already enough construction rehabilitation has been done and when you focus on the areas which have not been touched yet we call them as virgin lands and why they are virgin because human activity could not influence them. In conventional geomechanics we gave them a term as problematic soils. Now subsequently we will study there is nothing known as a problematic soil if you are a technologist you understand why because I can negotiate with the situation. So the problematic soils can also be trained very well provided I know how to deal with them. So this is the context in which we try to study environmental geomechanics clear. The places the situations which were never studied earlier which are supposed to be quite hypothetical few years back are now becoming very practical and then there is a pressure from the society that somebody has to give the solution for these problems. How and when and in what form these solutions can be given would be a challenge. So this subject is gaining significant invention of engineers, researchers and planners due to rapid and uncontrolled industrialization. Industrialization is the main problem the more and more industrialization the more and more so-called pollution the more and more population load when all these happens what happens there is a scarcity of the land look at the city like Bombay everybody wants to come and settle down in city like Bombay all right there is a scarcity of the land. So when there is a scarcity of the land what would be the best possible solution you go to the places which remain untouched which I was talking about marshy areas all right the salt pans which people did not consider earlier for construction either the techniques are not there or the courage was missing or it was the ignorance of the people clear whatever the situation could be. So this is because of the rapid and uncontrolled industrialization I will say it several examples where you know how industrialization is causing a major stress on the society and on the professionals like us this will become clear. So when we talk about the uncontrolled industrialization there is a huge amount of hazardous waste which is being generated and the question is how you are going to deal with this. So when we talk about the hazardous waste one of the attributes of the hazardous waste could be the presence of contaminants I am sure all of you must be aware of this. Now if you look at the dictionary meaning of the word contaminants is something which is not you know acceptable not welcome. So in a system when you are sitting very comfortably over here suppose power goes off or suppose a fly comes or insect comes so it is not a very rosy situation very comfortable situation all right. So that particular object becomes a contaminant so similarly when we talk about a very big larger sphere say biosphere I will be talking about what is biosphere the presence of elements which are not welcome would be a contaminant all right. So how you are going to deal with the contaminants is going to be a big question. What is the attribute of these contaminants is also going to be a big question. Now this subject is a blend of geotechnical and environmental engineering and just coming out of my mind I just tried to amalgamate the two subjects and it is up to you to decide how it was created. So I am just trying to serve to you what has been done until now and this would deal with the study related to safe disposal and handling of the waste. But before I go into all these things I have to create lot of ground to make you understand that what are the situations which you can take into account which become very very you know handy so that we can talk about disposal of the waste and come out of your understanding of the waste which is only MSW. So the more and more industrialization takes place countries like India are becoming super power so more and more atomic activities are happening all right. And the question is who is going to handle the waste which is coming out of not only the municipalities which everybody is aware of the waste which is coming out of industries the waste which is coming out of your research units the waste which is coming out of the atomic establishments I hope this part is clear to you. So we are not talking about only the municipal solid waste which has become a very bottom line situation which everybody is aware of. So let us keep this word waste in the inverted codes so we would like to study how safe disposal and handling of the waste can be done estimation of its spread and fate in the subsurface subsurface is nothing the one which is or the domain which is below the you know ground level which you may say. So when I say surf surface the connotation is rocks soils and the ground water clear and I am sure with the basic knowledge of geomechanics which you have until now it might so happen that the rocks might be intact or they could be weathered or they could be fragmented they could be highly fractured so I have created different scenarios. So within few seconds what I have done I mean from subsurface I have created another category of the subsurface which could be intact rock mass which could be weathered rock mass which could be disintegrated rock mass which could be fractured rock mass and so on. Number 2 would be the soils I am sure you are aware that the soils could be of different types alright they could be clay they could be sand they could be gravelly material they could be bouldery material they could be mixture of all these things and so on. So I am sure you must be realizing I am creating more and more situations in the subsurface because each of this term corresponds to a it has a connotation so the moment you say as some type of soil you have a connotation engineering properties are intact clear the moment you say CLCI you know what type of soils we are talking about. Another situation could be rocks and soils they could be partially submerged they could be dry they could be saturated and so on. So imagine how many types of situations have been created within the subsurface and of course the third parameter or the attribute would be the groundwater. So essentially when we talk about the subsurface we talk about rocks soils groundwater and in this domain there could be a presence of the contaminant. So contaminant becomes a foreign body which is not acceptable which is not welcome and we want to understand how the presence of contaminants is going to alter the overall characteristics of itself first of all or the subsurface this is part clear. So this has become a big big matrix I have talked about the material property I have talked about the situations I have talked about how the interaction is going to occur between a foreign element which is not welcome into the subsurface which normally in technical language we define as porous media. So the attributes of the porous media are soils, rocks, groundwater in different forms. So we will try to study how to estimate the spread and fate of contaminants. Now fate is the word which is normally used you know for human beings people have this habit of going to astrologers, chemists, face readers what for they want to know their fate is this correct but here we are using the word fate for contaminants why any clues yes exactly you are right. So we want to understand how this is going to behave in the future what is the fate means what is going to happen to this system that the system might be having both together. So it may so happen that the contaminants are detrimental to the porous media or otherwise also the porous media might be detrimental to the contaminants. The contaminants could be so aggressive that they may eat up the porous media a good example is if I take acids and if I flush them from my laboratory alright and suppose the subsurface soil happens to be organic in nature what is going to happen. So this acid is going to interact with the organic material and then this interaction is going to result into something. So what is the fate of the system something is detrimental to another clear. So this type of situation is becoming very very prominent in most of the industrial activities which are happening in today's world. The second thing which we will talk about is the methods to contain its spread as a geotechnologist environmental geotechnologist I would like to avoid the situation to occur where the contaminants are going to spread in the entire subsurface how to do that curtail the spread containment. So we will talk a lot about the containment of the contaminants alright and suppose if I fail in containing the spread of contaminants and the geomaterials or the porous media or the subsurface gets contaminated how would I remediate it. So I am sure within one slide which I have shown you I have taken you from different levels to different levels by the time we started from philosophy and I have created several situations by the end of this statement.


We get a lot of questions about licensing of data, whether it's necessary to do it, whether it is even possible to do it. In other words, can copyright exist in data? What are the consequences of not licensing? We had a lot of material written on licensing and copyright and intellectual property, but we did not have a practical step-by-step guide. So we asked Bayton Appliard, who is a barrister, to work with us to create a step-by-step workflow-like guide. Thanks, Greg, and we've produced it. It's about 12 pages long. It contains three flowcharts that should help or serve anybody in research to properly licence their material that they wish to make available, either publicly or through some sort of facility. It addresses a number of issues, such as whether copyright subsists in data and whether or not that's really a problem anyway. And we talk about what happens when material is made available on the internet without any form of licence attaching to it. We hope that this guide and also the video presentation will be of some use and interest to you.


Hey guys shiver 1,000 here today, we're gonna be doing another unboxing Only this one is a little more interesting Stay tuned. Let's see what this is all about Okay guys We got here a box. We're gonna unbox this box now. I don't know what's in it But I I do know where it came from, but there's a little back story On this box, so I'm gonna roll a little clip here for you and You'll get an idea of what's going on All right, so they won't let us in we have called them They gave us a phone number probably wasn't real and his name is Paul the general manager which they were supposed to be waiting for our call and And The phone number just rings and rings rings. There's no answering machine. No, nothing. How convenient This is not about being mean or anything like that. This is about a federal law and letting emotional service animals in a public facility and Ripley's believe it or not in Orlando will not let emotional animals in their facility So they're going against the federal law Which is no, I don't think a good thing to do It's also discriminating against any disability So that's not good either. We just this is what we found federal law prohibits Demis Discrimination of breed size training level or age of any emotional support Emotional support or service dog emotional support dogs do not have to be trained to perform any specific task service dogs can be trained by their owners and Any other manner or in any other manner the owner desires to assist them with their disability people with surface people with service animals Must be allowed access to all public accommodations This right takes precedence over all state and local laws Which might owe otherwise prohibit animals in those places such as stores malls restaurants hotels resorts Airlines cruises taxi cabs buses just to name a few Okay guys So what I did was you know I called a corporate office and of course I left my name and number because this was on a sunday It was on a sunday Monday morning That was Monday morning. They called me. They did call me first thing Monday morning corporate office and We had a long chat and I voiced my opinion and my side of the story and the woman that I talked to from Ripley's believe it or not from the corporate office was very apologetic and was very understanding and She's going to try to Well, she went that day to go talk to the employees One employee that was supposedly waiting on her call.      So let's let's start right now. Okay guys See if I can get a little more light here. That's too much or not, but Something so Did you PS it but it don't make it right? So I wish you guys would you know share that video of hers 1000 I feel we feel that it's discrimination Wholeheartedly feel that Totally believe that so they're supposed to send a bunch of things so so we've got it all wrapped up here Let's turn you down a little bit more they have sent us a card I'm gonna read this Probably do we have here? We have These zip up sweatshirt that says Ripley's on it. See that right there. It's pretty cool Got pockets in it It's nice and warm they sent Well, I don't know what this is, but it's kind of cool There's around and stuff How it works. I don't know But it's pretty neat Of course, this is Ripley's believe it or not on it. We have a pen Ripley's believe it or not. Oh they give us a pen. I also have here We've got Is that a magnet? There's the cricket building That you've seen in the clip right there. Maybe it's too much to lay. Is it too much to lay?  You guys know that Sure, some of you guys probably do It is an umbrella And we have This little item right here That's pretty cool. I'm gonna light on this because I want you to see the color nation's Berkeley So anyway, that's an unboxing from You know Ripley's believe it or not. It's in this looks like a nice card Marty and Laura See Personal oh, that's cool. Look at this guys. Is that cool or what? Let me get you gander at this for a quick and it came in this card Probably not going to sound a little bit Repassive so that you can visit a Ripley's believe it or not of your choice But are we allowed to bring the doll Anyhow She is going to love this All right, so there you go. So hopefully This woman can get something down about that so other people do not have the same problems that we had And hopefully we will not have the same problems again. So But anyway, that was nice of this one this woman like I said was very understanding and she She did talk to me asked plenty of questions answered all my questions and Assured me that that was not going to happen again And she don't know why this Paul guy didn't answer his damn phone because they carry cell phones for reason and so Anyway guys, there's an unboxing for you. So You're probably this is Friday, but you probably see it tomorrow Which will be today if you see it today, which will be Saturday Sunday I don't even know why I tell you that but anyway guys Thanks for watching. Don't forget check out monkey 1000 check her channel out She don't pretty good on her videos. She's getting a lot better At them doing making them editing them. I have her an editor on her Laptop now and I will get her a camera like the one we're using here a Sony She seems like this one. So But I'm gonna let her use this and try it out and stuff So remember guys she bear again. Thanks for watching she bear the myth man legend I'm gone for now chat with you guys soon. Have a great weekend. Bye. Bye now. Take care


Εντάξει, ξεκινήκαμε να κάθαμε. Και παραδείξουμε, ότι Jest κάθαμα οικονομικής, πλευρά για όλος και το δεχαίνουμε σε ένα και ναζόνιο του sozusagen-Vision- resolutions-ισομενρικής, όπως και όλοι, από όλους τις world wide neuro-initiatives. Είμαι Γελς Καφαιγις, ένα ομάδιό��σος μες λοιπόν, από τον Thomas Euler's lab και στις τελευταία πιέροδο της εκκαιτήσης μάσος,ín Meet Tom Bandon. Και as your host for today, I would like to once again begin by thanking Team Vogels & Panos Bosellos για να προσπαθήσουμε την εξαγεία της ΕΕΛΑΤΑΤΑΤΑΙΣΑΣ, για να προσπαθήσουμε την εξαγεία του ΕΕΛΑΤΑΙΣΑΣ, για να βάζουμε ένα γρήνιο και πολύ πιο ασσέσσυνο σέμμινα. Από αυτό, αλλαγώμαι, φυσικά, να πάμε back to the reason we all gathered here for today and introduce our guest from the Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Dr. Lisa Feng. Lisa did her master's studies in physics, studied a bit of biology, both at the University of Vienna, before her doctoral research at the Department of Neurobiology there, where working with Axel Schmid she investigated the performance of the visual system of nocturnal hunting spiders. Her first postdoctoral years were in Vienna with Andrew Stroh, before moving in 2015 to Rockefeller University in New York and the lab of Gabi Maimon. And in 2021, as part of the Liz Meitner excellence program, Lisa joined the MPI for Biological Intelligence in Munich and started the Activision Lab, where they aim to utilize advanced methods from genetics and physiology to behavior together with a model organism, the Drosophila, to build on the recent and very exciting findings that these fruit flies move their retinas via tiny muscles. Personally, I'm very excited to have Lisa today with us, as I guess all of you out there at the audience side, and to hear about their discoveries in her talk entitled Activision in Drosophila. So without any further ado from my side, please all welcome Dr. Fang. Lisa, the stage is officially all yours. Okay, well thank you very much for the kind introduction and also thank you very much for the invitation. This is a fantastic initiative and I'm super happy that I can talk here today. And I apologize in advance, I'm recovering from a cold, so I hope my voice folds and that you can all still understand me. And so I'm just going to share my screen. Okay, so I'm generally interested in active vision or active sensation and more precisely how active movements of animals interact with sensory processing. You can only imagine that when animals move through the environment just to get from point A to point B, that movement generates visual input on the retina, that the animals somehow have to interpret correctly. So this poses a challenge to the visual system. But then on the other hand, animals also move their eyes or heads on purpose to generate visual input. And actually many species do that. And those are just two very well studied examples of eye movements. The first ones are so-called fixational saccades in the primate. Those happen when a monkey fixates a point of interest. And in that case, the eyes are not really completely stable, but there are small, fast eye movements around that fixation point. The second one is a stability reflex called the optokinetic reflex that can be elicited by moving external visual motion around an animal. And that reflex consists in the eyes following that external motion and then snapping back from time to time. And this is an example in a zebrafish larvae, but you can find that in fish, in birds, in mammals, including ourselves. And in fact, when you view this stationary screen, your eyes are basically never stationary. They dart from one fixation point to another one in large staccatic movements. And this is how such movements, eye movements, would look like in a human observer viewing the set of nafretitis in a classical example by Jarvis. And all of those eye movements obviously come with benefits for visual processing, but they also come with a challenge in the sense that they result in visual motion on the retina. And we are not aware of that. We constantly move our eyes, but we don't see the motion on our retina and the visual world seem stable. And this is one aspect that I'm very interested in what the brain mechanisms are that allow for this stable visual process despite our ever-happening eye movements. And in my post-doc time in a main man lab at Rockefeller University, I was working together with Anmou Kim on a mechanism in the fruit fly that is very closely connected to that concept. So in a way, we found a mechanism that we think allows the flies to momentarily ignore self-generated visual input. So to start that story, I want to remind you that flies have a very strong stability, gaze stability reflex called the optomotor response. So basically anytime you put a fly in a visual arena and you show visual motion around the animal, the fly is very likely to turn in the direction of optic flow, either by walking or flying in that direction or by moving its head. And so in that case, for example, rightward optic flow, the visual system would respond and the motor system would be triggered to perform a leftward wind turn. But then of course, animals not only move in response to external visual motion, they also move spontaneously or voluntarily. And so if we imagine a fly in a stationary environment that somehow takes the decision to perform a leftward turn. What is happening then is that this leftward turn elicits rightward visual motion on the retina. The visual system is triggered and the optomotor response to the right is triggered, so opposing the voluntary left turn. And in a way, this one considered as a reflex trap. So strong gaze stability reflexes basically trap animals and oppose any voluntary spontaneous movements. And this has been recognized very, very long ago. And von Holst and Mittelstadt came up with the idea of how this reflex trap could be escaped and they proposed that with every efference, with every command to turn, an efference copy could be sent to the visual system to cancel out the consequence of the turn. So the efference copy would cancel out the visual system. Systems response, no optomotor response would be triggered and the reflex trap would be escaped. So that was the theoretical idea. And in the Neyman lab, we then required it from neurons in the visual system to look for signatures of such putative efference copy signals in the fly. And we did this in a very specific set of visual neurons, the so-called horizontal system cells and vertical system cells. And those are probably among the best studied neurons in any invertebrate and they are well known to respond primarily to whole field motion. So when large parts move in synchrony around the fly, the horizontal system cells to horizontal motion and the vertical system cells to vertical motion in different parts of the visual field. And it was recognized basically ever since the discovery that those neurons are very well poised to signal the movement of the fly through its environment. And so they are therefore very good candidates for underlying those gaze stability reflexes. And so we first wanted to check if we can really see or pinpoint the behavioural role of those neurons in gaze stability reflexes. And we did this by putting gluing flies to little tungsten wires and putting them in an LED arena, the riser lab LED arenas and showing them visual motion. And I'm going to play the movie and you're not going to really see the wings because the frame rate is off to visualize the wings very well. But I hope that you will be able to see that the head is moving in synchrony with the grating. And the reflex is so strong that you can basically make the head dance with this kind of visual motion. And so this is a wild type fly. And what we then did was we silenced the horizontal and vertical system cells by expressing and invatractifying potassium channels. So we were hyperpolarizing those neurons and they were unable to normally respond to the visual motion. And when we did that, we saw that indeed those flies did not show the same extent of head movement. So the head movements here in this red flies, which are the experimental flies, were strongly reduced. They're not entirely gone, so there might be another pathway. But this clearly showed that Hs and Vs cells are involved in the gaze stability reflexes of the head. And so we went on to look for signatures of potential inference copies in those neurons. And in fact, this is data by Anmou Kim, the first author of that paper. And so what we did was, the logic is the following. So flies fly through the environment in straight trajectories that they interspersed with fast flight turns. And those flight turns mainly happen in the horizontal plane. And so the consequence of a flight turn is mainly horizontal motion. And so we performed wholesale patch clamp recordings in those neurons and showed the mean response to the expected consequence of a flight turn to horizontal motion. And you see that all of those nine neuronal types respond to some extent as expected to horizontal cells, most and then the vertical system cells to a varying degree. And by the logic that I have outlined before, it would be beneficial for the fly to escape this reflex trap to ignore momentarily these visual responses to the self-induced motion. And so we looked what happens in those neurons when the flies are attempting a wing flick. So now we are not looking to the response of the neurons to visual motion, but just to what happens at the moment when the flies attempting a turn. And the flies are obviously rigidly tattered because we are performing patch clamp recordings, but we can pinpoint moments where we think they attempt a flight turn. And at those moments, we saw motor-related signals coming to the same neurons that are opposite in sign and roughly matched in amplitude to the visual signals. So we think that if the fly were really free to fly around, these motor signals and the visual signals would cancel each other out. And that those red signals are actually function as cell-specific quantitative inference copy signals. And we were really excited, or I am still very excited about the signals, and we would like to find out where in the brain they originate from and what the mechanisms are by which they are distributed in this cell-specific manner. And in a follow-up study, we were investigating if those signals also come during escape turns, because those signals were all measured for spontaneous flight turns. And at least in this one cell group, we saw the same sort of motor-related signals coming in. And there is an extended dataset that has been published by the SNELL Lab a year later. And so what you can take away from that is that if you swatter a fly next time, there is this beautiful mechanism unfolding in its visual system that allows flies to escape that efficiently. And so, as I said, we are still very interested in how these signals are generated. But before we were diving into that question, we paused and were asking if it's not perhaps possible that flies like other animals move their eyes as well. Because this was important for us to understand, since eye movements might come with an entire different set of motor-related signals. And this is not how, classically, the field thinks about insect eyes, but on the other hand, it is known that other aftropods move their eyes. And as you have heard in the introduction in my PhD, I studied eye movements in spiders. So spiders are well known to move their frontal eyes. But spider eyes and human eyes are at least superficially quite similar. They both have a lens guania apparatus and a retina behind. Insect eyes are very different. They are so-called facet eyes or compound eyes and they consist of hundreds to thousands of lenses that each have a set of photoreceptor cells underneath. And, classically, it has been assumed that those eyes move in perfect concert with the head. However, already in the 70s, Roland Tangstenberg found a muscle that attaches to this particular ingross inside the fly head and then runs and attaches to the frontal part of the retina. And he suggested that this muscle is very well poised to twitch the photoreceptors underneath the lenses. And this was in Muska. And 20 years later, Nikola Franceschini found a second muscle. So there are two muscles that attach to these eyes. And he found, short in a series of conference proceedings, that those two muscles move the photoreceptors underneath the lenses. And interestingly, although flies have already been a very important model organism for visual processing at that time, these very seminal studies have not really been followed up and this was basically all that has been known. And so we were, of course, extremely interested in knowing whether Drosophila, our model organism, also has eye muscles. And they sure do. So this is a stack that Igor Sivanowitz, our collaborator in Genelia Farm, provided. And you see here these two muscles that he has stained using phaloidin that attached to this particular membrane that surrounds the photoreceptors. And this is how he draws the 3D configuration inside the head. So there's this one muscle that runs from the front to the retina to this particular in-gross. Like the muscle that tanks in that was drawing. And this other muscle that attaches to the frontal part and then attaches close to the internal cup. So there certainly are two muscles. And we were wondering, would there be any benefits for flies to move their eyes? So I just told you flies have these facet eyes with many, many lenses, each with a set of photoreceptors underneath. So there are always eight photoreceptors. One is stacked on top of another one. So if you would cut through such a unit, you would always see seven photoreceptors.  I mean, not absolutely 100%, but very, very large parts of the world at the same time. And many flies, including trussophila, have not very well developed fovea. So it's basically homogeneous motion all around at the same time. And of course our own movements often serve the purpose of repositioning the gaze of our fovea. So the question was, why would we move the eyes? And we got inspired by published work in other model organisms and we came up with a list of putative functions. So for example, eye movements propelled to counteract photoreceptor adaptation. If you have a completely stationary eye viewing a stationary scene, the visual percept tends to fade out. Imagine that twitching the photoreceptors would bring that percept back. Second, and I think very excitingly, eye movements could help the discrimination of fine spatial detail. So if you imagine again a stationary eye in front of a stationary environment, the resolution is harshly limited by the angle between the photoreceptors, which in trussophila corresponds to the angle between these units, this so-called omatidia. But you can imagine that if you can move the photoreceptors over time and sample different points in space at different time points, and if there were a newer substrate that would allow you to compare those measurements, you could increase the spatial detail you have access to. And flies and other insects would hugely benefit from any mechanism to increase spatial resolution, because their eyes are limited by the diffraction. And so they have much worse resolution than vertebrate eyes at the same size. Then of course, eye movements could help image stability or gaze stability, or they could maybe in some dynamic way provide depth cues as well. And this is probably not an exhausting list of putative functions, but those were the things that we could come up with by reading the literature. And so we were wondering, can we see any retinal movements? And the first thing we tried was water immersion. So basically, we glued flies to holders that we normally use for wholesale patch clamp recordings, but turned the head 90 degrees. And so because the water and the biological material of the lenses have a very similar effective index, you can see through the lenses on the photoreceptors. And first, I'm showing you an optical section up here. So you're going to see a cut through the lenses at the surface of the eye and some pigment cells. And I'm now going to focus further down to that layer. And I hope you're going to see some whitish grape-like structures, and those are the photoreceptor tips. And I hope that you can see them switching around. So there's dirt on this slide, and it's not the best movie, but this was the first time we could visualize retinal movements. It was a very exciting moment for us. However, water immersion is not the best way to study eye movements or retinal movements because it's relatively hard to show visual stimuli to the eye while at the same time measuring the retinal movements. We made use of a crack of the insect eye or of the fly eye, which is called the deep pseudo-pupil. And the deep pseudo-pupil is called like that because it looks a little bit like a pupil. It looks like some darkish or whitish spot on the eye, but it has nothing to do with a vertebrate eye pupil. It's in fact an enlarged virtual image of the tips of the photoreceptors and it places deep inside the eye. So you have to focus in the eye to see this deep pseudo-pupil arising. And it's actually really easy to see. So it's sufficient to shine light through the head of the eye and we often use infrared light or far-red light because the visual system of the fly is not very sensitive to that. And then it's sufficient to point an air objective on the eye and you'll see this deep pseudo-pupil arising. So this is the compound eye, this is the head of the fly and this is the deep pseudo-pupil. And if you are so inclined, you can even count the seven whitish dots for the seven photoreceptors. And so if the head is rigidly tattered and does not move and this pseudo-pupil moves around, it tells us that the photoreceptors themselves have moved. We roughly know the separation of the photoreceptors in the eye. We can even calibrate roughly how much they have moved in angular space. And so we built, no, before we built an arena, we actually made sure that we were thinking about this correctly. And so we tried to image both the deep pseudo-pupil and the retinal water immersion in the same eye at the same time. So the top dorsal part of the eye is seen in water immersion and the lower part is seen here with this camera and we focus on the deep pseudo-pupil. And those images are very bad. So it's really hard to do both things at the same time, but I hope it's good enough to convince you that those movements are very, very well correlated and that we can use the deep pseudo-pupil to infer movements of the retinal. And so we built an arena that allows us to look at the two pseudo-pupils at the same time, so two cameras are pointing at the fly. The flies are flying or hanging on a tungsten wire, so we glue it to this little wire. In that case, we glue the head to the thorax, so the head doesn't move independently, and we also measure the shadows of the wings. And at the same time, using the riser and the deep penis, we can show visual motion. And when we showed a great thing moving around the fly, we saw these very reliable movements of the two pseudo-pupils. So I'm not sure how well this comes across in this zoomed out version, but we can zoom in. And so now I'm highlighting the centrate of the right and the left pseudo-pupil.  And I hope you'll be able to see that whenever the great thing moves to the right, the retinas move to the left and vice versa. So this was really cool to see for us. And it's actually a very reliable behavior. So basically you see this in every eye of every fly that you put in this arena. And it's even kind of spooky because sometimes flies are just hanging on this tungsten wire and there's no way of telling if they're alive or dead. But then when you look at the retina, you see them moving around. And if you go through all the signs, the sign flip of the lens, et cetera, those movements are consistent with slowing down the relative speed on the photoreceptors. So we think that in function, basically they are an optokinetic reflex, very closely related to the optokinetic reflex. I have shown you in the zebrafish larvae in the beginning. And when the flies are flying in this little tungsten wire, then everything gets a little bit more lively and you see more of the snapback saccades as well. Unlike ourselves, for example, these flies can move their eyes completely independently. So now we are just going to stimulate the left eye and then only the left eye is moving and the right eye is very, very stable. And then at some point it's going to switch and the right eye is going to be stimulated. And this also is quite impressive in the average where you really see that one eye doesn't bother and vice versa. So we think that this is a very reliable and elicited optokinetic reflex. And then we were wondering if flies maybe also moved their eyes in spontaneous ways in a non-stimulus triggered way. And to do, so this is an example of a fly flying in a stationary environment or in a stationary environment so there's no acute visual stimulus and yet we see these jumps happening. Down here this is the left minus right wing amplitude there's a measure of wing turning and you can ignore that for now. But here again is the position of the retina and you see these jumps happening. Then at other times they are quite stable for a while and then those little jumps happen again. And I say little jumps because if you plot the XY position now of the centrate of the deep pseudo pupil you see that those stable positions are really separated by less than one agree very often which is a fifth or sometimes a tenth of the interreceptor angle in flies. And we are of course very interested why flies would perform such movements, right? And one idea would be that they could use it to refresh the image as mentioned before and or to scan space in finer detail then their receptors would otherwise allow and to increase their spatial resolution. And this is something that we really hope to find out in the future. It's also kind of a question why we hope to find out in the future. It's also kind of striking that superficially those movements looked like the fixational saccades in the monkey that I have shown you earlier on. And of course monkeys have a phobia and lots of what is happening here we think is connected to the phobia itself. So I think it's going to be interesting to understand why flies are making very similar eye movements in a completely different eye. But for the moment being when we discovered that we were actually kind of wondering if there would be any impact whatsoever because those movements are tenths of the receptor angle and it would have been entirely possible that the visual system doesn't care at all. This is just something that is happening and this is too small to have any effect. And to investigate that we performed again wholesale patch plan recordings in horizontal and vertical system cells. So these are the exact same neurons that I have mentioned earlier on when I was explaining the inference copy signals. And in that case we were recording from them mainly because we know so much about them for no specific reason other than that. And this is mostly data from Aditya and Nair. And so this is a classic example of how a horizontal system cell would respond to horizontal motion in two directions. So you see a hyperpolarization happening for one motion direction and the depolarization happening for the other motion direction. So this is extremely well known and well described. It got really interesting when we looked at those neurons in the context of a stationary environment because here what one would expect would be a flat stable baseline. And yet we see these depolarizations happening that are sometimes really large. So this is the same recording, same y-axis and you see that those depolarizations go up to the response of to the preferred visual stimulus. And when we plotted the retinal position on top of that we saw that those depolarizations seemed to coincide with these small retinal jumps. And so in order to analyze it further we picked moments of those saccades and averaged them. So we first averaged them for one fly and then averaged them over a population to draw averaged retinal jumps in two directions. And then we could ask what happened at those times to the membrane voltage. And what we found was that there was indeed a bidirectional membrane voltage change. A depolarization in one case and a hyperpolarization in the other case. And if you again go through all the signs those membrane changes are consistent with the retina moving in front of the stationary grating which generates relative motion and then the visual neurons visually respond to that. And this is also consistent with the fact that this response is gone when you switch off the lights. Again, same recording, same Y axis. If you look carefully you might wonder why this is not entirely flat. It's completely dark but there's still something going on. And so there's this initial hyperpolarization here and depolarization here that seems to be independent of the visual environment. And we think that maybe this is a mini motor-related potential and we're going to follow that up in the future. But what the takeaway from that data now is that retinal movements that are attached of the inter-receptor angles still lead to a bidirectional visual response in visual neurons. So flies care about these small spontaneous movements but then on the other hand there are also large movements in the natural behavior we can see movements up to 5 to 10 degrees. So this is like 1 to 2 inter-receptor angles. And we were wondering if that leads to an expected shift in the receptive fields of visual neurons and if vision is even maintained. Because if you remember the 3D animation by Igor Sivanovic you saw that the masses attached to this frontal part of the retina and it isn't entirely... I mean, if the masses pulled on this retina sheet they were actually here if the organization of the retina is well maintained. So we wanted to see, can flies still see when they do large movements and does it lead to the expected shift in receptive fields. And in order to address that we performed again wholesale patch clamp recordings and this time in so-called LC14 neurons so those are the neurons they connect the two lobulas in the fly brain and they have front-facing relatively confined receptive fields. And the idea was if the retina moves the receptive fields should shift. So if we move a stripe around the fly to which those neurons respond we should see a shift of the response in angular space. And in that case we didn't wait for spontaneous movements to happen but we just wanted to be more efficient and have reliably the same movement and so we made use of optogenetics. So we have access to the motor neuron that innervates the muscle here shown in green. So this is the motor neuron, this is one of the masses and we can express crimson a redshifted generobodopsin and then activate this motor neuron using red light. So here I hope that you'll be able to see those pseudo-pupils of both eyes moving when we shine light onto the fly. And we can analyze that then and quantify it and I'm showing you here the position of the left in orange and the right in blue pseudo-pupil. And so you see that whenever the light goes on the retinas, the pseudo-pupils move to the front we can hold them there and when the lights go off we can go back and then we can show our stripe moving around in two directions and at the same time perform wholesale patch-clamp recordings. And as you can already see in these exemplaries vision seems to be maintained, right? The neuron responds to the stripe independent of the position of the retina. And we can then ask does it lead to this expected shift in angular space but we know that we just average trials without the genetic lights on and average trials with the genetic lights on and so this is without and this is with the genetic lights on and you can see that indeed there's this shift happening in receptive field and, in fact, here this is 15 degrees roughly because with optogenetics activation you can pull the retina even further, then flies tend to do that Αυτό εδώ έχουμε ένα τελευταίο τελευταίο που είναι τρεις φορές από το τελευταίο ή το τελευταίο αντιμετωπίστημα. Αυτό είμαστε πραγματικές ότι αυτό μπορεί να υπάρξει σε αυτό το αξιόδιο, όταν η ζωή still maintained. Οι παράδειγματοι τώρα είναι ότι οι φορές προσπαθούν στήμουλες στήμουλες, σποντένους στήμουλες, στήμουλες, στήμουλες και στήμουλες στήμουλες. Εκεί είμαστε πραγματικές για να υπάρξει τα ζωή στο πρώτο μέρος. Αυτό είναι ένα τελευταίο τελευταίο τελευταίο με ένα πολύ σημαντικό υποστισμό για το οποίο θα είναι καλύτερο, το οποίο είναι το αυτοκίνατο τελευταίο. Γιατί όταν η ζωή είναι σχετική, η σύγχρονη αυτοκίναση, η σύγχρονη αυτοκίναση, η σύγχρονη αυτοκίναση, η σύγχρονη αυτοκίναση της εμπειρίας στον Βατινά. Για άλλα πιο σποντενές στήμουλες, δεν ξέρουμε ότι οι βαθλές είναι να κάνουν αυτό. Υπάρχουν πολλοί δικές εξοδεύτερες, γιατί υπάρχουν δικαίσεις σε δικαίκες πλευράς, αλλά πρώτα αφού έχουμε έναν υποθέσεις, που είναι ότι πιστεύαμε ότι οι σύγχρονες μπορούν να πηγαίνουν σε αυτοκίνασης. Και είμαστε σημαντικά από έναν καλύτερο στήμουλ για πέπες από το στραυάσλυμα, με το οποίο they showed that flies can adapt their behaviour when crossing gaps, depending on the size of the gap. Βεβώς το γέμπι είναι μικρό, they can do very acrobatic maneuvers to launch themselves to the other side, Αν είναι το τέτοιο μεγάλο, θα μπορούν να έχουν περισσότερο σημαντικό εξηγή. Λοιπόν, ώστε να μπορεί να μεταφαίνουν την λογή του τρίγου. Και φαίνονται και ειναι ειναι ειναι δρουσοφλα, ας εμπορυμείτες ότι τη δυναγητική υποδοχή του δυνατουρουσού είναι πολύ σημαντικά και η δυνατουρή είναι πολύ καθέμη, και ότι αυτό δεν είναι αρκετή για τη στιγμή της στιγμής. Βλέπουμε ότι οι φαρμότητες θα χρησιμοποιήσουν άλλες στιγμές για να κομμάσουν τις δημιουργές και το στραυγόκοπος να παίρνουν την αρκετή, που χρησιμοποιούν τον παραλαξία της δημιουργίας. Λοιπόν, νομίζουμε ότι πιστεύουμε ότι οι ευρωπαϊκές δημιουργές μπορούν να βοηθούν σε αδίσθηση να κομμάσουν τις δημιουργές. Λοιπόν, πριντάμε, σαν εσάς εμείς, καθόγοντας λογή μου, οι κατακτυάρια, που έχει διεύτερα, τελείωθεν τρίλλα κομμάτρα με όνειρο και οι αρκετές δημιουργούν να χρησιμοποιούν με τα διαφορετικά χρήματα. Οι αρκετές στον κομμάτρα και της εξήπτερα, είναι που να μεταφυμό danach αλλά να δημιουργήσουν και οι δύο αρκετές δημιουργούν να κάνουν μορσίο reason. αν αξιολογήμαμαστε, ειδικά αν αξιολογήμαστε, ειδικά αν είναι πραστά σε παρουσία τέτοιων ασχολιγών. Λοιπόν, πέντετε, με το αντιμετωπίσιο για να εξαφτήσουμε κατεύθυνες κοκτασία, και να εξαφτήσουμε, νομίζω, ειδικά από πάρα δύο τραυαλίες. Αυτό θα γράψουμε πρόκειται, είναι να εξαφτήσουμε, και οι δύο τραυαλίες ήταν και πολύ σπαρσί. Βρίσκοντας πραγματικά δημιουργεί τα δυρυθμότητα των δυρυθμών. Από την άλλη δυρυθμότητα they were also kind of weak. So when we expressed the KIR, my movements were not entirely abolished. They were reduced, but they were not entirely abolished. But we used those two driver lines and let the flies walk over the catwalk and then used deep lap cuts to trace the trajectories. And those are two examples of the crossing trajectories. One for a fly that was crossing mostly on top and another one for a fly that was crossing sometimes on top and sometimes walked in one detours. And actually this pattern that the KIR flies would walk around more often held over population of flies for the two different driver lines. So whenever we dampen eye movements it seemed that the flies are a little bit more clumsy or a little bit less efficient in crossing the gaps. And so this maybe hints in the direction that they use eye movements for distance discrimination. And this would fit actually very well with the discovery of what the retinas are doing when they cross the gaps. And to do that we had flies walking on a little walking wheel that had two wedges cut into it that served as gaps which allowed us to look at the retinal position and at the same time we can track the trajectory of the wheel. And this is an example trace and this is actually data collected by Gabi Mehman. And what you see here is the wheel position down here. The vertical lines indicate whenever the fly has crossed the gap and on top you see the two example traces of the right and left pseudo-pupil. And you might already be able to see that whenever the fly crosses the gaps there's this large movement happening and it's a large convergent movement. So one can average over all these gap crossing events and it still holds. So you see an averaged convergent movement of the eyes in that fly and it holds again over a population of flies. So when flies cross a gap they make a convergent movement. If you dampen eye movements, flies are a little bit more clumsy in crossing the gaps. And this is of course not hard proof or anything that flies use eye movements for 3D vision but it would point in that direction. And this is something again that we want to follow up in the future. And one can think about how flies might use eye movements to do that. And one way would be to use them in sort of a dynamic binocular ruler in which confined front-facing receptive fields are swept in the frontal space of the fly. And then after some coincidence detection you could try to angle the distance. And so candidates for underlying such a computation would for example be the neurons that we use to show the shifting receptive fields because they have a confined receptive field that is front-facing and they connect the two optic lobes. And with that I would like to summarize what I have shown you today. So first I wanted to show you that there's motor-related inputs in the fly that inform the visual system about ongoing behavior. And more precisely I showed you that their e-ferrence copy signals or signals that look like e-ferrence copy signals during fast flight turns. And I only told you about the data that I was involved in but there's a whole set of modulations that come to the same visual neurons in walking that interestingly have the opposite sign and that help in straight walking. And this is work from the lab of Eugenia Schiapin. So this is just to tell you that the visual system is modulated by ongoing behavior. And then I showed you that the drosophila has two masses that attach to the retina and that you use those masses to perform retinal movements. Some, not all of them, some of them look like vertebrate eye movements. And the visual system cares even about the smallest of those movements. And I then showed you that we think that maybe muscular movements might aid depth perception because they make this peculiar convergent movement when crossing gaps. And I think in the future it's gonna be very interesting to think about how this would interact with photomechanical contractions. I imagine that many of you have seen the talk by Mikko Jusula earlier this year in the same, in the Sussex Vision series. And he also, that the lab also suggested that those photomechanical contractions could help you to be vision. So it's gonna be interesting how those two things interact. And with that I would like to thank you for your attention and I would like to thank my lab. It's, those are basically the very, very first members that joined in the last year and they enormously helped in building the lab and like bearing with me and getting the first interesting data and then very, very grateful to all of them. Then I want to thank the main lab first of all Gabi for being an incredible mentor over the past years. Anmokim who is now a public leader at the Han Yang University before my collaborated on the reference copy projects and who taught me a lot when I joined the lab. And then all of those people who have directly contributed to with data and help to the retinal movement papers. So Sophia, Jess, Aditya, Thomas, Stephen and Tatsuko and our very important collaborator Igor Sivanovich at Chanelia Farm. And then I want to thank the funding agency and the Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence for a very warm welcome in my first year. Thank you so much Lisa for this very interesting talk of your really astonishing findings. I cannot help but like voice how jealous I feel sometimes when I see what amazing things you can do with Drosophila and how accessible they are. So let me go ahead and there are people thanking you on the YouTube because you don't have it. I'm conveying this to you. I'm already posting the link in case they want to keep us company already and until they post their questions I will take advantage of the opportunity to ask a couple of mine.  So when you move the retina do they still remain like in registration or like? So you're asking if the neural superposition is maintained, right? Yes, exactly. So I think that was partly of why we did this experiment where we pulled on the retina optogenetically because we were asking the same thing if there would be a slight distortion of the retina. This whole perfect neural superposition might be messed up and might actually harm the ongoing vision. But first of all experimentally we see that the flight just responds as usual. So whatever happens it doesn't seem to harm vision in any measurable way. And second when we pointed cameras at different parts of the retina in the very front, in the middle and in the back and again did this optogenetic activation and we saw that the whole eye was moving in concert. So what we think is that the whole retina sheet moves as an ensemble and that the neural superposition is maintained in that way. Okay, and going back to your idea that this could also improve the special resolution that eyes can see, which I find very interesting. The question I have is like because you already touched upon this you mentioned that we also need the neural substrate to be in place for this to be of use, right? So and this would not be only like special substrate but also temporal, right? What is the temporal window of integration? So my kind of related question to that is like do you think they would use the same like to the same extent the eye movements when they are flying? So actually they move it more when they are flying. So I glossed over that if the only hang on that little tungsten wire and they don't move and there is no visual stimulation they move the eyes from time to time but very rarely and then once they start flying or walking then there are lots of those movements happening. But this could it be because for the tungsten wire you had fixed, like you fixed the head so it cannot... It cannot move, no, it cannot move and you see them so you see also the two eyes moving independently in different directions and we see the eyes being stable so it's not that the movement of the wings or the vibrations... I mean those also happen, it's not perfect and the flies like vibrating a little bit on the tungsten wire but we see really like stable positions that then have discrete jumps and those are independent of the ongoing vibrations from the wings. How then that would be implemented then afterwards to increase spatial resolutions are very good questions and I keep thinking about that I don't know enough yet about all this work that has been done by engineers, right? And engineers can use little vibrations to increase the spatial acuity of camera images, for example. And I definitely need to dig into that work a little bit more but one thing that one could imagine is that for example the movement would just light up at edges in the image, right? That you don't really sample one point after the other and you know how much you have moved and you know when you move, etc. Which is very complicated but you could just like have the image fade out and then make a little jump and then every dark edge in that direction lights up and so you could scan horizontally vertically and get like all the finer structures, for example. But we want to figure that out in the future, hopefully. Yeah, I mean for me like thinking about like very naively I would expect like during flight the movements would not be so necessary, let's say and especially if you don't have like a 4V80 kind of formation that needs like to focus on stuff. But you are like, it's very interesting like and if I may you should look into how that might be happening and like one last question before I go to the question. So there are like pretty much everyone out there is thanking you and mentioning how exemplary the presentation was. I'm just reading the last comment from Simon Laughlin that he says exemplary presentation of elegant work, exciting possibilities, can't wait to learn more. The comments will stay there so we can see them later. So the question I had is like always with this self-induced motion of the scene and actual motion out there. What happens, like which neurons will be the ones discriminating between, ah, it's me moving or is the surrounding that is moving. Is there like a neuron that you have identified that kind of can perform this computation? Like you mentioned the motion sensitive neurons that you see both of them. But when it comes to the minor like motor-related Potentious, yeah. Like it looks like it's not even either preceding or coming after the actual stimulus-driven change, right? So couldn't you expect some latency if it could? Yeah, so I mean depending on where it comes from, right? If it could be from some visual feedback. Are you still here? Yeah, yeah, yeah, sorry. I just said we appear to be getting on people's screens now that we have guests also joining. So if you would think that there's a feedback, right? From some mechanical sensors for example then obviously it should come later. But if you imagine that there's some predictive signal like let's say there's a center in the brain like some neuron that is going to command the eye movement that is connecting to the motor neuron and that one would branch to the visual system or the motor neuron itself would connect to the visual system somehow then it should slightly precede it or like be at the same time. And I think what we see is like that it's like roughly at the same time maybe a tiny bit early. So I don't think it's consistent with feedback. Okay, yeah, because I think from primates they always saw that there is this latency always this difference between proceeding and following. So this is why it's what motivated this question. For flight terms that the efference copy signals that I've mentioned before it comes early so ANMO has quantified that very carefully and I think on average it's 10 to 20 milliseconds before the wing moves. Okay, great. Thank you so much. So in case like the guests that we already have in the room do not want to ask something publicly I would thank at this point Lisa for her wonderful talk. Thank you, thanks for listening. I will remind to our audience that they can click on the link that they can see in the YouTube chat to join us. Under this time I will be terminating the broadcast so we can continue in a more informal setting. Thank you very much. Thank you.


Hello, this is Professor Stephen Nesheba, and I'm here to help you out with some doing some calculations having to do with the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in Excel so if you've set up things like this where we've got the stock volumes of the reagents Ki and so forth and and if you've already entered in these these values for the the concentrations of those those reagents in solution as we've done here for these three different runs and if you've also entered in the values for the for the The rate proxy that we've used which is change in pressure with respect to time then We're ready to to do this part now The the equation that we have is that I'm supposed to say that the rate is equal to delta p delta t times the volume of the of the air which this will be different for you, but let's just say that was 15 Mills and then downstairs we we need to divide by the gas constant point oh a2 in this case times the the temperature which you'll have recorded but I'm just going to say for this example 298 Kelvin times the volume of the solution which Was for most of our cases it was 25 mills So that's what that is so now I've just calculated the rate So here's the nice thing about that is that there's this there's this drag I go to the lower right and it changes the the sign here to this plus and if I drag it off to the right It's just going to redo that calculation for for run two and for run three For example, you can kind of see how it referred to B7 to get to get that rate and here and now it referred to C7 and D7 and a similar thing we can do for the rate constant So the rate constant is you know is going to be related to the rate by the rate law so I'm going to Take that rate then and divide it by the concentrations of you know ratio appropriate powers so I'm going to say it's equal to the rate divided by let's see the Ki in solution and in this case, you know The data seemed to be most consistent with first order, so I'm going to raise it to the first power on the Ki and then also To the first power, but you could have you might have a different order in your that came out of your data but anyway, that's kind of the way you do it and So now that's the rate constant and we can do a similar thing which is go to the lower right grab it pull it off to the right And now it has different values You know, it's done the same thing now for for runs two and run three and One last thing since these are the rate constants. It's supposed to be the same number We can say oh well the the I could take an average of those by Using Excel's average function, which I'm just going to grab all three of those and close parentheses and so Right there. So we have this is our average rate constant for runs one two and three Okay, great


What's going on guys got Kyle here relating sports cards, and we are ripping this is 2022 2023 crown Royale team all So it's 20 bucks full case number one did a random before the break. I'll show you guys the results again here Joe see with the nuggets and calves down to Jason a with the Rockets and the Hawks Appreciate you guys. Let's get going Crown Royale 20 bucks number one good luck box one First of these I'm ripping and see what we got Down to 25 in the World Series of poker to me. Oh, man.  We have test of time numbered to 18. This one is Dirk Dirk there for the Mavs nice start Dirk to 18 Got a red choice not numbered. This one is giddy make sure it's not numbered there Yep, face of Halliburton.  There's a snow globe number to 18 That one is Scotty Barnes Raptors on the snow globe number to 18 right Red not numbered we've got Devin Vassel Christian brawn rookie Sabonis Jabari Smith rookie and a just soon move box three I have no idea who's playing for the magic right now To 18 we got a test of time Hemi Butler. So I guess we get one on number to 18 per box here It's starting to look like there's a window more rookie red Thanks, and Daniels rookie Jamal Murray and ad Took him six days. That ain't bad though And ain't bad for a six days work 350k is it doing that what the tops came I was like pulsating for a second It's not now to 18. We've got a rookie royalty Daelyn Terry bolts Red of Kyrie Daelyn Terry rookie marketing OSHA a bodgy rookie and Trey um all the pros busted geez That's actually the craziest part probably There's a gold number to eight j-dub nice one there a thunder Nice stuff here thunder on the j-dub rookie number to eight rookie royalty two out of eight. That's sick Paul George red we got Wiggins hero Drew Holiday and a Kessler rookie. It's nice low numbers out of here. I like it.  It doesn't say no, so tease, but the box is definitely The box is definitely do I don't think the cards have any difference. I can check here though like the base cards I don't think there's any difference Yeah, no, there's there's no difference in the base Looks the same as a regular There is test of time this one is shack on the red And here in Fox this one is numbered six out of nine on the gold Yeah, I think the base is the same as a as a regular There's probably a couple things you can only get out of team up like parallel wise But on the base looks all the same. Good luck guys. Let's keep it going.  This one is two out of 18. Nice one there thunder on the chat number to 18 We'll mag this one thunder That was a Jason a Very nice one Jason jaw and a shaking sharp base red test of time not numbered Kyle Lowry And another one to 18 this one is Yoke itch nice one there Nuggets the finals MVP Nice hit for the Nuggets there. That one's Joe Tari eason rookie Levine Irving and giddy Let's keep it going guys. I think so Randy It doesn't say we were looking at this earlier doesn't say on the checklist that is a that kabooms our hobbies is Specific, so I believe you can I don't know that it'd be one per case like hobby But it doesn't say that they are hobby specific on the checklist anywhere There's number to 18 rookie royalty Mobley caps Red of Donovan Mitchell LeBron James Brad Beal Laravia rookie and Simons I didn't see the wording that would say that it wouldn't be in here Typically, they would say something like that. It doesn't say on the box either though. Yeah, I'm not sure actually Randy See we can get one. I guess I'm not sure the checklist didn't say anything about it to 18. We got a red auto Davion Mitchell Kings You can get autos out of here Davion Mitchell red out of bio Curry Suggs Shea and window more rookie all right guys halfway just as look for exclusive Asia on parallels There is the 18 that is Ushman D yank thunder rookie Got a red Steph The soon move Porter tie tie and Blake Wesley rookies cheese man They don't mess around on the World Series of poker. It seems number to 18. We got a test of time Dame die cut their blazers Colin Sexton red Smart Sexton Baldwin and Durent Because there are so many people putting in money to compete against you it's like a $10,000 entry so every person There's a nice another one shed on the red royalty die cut not numbered Nice one thunder. We got a Scotty Barnes to 18 Scotty Barnes Raptors Simons Steph Suggs and Shea number to 18 nice one here rookie royalty Jabari Smith, Jr. Nice one there some nice stuff out of here Jabari got a red Lori marketing Jalen Duran rookie and Calvin Johnson Six boxes left it's select H2 coming up next guys. So I need some help with soccer with Star Wars and with football breaks and I got a couple spots in both nice one here so on rookie royalty eight of eight on the rookie Very nice one there as spurs Jeremy so on to eight That's awesome. Got a gem all Murray red down to four on one football guys. Appreciate that Let's get that one filled up Kessler rookie jazz FVV there's a yoke it's there on the red stoke. Oh Number to 18 we got Luca nice one there Mavs 18 of 18 Hookah Donchich Kevin Porter Ty Ty rookie Blake Wesley rookie and clay. There's a nice one red snow globe of Ben Matherin for the jazz or sorry the Pacers Matherin hand number to eight. We got shed Holmgren five out of eight Jason Killing the Chet spot the thunder. Well mag this one as well eight out of eight on the gold That is sick. Chet spots doing all right, right? Kevin Porter Ty Ty and Blake three left guys three left That's Vegas. Oh, is it? Yeah, they have like Pathways between the different hotels I think that's outside the Planet Hollywood It's like between nine Caesars There's a rookie red of Walker Kessler. Vegas is really cool, man. They got some wild stuff going on. Yeah, I bet it's 18 Julius Randall Yanis Butler Booker and Keegan That's why it's only good to go there. You have money. Yeah, pretty much Yeah, I went there as a kid. I wasn't paying for nothing, but I Also, like wasn't gambling or doing any drinking or most expensive stuff. They're a place to take a kid for sure for sure So I call my parents strange dude 18. We got rookie royalty Dyson Daniels. I was actually in a bowling tournament John Williamson red Well, we put it that way third place to bro. Oh, yeah, calling the town's Last one number 20 that's me Zero I have four two ninety-eights That's the show the last one that's essentially four different times That's essentially the same as me getting three inches away from a wall. Yep rookie red there Johnny Davis We've got a Ushman Dyang rookie number to 18 some nice little numbers in this stuff, man. I'm a fan Christian Braun rookie It's a bonus Jabari rookie And it does soon move You can see one of my 298s on the wall in a video bowling. Yeah, all right. I got a little plaque a couple there actually Oh, we'll do a quick hit recap. There's only one auto. We'll show the two mags as well We had a to 18 David Mitchell auto. We had to we had a chat to 18 and we had a chat number to eight Sick ones there for the thunder mr. Jason. Alrighty. That'll do it for crown Royale team all 20 box full case number one guys Let's get some football going


Turbo Welcome to a special edition of the gouvernement information service. This is issues and answers. My name is Elvis Thomas acting assistant superintendent of police with responsibility for press and public relations. Ifi 50 hasen the coloncast legiaeunta predyallasuni unit This morning you are here on the topic predyallasuni and gentlemen and lady Can you tell me what really is predyallasuni Lassini is the theft of agricultural produce. For instance, farmers were planting the produce, tomatoes, cabbage, onions, bananas, planting, whatever. As long as is stuff that is being planted in a garden where there is a backyard farm and persons decide to take it without permission, it is considered theft and the better word for it is Prydia Lassini. Prydia Lassini is the theft of agricultural produce. As long as is stuff that is being planted in a garden where there is a backyard farm and persons decide to take it without permission, it is considered theft and the better word for it is Prydia Lassini. Lassini is the theft of agricultural produce. As long as is stuff that is being planted in a garden where there is a backyard farm and persons decide to take it without permission, it is considered theft and the better word for it is Prydia Lassini. As long as is stuff that is being planted in a garden where there is a backyard farm and persons decide to take it without permission, it is considered theft and the better word for it is Prydia. To this, where can one find the office? How can one access your office and whether there are any telephone numbers that they can reach? The northern office is located at reach four. That is at the region free office. The telephone number there is 453-8483. Mi Kood Village. Um, the number there is 454-1708. You just give us two numbers here. But is this service offered island wide? Yes, it is. Persons can make their reports to the various police stations. And we have already established a relationship where any report that is made would be passed on to us at the unit. Now, I was just going to my next question, which is what is the process now of reporting a matter to the unit.  In areas where we do not have an office, for instance, you could say view fort. You could use view fort library, these two areas. What happens is that the people, persons will make report at the respective police stations. And from there, they will telephone us at the unit where we will come and investigate the matter. They will gather all the information from the persons making the report, telephone numbers and so on. So, and this will be passed on to the persons who is responsible for dealing with matters in that particular area. So far what we have done is that we have officers assigned to particular areas. For instance, in the library area we have an officer, an officer for Swazel, one for Soufre, one for view fort and one for Miku area, that's in the south. And likewise, all the areas that we cover in the north also. So, if we fly to Baga'i, we will be in danger. We might be in the office now, but we are also in the police station. Who will leave me or the police station first? Or will the officer come in and perform the report? The officer will come in and do the official report. The officer will come in and do the official report, and he will be transferred from Witepukatwe to Leshu, and he'll be transferred to the village. Witepukatwe, Bonsi, sivara ila fe, apu ele sala? Apu ele sala, usara poli stationa, ek yukai bano akol, alet yunisil nomba, yukai kuye no ek fenusav, kisakifet, dele poli islamem, kadepa alekumani kikwab situasiyo ye, saa kumasi investigasiyo, nek handili over bano. Bona.  When the report is made to the unit, if the officer in particular was not the one contacted, the officer would then contact the VC and arrange to meet, whether it's on the farm or wherever it's possible. And after statements would be taken and that is how you proceed with the matter. Now if I'm someone who's not able to move about that much, is there a situation where the officer can come to me and then take the report because I'm not able to move around so much? So let's say somebody is working on the garden for me, but then now I get the information. So are you all able to come to my home to attend to that report? We always go to the VC's home, only in a situation where we have transportation problems that we cannot really assist. But then when the report is made, we do go to the VC's. Hardly ever you find VC's coming to our offices to collect statements, we always reach out to them. Now you just mentioned towards the VC, what is the VC? The virtual complainant. Okay and what is the virtual complainant? The virtual complainant is the person whose produce was stolen. Okay, so can I make a report on behalf of somebody else? Yes you can. Sometimes you find workers make reports on behalf of the owners of the farm. Sometimes you find members of the community maybe because probably a person is an elderly person or the person doesn't have a telephone who would make the report on behalf of that person. You have been watching a special edition of Issues and Answers with the Predia Lassini Unit. Stay tuned we will be right back. The climate is changing and it has affected us all. If the climate is getting worse, we will have to take care of all the animals. When the weather is getting hotter, we will have to find a place where we can live. We will have to find a place where we can live and go to their place. This list will contribute a small amount of gas in the space. In TPI, we can try to do everything we can to make sure that we lower the amount of gas in the area to prevent the weather from getting hotter. We have to lower the amount of gas in the area to mitigate the change. Shaila is the name of the entire area where the gas is being used, oil, and shabu. Exactly any cause of the area is getting hotter. This is something we have to do to make sure that we can adapt. We have to do everything we can to prepare and respond to the negative consequences of the climate change. We have to do everything we can to make sure that we can adapt. For example, we can protect all the animals here. We can do everything we can to protect the animals here. We can do anything to prevent the damage of the climate. We can build a channel for the animals we need, and provide a channel for the animals. We have to do everything we can to live the climate change. Tuve prieformasyon asupra adaptasyon nasyonal govedement ek demash ho mmimsa apuan po protecti kou ek tuknot setlisiin bagai kote monja vole majo andi danjadan. So gentlemen, welcome back. Before the break, we spoke of so many things, reference to Fredia Lassini, but can you tell us when was the unit established and what brought it about? Well, the unit was established in February 2008 and this was as a result of many reports being made to the Ministry of Agriculture, farmers petitioned the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry saw it fitting to bring about a unit called the Fredia Lassini unit. But were these reports not been made to the police before? It was been made to the police, but the farmers would complain that the matters were not taken seriously enough that people thought it was petty and as a result they would not succeed in getting a conviction for the reports that they made. So that is why the Ministry was petitioned and they formed a unit called the Fredia Lassini unit. But now that the unit has been established and you said that the police was not able to deal with it effectively and now the Fredia Lassini unit was established, can you tell me now that it has been formed how effective has this unit been in dealing with these reports? The Fredia Lassini unit has been very effective especially when it just came about. But what we've seen as of late, farmers are really settling the matters, they want to settle the matters out of court. Reason being they said, they indicated to us that all the time they have is to spend on the farm and when they go to court it's a long process and they cannot waste the time in court so they rather settle out of court. Mr. Albert maybe can come in and tell you about our problems we've been having as a result of settling matters out of court. So I guess you would like to share with us the out of court settlement. It is becoming a problem with some of the farmers. In most cases they do take this out of court settlement on a credit basis where a promise was made by the accused to pay the farmer a certain amount for his produce that was either damaged or stolen and later on he doesn't come through with that promise in paying and then the farmer would then come back to the unit and query the man didn't pay him and there is very little that we could do about that. So we are trying to discourage that type of practice. So do you get these situations on a regular basis? Well right now after numerous discussions with some farmers who make report it has lessened a bit so we have always advised them to take the matter to court we have mediation now in court the lengthy process that used to take when you have matters before the court no longer exists you have mediation you make a report and the report is investigated if there is sufficient evidence to take it before the court we take the matter before the court sometimes the farmer may have to come to court either sometimes twice or even if three times maybe that's all and if they have decided to deal with it through mediation it's an easy process but we rather the court deal with it and the mediation process is part of the court court system because you will be fined but they are wasting what they would consider to be wasting the term of court would be much less So we'll just deal about mediation dino kisaki mediation abatoa puse muna bienkopen kisaki kai feth si yo paveli ale through normal process la majestwa kai vo yo through mediation Mediation is a process union a court la acholma puh tutka kaa barai kote muna vole za muna jadeyo puh tutka ek isa a process de vitma o paragasbi etelmata ko luta pumudi desendodias kumifua kwa avan So sile kisla kuye pwemi juwa majestwa kai maddo su kai vole ale through mediation ek mata sa la ek si si muna dako yunipu dako kotla baka jasbo unpu dako pudi wi nuka ale through mediation ek mata sa la yukai bawa dat ni muna tifabi potla ek muna tibweza muna ek yukai acidla ekanlut muna adah asham ek yukai desidi kumanya yukai hendel kasa bong jasdi desi muna nipu dako mi si yuna si muna padako mi nuka si yun si muna padako nuka ale through entire court procedure So saa means nuka evi ebu whole process la wi whole process la whole process la mi am si muna kapili dako puh mediation na paspeson pavli muti desend yukai si yunsi bakaila yukai dako puh ashae except si muna pili not guilty kumanya ekipavili evi ale through toot bagailu nuka ale through sa Now I was just coming to say that some of those persons might see that because they they may not agree with the with what is being said at mediation that you are now sending them through the normal process they might just say well since I have to go through that process let me just settle it out of court or finish with that but you have answered it and I think Miss Mitchell was waiting to say something Yeah I wanted to highlight that we cannot settle matters out of court that decision is made by a judge the magistrate so somebody has to go to court so what we advise persons to do if they want to settle the matters out of court we advise them to go to a JP and the two parties can come to an agreement also I wanted to highlight that predialasini is a sum realfans and we only have six months to investigate this matter and as a result because of that compensation that persons want and they take that decision on their own and when it doesn't work out they come back to us sometimes it creates a problem because of the length of time we have to investigate the matter Can you just say that in in patwa so you know they can understand as well How many cases have been reported to the police that have been reported to the police? We only have six months to report to the police since we have done some realfans so we only have six months to investigate this matter Thank you So this has been a very interesting discussion and I am learning a lot from the two of you this morning and I'm sure the viewers are also learning quite a bit from this very interesting discussion Tell us Do you have since and you just said that you have been very effective Do you have any statistics that you want to share with us this morning? Yes, this morning for the quarter, January, February, March the northern team has received 59 reports this we have not had any conviction so far the southern team has received 72 reports for this year they have had two convictions No, three three convictions three convictions So is that more or less than the previous years? No, it is less It is less Okay, so clearly we have seen a reduction in the number of cases over the years We really would like to speak to more but we really need to end here I want to tell you that we will invite you at some other point to continue to speak on this very important topic and I know everyone is waiting for more from you from the previous last unit Today you've been listening to and watching a special edition of issues and answers with me ASV Elvis Thomas from the police press office and my guest Mr. Pankras Albert coordinator of the previous last unit and Miss Keisha Mitchell supervisor of the northern unit of the previous last unit This has been a very interesting discussion and so please stay tuned next time for another special edition of issues and answers


I remind members of the Covid-related measures that are in place and that face coverings should be worn when moving around the chamber and across the Holyrood campus. The first item of business this afternoon is time for reflection. Our time for reflection leader today is Aparna Ramesh, Interfaith Scotland Development Officer and Secretary of Hindu Temple of Scotland, Ruther Glein. Namaste. Presiding Officer, members of the Scottish Parliament, thank you for the opportunity to address you today. I would like to begin with a few lines from Hindu scriptures. In translation, the earth is my mother and I am her child. My morning begins every day with this prayer to our mother earth. In Hinduism, the earth is revered as mother and we are her children. Thus, we have a responsibility to this earth which supports our lives and livelihood. We can fulfil this by treating the earth and all our fellow living beings with respect and kindness. To me, this is what climate action is trying to achieve. I grew up in India where I was taught not to waste water or any resources provided by nature but it is also the place where I have faced water scarcity and floods in the same year. These adverse climate conditions have only gotten worse during the years but people are resilient. Humanity has proved time and again that in the face of adversity, we can come together and work to overcome it. Humanity is at a pivotal point in the fight against climate crisis and with COP26 happening in Glasgow now, this may very well be the time that the most important decisions are being made in this battle. It fills me with hope to see people from across the world overcoming the barriers of language, culture, distance and diseases to come together for the planet. With this being Interfaith Scotland's year of climate action, faith communities and interfaith groups across Scotland have actively been working towards the goals of sustainability and climate education. 31st October to 7th November was celebrated as Scottish Interfaith Week and began with a prayer vigil in George Square in Glasgow. Religious leaders and people of different faith communities across UK led the prayer. People of all faiths and none came together in person and joined us online to pray for a positive outcome from COP26, together for the planet. This is the theme for COP26 and I hope that it continues to be the motto for humanity's future. Om Shant e Shant e Shant e Hi. Thank you. I thank Aparna Ramesh for her words and I am sorry that we were unable to provide a video link today.