We are looking at this new carbon family and in yesterday's lecture I specifically covered on the various aspects of this new carbons which are identified, the discoveries that underlies this new allotropic forms and also specifically we discussed about the chemistry of fullerins. In today's topic I would like to focus little bit more on the carbon nanotubes because of its application and then we will also look into the issues related to graphene, the discovery and the properties related to graphene. So just as a quick recap of what we saw yesterday on carbon nanotubes, we said carbon nanotubes are those which are confined in one dimension and the way we roll these graphene sheets in different vectors determines whether we get a zigzag carbon nanotube or a chiral or an armchair type and depending on the way it is scrolled it also alters the electronic property and therefore you can look for a metal or a semi metal or a semiconductor and the chiral vectors are also the ones which decide the angle with respect to the C H vector and therefore we can get different forms of carbon nanotubes and we also looked at another view graph where we said there are three basic ways of preparing one is CVD technique, another one is the arc discharge and also we have another technique using lasers. So there are variety of ways that we can release this carbon nanotubes and one of the controlled way of growing these carbon nanotubes is to grow in one dimension as pillars. So how do we do that? Take methane and put that on porous silicon and porous silicon is actually kept with the iron as nucleating centers. So the carbon nanotube will actually get will keep growing on the iron clusters. As you see here these are the iron regions, iron patterns and these iron patterns will help the carbon nanotubes to grow in this fashion and what we see here in this view graph is the oriented crystal growth. So if you can actually pattern your porous silicon in this way as you see from the top then you can find out or you can realize such nanostructures growing in a preferred oriented form. So these are patterned way of growing silicon nanofibers. So you do not necessarily need to get a bundle but it can be streamlined. The growth can be streamlined and therefore the growth process is actually a base growth mode which means it will only nucleate on a particular metal where it is catalytically getting decomposed and it grows and if you pattern the base then accordingly the growth of the carbon nanotube also proceeds.  So the growth mechanisms are very important to understand the electronic and mechanical properties because both are dependent on the atomic structure of the tube. What we need to understand is that what are the parameters that control the size number of shells if it is multi wall and the helicity and structure during the synthesis. What has been proved and established is that there is no way you can grow a carbon nanotube without a metal catalyst. Therefore that is much important for the synthesis of nanotubes and the size dependency comes with the nature of catalysts and the growth temperature etc. Now regarding the mechanism of single wall growth or multi wall there are different models that are proposed to understand because this happens in a very transient way. Therefore one does not really know what is the mode by which multi walls propagate or single walls propagate but there is some fair idea about how the whole thing happens. Open ended growth of multi wall nanotubes seems to occur mainly because of the role of hexagons and pentagons which play the important role in propagating this along one axis. As you see here these are C2 clusters these are C3 clusters and the way they go and join to the nanotube which is growing determines whether it will be open ended or whether it will close or whether what will be the length scale of the growth process. So typically this sort of units do help in realizing whether there will be a closing because this can be both size can be open ended also when it is growing along a preferred axis but in most of the cases we see that the carbon nanotubes do close in one end to attain stability and why it happens mainly because of the role of this hexagons and pentagons and the way the carbon clusters keep on getting accumulated. When we come to multi wall nanotubes the possibilities are immense and therefore there are very few ways that you can map to understand. As you see here this is a single wall and as the carbon supply is coming the second wall can actually grow as a open ended wall or this can close and the third wall can propagate. So the way the multi walls evolve depends mostly on the way the carbon supply is and also it depends on the way the growth direction is. So this is a contour which tells what are the different ways this multi wall structure is happening. As you see here this can unfoil like this and again go for the third growth or this can actually go to close the second layer and so on. So there are different combinations which are worked out but as far as the multi wall nanotube growth is concerned two parameters are important one is the way the carbon supply is and the growth direction that proceeds during the growth. So both are important whereas for single wall growth mechanism it has also been tried theoretically through simulations to find out if uncatalyzed growth is possible for single wall and what has been found out is that such uncatalyzed reactions are possible only at temperatures of 2000 k to 3000 k. Therefore for single wall nanotube definitely there is a much clearer mechanism than the multi wall and what is implied here in the study is that the nucleation through the metal center is very very important for single wall nanotubes and the closure of the single wall nanotubes actually reduces the reactivity in other words makes the tube stronger therefore the closing also occurs. And how does this happen actually if you take a fluorine molecule and then the fluorine actually has this nucleation sides of the metal of this metals lying in this direction then you can see the single wall nanotube is actually propagating through this links. So this is one of the way that we can visualize how a single wall can come compared to multi wall. So transition metal surface decorated fuller in they nucleate the growth around the periphery and what is the role of the catalyst there catalyst keeps on coming out along with the growth. So this sort of catalyst atoms do stick to the edges of the carbon nanotube. So catalyst atom chemisorbed onto the open edge and this keeps the tube from scooting around the open edge this will ensure that pentagons and heptagons do not form that is one of the reason why a long chain single wall nanotube is possible with this sort of mechanism. And if you really look at the way this field has grown with this basic understanding of how to make a single wall nanotube or a multi wall nanotube sky is the limit because the way people have mapped different derivative derivitized single wall nanotubes or taking it through some functional applications there has been a skyrocketing effort and you can see here some of this view graphs just to highlight what all can happen here this has been used for electrical applications and you can also spread this carbon nanotube like a screen you know to go for larger year deposition and as you see you can even roll it to 6 feet on a paper or plastic substrate. So processing of this carbon nanotubes to larger areas is possible and here in this cartoon you can find that the carbon nanotubes in the edges can be functionalize function when you say functionalize you actually oxidize it and convert it into COOH the terminal carbons and then you try to attach it to any material as you can see here you can almost simulate the sugar units here and CG 80 pairs can be paired up which is also seen very clearly from the AFM pictures. So when you substitute this carbon nanotube then they show a contrast here these are the carbon nanotubes that you see in the AFM picture and those which are highlighted here are the substituted ones. So it is possible to go for a variety of substitutions on this single wall nanotube and if you want to make extensive substitutions then not just one you can try to oxidize it the more you oxidize it the more you generate COOH groups in the terminal positions and then you can actually attach a variety of molecules to it and the research has now reached to the extent where you can actually do it in lab scale in a very defined way so this is one of the setup where you can realize single wall nanotube preparation even on a lab scale and the best part of carbon nanotube as I mentioned in the earlier slide is the enrichment of this metallic carbon nanotubes and we can also not only enrich them but we can go for preferential oxidation of this nanotubes to a larger extent. So as you would see from this picture that with more and more of selective oxidation the color of this nanotube solution changes so these are those which are oxidized which means more and more of COOH groups are attached to the terminal carbon so we can try to enrich that but the best way to characterize if you are able to really functionalize these carbon nanotubes or whether they remain as pure nanotubes Raman spectra is one of the best way to analyze and here are four important reflections that we should bear in mind which gives us a clue how to map the purity of it the first one is your G mode which is the very important mode which is G from graphite this mode corresponds to planar vibration of carbon atoms and is present in most graphite like materials. So this G band in your single wall nanotube is shifted to lower frequencies relative to graphite and is split into several peaks so this is the peak that you can map and if there are several splitings in this as you can open this peak you would see several splitings splitings really give the clue that these are single wall nanotubes whereas the graphite will actually give a very intense single line so this is one way to map the formation of single wall nanotube another one is the radial breathing mode which corresponds to the radial expansion contraction of the nanotube therefore the frequency depends on the nanotube diameter and can be estimated as I told in the previous lecture that we can actually alter the diameter of these nanotubes so this radial breathing mode is one measure by which you can analyze the diameter so if you because this is very sensitive and with the diameter of the tube this radial mode would shift so you can estimate whether you have a preferred dimension or not and another important mode is D mode is present in all graphite like carbons and originates from structural defects. So this is one important feature which will give us clue whether you have functionalized your carbon nanotube and this D prime is also called D prime this G prime is nothing but your second over tone of D and the intensity of this will tell whether you have functionalized the single wall nanotube or not for example if you are treating this with nitric acid and then boiling it then this peak would actually be a measure whether you have functionalized your nanotube or not if this is really absent then you say that it is a single wall nanotube. So this is not only a measure of the defect structure in your carbon nanotube but this also tells whether you have functionalized it so this serves as a very good optimization for your single wall nanotubes and when we come to the optical properties of single wall nanotubes you would see a typical absorption peak for carbon nanotubes where beyond the 3 electron volt this is due to Plasman absorption whereas there are peculiar reflections due to S11, S22, M11 this S11 or S22 is actually to differentiate between metallic or semi-metal carbon nanotubes. In semi-metal zigzag nanotubes metallic this will be more prominent S22 it is also it can be called as E22 if we do not know the metallicity or for the semi metals or semi conducting nanotubes this is S11 reflection. So these are two absorption peaks which really play a very important role in mapping and here again we see the profile of the excitation wavelength versus PL wavelength as you would see here these are plotted against the unit vectors M and N. So whatever numbers that you see here shows that for M0 repeats you do not see any photo luminescence neither for M is equal to N. So the values in the parenthesis clearly tells us what sort of mapping or what sort of orientation of the nanotubes which are going to be effective for photo luminescence but the good news is that carbon nanotubes show a very strong photo luminescence but it is also dependent on the chirality. So depending on that we can map the photo luminescence response. As I told you this E11 or S11 is dependent on the metallic nanotube and this is for the semi conducting nanotube. So if it is semi conducting then we mention this as S22 specifically and if it is metallic it is S11 and this S11 and which is nothing but E11 in this diagram is a transition from V1 to C1. So when electron is getting excited to C1 then electron hole pair is actually formed which by a phonon assisted process relaxes and then the emission comes out to be a C1 to V1 emission. This is what is responsible in the case of metallic nanotubes and this is also called as first Vanov optical transition which talks about the transition that is responsible for the absorption. And in the case of semi conducting single walled nanotubes you would see that the density of states are slightly different from the metallic nanotubes. These are much more discretized and this sort of density of states what you see here is nothing but the influence of your one dimensional structure. In one dimensional you would not see a continuous density of states. So in a three dimensional material for a 3D the density of states actually would correspond like this but for a one dimensional nanotube these are all discretized and therefore you see this sort of pattern and between the metallic and the semi conducting you can clearly see that the density of states differ very differently. And these are the optical transitions which are responsible for photo luminescence and in the case of semi conducting nanotubes it is C2 to V2 transitions which are responsible. So excitation of photo luminescence the an electron in the nanotube absorbs via a S2 to transition as I mentioned earlier and the electron and the hole rapidly relax from C2 to C1 or and from V2 to V1 and therefore the C1 V1 transition is actually responsible for the light emission and one thing that we need to understand here is the photo luminescence is not due to excitonic emission. This is quite different from the other PL situation where PL emission usually is a excitonic influence but carbon nanotube photo luminescence is not a excitonic luminescence and this because it cannot be produced in metallic tubes the electron can be excited thus resulting in optical absorption but in the case of carbon nanotube the hole is immediately filled by another electron because the electrons do keep coming and therefore no exciton is actually produced which is responsible for photo luminescence. This is another thing that we should bear in mind. So critically if you look at the photo luminescence behavior the S2 to transition and S11 transitions which are for the metallic and semi conducting are also dependent on the tube diameter. So depending on the tube diameter you can see the absorption will absorption or the energy gap will vary and for let us take the case of S11 that is for metallic single wall nanotubes if the tube diameter is less than 1 nanometer then the band gap is much higher and the band gap becomes much much lower when the tube diameter increases. So this is one thing that we should bear in mind and also another important thing that we should find we should see is a crossover transition from C1 to V1 and C2 to V1 is also possible although they are dipole forbidden transitions. So all this do influence the photo luminescence and based on this several applications have been tampered. One is the use of carbon nanotubes of as a glucose sensor because carbon nanotubes glow you can use this for mapping certain molecules or for mapping some study. The best part is it is excited in near IR range of the electromagnetic spectrum therefore it is safer to the cells and this is the another point is the glow that comes out is different from the other dyes therefore it is very selective and continuous fluorescence also does not bleach the carbon nanotube therefore a continuous radiation is also possible and it is ideal for sensor applications in the body and what you see here is a glucose monitor if you have a glucose sensors capped with the carbon nanotube then you see that mapping can be or the glow can be much intense and rich and more the glucose present in the in the blood then you will see a very high luminescence so that could be used as a mapping and this is the typical emission spectra of your carbon nanotube if you excite it at 770 then the emission actually comes at 1300 nanometer so this is a typical spectrum for carbon nanotubes also there are range of applications for carbon nanotube already realized in the market and in the industry this is a cartoon which tells that it is having a very vivid antibacterial effect and you can see here the influence of the carbon nanotube compared to uncoated or a region without carbon nanotube clearly you can see that the bacterial presence can be removed using the presence of carbon nanotube and this is also acting as a very good filter because of its very high surface area and as you would see here this is a filter that is currently employed in the US Army almost everyone is provided with a backpack where this sort of filters are being carried by the soldiers for getting pure water so this has a lot of advantage in filtering biological impurities and in the sports arena people have also used this to improve the strength it is used in tennis racket it is used in baseball stuff and also there are other selective applications where in AFM tip carbon nanotube coated AFM tips have been produced so this is one of a very prime application which is being currently exploited and also this is being used in composite materials as you would know you have a matrix which is polymer and then you try to reinforce with some fillers like fiberglass or Kevlar but carbon nanotubes added to this matrix seems to enlarge the toughness and the strength of the material to a larger extent. One other application that we can see here is in the use of displays this is a map of your cathode ray tube where you know that the electron guns impinge on the phosphors and then you get a full color spectrum but you can get much sharper contrast and color purity if you are going to use carbon nanotubes in field emission process because in field emission compared to the cathode ray operation you see here it is a blend of three electron guns mixing the colors whereas in field emission displays the important point is behind each of the pixel there is electron that is generated so it brings color purity and sharpness to a greater extent and carbon nanotubes are able to improve on this contrast and it is also used in nano electronics now carbon nanotubes can be used so there are several applications which are being realized for carbon nanotubes I cannot go on showing more view graphs on the applications but just to highlight the interest that carbon nanotubes have generated compared to most of the composites that are currently being used you can see the way carbon nanotubes have taken over is phenomenal and specially in the last 10 years there has been market changes happening and although these are some of the fiber composites which are still being used but carbon nanotubes have certainly generated range of interest for applications. I would like to go to graphene's graphene's as I mentioned in the previous lecture graphene is in two dimensional form and this is also by and large agreed as a material for all seasons as I told you if you if we can really map how the 3D and 1D and zero dimensional carbons are evolving we found out in the previous lecture that graphene can act as the base material from which the folding can happen to realize either a bucky ball or a single wall nanotube. So just to highlight the importance it was these two gentlemen who really did a pioneering work in getting graphene into prominence and this is again a serendipity because they gambled with the unusual ideas. So these two gentlemen both of them are Russians by birth but they both serve as professors in the University of Manchester professor Andrew Graham and professor Novoselov and both of them tried very unusual way of getting these graphene's to picture and this is what we would see for the next few slides. What is this graphene? The graphene as we pointed out this is a two dimensional hexagonal lattice from where we can either achieve this or this or we can actually get these layers of graphene and this is the basis for C60 for nanotubes and for graphite and among strongest bond in nature. And if you really map this two dimensional crystal you would find that the melting temperature of thin films decreases rapidly with temperature and therefore monolayers generally are unstable but in 2004 experimental discovery of graphene shows high quality 2D crystals and this seems to be coming possibly because of the 3D rippling which stabilizes the crystal and if you actually find out the representation of this graphene can even extend to 800 nanometers long. So you can make stretch long stretches of graphene and the main reason why it stabilizes is because of the 3D rippling which stabilizes a two dimensional platform. How to make this graphene and this is how the discovery of graphene emerged strangely cheap and easy we can draw with a piece of graphite or repeatedly peel it off with a scotch tape and that is the first experiment that was conducted by these two gentlemen. They just used scotch tape put it on graphite and keep on peeling it and what comes out is nothing but a two dimensional graphene and it was almost thought graphite cannot be broken up to such measure and growing a two dimensional carbon was impossible but this have turned out to be the most simplest way they could engineer. So play samples on specific thickness on silicon wafer the wrong thicknesses of silicon leaves graphene invisible and graphene visible through feeble interference effect different thicknesses are of different colors. So we can easily map from ACM what is the thickness of the graphene layer that you have now we can map it using optical microscope for a quick analysis ACM and AFM can give you a proper idea as you can see here optical microscope image of a resulting flake which you can take from a sticky tape and then put it on graphite then whatever you peel it would actually come out like a thick residue which is sticking to the tape and then you can actually put it back into a mica sheet or glass sheet which will give you a thin film of graphene. So we can actually use this graphene as metallic contact in case if we want to study any electrical studies of some other metal. So the graphene films are actually visualized by atomic force microscope and this is the way it has been done and as you could see here the thickness of this graphene can be mapped using AFM and this is the TM study which clearly shows patches of graphene here and here is the ACM micro graph of graphene which shows all the crystal phases of this film that is present. So it is possible to easily calibrate the thickness of graphene just one more mention of how we can make this graphene low cost synthesis of large scale graphene can be attempted using chemical vapor deposition and metal layers like nickel, cobalt, platinum, ruthenium is another alternative technique that can be employed. Metal films example nickel on silica silicon dioxide is exposed to a flow of hydro carbon gas usually it is methane at high temperatures causing the carbon saturation of the metal this is followed by rapid cooling. This is the trick we need to adopt not just heating but once you do a rapid cooling here of this sample then there is a decrease in the solubility of carbon in nickel which will come out as a graphene sheet. So it is actually a precipitation process of carbon in the form of ultra thin graphitic sheets which is nothing but your graphene layers. So this is the way to realize using chemical vapor deposition. Graphene is actually a single layer of graphite as we have seen and the carbon carbon bond in graphene is typically of this order and it is sp2 hybridized actually if you see we have partially filled Pz or P pi orbitals which are perpendicular plane of the lattice and these are responsible for providing electrons for conduction. So it is more like a benzene ring where your pi orbitals are perpendicular to the plane and your sigma orbitals stabilize the bonding and therefore due to this out of plane orbitals interaction between graphene layers and supporting substrates or between different layers also influence the electronic properties. So this is the way we can try to engineer and the pi orbitals are the ones which are responsible for any interaction with the substrates. So this gives also a very good glue or adhesive property for the graphene to stick to a particular substrate. When we look at the Fermi surface of this graphene this gives another different dimension to the understanding of electronic properties because this is a two dimensional graphene therefore the way the electronic property is defined in graphene is completely different from that of a 3D metal and as you would see the Fermi surface of graphene the plot of ek versus k which is nothing but your wave numbers gives us a different contour for your Bernoulli zone. What you see here is the Fermi surface here which is denoted by this black circle and against a conventional system which is confined in 2D dimension here we see that these there are 6 double cones and this is a hexagonal Brilloine zone which is mapped and this is your conduction band and this is your valence band and they are actually separated by these 6 points. And because of this because of this there is a linear behavior between the e and k parameter and therefore both the electrons and holes at this point will have a zero effective mass and therefore these points are actually called as direct points because they behave like direct fermions having a spin of half and if you look at the typical 2D surface of a material which is confined in 2 dimensional space this is how it should look like but for graphene you have a very different Brilloine zone that accounts for the conductivity of this graphene sheets. So, if you take the metallic directions and you try to map it these are the 6 metallic directions in which the electrical conductivity is confined and in case of a semiconductor carbon nanotubes or the graphene sheets you would see a opening of this band gap coming between the Fermi surface across the Fermi surface between the valence and the conduction band. And typically if you map your resistivity as a function of gate voltage you would see a very different picture compared to the other metals. So, if you make a plot of resistance as a function of gate voltage you would see this is mostly a amphibolar dependence that is observed for the gate voltage because you can see the shift here towards one direction and this is for varying temperatures from 5 k to 300 k you can see that there is a very clear response for this graphene sheets against the gate voltage and also the plot of this conductivity as a function of gate voltage shows this amphibolar property and the Hall measurement also gives the same feature as that of the resistance. On the right side map you have the picture of AFM picture which talks about the thickness that we can achieve in such samples. The lighter region what you see here is nothing but the thinness past which is roughly of 0.5 nanometer and as you go towards the substrate you can see that it is varying from 0.5 to 2 nanometer. When we consider the strength of graphene it is much more interesting to observe that the graphene can be more stronger than even steel the stronger steel because the strength is measured to be 42 Newton per meter and if you actually take 1 meter square of steel and try to calculate the breaking strength it will only amount to 0.084 Newton per meter. Therefore between graphene sheet and the steel there is a tremendous increase in the mechanical strength. So if you are actually going to spread 1 meter square of hammock like this this is your hammock and if you are going to spread for 1 meter square actually graphene sheet can take load up to 4 kgs like putting a cat inside this hammock. So that much of strength can be derived out of graphene and therefore it can be used for many mechanical applications. In terms of optical transparency it absorbs only 2.3 percent of light intensity. Therefore a thinner graphene sheet say one or two layers of graphene almost will give you 90 percent transmittance. So it can be used as a transparent electrode also. The electrical resistivity of graphene is given by this form sigma is equal to E nu. If your charge carried density which is unusually large which we can measure from Hall resistance your N is of the order of 10 power 12 centimeter square and the mu that is your mobility is very huge. So if you compare that and try to calculate your resistance. Resistance comes to be around 31 ohms and for a hammock measuring 1 meter square that we showed the resistance will typically be of 31 ohm which is very very less. And therefore if you make a comparison between graphene and other semiconductors like silicon or germanium or gallium arsenide you can see here that band gap is nearly a semi metal and compared to silicon. But the point that we need to note here is electron mobility is unusually very very high and therefore this can find use in many of the applications compared to traditional semiconductors. As of now the most preferred one for semiconductor applications is indium arsenide because the mobility values are of the order of 16000. But the graphene mobility seems to even surpass indium arsenide and this also has a very low lattice constant. The dielectric constant also is very very low compared to any of the other semiconductor materials and therefore this makes it a very good candidate for semiconductor applications as well. So what are the possible applications? High carrier mobility even at highest electric field they largely are unaffected by doping and therefore we can actually go for a ballistic electron transport over micro less than micron distances. And this can actually lead to applications in room temperature transistors and energy gap is actually controlled by width of the graphene strip and therefore we can actually see etching will be difficult consistently and random edge configuration causes the scattering if you are going to modify the properties of the graphene strip. In terms of other applications we can look for very high tensile strength and hydrogen storage also has been noted to be remarkably high for graphene based quantum computation is another thing which is being probed now. I will just take you through few applications before I finish generally for this carbon nanotubes and graphene and fullerance the spectrum of application is very wide carbon nanotubes in particular has already been applied in all these areas. So I may not be able to run through all the applications but you can see here it is from electronics to biological applications to magnetic storage and also in several of our household applications this has found a very useful candidate. For example, when we try to pattern or make graphene sheets it is easily possible to make a graphene sheet like this. If you pattern your nickel film of this form we can selectively get a graphene sheet like this using a CVD process and this can be used for application. So patterning graphene sheets is not difficult and graphene can also play as a very good metallic contact in transistors field effect transistors as you can see from this contour it you can easily make the graphene sheet which is lying here graphene can be made and then we can put several electrodes for this transistor applications and as I pointed out to you depending on the layer thickness if it is one layer of graphene sheet then the optical properties are going to be very high of the order of 98 percent but if you are going to make a thicker graphene sheet then you can easily calibrate using the optical transmittance it will fall down and therefore we can have a precise control over that and it is also reported in OLEDs if you are going to use carbon nanotubes then we can actually use this for tuning the colors for example if you put single wall nanotubes in buffer layers here which is in between if you put buffer layers holes are actually blocked and recombination takes place in the transport layer and you can get selectively red but if you are not going to put carbon nanotubes then the emission will be green. So this is mainly meant for modulating the charge carrier transport and therefore the combination of the excitons can be mapped to come either in the transport layer or towards the conducting layer so you can actually fine tune the light emission by adding carbon nanotubes in OLEDs. Here also nanotube cathodes can be used for getting preferred colors and you can also see that the threshold electric field for different materials are given and carbon nanotubes seems to have a very low threshold electric field therefore you can use this for display applications and already carbon nanotube cathode has been experimented which gives very sharp color feature. And in hydrogen storage carbon nanotubes carbon materials have been explored you can see the single wall nanotubes with lowest purity giving hydrogen storage capability of 5 to 10 percent. Those which are currently being used are this graphitic nanofibers and those are actually having a very high hydrogen storage capacity but single wall nanotubes also seem to have appreciable amount of hydrogen storage and this is still being improvised for practical applications. Lastly I just want to tell you that this is not only a research effort but this has become a business venture as of now and throughout the globe we see many companies have started producing in larger scale and there is lot of activity as you would map here many companies are from US which are already producing carbon nanotubes in a preferred way and there are several activities going on in Europe. We also have isolated activities in Asia, Southeast Asia. We do not have much activity both in South America, Africa and also in India we do not have any carbon nanotubes producing companies per say but the way the companies have evolved this gives us a glimpse of what is in store and therefore many things are going to happen and just to conclude as I have already mentioned about graphene. Graphene seems to be the basic material for all seasons and if we can study further get more insights on to the chemistry of the physics of graphene then more and more novel properties will generate and this will have outstanding physical, chemical, electrical, optical and structural properties and for sure these are going to find more applications in the days to come in field of displays, solar cells and energy storage devices. So, to conclude we have actually seen three forms of carbon namely bucky ball then one dimensional carbon nanotube and also two dimensional graphene sheets. Thank you.


Welcome to Elementary, my dear coder, where we're going to be talking about teaching computer science and basic programming concepts to pre-readers and early readers. I know there's a lot of paid programs and apps out there that offer to do the same thing, but it's important to keep in mind that this type of learning can begin tonight with a single tablet, computer, or smartphone. So hi, I'm Nicole. I'm a product developer for BoldGrid and we make themes and plugins for WordPress. I currently volunteer at my children's elementary school, that's them in the picture there with me. I work with third to fifth graders at their school now and I'm trying to get in with younger age groups soon. So the big question here is how? How can a four-year-old child do these things? And the answer is Blockly. Blockly is a colorful drag-and-drop language developed by Google. It adds a visual editor which represents code as interlocking blocks. It outputs correct code in several programming languages, including JavaScript, Python, and PHP. Blockly is used by hundreds of projects, including Code.org. They offer computer science fundamentals courses, and the first course has a minimum age of four. At the end of the course, the students will create their very own game or story to share. Excuse me. Students will learn the basics of programming and collaboration techniques. This is an overview of the lesson outline. There are videos, unplugged activities, and online puzzles. The videos are the numbered diamonds and they explain how to do an activity or puzzle and introduce new terminology and block types. The unplugged activities are offline, so they require printed course materials, scissors, glue, pencils, those sorts of things. And the numbered circles are the online puzzles. For these, the student needs to be able to drag and drop using a mouse or have an adult right there to do it for them. And they also need a basic understanding of up, down, left, and right. So this is what the puzzles look like. On the left is the play area where the program will run. In the center is the toolbox that holds the blocks you need for each program. To the right is the workspace where you drag the blocks to build your program. Above the workspace are the instructions for each puzzle. So this puzzle tells us that we need to add one block to the bottom to finish the code. So these puzzles have the students create simple algorithms to move a character through a maze using a single run command. The course defines an algorithm as specific instructions that explain the order in which to do something. It's a small list of steps to get a job done like a recipe. And a program is an algorithm that has been coded into something that can be run by a machine. So this puzzle tells us to add a block to the bottom to finish the code. Each TNT block represents one space. So to solve it, you would drag one down arrow to the workspace and attach it to the bottom of the when run block. Clicking the play button starts the animation and the character moves through the maze to follow the code. The code can be shown in JavaScript at any time by clicking the show code button in the upper right of the workspace. This puzzle is from Corsay, which is meant for children around the kindergarten age. And this puzzle is from course B. Course B was designed with first graders in mind. It provides more complex puzzles by assuming a limited knowledge of shapes and numbers. The same coding concepts are covered in both courses, but the puzzles are unique. So as we all know, a big part of programming is debugging. Debugging is finding and fixing errors in a program. So the first step is to find them. Most puzzles have a step button below the play space where you can evaluate one step at a time to find the problem. Ask the student what happened and what was supposed to happen. This puzzle tells us that there's an extra block at the bottom of the code. Drag it back to the toolbox to throw it away. This is also an example of the puzzle teaching the student how to play, which it does fairly often. At the top of the workspace, it shows five out of four blocks are found, meaning this puzzle is solved with a maximum of four blocks. The next concept taught is loops. Loops make code smaller and easier to write. They introduce the repeat block to solve the puzzles using less blocks. In earlier lessons, the repeat block sometimes showed in the toolbox, but students could solve the lesson without using it. Now they will have to use it to solve the puzzle correctly. It's the pink block at the bottom, and you can see it already has the number five pre populated in it. So to solve this puzzle, you would drag out the repeat block, attach it to the when run block and nest one right arrow inside. So this is another example of loops, and it's from course B. So as you can see, it's a little bit harder. The repeat block has question marks in it. So the student has to come up with a number by themselves. So generally speaking, I recommend doing course A and course B at the same time, complete a concept in a and then in B before moving on to the next concept. However, any lesson can be done at any time. So it's completely up to the parent or teacher how the lessons are done. You can always move on to a new concept without finishing all the lessons from the previous. The last concept taught is events. An event is an action that causes something to happen. Examples of events are pushing a button on a controller, clicking a mouse or touching a tablet to scroll. Events let the user direct your program and change how it runs when they want or need to. And this is where students can really let their creativity shine. They create a unique story by programming cartoon characters to talk and interact with each other. The first level is a free play level. So the students get acquainted with the options available. And then later lessons have objectives based on events. So they also have a pre reader express course, which is a combination of A and B. However, I don't recommend you use it. I think you should go through A and B completely. The only unique puzzle in the pre reader express is the spelling B. And it's a little bit harder because it teaches spelling in addition to the programming concepts. But the older kids do like how it looks like a word search. So the course has a curriculum guide with extended learning opportunities and lesson plans. It also includes lessons for emotional development. The video Stevie and the big project explains frustration and how to learn from it. Learning any new skill can be frustrating and overwhelming, especially for children. It's important to address this and any other emotional aspect needed to ensure the child's success. Remind students that failing isn't a bad thing. It's a first attempt in learning. Remind them to calm down and use logic. What is happening? What is supposed to happen and write down what you've tried? There are also unplugged activities related to Internet safety. And this teaches students the really basic, only talk to people you know, don't give out personal information. And the most important thing, which is go outside and play sometimes. So this curriculum does go up to 12th grade as well. So it's definitely a program that will grow with your child. So the next resource I have for you is called the hour of code. The hour of code provides introductory one hour computer science tutorials. Students in over 45, I'm sorry, the tutorials are available in over 45 languages and students in 180 countries have participated. They advertise the age range as being four to 104. So this really is a great resource for anyone wanting to learn computer science and have fun in the process. This is the main screen where you can select your tutorial. You can filter by grade at the top and the technology used on the left. I'm going to focus on two of these programs that only use animation and icons for gameplay. So reading is truly not required. So the first program is codeable. Codeable is a self guided game that introduces children five and older to programming basics. On the left is the first level. And the goal of every level is the same. To roll the fuzzball through the maze and collect the stars. The hand is animated in the first level showing you what to click on and drag it to the yellow boxes and then to press the play button when you're ready to run it. So a major difference between codeable and the other lessons we've talked about here today is how the move action works. In the other lessons, they would move one space at a time, one arrow. But with this one, they'll roll to the end of the path with one arrow. So they also teach loops and conditions. So the slide on the right shows the loops. They have the purple repeat or they call it the looper, but it's the equivalent of the repeat block from the code.org stuff. And then in later levels, they also introduce conditions. So if you want your fuzz to turn before the end of the path, you can absolutely do that. The next program is called CodeSpark Academy with the foos. And this game actually has animated icons. So you can see the difference between running and jumping, for example. And just like codeable, the first level has animation showing you exactly what to click on, where to drag it to, and how to run your program. This one doesn't have a play button, you simply press your character to start the program. It also teaches loops and conditions in later levels. So these are some more direct links to our code tutorials. There should be pre-reader options at all of these, but they are updated frequently, so be sure to check. And these are all on my website. Yeah, take a picture. If you go to elementarycoders.org, there's links to these and more. So that might be easier. My last thing I have is robot turtles. So I know I said you don't have to pay for things to do this, but this is really fun and cute. And I'm going to give this away to somebody. Does anybody have like a four or five year old that can get this game home easily? Oh, you got a girl right there. Okay. Oh, there you go. You're welcome. You're welcome. So that's that. Do you have any questions for Nicole? I hear a question over there. I have a quick question. I work with an elementary school. It's one of my clients and they use scratch. Is there any particular reason you chose Blockly? I know there are some differences, but what was the main reason you chose Blockly? Sure. So scratch is actually meant for older kids. And it's a little bit more complicated. The learning curve is greater because, yeah, there's more block types in there and it's just more complicated. So I think starting off with these pre-reader ones and then working into the scratch would be a good way to go. Question in the middle there. I was wondering about when you leave like an hour of code for a class, like how many teachers or helpers do you need kind of for students to get a good outcome? Sure. Well, when I go in, I just, it's just me and the actual teacher in the classroom and we just do the best we can. A lot of the games are self-guided, so it really does teach the student how to play so they can do a lot of it by themselves. Like I put my five-year-old in front of Codable and she made it to like World Two and a Half or something before she asked for help. So they really do a good job of teaching the student how to play. Another question in the middle. Hi. I have a two-year-old. Okay. She's pretty little. Yeah. And these are obviously computer games and techniques for teaching kids that are kindergarten up. Right. Do you have any, obviously you have kids and they were once two years old. Right. Do you have any suggestions for teaching these concepts to little kids or at what point did you start that? I started my son around four, which is the minimum age for a lot of these programs, but it's really just going to depend on the child. Like if they understand up, down, left, and right and can point you in the right direction, I mean you can do the drag and drop for them. But yeah, everything I've seen basically has a minimum age of four. Question on the left. Okay. So I'm super excited to hear you talk about this. We did this in second grade with my dollars class. Like they were going to computer class but they weren't really doing anything because the teacher was not a computer teacher. So we said we'll just come in and do code.org with them. Right. And it was amazing. Like brilliant, fantastic, loved it. But how would we, like how if as parents or as developers, how do you suggest we work with public schools specifically to go in and say, you know what, we'll come, we'll teach. You have the computers or we'll help find the computers. Like we want to serve you, but how do we help work with administrators who may not be, it may not, they might not even be allowed to let other people come in and do that. Like our teacher, she just kind of did it. Yeah. She was real loose like that. Okay. Yeah. So I think the best way to get into the schools is to look through the curriculum guide and see if you can match up any of the stuff because that would be a really easy pitch. Like yes, this program fills this requirement. I'm volunteering to come in, you know, just let me do it. The way I got in was through the, yeah, the hour of code. I volunteer. They have what they call Fun Fridays. So that's what I do for that. And then because it went over so well last year, I'm trying to get like an after-school club going. So if you can't get it going on school time, try the after-school thing. And then once they see that students are excited and that it's working and they're learning, they might be able to let you come into the classrooms more that too. Last question in the back. Have you tried any non-screen, non-digital STEM toys? Like, you know, these days I saw Botley for teaching programming. Have you tried anything like that? Does it help? I'm sorry, can you can you repeat that? Have you tried any non-screen, non-digital, offline? Yeah, so that course has unplugged activities as they call it. Yeah. So you print and actually cut out the arrows as opposed to dragging and dropping them on the computer. So they'll end up with little cards that they move around to build their program that way. Or you have physical students lining up and they talk and they tell you how to move. You have to move how they tell you to. So that code.org curriculum has a really good number of unplugged activities. I see. Thank you. You're welcome. Well thank you everybody. Thank you Nicole. Thank you.


Welcome to ToffeeTV and it's the Opposition Match Preview, League United versus Edderton. I am joined by Oscar from AllleadsTV. Don't forget this game is on BT Sport. 8 o'clock all 10 of the Premier League games this week will be shown exclusively between the 30th of August to the 1st of September on BT Sport. So Oscar, welcome to ToffeeTV, how are you? Yeah mate, good, good. Bit frustrating yesterday, bit of a, you know, obviously losing to Brighton away, but it was a little bit of a welcome back to reality kind of thing. I think in reality, seven points in the first four games is a really good start for the season for us. Defensively we look better, going forward we look like we've got a goal for it, but I'm not going to get too carried away. This league can, you know, get you when you're not expecting it. So, but yeah, happy at this moment in time mate, and yeah, looking forward to the game on Tuesday, definitely.  They are a team in it, very much on the up. So it has been a really good start. Yeah, definitely exceeded expectations. I mean that Chelsea game was an example where it just all came together. I thought, to be honest, it wasn't just a free nil. We had three shots, all three shots went in. We deserved the free nil win, which genuinely looked like, you know, the better team in that game. So it's definitely something to take from. I think the Wolves win as well was quite an underrated win. I think Wolves will come good as the season goes on.  But again, we dominated the first 70 minutes, we just maybe didn't quite make the substitutions that we needed to make in that game when it went 2-1, when the momentum shifted a little bit. But all in all, mate, I can't complain at all, obviously we've gone through the cup as well. So, you know, it's a, if you're off of me, this on the eve of the Wolves game, 100% of they're taking it, I'd have probably taken five points in the first four games. So to win two, draw one, definitely a good start for us. Yeah, if someone offered me five points now, I'd be delighted. There's been lots of similarities between the clubs since you came back up to the Premier League. The first season, I think we finished on the same points. Last season, there was only one position between us. And obviously, we both had to struggle through that relegation fight. Obviously, for us, it went to the second to last game. For you, it went to the last game.   And obviously, we both changed managers as well. And that, that to me was the first sign before that. I hadn't really thought leads were in trouble. But that was like one of the first signs that I thought, Oh God, these are, these are, these have got a bit of a problem here. But so how was, how was that back into the season for you? And obviously going to Brentford for the last game and having to pick up the win, which you did. It's funny you mentioned obviously the Edson game last season, because I remember going back on the train from that game thinking, Oh no. Oh no, we are in Bavaria. You know, I think before that, as similar to yourself, I was quite, you know, blasé about it. I was thinking we'll be okay, we'll be okay. It's not as good as what we did in the first season, but we'll still be okay. You know, we just need key players to come back. But it was that moment where I thought, this is going to be tough now. You know, we're losing the game like that. Obviously a massive six point swing as well. And it did prove to be the case. But the Brentford game, I mean, was one of the best, one of my best memories as a Leeds fan, which seems crazy after such a terrible season. But it just, just everything about it was just unbelievable. I mean, Raphini's performance, what a way to finish your Leeds career, scoring the goals, keep the team in the league. And, you know, it's just amazing. I remember traveling up to London on the day of the game and seeing loads of Everton fans, absolutely buzzing, obviously, that you stayed up against Palace. And I think you were playing Arsenal, I think. Obviously, he's already stayed up. And I was thinking, I was so envious kind of thing, but obviously, because I wasn't expecting anything, mate, I was, to be honest, I kind of accepted that, you know, the week before I felt the damage of being done when we didn't win that final home game against Brighton. And the way we finished the season, I thought the damage is done here. Brentford's a bogey team. We know how good they are at home, but we just produced when it matters. And I think it showed the mental strength of this team. I think at times this season, you've seen a real mental resilience of this team, you know, against Wolves at home, you have to go one down within five minutes of the start of the season. And to produce a performance that we did after that, you know, I think there's a real resilience about this team. But that day, just being absolutely incredible, mate, probably very similar to your day, going to the Park against Crystal Palace, where, you know, obviously different scenarios, I know that much, but I'll never forget that night in London for the rest of my life, to be honest with you. It was just an unbelievable party. It was about five, six thousand leads, fans who didn't even have tickets to the game. So obviously we all fell outside the ground. And I don't think Brentford's ever seen anything like that in their history, to be certainly honest with you. And they've got love in the game against Brentford, but it must have been quite a day. Yeah, it did certainly seem to me. Obviously putting them to follow that on that day was basically stress-free. It was an amazing team around. Oh, it's took years of the life, mate. There's no doubt about it. Yeah, 100%. I'm actually only 23, but following everything just made me look like this. Jesse Marsh, he came in as manager, obviously towards the back end of the season. You'd had, obviously, BLC who was much loved, obviously brought you back to the Premier League. There's obviously stereotypes about Jesse Marsh because he is American and because of obviously the whole sort of Ted Lasso thing, which I love, by the way, Ted Lasso is amazing. But obviously it is a strange dynamic, isn't it? Having an American manager who don't get me wrong, he's done very, very well through the Red Bull system. So what's he being like, you know, having as a manager? It's been a strange one really because Marcelo Bielsa, I think if you at the polls, you know, 90% of Leeds fans at the time when Marcelo Bielsa was sacked, I think 90% would have said it's the wrong decision. And I probably wouldn't have been on that side of things. And listen, I never wanted Bielsa to go, but you have to give your credit to Jesse Marsh who kept us in the league. And he's really built that foundation with Leeds fans already. He's a totally different personality than Marcelo Bielsa, you know, totally different personality. But to start with, listen, it was in this most stressful situation you can come into, the fact that Leeds worked 16 years to get back into the Premier League and we're about to throw it away in the first season with fans back in the ground was just, it was that pressure as well on it, you know, the fact that if we go down this time, you've got obviously Raphinha, Calvin, Phillips already left, but then you're looking at Mellier, Jacques Harrison, you know, Rodrigo, loads of other players on top of that. And it totally scuppers the whole plan that we had in place. But I have to say, I think he's got better by the week. I think we're seeing more and more what a Jesse Marsh team's about. I think the pressing, certainly this season compared to last season, since Jesse Marsh has come in has improved as well. I think we look better off the ball. There's still little bits and pieces we need to improve. But in terms of recruitment, I can't have any complaints so far. We've definitely improved the squad, even though we've lost our two best players, our two best players by far from last season. And he's a big part of that. And he just galvanizes the whole football club and tactically, I think he's under the races. You know, I think that Brent, the game, he made some big, big calls. You know, the last two games of the season, really, he made some big, big calls. We have an injury crisis. And ultimately it was those calls that kept us in the league. And the thing for me is, mate, I'm similar to obviously what was discussed on my channel. My expectation in season is just nothing like anything what last season was. Nothing like that stress of the last game of the season, because our last four or five games were an absolute nightmare anyway. But just as long as we're safe, maybe a bit of a cut run on top of that, I'll be happy this season. So to start and be fifth in the table, yeah, we might drop it down a few places after today, is a very, very strong start to the season. It's done nothing but help Jesse Marsh's calls. And the football is different to what it was under Bielzer. But I don't think you can ever get anything as aesthetically pleasing as what Bielzer ball was at full, full pelts. But in a different way, you know, it really does get the crowds energised off it. You know, when you see the team pressing them, really, probably a lot like what, what it is, like Goddison, you know, you really want to see it's not all this pretty football of sorts, but it's the team at it and making hard work of it for the opposition, no matter how good or bad they are. And that's and that's all you really want to see as a Leeds fan. We are, you know, we have this reputation, but we don't have to, we're not that demanding as fans really, we just want to see 100% and that's totally what we're seeing all season so far. Yeah, I think that's all you want to see and as, as we talked about over on your channel, that's something like as an Evertonian we want and that's what Frank Lampard expects as well. But I think the thing with Jesse Marsh is I do, I do, what I do like about the whole thing is obviously you've brought in Harrison, you've brought in Tyler Adams who so far seemed to be very, very good signings. It has created this, it has created something to talk about hasn't it? Leeds are suddenly in the spotlight has been with the, from the American angle and you've got a lot of people, you know, rooting for you over in America now and listen, if you haven't got Believe t-shirts or Major Leeds soccer t-shirts on your channel then you need to sort that out immediately.  It feels different having an American manager and him speaking in press conferences and just being a little bit different from everyone else and what I mean, I'm not talking about the accent or that just, you're right, I think his outlook is a lot more positive than managers who come through the British system even to the media. I think the way just in general American sports people talk to the media is a lot more open and they give a lot more of themselves and a lot more insight whereas I think managers in Britain are a lot more closed off and don't want to give anything away because they fear that they'll be hit by obviously the media whereas, you know, the way Jesse Marsh comes across it feels very open and therefore feels like someone that you can really get behind. Yeah, absolutely and I think it was just an adjustment at first I think that when I saw the appointment being made, you know, over the couple of days of Marcelo getting sacked, I was quite happy about it and obviously he was a relatively unknown, you know, manager but I just remember seeing his Leipzig team in the Champions League and Salzburg in the Champions League and there was a game when obviously everyone kind of started to hear about Irving Harland and Salzburg played Liverpool and Anfield and they absolutely took the game to him. This was when Liverpool won the league, you know, well, when Liverpool won the league, you know, it was that... Did he really win the league? I did a little dig at Liverpool, let's be fair, I thought you quite like that little dig. I'm not 100% sure they did win the league. I did a little dig at Liverpool, let's be fair, but yeah, when you see Salzburg go there and I think they lost 4-3 in the end but he put in a superb performance and I'm thinking, listen, we're not going to play at Liverpool every week or Man United, Man City in the Premier League every single week, so, you know, it can work for me, it can work and I think obviously with the Amundsen Tider Adams coming in, I think definitely American football, American soccer, American football, whatever you want to call it, so she's definitely on the up. I think you have got a American national team that's definitely improving. I think we'll give England the really good test at the World Cup as well and there's some really good players coming through and I think having that link, it's a bit comparable-ish to what Wolves have got with Portuguese players to an extent. I do expect it's going to continue, I'm not certain on that, but I do expect for future transfer windows we will continue to sign players of this kind of ilk. I'm not saying we're going to sign Christian Pulisic, but we're going to sign someone who could be the next Christian Pulisic and I think ultimately the US has a massive focus on soccer, on football at its moment in time for the World Cup in 2026, they want to, they are hosting that World Cup but they want to be absolutely asset in that one and listen, I can only see it improving in that case and we've got that link already built there, so it's clever in a way in terms of what we've done and obviously this other players have come in who are not Americans, so it's not just the case that we're already signing American footballers now, but they've all been an absolute breath of fresh air, Jesse Marsh, Brendan Aronson, Tyler Adams and as you say it's not just about what they're doing on the pitch, the results, the goals, the assists, all these different bits and pieces. It's the personality, Jesse Marsh is a genius in press conferences now, in terms of how he plays the press, he froze in the words soccer from time to time, just almost as a joke at himself but thinking I'm laughing at myself, so you can't laugh at me kind of thing, he is just playing mind games with the media kind of thing because what they were having to go in for, I think he did an interview or a press conference, he did two last season that really stick out, there was one when he spoke about Marcelo Bielza over training players, he was honest and maybe some would say a little bit too honest and there was another one where he was talking about how he likes motivational quotes, he was talking about Mother Teresa and Gandhi and things like that and then listen it did raise a lot of eyebrows and you know it's not something we're used to but now I think Jesse Marsh has learned from that and now he plays them, he almost laughs at himself kind of things and the media can't laugh at him and it's amazing really but in terms of Adams and Aronson again personality wise, there is this thing about American sports people, I do think in general as you kind of alluded to are a little bit more emotional and I think Leeds fans really respond to that in that kind of sense, you know you see Adams, he's only about five foot eight, five foot nine but he just puts absolutely everything into every tackle, every pass, you know Brendan Aronson again only slight but part of goals kind of thing you know and hopefully it serves as well this season and you have to wait and see how good they can be because I don't really know how good they can be right right now, you know obviously it's easy to get carried away with Adams and Aronson and that but let's just see over a full season what they can do but so far superb starts from both. Yeah that's it isn't it, it is a long season and things change all the time but you are right about the American players, we have them you know we've had lots of American players over the time in fact we were pretty, we were sort of where you are now 10 years ago when we had the collection of American players and a good solid following over in the States which we still have and we've been on tour this summer there and that hardcore still there and the way if you can catch that right it can be huge, it can be huge, I've been so annoyed at editing for the last 10 years of failing to capture the American market in terms of the plays we've already had and the potential to bring in others as well not just from a PR point of view but from a foot. You know meet Americans or go to America, Americans in general are fascinated by the city of Liverpool because it's so different to pretty much every other city in Europe in terms of what it's like and you think it's a real open goal for like Everton really. I know and they missed it which is which is very much evident but no it seems that this and it seems to be working for you guys you're getting, you've had a really good start of the season you pulled yourselves out of at the end of last season so you know why not feel buoyancy you know we the league table you know is looking all right for you at the moment and as long as you're enjoying your football and you go on the match and the people are doing what you want them to do then I think just right now in the age of football we live in right now that's sort of all we can ask for isn't it at the moment because football is you know we know that we know about the top two we know about the top six and the Champions League feels like a million miles away for our clubs even though you know we are traditional big clubs I suppose at the moment it's just about going the match and see if you're seeing those players giving everything for you then you can't really ask for you know too much more at this at this point. No absolutely not and I think obviously you mentioned about the league table but I think this league this season again it's only early days but it feels to me like it's the highest quality Premier League I've seen in quite a while to be honest you know you seem like the likes of Fulham you know who I kind of expected from being honest I was kind of banking on Fulham I know Bournemouth probably are going to be really struggle but I was banking on Fulham and Bournemouth being 19 and 20 and it's just the case of 18 and I was all battling out for 18 but again you look at the likes of Fulham coming up the forest I mean the equipment they're doing you know they're still going they're still going and I can't remember the league being this high quality you know in terms of across the boards really and it'd be interesting obviously we kind of say these kind of things all the time but I certainly do but it does feel a little bit different this season it does feel like you look at every single team sheet you come to play and you're thinking how's he playing for them how's he playing for them you know every single team's got like at least one kind of like superstar if not two or three you know if you go to the team yeah and I think the other thing you have to factor in as well as that six-week break yeah for the World Cup you know a lot of teams are going to be able to refresh the batteries you know in recharge the batteries in that period of time so a lot of teams that traditionally struggle into December into January that those players will have a really good break because obviously not not everyone's going to be involved in the World Cup of course and that that throws a span on the works that we've never seen in the Premier League before and that that gives everyone that chance to restock and come back fresh for for January and the rest of the season so and because we've had such a long opening to the season as well and the transfer window still isn't shut it makes it one of I know we've just come off the back of two very strange seasons with Covid but it does make it one of the most unique Premier League seasons we've ever we've ever experienced so you're absolutely right that makes you feel like it's open for a lot of teams to do something this season and there is a lot of quality about yeah absolutely and you know even things like cup competitions obviously it's going to be really condensed and around January time your your big hitters you know your Man City's your Liverpool's your Arsenal's I don't think it'll be taking things like the League Cup that seriously come January because a lot of loads of Premier League games a lot of players just coming back from the World Cup because you'd imagine a lot of them will get to the latter stages of it as we've kind of said you know if you keep yourself in the cup competitions and in and around that mid-table spot who knows what you can do you know who knows what you can do. I'm not going to get too carried away about that just yet but you know if we can get into that first I think 16 games before the World Cup if we can get ourselves into a decent kind of position you never really know you know we have got quite a big you know I think our biggest problem you know is being the squad depth over the last couple of years but this season you know I think we played the League Cup the other day but I thought we had a totally different 11 out there and it was okay you know what it could you know if it has to it could possibly do a job in the Prem obviously injuries you can never you can never count for injuries can you but I think we're more covered this season I think it's less a case of last season if Calvin Phillips got injured the stats for our points per game I think it halved I think it's genuinely halved over the last two years Raphine it's probably even worse than that now I just think you know if one player did get injured obviously you don't want that situation to happen I think we kind of be okay and that's in that case so I think this season is a season where if you are heavily reliant on one or two players you might have a bit of a problem because if you get deep into the World Cup you know who knows but I think Everton to be fair from outside and looking in Everton seems to be a little bit like that as well we've got a lot of you know good players in terms of but you don't seem overly reliant on you know individuals I don't know is that fair to say I don't know we're not overly hands on individuals because because there's not one we don't have amazing play like one or two amazing players although we have a lot of plays at the same standard so yeah we're not over reliant on we're probably reliant on Dominic Arvalune because he's our our main striker and we haven't had the backup yet which is which is Mopai who'll probably be involved in this game but so he is the one we're over reliant on just because he's the only one we've had so but everyone else you're right everyone else there's probably two in every position now most of them are very very similar so um yeah which is it's not that's not a good that doesn't feel like a positive thing to me though so but there you go there you go that's where we are born but it's like it's a necessary evil kind of thing I think to keep you in the league I think all to push up the table yeah I think you can't eat that to be honest yeah definitely um yeah so what are you what are you expecting from this game then yeah I mean it's hard to say I think obviously you guys have improved defensively I think we've improved defensively um well yeah I think it's one of those games where I just hope we use the crowds you know like we did against Chelsea like we did against Wolves we've got to start the game well for me because if we do let Everson settle you have got the players to hurt us you know in terms of DeMarco de Grey, Dwight MacNeill in the past of course there's problems you know certainly Dwight MacNeill playing for Burnley has been you know a problem for us I do like Patterson as well um who plays at Wingback I think for you guys is it right Wingback and you know in Presby in that Chelsea game I think it was and yeah I think he's a decent player our slight weakness at this moment in time is defending on the sides I think obviously the full backs we do defend very narrow at this moment in time and Brighton exploited that so I imagine Frank Lampard will have done his homework on that and it's something we need to solve as a team but yeah we play a really high line so I think there will be chances both sides to be honest um it's just a case of who's more clinical I do yeah I think we can win this game I do think we can win this game but I'm not gonna get overconfident about any game this season because I know what our record against Frank Lampard's been like in recent years I think we've lost three I think against Lampard's and can see that a lot of goals yeah it'd be interesting it'd be interesting it will be I think it'll be a tight game um yeah I'm open for something out of the game as I said our way record is absolutely abysmal it really is it's it's shockingly bad so be fair though mate we are the masters um certainly over the last couple of years I've just whenever something like that has been the case I think we had one oh yeah we had a team I think it's QPR in the championship having one for 16 games we were top of the table the beat is 1-0 then we we lost our promotion by that literally like three points I think so I'm not gonna get too carried away on that mate yeah yeah we as I said this our clubs have got so many similarities we do that as well we both we both brought out terrible badges that the fans rejected there's so many similarities between our clubs it's incredible um but there you go Oscar from All Leeds TV thank you for joining us on the match preview where can we find you yeah absolute pleasure mate you can find us on YouTube Twitter Instagram um and TikTok actually I think we've got yeah we've got um Mike's running our TikTok now so that's an interesting one um I don't know nothing about TikTok by the way so I'm not involved in that but um but yeah you can just find us on All Leeds TV on all those platforms and yeah we um match previews match reviews and um we'll be talking plenty about this game and obviously you came over to our channel as well um so yeah check us out if you want guys we'll push it we're trying to push for 30k if we can this season and hopefully we can reach that reach that milestone this season as well it should be nice BT Sport will broadcast all 10 Premier League midweek fixes exclusively from Tuesday the 30th of August to Thursday the 1st September including Leeds vs Everton on Tuesday with BT Sport monthly pass you can watch huge amounts of football from the Premier League, UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, UEFA Europa League Conference, Serie A League 1 and Vamirana National League for the next 30 days for just £25 with no contract to sign up visit the link in the description. Big thanks to Oscar from All Leeds TV for joining us don't forget Leeds United versus Everton is exclusively live on BT Sport 8 o'clock kickoff BT Sport have all the midweek games this week between the 30th of August and the 1st of September exclusively live for more information click the link in the description if you want to watch any of those games. Thanks for joining us on Toffee TV we'll see you later.


The police command in Aikete State has confirmed the abduction of a farmer in a farmstead in Yemero, Aikete, Ikole, local government area of the state. Police Publications Officer ASP Sonde Abutu, while confirming the incident to newsmen in Nadeikete, said the command received a formal report from the division of police station in the area, establishing the fact that the farmer was indeed abducted. Reports say that farmer whose name was given as Jimo Uludon was wixed away allegedly by armed men suspected to be bandits.


Everybody for us to your rip in twenty one twenty two recon basketball hobby six bucks number twenty four random team style You can find these results at latent sports cards comm at any time. There's a link in chat currently as well Thanks for joining everybody and good luck. Yeah, plus they'll know is you if I'll know is you if you did doughnuts for the most part There's no actually there's no actual damage being done.  Jose Alvarado to 199 Future legends grizzlies John Morant and a pink Zach Levine bowls Silver Rockets Christian Wood pink Celtics Paul Pierce It's a it's a pretty good one man, it's a pretty good one feeling green Rockets rookie God to 299 rookie Rockets on the bronze Alperin shengun and rock the rim Zion for the pelicans Bulls with a Steve Kerr auto to 49 claim to fame I'm putting a change of address. 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Yeah, that's a good one too Sounds expensive though silver Rudy gay for the jazz Pink pelicans Devonte Graham It's like a pretty terrible neighbor if you ask me got blue rookie Sixers Charles Bassie to 99 Chris Duarte rookie recon Pacers All right, Rob just report back when you can silver hornet scored in Hayward's The packet the other one was missing a base card though We're onto 299 jazz is on white side Tyrese maxi future legends for the Sixers and pink Sun Steve Nash Even if you are I'm sure you won't be that long We that one Joe Spurs Joe wise camp rookie auto true potential non numbered Silver Celtics Paul Pierce and pink Suns Charles Barkley the round mound of rebound I think Fox sports makes Joe Buck and John Smoltz get died their hair. So it's not gray Cubs passers so cool dude Silver rookie pelicans Jose Alvarado pink rookie Grizzly Zaire Williams You don't need to be forced Broad's 299 Mads Dorian Finney Smith maneuvers dealing green Rockets. I Guess if you're a broadcaster those I can send it to That's not Joe Buck. I thought it was Joe Buck from the side. It's not Joe buck That is a younger man Michael Porter, Jr. Got all systems go jazzed out of a Mitchell There's not Joe. There's John Smoltz for sure, but it's not Joe buck. I actually don't know who that is Kisper purple rookie Hornets JT Thor to 49 maneuvers look at Donchich You like Joe buck Who is that with John Smoltz on the broadcast guys psych curiosity Made a quickly silver for the Knicks and a pink Pat Conniton bucks. I did not see that Rob I saw he got hurt. I didn't know he was out indefinitely stinks, man. I Know he's kind of a bus, but you don't like to see guys just get hurt and continue, you know Not produce rookie blue to 99 Spurs Joe wise camp and rookie recon Nuggets bones Highland James white retired man. I I kind of came a surprise to me. I thought it was a possibility, but yeah Michael Thompson Lakers auto it's a 99 Silver Stephen Adams Grizzlies and pink Hornets Calubre Yeah, he would run like when they were he would they really running back or they didn't want to they wouldn't want to huddle Green to five Hornets Gordon Hayward Five Hornets I'm gonna send that up the box. There's a little slight like peel at the top left here Very very slight not sure a panini will replace that what that is factory damage. I guess you could say kind of a bummer for the And rookie recon Cory whisper Cory Kispert wizards Yeah, these cards do tend to have that sort of issue just the the thick cards here with like the the foil on them Stinks is on the parallel of five Thunder rookie Otto Jeremiah Robinson Earl destined for greatness Valentunas and giddy future legends thunder Primo, there's a silver Roshan Holmes Kings and rock the rim Clippers Paul George Curious George silver Taylor and Tucker for the Lakers Hmm pink rookie Blazers key on Johnson ice key on Johnson again, everybody all sold out tonight Jalen Green base rookie Rockets bronze the 299 Sixers Tyrese Maxi and Rock the Rambo be topping Knicks Pink or not pink, but silver Raptors red band Leeds and maneuvers Darius Garland Cavaliers your seven two ninety nine bronze Gary Payton goes to the Thunder V the Sonics and maneuvers Jason Kidd nets Pink for the Kings Roshan Holmes blue magic rookie Franz Wagner to 99 Jalen Suggs rookie recon magic nice pack for the magic Grizzlies Jaren Jackson jr. On the patch auto. That's really nice Seven out of ten Grizzlies three color patch, too That sweet game worn Leeds and a pink Michael Porter jr. Nuggets Scotty Barnes Raptors rookie to one ninety nine red Knicks Mitchell Robinson and rookie recon Davion Mitchell Kings Hornets rookie signature JT Thor to 25 nice Thor James Book Knight rookie silver Hornets and Top of the charts warriors insert Clay Thompson Silver mobile a magic and future legends Rockets Jalen Green Pacers Dwayne Washington, Jr. Destin for greatness rookie auto there non-numbered Griffin pink for the for the Lakers Shaquille O'Neal Kisburg purple to 49 warriors dream on a green Lakers maneuvers LeBron James. What number LeBron aware now?  He honest onto the kumpo Does anyone know what that with the NBA retiring Bill Russell's number? Does anyone know if they're gonna make the players that are currently wearing number six change or kind of have it like when the MLB retired 42 and Like whoever whoever currently had it could just they were like the last ones, you know red to 199 jazz Rudy go bear and Maneuvers Lamella ball bronze to 299 Hawks Trey young Grandfather claws. Gotcha Rookie recon rockets Jalen Green R. J. Barrett called to excellence auto for the Knicks nice one to 49 their Knicks That's a grandfather grandfather claws That's silver miles bridges Hornets and pink Knicks Derek Rose Kenny Martin, Jr. Right still wearing number six silver Eric Bled so blazers and Future legends Jonathan coming to Warriors Rozinga's crew so Montrez Harold Lou Williams So LeBron clearly the best that it very very very clearly the best out of those Out of those few Anthony Edwards silver T Wolves and rock the rim magic Cole Anthony What if the magic have a number six? Oh Chris has a good player, but Like I mean it's not close Like Montrez Harold's a solid player Lou Williams a solid player Those are all solid players or is a boucher red for the Raptors to 199 Jalen Green rockets rock the rim Dante Graham rookie recon that's Cameron Thomas I'm gonna do the other lancet. So basically every team has a number six. It seems like my gruba purple to 49 bowls DeMar DeRosan and future legends Zion for the Pelicans Wonder if you get traded or switch teams you can keep six. I wonder This is no team can issue it. So redemption here Dirk Novitsky Jersey Auto Mavericks Sweet one Mavericks Gordon Hayward silver and a pink rookie Kester Edwards for the Nets Primo got silver Paul Pierce Celtics Maneuver Scotty Barnes Raptors rookie insert Any more scoring other might be some scoring here soon You smiley one out two on Washington Rockets Jay Chante to 199 Maneuvers Donovan Mitchell jazz Isla Braun actually switching to number eight Silver Aaron Wiggins for the Warriors Pink Dennis Rodman bulls Silver Charles Barkley Sons and pink C. J. McCollum pelicans All your own thoughts. Okay, John. I Wonder if the Lakers gonna retire number eight or 24 or I like I don't know I brought a bronze at 299 sixers dwelling bead rock the rim grizzlies John Moran Portland's rookie auto trend in Watford Non-numbered Evan Mobley and is a silver calves rookie. I think that's over and all systems go to John Do you want to marry for the son for the spurs? They retired both It's gonna say I thought they already did I just couldn't remember that they retire to the bulls retire 23 and what was it 45? Bronze rookie Thunder Josh gated to 299 nice giddy rock the rim Warriors Jonathan coming in that sure to John I don't think the problem. I don't know. It's either. He'd make a big deal about it or he just wouldn't tell you Silver Jamal Murray nuggets maneuvers Magic Johnson Lakers Pacers Malcolm Brogdon Just the backwards base. I got bamboozled And a shooter Top of the charts Hawks Trey young Bulls rookie. I would assume who read the one 99 wizards Rihachi Mora and Scotty Barnes future legends Raptors Rookie auto jock landale for the spurs to 99 Anthony Towns silver T-wolves pink Grizzlies Brandon Clark Silver Rockets Jay Sean Tate's Kate Cunningham piston skies the limit rookie insert nice sweet one pistons Jalen Green rookie for the Rockets to 299 bronze Markel folds magic Rock the rim magic Shaquille O'Neal. Well, I destroy the rim Scotty Barnes base rookie for the Raptors Blue rookie next Jericho Simpson 99 and rookie recon bulls. I had a soon move Warriors Jason Richardson claimed to fame auto 13 of 99 nice J rich for the dubs gave me Lillard silver for the Blazers pink Sixers Tobias Harris Silver Carmelone jazz and future legends to deep bay pistons one sec. We'll do a recap of the autos All right, so we had Jason Richardson warriors Jock landale trend in Watford Mavericks Jersey auto redemption Durkin of its key RJ Barrett Who's this joint Washington jr. JT Thor a nice Jaren Jackson jr. Game use patch out of there Jeremiah Robinson Earl Michael Thompson Joe Weiss camp and Steve Kerr. That's gonna do it Got prism sello coming up next