Hello everyone. My name is Raghendra Rohit. Today I am going to present our work Diving Deep into the Weekies of Round Reduced Scones. This is a joint work with Santu Sarkar. Here is the outline for the today's talk. First I will give a brief description of the Scon algorithm. Next I will present the problems which we addressed in this work and our then I will show some practical weak key distributors for Round Reduced Scones and also show how to construct such a weak key space for Scones. So, let's start with Scones. So, Scones was initially submitted to the Caesar competition in 2014 by Dobriyog, Exhender, Mendel and Saffer. It won the same competition and this is also our final list of the ongoing misplaced cryptography competition. At a very high level, the Scones Authenticative encryption takes as inputs a security key public parameters nonce n as using data a message m and it then outputs a psychotext c whose length equals the length of the message and then authentication tag t. The tag t provides the integrity and authenticity for all the input public parameters. Now if we look into how Scones works, then this is based on the well-known sponge to flex construction. So, there are four phases, initialization, processing, association data. Then we have the encryption and then the finalization. During the initialization and finalization phases, we have the Scon permutation which runs for a rounds and while for the association data and plain text we have the same permutation but the number of rounds is weak. So, now we have two variants of Scon, Scon 128 and Scon 128 a. The only difference in the two variants is the amount of data which is processed per call of the permutation which is given by the rate r and the number of rounds during the association data and plain text processing phase which are given by pv. So, in one of the variant this is 6 and in Scon 128 a the number of rounds in pv is 8 while the number of rounds during the initialization and finalization phase is always same which is 12. Now if we look into the round function p then it consists of three operations. The first operation is the addition of round constant. So, we add 8 bit round constant to the second word of the state. Then we apply the non-linear layer which is basically the Sbox cooperation column wise to all 64 columns. Then we have the linear layer which is given by pl. So, it diffuses the words, it diffuses each word within a state. So, mathematically looking, so the Sbox of the Scon has lgb degree 2 and it is given by this expression and the linear layer is given here which is simply based on the X source and right cyclic 6. So, now let's move into the problems which we addressed and our contributions. Okay, so before going into that we start with the security claims made by the Scon designers. So, they mention that for 120 bit security so the first claim, first condition is the number of processed plain text and associating data that can be protected by a single key is limited to at most 2 to power 64 blocks. The next condition is the non should never be repeated for two encryptions. So, based on these two conditions, we give the target which we analyze in this word. So, our target is mainly the initialization phase of the Scon and this can be done because we can take the SS data and message length equals 0 and we can simply work on the initialization phase. So, our target is shown here. So, we have the constant IV, the secret key and the nonesni and then we apply the round function for r rounds and then we can take the ciphertext for one block of the plain text. So, the question here are how many rounds we can attack out of the 12 rounds and also we need to impose the condition that we are working on the in the non-respecting setting. Then the next question is given non-respecting setting what are we looking into whether it is key recovery or you just want to distinguish the outputs which is the ciphertext here and also the third condition here is because the designers impose a data complexity of at most 2 to the power 64 blocks. So, our attacks are within this data limits or outside this limits. So, this condition was also used in the previous one which is misuse free attacks by RHS, RHSS. So, here they present some attacks such that the data complexity is at most 2 to the power 64. So, that's why they mention it as like misuse free attacks. Okay. So, now if we look into the existing key recovery attacks. So, again the most of the attacks are based on differential and Q-attacks. So, if you see the best attack can cover up to seven rounds of Scones. So, which is basically a Q-attack. However, if you see here some of them are valid attacks and some of them are invalid. So, the invalidity here means the data complexity is crossing the value which is more than 2 to the power 64. So, if you see the best attack can only reach six rounds given that the data complexity is at most 2 to the power 64. So, in one of the previous work by RHSS and they give a key recovery attack on seven rounds using 2 to the power 64 data and it is based on the ideas of Q-attack. So, here they also pose this condition whether there exists an attack on seven rounds with data is strictly less than 2 to the power 64. So, one of our major contribution is we answer this question positively. So, we present an attack with 2 to the power 63 data in this work. Now, if we look into the value of distributors for Scones. So, for five rounds the best can have data 2 to the power 16 and it is based on the division property and it works for all keys 2 to the power 28, 2 to the power 128 keys it works. So, what we show here that there exists some keys where we can reduce the data complexity. So, for instance there are 2 to the power 115 keys where we can distinguish five rounds which is 2 to the power 13 data. Now, there are also keys 2 to the power 111 keys where we can reduce this data complexity from 2 to the power 13 to 2 to the power 9. So, compared to the previous five round distinguisers we have the improved distinguisers in this work for five rounds. Now, if we look into the six rounds then again the best known has data 2 to the power 31 and also the same time. Now, we present our three distinguisers here based on the different number of keys. So, the first one is where the number of keys is 2 to the power 104 and the complexities are 2 to the power 24. Then we have another distinguisers here with the keys as 2 to the power 1 time and data 2 to the power 18 and also we show we can reduce the data complexity further due to 2 to the power 17 but in this case the number of keys the number of keys will reduce to 2 to the power 95. Now, if we go into the seven rounds so the seven round best known distinguisers requires 2 to the power 60 data and this is not practical. So, we give our distinguisers we improve the complexity of the previous distinguisers from 2 to the power 60, 2 to the power 46 and then 2 to the power 33 which is practical and can be verified easily. However, the trade-off here is the number of keys for which such distinguisers work is less. So, for the distinguisers with 2 to the power 46 data the number of keys are 2 to the power 82 while for the second one the number of keys are 2 to the power 63. Okay, now we look into it how we came up with these sort of distinguisers. Okay, so before going into the overall idea first review I love the idea of what are the distinguisers we are looking into it. So, let's say we have been put a nonce n0 and the message m0 and we receive this hypertext c0. So, we repeated for q queries where we know are distinct and we obtained their corresponding ciphertext and some all this hypertext. So, what we are looking into it we are seeing whether this sum x or sum of all this ciphertext equals 0 with probability 1. So, this is the distinguisers which we are looking here. Now, if the size of the ciphertext is 64 bits and your Scon output behaves like a random function then this probability should be 2 to the power minus 64 and not 1. Now, if we look theoretically about this high level idea so this is nothing but this follows the principle of q at x. So, let me give you an example for this. So, we consider our Boolean function f in six variables which is given here. So, here k0, k1, k2 are secret variables and v is our public variables which we can control. Now, if we take the second order derivative here with respect to v0 and v1 and fix v2 to some constant so that means our value of v2 is fixed and we are evaluating f on all possible values of v0 and v1 and then and summing the output. So, after doing that basically we will receive the value which equals k0 plus k2 plus k1. So, in terms of q at x here our this these q variables v0 and v1 where we are varying all the possible values. So, this is known as q and since we have like only two variables here so this is a two-dimensional q and v2 is fixed. So, this is a non-q variable and after summing up all the possible values of v0 and v1 then we get a superpoly which is here k0 plus k2 plus k1 and this is a superpoly of q, v0 and v1. So, now if we see that here the superpoly is linear. So, basically it gives some knowledge about the key bits and now there are a lot of automated tools like groovy, constant programming set SMT which can give some information of these superpoly's but the problem here is once your algebraic normal form becomes complex then it is difficult to guarantee these sort of informations or simply saying these solvers do not finish when the when you increase the dimension of the q. So, what so now the q at x is also the idea of the q at x also goes back to 94 by say Jalai where this was given as higher order differences. So, the basic idea is if your Boolean function of degree 2 for example then its third order derivative with respect to the public variable is always zero. So, simply saying if the degree of Boolean function is t then its dth order derivative is zero. So, in the previous example if you see the degree with respect to v0 and v1 is 2 so if you take third order derivative with respect to v0 v1 and v2 and sum them up sum the values of f then it always equals zero. So, what's our goal here? So, the goal here our goal here is to reduce the algebraic degree of the S-con out of bits as much as possible. Okay, so now we look into how we actually construct these distinguisors. So, if you remember the state of the S-con is loaded with these values at the beginning. So, the word x0 is loaded with a fixed constant which is given in the row 1. Then in the next two rows we have the 128 bit keys and then finally we have the public variables b. So, now we have to find some conditions on vi and then we have to find an upper bound in the algebraic degree in terms of vi and we want to ensure that the degree does not grow too much. Okay, so now if you look into the output of the S-works after the basically the S-works output after round 1 then we can see that only the second bit y20 there the term is quadratic in terms of vi plus 64 and vi the rest it's not quadratic. So, if you see this is the only term here which is where we have this term. So, now what RHS S21 proposed was to set each Q variable in register 3 equals register 4 and then see how the degree propagates. So, if you set vi as vi plus 64 and then again look into the S-box output. Then they found that the bit y2 and y3 sorry the ith bit of y2 and y3 they becomes independent of the Q variable after the S-box while the other words they depend on the Q variable vi. So, now based on this condition they found the upper bounds on the algebraic degree after till seven rounds. So, if you see after seven rounds their maximum algebraic degree is 59 in the Q variables and this is still not practical. So, what we do here is right now we know that two words are independent of the Q variables. So, we see whether we can make another word independent of the Q variable. So, for that we introduce another condition on word 1. So, this can be done by setting the key bit Ki equals 1 plus Ki plus 64 for indices 50, 66 to 59 and for the other one we just said take Ki as equals to Ki plus 64. So, now what is the impact of this additional condition? So, if you look how the degree propagates once we add this condition then you find that so we can start from here. So, let's say after three rounds without that condition the degree was three. Now, if you add this condition then the degree becomes two after four rounds it is six while the previous was seven. So, if you go like this then we find that after seven rounds now the degree is 45. So, the degree reduces by 14 compared to 59. So, this is still practical. Also, if you see after round two only the word x3 has quadratic terms. So, now if we can somehow ensure that there are no quadratic terms after round two by putting some additional conditions on x3. Then after next five rounds the maximum degree can be 32. So, based on this we can create or distinguish about seven rounds with complexity two to the power 33 because the maximum degree can be 32. Okay, so now let's look into some concrete examples of the distinguishes. So, what we do here is we start with some indexing set. So, here our set is starts from zero and ends at 45. So, basically we select an indexing set of dimension 46 and corresponding to this set we define a weak key space for seven round as follows. So, what we do for each index i in i1 we set Ki equals Ki plus 64. So, now if we look into how many keys are there then there are 46 places where Ki equals Ki plus 64. So, that means we can only have two to the power 46 values. The remaining 18 values they can take any arbitrary value. So, that is basically 64 minus 46 times 2. So, overall we have two to the power 82 keys. Now, now for each of these keys if we select a Q of the form v0 to v45. So, basically 46 dimensional cube then for each of these cubes the cube sum after seven rounds equals 0. So, this is one of the example. Now, let's look into another example. So, here we decrease the size of the cube. So, from 46 period is 2 to 32 and we define the weak key space as so for each index in i2 we set Ki and Ki plus 64 equals 0. So, this is one condition or we will take that union where Ki equals Ki plus 64 equals 1. So, now once we have this condition then the number of keys are basically it is fixed because you can only that can only the first 33 values can only take two values either 0 or 2. So, we only have two possibilities. The remaining can take 64 minus 33 times 2. So, basically 2 to the power 62 values. So, remember these are the conditions which ensure that the word x3 after round 2 becomes initial it was quadratic. So, once you put this conditions that word becomes linear. So, after 5 rounds next 5 rounds maximum degree can be 32. So, that's why we select this indexing set of dimension 33. So, these are just the one of the examples and it depends on a particular indexing set only just once at i1 or i2. Now, we may have multiple sets. So, for that we have to define like what is the actual number of keys. So, for that we define like how we can construct such a weak key space for Scon. So, this is the definition. So, we fix around R and also some pursuing DUD. Now, we say that a key K in WKRD is a weak key only if the following conditions holds. So, we look at the algebraic degree of the output bits after our rounds and we say that that key is weak if there exists a D dimensional cube and we compute its degree after our rounds in all the 64 output bits then the algebraic degree is at most D minus 1. So, if and this key satisfy if for this key there exists always exists this search queue then we say that key belongs to the weak key space WKRD. So, how we construct this sort of set? So, the first step is we start with the indexing set i of diamonds in D and which is which is subset of indices 0 to 63. Now, we say we define WKRD as a set of 120 to be keys which satisfies this equation. So, if the index i belongs to 56, 57, 58 and 59 we take the complements. This is because at these positions the round constant bits are added. So, that is why we have to take the complement. Otherwise, we take the key bits as equal. Here, this set WKR is defined for this index at i only. Now, we have 64 choose D sets. So, we define WKRD as the union or also sets i. Now, note that if a key is weak for some D some i equals D that means there exists a cube of diamonds in D and the algebraic degree is D minus 1. So, then it is trivial to say that if it is weak for i equals D then it is also weak for i equals D plus 1. So, in that case we can define we can take union for all the values of i starting from D. So, we can again take union for all such i's. So, i starts from D till 64. So, now we have this sets. Now, we have to find out like what is the actual size of this WKR where R is the number of round and D is some value D. Okay. So, if we compute the lower amounts for this expression then we find that for if R equals 5 and D equals 30 then almost every key is a WKR. For six rounds we take D is 24 then again like there are 2 to the power of 127 WKRs. For R equals 7 there are 2 to the power of 116.34 WKRs. So, now this D prime is like the second distribution for which we have the another conditions where Ki's are either equal to 0 or equal to 1. So, these are the only lower rounds. The exact value does not differ from the does not differ too much from the lower round. Okay. So, now we know the size of the weak key. So, in our paper we also presented attacks given that a key belongs to this weak key space. So, we presented actually 2 attack. Our first attack requires 2 to the power 64 data, 2 to the power 74 bits of memory and 2 to the power 97 keys and this attack is for the 7 rounds. So, and we also presented another attack which requires 2 to the power 63 data, 2 to the power 69 memory and 2 to the power 115 time. So, basically our attack to answers the questions posed by RHSS 21. So, for more details I suggest to look into our paper. Okay. Also note that the time complexities which I mentioned here they are in the worst cases. So, there is a lot of chance to improvement these complexities in terms of data memory and time. So, to conclude, so what we have achieved in this work. So, for the first time we presented our distributors for Scon on 7 rounds with practical complexities. We also presented the first key recovery attack which requires less than 2 to the power 63 data and so also what we tried but we still did not achieve was let's say here we are looking into the distributors with probability 1. So, now let's say we restrict the probability of the distributors to some alpha between 0.5 to 1 then definitely it should increase the number of the keys but we did not find a direct way to how to work on this. So, maybe it's possible to improve the number of the keys for 7 rounds and then come up with a new attack. Also another question is how we can extend these big key attacks to full key space. Also, one important thing is as you know right now there are no 8 round distributors for Scon when it is used in the authenticated encryption mode. So, it could start with whether there are any big key distributors for 8 rounds. So, yeah that's it. Thank you very much for your time. So, if you need more details the source codes for all our attacks and distributors are given in our paper and also it's available in print. Thank you very much.


Today we are going to be joined by Darian Rodriguez-Haman, and I'll do a brief introduction of him before I hand off and get us started. My name is Becky Wiegand and I'm the Webinar Program Manager here at TechSoup. I've been with the organization for about 6 years, having come prior to that with a decade of experience working at small nonprofits in Washington, D.C. and Oakland, California, where I was often the accidental techie trying to solve the day-to-day tech problems at an office where we had no tech staff. So I'm glad to be with you as your host today. You'll also see and hear from our expert presenter, Darian Rodriguez-Haman, who is the Co-Founder and Chief Development Officer at Better World Wireless. You may also know of him from his work at Social Media for Nonprofits, or from his experience at the Craigslist Foundation where he did wonderful events like the nonprofit boot camp that I used to love attending when I was on staff at some of those smaller nonprofits. You'll also see assisting in the chat window, Ali Bezdikian who is an Interactive Events and Video Producer here at TechSoup. She'll be there to help answer your questions and grab them in the chat window and help you with any audio issues throughout the webinar. A quick look at today's agenda. We'll do a fast introduction of TechSoup in case you're not familiar with who we are. We'll take a moment to pull where you're at with mobile currently so that we can customize and tailor our information today a little bit to the audience that's on the line with us right now. And then Darian will take us into why mobile, how to get off the ground, give us some info on tips and tools that you can access and use. And then we'll talk a little bit about the new offer that Better World Wireless has just introduced into the TechSoup catalog. And then we'll have time for Q&A. So who is TechSoup? We are a 501c3 nonprofit. And we are working toward the day when every nonprofit, library, foundation, charity, social benefit organization on the planet can access the library resources and technology they need to work at their full potential. We have served more than 200,000 charitable organizations in more than 60 countries around the world. We are continually offering new products and donations to our programs including consulting services, Windows 8.1, and new lines of products like QuickBooks 2014, and also things like mobile access through companies like Better World Wireless. You can find all of this and more at TechSoup.org. Now let's dive us into the topic at hand I'd like to invite Darian Rodriguez-Haman to the line to share a little bit more about his experience and Better World Wireless, and to start us into the topic of how to take your cause mobile. Thanks so much for joining us on the program, Darian. My pleasure. Thanks for having me, Becky, and really excited to be with all of you today. So we're going to dive into it. I know that in the agenda that Becky just walked you through Q&A was at the end, but I want to encourage folks to ask questions at any point in time, if anything that I'm saying isn't clear or if you have any questions specific to your organization. So let's get into it. You heard a little bit about my background running Craigslist Foundation, starting social media for nonprofits. The other thing that I did in the past was I wrote a bestselling book called Nonprofit Management 101, and actually my friends at TechSoup provided a chapter on web design for that. I most recently started a company called Better World Wireless, and really looking at what it looks like to craft a mission-led mobile company. And so what we've done is we've implemented the Buy One, Give One model that Tom Schu has created. So for every customer that we sign up we donate a free phone or tablet to women and girls in need. And our customers are all here in the U.S. and we really focus on serving nonprofits and helping them save money with their mobile plans. We're the first company to introduce a plan where you only pay for what you use. So instead of getting trapped into a plan that's bigger than you need so you don't get those overage fees, we can help nonprofits save some money. So I should mention that as part of the launch of the company, and TechSoup is our launch partner, we're really excited about that. We just launched a couple of weeks ago. As part of that we are launching a four-part webinar series starting with today's program. So today we're really going to cover the basics and look at a primer across all aspects of mobile. Moving into the next webinar on June 5th, Amy Sempleward from Inten will cover mobile content strategy. So really once you have a mobile presence what do you say and how do you leverage the platform? Then we'll move into fundraising from our friends at PayPal and Network for Good who have a white paper coming out and we'll be sharing some really fresh off-the-presses data points and research around mobile but also talking about best practices and tips and tools for raising more money through this new platform. And finally we'll bring it home with Better World Wireless's CEO and our partner Upsource. And they'll be talking really about what it looks like to integrate mobile into the operations and infrastructure of your company. And so that is really the agenda that we're going to be focused on with this four-part series. We'll also be partnering with TechSoup to create a mobile toolkit with a bunch of different resources, links, blogs, and articles that nonprofits can access to make better use of this important technology. Really quickly I want to say that this series would absolutely not be possible without TechSoup our host and also the generous support of PayPal and Network for Good. And again they're right in the process of releasing a new white paper on mobile fundraising for nonprofits. So you'll be hearing more about that soon. We're also really grateful to the partners that have helped spread the word about the Mobile Impact webinar series. And that includes social media for nonprofits, the only conference series in the country focused on social media for social good, as well as Volunteer Match which helps volunteers and nonprofits connect through the web. Mobile Beacon doing some great work providing discounted data services to nonprofits and hardware. Intend has an amazing nonprofit technology conference and also has a very robust website. The Foundation Center is a great resource if you're looking to find out which foundations your nonprofit should be targeting for funding and the Case Foundation has done a lot of great work in the social media arena. So Becky already painted the picture of what we're really going to talk about today which is very quickly, why is mobile a big deal? I'm going to move through that quickly just because you probably wouldn't be on this webinar if you didn't already know that. What I'm really going to focus on is the ins and outs and how specifically you can actually get your nonprofit off the ground and start to raise funds online and establish a robust presence through mobile. And so that's really going to be the focal point of the agenda. So first off, as Becky mentioned, be really helpful to do a quick poll and just get a sense of the capacity of the folks that are dialing in. So if people could take a quick minute to complete this poll, we'd really appreciate your input in terms of the level of capacity of the organization as it relates to mobile. All right, getting lots of responses. Looks like none of the above is heads and shoulders the most popular response. So it does indeed seem like that a lot of the tips that I'm going to cover today in terms of how to get started and get off the ground will be very appropriate. So I'll make sure to cover those. So let's get into it. First off, why is mobile a big deal? Why are people paying attention to it? Why are people dialing into this webinar? Well first off, the reality is we as nonprofit leaders we need to meet our community where they're at. And people are increasingly in the mobile environment. There's a huge amount of traffic there. And just from a really quick data standpoint to paint a picture of how pervasive these devices are, it is really the most popular tool in history. And just to put that in perspective, if you compare it to the toothbrush, there are more people on the planet that have access to a mobile phone than to a toothbrush. So this is a tool that is everywhere. And it's also a great tool that your nonprofit can leverage for social change. The good and the bad news depending upon how you look at it is that people are addicted to their cell phones. And so most folks cannot go one hour without checking their phone. This is something that is a tool that people carry with them. They wake up. A lot of people have it with an arm's reach of their bed. And so it's something that is part of everyone's life. And it's really an opportunity for your nonprofit to connect people in a new environment. From a web standpoint, one interesting fact to note is that mobile Internet usage is actually overtaking desktop usage this year. And so this is where people are at. And again, the point here is you need to meet them where they are at.  What are the applications of mobile as it relates to? So what are the applications of mobile? From a nonprofit standpoint, really you can use them as a tool for anything that your organization does. That could be fundraising, it could be advocacy, it could be marketing, it could be interacting with volunteers. And it also can be making your programs more efficient. So again, this is a tool for change. And it's something that has been historically underutilized by nonprofits. That's something that we're hoping to change today. And really again, focusing on some tips that you can use to get your organization off the ground with mobile. Okay, so first off, before we dive into tips, those of you that have been to social media for nonprofits or have heard me do webinars on social media for social good know that the first step to any strategy, especially when you're using a new medium and new tools, is to plan for success. Take a step back so you can take a leap forward and really ask yourself the question, what does success look like? What are we trying to achieve here? When it comes to mobile, what I would suggest, and I created this mobile matrix which I'm happy to know how to folks, I'm also going to post right now a quick link that is for a blog I just wrote on Inten's website. And it really speaks specifically about the mobile matrix. The idea here is you want to ask yourself, as it relates to our donors, how do we use mobile to get more money in the door? How do we use it to get money in the door more efficiently? How can we communicate with our donors over time? And then also how can we steward those relationships over time? The same thinking applies to your volunteers, to your staff, to your clients, and to the public at large. And the question you want to ask yourself when you're filling out this matrix is you could potentially just put an X in the boxes that are important, or ideally if you want to go for extra credit, put a number in there, one through five, one through 10, where 10 is the top priority, it's absolutely mission critical, and it's a huge opportunity. And one is something that is at the bottom of the pile basically. So the idea is you want to identify what are the crucial applications that mobile can help you with. Again, it's a tool, but if you don't know what you're trying to do with the tool, it's not very helpful. I also want to add one other sort of initial comment here, which is that I'm going to cover some best practices and some of the things that other people have done, but don't be afraid to get creative. Don't be afraid to kind of do something a little bit different than what you've seen out there. And really be innovative as it relates to how to leverage these tools. The Marine Mammal Center, which is a great nonprofit located here in the San Francisco Bay Area that works with sort of rescued and injured sea animals. They did something really cool. They just recorded little snippets of the animals that they serve, and they gave those away for free as ringtones. Of course, in order to get that ringtone, you have to give them your email, like them on Facebook, et cetera. And so they started out by really making sure that they gave people something of value, and then in exchange they opened up an ongoing relationship. Now as far as getting off the ground here, there's a couple things that I want to comment on. Starting with mobile websites, this is something that's really important given how many folks are already accessing content through the web. And it looks like Barb has a question actually. And so Barb, do you want to chat that at me? Or it looks like you're going to chat it to the executive. So happy to answer that question in just a sec. Now as far as mobile websites, we'll dive into that. We're really going to look at websites versus mobile apps in particular. I want to share a couple of quick tips about text to give just because that is such a powerful platform and opportunity. We will talk about mobile apps and kind of dive into that. We're going to look at how to integrate your mobile platforms with your social media presence. So in any case, the point is we're going to look at how to integrate social media with your mobile presence. We'll talk a bit about staffing. And then we'll also look at the analytics and optimization side. And again, we're going to cover these in brief and really the purpose of today's webinar is to be a primer that covers the entire spectrum and really is the primer code for the other webinars that are coming. So we'll kind of touch on all these different topics and hopefully leave you with a basic and working understanding that you can use to take your cause mobile. So first of all, should you put energy into building an app or a mobile website? And I'm going to send out a link right now that is for a blog I just wrote for Beth Cantor. And it really talks specifically about this issue. Now what I was saying is I just sent a link out for Beth Cantor and the blog that I wrote for her on specifically this issue of should your nonprofit have a mobile-friendly website or should you put the energy and the resources into building a mobile application? Let's talk about that. And part of what you'll see if you read that article is the top line is first and foremost you want to start with making your website mobile-friendly. And the reason for that is that people are already accessing your website through their mobile devices. About 30% of overall traffic to the web is currently coming from phones and tablets. And so people are already looking at your site through these mechanisms. And you want to make sure that your site is optimized, that it's responsive is the term, meaning that your website will notice what kind of device is being used to access it and will share content appropriately that size to this point. And so that's really the starting point. Mobile apps are an additional expense. They can be great opportunity on a couple different levels, but they're sort of a nice to have whereas a mobile-friendly website is absolutely crucial because of the 30% on average to people that are already looking at your site that way. And also a search that shows if your site is not mobile optimized, the people that come to your website through a phone through a tablet and have a suboptimal experience, the vast majority of the time they're not coming back. And so this is something that is a really important starting point. What are the opportunities with mobile websites? Well, first of all, it's something that can be seen by anybody with a browser whether that's on their phone, whether that's on their tablet, or other devices. It is something that's relatively static, meaning that the content is going to be similar. It will just be resized if you make your website responsive. What you can do is actually create a separate website for devices so that in that responsive environment when the software says, oh, this person is coming to me from a phone, you can have them see a different version of the website where you can kind of segment out the different content. And so that way, instead of having one long page, for example, or one long donation form, you can just ask people for three questions and then have them go to the next screen. That's definitely a best practice. Now, downside with mobile websites is it does require an internet connection. If somebody is, I would normally say on a plane, but now we have Wi-Fi on planes, but if somebody is in a place where they don't have Wi-Fi or internet access, they're not going to be able to see your website. And also, it does have some limited features. There are some opportunities with mobile apps that you simply can't integrate into a website. Now on the upside, the good news is mobile sites are pretty quick. The cost to develop one is pretty minimal, especially if you're just making your current website more mobile-friendly. You don't need approval. It's something you can just run your own. And so that's really a good point. When we look on the other side of the coin at mobile apps, again, this is an additional cost and it can be quite expensive depending upon what you're looking at. The good news is that once people install this app, they can access it really quickly, very easily. It allows you to push content into a lot of functionality here. You can also make a very interactive platform, so something that is more engaging than a standard website. It's something that they don't need an internet connection to access. They can look at it while they're offline. Maybe they're down in the subway or whatever the case may be. And you can also integrate different phone features. That could be the GPS, it could be the camera. There's a lot. Basically phones are mini-computers nowadays. And so using them as an opportunity to engage your constituents can be really powerful. They're incredibly quick, as I said. Once they have them installed, folks are able to access that functionality really easily. Now the downside is that they do take some money and some time to develop. It can be anywhere from a couple thousand dollars to a couple hundred thousand dollars depending upon your budget and the scope of functionality you're looking for. You do also need, especially if you're looking to get this app into the Apple App Store or the Android Store, you need to go through an approval process. And so that can be complicated. Now the alternative is if you're just creating an app and people are downloading it directly through your website, then that's not necessarily an issue. But it is something that if you're hoping to get it out there to the public is something you should be aware of. So again the top line is start with making your website mobile-friendly and even potentially making an alternate version of your website for mobile devices. And once you have that as your basis, then you can start to look at the opportunities with mobile apps. Now as far as mobile websites in particular, a couple important things to note, as recently as last year more smartphones were sold in the United States than feature phones. Those are kind of their regular traditional phones. So people do have these little computers in their pockets. If you make your mobile-friendly or even develop an alternate version of your site for mobile, the first step in that process is going to be benchmarking your current traffic. And using a free tool like Google Analytics, you can very easily tell where are your people coming from, where are visitors to your website coming from. Is it 30% which is the average number that are coming from phones and tablets, or is it 60% in the case? If the number is 60%, well then certainly there should be a more pressing priority for your organization. Also looking at this notion of having a responsive website and being able to tell specifically what kind of mobile device people are accessing your site through, especially if they are looking at it through a phone with a relatively small screen, then you may want to create that alternative mobile website that again has the content that you can chunk out so that people aren't trying to scroll through a long page. Scrolling is something that in all cases we really want to try to avoid on a small screen because people get tired of it and because they are much more likely to leave. I mentioned at the very beginning of this webinar the parties already started. People are already accessing the web and especially email through mobile devices and so you need to meet them where they are at and mobilizing your website is a great opportunity to do that. And then we are also going to talk about cross-platform integrations. So whether that means social media which we will get into, looking at your direct mail campaigns, looking at your website, etc., you want to make sure that these are all talking to each other. It could be sending out a press release including a link or a notice in your direct mail piece saying, hey, we now have a mobile website. You want to let your community know that you are ready for them and that you are caring to their needs. I mentioned earlier that mobile websites are accessible via any browser. So that's really helpful and it makes them very accessible from a standpoint of your audience and a very diverse audience accessing this content. From a fundraising standpoint, the good news about taking donations through your mobile website is that it's just like taking donations through your site, meaning you can process donations in real time and folks can sign up for recurring gifts. You can also integrate those donors into your CRM platform whether that's BlackBod, Salesforce.com, etc., and so any of those platforms that are helping you manage your constituent relationships, that are helping you delineate between your donors and your staff and your VIPs and communicate them more effectively, that can all be mapped in to your mobile fundraising. I talked about being able to leverage different functionality from your phone so that with an app you can tie into the camera, the GPS, etc., with mobile websites you can also integrate into GPS so you can know where your folks are and where they are accessing you from. Really helpful information depending upon your programs and your focus. And then finally as it relates to mobile websites is that you can use these QR codes and these are those funky little black and white codes that we see on posters and in events and even in stores sometimes. Well, when people scan those with a free QR code reader that can take them directly to your mobile site. It can also take them to your social media presence, to a registration page for an event, etc., but you want to know that the vast majority of folks that are accessing QR codes probably by 99% are doing that through phones and tablets. So really good collaborative opportunity with your mobile website. This is just a quick data point of one specific nonprofit, November. They're the ones that do that great campaign to raise money around cancer and prostate cancer for men where guys grow a mustache for the month of November. Well, they shared some data and this is how to get updated in that new PayPal Network for Good Study showing that they saw about a 50% increase over 2011 and 2012 in terms of the percentage of people that were accessing their website via mobile. And this is back in 012 that they had 30%. So they're obviously a bit ahead of the curve and certainly justification for them focused even more so on mobile. And Lisa asked a question by the way about QR codes. And really the notion here is are they still being used a lot? QR codes are still quite popular. The data that I've seen is that about 30 to 40% of people have a QR code reader on their phone and regularly access them. The data shows that if you're targeting youth, folks in their teens or in their 20s, the QR codes are quite popular with them. And I've seen data as high as 60 to 80%. And so especially if you're working with youth and doing outreach to youth, QR codes can be a really powerful platform. And again especially when mapped to your mobile website. Think about with traditional websites, 40% of people that come regular websites through their computer are to bail if it takes more than 3 seconds to load. And 80% of those folks are to return. What do you think is going to have access to your site via their mobile device? It's fundamentally an even less patient medium because people have their phone when they're on the go, they're on the bus, etc. And in general they're not as patient as when they're accessing content through a desktop device. For the mobile, you want to look at 2 seconds. So the point I was making is that mobile is a fundamentally less patient environment. And so you really want to be looking at about 2 seconds in terms of how long you have before someone is going to leave your mobile website. So you want to optimize it for that experience. I talked earlier about the notion of creating sort of a mobile specific website and your donation page is really the crucial part that you want to start with. First and foremost, and the simple tip that you want to integrate which you can see illustrated here is instead of having sort of that one standard donate page that might be a little long and that people would have to scroll through as I talked about before, you want to have different pages each of which is only about one screen long. That will immediately increase your fundraising results through mobile devices typically on average about 20 to 30%. So let's get into text-to-donate. Now text-to-donate is really something that became popular after the Haiti earthquake. The Red Cross did a big campaign, raised about $14 million in three hours because they got a lot of promotion around this. They also had the good fortune of having a lot of fees waived that can be associated with this. So there are some different providers and when I get to the tips and tools section I'll share some links for those. But the point is this is the notion of text-dolphin to 36334 and you'll make a $10 donation or text-10 to 36444 and you'll make a $10 donation. You can kind of do it with a set amount where there's just a specific word or you can have people text in a number. Really, really simple. It maps great to events. And so if you're doing a large-scale event or a Gala, that can be really helpful. There is typically a minimum donation size of $10 to $15. So you do want to keep that in mind and typically you're going to want to keep a close eye on the fees as well. And Kelly is mentioning a point about unless you're making $500K annually in terms of your nonprofit's budget that you're not really able to use text-to-donate. That is not the case. It really depends on the service provider you're working with. It may well be the case that if you're a small grassroots organization text-to-donate isn't for you whether that's because you don't have access to a large-scale audience. You're not doing a big event or the startup or commission costs can be cost prohibitive.  One of the downsides or two of the downsides really with text-to-donate is that for the most part the platforms out there do not allow you to do recurring gifts. It's really a one-time thing and kind of an impulse buy if you will. And also typically you're going to need to wait one to three months to actually get those donations. So that is something that you're going to want to keep in mind but something to note if you're getting into text-to-gift campaigns. From a revenue standpoint what we're seeing right now is a lot of nonprofits. A lot of nonprofits are seeing about 5% of their revenue online donations coming through mobile devices. And that's out of about 15% total that are coming through online contributions on average. So again about a third. And then finally it is important to note that mobile contributions are doubling every year. So this is a huge growth opportunity. And Julie just to answer your quick question about why does it take one to three months to get your cash? It's really just a matter of the nature of how the different platforms and service providers are set up. And it takes them a while to process those donations. The technology is relatively new. I would assume that time frame is going to get shorter over time. Now let's get into apps. First off as I mentioned again the first step you want to do here is mobilize your website, make it mobile friendly, and ideally even create sort of an alternative version of your website. And then and only then do you want to start considering building out a mobile app. If you are going to build out a mobile app and in particular if you're looking to get it sort of adopted by the public you want to make sure that you have a strategy in place in advance for marketing that app and for getting it approved in the app stores. And so you want to know what you are getting into because this is not if you build it they will come thing. You know you certainly want to have a link to it on your website and things like that. But if you are looking to reach a new audience through this app then you are going to need to have a plan in place for getting the app out there. And you are going to want to do everything you can to make sure that this app is going to be approved and that you are designing it with those approval requirements in mind in advance. You are also going to want to plan on developing this app across multiple platforms. Android and Apple are the two most common and most popular. So at the very least most likely you are going to want to design for those two. Windows is getting more popular now especially with Microsoft's acquisition of Nokia. And so that's a platform to take a look at. But the good news is through some of the analytics tools you can tell not only what percentage of people are accessing your website through mobile but also what types of mobile devices in which operating systems they are using. And then you can map that information to your priorities from a development standpoint. Now from a fundraising standpoint mobile apps are great. If you can get folks to donate through those you get that cash real-time. You can take recurring gifts just like on your website. And you can integrate that data for those donor contributions into your CRM platforms. Really, really great fundraising opportunity. The other thing that I want to say really quickly about mobile apps though is that if you are going to develop them in addition to the upfront considerations which operating systems, how are we going to market it, how do we get this approved from the app stores, etc., it is not a one and done thing. You need to plan to develop that app across those platforms. But then you also need to budget time and personnel for follow-on support to keep the app updated. That could be with content. It could be with patching bugs or what have you. But you want to keep the app dynamic and know that you are going to need to put some resources into it on an ongoing basis. So let's talk about social media because this is certainly one of my favorite topics. I spent five years helping to co-produce and co-found with social media for nonprofit series. Huge opportunity from, again, this is another tool whether it is for fundraising, marketing, advocacy, and better engaging your constituents in delivering programs, social media is a really powerful opportunity. And what I want to say specifically though as it relates to mobile is that you want to make sure that when you are sharing content that it is content that can easily be shared via mobile. So that could be a tweet. It could be something where with the click of a button people are able to follow you on Facebook or Twitter. They are also able to share content that you are sending through their social networks. So you want to make those buttons big, easily accessible, and right next to the content that you are posting. You also want to post mobile friendly links. So tools like Bitly are your friend because they can help shorten those links. And again, people are using their mobile devices. That means they are typically accessing this content on a small screen. A link that is two miles long and they are not going to be able to see the whole thing is going to be less attractive to folks than a short, abbreviated link. Not to mention tools like Bitly can also offer you free analytic support. So really good opportunity there. And finally, if your nonprofit is on Pinterest which is a great platform, if number one you have a lot of good imagery, that comes out of your work. And number two, if you are targeting women, about two-thirds of their audience are female. So if you are on Pinterest, if you are active, keep in mind your mobile strategy when you are pinning posts. Are these things that can easily be shared via mobile and that are relevant to mobile users? Now the good news is from a social media integration standpoint, the folks that are accessing the web through their mobile devices are using it in large part, not the majority, but about a third of their time, they are using it to access social media, to check their Facebook, to check their Twitter, check their Pinterest or YouTube. So really great opportunity to talk to folks about your social presence. The other thing that is equally as important is that people that are on social media and that are on mobile accessing your website and your mobile app are more likely, they are about twice as likely to share content through social media. They are two-thirds as likely to retweet. They are 40% more likely to engage with your Facebook content, meaning they like comment or share your posts. And they are three times as likely to share pins on Pinterest. So really, really good opportunity to reach folks and then to have them support your message by taking it viral and sharing the message with their friends. So let's get into staffing and talk about a couple of considerations from an HR standpoint. What are some things to keep in mind as you are looking to staff your mobile presence, whether that's your mobile website, your mobile app, or some of the more infrastructure questions, infrastructure oriented questions that we will get into in that fourth webinar. So first of all, for the most part, whether it's your mobile app, whether it's mobile fundraising, et cetera, it is typically a mistake to have technology and operations folks overseeing this part of your organization. For the most part, most nonprofits are leveraging mobile as a marketing strategy. And it's really a tool that they are using to achieve marketing goals. It could be fundraising. It could also be programmatic goals. But the point is you want the folks that are overseeing the goal and the objective to be overseeing this component of your work. And again, using it as a tool, you wouldn't have the technology team overseeing something that really is more in the realm of fundraising, of marketing, of advocacy. Those are the teams that have that programmatic expertise that should be overseeing how this tool is used. Again, you also want to plan for updates. I talked about this in the mobile app section, but it's also true for your mobile website. It's also true for your mobile presence with social media, et cetera. You want to keep that content fresh, and you want to be able to integrate technological updates. And then finally, ideally, instead of just having one person devoted to overseeing your mobile presence, and the same is also true for social media, many hands make light work. You want to try and divvy up the load and have multiple people contributing, whether that's to your posts on Facebook and Twitter, or whether that's to maintaining your mobile strategy. That has a couple benefits. First of all, if you have lots of people sharing the load, then if one person is out sick or leaves the organization, it doesn't fall down. The strategy continues. And then also, especially from a social media integration standpoint, the reality is that people don't give to organizations, they give to people. And so as a result, it's really helpful to let the various voices of your organization shine through. And that's also helpful from a standpoint of different people have different areas of expertise. And so one person can comment about your upcoming fundraising campaign, and the other can talk about an advocacy campaign, for example. Now the trick to doing that, whether it's with social media or it's with mobile, is how do you know if you've got five people each posting for an hour a week instead of one person posting for five hours, how do you know what's been said and what's going to be said and done? And that can be a pickle. It can also be horribly inefficient to spend a lot of time talking to your colleagues, or looking at what's been posted, logging to Facebook, etc., not the best use of time. So the way to do that is through leveraging an editorial calendar. And that's a very simple tool, and I can send you a free template, a spreadsheet as a follow-up if anyone wants to email me, and I'll have my email up in just a second. But the idea is that that's a really simple tool, a calendar that maps out who is saying what, where, when. Meaning, I know that Becky is going to send out a tweet tomorrow at noon about her upcoming Gala. And then I'm going to send out a Facebook post Thursday at 5 p.m. about our need for volunteers. And Ariel is going to put up a blog showcasing this year's keynote speaker. So that level of detail is sufficient to let people know sort of what's expected of them, where, and when. Really, really helpful tools. From an analytic standpoint, couple quick points on that before we dive into the tips and tools and wrap it up. And again, happy to take any questions that folks have as we go through the webinar. But from an analytic standpoint, using a free tool like Google Analytics, the biggest thing you want to take a look at is what percentage of your traffic is coming from mobile. Again, typical is 30%. If you're way over that, this should be a bigger priority for you. You also want to look not just at how people are accessing your website, is it mobile, is it desktop, but you want to look at your conversion rate. Typically for nonprofits, that's defined as a donation. And you can add a tag very easily and for free on the thank you page, thanks for donating. It could also be, and you can have multiple conversions, another one might be filling out a petition or clicking a button to contact you a congressman, things like that. You want to track those conversion rates and you want to track them over time because if they start to go down, something may be amiss. There may be a new operating system upgrade that you're not up to date with. So there could be some problems there. Something in your site might have gotten a bug and that could be causing the site to load slowly which could be indicated by people leaving the site. They come, they look at it for one page and they don't click around. It takes too long to load and they take off. If that bounce rate goes up, that could be an indicator that there's a problem. This is what kind of a typical Mobile Analytics report looks like. And again, you can see what operating system people are accessing your website through. You can also track their behavior, how many people you're reaching, how many of them are leaving right away, how many of them are actually converting. And then I know that we just had a link sent out to an editorial calendar article that Beth Panser posted, a really, really helpful article. So with that said, that was kind of a lot of the meat that I wanted to cover in the webinar, but let me just bring it home with a couple quick tips and tools to leave you with as you're moving forward. So first of all, make sure you're adding value. This is not just about you and your cause, whether it's giving them a free ringtone or whatever the case may be, what's in it for your visitors? That's got to be a really primary question. Secondly, remember the two-second rule. It's the three-second rule with your regular website. It's two seconds with mobile. Be quick, be to the point, and make sure you're getting that message across quickly and that you're not weighing down your website with stuff that's going to make it longer to load. Donate buttons, because you're dealing with a smaller screen, for your mobile website you want that donate button at the top and the bottom of every page on your website. And in general, you want to keep each of these pages as simple as possible so you want to focus on one call to action. Is it donate? Is it signless petition? Whatever the case may be, come to our Gala. You want to keep it as simple as possible. Text is problematic. You can use it certainly, and you want to be aware of the font size, but if you can use even more so than you would typically with your website and with social media, if you can use photos and videos, that is a really great way to communicate with people through mobile, especially if it's a long video though. You don't want to add too much else to the page because again, you want to make sure the load time is quick. And don't be afraid to embrace whitespace. You don't want text or images right on top of each other. With mobile, you want to separate stuff out so that people have a little bit more time and space between different content. Again, this is really a point to keep in mind, especially with your donate page, is you want to keep scrolling to a minimum. One of the things you can do is you can have sections basically zipped up, and then people can click on those to expand them out if they want to learn more. If you are using buttons, whether it's your donate page, your donate button, or any other buttons on your site, you want to make sure that those are big enough that people can very easily click on them without their kind of finger going over. So 30 by 30 pixels is kind of a good starting point.  So you don't want two hyperlinks right next to each other because then they may accidentally hit the wrong one. I mentioned Google Analytics and the great reports that they make available. They also specifically have a mobile performance report, which is the one I showed you earlier. So use that as a tool. It is freely available to nonprofits. We talked about QR codes, especially at events. Those can be really handy. And then one last tip I wanted to mention is that from an email standpoint, you want to make sure before you send out that next newsletter, that next last email, that you are looking at that text email on a mobile device to see what it looks like. This is something that more and more people are accessing emails through their smartphones, through their tablets. It is now over 50%. In fact, over 60% of email that is accessed in that way. So something that is really crucial to keep in mind. You also want to recognize that from an email standpoint, and this is why it is important to test this out on your mobile device, if that email is not optimized for mobile, then people are going to delete or close that email. They are not going to read it. Over 60% of people. So when we are talking about 61% of people are accessing an email on a mobile device, and over 60 of them are not going to read it unless it is optimized for them, this is crucial. And the final thing I wanted to share before I dive into a couple quick resources and links is that depending upon how people are accessing your website, the day of week that you send out your email newsletter may need to vary. If most of the folks are accessing it through their desktop, well then you want to send that email during the week. Typically Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, mid-morning, or mid-afternoon, about 11am or 2pm are the best times to send an email when people are reading on their desktop. However, if your audience is very heavily accessing it through their mobile device, then hey, send it on the weekend. If that is the way that people are going to integrate and interact with your content, you generally want to wait a little bit later on the day in the day when you are talking to folks via mobile, especially if it is on the weekend because people tend to sleep in a little bit more than they do during the week. So a couple quick resources to end with here. You heard a bit about TechSoup, amazing resources especially as you are buying software and other technology devices. Definitely something you want to take advantage of. And you will hear a little bit more about our offer on TechSoup in just a second. I mentioned Intenna, our partner. Beth Cantor has a great blog, including a couple of links that have been sent out. Our friends at Network for Good specifically launched the Fundraising None 2.3.org website to share fundraising content with nonprofits. PayPal also has worked with them to create a whole slew of different mobile research and content. Google has their Google.com forward slash nonprofits link where you can get access to Google Analytics. I mentioned that quite a few times as well as Google Grants where you can get $10,000 a month of free advertising on Google for your nonprofit. And then they also have their GOMO which is basically looking at how nonprofits can go mobile and specific tips for leveraging mobile as a nonprofit. From a mobile specific standpoint, I talked about some of those different texts to give and mobile fundraising platforms as well as platforms to help you mobilize your website. Here's five right here, Guide by Cell, Mobile Cause, Mobile Accord, Mobile Commons, and Give by Cell. Those are all really great resources and I would encourage you to check those out and see if any of those are appropriate for your organization. Again, I'm not here to encourage you to adopt one platform over another but I would encourage you to read Heather Mansfield's book, Mobile for Good which does a really great job diving into what Mobile for Good looks like and specifically what Mobile looks like from a fundraising standpoint. And finally, before I hand it back over to Becky, I just want to say that Mobile is the future. But as you think about diversifying your donor database and getting more next generation leaders in there, it's really crucial to think about Mobile. And just one last stat I wanted to end with is that the average age nowadays for someone to get their first mobile phone is 13. So the future of Mobile and your audience is on Mobile and it's a great, great opportunity for your organization to reach potential supporters. This has my mobile phone as well as my Twitter handle and my email on here. If anybody wants that editorial calendar template or the mobile matrix template, please feel free to email me directly. And in general, I am at your disposal. We love working with TechSoup. We are incredibly honored to be partnered with them as we launch Better World Wireless. And we would love to work with any of you and supporting you in your needs and answering any follow-on questions that you might have. So let me hand it over to Becky real quick. I know she had a couple quick points she wanted to make. And please feel free to chime in with any additional questions that haven't been covered. Thank you for that, Darian. That was great. I was just having this conversation with somebody about what age I should get my kid a cell phone. And a lot of people are doing it. Parents who have young kids now are thinking 7, 8, 9. So it's trending even younger, I'm sure in the future. We had a couple of questions. But before we get into that, I want to just quickly mention the Better World Wireless program and the donation program that they've made available through TechSoup where they provide access to discounted mobile services and devices to eligible nonprofit organizations, charities, and public libraries. So if you're looking for mobile for your staff, or for yourself, or even extended to your family and volunteers of your organization, definitely check out the offer that's available there. I just chatted out the link to that program as well, and we'll include it in the follow-up email. I want to make sure we've got a time just to answer a couple of questions. So I'll jump into that quickly and then we'll wrap up. So Kelly asked, I read that unless you are a $500,000 organization or more annually that you don't qualify to use text to give options. Do you know if that's the case? Yeah, we talked about that a little bit before. I don't know if that's when I might have broken up for a bit there. And again, I apologize for the technical difficulties. I do not believe that's the case. So it may well be the case that some of those different platforms and providers that I mentioned earlier that they do have minimum requirements. But for the most part, those guys are going to charge you some kind of set of fee and then a percentage of the money that you raise. And so it might be the case that some of them are less interested in working with smaller budget organizations because they don't raise as much money. But there are definitely different platforms out there that will work with you no matter what your budget size. And so again, I would reference the links that I shared out and I'll put that page up right here. Great. And we'll include that in the follow-up email as well. It'll come out in a little bit after this webinar. We also have a question from Joan that I thought would be good to answer just because it's I think something that people may not be aware of. But when it comes to tablets, how large of a tablet should somebody have to be referred to a mobile site versus a regular full-fledged desktop website? If they're on a 10-inch versus a 7-inch, does it make a difference? Yeah. I mean, I think Joan, thanks for the question. And typically what we see is when people are at a 10-inch and above, they're comfortable seeing the standard version, sort of desktop version of the website. When they're 7-inch or smaller, including phones, that's when they're looking more for an optimized experience that's really geared towards that form factor. And so I hope that's helpful. Yeah, for sure. And also I just wanted to thank Becky for mentioning the offer in TechSoup. Two quick things I wanted to say about that. One is that there's two different offers up there. One is 5% off of all of our different calling plans. The other is 5% off with a free $500 smartphone. And you do need to be a TechSoup member to sign up for that. There's a $10 fee to redeem the offer. But then that code can be used not only by you and by your organization but by your family, by your donors, by your volunteers, et cetera. And this is actually the first time TechSoup has made an offer available to the broader nonprofit community through its members. So we're really excited to partner with them in that concept. That's great. And we are as well. Just so that people have the information in front of them, we'll also share these links to the upcoming webinars. But these are the other webinars that we'll be presenting in this mobile impact series. So you can hear from some of the other seminal experts in the field on developing digital content strategies, how to raise money via mobile, and how to really embed mobile technology in your office and help your staff and employees sort of embrace mobile policies. We also have other upcoming webinars including next week we'll be covering Getting Started with QuickBooks 2014 on Thursday. And then we also will be talking about Office 365 next Friday. Following later in the month you can learn more about an app that TechSoup has developed through our Caravan program around helping youth find free meals this summer. So if you work with youth in your community, this would be a great webinar that you could access. Thank you so much Darian for the wonderful presentation. We are just a couple of minutes over time so I'm going to wrap us up. You will get the follow-up email later on today with this full presentation and all the links we discussed. So don't worry about trying to scribble notes down. Thank you also to Ali on the back end helping to field those questions. And lastly, thank you to our webinar platform ReadyTalk for providing the use of their platform for our webinars each week. We hope that you will join us again like I mentioned some of those other webinars coming up and have a terrific day. Thank you everyone. Bye-bye. Thanks everyone.