Good morning. Good afternoon and good evening. Thank you so much for joining us for stories move mountains I want to thank the World Economic Forum for this opportunity and especially to Niko Daswani and his team who have been such great great partners in this I'm Cara Murtis. I'm the project director for the moving image strategies at Ford Foundation And I'm super pleased to be here to talk with these incredible women. We are here to discuss the powerful animating principle of the new narrative's lab taking place at the World Economic Forum And that principle is what if society were to treat artists as the leaders that they are What new resources would be brought to bear? What kinds of creative leadership will emerge and what new futures can be better imagined with artists Not only at the table, but also setting some of the tables too The lab is a new fellowship program that begins to answer that question And we are here with an extraordinary group of women leaders who joined the lab as its first cohort Launched one year ago in real life at Davos The new narratives lab began as all things do as an idea an instinct a conviction in a way As internationally renowned artist and crystal award winner Lynette Walworth began to consider How to extend the experience she has had as an artist and a leader at the World Economic Forum And through these networks she wanted to extend that experience and she brought this idea To two people who had been working with her on a variety of projects One was Niko Daswani, who I just mentioned who is the cultural lead At the World Economic Forum and myself at Ford Foundation Then I was director of Just Films, but I'd been able to work with Lynette on several of her immersive videos And together the three of us set out on a journey to design a program that would support And strengthen creative leadership and of course this was all led by Lynette as artistic director Very soon three remarkable women leaders Accepted the opportunity to be in the first cohort and in addition to Lynette with us today our Wanoori Kahiu She's the filmmaker of Rafiki the first Kenyan film to premiere at Cannes Film Festival And she's also the founder of Afro bubble gum Tanda Hopa is a diversity advocate. She's an international model She's a lawyer and she's the founder of Tanda Hopo media And Rena Effendi is an internationally renowned photojournalist with national geographic and many other platforms And given the talent of our panelists and the brevity of time the session is structured around a set of four Eight to ten minute conversations and rather than taking questions at the end as we often do We want to invite everybody attending on top link and elsewhere Well, I think it's only top link to offer reflections and questions in the chat As you listen and as we move through our discussion We will work to incorporate some of these reflections and thoughts But in other words, we're not going to all speak and then go to a q and a at the end We want to make this much more of a discussion and an exchange Between these women So also in the chat for those of you on top link will be links to their four extraordinary presentations made last year at Davos And I strongly encourage those of you who can To copy them and view them later We've also included the link to Lynette Walworth's visionary acceptance speech at the 2020 forum So I want to thank everybody for joining us for your time and your wisdom I'll start the panel with a quote that keeps helps me think about the crucial work of artists today And it's from our very own president at Ford foundation Darren Walker And he has said it so simply last year in a forum He said without artists, there is no justice And in each of these artists practices, there is a strong sense of justice Defined and delivered differently but towards a common vision. So let me start out with the first question For all of you and rena will come to you first And as you answer the first question, please let us know where you are now And if you would tell us a story about your journey this past year One where the world's organizing principles are being tested as never before and as individuals We're all undergoing radically different experiences during this time Could you talk about what you've learned about your own leadership and its impact? Were you surprises for you? Were there surprises for you in this past year? So I'm a photographer and my work normally takes me around the world Especially in the past few years. I've really been zipping around The continents in 2019 alone. I went to 22 countries in 12 months And You know with this very unusual year when everything came to a sudden standstill He was very shocking for me But also at the same time I realized that that was the perfect moment to Slow down and reflect upon my immediate surrounding Now I'm in istanbul. He asked me where I am. I am based in istanbul I've been living here for five years and I love I love the city Although I rarely had a chance to to work here because I've always treated it as a home base as a place that I'd come back to after an assignment But istanbul has a very diverse social fabric It has many layers of its cultural identity that I've always wanted to explore and in a way The lockdowns this inability to travel allowed me to delve deeper Into these various layers of stories in my own city So I embarked on on a story about the people of istanbul about how they've adapted to this new reality I photographed mostly non essential workers Whose lives have been completely derailed by the pandemic people like entertainers and performers who lost their live audiences Street vendors who could no longer be in the streets You know it could be anyone from a hamam scrubber who couldn't wash anyone because the hamam shut down Or an mom who delivered prayers and an empty mosque And all these people they've Shared with me their unique ways of overcoming These challenges overcoming the pandemic resisting these hardships and I learned so much from them um and through these You know more microcosms that I've visited that I was exposed to The moods and the the feelings of these people they've kind of imprinted on me in a way that made me Embrace the city And and truly call it a home in a way that I haven't been able to do before I know that's a beautiful story Finding something in your local and things that you may have overlooked in the past because you were journeying around the world as so many of us did um in the previous times Um tondo can I come to you? And ask the same question um well I find I think last year was quite a Quite an interesting year for me politically. Um You know, my work usually is of um, you know, I coupled the modeling with the advocacy and When 2020 hit What happened is that you had the culmination of the pandemic everything that happened with the black lives movement and What actually happened with me then is that I needed to start documenting a great deal of things about race and racial discrimination and um The thing about race is that it is separate from, you know Racial discrimination and that racial discrimination is inclusive of race But then it also has color based discrimination and I was experiencing both So I was put in a constant position where I had to try and explain this pattern and this intersection of albinism and being black and trying to you know unpack institutionalized racism and at this point in time It really made me look back in history with regards to the relationship of race Normality and how albinism culminates into this particular issue And we started actually, you know, I started talking to a great deal of people and we started housing like little productions to try and communicate Issues of race and racial discrimination. I think for me as a leader one of the things that it's really Taught me is to be honest To be honest about this journey to be honest about the complication because you know each time I I think I was trying to place You know, it's not somewhat divide myself with regards to this But I think that with time I learned that when you are honest and authentic in your leadership And with regards to talking about really sensitive political issues Then it's the best way for people to somewhat best understand and get to a solution Um, so yeah, I think you know last year politically it was quite It was quite interesting trying to unpack issues of race and racial discrimination um, so yeah Tando, that's an amazing story and you know, you are known worldwide, but you are very rooted in South Africa And I'm wondering whether or not this had a you know You were able to think about this work in an international way or that how how did South Africa inform The the particular kinds of research and and analysis that you were doing No, this is the quite quite the interesting thing is that when I had to try and unpack issues and institutional issues of race and racial discrimination um because in the African context how they tried to Explain race and normality with regards to albinism was highly undocumented And I and I had to actually kind of look through You know a great deal of western history also to really understand How it is that we got here Because with South Africa you have a like a history of racial discrimination through apartheid institutionalized racism through apartheid But what happened with regards to something like albinism was quite silent and this is the issue of underrepresented groups is that In the absence of documentation you experience erasure and then in the present circumstances you find issues um of whether it's superstition or whether it's um scientific bias on how to explain normality you find those issues But because you don't have the history documented enough to explain how you got here It it created like an added layer of complication um And I think it's also one of the reasons why documentation became extremely important for me because if if if you don't have that narrative to contextualize Whatever oppression or discrimination that is in place within that intersection Not just in terms of race in terms of blackness But within the intersection of having racial discrimination in terms of color I think it's just it just became far more important to make sure that there is There is documentation whether you do it through the modeling work or through Writing or through but you need to house these stories so that people in 50 or 100 years time better understand How time moved in terms of oppression discrimination justice injustice and so forth They have something to basically unpack for them to understand the present Because you know, we are we are here. We are witnesses of the time So we have to document for a future generation for them to understand as witnesses What are the issues and it's easier for them when they understand how they got to where they are It's easier for them to carve out a future You know with regards to how to move forward and not repeat the same mistakes because one of the issues is patterns Discrimination and oppression usually just it has patterns So, yeah Tando that is Amazing the work that you've done this year and it strikes me as visual artists all of you powerful visual artists some Some of what you focus on is making the invisible visible again and wonder a I'll come to you Um, and have you talked about the the journey that you've had this year? in your own leadership and your work I think it's been quite a radical shift as a filmmaker Like everybody here I've been very used to traveling the world to be able to start Or to have conversations with people about film or To pitch for films or to be part of the narrative But what's the most interesting thing that has been happening is because I haven't been able to travel Somehow I've had more access To more people and been in more meetings and I would have normally been invited to And and contribute in that way which Is Is is incredibly important for everything that Tando said For for the need to document our nowness and and who we are But also for us to figure out how to take it and how to find courage About being seen as off mainstream whatever however mainstream is defined wherever you are And and and learning that your voice is important So my journey this year as a leader has been just trying to strengthen my voice Trying to move into rooms without apology Trying to ask for things that I feel like having a diverse cast or crew Without without it seeming like it's either impossible Or that it's a it's a large ask or without feeling any sort of Colonial or patriarchal baggage that I know that I am I am trying to get rid of myself In in in these conversations So some of it has just been learning how to show up fully present courageous and vulnerable at the same time And it's been it's been a really interesting moment It's fantastic I wonder Lynette if you would give us an idea of your journey this year Well, so I'm in Sydney. It's close to midnight here. Um, and I you know Like all of these three amazing women Usually spend a lot of my time away from Australia Making work or presenting work and especially when a work has to be physically installed somewhere Generally, I travel with it. So this has been a very unusual year Last year just to be to be in Sydney for the entire year and a lot of the time not even able to leave our state depending on the On the conditions that would allow us to travel or not or not travel even within the country So I very much felt myself to be on a on an island For the first time really felt that sense of Australia as an island That I couldn't that I couldn't leave And I turned towards what was capturing my attention. Um And one of those things was initially hearing the stories Both here but also in many mostly in other places around the world um about people dying alone in hospitals and I felt Okay, I can't make a work but The tools I have and the skills I have I could turn them towards this particular issue and I approached a hospital with a concept of Being able to hand those tools that I work with the virtual reality tools Immersive camera and the immersive sound To hand them over to families who were not able to visit their loved ones Who are in a hospital because of covet So I stopped being the maker I just I became the person who had knowledge And who could apply that knowledge to a new situation And with the fortune of Australia not being overwhelmed with covet We are able to model something which we will be able to share um that is It's you know that gives something to people who are Experiencing that terrible Wrench That someone they love they can't get to And these are most technologies. Um Can meet that gap? It's not what I've done and it's not what I would normally do but it's what the moment called for Um, so that's one of the things I focused on I hear a through line with every everybody Which is in this moment stopping what you quote normally do and being where you are And finding your your practice you're you're you're being in that I'm hearing Authenticity I'm hearing access to places and people that you wouldn't normally have access to um Being present without apology and the idea of documentation all of these are really really powerful themes And this kind of experiment something like the new narratives lab. Um in the best Circumstances has unanticipated consequences and one of the remarkable things that happened almost immediately When we met at Davos all of us, uh, was the formation of a very powerful cohort among all of you the four of you Really and then wider circles including your mentors and wider circles including the actual institutions that we're supporting you So i'm wondering if you can share some of the ways that you helped each other Learn about your own creativity and leadership and also where you were challenged by each other to rethink your processes So, um rena, would you like to start again? Sure. Yes, um well, um As a documentary photographer my my main focus is is human interest stories and as I tell these stories They eventually become visual narratives which reflect upon the lives of the people I photograph And these people often are in very vulnerable situations And as much as objectivity is is very important for me And I try to tell these stories truthfully without imposing judgment or having an agenda I am a human being and the camera in front of me is is a machine But I as a as any other human being I have a vantage point I have a prism through which I tell these stories you can call it A gaze the gaze that's shaped by my cultural identity by my worldview belief systems knowledge, etc So in the sessions with everyone with mentors and tando and wanuri What was most inspiring for me is is Was was exploring these leadership roles that are assigned to us to build these narratives Both are on and and when we represent others and in the course of many conversations, especially conversations with wanuri and tando I realize that This most important leadership role is what I call my journalistic responsibility is a responsibility not to mess represent the people I photograph not to perpetuate harmful stereotypes not to reinforce social prejudices And by listening to these perspectives, I've become acutely aware That there is a fine balance between reality and representation And that's that's the space that I as a as a journalist I need to navigate it not just with Journalistic or artistic but also with cultural social and often political sensibilities Wanuri and tando do you want to add on to that and make this because I know you've been discussing amongst your Yourselves some of these issues Um, you know, I will um actually and before I I get to rena I'd actually be like to Tell you that the first thing that I learned quite early on when I started in the narratives lab was wanuri's narrative of joy And that has that really I can't explain how that affected me Because especially as you know, a woman who is in a in an underrepresented group and usually in visual media You, you know the the stories that were extremely overwhelming Including stories of journalists was the pain that came with being in this particular body and You know when she spoke about joy as a form of resistance in narrative and artistic work I I can't tell you how often I would ask that question whether we were doing campaigns or whether I was consulting with regards to How a particular person needs to be represented and I would ask Where what is their joy? And you know because I I remember that that question is me saying How do you tell the story in a form where this person when they are represented and the identity group in which represents them They see that they are deserving of joy, you know, and it's it's it's not that the narrative of pain Is incorrect not at all because it is the truth But it is that it is incomplete for a human experience. So it's one of the things that I I I definitely learned And with regards to rena. So rena and I spoke a lot about editorial control For underrepresented groups and you know, even the language of human interest stories really only came through When I was part of the narrative lab because I didn't have the language for it. I didn't I didn't know Um what stories I usually would fall under for instance And when I realized that I fell under human interest stories I realized that there is an issue of a power dynamic when it comes to representation And what I I understand that human interest stories are one of those avenues where you can Regulate those power dynamics because underrepresented groups or vulnerable groups or prejudice groups. They are They are allowing you to be a conduit to tell their story But at the same time you need to balance it and that's what rena really She she really I'm pressed on this as a challenge to say you need to balance it because journalistic work is characterized by objectivity Um, and I think we were so we'd have to try and find ways To both tell a story, but also be objective. So I would say Um in order for you to get editorial control, let's say, okay, can I have factual corrections? Can I have language corrections? Can I have cultural context corrections? And by that I mean If you're doing an article about fashion There is absolutely no need to explain that albinism is a genetic Disorder, which is you know, it's not it's a genetic occurrence, but this order is negative language You know, and then you talk about it scientifically in a fashion editorial You know, that's an issue of context. So um, so I started learning how to Basically, you know allow for that kind of collaboration between An artist or what they would call a subject and you know The the other storyteller who would be the journalist and so forth and kind of create That synergy in order for us to protect the integrity of both our work But I think my conversations with rena helped quite a lot with that Well, Nore, let me ask you to come in and talk a little bit more about your thinking about the the Joy in storytelling and this is the basis of um afro bubblegum. It's it's how you think about your work Um, could you talk a little bit more take us a little bit more into your thinking? Yeah, I think that there has been and continues to be an absence of utopias created for people of color whether it's in fiction or documentary because There is a very particular lens Or or gaze like rena says that has been imposed on us to the point that we have started to impose it on ourselves So whenever we think that the only stories about us have to be Hurt or broken or sad to be heard And we forget that our joy is as important And the utopias I speak about don't mean an absence of suffering or pain. It just means a space that is free of political oppression And how do we create spaces and stories that allow us that? That allows access into a future that is free of political oppression that is full of hope even though hope can be dark And sometimes can be very daunting And there's a harder emotion or is a harder word to say than even love But how can we so firmly attach ourselves with that so that as we create we are creating? We are the lights at the end of the tunnel Or we are creating more lights and more journeys and and more ways that we can see ourselves And this has been so It has been so profoundly affected by Our interactions as a whole as a group By rena's continuous resilience and vulnerability whenever she shows up in moments of hurt The way that she uses her lens almost as protection and the way that she concentrates On the humanity of issues has been such a fulfilling way to kind of move through the world um, and in one of our conversations, I remember rena saying that For her that's how she processes the world is that she's able to take her camera out and process what is happening in the world through Through what she sees and I took that on myself to see how I am processing my world through what I do How I am internalizing everything that's happening but giving it meaning so that what is happening is not forgotten But also so that it doesn't create the unnecessary burdens of being scared to be around people How do we move past that so that we're um, we're curious and and so that the next film that we see and people are touching We don't we don't shrink back in fear Or worry about people being in buses and in in in fictional spaces You know, um, I think that it's it's really helped inform the humanity of that And for tando has been really just a beautiful Conversation about intersectionality in a way that I hadn't even began to consider The layers upon layers of what humanity means and the processes that make us more political than human And how those shadings in between the the the definitions of people how we have to Reinvent them so that the language is positive So that the language is affirming and how we we're just a lot more care in the use of descriptions in the use of kindness And in in our involvement in moving through the world with that gaze with that with the gaze of of kindness and curiosity that has really come from just Deeply falling tando's work past what she did last year, but also just kind of google stalking her I think has been it's been it's been a joy and a and a pleasure But also I've just I have to say i'm also so excited Not only by my mentor who who because I'm I have not only been a filmmaker but an activist Because we're suing the government for freedom of expression Who said something really simple, which is be like a stone and water Let the things run over you and when you need to stand up stand up don't stand up for everything Don't fight about everything Choose your battles and choose what washes over you And that was a really powerful lesson at the beginning of last year Really was applied And then Lynette in all her beauty and brilliance has been an amazing confident through this last year That I don't think would have happened in the same way if it wasn't for this If it wasn't for being part of this forum And she's been somebody of it been able to call on and and think things through and revise ideas And also just move through the world with grace and confidence Um and not be ashamed or shy to stand up for people who are underrepresented That has been such a firm lesson from Lynette. Um and has Really taught me the need for diverse leadership the need for vulnerable and compassionate leadership but also the need for Not taking things on not just being in your full confidence Um without apology Um, it's it's it's been a joyous joyous trip this past year night and I really appreciate everybody for it Well nori, that's an amazing Lynette I want to come to you because this discussion is making me think about something that you saw early on I'm sure even as you were thinking about what this lab could be and that is this question of When you're not part of the dominant culture. I wonder if you could speak about that a little bit Yeah, I You know, I move um Into in different communities enough by benefit of invitation Have many friends have many allies who Who who would not who do not come from let's say the dominant culture? And and I and the thing that is clear to me is clear to me from the rooms I move in Is that if you are that person from the dominant culture You don't necessarily even know it all you know is that You don't have to explain yourself In those rooms There's a given understanding that what you say will be understood that the way you say it will be understood That if you reiterate what someone else has said That what you say will be taken notice of It's it's it's it's not necessarily a subtle thing Kara as we know but it's a but it's a it's a reality For anyone who is not of that group It's a reality that What I see what I have seen what I've noticed and why I feel passionate about this group and this fellowship is that Leadership should not be diversity of leadership should not be that when people of People of cultural diversity of difference of different ways of being coming from different Cultural experiences move into that room. They should not have to change who they are In order to join the conversation They should not have to translate themselves And for me, I feel it's I feel extremely strongly that Unless we have that diversity That allows for us to feel all like different times uncomfortable Because we're not sure we don't really quite understand what that person is saying If we don't have that discomfort, we won't ask the question If we don't ask the question, we don't push through to see where our differences are and find through conversation um where we can meet And where we can move towards Just as rena and tando are showing us here These like different ways of moving through the world in their forms of work Came together and tussled with one another but because they were sitting around the same table Equally representing themselves and their way of being They learned from one another's experience and they came to different understandings and they pushed one another towards a position that could hold and understand both Both ways of operating and I I just feel very passionately about this One what this group demonstrates you can hear in their conversation Because they came together much more than we thought they might we thought they might spend much more time with their mentors They became teachers to one another in leadership And it showed me it affirmed to me what you what nico what we all hoped for and what I think we need which is diverse voices around any table which we hope to be collegiate And to and where we hope to come to conversation discussion and solution around global challenges Because a monoculture teaches us nothing but itself Lynette, thank you for that. I want to open up the idea that that you all may have some insights for this audience Who undoubtedly have their own remarkable networks initiatives and institutions and and Taking what you have learned about leadership and about the need for as Lynette says a kind of table of diverse Voices that are engaged with each other How would you suggest that people? Look at their own networks and think about how they can support The kind of creative leadership that we all think is is so important What would you recommend for people listening as they think about their own work and their own? Their their own access to resources And to platforms Any of you can go I think one of the things that I find most important is to continuously advocate for institutions, audiences People who are who think that there is value In having diverse voices who think that there is value And in different people telling stories or being part of a creation of a new world And we know that there is a need for a new world, especially now um actively contributing and actively watching and actively participating with The the the filmmakers who are already there So for example, if you think that LGBTQ plus filmmakers Voices are missing Support the ones that are there now Because we live in a time of data Whether it's on netflix whether you go and buy a ticket Support the voices so that they have the data to inform the ability to make the next film Because so often what happens with us is is financial censorship or Data censorship where people say we don't have enough data for you to make these films because nobody is watching your films You know and so The only thing I can do is genuinely Encourage audiences genuinely encourage people who are lovers of art Or people who are lovers of this kind of cultural leadership to support it Find the people who you know and support them. And if you don't know them find others Or look for others so that you can support those And they're all across netflix and amazons and in the way that we're so interlinked in this day and age But the responsibility is no longer just on the artists and just on the media outlets But is as much on the audiences themselves to contribute and to literally do it for the data I would say the same thing. Um, I think you know You have to somewhat be deliberate about representation And what when Uri is talking about when she says data data is representation Um, it's just you have to be more deliberate about the avenues of representation In the instruments that you have institutionally and as I said data could be one of them I know that for me I deal a great deal with intellectual property That's another film where you can see how you can you know, just house concepts and and facilitate concepts of ethical representation Ethical storytelling responsible storytelling, which is something that we're really talking about a great deal right now And I think for me the fellowship is one thing that really made it so, um I don't know if I could say urgent and important For me to even when I speak and campaign about this that instruments of responsible Storytelling need to be put up and the only way really I feel that you can do that is if your leadership is extremely consultative because you don't know what is missing And it's similar to what uh, Lynette said is that if you are in the dominant culture a great deal of the time It's difficult for you to unearth the unseen without having consultative leadership because then you will know what it is That you're not seeing because an absence doesn't mean that there isn't a problem It means that you're just not seeing that issue and I think one other thing is also to just cultivate a sense of Being empathetic and when I say empathetic, I mean perspective taking One of the things that also this this fellowship has really Done is that it's helped us learn how to take perspectives Even with even at times when we feel like we don't Agree with one another but as soon as you learn how to walk into somebody else's shoes Common ground becomes possible So yeah I'm gonna build on I want to build on something that Wanuri mentioned she mentioned audiences Uh, that's something that's always uh kind of been a challenge because You know For example, I work on social on stories about social justice social injustice And my aim is to bring these stories to light And one of the biggest challenges that I find Is to engage the mass audiences the mainstream audiences to care more deeply about these stories You know one way to do it Of course traditionally is to publish stories in the media and the media as an institute is various institutions within the media to support Publishing these stories, but at the same time We're up against the fact that Um Today the attention span is very short and we have Today the social media, which is basically the main platform for storytelling and we are up against influencers You know such as you know the same influencer who's selling underwear who gets a lot more Engagement and traffic on on her feed than anything I would ever post So how how to reconcile this challenge? How to You know the the the only way for me is is is really to You know hone in the skills of effective communication become a better storyteller but but I still haven't come to grips with how To to really change that mindset and how to make sure that Even though the institutions are giving the space for these stories to be told that the audience actually listens You know, so that's I have more not an answer but another question to that question Excellent We have three minutes left And in this final it's gone fast And so in this final I'd love to have a flash round of each of you speaking for 20 seconds And I'm going to quote Lynette's the end of her wonderful immersive experience collision Collisions And she says in that there is what we do not know and then there is what we come to know And it's what we do next that will make a difference So in these final minute minutes, I wonder if each of you could take 20 seconds to give us a glimpse Into the future you see for yourself And Lynette, let me start with you I think it somehow links to to the question that you'd asked just before which is where where do I see myself and What have I learned from this year and those two things combined really Cara? I think every door every room I find myself in every doorway that I've entered on would When I see that there are not the voices there that can bring A collective of narratives that can help us understand who we are together Then I have to find the way to keep that door open And find the way to bring people in behind me and that This year this year with these amazing women has been an experience of what happens when you do that And onward to be honest. I just want to keep doing it um Because it gives hope it gives hope it gives It gives vibrancy and um And it enriches who we know ourselves to be We literally have 60 seconds Um, so rena just a few words one or a just a few words and tando you can close us out Literally 10 seconds Okay, um, I'd like to be a better Advocate for diversity. I I myself have come a long way being an as a bajani photographer and now working for the western media Who I've convinced that my perspective matters and I'd like to be a better advocate for others like me One or a I think it's creating spaces and stories where there's more compassion hope and more utopias So that we can carve out a future that is as important as our present and possibly even more so And tando close us out Um, I'd like to make sure that you know the work that I do aspirations are not in conflict with opportunity One thing Lynette would say to me is when I'm doing work should say Help them imagine it and if they imagine it then the future can come into being but make them see it So that's the documentation that I would like to focus on in the future This has been such a fantastic conversation. Thank you all for giving us your time and for sharing what you know And thanks to everybody that has been listening in


And a big hit on Broly to start. God, I'm no super-noshin' aloud! All angles are covered! Ha ha ha! How's it going, everybody? Dot to the way here back with some more Dragon Ball fighters, ranked matches. This time we are once again playing a team of Kevla, Bardock, and Yamcha. Now we'll see if we're able to go head-to-head with our other Pitara here. Oh, never mind. We already got a hit. Kevla making waves in the Pitara field. All right, here we go. I'm going to throw up another super, like one of these red orb supers. Just to see if I can't get in with a... Oh, I did get in with a 6M. But unfortunately, I did not have faith in it. Oh, no! Oh, we barely got out of there. Okay, good. 2H that. Okay, I'm on the... Give me out of the corner. I don't want to be here. Get out of... It's crazy they just gave Kevla get out of the corner free card. Just if you don't want to be there. Hey, just sprint out. Have you ever tried being faster? Let me try right here. Oh, I could have comboed that, too. Whoa! I didn't even jump. I just was taking my time. Clicking buttons. Is that the end of Kevla? Yeah, for two bars. Oh, even for one. I didn't think it was going to be a one-bar kill. That was nice. Now it's up to Bardock to kind of take Kevla's space. I mean, bring it to the last half of that heavy button. No, the low! Never saw it coming. Don't go too hard on Bardock. I need him. Oh, another low. That was sick. All right, it's time to... It was time to spark a little while ago. If we live, that is... No, I can't believe we allowed ourselves to get reset. If Yamcha makes this comeback... I mean, it's possible we do have the spark advantage, but I don't know. This would be a wild comeback, even for someone like Yamcha. Let's see if we're able to do it, though. I'm not giving up. Do we go for the 2M here or not? Nice! That limit break is not to be slept on, though. We already got a character out of the way. Wow, the Keyblast was a little unnecessary. But everything else was needed. Pajito? Season 3.5? But we still get a hit in. The recovery has been nerfed, but it's not too, too bad. We're going to use Spirit Ball here, one of the strongest level ones in the game, just to get him back. Just to get him back and blocking! We're moving again! Anchor Jiren is kind of scary. He's going to get his seventh bar, just off coming in. What we don't want to do is we don't want to get... That was so fast. We don't want to get countered. We have to spark here, and I think he knows that. So we should probably do it slow. Never mind. We don't have a choice. We got to do it instantly. What would Jiren do to read this, though? Is there something Jiren could do to read this? He's coming in! Just get on top of him. Don't let him get away from us. Don't let him get away. We can't let Jiren break away now. There's still so much he could do. He didn't get to counter! That's it! The comeback happened! Live it, break with sparking! It's too strong! We're able to get game one with it. Honestly, we stole it with Yamcha. Hopefully in this next game, we can get more out of it. Wait, are we close to ranking up? We could rank up in this video if we win every match. I think we'd have to win every match, though. Nice, 2H. What a reaction. I got clipped on Goku, which slowed me down just enough. That heavy hit. Oh, and I didn't get my 2H in. Oh, no, I was too slow. This is bad. He got a happy birthday from that. I don't know if he wanted to spend that bar. He'll probably switch us out here. I'm getting hit by everything right now. Why did I jab there? Take great advantage of it. Oh, I'm just kidding. I am just a... Oh, no way, dodge it. Oh, and I got hit by the assist as I was trying to start up another Wolfgang Fist. I don't know how that made me laugh. All right, here we go. We blocked it that time, too. No! Okay, we're getting 2H like nobody's business. We got to approach on the ground and just hit him with a... We got to hit him with a fast button. But first, we got a spark. There we go. Mike, I thought he was going to 2H us again. If I'm being completely honest, I thought we just got 2H'd. All right. I think this should be fine. We're probably going to have to level 3 here. Yeah. No way around having to level 3 here, unfortunately, which sucks because we are in sparking, and he hasn't even used his yet. So, yeah, this is just all around a pretty bad situation for us. And we got to get back into the game. Three Dragon Balls. We don't even have to worry about that, honestly. Nice reflect. I'm looking to see if he does anything I can 2H. No, he's going to come in. I don't think he wanted to space that like that. Oh, I'm going to drop this. Oh, barely holding on. I'm going to level 3. I don't know why. He'll probably spark here. But can we read it? Can we? Nah, I don't think it's worth reading because if we're wrong, then I'm just going to feel really stupid. Like I said, if we were wrong there, this would not have happened. Nice. Key Blast, get it done. Jiren. Jiren's the only one I have to look out for. This counter is still a menace. He just kicked through both of us and was still able to confirm off of it. One level 3 is going to kill us. Oh, now a level 1 can kill us. Ah, Dodging Kefla. No, there was no dodging that. Limit break, Jiren is really scary. But like I said, if we want to rank up, if we want to rank up, we have to win. We can't afford to lose if we want to rank up. And I want to rank up. I want it. I want this bad. I should not have guard canceled. He was a little too far away. We're probably going to lose right here. Four bars. Stop, stop me. You know it. You should have learned the first time. That angle is not good. The angle for that guard cancel is very bad. Oh, man. Well, we got to win this next one, dude. If we don't win this next one, there's no way we're ranking up. Oh, that put a dent in the old rank up possibilities. That would put a giant dent in them. Oh, I'll take that. A nice start on Vegeta. Remember last, last time we started out really, really bad. Another decent hit. Hopefully we don't drop it this time. Beautiful. We're going to get to run the Kefla stuff right away this time. Nice. Nice. Run it one more time. I didn't think he shields up. If anything, I was expecting more of a spark. That's fine. Bardock can get in here and finish it off. We're back out into another point character. This is completely opposite to what happened in that second game. Now we actually got a lead going. Reaction. I got to give it to myself. Reactions are not my strong suit. But now we're just flying. This is the kind of game we wanted to see. Another good hit. I didn't have to go this route. Okay, good. It landed. It all worked out. It all worked out. But I definitely panicked myself going for that route. Jiren, what do you got to say, man? What do you got to say about everything that's happened here? All right. Love to see it. If we can just buy time, this will be acceptable. He's not really, he's not a super counter heavy Jiren. I must say he's not countering a ton. So maybe I have to lower my fear levels. I think we bought enough time. So scary. There it is. I knew it was coming eventually. It's fine. We got the time. We got the time. We might have already had it. I just looked now. I was, I was too scared, dude. It was too scary. I'll admit. Oh, I reflected or that might have been a key blast. Either way, it wasn't good enough to get us out of a dragon rush. The fear levels are high again, by the way. Do I early? No. Early sparking would be so dumb here. Don't early spark in two characters. Yes, I agree. Two characters all spark. But right here, just mash, dude. Just, I just got, I just got, I just got a mash. Oh, that could have been the game. That is the game. Go Kefla. Nice. We take the set two to one. Oh, if only we could have gotten a two oh sweep. We might have been able to rank up, but let's go ahead and see where we're standing in terms of that right now. Anyway, I don't know where it's, we're too far. I think we're two out of the running now, especially since we only got around 5000 points that time. Okay. We are back with a different player and it is a god of destruction. So we at least, we are competing for that same level of points again. Hopefully we're able to bring home. By the way, really, really cool and unique team here. The, oh, I messed it up. Big mistake on my part. Oh, I just didn't do the super input. Genemba assist not going to save us there. Unfortunately, it was angled at a pretty decent spot. And now we just have to worry about everything. Hold on. I'm at it. Oh, we were not out of there. I try to speed out. I try to hit him with the old, I'll see, I'll see you later. But instead we might, we might end up sparking. Yeah, I'm going to spark. I don't want to, I don't want to be there right now. I am not looking to live in that corner. The rock scared me. All right. I think, I think this is going to be Krillin dead here. Yeah. If I'm not mistaken, this is two bars. And I think I know just who the second bar should be. Kevla come, come on down. All right. We're, we're a character ahead at the cost of our sparking. I'll usually take that big hit on Broly to start. Oh, super now she got loud. All angles are covered. Yes. All angles are being accounted for. Oh, that could have been sick. Pull them down. Vanish that. That was so sick. The fact that you could just appear behind them, tell them nothing personal. It's just so funny to me. Please be a safe jump. Please be a safe jump. I don't think I did it right. I don't think I did it right. I did not. I did not do it right. Don't do it Broly, please. I should have expected a command grab to be fair. It just, man, when it hits different when you see it in real life. If you imagine it as an option, you're like, I'm not afraid of that. But when it happens, it's like, I should have been afraid of that. We'll take another raw level three here. Hopefully he starts, um, at this point, I, what have I done two? So it's, it's really getting to the point where this is a pattern for me. So hopefully he starts playing around it. Which means, uh, stopping staggering. He'll have to go with just, uh, pure block strings from now on. Ideally, I mean, we can't really force him to do that with no bar, but that is what we're trying to set up here. Command grab. Oh, I did not think he'd level three off that. I thought we're dead. Oh, he didn't do a command grab. I was, I, I was so hoping you went for another one because that would have allowed us to get a cheap hit and a change out instead. It's going to be limit break versus limit break here. Oh, I was waiting for some key blast. Oh my goodness. Whoa, the, oh my goodness. The vertical range of that was crazy. All right, we'll get a punish there. Oh, beautiful. If I wasn't playing Bardock, that would not have connected. That's why Bardock is one of the all time greats. I'm going to use three bars, but I could end up regretting this. Obviously, if we, if we hit him right away while he's down, we win, but there it is. We go for the risky second overhead and we seal up game one with a W. The reason I thought I'd regret that level three is because if I have no bar on defense, he could have probably, uh, killed me with one more combo there, which would have been awful. Uh, because yeah, I was not going to defend against that. We are getting so like, look, seven thousand. If we would have gotten a second win and gotten that amount of points, I think we would have been right in range to rank up in this video. Okay, we have to switch out to Bardock to get anything for this. Nice reflect. Oh, dragon rush. I thought he hit me with another command grab. I was not expecting the dragon rush variety. Don't do each beautiful. Get away with a criminal vanish there. Stay in range, stay in range. Oh, I did not think we'd be able to get a hit after the failed movement, but we do. Bardock just wants to let him know something. Not going to be a one bar, but that's fine. We got Kefla waiting in the wings to take that point slot back. It's getting, dude. It's getting to rank up season. I can't believe I need this rank up. Beautiful conversion. Give me that on the ground. Kefla classic. I need you to block. I don't know why that always reminds me of Petara, but that jump is just classic Petara action now. All right, we got one bar. If we can build up to this, might be a kill. It is going to be a kill. Hit him with the everything triple special. Just throw every color orb we got at him.  Okay. Keeping them honest. Beautiful use of 2S. I'll give it up. That was sick. I tried to get the instant cross up key blast, but I definitely overplayed my hand a little. Three bars. Going to spend them. All right. I don't disagree. He still has sparking. Krillin can be a fine anchor as well. He tried to hit me with the medium after much. It's always fun getting hit by Krillin stuff, because I know what he was trying to do there. Nice. I know what he was trying to do there, and I can respect it. He was using those season 3.5 buffs. Unfortunately, now I got to force him to use that sparking. The time has come to either read or be read, and I'm going to be the one that reads. Oh, he's a man of steel. No fear in his heart at all. Okay. Now that we know he has no fear, at least we got that bit of info. He is not afraid of anything. He could watch that seven times over and not blink. Not even once. No, look at him. He's not afraid of anything. He's not afraid, dude. He's not afraid. He's not afraid. He thinks he has this in the bag. I got to tell him he's not right about that. I got to tell him. This will be here where we sparks. He doesn't get the chance. We'll take it. He gets hit by it. He must have tried to spark during it. Oh, no. Kevla gets the win, and now we get to see how many points away are we from ranking up. We're like one more of these wins away, but unfortunately that won't be today. Hopefully you guys enjoyed this video, though. If you want to tune in to see what happens in the next cassette to see if we rank up or not, I'm sure that'll be either tomorrow's video or whatever that comes out, but we'll see whether or not we get it. But as for this video, let me know your favorite moments down below. Make sure to like button and subscribe to the channel to stay up to date on all things fighting games and Dragon Ball fighters. Other than that, I have been Datsudoi. You can check out some more videos that should be on top of your screen right now, and I will see you in the next video.


Hi guys, I'm Hasan Mirdasalam, I'm the General Manager of Choice Pharmacy and we've got Rami over here. So yeah, I'm Rami Okaderi, I'm the Operations Manager for the group and we're here at our Choice Pharmacy Eastern Creek store. We've been sponsoring Western Sydney Wanderers for, I think, close to three years now. We're very proud to be here for this great and wonderful cause. When we were asked by the Western Sydney Wanderers to sponsor the power chair competition, we jumped at it straight away. So we'll be donating 850 tests for the guys in the power chair competition just to do before training, before their games to make sure they maintain that COVID-safe plan. So we're doing our first drop today which is 450 units and then in a couple weeks time we'll go down to their training facility and donate the rest of the 400. I'm Andy, I'm the goalkeeper for the Western Sydney Wanderer power chair team. Now having Choice Pharmacy helping us with our tests to make it feel safer when we go out and compete is really beneficial for the entire team. A lot of us are immunocompromised so being able to go out and compete just makes us feel a lot safer and happier so we can worry about the game rather than catching COVID. Being able to be provided with rat tests to cover all of us as well as our supporters like carers or parents as well is massive. So we can feel really comfortable and safe environment to play in. In April we've got our massive national club tournament so about 11 clubs from around all of Australia will be coming to Sydney and we'll be playing an Olympic Park. We're going to camp so we basically stay all together as a squad for the whole week and mingle with other teams so it's hopefully going to take away that bit of the risk and if worst case scenario be able to identify something early so then hopefully our whole squad won't get taken out. But yeah I think it's just going to allow us to get back to what we really loved which is playing Pouch of Football which is something we've missed out a lot in the past year or two. For some of us it's all we have. Some of the guys don't work or don't study and all they look forward to is Pouch of Football so when that was taken away it was a massive shock and mental health wise it was quite hard and a lot of the players not only from our club but just as a community. What gives people I guess a bit of a purpose and something to look forward to is great a massive shout out thanks to Joyce Marmosi for enabling us to feel in a safe environment love to do what we love to do. I think everyone as a whole went through quite a bit during corona with all the isolations and all the chaos surrounding that. So when we were asked to sponsor this initiative and provide rapid agile tests I think we jumped at it straight away. It's definitely something that's dear to us and for us to be able to provide the guys in the power chair competition with these tests so that they can go out their competition it's really amazing because they can go on and do what they love and what they enjoy and they can go out and mingle and play with their sports and I think it's a great outlet for them to really get back into the group get back into normality. Very, very important announcement today. We thank them for the support. Hassan and Rami have been excellent in their association with the Westerners and New Wanderers over a number of years. We're very proud to be associated and as you can see it's a fantastic shot front here and we look forward to the ongoing support from them now and in the future.


update. Good morning everyone Monday December the 20th and we're looking at the Dow on this 10 o'clock Tiger Financial News Network market update. Dow's down 575 at 34,800. Now it had a sharp down day on Friday. Cap down so far and the low is 34,715. This is exactly the point where there should be an attempt at least for some kind of a rally. We'll see if that's able to unfold. Look at the S&P at this particular point the Dow is down 1.62 percent. S&P is a little better 1.32 percent down down 60 at 45 60 also gap down here it's gone underneath the 90 period underneath the so the 50 period exponential moving average. This is really an important phase. MACD is negative, S&P is negative. It must hold the low today at 45 45 otherwise it can go down even more. And look at the QQQ down only 1% trying to find some base here 388.79. It's kind of struggling the low of 378.90 has been taken out. That was the low back in early December so you've got your dreaded H pattern. I'll talk about that when we get back for my Tiger technicians hour in a few minutes time and the IWM Russell 2000 small caps down sharply down minus 2% minus 4.44 to 10.70. Another low established within that big rectangle formation. This is going to be very important. Gold is down $9.00. It's holding quite nicely just under the 200 period moving average but you'd think that some kind of relief rally would be unfolding here and continuing. It's not look at the dollar. The dollar is down 29 cents in 96 38 in this rectangle level as high level consolidation and crude oil is down sharply. That's because maybe there's a global slow down we don't know but it's down 3.30 at 67.43 an arch formation and the TLT you'd expect it to be rally sharply. It's not it's down 33 cents and 150 51. Really important session coming up. We'll see how it closes today but I'll be back and discuss it in great detail for my Tiger technicians hour coming up in a few minutes.


Hello, good morning. Thank you for toiling through the rain to get here. So today, we're carrying on with Dretschke on representation. In two days' time, on Wednesday, on Wednesday, thank you. I'm sorry, yes, it's early in the week. On Wednesday, we'll go on to Fodor's paper in the reader. Fodor's paper is a little bit unusual among the papers in the reader. Most of the papers in the reader are really the simplest, clearest explanations of the view you could have. Fodor's, I mean, they may strike you as complex the first time you read them, but once you get the idea, when you go back and read them again, you see it, I hope, it really couldn't have been put much more clearly. Fodor's paper is a little bit unusual. It's a very important idea in that paper, but it's put with great complexity. And, well, I don't know, it's your call as to what you do. I just warn you, it's the one exception. It's a standard among the papers in the reader. OK, so the general question we're looking at is what is the source of the existence of standards of truth and falsity for representations? How does it come about that in the world is described by physics? Such a thing can be happening at all that you have standards of truth and falsity. And all the arguments of the first few weeks has been that it's something to do with causal connections between the representational system and the world. But the puzzling thing about that is lots of things stand in causal connections to other aspects of the world without being representational. So it can't be just causation of itself that is generating the existence of standards of truth and falsity. Something else must be going on. The mere existence of causal connections can't constitute the existence of standards of right and wrong. And it's just that problem that when Dretschke talks about function, he seems to be intending to address. So there are two key notions in Dretschke's theory. The idea of x indicating y and the idea of it being the function of something to indicate y. So it indicates it's where all the causal stuff goes. Indicates it's where we pack in all the kind of causal chains. The general definition is something like r indicates c, if it means something like, if there's an r, then c. And maybe typically that will be because c's cause r's. So you say smoke indicates fire. That means if there's smoke, then there's fire.  Yes? And that's obviously quite a general idea. Notice incidentally that if you just stick with this notion of indication, you don't have anything that lets you make sense of informative identities. What I mean is if c and d are the same thing, and if r indicates c, then r indicates d. So if you've got something that indicates the presence of water, and water is H2O, then that thing indicates the presence of H2O. If you've got something that indicates the presence of hospice, hospice, and hospice is phosphorus, then that thing indicates the presence of phosphorus. You see what I mean? I mean really in the background here, the point is it's like that with causation, that if x causes y and x is identical to z, then z causes y. Is that plain enough or should I give more examples? So there's something about meaning that is missing here from this talk about indication, because we want something that is more fine-grained than this. Yeah? And this is one thing that the notion of function applies to the notion of function comes in. The notion of function does quite a lot of different things in Dresch's picture. One thing it does is, unless you separate the case where c might be identical to d, but the function of a meter might be to indicate c rather than to indicate d. Yeah, if you've got something that indicates the presence of water, the designer of the thing might have no idea that water is H2O. So it's not the function of the thing to indicate the presence of H2O, even though water is H2O. Again, stop me if that's too fast or abstract. Is that OK? Function, yep. The problem is that if we're giving an account of representation, we want to know what the difference is between representing something as, let's say, water and representing it as H2O. Yeah, they should be different things, yes? But if you just say, if your only notion of representation was indication, then you couldn't make that distinction, because if something's indicating the presence of water, then it's indicating the presence of H2O. That's a problem, right? Is that a problem? Put your hand up if you think that's a problem. Very good. OK, thank you. Put your hand up if you'd like me to go over that one more time. I see. OK, that's the definition of indicates there, right? So we want to be able to say, let's say the sign water. We want to be able to say the sign water has a particular kind of meaning, a particular kind of representational status, yes? So I suppose I'm good at whether there's water there. And whenever I see water, I cry, water, right? So now you can tell whether there's water there by just listening to my reactions. Yes, if I say water, that will indicate the presence of water, yes? OK, are you all with me so far? Yes, I know it's early. OK, so if I say water, that's going to indicate the present, indicates water, OK? So you could say, well, that's what the meaning of the word water is. It indicates the presence of water. Presence of water, I mean, yes? OK, but if I am a good indicator of the presence of water, am I also a good indicator of the presence of H2O? Yes, I can't but me, because whenever there's water, there's H2O, yes? So if I say water, that's also a good indicator of the presence of H2O. But we want to separate these things and say water has a tie to the word water has a tie to this stuff thought of as water and not to this stuff thought of as H2O. You see what I mean? Water and H2O represent, water is representing the substance in one way. H2O is representing the substance in another way. Was that too fast? Water and H2O mean different things, yes? But so far, we haven't captured any difference between them, because the word water is indicating water and H2O, yes? Yes, that's right, H2O indicates water, yeah. So if I cry H2O, that will indicate the presence of water and that will indicate the presence of H2O. So yeah, that fills out the picture, right? So I've got no difference in what water indicates and what H2O indicates, sorry? Then they have the same meaning, yeah. If our only notion of meaning is indication, then water and H2O have the same meaning. But class, do water and H2O have the same meaning? Thank you. They do not have the same meaning. So must there be more to meaning than the notion of indication? Yes, thank you. There must be more to meaning than the notion of indication. OK, what supplies that little bit more? What supplies that little bit more? Yes, very good, OK. OK, is that clear what the problem is and what the solution is? OK, so if we can appeal to the idea that my intention, my the function I assign to the word water is to indicate the presence of water, then I might have that intention without ever having heard of H2O, yes? And similarly, I might be thinking about H2O, but never have thought of it as thought of this stuff as water. I might have to be a chemist who's approached H2O purely as a kind of theoretical construct. OK, so that will get me the difference between the two. But that's talking about an assigned function, what I intend the thing to do. But Dresch's idea is you could have functions observed in the context of evolutionary theory. The role that a particular structure is serving in the life of an animal, how it fills the animal's needs, that might generate standards of rightness and wrongness, too. So we do have a general notion of function for biological organs, and maybe we could apply that to the structures that we have in the brain, and that will explain how standards of right and wrong are being generated. So two things are happening here. One is when you bring in function, you're bringing in something that's more fine-grained than the talk of indication. That's one thing. When you bring in function, you're also bringing in something normative. You're bringing in something that has to do with getting it right or getting it wrong, because something can be well-functioning or badly-functioning. You're bringing in something evaluative when you bring in function. And you're also narrowing down which indicators are relevant to representation. Because if you take any one thing, any one thing can indicate lots and lots of different things. I mean, someone gave the example last time of the level of chicken feed indicating how well fed the chickens currently are. That could be a good indicator of that, but it's not its function to indicate that. So any one thing has got lots and lots of other stuff causally connected to it, and so can serve as an indicator of all our other stuff, but it's not thereby representing all our other stuff, because its function is perhaps not to represent all our other stuff. Nothing gave it that function. Not someone's intentions, not evolution. So it's quite a lot going on when function is brought in here. But there is a general question here. If we're talking about causal connections between the representational system in the world, well, when you ask what is causally connected, if X and Y are causally connected, then X and Y must both exist. It's only the way the world actually is that can be causally impacting on our representational systems. And in a way that's really Putnam's point about the brains in the VAT. It's the way the world actually is that is causally affecting your representational system. It's the way that whatever is actually going on out there, whether it's VAT-tending machinery or the world the way you think it is or something else, whatever is actually happening, that's what's causally impacting on your representational system. So Putnam used this as a defense against the skeptic. But there's obviously a puzzle here, namely if what's actually affecting you is what's making the existence of standards of right and wrong, then how can you ever get it wrong? I mean something imaginary, something that you were wrong about couldn't be causally impacting on you. So there's a general question here, such a thing as error is possible. Okay, so that's I think where we got to, more or less last time. Is that clear about all the different stuff that function is bringing in? Okay. So just you remember the old magnetosomes, the magnetosomes that allow the bacterium to move towards magnetic north into deeper water. Yep. So here are two marine biologists hunting for magnetosomes in I think Norway. Don't say you don't have anything in this class. And here is the magnetosome pointing towards magnetic north. So we say that thing is serving a need of the organism. Its function is to indicate the direction of the oxygen-free water. So that if it gets into, if it points towards water that is not oxygen-free, then it's made a mistake. That's the simplest case of something making a mistake, getting it wrong. And Dritzke's definition was, the magnetosomes pointing straight ahead means that oxygen-free water is straight ahead. The magnetosomes function is to indicate the direction of the oxygen-free water. And it does this in part by indicating that the oxygen-free water is straight ahead by itself pointing straight ahead. So putting it like that, you're appealing to the idea that the magnetosome has the function of indicating the direction of oxygen-free water. Yep. Could you just think a bit more slowly, please? I just, I want to come on to that in just a second, yeah. So if you lure the bacteria into oxygenated water by holding a magnet, then I say, but you might not, then I say, they misrepresented something. You fooled them. Yes, that's very intuitive. That's what I'd say. I'd say, I fooled you. Another victory for the human over the animal mind. But can you make your point again? Right, if it's function is to point towards magnetic north.  We can distinguish the north pole, I mean the geomagnetic north, right? When I put the magnet there, it didn't point towards geomagnetic north but pointed towards local magnetic north. Yep. So you could say when we use the bar magnet, the magnetosome correctly represents the direction of local magnetic north. So I'm slowly catching up, okay? And then you might say, look, the magnetosome represented local magnetic north perfectly correctly. Yeah, this is function to point out local magnetic north. What goes on in that case is that it represents local magnetic north perfectly correctly. It usually exploits a connection between local magnetic north and the direction of the oxygen free water. And that thing it exploits just didn't happen to hold in this case. But at no point did it misrepresent anything. Yeah. So it's hard to say what the function is of the magnetosome. You could say its function is to represent local magnetic north. You could say actually its function is to represent geomagnetic north. Its function is to represent the direction of the north pole. Or you could say its function is to represent the to indicate the direction of local magnetic north. of the oxygen, deoxygenated water, and it's not very clear how you determine which function that is, which function it's serving, and you know what the need is? It needs oxygen-free water. It doesn't really care about local magnetic north or geomagnetic north for their own sex, but that doesn't help us determine whether the function is one rather than the other of these. The function has become its need. Well, the systems the animal has only have functions in relation to the animal's needs. That's perfectly clear. We're all on board with that. But to say that is just to say the functions have to be defined in relation to the animal's needs. So it's always going to be possible for us to say, look, is meeting that need of the animal by giving it information it can use to meet that need. And local magnetic north or geomagnetic north will equally allow the animal to meet that need, pointing it in the right direction because then it just uses the correlation here. So you see the problem here, which is this is quite general. Whenever you've got a system that is causally sensitive to something in the outside environment, you can say, well, suppose there's some distal property of the animal that the sensor is causally sensitive to. And suppose there are actually two different factors that can cause that sensor to activate. That's what you need for the case of error, right? Two different kind of factors. Then you can say, well, the animal is representing either of these. It's just that when you get one of the other of these, you usually have this one. It's usually this one. And the animal just exploits that. Or with the oxygen free water, the picture is your oxygen free water that's usually correlated with geomagnetic north. That's usually correlated with local magnetic north. And you can't tell which of these to say the animal system is functioning to indicate. And you can always set this up. There's going to be some need at the end, some need being met. It's something that meets your needs, your need meter down here. Then something that indicates where then something that's causally related to the need meter, something that's causally related to that. What do you say the function of the system is to indicate? So when we were talking about Evans and causal theories of reference, I said, well, if I'm talking about that cup, I'm causally responding to the cup. But I'm also causally responding to stuff like the lights in the room, the sunshine outside, the illuminant that lets me see the cup. So when you're causally referring to something, when you're referring to something in virtue of a causal connection to it, there are lots of stuff that are causally affecting you that you're not referring to. So you have problems about things like these other factors like the sun or the ambient temperature that are allowing you to have this causal sensitivity to these factors here. And you've got to factor them out. You've got these kind of horizontal problems in saying which thing you're representing. But you've also got these vertical problems about saying how far away in the causal chain is the thing that you're representing. And the danger is if you let it get too proximal, then you get the result that you can never be wrong. Any time your indicator goes into a particular step, you can say, well, here's the factor that caused it to go into that step, and that's actually what it's representing. So your indicator never gets things wrong. And this is really just pushing Putnam's point absolutely to the limit. And the limit here, it turns out, you're not representing at all because you can have representation only if the right or wrong. But here there's no wrong. Anything you're causally sensitive to turns out to be something that you were indicating. I'm not sure if I put that very well, but yes. That's one reason function comes in, yes, to get the difference between what's on H2O. If it did have that implication, that would be the wrong answer. That would be a real problem. I hope for a causal theory, if it said they just get the same meaning. Because after all, it is an informative identity. Yeah, that's where we began. But the function isn't coming in just because of that. The function is also coming in to explain how the standards of rightness and wrongness are being generated, how something evaluative is being generated here. And it's also coming in to narrow down which causal pathways are the relevant ones. And this point is it doesn't narrowing down enough. Okay, I think this terminology comes from Peter Godfrey Smith. The idea is, well, if I say I'm referring to whatever's causing me to use the indicator system, then as I speak about the cup, the cup is causally impacting on me, but the illumination is also impacting on me. The temperature is not too hot and not too cold. That's causally effective in allowing me to make these references. But I'm not referring to the sun, I'm not referring to anything but the cup, even though these other factors are all influencing me. So there's some sense in which all these factors are in play simultaneously, horizontally, if you see what I mean. The sun's, the illumination and the temperature aren't further away from me or closer to me than the cup. So there's a problem of filtering out all the irrelevant causes here and saying which of the causes is the one that I'm talking about. The other dimension is when I say I'm causally affected by the cup. Well, another, you might say, no, it's not the cup you're causally affected by. It's a pattern of hits on your retina. You're really causally sensitive to the pattern of hits in your retina and you use the fact that that is correlated with a cup out there. Yeah, that's what I'm really referring to, the pattern of hits in the retina. So someone says if I have a hallucination of a cup, so I have the pattern of hits in my retina, but I don't get the cup out there, then that's not a mistake. I was just referring to the pattern of hits in my retina. Yeah, there was such a thing there. That's the analog of this thing about geomagnetic north and local magnetic north. What I'm calling the vertical one has to do with the chain from the thing you're talking about to you and asking, which point in that do you stop off? Whereas the other one is a whole bunch of things that aren't at all the one you're talking about. I mean, they're not in that path from the one you're talking about. Okay, so Dreczki's got a solution to this. We're just to say, well, the puzzle is what is the magnetosome representing? Is it the direction of the oxygen free water? Is it geomagnetic north? Is it local magnetic north? I'm just curious, what do you think? Can you put your hand up if your intuition is representing the direction of oxygen free water? Geomagnetic north? Local magnetic north? Okay, so I would say the majority think that we fooled the magnetosome, but there's a substantial minority that say, no, the magnetosome is innocent. The magnetosome got everything right. Okay, well, it's hard to do that. It's hard to settle up by intuition. I mean, I don't really see what you can do by direct intuition. Dreczki's idea is, well, suppose we start out by saying, by supposing it's got two different ways of finding out the direction of oxygen free water. So maybe it uses light as well as magnetism to find the direction of the oxygen free water. So if it's got the magnetosome and it's got a light detector and it's got some structure, S, then if we've got the light and we've got the magnetic field as both firing S, then that means that you can't identify S as having as its function to indicate either the magnetic, the geomagnetic or local magnetic north, or having as its function to pick up on the light. It must have something further out as its function. Yeah, you couldn't identify it with either one. So the trouble with that is if you're really going to be difficult about this, then you could say, well, actually all that's going on there is that S is indicating either the direction of local magnetic north or the direction of light. That would be the natural way to pursue the original problem. So then Dreschke says, well, what we need here is associative learning. If you've got repeated exposures to X in the presence of oxygen free water, then S will start to fire in response to X. If you've got that open-ended possibility of associative learning, you can't tie this down. You can't tie the structure down to representing any one or any finite number of these pathways because it can always open up to another one. And that's very intuitive because there's something about you. You want the representation to be something that's a reasonably sophisticated organism does, and it's kind of surprising if a bacterium with a magnetosome is already representing. The ability to learn about your environment should have something to do with your ability to represent the environment, and this is a very intuitive way in that the possibility of associative learning about some distal structure in your environment, that's what makes it representation of that factor out there. So at any one time you could say, all I've got here is something that responds to either this local factor or that local factor or that local factor or that local factor, but the only thing that's stable over time as the organism keeps learning is that all these pathways are coming from that one same external factor out there in the distance. So if you're capable of learning any number of new ways of detecting F-ness, then you are determinately representing F rather than anything else. So that's the solution to the, that's Dritschke's solution to the local magnetic north problem. It's a real problem. Yep, that's right, F would be the presence of oxygen free water. So the presence of oxygen free water is connected to all these other factors. It's a slightly difficult example because it's not so clear you can learn about the oxygen free water because presumably if these bacteria get into the oxygen free water, they just die, they don't learn anything, but if you think of it as rather being something like the direction of food, yeah, then what you need, what you would have is multiple pathways to getting you to food, and then you learn which ones, which pathways really are giving you ways of finding the direction of food associatively. And you can just learn by whether you get the food or not. It doesn't kill you if you don't get it. Very good, yes, yes, yes, yeah, there'll be another way to do it. Yeah, you could say it's not alarming. Dritschke, I think, is just talking about learning in the part of the individual organism, but you could talk about adaptation over time as a kind of learning, adaptation of the species over time. Okay, I think that's about as far as Dritschke gets in the article. And I think this is pretty powerful. There are a number of problems with this. One is it's just becoming clear to me in the course of this class actually that color is a very difficult case for causal theories of representation. I suppose you think about how you represent things as red or blue or yellow and so on. Do you have any other way of finding out about the color of an object than looking to see? I mean it's all very well to say for food or oxygen-free water. There are lots and lots of different ways you can get onto that. But for color, the only way you have of finding out about the colors of things is looking. Vision is your only way of finding out about color. But we don't seem to be, I mean intuitively Dritschke's problem doesn't arise there. It's not a tall intuitive that we'd say our visual system is only representing what's going on at the retina or only representing what's going on in the light array. Your visual system is representing something about the object, the color of the object. But if that's determinate, it can't be explained in this way by the possibility of associative learning. We don't have any associative learning here. We only have our one canonical way of finding out about color. Someone who can't do it by vision can't do it at all. The individual is not capable of associative learning. And the thing is, it's not whether there's learning here about color in the first place. It's multiple pathways. The key to Dritschke's idea is multiple pathways all homing back to the same factor out there. But there aren't multiple pathways from color to us. Yes, right. I take it this is not in humans. If you've got this kind of structure with multiple associative learning pathways to your external factor, then any one of them can be dropped no one of them is canonical. Your kind of situation is perfectly imaginable. It might be. I mean you could have someone with very sensitive fingers who could just run the fingers over the surfaces of things and tell what colors they are. But if you dropped vision altogether, then what you'd have would be a system that didn't know anything about color. These other ways of finding out about color are really only guides to what you'll find when you use the canonical way of finding out about color. You see what I mean? Namely looking to see. And if you have that and if you only have the canonical way of looking to see and you don't have the ability to use these other methods, your brain hasn't been rewired. You don't actually have that capacity. You don't have these sensitive fingers. Then you still are perfectly determinately representing the color of the object out there. That's the idea anyhow. I think it would only be a guide to the presence of the color you could see. It needs a lot of discussion. If you think about shape, then vision and touch are equally good ways of finding out about shape. But vision and hearing or vision and touch are never going to be equally good ways of finding out about color. Vision is always the canonical way and it in its own is enough. There is another basic problem here which is the notions of right and wrong that we have for representations, for sentences, for us. They're being explained in terms of the biological functions of physical states. But when you think about it, there are lots of cases in which it might be biologically adaptive to get things wrong. I don't know if this is true, but I remember reading a report a while ago of studies of how popular people think they are, how popular other people think they are, and how happy the person is. When you do that, you can measure the mismatch between how popular someone thinks they are and how popular their friends think they are. Some people think they're very popular and their friends don't think they're popular at all. Some people think they're not popular and their friends think they're very popular. You can measure the mismatch here between what you think of your own popularity and what your friends think of you. The basic finding was that happiness is correlated with there being a mismatch between what you think of your own popularity and what your friends think of your popularity. You see what I mean? That makes perfect sense, right? It could be adaptive to make a mistake like that. In general, it could obviously be adaptive to be incorrigibly optimistic and think that the future is brighter than it is. Someone told me a while ago about an experiment where they had people play a computer game, and so there's a lot of stuff going on in the screen, and you've got a joystick, and you can make some input into what's going on in the screen. The experimenter set it up so you could vary how much control the subject had over what was going on in the screen. Sometimes the subject's got very little control, and all that stuff just happening more or less at random. Sometimes the subject's entirely in charge of what is happening in the screen. The subject is asked to estimate how much control they think they had in their test session. There were two things about this. One was that everyone wildly exaggerated how much control they had. Everyone reliably overestimated how much control they had, and you can imagine that, right? You're moving the joystick, you're watching the stuff in the screen, and you're thinking, hey, I made that happen. I made that happen. There was only one group of subjects who reliably got it right about their exact level of control. Can you guess what group that might be? The depressed, that's right. The clinically depressed reliably got it right about what level of control they had over what was going on in the screen. So the general point here is that it might be adaptive not to be depressed, if you see what I mean. Yeah, this was reported in a write-up called Sad But Wise.  You will try harder if you think you've got a lot of control. You may do better. So there's a normativity of biological good functioning. That's normative, all right. There's something evaluative there, but it might not have much to do with the normativity of truth and falsity. Fodor makes this point like this and the thing we're going to look at next. Why should we think of the mechanisms of belief fixation? I mean, whatever causing your system S to go into its state, as always designed so as to deliver truths rather than EG repressing unpleasant facts. I mean, if there's no oxygen-free water for miles, it might still help a magnetus or a bacterium if its magnetus occasionally falsely indicates the presence of oxygen-free water, right? Because then it will keep trying. Well, you see what I mean. And certainly, something like that might be true for us. There is no guarantee that the kind of optimality that teleology reconstructs has much to do with the kind of optimality that the explication of truth requires. So biological functions are normative notion, all right, but it's not obviously the same normative notion as truth or falsity. What's adaptive is one thing and what's right or wrong is another. So the adaptive value of a representational system might actually just be in producing illusions. There is a final really basic problem for this kind of approach to representation, which is the way that the notion of need is really basic to it. The notion of need is what's anchoring the whole thing, right? Because we've got indication that doesn't of itself do the work. And then we've got function, which mustn't be just what someone intends or wants. It's got to be something about what this structure is doing for the organism, what the structure is getting, the organism. But if your whole system of representation is defined entirely in relation to the needs of the animal, then all you can be representing are aspects of the world that relate to your needs. And Gibson, actually, the great psychologist, Gibson seems to have thought that that's actually the right result. He talked about the affordances of an environment and affordance is just something about the threats and opportunities that the environment provides you with.  All the threats and promises in the environment, the affordances of the environment are what it offers the animal, what it provides or furnishes either for good or ill. And there's another classic definition of affordance from Mark. And affordance is the functional utility of certain environmental objects or complexes taken with reference to individuals and their action capabilities. So the affordances for one species will be quite different to the affordances for another species. Oxygen-free water will afford continued life and sustenance to the bacterium. So what the bacterium is picking up on is the affordances of the world around it. In general, animals are very, very practical. They only care, they only represent what matters for them, for their needs and purposes. The trouble is that with humans, human systems of representation seem to go way beyond just representing what's there for our needs and purposes. Of course, we can do that. You can see there's something there that affords eating and so on. But when humans are talking about what happened in the Big Bang or what's going on five miles below sea level, humans are not talking about anything that's defined in relation to their needs. That's a very narrow subset actually of what we do manage to think and talk about. We seem to think and talk about the way the world is objectively, the way the world is independent of our own needs. I once was visiting at a psychology department where they had a big car parking structure with on the side of the car parking structure, it was kind of honeycombed with big cutouts.  And when the structure was built, people just viewed it as yet another horrible concrete thing. And what nobody had expected was that pigeons locally would find this just a wonderful spot for nesting. So they were all occupied by pigeons nesting. So there were affordances there that the pigeons could perceive. They afforded nesting for the pigeons. What humans get is not just, I mean if we only got, if we could only represent the things in our environment that were of some use to us, that offered opportunities or threats to us, we wouldn't be able to see what the pigeons saw in this. Do you see what I mean? They would see their nesting potential. We would see our car parking potential. But that would be it. And our representation should just be blind to what the pigeons see. As we say to the pigeons, I don't see what you see in that structure. Yeah, because if we're only getting things defined in relation to our needs and they get in relation to their needs. But that's not what goes on. If you just think about that very simple case, we can represent what's objectively going on. The shape of the thing, independent of our needs or the pigeon's needs, we can get something more fundamental, the way the world is in itself. And then we can think about how different sets of needs might exploit that aspect of the objective world. So we seem to transcend in our system of representation anything like this kind of a tie always being back to stuff defined in terms of our needs. Okay, on with photo on Wednesday.


But is there a different feel going into each meeting of this playoff week, especially for you with everything going on with the Packers? Is there a different feeling of like enjoying every single moment? Not that you didn't have it before, but is there anything different in the playoffs for you mentally going in? No, really, I don't think so.  I think the right perspective is how special these opportunities are individually. Like I said before, there's eight teams that are still playing. There's 24 that, you know, are into their offseason. That's pretty special. How do we make sure that we're one of the four that moves on after this weekend? Because then that's a special feeling. And we've been there many times. And then how do we make sure from that four we're one of final two? We give ourselves an opportunity to lift the trophy. So I think in the process of that, it's not bad to to manifest those things to think about those things to imagine yourself in those situations. And also still having a great acute focus on the task at hand and how special this opportunity is.


If you also look at a lot of the mainstream training, it's like if someone is not interested in buying or selling something right away, move on. It's like that is a human being that's going to buy or sell something at some point. Why are we throwing them away? Why are we moving on? This is what I believe. I'm sharing that with you for nothing.  What I want you to do is I want you to start thinking how can I, because I know that all of you on this call are honest people. You work hard. You're dependable. You're professional. You're everything that a client wants in an agent. But what I want you to do is start to try to emulate that and project that when you're talking to clients. Because here's the problem. I don't know what training system you guys have been on or what you... So please don't take offense, but most training is kind of set up if you really look at it in a way that has you communicating through scripts that is not who you really are. It's kind of set up to handle objections and make people sign the line and force appointments and it's like, hey, Mr. Seller, will you sell your property if you consider moving if you consider selling? All that is really kind of just set up to try to figure out what the client wants to do, what the client can do for the agent. Think about it for a second. All the mainstream training out there, if you really look at the scripts and the strategy behind it, it's really designed to try to get the client to do something for the agent. Try to get them to sell that property so I can make a commission. What I want you to do is start to think about how can we have conversations that give, that are, in a sense, where the agent, we try to figure out what the agent can do for the client. For me, it's like, hey, it's Ricky. How you doing? Cool. I'm enjoying the days. Isn't it gorgeous? Awesome. Well, look, I don't want to take it too much of your time. My house around the corner just sold. I didn't know if there's anything I could do for you. I didn't try to sell them anything. I respected their time. I gave a little small chat there at the beginning. Didn't force the sales call, you know, checking on them, seeing how they're doing, seeing what I could do to help. These are the kind of conversations you need to have. If you also look at a lot of the mainstream training, it's like, if someone's not interested in buying or selling something right away, move on. It's like that is a human being that's going to buy or sell something at some point. Why are we throwing them away? Why are we moving on? Why don't we get to know this person a little more? You know, some of my best clients never bought or sold a property ever from me, but they referred me like 10 people. If you start to think about the business in terms of relational versus transactional, throw the transaction out the window, you'll do more transactions.


Welcome back to Drinks Made Easy, because cocktails don't have to be difficult. Today we're taking a look at a winter bourbon smash using raspberry preserves. Now you might be saying, Paul, smash, you use fresh fruit and you muddle it. Well, yes, that's true, but during the winter months, some of our favorite fruits are mine, at least like raspberries, blueberries, blackberries can be a little bit difficult to get and even when you can get them, oftentimes they're not nearly as flavorful as when they're in proper season. So a great workaround for that is using preserves or jams. Make sense? Without any further ado, let's make a cocktail, but if you haven't already, please go ahead and click on the subscribe button and the bell icon, so you'll be notified every time we do a new video. To build your winter bourbon smash, you'll use two tablespoons of raspberry preserves, or if you have another fruit that you prefer, you can use that one as well. Next, we're going to add half an ounce of fresh lemon juice, one ounce of fresh orange juice, half an ounce of triple sec, and one and a half ounces of the bourbon of your choice. Now, this is another opportunity where if you're not a huge fan of bourbon, you want something a little bit more spicy, you can go with a rye, something sweeter, you can go with a brandy or a cognac. And just cap that off into a shake or tin full of ice and give it a good shake. Strain into the glass of your choice over ice and now, because we're using raspberry preserves, there is going to be a bit of seeds here. If you don't like seeds in your cocktail, I do. You can always double strain this and that'll catch all the seeds. And then just going to add a light splash of seltzer to lift it a little bit. Give that a quick stir and then just garnish the small wedge of orange. And easy as that, you have the winter bourbon smash. This is delightful. Now, you might think that because of all the preserves, that this would be an overly sweet cocktail. But because of that fresh lemon juice, it really cuts it and balances it out. If you like fruit forward cocktails that aren't overly sweet and just have a lot of complex flavors, check this one out and let us know what you think. Cheers from Drinks Made Easy.


to rigorous field training and live fire exercises. As we come together in unity and solidarity, let us not forget the sacrifices made. This year of March is 4th of June, anniversary of the success of the outstanding outcome of the exercise would never be satisfied if any kind of accident occurred. Therefore, safety and security during the exercise is one key success along with the intensity and quality of the training. On this warm and vulnerable cooperation, I proudly declare the opening of the field training exercise. Attention! Good! Jocelyn, can you hear me? Hey, can you hear me? Are you... Hey, can you hear me?  Do you know who I am? Do you know what's about to happen? Help me get his pants. Disagitated? Yep. I believe he's going through. He's struck down. Shirt off on this side.