So welcome to ITS 323, Introduction to Data Communications. My name is Steve Gordon. I'll be teaching this course. This group of students, your IT students, we're going to have a few exchange students with us as well. A few more, they're all on holiday I think, going on a long weekend. We're going to try and give you your first course on communication systems and the internet. And computer networks in general. In today's lecture we have two parts. The first part I'll try and give an example to try and introduce what we mean by communications and an example that you know about. So try and connect all the things you already know to data communications and the internet. And then we'll have a break about 240, 220, have a break. And then after that we'll get started really on the first lecture. So in the first hour or so we will not be covering much from election notes. I'll just show some examples on the screen. And when we get a bit of time we may talk about the structure of the course, like the exams, the quizzes, the website and other things. But not quite yet. Let's go straight to an example of how you... Try and demonstrate some of the things that you already know about data communications. And in particular in using the internet. So a good example of using data communications is across the internet, which we use every day. And in particular web browsing we use every day. So let's access a website and see how it works. Because this course is trying to be, how does data communications work? And a large part of that is how does the internet work?  So let's access a website and see what happens. Any recommendations of a website I should access? There's our course website. I'll not go to there. Let's try one. I'll try to type in an address. Okay, good, it worked. I gave this to the CS class on Wednesday and it didn't work. The internet didn't work. I just accessed a web page. Nothing complex. What we want to know is how did that work? What happened in that case? So let's just go back. It may be hard to see at the back. Can we zoom in a little bit? The first thing I did was typed in an address. And if you saw me, I typed in, it's not fully shown there, I typed in http colon slash slash sandylands.info slash it.html. What is that? What's the name of that thing? Again? What's the name of that domain? Part of it is a domain. So sandylands.info we call a domain. But the whole thing, http colon slash slash sandylands.info slash it.html is a URL. I think you may have heard of it, you may not know what it means, a Uniform Resource Locator, but a URL is the whole address, and part of that address is the domain. The other part is the http and also this slash it.html is a file name. So the first thing that we do when we visit websites is usually we need to specify some address. And what we're going to study in this course is different, well, what we'll come across is different addressing schemes, different ways that we identify devices using addresses, and the role of those addresses in data communications. So we type in an address, then what happened? I pressed enter, what happened? Download. Download. Browse? Yeah, what? Correct? Type. Okay, so I typed in an address and it browsed, so I think you mean it showed me the web page that this address identifies. So the address or URL identifies a resource. In this case, the resource is a web page, a file, a HTML file. Who knows HTML? Who can write HTML? Who has seen the inside of a HTML file? Okay, the HTML tags are greater than less than signs and so on. Even if you can't remember the syntax, I think many people may have seen the inside of a HTML file. So what happened when I pressed enter is that my browser, this is my web browser on my laptop, my browser browsed to this website, but what does that mean? What did my browser actually do or my computer do? Did it communicate with someone else or some other entity? Where did this web page come from? Database? Possibly, maybe. But where does this web page come from? Did it just magically appear on my laptop? Where did it come from? Anyone want to guess? Did it come from America? Did it come from Thailand? Did it come from my blue laptop? I don't know. Japan? Okay, maybe it did. What can we identify? Well, the address identifies a web server. Sandilands.info identifies the address of some web server. So with web browsing, the very simple view of web browsing is my browser, I want to visit this web page. I tell my browser by typing in the address. I press enter. My browser and my computer sends a request to a web server. The web server is identified by Sandilands.info, sends a request to some web server somewhere in the world. The web server receives the request. The request is for the page or the file it.html. The web server receives a request, looks on its hard drive to see if it has that page. If it does, it sends that page back in a response. When my browser receives the response, then it displays this text on the screen. So there were some communications happening there. My browser sends a message to a web server somewhere on the internet. The web server sends a response back containing the web page. Then my browser displays that web page on the screen. It all happened quite fast. I think from when I pressed enter until it was displayed, it was, I guess, milliseconds, less than a second. So what's the name of that mechanism for my browser sending a request and then the server sending a reply? What's the name of that technique or mechanism? A query, okay, so it's a request response. So it's a query for a web page. More specific. There's a name, and you know the name. You may not know what it means. You see it every day. What's the name of the mechanism used for requesting and retrieving web pages? It's a protocol. It starts with H. HTTP, okay. It's no longer displayed here. My browser's too smart to display it, but I typed in HTTP colon slash slash. HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol. That is the mechanism for, or the set of rules that define how my browser sends a request to the server and how the server sends a response. It's a protocol. It's a hypertext transfer protocol. It's a protocol for transferring hypertext. Hypertext is the name of the way for describing the format of web pages, HTML, the hypertext markup language. So we have a protocol that defines how to communicate. One of them that you always see is HTTP. Does anyone know any others in the internet? Other protocols you may have heard of. HTTP, maybe you've downloaded files, FTP from a server. Others? Has anyone... Maybe many people use web browsers to do everything nowadays, but many other applications on the internet. Email users sometimes use something like POP or IMAP or SMTP. When you had it, maybe a few years ago, you had MSN Messenger. And that used its own protocol, an instant messaging protocol to talk to other Messenger instances. Voice over IP allows you to make voice calls over the internet. VoIP, you may have seen the acronym. We'll see many acronyms which refer to protocols through this course. What's another one? IP, the internet protocol, is a core one. Web browsing. The server sends back that web page. What's the web page look like? We can view the page source and for those experts in HTML, it doesn't matter if you can't read it. You can zoom in a little bit. The HTML source of that web page saying the markup tags and welcome to ITS 323, the heading and so on. So as a web developer, you would create this page, put it on the web server, and they would see the content from this HTML page. Very simple so far. Where is the web server? Tokyo, okay. How do we know that? I know it because it's my web server. It's in Tokyo, Japan. That's why I wrote it here. Don't worry about how we know that. We know it in this case. So it's in Japan. My browser is here in Thailand. So the request went all the way to Japan and then came back. And how long did it take? If I reload, can someone time, get their stopwatch going? Okay, less than a second. So to get all the way to Japan and come back, the server to respond takes milliseconds in that case. What else do we know about this? So there are addresses that identify resources or computers like a domain name identifies a web server, identifies a file on a web server. We have protocols that define how we communicate between computers like HTTP. What else can we see from this simple example of web browsing? Other types of addresses. Does anyone know of other types of addresses? Does my laptop have an address? Do you think? Yes? Does my laptop, do you think, have a domain name? Like Steve's laptop.com? Unlikely. Does yours? Your mobile phone have a domain? What's your domain? It has an address and maybe it does have a name but it may be local to a network. But what address does your phone, tablet, laptop, home computer have? But I think you've seen, you may not understand what it means what type of address. An IP address. You may not have done much with it but if you look in the settings on your phone about the network settings you'll see something like an IP address. So an IP address is another type of address that identifies computers on the internet and it's a very important address. In the simple terms, we'll assume that all computers on the internet have a unique IP address. So my laptop has an IP address. This blue laptop has a different IP address. The web server has one and all other computers have a unique IP address. And we'll communicate by sending to a particular IP address. So I think you've heard of you've definitely used HTTP. You've seen domain names. You know URLs. You've seen websites for sure. You've probably seen or come across IP addresses. What else? What's the IP address of my laptop? Anyone let's have a look. On my laptop to see the IP address it's my network interface. IF is sure for interface. So to see the configuration of my interface my wireless LAN interface use this command. You don't have to know the command. And I see a lot of information and I see this is I know that's the IP address for my laptop at this point in time. 10.99.159. What does it mean? We'll have a topic on the structure of IP addresses after the midterm. I'm sure you can look into your mobile phone and explore the network settings. If you go into the advanced settings you'll find your IP address there. On any of your computing devices you can access. Another IP address what did I access? sandylands.info sandylands.info is the domain name of my web server. My web server is a computer in Japan. This program will show me that that domain name also corresponds to an IP address. 106.187. 46.22 So most servers have a domain name as well as an IP address. Computers use IP addresses to communicate. Humans remember domain names. So we'll talk about later towards the end of the course the mapping from domain names to IP addresses and how that works called DNS the domain name system. I'm just trying to go through a very simple example of web browsing and trying to highlight some things about data communications. Let's see what else we can see. So I said with HTTP my browser sent a request to the web server. The server sent back a reply. I tried to draw this before so we have a browser and some server so two computers somewhere on the internet and we'll say that the browser and server I'll draw it as a cloud meaning or it's much more complex than just a cloud it's actually many different devices. Don't worry too much about drawing my pictures they're not so important at this stage after our break we'll move on to the first lecture notes and we'll try and cover the same concepts but maybe in a little bit more formal manner and then you can take more notes. What happens if I can draw it what happens the browser sends some request to the server I'll just write that as a request and then the server gets the web page and sends back a response and this is part of the protocol called HTTP so HTTP defines the format of the request the format of the response when to send them what should be inside those messages that's a protocol what else do we see when I accessed that website I was doing something else on my computer I was recording the messages that my computer sent and received so just before I accessed the website I started another piece of software to record everything that my computer where the browser is running every message it sends and receives let's have a look at those messages I have to bring them up and I'll go directly to hopefully and just to hide some of the details what was I 106. you don't need to understand what I'm doing here but we'll just look at the final result if it works a lot of detail here but this software shows a record of the messages that my computer sent and received I started some recording so everything that came out of my computer and went into my computer across the wireless interface was recorded and I've summarized and selected the two things of importance in these two messages the top these two show the two messages a lot of information here let's just focus on some things that we know there's a source address and a destination address the source is who sent it to and if you can recall <IP_ADDRESS> was my laptop and the 106 address was my server so this first message went from my laptop to the web server using protocol HTTP and the summary information in that message was this is the request going to the server saying I want to get the file flash it.html so this is my computer saying I want to get this file the length of that message was 366 bytes and then how long did it take to get the response back so the next message is the response how long does it take well if you note here there's some times relative to when I started this process the time when the request was sent was 14.96 seconds when the response came back it was 14.27 seconds so what's that about 0.3 seconds about 300 milliseconds from when my browser sent the request to Japan and until the Japanese web server sent the web page back so that's the time it takes to get the response back from this information from the web server to my laptop you're still using HTTP and the response some summary information is saying everything's okay the request was okay and the response is okay most important the response here we can zoom in on some of the detail inside the response is this what is this HTML it's the web page okay so this is the response message inside that response is the actual web page that I requested the file it.html so what happens is my browser sends the first request out server receives a request finds the file I requested puts it in the response sends the response back to my computer my browser receives the response grabs this part of it and uses that to display on the screen welcome to ITS 323 in this course what we want to get to towards the end of the semester is how some of these other things work HTTP transmission control protocol TCP the internet protocol ethernet and other communication technologies we want to study how they work how big was the response here 743 bytes what else can we determine close that one for now let's have a look at the web page I'm going to save this web page on my hard disk and we'll look at the size and look at the contents save it I'll just save it as IT .html the page the HTML page is 311 bytes the response was 700 bytes it contained the web page plus some other stuff some overhead but the page itself is 311 bytes why? why is it 311 bytes alright why 311 what does it tell you about what's inside anyone okay there are 311 bytes of data it's a hard it's a confusing question there's no one answer it tells us in fact that there are probably 311 characters inside there in the file itself it's just a text file if we look at that file and you go and count all the characters in there including the end of lines you'll see that there are 311 characters there each character is stored on disk as a single byte which is very common for most operating systems we can word count that file word count there are 13 lines words 311 characters each character represents one byte very basics we're doing nothing exciting yet let's look at that file in the binary form XXD is just a program to look at a file a text file in a binary form I have to zoom out a little bit so it will fit on a screen so this on the right hand side it shows the ASCII representation I just gave you the answer to my next question it shows some the text and here is the binary form well my next question was how do we map text to binary ASCII is the common encoding that we use the ASCII table says that the letter H is the number 104 or whatever it is which corresponds to a 7-bit value but on the hard disk we store as a 8-bit value so the letter H here in HTML is this binary number so we can map any form of text into binary and later as we go through data communications in most of the things that we want to communicate we'll represent them as binary and deal with how to send bits across our link or network last thing with respect to our example I said that I sent from here my laptop in Thailand to the server in Japan so I told you it was in Japan which path did it take how did it get to Japan from Thailand anyone want to guess where did it go outside of think of cities or countries that it may have went via to get to Japan okay alright first question do I have a cable going from my laptop to the server in Japan no there's no cable from my laptop into the server I don't have a direct connection I send the data via other locations via other devices in fact where's the first thing that I sent the message the request message via this laptop sent a request message to where even before a server in Thailand was much closer maybe you can see it right that thing on the wall up there okay the wireless the first thing because I was using wifi on my laptop the first thing that it does is it sends a radio signal out of the laptop and it's received by this wireless access point or wireless router on the wall okay so that first step is that wireless communications then this one okay but there's a cable going out of the back and it goes up in the ceiling down the wall into the I think into the third floor there's a computer center into another device and it keeps going to another device and another device until it gets to the server in Tokyo via different devices I haven't checked today but when I tried this at home I found the path that it takes or roughly the path it may be a little bit different if I did it today but when I tried it before I found the path I'll try and bring it up the path this was actually from home not from SIT but it's almost the same from the web browser to the server where did it go via this message and actually goes via different companies networks or different organizations networks those organizations are referred to as usually internet service providers ISPs or telecom companies so in this case actually from home it went because my ISP at home is TOT TOT is the local government telco in Thailand and they are an ISP so it went to TOT's network some devices inside there so not just a particular device but this represents there ISP's network and then it went to another device or another network of TOT called the TOT International Internet Gateway IIG and the way the internet structured in Thailand is that there are many ISPs that you can subscribe to you pay monthly to access and most of them then connect into five or six different international gateways and then those international gateways connect to ISPs in other countries and in my case the data went to the TOT International Internet Gateway which had a connection to NT&T, actually a Japanese company in Singapore so it went from Bangkok to Singapore and then it went via Singapore to Japan probably into Tokyo, I don't know NT&T is the other company it's the national telecom company of Japan then it went to another telecom company or ISP in Japan called KDDI and then it went to the company that hosts the web server called Linode just the company that I pay per month for this server so that's the rough path between the browser and the server that the data took and again today from my laptop it may be different if you access a server in the US or in Europe or in some other region the path will be different one of our topics or several of our topics will look at how do we find a good path between browser and server or generally between two computers in a network and it's called routing and it hosts the destination that will be a topic that we cover after the midterm any questions so far nothing much new just some basics of how web browsing works and a little bit about the internet structure come back to this international internet gateway maybe more detail what does the internet in Thailand look like anyone seen a picture of the internet in Thailand or the structure of the internet I'm sure you've seen one I think most people here have seen a picture of the internet in Thailand see if I can bring one up Thailand international internet gateway a map of the international connections from Thailand to other countries I think everyone's seen that it's on the front page of your handout of your booklet it's hard to see both on the screen and also in the black and white version on your handout it's probably best to see on your own computer so you can zoom in and find the information but the general structure is that these blue ones in the center are the international internet gateways this is TOT IIG here the one that we connected to but there are a few others the grey ones around the outside ISPs in other countries the blue ones are some special ISPs inside Thailand and all the lines are the links the communication links between all those organizations we'll just zoom in on on some small parts and again this is where you need to look in on your own computer so one of the bigger gateways is run by CAT CAT the government based telecom companies here and these are international ISPs or companies overseas which connect into the CAT IIG and other international gateways you can notice that maybe you'll recognize the names of some companies or ISPs the countries Singapore, Hong Kong Google from Malaysia and Singapore so Google has their own links into Thailand so when you access Google services including YouTube going to the servers in the US it can go direct to the servers nearby in Singapore Malaysia and so on and you can scroll around best in your own time to see many other companies there mostly around Asia some in the US and so on and the lines are the links so think of them almost not always but most of them are cables and the numbers specify the speed that we can transfer the data between those two entities for example KDDI in Hong Kong there's this red line going somewhere and the speed of that link is 1 gigabit per second that's what the 1G means here so you can see the speeds of different links of the connectivity inside the country again in this course we want to study things about the speed what technologies give us different speeds the connectivity between what technologies we'll use to communicate between these entities and a few other things about the structure of the internet you can find this map from some website I think I'll add a link to the course website you'll search if you search for Thailand internet map you'll find it I'm pretty sure run by Nectec so they've got an international map showing connections to other ISPs and an internal map how the internal ISPs connect inside the country updated quite often last thing if we zoom in on our communications from my laptop to the server in Japan and just look at the portion inside this campus it looks roughly like this here's my laptop it communicates with this wireless access point on the wall there's no link, there's no cable there there's a link but no physical cable we use wireless communications there so I send some radio signal to this access point it's got the antennas that pick up the signal the access point then has a cable going up through the wall and it goes down into what's called a switch in I think in the third floor there's a small computer center there and eventually it goes out to something called a gateway for this campus which connects this campus to the rest of the world with respect to the internet it's a gateway between our network inside the campus to all the other networks out on the internet there's a gateway at Bankadee and that actually has a link going to Runksit if I think we have at least two links one of them is a wireless link if you go to the top of the other building there's an antenna up there that points at Runksit and we have a wireless link but we also have a wide link that we use to connect to the other campus so this just draws the internal campus communications so another part of this topic is how do the communications inside a LAN work a wireless or a wired LAN a local area network and we'll look at some of the techniques there so there's our introduction to the course and some of the things that we'll try and cover in this course how internet applications like web browsing work how the internet is structured this is almost going backwards towards the end we'll look at the applications before that we'll look at the internet structure how do we connect across a local area network and how do we connect say between countries a wide area network or WANs and before that we'll look at things about how to find a route from source to destination how to find a path before that we need to look at the details of just a single link say from access point to switch over one cable how do we get data across a cable what do we do how do we send just imagine here to the switch what do we send send a signal what shape up down up down alright we could send some signal in general yes correct we send some signal across this link where that signal represents the information the information is usually bits whether it's a web page an email a video we'll often look at digital data sometimes we'll look at analog but if we have bits we map those bits of information to a signal whether it's a digital signal like square wave or an analog signal think of a sine wave we send some signal across here such that that represents the information being communicated the receiver receives the signal and interprets what that information was so we'll actually spend the first part of this course looking at those signals defining what they are how we encode data on those signals and how to do it efficiently let's stop there at least on this introduction part any questions everyone's confident they're going to be successful in this course they know what it's about it's about how do we communicate first across links and then how do we communicate across including the internet this course data communications is a rather complex and large topic this is just the introduction to data communications those that stick around past this semester next semester that you have a course on computer networks and network architectures I think it's called ITS 327 that sort of extends or continues on from this course here we just do the basics in the next course taught by Dr. Comet will be more detailed about the internet and some networks next semester also we'll do a lab so we'll do some hands on with what we learn in this course and a little bit from the ITS 327 so I will teach the lab next semester so IT program another aspect of the internet and data communications is security how do we make sure our communications are secure so next semester we also have a course called IT security that I think all of you will take and I will teach you that as well some of you may choose the ICT option inside IT so you may get some more details about communications there's tele-services and services architectures internet technologies and applications usually they are taught by adjuncts or external people so the topics change a little bit but related to the internet and telecommunications and maybe even mobile computing next year so it's important that you're successful in this course so that you can be successful in the subsequent courses so make sure you get through this course so that you can find the next courses much easier


We have a new series for you the top five plays of the day where you can see the highlights in case you missed them Let's listen to a clip roll it here today with the top five plays from yesterday's LCS match where TSM took on Winner Fox in week two game one of the LCS season That is a clip from the very first video of this series if you want to see the video Click the card right here That'll take you to the video of the very first episode of the top five plays by fudge truck featuring TSM and their match against Winner Fox in the LCS Do you like this style of video where you see the top five plays of popular games like League of Legends? Tell me in the comments below if you want us to cover more games than just League of Legends Right now we're focusing on TSM because we are cross promoting with TSM team solo mid And we would love to hear your thoughts on whether you like this style of content And if you do we'll keep making more so tell us in the comments below This is freedom and who am I I am George see I pointed the right way this time And I am George founder of freedom and you've been watching and we will grow together as a family Because this is the freedom family You are part of it. We are all part of it and we're all growing together So grow with us and partner with freedom that play now button right there on the video bar Is all you need to click to get started


What's going on guys and gals Brad here for Leighton sports cards We are ripping 21 22 NT basketball prison basketball two box number seven random teams Here is your list one more time feel free to check it out on the website at any time and thank you for joining Good luck guys and gals Nice playing collect. Good luck Jonathan coming up Red wave Kyle Kuzma blue like wins dork Thunder to 199 you guys see Ohtani get a Picked off by Kershaw Got Scotty Barnes rookie and the all-star game Silver Quentin Grimes Orange Josh Primo rookie two rookies color to 49 It's and a DeWarte 75 years hollow That was a pretty good pack That sure if Cooper Cameron Thomas red wave Brynn Forbes Zion Williamson To give me Mogumbo saw a tweet the other day that said that New Orleans is a 5-feet under sea level because of Zion It's really messed up Funny though Greg Brown Silver Kyle Kuzma Wide screen Zion. Oh, this is a shame or temper. This is Tobias Bias new and he's training here today. It's a bias Isaiah Livers my name is Mantis toboggan down on how Banton Got red rookie David Johnson to 299 Doctor Mantis toboggan Jared Butler I Used to go by Jurgen Rownstein Silver Anthony Davis Andrew Wiggins David Johnson Rookie IO do sumo Silver rate Allen red ice to 75 Keon Johnson. That's why Jalen Green red wave to 75 Hyper Alonzo morning nice green Robinson Earl Jalen Green Silver Dwight Howard Prismatic James Harden and Rookie Otto David Johnson Raptors Tray Murphy Santy Aldema Luca Donchich Nets Otto Cameron Thomas rookie Otto sensational six Jalen Johnson Silver Anthony Edwards Marcus smart hyper Jason Preston and Rookie Alperin shingoon Sorry Prismatic or not prismatic Pulsar's thank you Jared Butler pulsar There you go jazz not numbered in a blue ice wise men. Okay. We got NT Good luck guys Seven to go on the next one number eight. So we got to 99 Collins sextant Cleveland One of one printing plate Aaron Nesmith Celtics from flawless Mavericks to 25 Sean Marion at Sam's boy maverick. No the matrix. I was a maverick He was on the mavericks the matrix was on the mavericks Nice maverick for the matrix Sixers Jersey James Harden to 99 Nice sixer for the fear of the beards Jersey Otto rookie to 99 Trayman 99 Letterpatch There you go Indiana Hello there Kazi Russell next five of ten Kazi Russell dual Jersey rookie Otto Jason Preston Clippers to 99 I was just thinking that Jersey to 99 Dylan Brooks Grizzlies Jersey to 99 Grant Williams Celtics or as Uzi would say Celtics One sec. We'll recap it So we got Nesmith Dylan Brooks James Harden Sean Marion Jason Preston Kazi Russell Trayman Cameron Thomas David Johnson Jelan Green to 75 and Chris Duarte RPA to 99 Moving on guys coming up next is another two boxer Five laps


Are we good to go on to the recording side? So hey everybody, I'm Mariah Cloggis-Mount, a PhD student at Cornell. And I'm going to walk you guys through some of our work today on understanding risks and non-custodial stable currents. So first, we're going to take the other explorals and attack the samples. Do we have to go in there? Is it the lane? OK, there's a little bit closer, but let me know if there's a problem later. So stable currents are a centerpiece of decentralized finance, which is rapidly growing and increasingly complex. So in just two years, it's grown to $500 million in assets. And it's evolved into a pretty complicated system of composability between a number of different variables. And in the financial world, complex systems usually come with complex risks. So an example that everybody's aware of is the 2008 financial crisis, where we had some contracts that were intended to really stabilize the system, but ended up having a huge destabilizing force. But decentralized finance and blockchain is different. The whole idea is to try to correct some of the problems from the traditional financial system. Well, it turns out that indeed it has some complex risks. So here is Newbitts, one of the first stable coins, which is plumber trading at cents on the dollars these days. Here is BitUSD, which had a major defending event until last December. Here is SteamDollars, which has struggled to maintain its tag over the last year. Here is BitBTC, a synthetic asset trying to track Bitcoin, which has also collapsed. In more recent news, this past summer, synthetics suffered an oracle attack. And a month later, Tera, another stable coin, suffered two oracle attacks. The problem with these systems is that we really have sort of little formal understanding of how they work. They end up having some complex feedback effects. There's no truly stable asset that's efficiently accessible within these systems. This is actually what we're really trying to create in the first place with stable coins. And involves complex interaction of different agents. So in this talk, we're gonna go through a little bit about understanding stable coins, sort of motivating another different from existing currency models. And then go through a high level overview of our paper, which introduces a new model to try to understand these stable coin systems a little better. So a stable coin aims to be a protocol that stabilizes the market price or purchasing power of the coin to become more usable and adoptable cryptocurrencies. And there are two main types of stable coins. One is a custodial coin, where some custodian holds the reserve asset soft chain. This is something like Tether, which reintroduces counterparty risk back into cryptocurrencies. And then there are non-custodial systems. And these systems, which is what we're starting with this paper, involve on-chain mechanisms to try to target stability. So example here is maker-downs-dive. And this is like the systems we saw in the slides earlier, they end up having very similar designs. Currently, they're very ad hoc because we don't really understand these systems very well. And so amenable to potential failure. So let's go through a simple example of one of these systems. This is a simple contract forgiveness. So here we have a contract comparing two different agents, a stable coin holder and a speculator. So let's say they each put in one ether, currently worth $100 into the contract. So now there's two ether worth $200 into the contract. And now as time moves forward, the price oracle updates the contract with the new price of ether, let's say it's $80, and then the contract settles, returning $100 worth of ether, now 1.25 ether to the stable coin holder and the remainder to the speculator. But of course, if the direction of the price movement were a bit different, the speculator would have made a profit. And that's what they're really betting on. That's why they are taking these systems. So this is similar to a forward contract. Importantly accept the prices really well fixed in the end terms, while the payout is in this risky collateral. And you can't really settle in U.S. dollars on a blockchain. So that's one limitation. And in these markets, they're usually heavy frictions between diverting between these risky assets and fiat. And in many jurisdictions it may not be possible.  And there's no guarantee that a good market for that continues to exist in all environments. So this has motivated some of the new designs, which is what we're focusing on in our modeling work, to make stable coins that perform in this sort of way, but don't have sort of a set expiration date. So in these systems, you again have a speculator. Let's say they currently lock one ETH worth $100 into a contract and they create 50 stable coins against or some amount up to some over collateral threshold. So if you think in terms of balance sheets, this is what the speculators balance sheet looks like. And then they can take those 50 stable coins and go to a stable coin market and trade for about 0.5 ETH. And I say about because it depends on what the market is willing to bear and that comes, turns out to be pretty complex to understand. And the stable coin market works through some idea of arbitrage, but importantly, it's not real arbitrage because it depends on sort of assumptions about how the system continues. And then at any time, the speculator can repurchase those 50 stable coins to unlock their collateral, but they're essentially getting as a leveraged physician to make a leveraged bet on this risky asset. And at some point, they may want to exit that leveraged position. And then the other side of the stable coin market is taken by these stable coin holders who buy the stable coins and want to maintain a stable position for some sort of risk-reason vote, or potentially the future for purchasing reasons. So now as time evolves, price Oracle again updates this contract to tell what the new price of ETH is. And if the collateral value decreases below some threshold, then the speculator can be partially liquidated to try to bring them back within that threshold. And so you can see two main sort of areas of weaknesses of all of these systems. One is around the price Oracle, which if you can manipulate it, you can manipulate the entire system. And the other is around the stable coin market, which if it collapses, it also brings down. And then at any point, there could be some idea of like this global settlement where this is getting back to what would happen in the original contract for difference. The contract is settled, the stable coin holders can exchange their stable coins for ETH at the last Oracle price and the remainder goes to speculators. But this is meant as sort of a last resort sort of thing and not intended to really take effect. So an important question in these models is, can we use the existing literature on currency peg models to try to understand these? And unfortunately, the answer is no. So in traditional currency peg models, we're really looking at a game played between currency holders and there's a government issuer, which is not really a player in the game. They're sort of mechanically committed to maintaining stability for its own sake. But now in the stable coin systems, we're really replacing the government issuer rule with decentralized speculators who are now players in the game. So they issue and withdraw stable coins to optimize their profits over the long term. They're not, they're importantly not committed to maintaining any idea of the contract. And the best we can hope for is that the protocols well-designed and the peg is maintained through incentive with some high probability. And so this motivates the model that we're building, which we're building up a model of the setting we put forward in the previous slides in those pictures. And so we have two agents, the stable coin holders who are seeking stability and provides sort of the demand side of the equation with some elasticity and speculators who choose leverage bets that are backing the stable coin. And there are two assets, Ether, which is a risky asset with an exogenous price, and stable coin, which has our endogenous price that we're trying to understand, which is over collateralized in the risky asset. And then there's a stable coin market, which clears by setting the demand equal to the supply in the target terms, in this case, the simple issue of dollars. And this is similar in concept to how clearing works on yes one. And so in our paper, we're focusing on understanding how speculators make decisions. And so in our model, the speculators decide how to change the stable coins applied to maximize their ex-period expected returns, subject to some constraints. So this is, in some idea, an idea of honest behavior in these systems of these speculators, because the system designers really intend for the systems to be maintained to this idea of arbitrage. If the price of the stable coin is trading too high or too low, then there's some idea of incentives for these stable coin issuers and speculators to change the supply and to bring it back in line with the target. But as we mentioned earlier, it's not really true arbitrage. It depends on some assumptions the systems continue to reform. So these speculators are then, they're subject first to a liquidation constraint. And this is inherent to the protocol. It says how over collateralized their positions have to be. And then in our model, they're also subject to a risk constraint, which is self-imposed by the speculator. It says how much to the speculator want to avoid liquidation. So some examples of how to formulate this might be like a value by risk constraint, which is consistent with an idea of like a margin of safety. You want to avoid liquidations with some probability. But importantly, we can consider a number of other formulations in our model. So from our model, we're able to back out some analytic results to help us understand these systems a little better. So the first is that there's a bound to the speculator's ability to maintain the market. It looks something like this, but the exact form is not really important for this topic. The second result is that speculators space the limits on how quickly they can reduce leverage. Even if they're bringing in capital from outside the system. And this leads to what we call de-leveraging spirals, where a speculator can end up having to re-purchase stable coins at an increasing price as liquidity tries up in the market. So let's walk through intuitively how this sort of works. So here we're looking at a measure of the price of the stable coin. So measures of demand and supply in the stable coin market. And on the far side, the collateral in the system. And so now if there's a liquidation, collateral is used to reduce the supply by buying back stable coins, which leads to a new balance between supply and demand to make up for that, that leads to an increase in price in the stable coin and a decrease in the demand to bring things back in line. But now if we're looking at starting at this state, if there's another wave of liquidations, because the price is higher, there's less liquidity in the market, the more collateral needs to be used to buy back the same amount of supply to have the same effects. And so we have sort of a potential amplification effect to how much collateral and how quickly it's used. Our third analytical result describes when these systems are stable versus unstable. If we add a couple more assumptions, we can trackably show that if the leverage constraints for these speculators is never active, then the system converges to a steady state where we have a stable price and zero variance. And an important observation here is that this steady state may not have a price of $1, or maybe below, it could potentially be above. And then sort of outside of this stable region when this constraint is activated, then we can check here that volatility is bounded to above zero with high probability. And the reason here is that sort of when you're outside of this region, you're more likely to remain outside because of this feedback effect, which leads to something like a kink in the probability distribution at this boundary. And so we can actually see some of these effects in real dye data. This is just a preliminary analysis of this. Here, on this side here, we're seeing an ether decline in December of last year, leading to a large reduction in the supply of dye and an accompanying increase in the price of dye, consistent with potentially an early stage of a dual-average inspire rule. And so if that had continued for a while, we might see more extreme effects after that. And then on the far side here, in sort of more normal times for dye, you can see that the price, the sort of normal trading price of dye can be below the $1 target, which is sort of in line with our stable-average results. And sort of effects from liquidations can cause spike increases to the trading prices of dye. Our system lets us, our model also lets us do some simulations. So in these simulations, we can see these stable and unstable origins as well. We can also look at sort of the effects of different speculator behaviors, volatility and sort of survival rates of the system. I'll leave that to sort of more details in the paper if you want to check it out. Another important thing from our results is that they can lead to new attacking centers. So first, an important thing is that attacking a stable coin is a different idea from a traditional tax tax. The focus here is not on breaking the willingness of the central bank to maintain a bank. It's instead involving manipulating the interaction of a number of speculators. And there are three sort of attack primitives that allow these attacks to happen. First is that these deleveraging spirals can lead to arbitrage-like trades around liquidations. These could be supplemented with the fact that real implementation is stable coin. And arbitrage to try to automate these liquidations. And then third, miners have the ability to censor and reorder transactions to extract problems. So the first attack we consider, if there's an ether decline, an attacker can manipulate the market to trigger and profit from these liquidations. So this is similar to a short squeeze-like attack on existing speculators. It could be supplemented also with a bribe between miners to try to freeze collateral top-up transactions. And it sort of works like this. So the attacker would buy stable coins early, sort of dry-up, put it in the market during the ether decline, liquidations are triggered, and then the attacker can potentially earn a spread by selling at the post-liquidation prices and also potentially can enter as a new speculator at back prices, which is good for a speculator position potentially. And sort of looking at this in our model through some examples, this could potentially be for a fair profitable. The second attack is after there's an ether decline. An attacker could try to re-argu the blockchain to trigger and profit from spiraling liquidations. And so the idea here is that a change in transaction ordering can cause more liquidations and extractable value for the speculator, which leads to the fact that if perverse incentives for these attacks for miners, if those rewards are greater than the mining rewards, then there's an incentive for them to do this attack. So what does this kind of look like? So in the current state of the system, we might have a timeline of the transaction history and say this is the Oracle price feed and now the attacker, and then there are liquidations in the current timeline here. And now the attacker wants to branch the blockchain here. And importantly, they can inherit the price feed because those transactions are already signed. They can inherit the liquidations as well and place themselves in the position to perform those and benefit from those. And in fact, they can reorder and censor transactions to trigger even more liquidations and put themselves in the position to profit from those as well. So there are also some design insights that come from our work. So one idea is that if we're trying to figure out how to design these, the focus could be on widening a stable region and limiting the severity of the unstable region. And there are some specific sort of considerations that die, for die in particular. So there are fees in the die system, which can actually have the effect of amplifying these two leveraging spirals. But there's potentially ways that this could be reformatted in a counter-cyclical way. So that's where I think it's more. A good fee mechanism could also reduce speculator current behavior and also reduce the effect of these two leveraging spirals. And also there are potential better uses for last resort idea of MKR insurance to try to quality these two leveraging spirals. Can I talk about this a little bit more, I'm okay? A key factor in how severe these two leveraging spirals can be is how exchangeable is this stable coin to alternatives outside the system. So things like stable fiat currencies or stable fiat backed crypto companies. And the higher this exchangeability is, the lower the feedback effects, but it introduces an idea of shutdown risk because you're really relying them on these flows outside the system to help to stabilize the system. And in many jurisdictions, this may not be an option. So there's a couple sort of open questions that I'm continuing to look at on these lines. The first is expanding the strategy space of these specularis and attackers, understanding what else could be possible in this space and understanding governance and Oracle risks, how that relates to these risks as well. And then connecting back to the first slide, understanding sort of composability of risks between all of these protocols where you can have layers upon layers of deleveraging that could potentially occur. And then eventually we wanna learn how to design more crash resistant systems. So that wraps up the talk here. So key takeaways you can take away are that the stable coin collateral can potentially be consumed a lot faster because of these deleveraging sort of effects. And this can lead to arbitrage like trades around liquidations and new attack incentives to consider. So there are a couple more resources here that you wanna learn more. And you can follow me to see some of the subsequent work that I'm working on. And then we have about a minute to open up for questions. So you can talk to me after as well. You can start at a pretty high interest rate that you're holding on. And that seems to be by my decent one. Yeah. Yeah, that would factor into understanding how the demand side works. Yeah, more work needs to go on that. Yeah. Thanks for talking to me. I didn't get to write my own model with you team. The external work speak with the business system. If you go back like four, five slides. Okay. Actually, I think we have to wrap up. Okay. Come talk to me right after answering the question. And anyone else who can talk as well. Or get to talk as well. Thanks.


And, you know, a little bit of more Marjorie Taylor Green and a few more, you're going to have a lot of Republicans running our way. Isn't she amazing? Oh, ours, the reason she was very specific, I shouldn't digress, probably. She was very specific recently saying that a mom, a poor mother who lost two kids to fentanyl, that I killed her sons. Well, the interesting thing is that fentanyl they took came during the last administration. Apparently, Dark Brandon is back because, as you just saw, he decided to poke fun at Marjorie Taylor Green for just being generally unhinged 99.9% of the time. And I think that he's expressing how all of us feel about her, particularly with this reaction. Yeah, so even though I disagree with Joe Biden on many issues and think that he's far too conservative for the Democratic Party, as conservative as they are generally speaking, it really is moments like that that make it obvious why he's more endearing to normies than other Democratic Party politicians who are just overly rehearsed and phony. Sometimes just having a human reaction to something and saying aloud what we're all thinking is actually good, believe it or not. But having said that though, there is something in there that I wanted to address. And it's this idea that if the Republican Party produced more Marjorie Taylor Greens, then more moderate Republican Party voters would flee and move to the Democratic Party. I don't actually think that that's true. While her insanity may scare off some centrists, I think that this unhinged behavior helps shore up the GOP's core base. They like it. They support Donald Trump. They loved Sarah Palin. The kookiest figures in the GOP have had the most staying power over the years. And this is important because you can't project your sanity onto a base of voters that agree with Donald Trump and Marjorie Taylor Green. The Democratic Party needs to acknowledge that there's a large portion of the Republican Party's base that just isn't gettable. And they should adjust their policy positions and recognition of that reality. And rather than trying to appeal to centrist Republicans and peel them off one by one, they need to put more effort into showing up their own base, namely young people and leftists, who feel abandoned by the Party's incrementalist neoliberal policies, unapologetically supporting policies like Medicare for All, nationwide legalization of marijuana, free college for everyone. That is the Democratic equivalent of throwing red meat to their base.  They do it all the time. And this idea that far-right politicians like Marjorie Taylor Green will turn off Republican voters, I think it's just wishful thinking, honestly. Most Republican voters like politicians like Marjorie Green. No matter how extreme and hypocritical they are, the base still hasn't abandoned them. For example, the GOP has spent the last, what, five years denouncing political correctness and safe spaces. And Marjorie Taylor Green today, I believe, admitted that she herself wants a safe space of her own. She actually said this, albeit sarcastically, but she still said this nonetheless. And it's just overt hypocrisy. Listen. You understand, Congresswoman, is why don't they want to divorce us? As you pointed out, as sad as it may be, they hate us. Okay. The feeling is mutual, at least on my end. I'm not telling everybody feel that way.   Why are we living together? Why are we still married? Why don't we go our separate ways? Well, you know, certainly we've been trying to kick them out of the bedroom and make them sleep on the sofa for some time now, Jesse, but they just don't seem to get the message.  So safe spaces are apparently good now. I mean, imagine if the Democratic Party did a 180 on something and said, we want to cut Social Security or we're against trans rights. Most members of the base would see that and say, that's not acceptable. I don't like this. It's not a one-to-one comparison, but you understand that generally speaking, I think that sane and rational people see 180 degree turns like that flip-flops like that. And they think, wow, I don't like this. But I mean, the Republican Party does this all the time. So no amount of hypocrisy or lack of consistency will turn off the GOP's base. And I say that because if it were possible for that to happen, it would have already happened and understand how Marjorie Taylor Greene is ironically claiming that the left, they're shoving their woke ideologies down our throats while not acknowledging that she is a self-proclaimed Christian nationalist. I mean, the core goal of Christian nationalism is to impose their will on everyone in the country because they have divine authority from God to subject us to his laws. So I mean, if the GOP's base could get turned off by Kooky Republican politicians, it would have happened a long time ago. So the main takeaway from this video is that Democrats shouldn't focus on courting disillusioned Republicans. I know that Biden was only half serious in that video, but really they need to instead focus on showing up their own base of support, primarily with young people and leftists, and double down on popular policies that will help working class people and go even further. And Republicans would call them crazy socialists, sure. But they're already doing that, even though Biden is demonstrably not a socialist. He's proven time and time again that he is a staunch capitalist. Most of the Democratic Party, they believe in the free market. They are neoliberals. So you should just do what your base wants and not think about the ways in which Republicans are going to criticize you because Republicans certainly never think about the ways in which they're going to come off to the Democratic Party's base.  Democrats be assertive, set the agenda, monopolize discourse, extract the crazy out of their strategy, and weaponize it against them. So that's all I have to say about this. If you agree with me, hit that like button and let me know your thoughts down below. And be sure to subscribe if you want more content like this and help us reach our next milestone of 400,000 subscribers. You know this, you know this thing. You're getting nervous, man.


What's up guys we're back with another epic mail video from mostly you guys and I bought more stuff off TCG players So we're gonna see how well we did there, but before that the giveaway I'll be giving away these three cards I got a blue-eyed shining dragon and all you got to do is like this video be subscribed and let me know what your Favorite piece of mail is and if you guys want to send me mail check out my PO box down below Let's get into this. There's only three pieces of mail here, but there's some pretty epic stuff So this is the TCG player purchase Let's see. I'm guessing that it's not gonna be as good in good a shape as last time because we took a risk on that Brad Gekke and The condition was actually pretty decent, but here we have. Oh, this is uh, this is not what I thought it was But yes, this is from TCG players. Well, we have a blue eyes from dark legends a super rare blue eyes As you guys can see we got a few more cards in here. Let's see if we can cut this open Let's get these cards out of here all in one big topler, which is a little scary, but it is one of those thick ones So I think they should be okay Let's see how this TCG player order went. We have not one But seven dark legends super rare blue eyes Let's see what condition they're in. They're supposed to be near mint supposedly all seven were near mint Let's see if they are here we go Okay, the front of that one looks amazing Okay, we're gonna have some decent candidates here. This is like minty almost That centering is really good I'm gonna be grading anything that's gradeable because there are only two of these right now on the on the PSA 10 pop report and We were doing that dark legends opening the other day and I was like wait a second There's oh, there's a big print line back there. Where's that a scratch big scratch Still near meant though. It's not not upset about that But I was like I I didn't know there's a blue eyes in this set So I looked them up and this guy had all there's a ding on this one That's unfortunate That one man other than that ding it's pretty good This guy had ten of these listed and that was the only near mint listing on TCG player so about all of them about all ten and he said Sorry accidentally, sir. I already sold three of them and I had it was on eBay hadn't taken them off So that okay, I'll just get the seven. That's fine. That one looks pretty good So I went ahead and bought ten dark legends super blue eyes Hopefully hoping for a couple minty ones so far we have think two. They look pretty good Out of the seven a pretty nice one there So it looks like these are I mean these are gonna be have a decent chance to get a ten I'm pretty excited about this dark legends out it has the LOB the LOB artwork, but It is a super rare from a 2008 release set. I think basically the retro pack of the United States So I'm pretty glad I bought these now with three of them already looking pretty good to one out of scratch and one how to ding but overall not bad For seven wow, that's five out of seven are really nice I'm pretty happy with that TCG player has come through for me recently So you guys can the thing about TCG player It's it's individual sellers. So you either get a good seller or you get a bad seller. That's just how it works So it's just kind of random so you can't always fault TCG player for being bad Because sometimes it's you know just a bad seller, but five were minty out of seven or at least near mint. So we're taking that That's a pretty good purchase. I'm really happy with that. You guys will see these come back graded in about two years Whenever we send them out and they get graded for two years, but I'm pretty happy about that that went well Let's move on to something even more epic This is looks like this got like almost opened by the post office So hopefully nothing's too messed up This is a purchase I made from one of you guys you guys emailed me It's asked if I wanted to buy some stuff, and I was like, yes, I do want to buy some stuff. Let's see what it is Oh, here we go. Read me. Let's go ahead and read. It's good thing. I opened this on mail I didn't realize this Yo, Ruxin think you're always creating chill funny and amazing videos for sure. You're my favorite Yu-Gi-Oh Tuber Yu-Gi-Oh, you Tuber Yu-Gi-Oh, Yu-Gi-Oh Tuber. It's not Yu-Gi-Oh Tuber. You're for sure. You are my favorite Yu-Gi-Oh, you Tuber Thank you. I hope you enjoy opening these packs all spoilers Okay, and great luck besides the 12 packs that you bought I threw in a few more packs and cards for you or the viewers once again. Take care. Thank you and take care CVL so he threw in some cards for me or the viewers So we're just gonna go ahead and say that these are for you guys Prohibition that's actually a good one and upstart. These are all worth money those three class class clown I did not think is but it is a cool card from a European Metal Raiders also through in this pendulum evolution pack So this will be thrown in with the giveaway guys. So remember to like and subscribe So thank you for sending us those for all the all the viewers. All right, so let's see. What packs did I buy? Oh, wait. No, here's more. Here's more stuff for you guys So you guys are gonna have a chance to win a few packs here Um, I think some of these might actually be extra packs too speed duel You guys are gonna have a chance to win a lot of packs. Let's see what we got This is what I actually bought. This stuff is thrown out for you guys with the giveaway first mini package We have four reprint packs. So we've got the blue eyes metal raiders spell ruler and pharaoh servant So that's pretty cool. Then we have a blue eyes pack metal raiders magic ruler and pharaoh servant I think he said he got these from o3 10 and o3 10 so Uh, they should be the spell But magic cards are they're called in marl but they have spell written on them. So that's pretty cool Finally, we have an original lob pack A first edition metal raiders pack First edition magic ruler pack any first edition pharaoh servant. Hey, look, can we can we pull the genzo? We'll get that genzo luck again. What do you think trifecta first eds So 12 booster packs with the originals the lob is not first edition That would be insane. Then we have 2003 packs and we have reprint packs. So that's going to be a crazy opening That's going to be tomorrow. So make sure you guys Check in for that one. That's going to be a really awesome video 12 pack opening with originals 2003s. Okay I just mixed them all up, but it's going to be really good. I'm really excited to do it All right, and the final package this one has something pretty big in it Oh, we have a box. Okay. This is from one of you guys This is just sent in by one of you guys the last one I purchased this one I did not this one was sent by one of you guys. I think it has a note in here. All right. We have a note at the top Let's see what it says before we open everything up Ruxen inside this box is makes a pokemon and yukiyo cards. You can do what you want with them I think you'll like this mix. Okay. It's what I had left in my collection besides two psa graded cards Hope you enjoy. Could you please send me a signed pecanium moth? Back to me include his envelope pre-filled. I love that. That's great. If you pre-filled envelope, it really helps Sorry for the paw patrol box. It was what I had. No, that's great bike That's thank you mic for sending that stuff in. I'll definitely send you that pecanium moth. All right. First thing we have Thanks for the awesome content rucks signed he signed his own card. That's cool. So he sent us a signed card That's pretty I like that signature. It looks good The lichen rock Oh, what is this? Okay time out. I can't read it It's an umbrion. There's something written on it. Oh, there it is. It's on the back. That's why it goes through This is my favorite pokemon. I didn't know what this card was so I figured I'd send it to you That me either. I don't know what this is, but look at oh my goodness That's why we could see the the writing at see-through Does anybody know what this is? I guess we can find out for mic. I'm sure one of you guys knows what this is It's like it feels weird like it's like flimsy, but also kind of solid. It's weird That's really cool. That actually looks really awesome. Umbrion is a super cool pokemon. All right next thing we got we have Oh, this isn't oh the brugente susano. Whoa How do we open this thing? Um, oh, I see I see brugente susano. Whoa Jurassic impact So this looks like he opened a legendary duelist season one got all these cool cards. Oh, there we go the ioc strike ninja all the halo And the ancient gear fusion. That's pretty cool So he definitely opened a legendary duelist season one on that one Then we have some pokemon cards. Gotta catch them. Okay. This is from uh, delta species So that's like a 2003 area. I think it's around there Somewhere so we got a lot of pokemon. I got some pikachu's and those zangus Charmander, but these are the ones that are like electric type. He's a charmer, but he's electric So it's like delta species means they're like different. Whoa. Whoa. That's just a wrapper. Okay These are like super rare these these pop. Oh, are these from pop series? Maybe that's what it is pop series five Okay, that makes sense. So these are from pop series five the one with the gold the gold star Um, we're on an espion that are like they're not hollow, but they're extremely expensive So it looks like he opened some of those packs. That's really cool. Okay, so maybe that's what this is Maybe it's just like stuff. He's open, you know, and he pulled some cool stuff So for those he didn't get I'm guessing he didn't get the uh the ones Maybe they're the two ps a grady cards that he still has This is from what is this d rl dragons of legend two So does he have a oh, there's a cast writer gustoff. That's cool So it looks like he opened some ioc as well red eyes spirit. That's like Very that reminds me of the uh, no, that's the red eyes black dragon. That reminds me of dual links But so does a lot of things as you guys know So that's cool red eyes tune dragon. That's nice Yeah, the red when they added the black to red eyes black dragon That was pretty weird because it's like it's been red eyes for so long He's got some japanese old some japanese cards in here pokemon All right, let's see what this is This is Oh, wow e reader. That's pretty pretty cool. Sinequil dratini from rocket like that What is this from? I don't know what that aricuno is from Torch egg. That seems like a little bit newer So i'm not totally sure what it's from Took it a maru clefable dratini dratini sponk cross it up Pikachu Fungus such a weird pokemon. Just look at that It looks like I don't know. That just looks strange. Litten. Oh, we got some, uh, basset cards. That's cool Let's see what they are square squirt out charmander and we got two pikachu's So they're both yellow cheek ones. I'm trying to remember when you can get can you get red cheek unlimited? I don't know if you can I don't think you can I can't remember It's a lot of a lot of work to remember all these uh this tcg info guys a lot of work All right next thing we've got a summer summer summoner That's such a funny card. We got some lob rares Traff the infernal tomb pot of grie. That's a nice card chriss of darkness Raging mad plants and rage battle ox. Oh democ. That's awesome. Harpy queen and aquanord. That's a lot of lob rares You open a few lob packs Oh, wow, we've got Two more things. Okay. These have top loaders So top loaders.  What could be in the top loaders? Here we go Oh, they flipped around Oh, wow, that's nice. I actually pulled the full art of this I don't open much pokemon, but I've actually pulled the full art of that Snorlax rare from jungle. That's amazing. Oh, and there's a uh, is that the card? Yeah, there's a shining What is this called a lowland volpix? That's what it's called shiny a lowland volpix That's a lot of extra things to a volpix shiny and a lowland. So that's pretty cool Then we have Wow, even snorlax gx for that's really cool So we got a couple uh full arts and the final mini pack here also in top loaders. So let's see Oh Pikachu and mimikyu and he's like, what's going on? You are definitely just a copy of me Check that out. That's pretty funny. All right, flip these around And now a mimikyu. All right Litten watch it have like the Pikachu full art in here. I'm just kidding. It's like $300 card D antsy toga tomorrow Mewtwo that that's cool. That's a promo. That's a cool promo Oh, look at that ray quasi That's a promo, but that looks old. How old is this that kind of looks old for some reason ray quasi. That looks really good. Check that card out Is that in like snow that looks good that card looks nice Some of you pokemon experts are gonna have to let me know What card is this and where's it from? Wow, so mike that was an awesome little package you sent So I appreciate you sending all that stuff. That was a lot of fun Thank you again to you guys who send me mail if you guys want to send it Check out that po box down below Also, if you want to become a member get the special benefits of that kind of stuff Then click the join button down below and that's it for this video. See you guys later Peace


From Soju's radio and television, this is the Army Now. The Colorado wildfires threatening the Air Force Academy are being drawn away with help from the Army. The 52nd Engineer Battalion from Fort Carson, Colorado has stepped in to help its sister service by digging fire breaks to divert the threat. We're establishing containment lines along the western border of the Air Force Academy. The purpose is to prevent the fire from, if it moves down, towards the Academy, from the hills to the west to contain it from jumping on to the Academy's grounds. The soldiers are doing great work and working really hard. It's been impressive to see how much they're all working together and also at the higher levels between different services. I think there's been a lot of good talk so that we're all trying to achieve the same goal. That's the Army Now.


Next question is from Yeehan, what is the difference between mobility and flexibility? What a great question. Good question you picked Justin. Yeah. So in the way that we use mobility, because I think some people define mobility different, but the way we use mobility is you have control and strength within a particular range of motion. So that's your mobility. Flexibility is just range of motion. So like to give you an example, my 11-month-year-old son has got incredible flexibility. I mean, I could take his feet. I can put him by his head. He could do the splits. He's like, but he has no strength in there. So he's very unstable. I mean, my son can barely hold his own body up if I put load on him. He probably hurt himself. So that's not the kind of, that's not what you want. You don't want to just be flexible. In fact, although not common, I've trained people with tremendous flexibility who have very little strength. They're the most injury risk people that I've ever worked with. They're super injury prone because they've got such crazy ranges of motion with no strength. And that's how you hurt yourself. Mobility is range of motion with strength. So it's the difference between, you know, sitting on the floor and the splits and getting into the splits, but you can do it with resistance on your body or jump out of it without having to support yourself. Like you own that range of motion. I've trained a few clients like this and they all did have something in common. All of them were like yogis. Yeah. So I don't know if you guys, if you guys have trained enough people to see if there's like a common theme, but the clients that I had that had incredible flexibility but lacked good mobility, right? So strength and stability in that range of motion were like people that just loved yoga. They didn't do any real strength training. They just did yoga all the time. And so they were sitting in static stretches all the time. So that was the most common thing that I saw. I didn't have anybody else. What's funny about that, Adam, is cause same here. So I can think of three people off the top of my head. Two people were yoga fanatics. One person actually was not active at all. And she just genetically was super, super hyper flexible. But when you look, when you actually go, cause then I took yoga classes and you know, Jessica was yoga certified and her instructor was incredible. And I brought this up to them and I said, I noticed when I've trained people who are yoga fanatics, they had terrible stability in certain ranges of motion. And they said that's because they're not practicing yoga properly. When you do yoga properly, you're supposed to stay active in the poses. So like let's say you're in like warrior one. You're not supposed to allow your feet to press out against the mat and just kind of sit. You're supposed to pull them in and stay active and activate your muscles. You're not just supposed to sit on the joint and let your body weight kind of rest. Now, now Yen yoga would do that, right?  But yeah, that'll make you, that'll increase your risk of injury if you don't have the strength. Yes. Speaking of like the hyper flexible clients, like I had a few of those and all we would do is work on mobility. And that being the difference where we would take certain positions and poses and try to gain access to those positions and poses by flexing and contracting muscles. Like isometric. So you get isometric contraction first just to be able to now gain that kind of communication and then try to slowly move our weight out of those positions as well. Yeah. You want a good range of motion that you, but you will have to own it. Otherwise it doesn't mean anything. I mean, think of being in a long static stretch.  If you feel like that would tear something, you don't own that range of motion. The range of motion you should that you have, you should have control over. I mean, this, how injuries happen typically is someone moves in a range of motion, either quickly or whatever that they don't own. So it's like, oh my God, I bent over and twisted to grab a box and I pulled my back muscle. It's because you moved outside of the range of motion that you fully owned. And when that happens, things become unstable and you end up injuring yourself. So mobility is what you want. Flexibility can lead to mobility. So you might want to increase range of motion, but if you don't connect to it, then it's not really helping you. You have to have that control.


Whether you want to believe it or not, before you are even born, significant aspects of your physical development are predetermined. The diet your father followed for years before fertilizing your mother's eggs, and similarly, the diet your mother followed for those years, in addition to her pregnancy, as well as nursing times spent breastfeeding. It seems as if our modern world is setting children up for disease and misfortune, with our parents. I won't touch too much on the health of the sperm and the egg, as well as the mother. It really encapsulates all of diet and lifestyle, and despite most mothers following poor diets, not containing the adequate nutrients for optimal development, babies are then bombarded with what seems like an attack on the human race. Not only do they not get the basics they need to enter the world, as soon as they enter the world, they are poisoned. The powers at B have convinced our parents to eat poison and disregard common sense. I'm sure they can convince them to use certain products for their newborn babies and children as well.  I mean, where do we even start? Every ingredient is loaded with agrochemicals, herbicides, pesticides, fungicides, insecticides, fluoride, chlorine, who knows how many other chemicals, antibiotics, metabolite residue, plus all of the laboratory chemicals that needed to go into each of those 40 plus synthetic vitamins and minerals.  Even if this formula was free of all of those chemicals, the base is still horrendous. It's cornstarch, omega-6 oils, and soy protein. How is that supposed to build a healthy body? I don't think you could feed a more poisonous concoction to a child if you wanted all of those ingredients to still count as food. I mean, you'd have to throw gasoline and motor oil and bleach in there for it to be any worse.  And that is something overarching to just about everything I say. It's more important to remove the negatives as to overload the positives, but the positives do have to be present. Number two, we have baby food. And the main thing babies need for development is animal protein, animal fat, especially those omega-3s for brain development. The baby foods might not be as directly poisonous as the formula, but they still disgust me. The marketing of companies like Happy Baby Organics that are selling pureed kale and apples to babies under the guise of health is as evil as you can get. Happy Baby Organic, they're implying the food is healthy and it's going to make your baby happy. Hopefully they puree some bugs in there to even out their karma. At least the babies will get some nutrition. Stuff like green beans, bananas, sweet potatoes, all typically pureed, are usually not organic. So there is an agrochemical concern, but even if they were organic as pure as possible, are still not giving the baby what it needs to develop properly.  It's going to starve to death. What happens if you feed a calf a baby cow grass? It's going to starve to death. Whoever is in charge of dictating childhood nutrition in the conventional space is doing an excellent job at making sure everyone's brain gets the bare minimum. Even so, many are less fortunate and don't even get to live a normal slave wife. So if baby food wasn't already full of so much poison and devoid of nutrition, what can make it worse? Number three, iron fortification. They literally take iron shavings, iron filings, add them to cereal, grain, oatmeal, especially the baby formulas. I'm sure some of you body builders are familiar with like cream of rice, cream of wheat, and you know, I would like to eat that stuff myself, but it's all fortified with literal iron filings. It's incredibly oxidizing, damaging to the body. And these poor baby's livers are literally getting filled with iron that they don't need and certainly aren't able to remove in those developmental stages of life. Even as an adult, I've consumed high quality organic foods that were made with iron fortified flour and I felt like I was going to die for the rest of the day, my heart beating out of my chest. A lot of you guys are familiar with my problems with iron overload and we do have a video titled The Iron Epidemic that you can check out. Number four applies to both food and environment. Water. The water used to grow, cook, and prepare the baby's food, as well as the water used to bathe them. Really, any water that interacts with the baby in any way, shape, or form. And most people know tap water is full of fluoride and chlorine which damages our mind as well as our gut bacteria, let alone the thousands and thousands of chemicals and antibiotics, the residue they're not telling you about. Number five, we have Wi-Fi and EMF and boy do doctors love radiating pregnant women's bellies with ultrasounds. Oh, but it's non-ionizing radiation. Really? Your baby is getting radiated. Do you want your baby getting radiated? I don't think it matters what type of radiation it is. I've done videos explaining why non-ionizing radiation is dangerous and these sonograms pale in comparison to the new devices in our modern environment emitting incredible amounts of radiation consistently all day every day. Just a pregnant woman carrying a cell phone all day, microwaving her meals, being near routers, smart meters, let alone having a Wi-Fi baby monitor right next to the child. And if you do want to learn how to radiate your baby, check out Abby Sharpe's YouTube channel. She does a real-time tutorial, a real dietitian expert. It's basic knowledge in countries like China that pregnant women need to wear garments and clothing that shield their stomach from radiation. Yet in America, it's the main unknown aspect in our lives making our children and us very sick. Of course, we can't forget the injections, aka the V word for number six. I don't really want to go into specifics. You can just look up a list of the ingredients in these and if you think it's okay to put that in your body, by all means go for it. And if that's not enough, when you also find out that the elites don't inject their children with these, that should answer any concerns you had. The injections given to the newborn babies of the masses of the sheeple are filled with soft metals, chemicals, DNA altering materials that damage the brain, body, and hamper development. You know, if your brain's trying to develop, but first it has to remove the aluminum from it, you know, it's not going to develop properly. If the elites were giving their baby something or injecting themselves, it's certainly absent of whatever is in our injections. And last but not least, number seven, we have hygiene, baby care products, diapers, baby wipes, powder, anything you would use in the context of a newborn child. And I'm sure the Amish are just using rags and water with their children as we should now. The famous Johnson & Johnson baby powder lawsuit where people develop cancer is just a drop in the bucket of water for what's really going on. It's almost comical that letting a baby stay dirty is far healthier than the conventional cleaning wisdom available.   Well, you know, our ancestors, even just dozens of years ago, let alone hundreds, were probably dirty most of the day and they were far healthier than we are now. So thank you guys for joining me today. I think this is long overdue. I could have done individual videos on the baby formula, the baby foods. You know, we've talked about iron fortification, we've talked about water, we've talked about Wi-Fi, this little touchy subject right now, the care products too, but I think it's important to give a base of information and if we really need to, we can go into specific details. Please sign up for the newsletter at frank-tifano.com to stay in touch.  But that'll be it. So thanks again for joining me guys and I'll see you for tomorrow's video.