Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebrakes.com coming at you with jaspys 37 box bring back baseball mixer random team break 30 spots everyone gets a random team in the MLB No vet commons ship tons of value in this mixer. You saw the whole list of boxes right here Some of the possibilities what we can pull out of these breaks big. Thanks to this group We only have to do one filler which was awesome. So thanks to everybody who bought their spots straight up And there's all the 30 teams right there. Let's roll it randomize it four and a one five times for names and teams one two three four and once more right yep one fifth and final time After five we've got zack down to chris four and a one five times for the teams one two three four and once more fifth and final time after five We got my dodgers down to the white socks All right, so zack you got the dodgers jeff with the orioles kevin with the blue jays chris with the a's michael with the brew crew kevin with the guardians david with the gnats brian brian p with the astros brian b with the mariners chris with the twins brian t with the giants or with the royals dom has the giants joel with the rays brian with the Pirates michael with the cardinals kevin with the reds michael with the Yankees matt with the diamond backs read with the angels martin with the rangers michael with the Mets matt with the red socks harry with the fillies david with the tigers last bon mojo joel with the padres brad with the braves thomas with the marlins Don with the cubs tim with the rock. He's in chris with the chicago white socks All right, so let's sort this by column b by team alphabetically If you need to see your team again, let me know And we're not going to We're not going to pause the video. We're just going to keep the video running because Evan's up there ripping packs for us But trade window is open All right, uh, zack has is putting the dodgers out there for trade at least he'll be entertaining offers for the dodgers Michael's happy with the uh with the new york teams. There you go. It's a good draw We'll give it another 30 seconds or so another minute or so maybe it made a little bit longer Depending on how many trade offers are out there No, no offers for zack michael's happy with his teams thomas maybe throwing a marlins dodgers offer out there and again just remember Just remember to keep it keep in mind. I think it's mostly there's some 16 There's some 17 There's some 20 21 some 19 Remember, there's also some hip parade autographed baseballs, which we'll use our no checklist rules on There's some mini helmets as well. So there could be a wide cross section of of stuff Remember our no checklist rules, right? Unless like the team is literally stamped on these autographed baseballs They'll go to the team that they're currently on if they're active Or the team they played for the longest if um, if they're retired Just for those uh, just for those memorabilia type stuff Is that you're good on the marlins meaning you you were accepting the trade? Oh, not accepting. Okay. All right. Well, let's close the trade window then No other offers being thrown out there twc trade window closed Let's print let's rip and let's embark on this 37 box journey. Here is the print out Hot off the presses and thank you everybody for for getting in for making this happen. All right. What do we got here? So four boxes of diamond kings right here one Two is four Here we go. Good luck everybody So obviously these are inserts. These are going to ship Right, but these are considered common. So they're not going to ship the rc's of course will ship And j crone earth obviously a frame that will ship and that's an insert that will ship so on and so forth Only veteran commons are the ones not shipping. That's an artist proof right there 38 out of 49 We're just going to set these aside just in the interest of time We're going to have our assorting and shipping teams sleeve and top load all numbered cards Relics and autos i'll take care of right away and like any low numbered card like to 10 or whatever Kind of less There is our first autograph 30 97 out of 99 garret crochet for the chicago white socks First auto is going to go to chris parent and the white socks evan, what is your take on the on this whole lock out? I think there's nothing going to read and i think that they need to get placed in baseball Even if it's 159 games Think that it is needed Yeah, yeah We've got to bring that back. I agree Everybody's making enough owners players, you know like records revenue. Yeah, I know right I I agree with you and they're what and they're and they're they're like we're talking about like $10,000 here a year and a million dollars here there in the bonus pool 12 teams or 14 teams in the playoffs like It's really not that much shama clannaghan for the Tampa Bay Rays for joel That was the first block now from what I understand Evan is that Remember they had that marathon session and they were they were talking to like three in the morning or something like that apparently Like after they woke up Major league baseball hit them with all these amendments in the in the proposal like super early in the morning And they were super close And so then the players like well a few guys like they were they were like really epistic because they felt they got kind of got Kind of got uh broadsided by sort of surprised by all these like extra little things That weren't really on the table before so Right, so I don't know. Hopefully they'll get together this week and figure it out Right, which is not that much Yeah, I'm not gonna miss a week We missed two weeks through that that's that starts to get yeah Right 58 out of 99 alex kirlav That is for the twins that's going to be for chris walker ac salvatore. Hello Callie's finest what's going on Right and as they should michael. Yeah, the the you know The brice harvors and mike trouts of the world. They're not hurting for the money But they are fighting for like the 40th man on the roster. You know what I mean? Who's making making minimum wage and you know like Or a league minimum, which in the scope of things is not really a lot Especially if you can be cut the next day, you know what I mean? So So they're just kind of looking for looking up looking for the future of baseball and You know, right you're only getting paid during the season The minor leagues are especially hurting There's kyle luis Guys are living out of their cars. Yep You know You know where they're working at amazon in the off season if they like drop a box on their foot They're not getting covered by the team. It's off season. Yeah, then you're done. Then you're not making the team next year brian b with the mariners gets the kyle luis dual relics So hopefully they get their act together ladies and gentlemen Yeah, we'd be talking baseball right now. Yeah spring training talking about pictures to catch us Like hey, who wants to go take trip to yeah I was planning on a trip to Your cousin played minor league ball. Yeah, it's it's real tough It is it is real tough. I mean unless you're like a first round pick with multi-million dollar bonuses You know, think about how many rounds there are in baseball There's a lot of these like fifth six round guys that like if your parents aren't rich or whatever Yeah, can you imagine like like if if the if The teams don't give you um Housing right no like You're trying to find a three-month lease what landlord's going to give you three months at a time knowing that you're gonna be gone But you just gotta hope that that city is Yeah around the team out of 25 joe cronin boss and red socks matt I was playing on arizona michael, but but if there's an open invitation to hang out at your place in Tampa What minor league teams do you have Uh, what what clubs are near your area in Tampa Bay? I guess from Tampa you can probably go anywhere right within a couple hour drive Probably hit up a lot of teams But what's in your immediate area? There's an artist proof tucker davidson to 49 David peterson for the Mets to 99. That's michael p's first autograph Like 38 at a 99 I really like the artwork in this diamond kings Is tyler stevensson dual relic and auto eight out of 25 it's a bit of the the reds seal right there That's really cool. That's gonna go to Uh, kevin with the red legs Evan, do you know why they call them the red legs back then? Oh For a moment because of communism so when when joseph mccarthy was Uh Was asking everybody if they're communists or not The cincinay reds in like the 50s did not want to be associated with the red scare of the cotton russian communists So they nicknamed themselves the red legs for a little bit just so It's me. It's about our legs not about communism Fun fact a fun fact of the day Got melott for the new york baseball giants And there's pete rose 56 out of 99 speaking of the reds Is braille and marquez dual relic for the cubbies Don with The northsiders got alex bregman all those frames ship of course I mean maybe they stay sneak in But they've got a really tough schedule ahead of them. I think their next team is against like the warriors And they're not like they're playing like You know top five teams after top five teams All right, what do we have here? This is tops gallery. Yep, and it's from 2017. I don't remember this but Let's go. There's tie black to 250 for the giants Do you know our autographs configured? Is there autographs in this? I guess we'll find out Two autographs. Okay for a box You got a 49 or 40 out of 99 paul bulgeman for the snakes matt lever with that It's just in burlander 250 Passed by a guy that I'm not remember andrew tolls. Oh, yeah Um poor guy. I think just I don't know. I really don't like there's denilson lament rookie auto 72 out of 19. Yeah, I told you the big prospect Oh, I think Just had some I think the rumor is and this is not confirmed like the mental health issue Yeah, in that just like just the pressure got got really big for him and Right, right, right except I hope I hope that tolls is doing better than west Dude west was used hoops the other day. Was he really? Yeah, there was a video of him Wow But he struggled with substance abuse, right? to along to you think tolls is Is Javier Baez green for border to 250 Poor guy I'm gonna miss cori seager. He'll be in texas this year And we got a paul de young rookie autograph. That's not bad Cardinals that'll be for michael And the cardinals all right next box That's a rookie cody bellinger right there I think cody bellinger is gonna if we get this season going I think so all right. I think so He was he was looking good later in the play. I think I think that shoulder Finally started to feel better We'll have a clean off season, right?  And I think I think like I've heard like david s a say this like guys who have had a similar shoulder surgery Are able to play the next year, but they've just been terrible But then the year after that they usually bounce back to whatever they Whatever they were what? Yeah, right I think hanley ramiro has made have had a similar surgery Yeah Tolls to 250 And we've got him there you go mani margo. You're just talking about him That's a rookie mani margo. That's back when he was in san diego. That'll be for Joel and the Padres He was a pretty big prospect. I thought he's gonna be like a 30 30 guy Yeah, exactly. I mean he's still playing well for the race, but Just yeah, yeah We got golchman again to 250 for the diamond backs So what do you think evan how long how much longer does this lockout go? I'm gonna say another month.  Wow. You think a munch? I think they're tired of talking right now And there's hosel too of a autograph for brian and the astros Man, so you think entire march slips by? Yeah I don't I don't want to believe you but I think you I think I think you might be right though I think they'll realize uh-oh is april time to get going. What do we got here? Oh, this is the ben baller. Yeah chrome nice three boxes of ben baller right here ladies and gentlemen Good luck. This is mookie. That's Off the meadows to 99 That's for the rays. That'll go to joel and the rays And we got a jake crone worth 24 out of 50 the crone zone Going to joel and the padres Got a joey bart for the giants Michael p saying no No, yeah one more march meeting. I hope so. I hope they get together this week But I think the player reps flew back to new york. I think the owners left and everything so Yeah, there's dalton varsh out of 75 for the diamond backs I can only negotiate so much before I just get to This cori cluber 25 orange for the rangers. That's going to go to martin carlos coria blue to 75 For the astros this is pretty cool. You can see the the ben baller The double b logo kind of hanging off the top's chrome logo There's a joey gallo die cut to 99. It's actually sleeveless to protect it Now jazzy j you didn't tell me nothing He's like he has an uncle down there who's in the know and he's like all the season's going to get me canceled and blah blah blah I'm like sure Anyone can tell me that right? You're funny jazzy. You're funny I don't know if the whole season's out of risk though They're they're gonna they're gonna realize they like making money. Look they played 50 games two years ago. They're we're far away from Yeah Yeah, this is a pretty efficient break. There's an auto There's kasey my is a nice rookie auto for the tigers david Right jazzy j's connections. Sure. I've been doing this for seven eight years, man There's four out of 10 tigers If I if I had if I had a nickel for every time someone was in the know or had connections or whatever I'd have thousands of dollars Oh, yeah, my brother's in the oh, yeah, he's in it. I know agents. I know it's just like yeah, sure Yeah, people who have connections generally don't Generally don't say they have kind of yeah There's the 99 and nick madrigal No, i'm not wrong jazzy j anyone could have guessed that And yeah, david for uh for bigger breaks like this sometimes i'll i'll recruit the assistants of one of our colleagues here to do that It's a 99 billon carlson. Yeah, i'd attend. He's a former number one overall pig too Mike trout green 27 out of 99. That's his jersey number Right, but j come on man. It's not like it's not like them not coming to an agreement was a hot take You know, it's not like you were saying something like out of the ordinary out of 50 I said that that it looked like The progress was good the way they were going deep into the night and talking Then it changed I wasn't making any guarantees And it's not like you made a hot take saying that they weren't gonna get a get it done So it's not like you said anything special I think 50 percent people probably thought it was gonna get done. I think the other half probably didn't think it was gonna get done All right to 25. There's zak ranking Callie's asking are the raiders getting davante atoms. I don't know I would like them to just kettle marté 75. It'd be awesome if they if they did They could they could use someone to replace uh, Henry rugs the big big play receiver I don't know if they have the money for that Right, there's some other non-sexy positions to kind of feel they do need some offensive line held There's kyle louis to 99 And there's andrew ben and tenney to 75 A lot of parallels in this this is pretty cool it's erin judge eugenio suarez 50 out of 50 All right, what do we got here some dawnriss optic baseball 2016 Going back in time tray turner rated rookie card Kind of interesting to see like who turned out great Right, maybe not greg bird, but then there's aeronola and then there's tray turner Hector olivera to 10 The san diego chicken which was randomized That's actually not for the Padres ladies and gentlemen believe it or not He's he's his own man the Padres own employee As to one 49 angelo touching That redemption there may be May be expired is probably as expired by this point, but we'll still send it to whatever team as it goes to There's travis jankowski 15 out of 125 rated rookie San Diego joel Sure is brad if you look at the schedule it'll say that that's what we're doing It's monster. It's jungho park Twins Does he sound like a twin? Uh, I think back in 2016. He was indeed A twin just for the just for that season. I thought he'd play for a couple more seasons after that, but this is expired chris walker in minnesota But we'll still send it to you anyway. Sometimes panini will We'll uh, maybe Actually send you the card if they have them if they have them around Or sometimes they'll uh, they'll give you like points in return or something like that Pirates you were thinking of jungho another park. I think jungho park. I think Was the pirates third baseman Got into a little trouble brad You have I did you only get one spot. I see you with the braves brad newman atlanta braves I don't think we need any big braves yet Pop out of here. Maybe some numbered cards, but not too much after that. There is Jorge Lopez And out of 50 buster posie The Jorge Lopez is uh for the brew crew that's going to go to michael ell Got carl edwards jr. To 10 He's supposed to be Or was supposed to be A big pitching prospect for the cubs. I don't know what he's doing now though don He's still pitching with the uh with the cubs.  But just not the top of the rotation guy we thought was gonna do Oh, okay, okay Here's a a gun to 25 I think a drink of dolls officially retire retired. I think he was in a he was like owning and playing on a mexican team Yeah, a mexico league team And finally hung that up Tom murphy rated rookie autograph for the rockies tim With the Rockies Sean lamb 24 out of 99 rated rookie autograph for the red that's going to be for kevin Yeah, thanks michael. I think we're how many boxes in do you think we are? Eight maybe Eight boxes in oh and a big heart autograph Significant signatures. Trust me. She'll like it too chris parent She'll like it too. This freak sponsored by eugenics The minis left out of here so that sandy ego chicken card will all will uh What we're going to do is we're going to randomize to the name on top The all the non baseball cards. So there was in the ben baller. There were those artist cards There's this uh mascot card right here, and i'm sure there's some non baseball cards in here too So those will be randomized to one person is one lot Like sarah spain and these world leaders cards Who's leo kelly? Why is he even social media? So he's six years old Leo asked his parents if he could start an instagram page to post a review Calling himself the surely temple king. He's reviewing surely drinks Wow, he began producing funny witty and brutally honest video reviews of non alcoholic beverages A viral tweet in 2019 made kelly an overnight star jetting the number of followers from 330 000 in a single day Here's the world's largest cruise ship The royal caribbean symphony of the sea And there's candelario. It's 25 Evan are you a cruise guy? I am not you're not a cruise guy. I get super both.  Yeah, it's just yeah I uh, you know Paul tate, what's up with expired redemption send them a link to the video to prove you got it true. There is a casino on a cruise There's mount everest you want to ask Vanessa for help World's largest world's largest mountain. I guess world's largest mountain on on land Oh, and a miguel seno four out of five mini These are our first train whistle of the break Nice minnesota twins chris walker with the twins All aboard the big hit express That's always check the check the backs of those because some of these minis can be numbered You a star wars guy, Evan? I am Did you see the new star wars hotel or whatever that disney's trying to It looks pretty cool, but uh, it's like $5,300 a night It's over $5,000 a night And for like two twins or two queens Maybe a maybe one or one big king um And the and the inside and it's just inside just looks like Like no, it's like like a bunker Like but it's all it's all trimmed out and like all the star wars like transports, you know what I mean So it looks cool, but it's nothing like Here's your world's largest plane the Antonov a n 225 mira back in 1988 It remains the longest and heaviest plane ever So all of these non sports cards right there. That'll be an example We'll be part of it. We'll be grouped together as one lot. All right. What do we got here some select? Good luck. It's alex von silver There's ebb and white to 199 jersey and autograph rookie jersey and auto For brian and the mariners who ebb and white yeah every time a little ebb and on ebb and mojo ebb and mojo And once again, that's for the m's brian with the mariners and of course, we'll do an autograph And relic recap at the end of this video. What do they do with this guy? Oh You don't think mlb's gonna suspend him though each thing I mean on what terms I mean they say they suspended guys for Yeah, that's for sure. There's tenor hawk 116 to 199 jersey and autograph from matt in the red sox Andres they all went to ucla right yeah, andres him and as Cleveland that'll be for kevin Cleveland this is for you Walker bueller to 149 I mean walker bueller Sai young maybe in the next two or three years I think he's kind of in that sort of zone where you can have that sort of Signature season The dana smidina For the fillies that goes to harry and the fighting fills 18 out of 99 jt real mooto and tonio saying they blew up that World's largest plane in the ukraine They did that plane that we were just talking about Oh, I thought antonio was joking. Nope. That was one of the first Wow So I guess no Formerly the world's largest plane there. All right next select Tyler stephenson 142 to 250 Piece of the jersey for cincinati. That's for kevin Spencer Howard 180 193 out of 199 jersey and autograph for the fighting fills harry for the fillies His fills. He's a fillies guy. He got randomized his own team Juan soto to 199 I got william contraris For the braves jersey and autograph for brad And the world camps. It's wilson's brother 106 out of 199 younger brother. Yes, it must be younger brother. He's a rookie in this zone kieber ruiz piece of his jersey Still dodgers addition here. That's going to go to zack brady singer to 149 tanner haw jade steedman And a tie-dye zander bogarth. Nice 13 out of 20 I like these tie-dyes. Yeah, matt Lieber with boston Males here Wait for it males here All right, what do we got here rookies and star? Oh, no, these are chronicles these three are 2020 These three 2020 chronicles And these two are 21 chronicles Oh, we're getting to the nicer stuff here. So we're down to the end. We're getting to the end. Is that it? Whoa Nice. Thanks, Evan. Life saver Twice? Honestly, I want to hit that bell I want that bell All right, we got a hasus lozardo big three-color patch an on-card autograph. He's supposed to be good, right? 10 out of 10 nice low number for the oakland a's chris walker. We got traded last Wait, where did he go? This eno de los santos autograph for harry and the fillies Marlons He went to the marlons The marlons have a low key.  Yeah, that was crazy. I did not expect to see that There's uh, shawn reed foley signatures for i think he talked to the gm and the gm was like we're not spending money On free agent things like i'm bouncing. Yeah Yeah, it's like why would I waste here with like Kevin benedict with the blue jays And maybe he did have something else and he's like all right, you know what if you're not going to do this Then i'll go do this thing there's yachty Cardinals that's going to be michael michael l with that one a volt last year Should be as i mean season happened should be his last year Yeah, go for it. Might as well. Might as well. We're on a roll Pablo reyes autograph out of 25 for pittsburgh. That's going to go to Going to go to brian p Lorenzo cain one out of 25 And we got dylan cease origins auto Right on the car nine out of 25 for the southsiders chris with the white socks Like the white socks are also on the cusp of maybe they kind of had a disappointing playoff last year, but They're they're on the cusp. Yeah I mean you can almost argue that those youngsters can get even better. Yeah, it's christ is crazy to think about Like how is louise robert? He can't be that old 20 maybe Yeah, absolutely You got a solid starting rotation the bullpen Speaking of jose braio, there he is piece of jersey That's the second time today chris parent. Yes spoke him into existence And there's brendan mckay 26 out of 99 He came up as a two-way player brendan mckay. Let's see if the reyes keep him as a two-way player Yeah, absolutely There's erasy zekino. Nice 45 out of 60 for the slugger rookie auto pamels treasures design kevin with the reds And a plate a plate and an autograph Who are you that says our hernandez? For the tribe kevin with This is for you An all aboard the big hit express And a logan web origins rookie auto for my rivals of the giants dumb with the giants Starling marté piece of history and that spectra design For matt and arizona receive eloy himenez to 199 And we got to add a 50 gavin lux Buster posie And is this it that is wow my friend and we crank i appreciate him and lifesaver Lifesaver these are cracked open the seals are broken. So, okay, so i can just pop those open You're awesome. Thanks evan everyone say thanks to evan Four out of ten tot frasier. He helped cut down the time this rake significantly. All right, so that was 2020 And these two boxes are 2021 Out of 25 erin judge And we got a nice jose ramirez elite auto Cleveland, this is for you Awesome. Thank you evan We got a geraldo perdomo gold standard Design five out of five. That's a train whistle from matt Lieber matt All aboard the big hit express Is taylor tremel autograph that's for seattle. That's um Brian brian beat with the m's We got a yonathan daza Rockies autograph for tim We've got an ozzy alveys piece of his jersey Going to brad and the braves We've got an overdrive keeper uisa 99 christian pache silver ink autograph on origins Bjorn, are you doing the immaculate mba break tonight? Yes, if it sells out, i'll do it There's no reason why i wouldn't if you look at the schedule. We have plenty of time Nice christian pache brad and the braves Playbook autograph michael king for the yankees.  What do we got here? Oh, this looks like this is more chronicles here And we'll get into some trip threads Nice logan. I like that sentiment There's a dana smidina origin silvery ink autograph for philadelphia logan saying Baseball lockout ends next week and bitcoin to 50 000 a coin I like that. That's that's a bowl of sentiment I hope that happens Is ed haward playbook autograph for the cubbies done with chicago zander bogars Two-color dual relic for boston. Got a mike trout a louise robert red To uh 199 out of 299 logan gilbert Anna kabrine haze gold standard autograph nice rookie auto for brian pinch and the pirates nice It's a nice nice hits popping here ladies and gentlemen So far so good got some train whistles seeing some nice hits and we haven't even gotten to the the higher higher end stuff and And the uh the memorabilia too. There's louise camposano silver ink auto for the padre's that'll be for joel and tony gonsolin That is for the dodgers. That's gonna be for zack. Let's reload on some top loaders here Sam sherry saying it's a dream logan wake up Sam is logan a bowl Sam a bear No, i'm good sir. All right. I'll see you I see you next today's wednesday friday I'll hear friday next week monday. I'll see you monday. All right. Have a good one, man You too. All right. We got tristan mckenzie to 100 Let's type those acetate cards here We've got a quarry seager another piece of his jersey for the dodgers. That's going to go to zack at pave and smith 25 That uh hero kazoo is to 75 Nice pudge van rodriguez autograph five out of 25 It's pretty nice For the texas rangers That's going to be for martin and the rangers Got a kiebert ruiz to 199 for the dodgers All right, so there's the chronicles Uh now let's start working on some triple threads We've got a tyre sievenson triple relic and autograph 62 out of 99 since 90 regs It's going to be for kevin We've got a single jumbo relic miguel anduhar 11 out of 36 For the yankees. It's going to be for michael Got a buster posie to 199 will thrill to 299 both for the giants I've got a rafael devers breakout Triple rug. These are usually split up into three 29 out of 36 All right, haven't thank you so much appreciate it Can you actually get me one more monster box please? Absolutely. Thanks It's for the red socks. That's going to be for matt Lieber in boston We got a josh Bell 68 out of 99 jersey and autograph for the gnats david for the nationals a little wrinkly on the penny sleeve there, but secure And then we got garret coal to 299 and jackie robinson to 75. Thanks evan All right, another triple threads box You got wow nice Monthly honors eddie murray Piece of his lumber zodagraph eight out of 27 orials jeff doorlach nice Since the al player of the month or was instituted 1975 Eddie's four priser twice as many as any other orials player Pretty good single jumbo relic. That's mani machado It's almost two colors right there That's for the Padres. That's going to go to joel mount castle to 125 frenetta tis jr. To 199 Got that jose al tuve bedding champ 23 out of 27 for the astros brian the triple relic We've got a willy castro jersey in auto 16 out of 50 Detroit david this last spot mojo team and lou gary to 125 potty bellinger to 150 All right, let's do some clearly authentic Good luck First one out of the gate is doc good and what up doc 84 out of 99 Mets Michael p with the metropolitans Ray what's going on your privates are killing you you're sweating a randall and bead harden all 25 plus points I still have a full quarter left What what how many what what points are they at him? We got a brand loud 3i 25 Rookie autograph for the rays joel With tampa babe a pedilanzo rookie auto 10 out of 10 michael nice How about some sapphire? Hardens 21. Oh, he'll get 25 and beads at 23. He'll get 25 Randall will get 25 I believe There's shaylin palanco to 50 That's for the pirates that's gonna go to It's gonna go to brian and we got a kai bush four out of 15 Nice little number for the angels read There's andrew painter to 20 For philadelphia for harry and we got a jordan viars viars 56 out of 99 for the fillies Nice love the sapphire stuff. It's really cool. What about some bowman chrome x We got a dylan carlson nice Six out of 31 The x fractures are really cool dylan carlson rookie card That is for michael and the cardinals Next up is louise medina 28 out of 31 for the brew crew These cards look really sharp Uh other michael michael osia with that one brewers We got a dalton varshow 14 out of 31 Do the braids have any prospects? I'm sure they do braves usually draft pretty well On the lower part of the draft, but they still draft pretty well All right, uh, let's do the three baseballs first So we're down to our last one two three four five boxes. We made it ladies and gentlemen All right, so remember as I mentioned at the beginning of the break um Unless there's literally like a the team's logo stamped on there. This is going to go to the the uh The team they played for the longest if they're retired Or the team they're currently on if they're active. Do they give me the name of the player? Yes, they do This is the This is the finata. Does it say the name? No, okay. I just want to make sure it didn't say the name Can anyone guess this autograph? So there is the fanatic stickers and all the mlb logos.  This is pretty cool. It's what do we got here? All right, there's the autograph, but there's some text on the other side. That's pretty cool Any guesses on that autograph? Got the psadna sticker back here and on here It's gregory polanco. I like that text l coffee pitchwork pirates mlb debut limited edition 12 of 25 That's pretty cool Gregory polanco, of course, uh Played all eight of his years in pitchfork I don't know how he wrapped me so well This is where every polanco that thing and that'll be for brian and the pirates and the next player There is the fanatics sticker And we'll be hologram sticker and I think it goes this way and he guesses on that H2o molecule no, it's greg bird I guess he's a free agent. So he's not active played for the longest With the yankees his four seasons with the new york yankees You see greg bird right there as well another one for michael p and the Yankees two mini helmets from hit parade And these will have the team logos on it. So that should be pretty easy So that means Oh, you met greg bird nice guy All right, now we can play two quick rounds of who am i america's favorite game Who am i i'm a third baseman bats left throws right One time all-star a world series champion and a silver slugger award winner played for five seasons in uh in major league baseball Last season was when I got my silver slugger finished 11th in mvp voting and was uh my first full-star Last season hit 279 38 home runs 113 rbi is a handful of stolen bases 37 doubles and a triple Ops 890 Who am I all right no guesses Not brand loud rice harbors not a third baseman. Oh, this is a pull looking helmet It's rafael devours And this cool sort of mirror looking helmet right here you can see my camera right there in the reflection You can see rafael devours in the little sticker right there Autograph right on the bill You can see devours on the sticker right in there as well. So that's for uh matt lieber And the boston redsox All right, and the 37th box of the break Yeah, chrome dome 37th box of the break Let's see what this is going to be All right, this is a retired player played for played for a few teams Four teams his entire career And let's see. He's a hall of famer a one-time mvp a 14-time all-star a five-time world series winner Two times silver slugger in a two-time world series mvp Who am I Finished with a career Uh 262 batting average 563 home runs seven over 1700 rbi's a couple hundred stolen bases too Ended up with 463 doubles Almost 50 triples in my career It's pretty good pretty clutch as well And I played for baltimore one year Which I don't associate him with baltimore at all Hit 277 27 home run 91 rbi's with uh with baltimore Now chipper jones has not won five world series's or two world series mvp's Uh jim murray's got it. That's right the straw that stirs the drink reggie jackson. He played for the Orioles in 1976 What what what was the what was the deal there? I'll have to look that up later, but it's Yankees edition Of reggie jackson That's really nice, and uh, it's michael with the yankees michael peed. All right. There you go. Wow. What a break Um, I'm surprised. We don't have any more randomizers aside from those non baseball cards So let's do that randomizer, and then I'll do a recap. All right, so these represent the uh, those non baseball, uh cards um from uh from I think ben baller had those artist cards and then of course the ginter chrome and then the that sandiego chicken So let's flip back to the list here Let's gather everybody's names top to bottom New dice new list name on name on top We'll get those cards after three and a four seven times one two three four five six and Seventh and final time After seven read there you go read. Uh, you'll get those non baseball cards going your way michael brad, you're welcome brad I wish I was more for you, but like especially some acunas, but I appreciate you getting in. Thank you all right So there are Your cards from bowman chrome x. There's the kai bush from sapphire Clearly authentic had some nice stuff. There's that eddie murray autograph, which is really cool And of course give us a little extra. It's a pretty big mixer here 37 boxes so of this baseball mixer. So make sure you give our shipping team a Little patience If you click the break schedule That's pinned in the chat and dropped in the chat frequently. There's actually a shipping tab that'll kind of give you some uh I'll kind of give you some updates On what the status is of the breaks from from tonight Yeah, the what yeah, what what do you think is the best hit of the break? I mean, we had some nice old school names in here, but The alonzo rookie out of 10 was pretty nice. There was a cabrion haze auto in there somewhere too So that was pretty nice. I'm gonna get it out of five So no Frank thomas You know that mike trout from ben baller jersey numbered What about rookie kc mi's to 10? That's pretty good, too I don't know where that cabrion ever the there's a cabrion haze in there as well. I was also a nice hit And there you go. That's the recap for the 37 box They bring back baseball mixer. Hopefully it'll come back soon big. Thanks to my colleague evan Who was uh, who's helping rip packs earlier? I think we saved we probably saved 30 or 40 minutes on this break because of that So big thanks to him and thanks everyone for watching. Thanks everyone for joining I'm joe for jazby's case breaks.com. Bring back baseball. We'll see you next time for the next break. Bye. Bye


Hello, my name is Julius. OptiKey is an on-screen keyboard that allows people to fully control their computer using eye movement. My Aunt Jill, she was diagnosed with motor neurone disease in 2009. It slowly takes away your ability to move and to speak. At the time, I saw some of the tools she was using to communicate. It showed me what people who have those sort of difficulties, what tools are available to them. It also showed me that they're very expensive and that's really what motivated me in the beginning. It was a sense of unfairness. OptiKey is free from day one, it'll be free forever. I knew about swipe keyboards where you swipe a whole word at a time instead of pecking away. And your eyes are actually much more precise than your fingers when they're swiping. So I started playing with this and I built a prototype over the next year or so. The first time I got a sentence out, hello, my name is Julius. OptiKey is written in C sharp. It uses a UI framework called WPF, which is a Microsoft product. I published it in September 2015 on Reddit post. The open source community, it started the next day. I had people issuing bugs that they wanted fixed, then putting their hands up to help fix them. And it sort of started from there. I've had people write whole features themselves. It's now in 19 languages. It's almost limitless the directions people are taking this project in. Knowing that my project is out there and it's being used by people day to day to make their lives better, honestly it's the best feeling in the world. I like to think that this software has made it a little bit more bearable where they might have not had any other solutions. And that's huge. I don't really see any limits. It's whatever people imagine, technology is right there with them, enabling them to do it.


Welcome to the show, it's me, John Park, and it's time for JP's product pick of the week. We are here, and I am so excited about today's product pick, particularly because it has something to do with cereal, and I love cereal. What? Not that kind of cereal? Well, let's try to get excited about it anyway, shall we? So let's see. First thing I wanna do is tell you where to go if you wanna watch the show inside of the product page and get yourself a big, enormous, crunchalicious discount on this week's product pick. It's right here, Adafruit Product ID 5335, and you can also use the URL shortener for things like that, adafruit.it slash 5335. We'll take you right there as well. You can also use this QR code if you want, if you wanna point a camera at that, that'll get you what you need. And if you head over there, you should see that if you refresh the page, the price has been cut in half. It's 50% off just during this show. So we're gonna talk about the product, do a little bit of a demo, and you will have a chance to order up to 10 of them, depending on your needs. You could potentially need 10 of these. But before I get ahead of myself, what I'm gonna do, actually, I think, I have an issue here, which is, I don't think I have that proper movie cued up to show you, so I'm gonna do a little shenanigans here. So just read a book for a moment while I fix this video, because I'm gonna click on one, and it's gonna be the wrong one. I'm gonna try to pause it and bring in the proper one. So sorry about that. I just saw that it got screwy. Hold on one second. I have a new STEMAQT board. This is an arcade, LED arcade STEMAQT breakout, which lets you... No, it's not. It's not that one at all. So hang on. We've got this here. Where'd you go? Media files. This is how you know that this show is live. Is that it? That is it. Okay, here we go. Get ready. We're so close. I'm gonna scale that up. Tell it not to loop. All right. Take it away, Lady Aida. CP 2102 friend. This is an update basically for our CP 2104 friend, which was an update of our FTDI friend. Basically, it's a USB serial converter chip on a breakout with all the pins on the side broken out. And then the end is like an FTDI cable end. It's basically this power ground data RTS and CTS combo like six pin connector that's often used in dev boards that need a USB serial converter and maybe have a couple of control lines but don't have that built in. So the CP 2102N is the next generation after CP 2104. And we love the CP 2104. It's a wonderful two megabit per second USB serial converter from side labs. We use it in dozens of boards. However, I know you're about to hear is we can't really get any more CP 2104s. They're proving very difficult to find in the shortage. But we haven't able to get CP 2102s. And so they're almost but not quite pin compatible. And for that reason, we want to start with making a breakout because this is USB-C. One thing that's different is that it does have up to three megabit per second, not two megabit per second. So it can't go a little bit faster than the CP 2104. The onboard E-Prom can be reprogrammed whereas on the CP 2104, it's a one-time programmable. So there is a purpose for having two different breakouts for this board, but basically we're kind of trying to get this out to have an option for people who can't get the CP 2104. And also to experiment with this chip before we do a swap out of all of our other breakout boards from the four to the two. That said, it's a perfectly fine FTDI replacement and it's got USB-C, RX and TX LEDs. It's got all the pins broken out. If you need all those weirdo modem controlled lines like ring or DTR or let's see what else, DCD. You need those pins, this breakout has them. So it comes with the assembled board and then you get some right angle header and some male header. For, if you want it to act like an FTDI friend and this is like the old style FTDI friend, you can solder the header into it and now you're like, hey, it's like little sister and big sister has a micro USB connector and it's otherwise about the same size, a little bit smaller because the chip is so much smaller compared to this one. It has the RX and TX LEDs down here instead of on the side but the pinout is the same. You can interchangeably use them. So this is it plugged into a protricket. So yeah, we've tested this with, we actually use the CP 2104 on a bunch of boards. So it's like, it is like a rock solid chip. And so we'll be slowly moving away from FTDI and replacing those chips with silabs because it allows us to drop the price on stuff. From one friend to another friend. Yeah, a little bit. Yeah, okay. We still like FTDI. We just want to try another friend for a little bit. It's not you, it's us. Yeah, okay. Hey, there we go. So yes, that is it. Now what I'm going to do, and I hope you realize that I had to cut in a second demo there which was from the previous board, but they work identically for all intents and purposes. You can use this the same way the 2104 worked, but we didn't have a demo of Lady Aida using that one, but I will do a live demo for you. But first thing I've got to do is I got to grab one from my mystery bowl. So as you can see here, I have my mystery bowl for the USB serial converter. Check it out. There it is. Oh yeah, that's the product pick of the week right there. It is the CP 2102N Friend. It's a USB to serial breakout conversion board. It's got USB-C on it. It has, it comes with in fact, the right angle header. So you can use it just like an FTDI cable. This one can be soldered onto the end of it and you can plug it right in. And you can also plug it into a breadboard or a perf board if you want to use the broken out pins on the sides. So I'm gonna show you two demos of how that works.  This is a little bit old. I don't think you can get a fresh box of this right now. Does anyone know?  So let's grab a little demo here. So I had a couple of demo choices for this and I decided to go with both of them. Why not? So Lady Aida said, hey, if you're feeling ambitious, why don't you build a breadboard Arduino? And this is the first time I've ever done this. This was a popular thing to do back in some of the earlier Arduino days around the era of the Duimila Nova and the Diecimile. And what this is, is an AVR chip. It's the, in this case, it's the Atmel 328P. You could also do this with the 168. Those were both pretty typical. And then you build a circuit for power to get the, I think what do we want? Five volts on here. It'll bring in anywhere from, I think, seven to 12, but we get a clean five out of there. Or it might be 3.3, I can't remember. And then we have a crystal for the oscillator, crystal oscillator for timing. Couple capacitors to help that smooth that out. And then I've put on here a status LED for power, as well as a LED that's plugged into pin 13. It's not pin 13 on that chip, but it's essentially what Arduino would call pin 13. And in order to program this, I can use my little CP 2102N friend. And this is plugged in, as you can see here over USB-C. And then I'm using the pins broken out for transmit and receive TXRX and ground. That's all I have to connect to the Arduino. And then I also have a little reset pin on here. So what I'm gonna do to demo this is bring up a Arduino session here. And what you can see is I've got a basic blink sketch here. And if I turn on power, which is just a battery pack going to that breadboard Arduino, you can see it's blinking this red LED at a certain rate. Here it's a quarter second on, half a second off. If I wanna change that, let's make this just a typical one second and one second. When I go to upload this, I have Arduino configured to essentially think it's sending out to a due milanove, but it's actually sending USB to my little friend here, my little CP 2102N friend, which is then sending over serial to the chip here to program it. So I'll hit upload in Arduino and then I'll hit reset once it starts to upload that helps it. And you'll see it very quickly flashes the board. It's already done. And now my LED is blinking at that sort of one second rate. And here you can see it's got some verbose output here to let you know. It programs it really fast and programs it really reliably. One of the nice things when you are programming boards that had built in USB to FTDI conversion chips like some of the some of the Arduinos is they could be a little flaky to get them to upload, particularly I had, I remember a lot of difficulties programming the Pro Trinket, the Pro Trinket. I can't remember if you could even do it over USB. I think you could, but it was way more reliable to do over what they called at the time the FTDI. So in fact, if I wanna use this board to program a Pro Trinket, I'll show you how you do that. This is a pretty typical thing to run into. So here you can see I have a Pro Trinket and I have soldered a little right angle header set onto it for interfacing with an FTDI cable. And really it's the transmit, receive, power and ground that we care about on here. There's also reset that's on there that helps it. You don't have to press reset on this board. So if I take my FTDI friend here and I'm gonna carefully pry that up off of this breadboard Arduino. There we go. A challenge sometimes to not bend pins when you do that. Now we can plug in and I think I've got those right. Ground is like that. Okay, I had it wrong. So what I'm gonna do is give power to the Trinket and that's actually using a micro USB. Here I don't know if that's a blink pattern that's running or a pulse it might think that it's being programmed. So now plug in my friend, CP 2102 friend. And then in Arduino what I have to do real quick is tell it that I'm not programming and do a Milanova anymore. So I'm gonna pick from a list that you cannot see but I'll pick from Adafruit boards and there's an option for Pro Trinket, five volts FTDI rather than USB. And then I'll pick my serial port and now I'm gonna just hit upload. It's recompiling and that's it. It finished uploading. So now we have a little one second blink going on there. If I just undo those changes now it'll be a fast blink. So let's re-upload. You can see it's doing the automatic reset. I'm not having a time any little clicks on there which is great and did it finish? Did I get it? I might have to reselect the serial out. Done uploading, okay. There we go. Now there's the fast blink. So there are also other chips that you might want to program with this ESP32 and ESP8266 boards often can be most easily programmed with the serial, the USB to serial like this board, as well as there are some things like router hacking. There are the WRT, open WRT routers that you can program over serial and upload open firmwares like open WRT. And there's probably a lot of other uses that you can find out there. So I'm just checking the comments and someone said that YouTube is having an issue, huh? Oh, now it's back, huh? Well, thank you in the comments for mentioning that Twitch was working. I don't know what happened there. Yeah, I'm checking our Discord if you're wondering where I'm checking. Thank you, yeah, thanks Cedar Grove popped into the YouTube chat to let people know that things are working over on Twitch. Sorry about that. Did I disappear?  The, hopefully, there'll be a version of this. I didn't record it locally. Hopefully there'll be a version of this that I can use to re-edit my little one minute version of this later. So we'll have to check. Otherwise I'll make a special short version of it. Let's see, any questions in the chat? Let me know. Again, if I head over to, let me, I'll fix one more thing here and go to the Chrome tab one second. Technical difficulties. Stand by. So if you check it out here, here is our CP 2102 end friend. I'll hit refresh on that. We should see the price drop on there when it refreshes. Ooh, that's not wanting to refresh. Are we just having general internet difficulties? There it goes. Yeah, so $2.98 on sale. You can get a maximum of 10 per customer if you head over there to check that out. If you look here, there's a bunch of information about it right here on the product page. And if you scroll down, we have some technical details, spec sheets. And then you can also head to the Learn Guides. And if you, I think if you look under CP 2104, you should see a Learn Guide. Let's check that out. I'm gonna verify where that is. Works basically the same as that and pretty similar to the FTDI friend as well. CP 2104. Yeah, it shows up in a bunch of guides. I don't know if it has its own guide, but in any of our guides where we're programming over FTDI, you can swap in. It's pin compatible, so it's not a lot to it. Cedar Grove says as soon as I mentioned Twitch, YouTube started working. Yay, thanks YouTube. All right, so that is gonna do it. Thanks for stopping by. Remember if you wanna go ahead and pick one of those up at a discount, do it right now during the show. There's no coupon code, it's just at that slashed 50% off price until the show ends. You have a little bit of a grace period, but not much of one.  I'll go ahead and unplug this and let's put a little hanger on there before we finish up, so I can put that up on the board. There we are. All right, so that's gonna do it for today. The product pick of the week is the CP 2102 and friend, USB to serial converter. For Adafruit Industries, I'm John Park. This has been JP's product pick of the week and I will see you next time. Bye-bye.


So I'm instructing them in the class for, you know, about a half hour each week on all of the different aspects of event planning. And then, you know, once that kind of formal piece or the formal teaching is complete, then we walk through the steps kind of together as a class. They are broken down into various event or various committees that will take care of, say, sponsorship. So they go out, they put a sponsorship package together, they approach people within our community, and specifically within the beer industry. To hopefully get some, you know, some support from them financially or with in-kind products or services. They also, then, you know, will do like a marketing package, they'll put together social media. We have an account that they run, they manage that. They do the floor plan, they figure out the decor, they figure out entertainment for the guests, they contact vendors. We have food at the event as well as the graduates' beer. So the students make, you know, if there's 16 or I think the cap of the course is 18 students per semester, per cohort. And so they each make their own beer from scratch. They come up with a recipe, they come up with a creative name, and then they make that beer and that's what we promote at the event. So people come in, they can try, you know, 18 different craft beers as part of the ticket that they pay. They get a glass, a sample glass, they get four tokens to try various beers. They can then purchase food from the vendors that are there. They listen to the entertainment and they just kind of walk around and mingle. We also have various partners within the community who do a scholarship. So there's scholarships that are provided to the graduating class. One is a memorial scholarship for a student who had graduated and passed away unexpectedly a couple months later. So his family, along with the brewery that he was working at, started a scholarship. We also have two kind of industry partners who have come alongside and provide a scholarship as well. So usually we have a bit of a panel that comes in, judges the top three beers that were decided by a different level of students and some faculty and advisors, and then we have a panel come in and choose the best one and they get a $4,500 scholarship. So that adds to the kind of entertainment, I guess you could say, but obviously to the hype of the event, to kind of escalate it and give it a bit of a bigger profile. Whoever the organization that has given the money, they present a big check to the winning student and it just really kind of adds that special, students don't know, that night they're walking away with $4,500, kind of depending on how their beer played out. So definitely the culmination of the entire kind of their entire program happens on that night.


I'm not sure I'm the best person to advise young people. Young people should do what they want, but if I did, I would say, don't just accept the world as it is. The world can change and the world can change to the better. I think the world has changed for the better over the last 50, 70 years. That change comes about because people don't accept today and they want to make a better world. That drive comes from young people. It doesn't come from people my age. Don't accept the world for what it is, except for the world for what you would like it to be.


Hello everyone. My name is Jean-Martinche and I'm here to talk about memory efficiency and ways we could fix it. And I'll start with the short motivation with what got us here. Linux keeps the amount of all physical memory in its page, in the current page tables, which is called the DirectMap. This address page is modified in a lot of ways throughout the different OS stages throughout the OS life cycle. At boot, when initializing the memory map and all the system RAM or at hotplugging new memory or when you try to map an IO address. Portions of this address page may be baked by various kinds of metadata, which track different things at different granularities. We have memblog which describes blocks of memory. You have the underlying memory model, so vmemmap, which looks like a single contiguous regions which in each individual address points to search pages. Although at the lower end, as you can see, you have search pages. The other space, though, maybe manage what goes in the actual page tables may be done in bigger chunks. So usually it's often the case that you use two megabyte pages for the DirectMap. So the process may think it has mapped when it sets up a guest with the memory slots or any private VNM data. When you enter the kernel and you switch to the kernel page tables, you have all guest memory rightly available alongside other kernel allocations or anonymous memory. With respect to this DirectMap, I would like to highlight one particular metadata structure that is structured, which is going to be the source of most of the talk. The data structure design is largely derived by the needs of page cache and anonymous memory. And it's also a structure used by most kernel services in the most granular way of tracking memory. So the purpose of the data structure is to track references to PFN, alongside file mappings and other subsystem-specific data. You get one of those strip pages when you say use the body allocator with alloc page or get free pages, or you grab a reference to an existing page to a particular page with get free pages where you pin memory short or long term. Although the data structure has some overhead, the size of the structure is about 64 bytes.  So I was saying 64K. On top of the structure, you have other overheads on top like you spend 8 bytes per APT entry, and the process page tables you spend about 8 bytes as well for each PT entry. Although these costs can be amenable when you try to use huge pages, which to amortize the debt base table cost to a great extent. So when you put it all together, we are just talking about 1.5% to 1.75% of most physical memory. Which at a first glance does not look much, but let's revisit what that actually means in practical terms. So if we extrapolate that to say 2 terabytes of memory, we are spending about 32 to 36 gigabytes of memory. So for short, that's roughly that's 16 gigs per terabyte. And if you work for slightly bigger machine like an 8 terabyte machine, you spend about 128 gigabytes of memory to 160 gigabytes of memory. These are not really crazy numbers, they're actually numbers on machines we have problems with, where a lot of this memory you're spending could hopefully be used to actually boot more guests. So if we take in consideration how, how this is where this is going and that the fact that beams are getting more dense. If you take a 64 terabytes machine to put this overhead in perspective you would be spending about 1.2 terabytes in circuit. So going to account to the recent spec, the recent vulnerabilities in hardware in CPUs, where we could speculate to be take advantage of these good gadgets, or, or you could potentially weak all the memory map by the kernel in user space. So we're exploiting through more CPU resources to lower CPU resources like the L1 cache, the L1 data cache, or micro architectural buffers. All this F1 thing in common which is given that the kernel maps everything, therefore, everything is applicable. The one I would like to give special emphasis is Spectre V1 which is hard to mitigate. And that you have just so many code gadgets you need to hunt and every new merge window adds potentially new code gadgets that you could exploit. So the main premise I'm trying to raise here is, can we do better for hypervisors? The problem, the problem you see is that given struct space does not really reflect what goes in the page tables. And if you look at more modern hypervisors, we won't be needing the majority of the kernel services say if you're just doing CPU, memory, and PCI devices. On those circumstances, we are essentially we essentially losing a lot of efficiency to what represents a largely idle infrastructure throughout the guest's lifetime or host lifetime, while potentially unnecessarily mapping all customers data when we probably don't need to. So the first step towards fixing some of this led us to what happens if you try to remove struct page. First, let me describe what today is one way you could you can do some of this. And that's through depthman and man equals x. Essentially, you do as a user is you specify man equals and some amount. And that's going to be an amount which you're limited to by the kernel. And you have the special device called that man where you can map every, every memory on the system. So a couple of problems with this that I would like to enumerate. First and foremost, when you specify man equals x, you have no way to characterize where exactly you want to take that amount from. So you potentially either restrict one to the first note or straddling all notes to fulfill that parameter. So you do have a mechanism that do not necessarily have certain pages that memory, and but you're limited to a single contiguous chunk. Also, you can only map. You can only memory map that memory in 4k page sizes, you have no two megabyte huge pages or one gigabyte huge pages, which then goes to my next point. So you have a great fragmentation across hundreds, thousands of guests creations in terms of your potentially didn't need the fragmented systems. So, in addition to not having huge pages which sort of amortizes some of that. You want the ability to pick holes free, free holes you have within allocated chunks to accommodate the given allocation. In order to do that with that man, you need to map several times that man and space and use different page offsets. But you still need to give them access to a given VMM, which then, you know, breaks a little bit. And that is where VMM runs a potentially the privilege environment, and therefore should not have been able to map any memory on the system. And finally, you don't have a way to give some of that memory back to the colonel see or try to rescue the host from our memories situation. All these problems. Let us look at tax, which is the other mechanism. The main purpose is to give you direct access to memory. It's bigger consumers PMM, and the interface behind that device tax is very simple. It's a character device, which you instrument to see the first you create to see the first. And which just led to in the kernel memory map, a given chunk of memory application is a given memory maps to all this metadata is created. The application has control over how the memories map, like in 4k pages, two megabytes or one gigabyte pages. And any exception you have a like mcs and x86 are for work by three application, you get a signal. And final, finally, you have memory, you are mechanisms to return that back that memory back to the kernel, say with DAX, came out driver. You can emulate some of this with men map option. Although the problem with using this option is that you give that option has a lot of power into messing up with your memory map. So users really need deep knowledge of what your hardware memory map looks like to be able to pick an actual run range. So what I want to clarify here is that usually people confuse cold decks as one thing, but there are two kinds of taxes and there's the PMM so there's device tax, which is this very simple device. There's PMM which is about device and there's file system decks, which purposes to bypass the page cash. So these are all three different things and the one I'm emphasizing here is DAX device tax. I think there is a couple of problems with device tax. And it's largely derived from its biggest consumer which is PMM. And within persistent memory name spaces are not supported, do not support these contiguous regions. They support only you can only have an M space with one contiguous chunk. And that because you need to initialize all these many straight pages, you have long initialization time of your DAX device in bringing it online, because you need to clear all that memory. While you can represent huge pages in the page tables. The way these pages straight pages look are not, are not the same as say transparent huge pages or you should be chlbfs where you would have a head page, and a couple of telepages represent two megabyte or one gigabyte page. So these, you got to look at the page tables to understand whether a given strike page belongs or not to a huge page. And finally, you need architectural support for DevMap, which is the kernel way to tell that this device this particular page. Basically a PFN belongs to a particular device map, and therefore a zone device special zone in the, in the kernel. So, the main question we got what we got into was how we could repurpose some of this device that's already provides you everything that we need. We could repurpose some of this while fixing, making some improvements to repurpose this to volatile memory. With that, let us look to DAX HMM, which is the driver, which can be used for performance differentiated RAM. We can move this map option from here and we instead use EFI and we added the FI memory map, such that we mark RAM ranges with the FI specific memory. So we need to care in about RAM ranges and you don't need to understand how exactly is firmware exposing everything else is not RAM. And we essentially have an ability for firmware to dedicate memory to user space when memory start with the specific purpose attribute. And that means that the kernel is going to create one DAX device and give that to user space as a memory mapable DAX device. So we essentially all have to, we had to fix is, you have to just support these contiguous regions where we try to pick all free ranges to accommodate the given allocation as opposed to those contiguous chunks. And we, in that helps tremendously with dealing with fragmentation. And then the way you allocate this you can either give the application control over what ranges to pick, or you can reserve to the DAX mediation where there's a simple range allocator where it just ranges or allocate new ones to fulfill the allocation provided by the user. The fact that you specify mapping is especially useful for use cases like PMM Live Restart, KMU Live Update or KVM Live Update where you want to preserve the exact same ranges while not scrubbing that memory the next time you map it again. And so I like to defer to Jason's and Steven's society presentations which cover a lot of why I refer here. So the next step was then obviously to remove struct page from device tax. A lot of the bigger infrastructure work was for repurposing DAX. And so fixing this, this contiguous limitation. And all that left remaining was to have a page less memory map and we still keep the same properties behind DAX. So static PFM mapping for a given VA range. And so you still know what you will know at device creation what VA is going to be mapped to a particular PFM. And essentially the VMA type is going to be essentially PFM map which in Corvian Corvian means that I have no struct pages. We leverage a lot of the work that by Karim has map where it introduces an alternative guest mapping series when memory is not picked by struct pages. And we had to simply fix, not in KVM, we leverage a lot of that works we have no changes specific to DAX or anything was mostly bug fixes which are general to the usage of PFM maps. But we had to support huge pages for page special page special is how the kernel says this memory does not have a script page. And finally, we had to fix out memory failure as the kernel bills out early. We had to fix out memory failure as an MC on memory it does not track. And we had to reflect what's what the actual cashier property is for run and so be able to map it as right back as opposed to unhashable. But that's nothing really different than it's not done for that man. And again, there was no logic specific to DAX to make this work. And then to the previous diagram I explained earlier where we will have all the memory type in direct map and, and what we're essentially doing here by removing struct page we gain this memory efficiency back and remove other guests memory from the direct map. So less subject to pickage. In practice. What we do is you specify this if I fake map. The option, as you can tell from what it describes, it's not really intuitive so they still work there to make this slightly more user friendly. But what we are essentially describing here is that my hypervisor is going to have 16 gigabytes per node available for user space kernel manage allocations, or and you associate the rest for DAX. So DAX has 368 gigs per node so you essentially bring up two regions, one per numeral. On a proc FS this appears like soft reserved, and you then supposed to use the DAX tools to instrument this region or you know you cannot also come up with your own tools which uses the CZFS API for the purpose. You can then create various devices with you know a 30 gigabytes guest with a given huge pages, and you select which region you want. And then optionally what we are trying to do is which pages memories that you pass on this no metadata and you're not going to create strike pages for these devices, which also tremendously speeds up the bring up other device. You then use this like any other regular file bit memory, and not there's nothing really different there and it's the same for UCLA FS with any other shared memory mechanism. So the use case that I see for this you could let the KVM bind to these devices similar to what we do for DAX came out where we give back memory to the kernel. But here, KVM would use it to back some of those data structures used when doing work on behalf of the guest, such as we would be hiding the VCP registers, or KVM I will pick in there is a couple of call sites I'm just this is just for example, find purposes does not need to be pageless so long as it's not part of the direct map points. I slide it in some form, but this would be one way to implement a poor man version of process local memory which was a sub point proposed by some of the as folks. The user space. Another use case could be to use this memory for any other VMM allocations. And it could well serve as a memory pool as opposed to resort to anonymous locations to recap on some of the advantages by removing so page you sort of kill two birds in one shot, which is to get a ton of memory back that is being lost in search page. And, fundamentally, because you're the kind of does not have the memory that that same customer data is less prone to leakage by other guests. The use case is by preserving that memory across hypervisor or VMM live live update are more easily done fundamentally given that how backs works and gives that control to the application. And hunting down spectrum and the gadgets, especially those done on the context of guest memory gets a lot more easily mitigated. But there are pitfalls in doing this approach as well. And that means that once you move straight page. You're on your own. And so subsystems don't really work well without it. And you're largely losing certain kind of services, given that you don't have yet to use your pages and use your pages and so on and so forth. So, an easy pick is that the retail and zero copy networking I don't work. For example, if you do some message message zero copy, or if you use all direct. You, given that get these are pages do not return you any actual strip pages. You know, you will say the, the, the IO. This does work for certain specialized cases such as the case of KVM, or if you do basic PCI assignment, but even there there are some issues in which you need to, in addition to use for pfm you're expected to track page table entry updates. In your secondary mapping. So, usually need to register some form of memory notifier. In addition to users copy fm KVM does it right. But other subsystems would need so so if you're mapping if we're giving a device to the FIO. It does work today but if you invalidate one given the range. You may want to reflect that into the IMM you and the line that is IO does work, but again, is limited to copy based, which is also the default in the host net. Because the MM owner is the same as the VMM is the VMM. So, we just had to come up with a little trick with the host SCSI for mood storage where you allocate staging buffers for drive some of that. IO. There's a big, there's a big drawback which is losing current services. And so what are the directions we are looking at here. This goes, there are two approaches another long term approach we are looking at which is the SI takes a safer approach into securing a greater portion of what KVM is handling versus this approach of removing structure page which is the opposite which is, you're trying to protect certain components of memory, but I believe this could work in concert and so you could use this mechanism to say protect customers and using SI to protect VMM and kernel private data. That's a better catch all to what's going to be a number of allocations on behalf of the guest. I think the pages could also serve as a performance improvement. Say if you're not exiting to user space, would you need, could you leave some of these mitigations say the NDS flush. If you're not exiting to user space, could that serve as a performance optimization. Also, the larger problem at hand here is that huge, we need to work better. The pages need to reflect better what the underlying size and the page table, or the alternative is to have subsystems work the rest of pages. One good example is the large page in the page dashboard is that you only look at the page had pages to compute any address. We do want a particular address and we don't need to use all those tailpages in that sort of becomes an implementation detail from subsystem or from user perspective. So get to the pages, for example, we'll just return you at pages and no tailpages. Just more easy example. But there's also an interesting approach which I thought I'll mention that happened like a month or so ago. And that is, for external allocators like HCLBFS and DAX. I'll recommend that DAX also use for PMDs. So this is not only applicable for this, but we're also persistent memory. But when interesting question raised by the subnet folks is, what happens if portions of the viewman map, we use the same tailpages. Right if all the tailpages could use the same big memory provided that you represent in a subset of unique search pages all the information that you need for a two megabyte or one gigabyte page. What happens if the remaining ones are not needed and they all point to the same memory. That would mean one thing. You need less memory to make those straight pages. You still have those straight pages. So it does look like that you have one uniquely to every 4k chunk. The others pointing to the same memory. If such a mechanism is possible. That would be applicable for HCLBFS and DAX which preallocate and reassign chunks at boot or rather can be assigned chunks at boot. And if DAX had support for these more page compound pages, it would also serve. It's also could also fix other problems we have for persistent memory. We can also fix where we would pin faster or initialize quicker some of these DAX, some of these namespaces. These are also something we are looking at at the moment that hopefully we can have an update in a few weeks. So we get all back to conclude. For 5.10 is going to have a lot of these repurposing of DAX for volatile memory and provides a way to carve out struct page. Which fills up fits a given use case when your app advisor is not using so many does not need to provide so many kernel services. DAX each pages proper support is going to continue and we are looking at alternatives such that you don't have such a big compromise into having giving away so many current services. And what I was trying to propose here is to have sort of a harder boundary between what's hypervised and what's guess and what's guess or customer data. And at least unless I'm not for me was that I'm going to give away such accorded structures as a sub page. It was interesting to know that it, not much is needed other when your hypervisor doesn't need to provide that much services. And with that, thank you for listening to me some links here of some of the work I'm talking about. Thank you, Matthew, my crevets, we ran alone and it as they all were part of this work. Thank you.


Greetings and welcome to the Introduction to Astronomy. In this lecture we are going to talk about general relativity. This is how we understand gravity to work. We've previously talked about Newton's law of gravity, and we'll see a little bit about why that is incorrect, although it does work in most situations. So what is general relativity? Well, first of all it was put forth by Albert Einstein about a hundred years ago, and it was a new description of the working of gravity. Now as I said, we previously studied Newton's gravity, and it works in almost every situation. However, what it cannot do is explain motion near strong sources of gravity. That is general relativity, and that's what we're going to talk a little bit about in this lesson. It also cannot explain motion at high speeds. Those near the speed of light, that is what is called special relativity, and I will look at that in a future lecture. What it does is instead of describing gravity as a force between two objects, gravity is a bending of space and time. So massive objects will deform space and time, and then objects move in the shortest path they can in that deformed space-time. So first of all one of the first things, we start off with the postulate of general relativity, which is the equivalence principle. Essentially what was proposed that is that if you are in a sealed room, you can't look out, there is no experiment that you can do that will determine the difference between these two things. One is an object in space far away from any sources of gravity, or a freely falling object. You cannot tell the difference between these two. Are you free falling through Earth in this closed room towards the ground? Or are you out in space far away from the gravity? There is no experiment that you can do that will tell the difference between these two while you are in that state. Obviously in one situation, yeah, you're eventually going to hit the ground and that will be when things change. But the equivalence principle says that while you're falling or out in space, there is no experiment that we can do. Or you can also look at this as an object being accelerated as compared to an object in a gravitational field that has that same acceleration. So if you are accelerating, then you cannot tell the difference. Anything you do, such as dropping a ball, it will do exactly the same thing whether you are accelerating or whether you were falling in under a gravitational force. So we know that the force will change as we accelerate. So if you are not moving in an elevator here where it's just staying still, or if it were moving at a constant speed, you would register your normal weight. If the elevator is accelerating down, you're going to weigh lighter than normal. If it's accelerating up, you will weigh more than normal. And if the elevator cable should break, you would know no weight at that time. You would be in a state of free fall. And you would not be able to tell the difference here until you hit the ground. You would not be able to do any kind of experiment that could tell you whether you were in an elevator or if you were out in space far away from any gravitational force. Now we can also look at this as two people here jumping down this bottomless pit. Now they throw the ball back and forth, and to them it looks like they're throwing it right directly to each other. However, to an outside observer, an outside observer sees it as a curve. That you throw it, one person throws it here, the other person catches it at a much lower place. And again, that is all relative to who is doing the observing. So it makes the difference as to who is doing the observing as to exactly what we see. What does it mean for light? Well, what do we want to look at? Does light travel in a straight line? We would think that it does, but let's look at a thought experiment here. And we have this rocket in deep space. So the light beam will travel straight across and strike point B directly across on the other side of the craft. Now the same rocket, exactly the same rocket in Earth orbit. Now it is being accelerated and it's following a curved path under Earth's gravity. Where does the light beam strike? Well, there are two options to think about here. Does it follow a straight line? Which means it would go straight through and strike at some other point here. That would be light following a straight line would be point B prime. Or is the equivalence principle correct? Which would say you can't tell the difference and you would see it traveling this direction. And that would be point C. It can't do both. One of these is wrong here. So one of these must be wrong. And we're going to find that it is the equivalence principle that is correct. So that light instead of following a straight path would follow a curved path as under gravity. Just like the spacecraft does. So let's look at what we mean by spacetime. So spacetime, an event occurs, can be specified using four dimensions. That's three spatial dimensions and one time dimension. And we graph that here with distance here in one dimension just looking at distance eastward on the x-axis, time on the y-axis. So what we get is between points A and B, we are traveling eastward at some rate. And we could figure that out if we wanted to by the slope of that line. The steeper that line is, the slower you're moving. The flatter that line is, the faster you're moving. And that means you could set a limit to how fast, how flat this line could be by the speed of light. Now between B and C, you stopped moving. So you were stopped for whatever reason. You stayed at the same distance eastward. But time, of course, continues to go forward even while you're stopped. And between C and D, you went eastward. But now it's a steeper line. So you were going at a slower rate, the closer you go up towards vertical, the slower at which you are moving. Now we can also look at spacetime using a two-dimensional diagram. And here we see points like A, B, and C. So A is where you are. B is a point you can get to because you're traveling within this cone. This cone is set by the speed of light. You cannot travel outside of that cone. So if you stop moving, you keep going forward in time. And that's it. So depending on how fast you're moving, you can get closer and closer to the edge of the cone. The edge of the cone is the speed of light. So C would be inaccessible. You cannot get to point C because it would require faster than light travel. So again, it would get more complicated. We'd actually need one more dimension of space to add to this to get a complete picture of what it would look like. Now, how can light be bent by gravity? So what happens is that spacetime, space and time around a massive object, are deformed. So let's look at an example of a rubber sheet here that is relatively flat here across this opening. And an ant traveling there would travel in a straight line. So the ant is confined to the surface of the sheet and would travel then in a straight line. But if you put some kind of massive object there, in this case a paperweight, then the space and time are deformed. So we see how space and time kind of dip down where the paperweight exists and then come back out. This causes us to not follow a straight line path. A straight line path would then not be possible because it would involve moving out of space altogether. Your space is confined by that two-dimensional sheet. So the ant traveling would now have to travel down and back up. That would be the shortest path that can take while remaining on the space of the rubber sheet. How much of this distortion occurs depends on the mass. The more massive object will cause more distortion. If you put a very small object there, the distortion would be much less. If you put a very massive object there, the distortion would be much more. So we will see this distortion in space when we look at much more massive objects. Now how can we test general relativity? Well, we have a couple of tests that have been done. One, an early one, was one that we had a problem with before general relativity, and that was the orbit of Mercury. The perihelion position slowly changes. Now that's actually predicted by Newton. However, Newton was off, not by a lot, but by 43 arc seconds per century. Is that a lot? That's a very small amount, but it was a measurable amount, and it was consistent. So we knew that this was not correct, that there was something wrong with Newton's measurements. Could have been that there was another planet there, but searches for that were unsuccessful. And general relativity, when it came out, was able to explain the orbit of Mercury precisely, and explain the exact amount of deviation of its perihelion, closest position to the Sun, as it changed. We also have the deflection of starlight. So we already talked about how light could be deflected. And this was done in 1919 during a solar eclipse. That allows the Sun to be blocked out, and we could see the stars around it. So we took pictures of these, and we could take pictures there, and we could take pictures at previous times of the same star field, and look for deviation of those stars close to the Sun. Under general relativity, we should get far more deviation than we would get under Newton's gravity. And we find that the shifts are what is predicted by general relativity. We also looked at gravitational waves. We'll look at these in more detail in another lecture. But these were predicted by general relativity over 100 years ago, but it took about 100 years, a century, for us to be able to have the technology to be able to detect the incredibly small motions caused by gravitational waves rippling through space. How about time? We've looked a little bit about what happens to space. What happens to time under general relativity? Time will slow down in the presence of a gravitational force. And that means a clock on the ground will run slower than a clock in orbit.  Now, it's not going to be a very measurable over that kind of distance, but from orbit it's actually measurable. We also have a gravitational redshift. What happens to light escaping from a massive object? Normally, when something tries to escape from an object, when we launch something, it slows down. So it would slow down, under gravity, pulling it back. But light can't slow down. But it has to lose energy. Therefore, its wavelength will be stretched. And it must always travel at the speed of light, so that speed cannot change, but its wavelength can. So what can be sent out as blue light can end up escaping a very massive object as red light. And depending on the strength of gravity, this could be even more significant. So all this about general relativity. Why is it important? Why does it matter to you? I mean, we think of it as applying very extreme astronomical conditions. However, you use it every day. We have GPS satellites in orbit. That's what we use to determine our position here on Earth. They're traveling at high speeds, and the clocks slow down because of special relativity. Again, we'll talk about that later on. But just for now, that's what happens when things are traveling at high speeds. However, they're also high above Earth. Gravity is weaker, and therefore the clocks speed up. That's general relativity. So the difference ends up being 38 microseconds per day. Again, it does not sound like a whole lot, but if this is not taken into account in just one day, your GPS would be off by 7 miles. And that means you're not going to get to your location if you're depending on your GPS to get you there if the general relativistic and special relativity calculations are not taken into account in calculating this and using those satellites. So let's go ahead and finish up with our summary. And what we've looked at this time, we talked about general relativity, which describes gravity as a bending of space and time. We talked about many of the tests that have been done, and each so far has confirmed the predictions of general relativity. And we mentioned an example in GPS satellites which use both general and special relativity to locate you through your phone. So that concludes this lecture on general relativity. We'll be back again next time for another topic in astronomy. So until then, have a great day, everyone, and I will see you in class.


Equals is a game changer that we need right now because the internet has created a huge opportunity for massive numbers of people but not everyone equally. Now we're actually getting together to tackle that and make sure the internet is open and accessible to all. It's important to Mozilla to be a part of something like Equals because we really want to make sure everyone has an opportunity to access the full benefits of the internet. We want an internet that is open and accessible for all and we can't do that alone. Mozilla is committed to working with other partners in Equals on digital skills. We really believe that women, everyone, understanding what is the full potential of the internet is one of the most crucial things to unlocking opportunity.


So I am private first class Luis Navarrez and my role today was driving for the commander. So to prepare ourselves physically and mentally, we train vigorously every time we come to the field and it's an experience. This is the place where the bond is actually like made because there's no really distractions and we're all just suffering together so this is the best time for us to bond. Outside of this, it would have to be just every day seeing each other, getting to know each other, building that trust, that friendship between ourselves and having that discipline and maintaining it between each other. Some staffs aren't Jeffery Wilde, I'm the gunner for the battalion commander for 369 Armor. We're out here conducting a stress shoot, just conducting a PT event and then getting on the tanks, it adds an extra element of stress while accurately acquiring and engaging the targets. And it's another way for us to judge the lethality within our formation by adding that extra element. So you've got the adrenaline from the gun going, you're still exhausted from the PT event and then trying to effectively communicate with your crew to effectively engage targets. So that's where the added stress I believe came from is that PT event and then immediately rowing into it.


Hello, and welcome to CMC Markets on Tuesday, the 17th of March, and this week's weekly market update. Now, the last week or so I think has been typified by the fact that we've seen new record highs in the German Decks, new multi-year highs in not only the Euro stocks 50 but also French, Italian and Spanish markets, but also by a slight slowing down in UK markets, namely the FTSE 100, which has drifted lower off its all-time highs of earlier this year, and the S&P 500. Now, the big question I think really surrounds what could well happen later this week. The main focus of this video is really going to be about tomorrow's FOMC meeting, but also I think we'll have a quick look at the Euro against the pound and the Euro against the dollar because I think when we actually look at all of the factors that are driving equity markets at the moment, the weak Euro, the strong dollar and the strong pound, we could see sentiment start to shift over the next 24 hours, particularly I think if the FOMC springs a surprise because I think what we've seen over the past few months has been the US dollar index rising very, very rapidly over a short space of time. In the last seven to eight months, it's up 25% against a basket of currency. Since 2012, it's up 40%. So that suggests to me that all this speculation that the Fed will drop patients from its forward guidance could well be slightly overestimated. That's not to say that they won't, but I think that in itself carries risks unless they're particularly dovish in terms of their outlook going forward because I don't think anyone disputes the fact that the labor market growth that we've seen over the past few months has been very, very good. But that does appear to be the outlier, retail sales are weak, inflation is weak, wages growth is weak, and a lot of the economic data that we've seen in the past two weeks has also been weak. So you have to ask yourself, in the context of all of that, will the Fed signal a potential rate rise in the next three to six months at a time when pretty much every other central bank around the world is expressing significant concerns about disinflation. Mark Carney, Governor of the Bank of England, outlined his concerns last week. And I think that's also helped undermine the pound as well after it also posted significant peaks in its trade weighted index as well. So in the context of all of that narrative and the fact that we've got the UK budget tomorrow, not as well as the Bank of England minutes and average earnings data out of the UK, we're going to have a look at the UK 100, the FTSE 100, we're going to look at the S&P 500, and also going to look at Euro dollar and Euro sterling and the potential, and it's only your potential, but a potential for a rebound in the euro, which at current levels does look a little bit oversold and does look a little bit, the short euro long dollar does look a little bit of a crowded trade. So let's make a start with the S&P 500. Now, as can be seen from the four hour chart in front of you, we've tracked lower from the all time highs that we saw at the end of February, and we found a little bit of support around about 2040, you know, a potential double bottom around there. And at the moment, we're currently finding a little bit of resistance just below those previous lows at the beginning of March, and that peak in the second week in March at around about 2084, 2085. So I think if we're going to retest the highs that we saw earlier this year, we need to navigate our way back above that resistance level that I've highlighted with those two horizontal lines between 2085 and 2090. So I think tomorrow's FOMC meeting could be very significant in that regard. If it's in any way dovish, that could well be supportive for stocks overall. It could weaken the dollar and push euro dollar higher. And also I think prompt a little bit of a rebound not only in the S&P, but also in the FTSE 100. And if we move on to the FTSE 100 with this again four hour chart here, we've got a similar sort of scenario playing out. We've got the all-time highs at the beginning of March once again. Potential double top there, we tracked lower and broke lower from that double top through the support at 6860. And now we're looking to rebound and retest those previous support levels, which should now act as resistance. I think as long as we stay below 6860, the risk is we then come back down. If on the other hand we track above 6860, then there's certainly potential for us to retest the highs that we saw earlier this year. As with all of these indexes, it's really about levels, previous highs and previous lows and how you react around those highs and lows. So we've talked about the euro and the fact that it's very overextended on the downside doesn't necessarily mean that we can't see further losses. But I think there is some early evidence that maybe we could be in line for a bit of a short squeeze. Now it's not so noticeable on this euro-dollar chart because at the moment we're currently we're currently holding above 10450, but we're currently also holding below 10680. What I would like to see for a significant rebound in euro-dollar is a move above that horizontal support and resistance line that I've drawn in around about the highs that we saw in the middle of last week around about 10685, 107. If we break through that level then there's certainly potential to actually retest the trend line from the December highs which comes in all the way up near 110. Now we're an awful long way away from that level right now. So I don't think there's any prospect of that happening at the moment while we remain below 10680, 107 but nevertheless we do need to be nimble and we do need to be prepared for it because if you look at the client sentiment on euro-dollar and euro-stirling it is very very tilted to the short side. We'll finish up with euro-stirling and as we can see in stark contrast to euro-dollar we've had much more of a rebound in euro-stirling and I think a large part of that is obviously down to the fact that sterling has weakened a little bit more than the US dollar over the past week or so largely I think because of the dovish comments from Mark Carney last week. Now we do have some economic data out tomorrow. Average earnings is what I'm particularly looking at and I'll be looking at for some significant signs of an increase in wage growth because that actually could help support sterling in the short to medium term but we have broken below a key support level on the cable on 4830. We need to get back above that to stabilise in the short to medium term or we run the risk of tracking lower. So that concludes today's weekly market update. I do have one thing to add Colin Szynski in Toronto and myself will be hosting a webinar at 3pm tomorrow where we'll go over the nuts and bolts of the UK budget and any potential effects that they that could have on the pound as well as a host of other different markets as we hate as we lead in to obviously tomorrow's FOMC rate meeting. So if you want to listen to that webinar just basically click on the link down here and I look forward to talking to you then.


We developed a method for efficiently computing reachable sets and forward invariant sets for continuous time systems with dynamics that include unknown components. The method relies on the theory of mixed monotone systems, which allows us to formulate an efficient algorithm for computing a hyper-rectangular set that over-approximates the reachable set of the system. Additionally, we derived a method for satisfying our main assumption by modeling the unknown components of state-dependent Gaussian processes, providing bounds that are correct with high probability. This enables us to compute reachable sets and forward invariant sets for systems up to moderately high dimensions that are subject to low-dimensional uncertainty modeled as Gaussian processes, a class of systems that often appears in practice. This article was authored by Michael Enki-Chao, Matthew Block, and Samuel Cougan.