One would be to leverage every resource that you have on your campus. And if there is a Center for Service Learning and if your university views it as valuable, that's so helpful. If not, there are so many resources that are available. The Center for Service Learning nationally has just multiple, multiple resources. The second thing would be, I think, really taking time to engage your students in what it means, why it's important, why it matters to you and how it will benefit them. I think that's really, really important. The third thing is just having good partners. And again, the Center for Service Learning here at Western has been great. But the first year I did, I found the partner on my own. People are so eager to really reach out and to take advantage of what the students can offer. And the fact that we're in an advanced visual journalism class means that there are so many things that social service agencies need, including logo design and brochure design and multimedia pieces and help on their websites, that in some ways the students are really well positioned because they have skills that are really, really very highly sought after. And then I would say another tip would really be to create this calendar of what's going to happen and who's going to do it and who's responsible. Another thing that I think is really important is to really expect the students to be professional. And for the most part they really are, but they really need to have things done on time. They need to be ready for critique. They need to have things done and they need to interact with their partner in a way that's very open but very professional. And then the other thing is, is I think sometimes just to accept that, just to tell your class that some projects will be easier and some will not be. I've had in the same class five teams, some have partners who get stuff back to them who are great to work with, who are congenial, who are very clear about what their needs are. And in that same class, partners who aren't quite as on top of stuff or aren't sure what they really need. So I've learned from that that it's really great. You know, it's hard to know ahead of time what all you're going to run into. But if you can establish in the first couple of weeks who's responsible, if they are the ones that indeed can make the decisions. Because designed by committee, not very helpful. So that's another thing is to really ascertain who has the sign off power and to make sure that you incorporate them in decisions. So every quarter it's kind of a learning experience of what to look out for next. Depending on the number of teams and the number of partners on the second day of class, the partners come and make a pitch for what they want done. And it's great for the students because they get to meet the potential partner. And then what I have them do is I have a form that I've prepared of the partner's name and then what they want what the project is and then the benefits, the challenges and what skills would be required. And I have that for each one of the partners. And then at the end of that class period I asked them to say what would be their top choice, what would be their second choice. And then of course I take that into consideration when I devise the teams. And sometimes we have enough teams for all the partners to be accommodated. Sometimes we have more partners than we have teams. So it really just depends, but I really think on that second class period, giving the students a chance to weigh in on what they want to work on really helps them be invested in the partner. That's not to say that they all get the partner that they choose because I tell them everybody when you go into your jobs you're not going to get to choose what store you work on or what interview you have to go do. On the other hand I do try to take that into consideration.


Last time on common sense soapbox Bob went to the future by accident and had to take a trip to the hospital only to discover that in this supposed Utopia health care still isn't free. What's the deal with that? Find out on this exciting new episode of common sense soapbox Bob to the future It's absolutely insane that you still have to pay for health care This is the future. I thought you people were supposed to be enlightened and advanced Look, I get that a lot of the books and movies from your time led you to believe that there wouldn't be money in the future But it's called science fiction for a reason Obviously we have way more awesome stuff than you had back then and none of the necessities like health care and food cost us much today But abundant and infinite aren't the same thing You can't just wish away scarcity. Oh man, you're telling me that even with all this You still have limited resources Well, yeah One thing that's never really changed is that people have pretty much infinite wants No matter how good we get at creating more robots cars houses food computers and whatever else we need with the resources We have people keep dreaming up new ideas and want to make things We haven't even thought of yet like taco flavored ring pops now We have those plus limited material resources isn't the only kind of scarcity We're also going to have limited knowledge Not me and limited skills. Nope Okay, fine, but even you have to admit you have limited time. Yeah Well, so do you so I still win the point is we still need to know if we're using our time and resources effectively So we need a way to measure value and pass that information on to other people That's what money and prices are for but we can talk about that later Do we have to scarcity also means we have to deal with trade-offs the materials that go into making that robot dog Can't also be used to make a spaceship at the same time a spaceship. You mean you finally Invented space Sure, Bob, but look, do you know what opportunity cost is? I know I know when I'm watching TV instead of learning how to hypnotize chickens That's an opportunity cost Sure Technically yes all the things that you could be doing instead of whatever you're doing right now is your opportunity cost It's up to you to decide what's worth more to you Maybe watching TV is more important than hypnotizing chickens until the chickens hypnotize you could they do that in your time There was no proof they couldn't well, so if I understand this right we need to pay that doctor Because his time knowledge and resources are all scarce Yep, but how exactly does money help him with that scarcity doesn't just go away because you paid somebody Of course not, but it helps him figure out what he should expend his limited resources on What if he spent all day treating scraped knees instead of flag nor syndrome Floor what oh, right? Oh, okay What if he tried setting up a hospital somewhere totally uninhabited like the moon? Oh, we colonized that I was thinking more like Portland if he set up a clinic in a place like that He wouldn't have anyone to treat and the fact that he wouldn't get paid would be a really good sign that he should move His clinic somewhere else or at least find some other way of creating value for people. I'm listening darling You must explain this in a way that the simple fellow can comprehend Young man, we want to do as much as we can with as few resources as possible And we want to make sure that what we're doing with those resources is actually valuable That's what prices are for the more people want to have something the more they're willing to pay for it Entire prices tell the people who own or make those goods and services that they should produce more of them and bring Them to the places and people who want them most Well GMO's have come really far what the chicken said we have a lot of stuff to go around sure But we still have to economize it somehow Economize that sounds suspiciously like budgeting. That's basically what it is But it helps everyone lead better lives. It's pretty liberating once you get the hang of it Well, I'm still confused and I don't like it. You're in luck. Someone here can explain it better than me. Hooray What will happen to Bob? Will this museum of holograms be boring? Is he ever going to escape lectures on economics? Find out on the next installment of commonsense soapbox Bob to the future


Hello everyone, I am Chandrakant Rathod working as Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department, Valchand Instruct Technology, Solapur. Today we are going to start a new topic that is Introduction to Brazing Process and its applications. Coming to the learning outcomes, at the end of today's lecture you are able to understand what is brazing process and the application of brazing process. Coming to the content, so following topic will be discussed in this video lecture that is introduction of brazing, principles of brazing, brazing flux and filler metals, types of brazing, application of brazing and advantages and limitations of brazing process. Now coming to the introduction to the brazing process, brazing is a metal joining process in which two or more metals atoms are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the adjoining metals. So you can see the diagram in this one you will going to see job one and job two. So in between these two job and job two we have to join these two metals. So for joining this one we will going to require the flux and a high temperature flame. So that flame is taken from the welding torch and filler metal is applied in between the two base metals that is job one and job two and then the high temperature flame is applied in between the both the job to melt the flux. The flux will going to melt and the joint will going to takes place in between the two jobs. So coming to the principles of the brazing, so there are two types of brazing process that is brazing and braze welding. So first we will going to discuss what is brazing. So brazing is a liquid solid state metal joining process in which filler metal is placed in between the metal surface to be joined and heated. So as to melt only filler metal the filler metal used melts above 450 degree Celsius. The molten filler metal fills the joint cavity by capillary action and joining takes place by allowing at diffusing process. So coming to the brazing braze welding, braze welding is a process in which the filler metal is deposited at the joint using a technique similar to oxy acetylene gas welding. Thus it is similar to any fusion welding operation. The joint is formed by depositing the molten filler metal rather than the capillary action. Hence it is required more similar metals than brazing. Also a strong joint can be formed in brazing braze welding since the joint is thicker. However the melting temperature are lower in braze welding than in fusion welding. Generally braze uses a filler metal is Cu Zl alloy that is brass. You can see this diagram so as in the introduction also I explain the procedure how the welding takes place in between the two jobs. So let us consider these two jobs. So first before going to start the apply the our flux we are going to clean all the dirt and grease on the surface of the both the job and then we are going to apply the flux and after applying the flux we are going to give the high temperature flame through the welding torch. So you are going to see the flame is created in between these two jobs and only the flux is going to melt between the two jobs and not only the our jobs will not going to melt. So you can see the filler metal in between the two jobs is placed and you can see the job on and job to and a high temperature flame is produced from the welding torch. So this is how you are going to join the two base metals by the brazing process. So coming to the this diagram second diagram you are going to see there are two base metals you are going to see the lab joint in between the two base metals and in between that one base metal one and base metal two. So there is a filler metal you are going to see. So from that one the filler metal is melt by using the high temperature flame that is given by the gas torch and in the second diagram you are going to see the weld bead is formed by the brazed welding. So that is the cross section of the our lab joint base metals. So there you can see the weld bead is formed by the brazing and hence the joint is takes place in between the two jobs. So coming to the brazing flux and filler metals. So first we are going to see brazing flux. So similar to the welding a thin film of metal flux is filled in the metal to be joined in brazing metal oxide and other surface coating like dirt grease whatever they are present on the metal surface that affects the bounding quality hence flux is used to dissolve the oxide film and reacts with the surface coating to form a slag and protect the surface generally used brazing flux are made up of chemicals like borac, boric acid, borate and chlorides. For brazing at lower temperature fluoride of the alkaline metals are used. For brazing copper alloys with high phosphorus there is no need for the flux. So coming to the filler metals. The term brazing usually refers to the uses of brass that is copper and zinc alloy as the filler material to produce the joints brass with various composition is widely used to produce ductile joints in the steels which is the most common commercial application brass used as a filler material generally contains less than 60% of copper. So certain alloying elements like silicone, silver, nickel and magnesium are also added to the brass to attain the desirable properties in the joints. Now pause the video which is the flux used for brazing process. I hope you have written the answer. The flux which is used for brazing process is borac, boric acid, borate and chlorides. So coming to the type of brazing. So there are different types of brazing process as follows. So we are going to discuss starch brazing, furnace brazing, induction brazing, salt bath brazing, dip brazing and resistance brazing. So we are going to discuss one by one. So first we are going to consider the tarts brazing. The tarts brazing is mostly used in methods specially where the process is jobbing in nature and when the assembly is very large. Generally heat is produced by burning oxyacetylene gas it is it gives a high temperature and hence more suitable for brazing process. So coming to the furnace brazing. Furnace brazing is suitable for brazing large number of small to medium sized components. Usually brazing metals in the granular form or as a strip are placed at the joint and then the assembly is fit to the furnace. The furnace used may be either a batch type or a continuous type. So we are going to take the furnace brazing. So coming to the induction brazing. In this method heat is produced by passing a high frequency current through the coil placed around the workpiece. The high frequency current induce eddy current in the surface of metals. So coming to the salt bath brazing. In this process a salt bath is used as the source of heat and flux for the brazing. The parts to be joined are assembled and placed with a strip or a wire of brazing alloy at the line of joints. And the assembly is dipped in the salt bath which melts the brazing alloy and fills the joints by capillary action. The joint is get solidified as the part is taken out of the bath. So coming to the application of the brazing. So there are many applications used in the welding process to join the two base metals. So one we will going to discuss brazing is used where a tough and ductile joint is required. So wherever the tough joint is required the brazing process is used to join the two base metals. So coming to the second application a brazing also used in for joining the steels cast iron bronze and brass. So you will going to see that this brazing is also used for the joining the cast iron bronze and brass. So coming to the advantages and limitations of the brazing. First we will going to discuss the advantages. It is the simplest and fastest process for joining electrical connection. As we know that nowadays all the connections is used joined by the brazing process and this brazing process is used to join the electrical connections. So any two dissimilar metal forming an inert metal compounding with tin carbon can be joined. So it is suitable for both manual and automatic applications. So this brazing is useful for manually when joining the metal two base metals and automatically also we can join the two base metals. So it is also suitable for mass production. In industry we will going to consider that there is a mass production then we will going to use the brazing process. So coming to the limitations of our brazing process it is not suitable for the structural joints. As we know that in the structural joint so there is a more load is applied more pressure is created in the structural joint. So for that reason we are not going to use this brazing process as the in the structural joints. So it is suitable only for the low strength and thin joints. So you can see the wherever the low strength and thin joint is required there only going to we will going to use this one. These joints are not suitable for vibration and corrosion environments. As we know that there wherever the more vibration is there. So where there will not going to use this brazing process and wherever the more corrosion environment is there there will not going to use the this brazing process. So these are the some references which is taken for this lecture that is manufacturing technology by P. N. Rao and manufacturing process by one that is A. C. Niranjan. Thank you.


Good morning. This is where I woke up today. Mexico is right over there about eight miles and Today I'm headed over there with my friend Carol to check out Al Godones, and we're gonna take you with us All right, Carol, we're on our way to Mexico. We are excited.  I've no clue Really? Yeah. I mean those billboards that we passed? Yes, no.  That's what I hear. Okay.  That's right No stopping no parking no RVs No RVs parked on the side of the road there was a sign back there. Oh look this is like an RV park over here But it looks abandoned How's the driving going Carol? That's just because I'm looking this might be the parking That looks like the parking. Okay, so I See why they don't want people to park on the side of the road. Oh look, okay international boundaries 600 feet last you turn Exit only so we don't go in there Okay, are we supposed to go through there? Are we? Let's try it. Well, there's a green arrow. Oh I bet we do. I bet we go through right here and Then walk Mm-hmm Let's not get shot Don't jump in the bar boy. There's the wall. That's beautiful. This is wrong Okay, so Carol and I completely screwed this up. We uh, we drove almost into Al Gadonas in the car Which we didn't mean to do we wanted to go to this parking lot over here So we actually had to flip around and now we have to go back through customs into the United States passport ready and um Go up and park. So if you guys come here just know that if you get to this part you've gone too far There's not really good signs for how to get into the parking lot, right Carol. Yeah, I didn't see it Yeah, well, we're gonna work it out This is a pay parking lot $6 for the day Hey Carol, listen to me now Carol, listen to me now. Yes. My friend Jill said that they have the best fish tacos in the world in here now I don't eat fish. Maybe just she's a vegan, but I bet we can find some good tacos in there Should we go try before after you get your teeth cleaned? um after Because I already brushed them. I don't get my teeth cleaned. Yeah, I can't go put stuff in. I just got my teeth cleaned at home or else I'll just look around and get some shots for the people. Yeah, we'll see. We'll see what kind of stuff we can buy here I know you can buy viagra here We don't need it though I'd like to try it just to see what happens. Does it do anything? I have no idea Only one way to find out people I'm gonna take one for the team Molar city, why is it called Molar city? Thank you for coming to Los Angeles the Molar city because there's no pain There's no pain Thank you very much. Thank you. Happy to be here. Thank you So all kinds of people just talk to us and this guy just hit us up for cleaning, which is why Carol's here Hi Carol How'd it go Carol? Great. Feel good? Yeah. Easy? Easy. All right, what'd you think? It was very good. Was it? It was a piece of cake walked in. I think they did a good job I think they did a good job was 20 bucks 20 bucks and uh painless It's very painless. Did they tell you you needed any work done? Absolutely. Absolutely they did All right. Well, let's go find some margaritas and whatever else we can get ourselves into down here Okay, good. Let's go. All right. Hello. Hello. My name is Pablo. Hola Pablo Welcome to Los Angeles, Mexico. Molar city. Thank you. Hey, what is there a good place to eat lunch here? Oh, yeah, there's a few Buenos Pueblo Viejo right around the corner here. Okay Or paraíso restaurant and the corner meca leja from like right inside. Where would you go? Pueblo Viejo. Okay. Thanks a lot. Thank you. Have a good day. Thank you very much When you walk down the street all kinds of people are trying to help you And we told them we wanted to get some antibiotics and they said don't go to the purple place The purple is the best. There's a why? Because other people want you to go to other pharmacies because they give them permission That's why I wondered why. They said the prices were higher there. Is that true? They might be a little bit higher, but it's it's not expired medication.  Okay, Alex. Tell us what we can can and cannot get at a pharmacy here Well, you can get any kind of medication except uh Have a relaxing like soma like uh What's all the name is Bonus spam all that okay all that medication you can cross the border. We can sell it to you But you can cross the border. You can't you can't yeah, so no muscle relaxers. No muscle relax. No, probably no opiates No, okay, so um Antibiotics Well any kind okay viagra. I know you guys. Oh, yes. Yeah. Yeah. How many trials you want? What's um, what's popular here for people to buy? Oh, well all people came here for dental The first the first thing, you know, and then optical pharmacy and they they go to travel around like Without that people right there.  This is what i'm gonna feel like after we get lunch carol This lady this beautiful lady beer holder. You can have a gun holster or or a beer holder a beer holder I think i'd go with a beer holder or you could have the gun holster on one side and the beer holder on the other That's right. I could be a real cowboy all sorts of things you can do The how'd the haggling go carol? Well, it was uh 25 a blanket and I just kept looking and then she'd say okay She said okay, um 20 dollars 20 20 dollars for blanket and I just kept looking and looking She said how about two you want two and I said, you know, and I just kept looking and looking she came She said she said how about two for 20 you mean two for 20 you didn't even try to negotiate You just didn't say anything they just kept going down That is a strategy that I have to employ next time I do this Well, good job, good job.  No, the guy this guy this guy No, the guy behind me. What do you think dangerous? I don't know. It's a little it's a little creep. That's a smile Wait a minute carol. You want me to buy this and put it as a hood ornament on my RV? That would be actually hysterical Let's see how could we actually adhere this guy? Okay, mox is selling for a hundred pills. How much how much six six dollars for a hundred They're not expired, right Everyone outside is like be careful. They're not 21 Shit. Okay. I'll take one of those. She'll have one too. I'll take one too What else do we have in here carol that we need? I I saw that we could get viagra gel And we're having some lunch carol That looks delicious. It's good. Get out of there burritos With vegetables in it. Yep. Where'd you think carol? Did you have a good time? I did Me too Very enjoyable. Yeah, doesn't look too long of a line to get back in. We'll see Thanks carol for taking me with you to mexico. It was a blast.  They had a great experience So did carol and there are a lot of prescription drugs that you can get for cheap In addition to like your regular tourist things, but we did ask all the locals where to go for lunch We went to a fun place had no problem getting in and out and I wanted to show you guys what I actually got I got this blanket because I needed Actually, it was supposed to be an outdoor blanket while I'm sitting in my chair because it was a really good weight But I like it so much. It's on my bed now And this was $20 although I could have done better because carol got two for 20 And just because she didn't negotiate she just kept her mouth shut and they kept lowering the price and then One thing I did want to get there is I got 100 tablets of amoxicillin That are not expired. I checked the dates. This entire bottle was $6 And I got this, you know, just in case something happens on the road. I'm not an antibiotic taker Um, I rarely rarely ever take them, but I do get ear infections. So if something pops up, I got this Thanks for coming along with me to algodonas mexico If you guys like the video, please give it a thumbs up Subscribe if you haven't already. I wish you all happy travels out there Living in an RV is the best because you get to go to so many very cool places. Be free


Around Dodge City and in the territory on west, there's just one way to handle the killers and the spoilers, and that's with the U.S. Marshal and the smell of gun smoke. Gun smoke, starring William Conrad, the story of the violence that moved west with Young America, and the story of a man who moved with it. I'm that man, Matt Dillon, United States Marshal. The first man they look for and the last they want to meet. It's a chancey job, and it makes a man watchful, and a little lonely. Alice, who is it helps now with your cleaning? I need somebody. Thought you did your own work. I always have, but lately I've had a nagging backache with sleepless nights and feel tired out. I know what discomfort backache can be. Better do something about it. What? Try Done's pills. Good advice. That's Done's pills, an analgesic and mild diuretic to the kidneys. Nagging backache, also headache, dizziness, and muscular aches and pains, may come on with overexertion, emotional upsets, or everyday stress and strain. Done's pain relieving action is often the answer, and they also offer mild diuretic action through the kidneys. So if nagging backache is making you feel worn out, tired, and miserable, with restless sleepless nights, don't wait. Try Done's pills. Used successfully by millions for over 60 years. See if they don't bring you the same welcome relief. Get Done's pills today to save money by Done's big economy size. I sure can't find your order, Miss Kitty. Well, don't worry about it, Mr. Jonas. I saw Edna getting things together, but what she did wasn't... Mr. Jonas, I don't mind waiting. Well, it bothers me. Now, she should stay here till five o'clock, but no, every afternoon, come 4.30, she has to run off to the boarding house, change her clothes, comb her hair, and freshen up, as she keeps saying. Well, if she's not a good worker, why do you keep her on? No, no, no. I didn't say that. She's a fine worker. As a matter of fact, I'd hate to lose her. Lose her? Well, she keeps talking about San Francisco and how she'd like to live there. Maybe it's only talk. I don't think so. I get the notion that Dodge is just the place she ran out of money and as soon as she saves up enough, she'll be on her way. Did she have to tell you where she's from? A farm. Some place in Ohio, I think. One day we got to talking about hogs and milk cows, and she let it slip. Almost bit her tongue off after she said it. You think she's ashamed of being raised on a farm? No, it ain't that. A funny thing, it's more like she was scared, like she had to give it a secret. I'm back, Mr. Jonas. I'll just tidy up the counter. Oh, Miss Kitty. Hello, Edna. My, you look pretty. Well, thank you. Miss Kitty is waiting for her order, Edna. Oh, I've got it all wrapped and sitting on the counter here. That was very thoughtful. Well, I knew you'd be in, so I told Mr. Jonas, rather than have you wait, I'd get it ready, and he could give it to you. There you are. Thank you. Edna, it's almost five o'clock. Are you ready to... Eh, afternoon, Miss Kitty. Hello, Chester. I'm already, Mr. Proudfoot. You have to forgive the way I look, but I have been working all day, and a person does get a little wilted. Yes, ma'am. Well, shall we go? See you in the morning, Mr. Jonas. All right, Edna. Nice seeing you, Miss Kitty. Nice seeing you. And you too, Chester. Yes, it was. Very nice. Mr. Jonas, I think you're wrong. Oh, about what? San Francisco. I think Dodge City is as far west as Edna plans to get. I think trains are the most exciting thing, Mr. Proudfoot. Don't you? All that black smoke and the huffing and puffing, and the way the whistle screams, it's like a big, wild animal or a dragon. Well, no, I never quite thought of it that way, but with all the suit and all. Mr. Proudfoot, would you mind if I just held on to your arm? Until it leaves? Well, it nearly no, ma'am. Not if you're really scared. Wow. Oh, my, but you're strong. Well, I'm... Oh, and you must be very brave too, working with Marshall Dillon the way you do, fighting Indians. Well, we don't fight many Indians anymore. Most of it we just kind of... And capturing rustlers and horse thieves and train wobbles? Well, I don't want to know why we... I'll bet you've saved his life lots of times. Oh, Mr. Dillon has a way of looking after himself. Oh, there she goes. Hey, my dear, you know it is pretty exciting to fight. Oh, it certainly is. Here's the Marshall's mail, Chester. Oh, thank you, Charlie. I was just coming in to get it. Thank you, and your pretty little helper here can carry all that by yourselves. Oh, sure.  Oh, Charlie sure is a jocker. I'll bet there are real important things in those letters. Oh, once in a while he is. Don't seem to be much today, though. Just three wanted circlers. Could I see one of them? Well, I guess there ain't no harm. They're going to be posted anyway. Here you are. Texas Sam.  Well, that ain't a very good likeness to him. Oh, don't show me the others. I don't want to know about such people. Well, all right. But you asked- But, uh, I would like to see those on books. Well, no, Miss Edna, the U.S. mail is sort of sacred-like. Oh, Chester, just let me look. My. The Department of the Interior in Washington, D.C. and the U.S. Marshall's office in St. Louis. Oh, my. All that important mail. It is a responsibility, isn't it? Well, yes, ma'am. It is. And I think I better walk you on home now so as I can take the mail over at the office. All right. Mr. Don't like to look at it before he goes out to supper. Chester. Yes, ma'am? This boardwalk's terribly rough. Would you mind if I took your arm? Yeah, well, now, you're sure that's the move you want to make. Yeah, I guess so. Well, that makes three games in a row, and I suppose I should feel flush with victory, but I find absolutely no satisfaction in beating a half-hearted opponent. What are you talking about? Come on, mate. Out with it. Well, you'll know sooner or later anyway. It's Chester. Chester? I don't see you. No, why? Is he sick? Well, something's wrong with him. Well, what are his symptoms? What does he do? Nothing. Well, then what makes you think that... Well, those are his symptoms, Doc. He doesn't do anything. When he's here, he walks around with a blank expression. He doesn't hear anything I say. This place hasn't been swept up in a week. I've had to make coffee for the last two mornings. The day before yesterday, that drifter we had in the cell didn't get any supper. Oh, that doesn't sound like Chester. Do you have any idea what might be bothering him? As a matter of fact, I do. And the only thing that amazes me is that it hasn't happened long before this. Well, what is it, Doc? Chester is a victim of your ingratitude. Oh, not Doc. I know, it may sound silly, but it's a fact. Look, Doc... Now, wait. You ask my opinion, and I'm gonna give it to you. I've seen cases like this before. A man goes on year after year doing his job, and suddenly one day he asks himself, why? Oh, sure, he gets paid for it, but he has to feel that what he's doing is important. That the person he works for appreciates his efforts. If he is not appreciated, all the spunk goes out of him. And he begins to think maybe he should find something else to do. You mean Chester's thinking about quitting? I wouldn't be a bit surprised. So tell me, Matt, when was the last time you said something nice? Look, I can't run this office like a Sunday school doc. If I have to pat Chester on the head every time he does... All right, all right, you asked me and I told you.  Well, maybe. You certainly wouldn't want to lose a man like Chester because of your own stubbornness. Well, I'll do something about it. There she goes. Yes, sir, there goes that old dragon. Oh, it sure is exciting. It sure is. Well, let's go pick up the mail. You probably must have it sorted out for now. Oh, but you'll have time to walk home with me, won't you? Oh, well, of course I will. There, see, you've got your pretty little helper with you again, Chester. I sure have. Mail sorted yet, Charlie? Yep, here you are. Thank you. Oh, see you tomorrow. See you tomorrow, both of you.  I am? Well, what the... Oh, it's true. And I'll tell you something else. What? This is a secret. Lean over so I can whisper it in your ear. Well, you can just say it right out. Nobody can hear you. Lean over. That's what I think of you, Chester. Uh... Miss Edna, that's very... I don't think Front Street's the place to... Oh, it's all right, Chester. I don't care. Who knows? Well, I think I'd better take you home. You know, I kind of... Mr. Don't be mad if he don't get his mail sometime. Oh, it must be very important mail tonight. Let me... Here. You shouldn't do that, Miss Edna. Let's see. One from the Department of Defense. A circular. Please give it back to me, Miss Edna. A catalog of firearms and ammunition. Another circular. A letter from a... Oh, I dropped that silly old catalog. Never mind. I'll get it. Oh, I'm sorry. It ain't hurt now. Just the new Granger catalog I sent for her. Here are the letters. Thank you. Uh... Miss Edna. What's the matter? There was another letter here. There was? Yes, ma'am. You know there was. You had it right in your hand when... There it is. Where, Chester? You stuck it in your shirt waist there. What makes you so sure that's your letter? Well, it has to be...  Well, no, ma'am. I suppose it could have got there by accident, but... If you're so sure, why don't you just take it away from me? Well, I... But if you try, I'd scream like anything, and everybody in Dodge would think that Chester Proudfoot was a big, nasty old brute! Miss Edna? Miss Edna, I've... Oh, dear. It's your breakfast this morning. Well, every man has the right to sleep late now and then, hasn't he? I think it's kind of good to eat breakfast out once in a while anyway. I'm sorry I just didn't close my eyes, left her son up, Miss Donna. Just tossed and turned. Tossed? Well, Chester, I think you've been working too hard. I think you should take a couple of days, pack your saddlebag, and take your fishing pole, and ride out and just loaf a little.  Well, yes, sir, I remember it, but I just couldn't do that. Well, I can manage without you here for a couple of days. Mr. Dillon, if you want me to go away, you don't have to be nice about it. I understand.  I said you could manage without me. For two days, Chester, I figured that you needed a rest, a change. Now, look, you've got a tough job. Well, I've got a tough job, too, any Marshal has. But if he doesn't have help that he can count on, his job is twice as tough.  Mr. Dillon?  Now, when I'm out on the prairie four or five days a week at a time, I've got to have a companion I can stand to live with. Well, most of the time, I can stand you. You don't sound like I'm trying to get rid of you. Huh? Does it? No, sir. All right. And thank you very much. You just helped me make up my mind about something very important. All right, then. Now, make up your mind to clean up this rat's nest from top to bottom before I get back. I'm going over the long branch. Yes, sir, Mr. Dillon. No, no, Kitty. I guess I was pretty hard on him, but maybe it helped. Anyway, sweet talking seemed to make him feel worse. And that was Doc's idea, huh? Yeah. He figured Chester needed some encouragement. And what did you figure? Nothing. I just got tired of him moaning around like a lovesick cat neglecting his work. You said it. I didn't. Huh? Said what? Moaning like a lovesick cat. What? Oh, no, Kitty. Mm-hmm. Chester? Mm-hmm. Whoa, who? Edna Waldstrom. You mean the little girl that Jonah's hired to work in the store? Well, she's not exactly a little girl. She's 22 if she's a day. And she's set her cap for Chester. What, Kitty? Chester isn't the kind of girl chasing after girls. I said she set her cap for him. Well, what do you know? Well, speak of the devil. Uh, Mr. Dillon? Wow, Chester. Uh, Miss Waldstrom. Marshall? I think you know Miss Kitty Russell, don't you? Oh, yes, I do. Good evening, Miss Kitty.  Thank you. Uh, Mr. Dillon? Uh, Miss Waldstrom's got something to tell you. All right. Uh, I'm under arrest, Marshall. Uh, what? Chester arrested me for tampering with a U.S. mail. Now, you didn't open the letter, Miss Edna, so that just makes it interfering instead of tampering. Now, that's still a pretty serious charge with Waldstrom. Well, I-I know Marshall. Chester said he liked me very much, but if he didn't arrest me, he'd be even guiltier than I am, because it wouldn't be loyal to you. And that Marshall has to be able to trust his assistant in everything. Well, who was this letter addressed to? To you, Marshall. Here it is. Mr. Gruber. Back on a farm near Akron, Ohio.  Well, if you haven't opened it up, you know it's a lie. It will see Mr. Dunn. This Mr. Gruber wrote to Miss Edna about a week ago and told her what he was going to do if she didn't take the next train back to Ohio. Well, let's find out. If only you would have told me about this, Miss Edna, instead of just trying to steal the letter. But I just didn't know what to do, Chester. I-I thought if the Marshall didn't know about it, oh, Mr. Gruber would leave me alone. I know, but now- Miss Waldstrom, did you steal $200 from this Mr. Gruber? No, sir, Marshall, I didn't. He gave it to me. It-it was a loan. But he says here that you signed a confession. He told me I was signing a note. You're telling me the truth now? Yes, sir, I am. And we'll find out who's lying tomorrow. What do you mean, Mr. Dunn? Gruber's getting in the dodge at 10 tomorrow morning. And somebody breaks the law. They should be in jail. That may be true, Mr. Gruber, but this jail wasn't built for women. I'm still not sure that the law was broken. You got my letter? I sent you a confession. I know, and if you filed a complaint back in Ohio, I can hold her here in dodge until they can send somebody to take her back. But-but I am already here. I will take her back. Mr. Gruber, the law just doesn't work that way. Here's the telegraph, Mr. Dunn, from the Akron police. You read it, Chester? Yes, sir, I did. Now, you read it, Marshall. A complaint against Edna Waldstrom filed here by Hans Gruber, January 10, charged theft presently in your city. Please apprehend and hold for extradition. So now, I want her arrested. She's not no criminal, Mr. Dunn. Oh, you think not? No, I don't. She's a fine person. And if she's done something wrong, she must have had real good reason. Chester. I'm sorry, Mr. Dunn, but I'm real upset. Now, look here. No, no, no. Look here. I think Mr. Edna is all right, fine lady. And I just won't believe she could do anything really bad like stealing your money. She works awful hard, and she's awful nice, and she's awful pretty, and she wouldn't do a thing like that. You have got a lot to learn, young fellow. That may be, but there's one thing I do know. I know if you say one mean thing to her, when she gets here, if you try to scare her one little bit, it's going to make me madder than I am. Are you threatening me? Yes. Chester, Chester, nobody's going to intimidate her. I'll see to that. Now, you just calm down, and I promise you we'll get to the bottom of this as soon as we can. There she is, ma'am. Oh, hello, Kitty. Come on in, Miss Walsham. Miss Walsham, do you know this man? That's Mr. Gruber. Hello, Edna. Why did you do it, Edna? Mr. Gruber, you told me when I signed that paper that now everything was all right. You know I was going to pay it back. I don't mean about the money, but why did you run away? Everybody laughs at me. I can't help that, Mr. Gruber. I had to do it. But why? I'll tell you why. Kitty. No, Matt, this is important. Mr.  That's right. Four years now.  Yeah. How much did you pay her? Well, not so much maybe money, but there's room and board. I bought goods so she could make clothes.  Is that right? Yeah. And for that she kept the house, did the bacon, the cooking, the washing and ironing, fed the pigs and fed the chickens and gathered the eggs. And when she wanted to leave you wouldn't lend her enough money to live for two weeks while she went looking for another job. Yeah, that is so, but I didn't want her to go away. She was always talking about San Francisco and I was afraid that if she had money she would go there. But you made it easy for her to steal the $200. Then you made her sign that silly confession so that you could use it to frighten her in the stand on the phone. Is that the story, Gruber? Yeah, that's the story. You must be very proud of yourself. No. No, I am not. That's why I had to find you, Etna. I don't even want to talk to you, Mr. Gruber. Please listen. I had to find you because... Well, because I want you to be Mrs. Gruber. What? That's all right. You laugh. But you listen too. I've hired a couple, a jack-o'-blast-nup and his Mrs. to run the farm. And you know that little house with the green shutters? The shape of place we used to pass going to town the day when you always liked so much. What about it? I bought it. Well, that's very nice, Mr. Gruber. Wait. I'm not finished. Look here in this envelope. Go ahead. Look. Tickets to San Francisco. And I wrote to the Palace Hotel. They will get us married and we will stay there. And we'll buy some fancy clothes and we'll go to the show houses. Oh, Mr. Gruber. Oh, I want you should call me Hans Etna. Oh, Hans. Hans, you're the nicest person I ever met. There is a stage at 5.15. If you can get to practice... I can, Hans. I can. But we'll have to hurry. You come with me and we'll get everything together. Oh, what about this warrant? I will write to them from San Francisco. Just forget all about it, please. Oh, that's a bother. Well, I'm just so excited. I almost went off without saying goodbye. Miss Kitty, thank you so much for helping me. And Marshall, I'm sorry I took the letter. Really, I am. And Chester? Yes, ma'am. Please, lean over. Well, I... Please. Oh, Chester, I think you're the... the second nicest person I ever met. Goodbye. Goodbye, Miss Etna. I'm sorry, Chester. That's all right, Miss Kitty. It's just... Mr. Dillon, some people's story is hard to figure out. Chester, if by some people you mean women, I certainly are. Farley Bear is Chester. Howard McNeer is Doc. And Georgia Ellis is Kitty. This is George Walsh inviting you to join us again next week when CBS Radio presents another story on Gunsmoke.


We continue with the Course in Miracles, Manual for Teachers. Number 27. What is Death? Death is the central dream from which all illusions stem. Is it not madness to think of life as being born, aging, losing vitality, and dying in the end? We have asked this question before, but now we need to consider it more carefully. It is the one fixed, unchangeable belief of the world that all things in it are born only to die. This is regarded as the way of nature, not to be raised a question, but to be accepted as the natural law of life. The cyclical, the changing and unsure, the undependable and the unsteady, waxing and waning in a certain way upon a certain path. All this is taken as the will of God. And no one asks if a benign creator could will this. In this perception of the universe, as God created it, it would be impossible to think of Him as loving. For who has decreed that all things pass away, ending in dust and disappointment and despair, can but be feared? He holds your little life in his hand but by a thread, ready to break it off without regret or care, perhaps today. Or if he waits, yet is the ending certain. Who loves such a God knows not of love because he has denied that life is real. Death has become life's symbol. His world is now a battleground where contradiction reigns and opposites make endless war. Where there is death is peace impossible. Death is the symbol of the fear of God. His love is blotted out in the idea which holds it from awareness like a shield held up to obscure the sun. The grimness of the symbol is enough to show it cannot coexist with God. It holds an image of the Son of God in which he is, quote, laid to rest in devastation's arms where worms wait to greet him and to last a little while by his destruction. Yet the worms as well are doomed to be destroyed as certainly and so do all things live because of death. Devouring is nature's law of life. God is insane and fear alone is real. The curious belief that there is part of dying things that may go on apart from what will die does not proclaim a loving God nor reestablish any grounds for trust. If death is real for anything, there is no life.   No compromise in this is possible. There is either a God of fear or one of love. The world attempts a thousand compromises and will attempt a thousand more. Not one can be acceptable to God's teachers because not one could be acceptable to God. He did not make death because he did not make fear. Both are equally meaningless to him. The quote, reality of death is firmly rooted in the belief that God's son is a body. And if God created bodies, death would indeed be real. But God would not be loving. There is no point at which the contrast between the perception of the real world and that of the world of illusions becomes more sharply evident. Death is indeed the death of God if he is love. And now his own creation must stand in fear of him. He is not father but destroyer. He is not creator but avenger. Terrible his thoughts and fearful his image to look on his creations is to die. And the last to be overcome will be death. Of course without the idea of death there is no world. All dreams will end with this one. This is salvation's final goal, the end of all illusions. And in death are all illusions born. What can be born of death and still have life? But what is born of God and still can die? The inconsistencies, the compromises and the rituals the world fosters in its vain attempts to cling to death and yet to think love real are mindless magic, ineffectual and meaningless. God is and in him all created things must be eternal. Do you not see that otherwise he has an opposite and fear would be as real as love? Teacher of God, your one assignment could be stated thus except no compromise in which death plays a part. Do not believe in cruelty or let attack conceal the truth from you. What seems to die has been but misperceived and carried to illusion. Now it becomes your task to let the illusion be carried to the truth. Be steadfast but in this. Be not deceived by the quote reality of any changing form. Truth neither moves nor wavers nor sinks down to death and disillusion. And what is the end of death? Nothing but this. The realization that the Son of God is guiltless now and forever. Nothing but this. But do not let yourself forget it is not less than this. What is the resurrection? Very simply, the resurrection is the overcoming or surmounting of death. It is a reawakening or rebirth. A change of mind about the meaning of the world. It is the acceptance of the Holy Spirit's interpretation of the world's purpose. The acceptance of the atonement for oneself. It is the end of dreams of misery and the glad awareness of the Holy Spirit's final dream. It is the recognition of the gifts of God. It is the dream in which the body functions perfectly having no function except communication. It is the lesson in which learning ends for it is consummated and surpassed with this. It is the invitation to God to take his final step. It is the relinquishment of all other purposes, all other interests, all other wishes and all other concerns. It is the single desire of the Son for the Father. The resurrection is the denial of death being the assertion of life. Thus is all the thinking of the world reversed entirely. Life is now recognized as salvation and pain and misery of any kind perceived as hell. Love is no longer feared but gladly welcomed. Idols have disappeared and the remembrance of God shines unimpeded across the world. Christ's face is seen in every living thing and nothing is held in darkness apart from the light of forgiveness. There is no sorrow still upon the earth. The joy of heaven has come upon it. Here the curriculum ends. From here on no directions are needed. Vision is wholly corrected and all mistakes undone. Attack is meaningless and peace has come. The goal of the curriculum has been achieved. Thoughts turn to heaven and away from hell. All longings are satisfied for what remains unanswered or incomplete. The last illusion spreads across the world forgiving all things and replacing all attack. The whole reversal is accomplished. Nothing is left to contradict the Word of God. There is no opposition to the truth and now the truth can come at last. How quickly will it come as it is asked to enter and envelop such a world. All living hearts are tranquil with a stir of deep anticipation for the time of everlasting things is now at hand. There is no death. The Son of God is free and in this freedom is the end of fear. No hidden places now remain on earth to shelter such illusions, dreams of fear and misperceptions of the universe. All things are seen in light and in the light their purpose is transformed and understood. And we God's children rise up from the dust and look upon our perfect sinlessness. The song of heaven sounds around the world as it is lifted up and brought to truth. Now there are no distinctions. Differences have disappeared and love looks on itself. What further sight is needed? What remains that vision could accomplish? We have seen the face of Christ, His sinlessness, His love behind all forms, beyond all purposes. Holy are we because His holiness has set us free indeed and we accept His holiness as ours as it is. As God created us so will we be forever and forever and we wish for nothing but His will to be our own. Illusions of another will are lost, for unity of purpose has been found. These things await us all, but we are not prepared as yet to welcome them with joy.  God's teachers have the goal of awakening the minds of those asleep and seeing there the vision of Christ's face to take the place of what they dream. The thought of murder is replaced with blessing. Judgment is laid by and given Him whose function judgment is. And in His final judgment is restored the truth about the Holy Son of God. He is redeemed for He has heard God's word and understood its meaning. He is free because He let God's voice proclaim the truth and all He sought before to crucify are resurrected with Him by His side as He prepares with them to meet His God. As for the rest? This manual is not intended to answer all questions that both teacher and pupil may raise. In fact, it covers only a few of the more obvious ones in terms of a brief summary of some of the major concepts in the text and workbook. It is not a substitute for either, but merely a supplement. While it is called a manual for teachers, it must be remembered that only time divides teacher and pupil so that the difference is temporary by definition. In some cases it may be helpful for the pupil to read the manual first. Others might do better to begin with the workbook. Still others may need to start at the more abstract level of the text. Which is for which? Who would profit more from prayers alone? Who needs but a smile being as yet unready for more? No one should attempt to answer these questions alone. Surely no teacher of God has come this far without realizing that. The curriculum is highly individualized and all aspects are under the Holy Spirit's particular care and guidance. Ask and He will answer. The responsibility is His and He alone is fit to assume it. To do so is His function. To refer the questions to Him is yours. Would you want to be responsible for decisions about which you understand so little? Be glad you have a teacher who cannot make a mistake. His answers are always right. Would you say that of yours? There is another advantage and a very important one in referring decisions to the Holy Spirit with increasing frequency. Perhaps you have not thought of this aspect, but its centrality is so obvious. To follow the Holy Spirit's guidance is to let yourself be absolved of guilt. It is the essence of the Atonement. It is the core of the curriculum. To imagine usurping of functions not your own is the basis of fear. The whole world you see reflects the illusion that you have done so, making fear inevitable. To return the function to the one whom it belongs is thus the escape from fear. And it is this that lets the memory of love return to you. Do not then think that following the Holy Spirit's guidance is necessary merely because of your own inadequacies.  Here again is the paradox often referred to in the Course. To say of myself I can do nothing is to gain all power. And yet it is but a seeming paradox. As God created you, you have all power. The image you made of yourself has none. The Holy Spirit knows the truth about you. The image you made does not. Yet despite its obvious and complete ignorance, this image assumes it knows all things because you have given that belief to it. Such is your teaching and the teaching of the world that was made to uphold it. But the teacher who knows the truth has not forgotten it. His decisions bring benefit to all, being wholly devoid of attack and therefore incapable of arousing guilt. Who assumes the power that he does not possess is deceiving himself. Yet to accept the power given him by God is but to acknowledge his Creator and accept his gifts. And his gifts have no limit. To ask the Holy Spirit to decide for you is simply to accept your true inheritance. Does this mean that you cannot say anything without consulting him? No, indeed. That would hardly be practical. And it is practical with which this Course is most concerned. If you have made it a habit to ask for help when and where you can, you can be confident that wisdom will be given you and you will be blessed. Prepare for this each morning. Remember God when you can throughout the day as the Holy Spirit's help when it is feasible to do so. And thank him for his guidance at night. And your confidence will be well founded indeed. Never forget that the Holy Spirit does not depend on your words. He understands the request of your heart and answers them.  For God has given him the power to translate your prayers of the heart into his language. He understands that attack is a call for help. And he responds with help accordingly. God would be cruel if he let your words replace his own. A loving Father does not let his child harm himself or choose his own destruction. He may ask for injury, but his Father will protect him still. And how much more than this does your Father love His Son? Remember, you are His completion and His love. Remember your weakness is His strength. But do not read this hastily or wrongly. If His strength is in you, what you perceive as your weakness is but illusion. And He has given you the means to prove it so. Ask all things of His teacher and all things are given you. Not in the future, but immediately, now. God does not wait for waiting implies time and He is timeless.  God knows but His Son. And as He was created, so He is. In confidence, I place you in His hands and I give thanks for you that this is so.  God turns to you for help to save the world. Teacher of God, His thanks, He offers you. And all the world stands silent in the grace you bring from Him. You are the Son He loves and it is given you to be the means through which His voice is heard around the world, to close all things of time, to end the sight of all things visible and to undo all things that change. Through you is ushered in a world unseen, unheard yet truly there. Holy are you and in your light the world reflects your holiness. For you are not alone and friendless. I give thanks for you and join you your efforts on behalf of God. Knowing they are on my behalf as well. And for all those who walk to God with me. Amen.


I'm Sarah Gilbert and I'm Professor of Vaccinology at the University of Oxford. I've been working on the development of new vaccines against diseases that cause outbreaks and potentially can cause pandemics. Last year, at the beginning of 2020, I started work on a vaccine against the novel coronavirus that we now know as SARS-CoV-2 that causes the disease that we call COVID-19. And we worked very hard on the vaccine using technology that had been in development for about 10 years. The vaccine went into clinical trials by April and is now licensed for use in many, many countries around the world.


Hello, so let's start We're going to talk about package managers, and I hope that's where you're here for if not. There's a door on each side This is actually not a cathedral. This is a church. It's a la Sagrada Familia in Barcelona Which has been under construction for over a hundred years and they plan to finish this by 2026 roughly That's the plan today now before we start Two questions for you. How many of you use a distro package manager on Linux? pretty much everyone How many of you use a language specific package manager like npm, pipi, ruby jams Okay, and how many of you Rely on the distro package manager to provision your language specific packages It's much fewer, which is what I was expecting so some do but most of them do not And and that's that's a bit the topic of the talk So a bit about me my mission And that's what I do in and out of work is to make it easier to reuse free Libre and open source software I'm the developer and maintainer of several packages A series of project called about code. That's my primary set including something called scan code Which is a tool for scanning for license packages and origins I contribute to the Linux kernel become a stress and and many many other projects the question that seems that bothers me Why each time so I run Linux on all my machines? Why each time I run? APT install APT upgrade things works 99.999 percent of the time mostly and that applies to to Debian based distros or or RPM based distros and Why when I do a pip and npm a bundle install things don't work much more often than nine nine nines, right And you're laughing so obviously that probably resonates a bit it's Since don't always work they don't often work they very often don't work at all And it bothers me because I was actually bitching against distro developers and says why don't they get the latest version of the packages I want and and Why do I have to not use the distro manager which works and use another package manager that doesn't work? But gets the stuff that I want Right, that's that's the problem So why did I call this talk cathedral? Talking about cathedral the cathedral in bazaar. I don't know if any of you were born last century I'm an old dog The last century there was somebody called Eric Raman family name called. Yes, sir The focus seminary say called the cathedral in the bazaar and This is not exactly the same cathedral and bazaar as we're talking about today, but this point was how come that a development process as messy as the development of Linux Where patches are coming from every places ends up being? Able to build a system that works and that works pretty darn well most of the time One of the things that things were released very often on the one hand a lot of betas and Everything was the negated Whereas his point was that another style of development is more of the cathedral approach where you are to take things nicely and You are a bit less open about accepting contributions now That's just just just a side note, but I reuse this because it resonates in in the world of package management there's really two two types of packages package cathedrals and That's the one for for this rose and and the bazaars that's the one for language language specific packages So the one we use for rust node Python Ruby and the likes and They're really not at all the same packages. They're very very different and we call them all packages But that's probably a misnomer The distro package works typically for a single operating system Right, you're building for Fedora Debian and so on you don't have to worry much about your code running on Mac and Windows most of the time that may be a concern of a Language specific package whether it's built in C or C++ or In an OS agnostic language that requires some native dependencies The the package management systems are general purpose for this throws and very specific for sorry and very specific When it comes to language and as I heard before, you know, okay Scornan is a C C++ package manager Can you build no Java package with it possibly and you can probably do that? put JavaScript in in pi pi and and Java in n pms, but it's usually a lot of hacking and tweaking that's required there. It's it's not their primary purpose The other thing is that if you think about a package if you're a library author or consumer It's really about authors and individuals. There's one or a group of person that provides a bit of code That's supposed to be very specific in terms of function in the context of these throws. We have usually a team of maintainers which were collaboratively together to Not package one but package many package that are related and of the same family There's there's another context also yours are a user or a builder Which differs? the testing is Interesting how how many of you do know a project called Apache gump? Okay, it's it's pretty obscure project. It's actually interesting and weird They're taking all the head of every Project at Apache and try to build them all the time with the letters of head So each time there's a commit they rebuild everything against the latest and greatest. Obviously, it's very often read and doesn't build But what's interesting to to understand is that when you build this throw you don't care about having Just the test of one package But you want to make sure that all your packages for a given version release work with the same version of leapsy and the same version of this and that And you release them together. You don't really is just one sometimes you release one that If it's usually that version it's going to be always in the context of a larger hole and the main destroy release The other thing on the dependency side the dependencies we expressed most of the time for language specific packages are pretty simple whereas the dependency language for This throw packages are actually pretty rich. There's a lot of things which you look at them says conflict that depends resolve absolutes There's there's a very different context of managing dependencies The other thing also and most of the time when we consume package from a language repository we do consume these as is No, you take a maven jar verb at him. You take an npm 99% of the time you use it as is the packages that are Provided by these throws in contrast are 99% of the time patched modified deconstructed reconstructed you take a spell which is spell checker one nice star ball of stream in destroy it has a being Possibly 50 packages one for each language for the dictionaries Maybe one for the library one for a command tool command line tool So we are not talking at all about the same packages Now if you take the the the builder perspective The bazaar is like a box of Legos and The cathedral is trying to build an actual saying with these with these Legos so now Thinking again about your perspective as a user Even if I'm a developer so forget your developing software for a minute as a user you want a system that's stable that works That installs in a bit for the time Right, that's what you get from a distro as a builder. I want the Lego bricks that I can beat my cathedral with and I don't care too much about The rest I want to make sure they're really fit for their function They have a single well-known purpose and I can use them as a brick as a stone and assemble my edifice So now let's dive a bit again into dependencies Most language specific package managers. I said most this there's always variants Usually two options maybe three options on how you express dependencies and how and when dependent packages are used to usually build set up Time or run time And that's pretty much it and it works actually quite well You rarely need much more than that some package manager. I think it's a PHP composer Exposed a kind of distro like more richer language with a lot of verbs and Type of dependencies. I'm not sure they're very much used But it's it's a rare it's more of an exception The other thing is that in most case language specific package managers have a fairly simple way to resolve dependency conflicts so dependency conflict is when in your dependency tree to Packages require the same package with a version that don't match NPM for instance as a slick way to resolve that by saying I don't care. I'll take all the versions Which can be a problem. I'm sure you face that at times In contrast This whole package have evolved to have fairly complicated and complex Way to resolve dependency using what's called a SAT solver and Boolean satisfiability Which is really something that's Very simple at the base is but extremely complex in terms of its implementation. It's eventually an NP heart problem and To the best of knowledge, there's very few if any language package managers that have or that that use any SAT solver based the dependency resolution One of them I think is condar In the Python scientific world But it's quasi distro like package manager rather than being very language specific There's no such thing in bundler NPM or pep for instance The other thing that makes a big difference is the kind of social contract that exists Between the language specific package management environment and the distro package management environment again In the language specific world, it's usually individuals When I say individuals that can be a team, but you usually producing one brick one Lego brick at a time You focus as much as possible on a single function There's no coordination that's required most of the time with other package managers You just consume their stuff.  You just care about eventually In the confine of your single project Are my dependencies and direct dependency result and working but you don't care about the rest and it's it's a bit having a utilitarian Look at things do you think about plastic bricks Legos you care about, you know the mold injection molding the quality of plastic You take in contrast when you're building distro It's more like art and architecture You go to the bazaar and you pick the bricks the Legos you want to make sure you know their characteristics in terms of plastics and else But there's a really extensive effort for collaboration and coordination and in fact at some level there's Little code that's produced reasonably speaking and relatively speaking to the the rest of the the scope and And and a lot of discussions So that's that's really a very important distinction now Let's let's turn the things a bit around in fact you could say probably as each package That's right as a library or an individual project as a mini-caterials of its own You care about testing you care about ensuring that your code works in the context of its dependencies and that doesn't crash all the time And think of it as if you were taking these small cathedrals and assembling them further up So it's really eventually not really strict separation between on the two, but it's it starts all the way down and And that's what makes eventually things work So there's there's a way to eventually reconcile that at some level so What happens today really is that there's really these two contexts either I'm a user or a builder and I'm usually both at the same time. I am Building components and package for them to be reused and I'm reusing mine and further package to build system and applications And that's building of system of an application is a system integration job. That's what the new distro do What's saying that that that's of an overlook is when you start using for instance containers You very quickly actually are becoming your own system integrator you escape the confine of the nice assembly and coordination work that's done by distro maintainers and You take the responsibility without really knowing it is Each container ends up being eventually as complex And as messy as a whole in distribution But usually there's not the same discipline and efforts of coordination and collaboration that's been put into it. So that's important and So I will stop bitching and I think we all should stop bitching about out-of-date distro packages and We should work with distros to help them in many ways One if we want to make sure that our latest language runtime or package manager is available Well, we can help you don't have to be the maintainer of the packaging tools to help on The maintenance on maintaining that package proper and actually rarely enough. There are very few upstream package authors That are effectively the maintainer of their own package in distros Because there's one upstream authors and many many distros eventually So you can help this way and The other way you can help is when you're building packages and I'm terribly bad at that Make sure that they're actually Easy to package upstream by distros and possibly you can provide a package manifest for your favorite favorite distros Whether it would be brew on a Mac or a Debian or a PM package Which can help the work upstream and you can collaborate The work downstream and you can collaborate with The package manager and distro to make your package easier and faster to package and So really I think that's important in sovereign over look Distros don't happen by accident It's a lot of hard work and coordination that's needed and and we all need to give a bit of love there And that's it Just a plug. I'll be doing a talk on Tracing build with a trace In another computing room now be back after that in this room here. Thank you any any question How That's a complex topic so the question is What about the repackaging of language specific packages in distributions? Yeah, and especially the number of packages that may exist Which are typically in the tens or hundreds of thousands in an upstream in a language specific package repository environment It's a difficult thing on the one hand distros being software often have direct dependencies on the specific package and package version and Take the case for RPM base distros for a long time They depended on Python 2 4 and then Python 2 6 even though It was a long time since Python 7 Python 3 were available So they have this need of dependencies of their own To actually run on the one end and on the other end they want also to provide some level of coverage for Language specific packages. I don't have an answer. I don't know what's to be down there The the reality is that most of the language specific packages are Often considered that outdated when they're in the distro even in the latest release of a distro and Folks tend to not do system-wide installation, but always project specific or user specific installation There's probably I don't think there's a really easy solution one would be to repackage everything, but that's like double packaging Probably mimic sense to Instead work with distros to ensure for instance to work with node that you have the latest node runtime and npm installed same thing for Ruby and Python and probably Let go at a distro level of Language specific package repackaging unless you have a direct transparency and a need for a system-wide installation for it That probably would be the best bet That probably would simplify the work too the difficult Lots of applications Yes, it's not an easy there's no easy solutions fortunately that Yeah, so the question is is it's does do containers and docker Provide a solution to the problem of distro versus language packages I don't think so they actually amplify the problem at some level What is a container it's essentially a slice of or it's a mini distro It's a slice of user land to have everything but a kernel But you have everything What it provides is isolation and what you give up for isolation is immutability, so your container is immutable It's not easy to to update eventually you need to rebuild it. Otherwise, you're just accumulating levels of our levels of updates The Thing is that you have one benefit which is you can trim down the set of dependencies To just what you need so that's a good thing You can isolate them that's also a good thing, but there's very simple ways to do that just Putting using user level installations It's supposed to help with deployments on a massive scale So that has benefits much simpler to deploy a simple file single file mini machines than than a lot of packages The fact it's immutable it's good thing in some case It's also pain when you have a security bug and you've deployed 200 containers each with small variations You have to rebuild 200 containers. It's not fun So it's I'm not sure it's really solving any of the problems there It helps in some case it creates a lot of other issues in the other end the other thing talking about containers is that When you actually redistribute containers or deploy containers you are the factor your whole stack Linux integrator you took responsibility for the whole stack above the kernel and and There's much more ceremony that's needed there in terms of compliance and license bug tracking security tracking Things that were provided to you as a service by distros that you may no longer benefit of all the time Yes And everywhere and can run everywhere and then new designers So so the question is Is this dichotomy between bazaar and cathedral something of the past or will there be something that's more language agnostic Yes, it's not a cathedral of bazaar it's the opposite that's kind of true But it's like a modern solution to something really really all like distributions Is something is a factor So the the difficulty there is It's hard to build package managers and actually there's I think there's There are talks dates. It's really hard. I've tried a few bits of time and I fail lamentably every time So it's it's a difficult job. I've built distros not Linux distros but Long time ago an eclipse-based distribution which was called easy eclipse and Which had at a very small scale all the problems of that you can have in the Linux distribution It's again the problem between the buzzer and not the buzzer. It's not so much a technical issue It's more problem of coordination and and this coordination. There's no tool that can actually fulfill it you have to have people that discuss and if you see all the the efforts that's deployed by a Distribution teams To have package trackers in ways that they can collaborate and track all the same. That's where the big effort Now there's maybe a bit of light on the horizon There are kind of two emerging things on the distros side One is next and on the package management side one is pack and Which which provides can very different take on the whole problem good Is the maintenance pack by the way So you said that we should give the distros some love I guess my question would be what can the distros do For the packageers and what can the packageers do for the distros to grease this kit? Because I mean if you think about what a distro is it's all the glue that was required Given the certain set of basic assumptions to build all these packages on top, right? So what do you do to automate the glue?  Okay, so time's up. We can take the discussion offline or later I'm sorry Very much. Thank you very much Nick's which is a Linux distribution Nick's like this and IX and SPAC SPAC


hey um yeah so it's like five o'clock on tuesday and i'm gonna try to be positive in this vlog it's probably not gonna come off very positive though i'm sorry so okay big sigh um as some of you know i had a doctor's appointment today with my surgeon that had done my original endoscopy which is when they found my hiatal hernia so finally i was able to meet with her and she is just an awesome person but anyway uh we went over a bunch of things we did like a big questionnaire together all of that stuff and unfortunately i'm not able to have the hiatal hernia surgery um reason why is because the medications that i've been on to not correct it but like all the acid reducers and acid blockers aren't like totally doing their job uh the success rate is extremely low um for a person that isn't having success with like the oral medications so um clearly we don't want to have unnecessary surgery that's that being said i do have another option and let's talk about the option like the me talking about this is like i don't know it just it makes me feel weird um just like i'm prefaceing that right now so some people are gonna be like super agree with it and some people are gonna be like absolutely not you shouldn't do that to your body blah blah blah okay so here we go here's my other option weight loss surgery i know it's extreme um the way that my surgeon explained it to me though was if you go in for like a weight loss surgery and let me look it up the specific one that she had suggested that i would be a candidate for would be the gastric bypass and the reason why a bypass would be the best option for me is that um so when they go in they actually fix your hernia they'll they'll fix it not a problem they'll just fix it up and then they section off your stomach and then they bypass your intestine um because then you know your your intestine is you know not being properly used so they actually like cut a portion of your intestine and then they like kind of plug it in to the section of stomach that you would then be using for the rest of your life so here's the thing um because of the intestine actually kind of pulling down on your stomach if you will i know that sounds really weird um but because your stomach isn't as long anymore it's like really short it's actually very very small that helps the hiatal hernia not come back because it's actually kind of pulling down on um everything in a weird jumbled up way um but here's the other problem my insurance doesn't cover this at all like zero percent and not till just my deductibles met it's zero percent so i was looking online and clearly online is like you know there's a huge amount of difference and you know surgery can cost anywhere from like five thousand dollars to like upwards of like three thousand dollars and i'm not mad at the money i'm just like pretty peeved about my specific insurance doesn't cover it doesn't cover it even though there has been research done that this actually helps people in my position with a hiatal hernia that doesn't respond to oral medications um i'm gonna make an appointment with my like regular general doctor see trying to be positive it's not working um like i'm just trying not to be like angry about this like i yeah i'm disappointed but i'm like anger serves no purpose you need per purpose anger serves no purpose like in life i mean maybe for a little bit whatever but like disappointment is another thing completely and i can be disappointed about it but to be like angry at my body doesn't it's not gonna help anything it's just not gonna help anything so anyway um i have uh i'm gonna set up an appointment for next week with um my primary doctor talk to him i don't know we need to do something because this is just not working i'm not and i don't really discuss this on the channel too much but um i'm not sleeping very well i mean i'm sleeping for like one to three hour increments and then that's it and then i wake up because i feel like i'm gonna throw up and then that kind of like wakes you up a little too much so you can't really go back to sleep right away and with the medications i've been taking i have had these like crazy ass dreams where my mind is kind of like going a mile a minute and the really crummy thing is that when i wake up from these dreams i feel like they happened like it's real life it's very real situations um yeah it's just very strange so i don't sleep well which is why on the weekends i typically take a nap because i'm like kind of trying to recover from the weekend or not the weekend but the week and um you know normally when i nap anyways i'm only napping for like an hour to three hours anyways so i don't know i just i don't know i don't know what to do i'm frustrated i'm disappointed i'm just i mean i talked to my mom and my dad because my dad was in the room or whatever when they were talking um you know and they were like well can't you your doctor's like petition your insurance company to cover it since it's you know not i mean it is classified as weight loss surgery but um it's because you can't have the normal surgery for a hernia and i'm like well yeah i guess it's just it's just frustrating like today that it's not covered or whatever and um i just emailed my hr rep and um just asked about it and i'll see i'll i'll see the hr people tomorrow anyways at the office but yeah it's frustrating i'm frustrated have i said that i'm frustrated okay um so yeah i'm gonna uh make an appointment for next week i don't know when next week i don't know when he's available also something that's very nice is that um i can whoop here we go oh i already timed out it already timed out um my regular general doctor i can just make appointments on the interwebs um i mean i can see him you know at the office but i can make the appointment like now so that's kind of exciting it's just a regular office visit let's take a look at my calendar for next week and next week let's see what he has available so yeah he's got monday and tuesday monday tuesday wednesday and thursday available okay and then he's off until the 30th okay cool oh god i don't know i'm gonna do monday and just get it the freak over the frustration station all aboard i don't know what else to talk about today because that's kind of taking my mind space a little bit um yeah just frustrated oh and um more frustration doyle last night at like 233 in the morning decided to pee on the bed like a whole pee on the bed not just a little something like pee pee doyle hasn't been out in a long time like since i lived in fargo and i don't know what's going on but i got to wash all the bedding today thankfully i was home so i was able to like you know my laundry room's literally right there um i was able to like switch out laundry and stuff um because it only takes like a couple of minutes but my goodness um i don't know what his problem was and maybe he seems fine i don't know let's go find him oh there he is i see him let's find him let's see what he's doing what are you doing there's your tail wagging yeah and so in here there is a big mess because i don't have any sheets on the bed nothing um the sheets are actually in the dryer right now and then i have this mound of clean things over here that i need to put back on the bed for tonight so oh and i also haven't like really eaten anything i don't know i'm just complaining this is like a complaining vlog i'm sorry i should not i should not complain i'm sorry i don't know people out there have it like way worse than i do and this is just i don't know this is just my life this what's going on in my life right now and all right i'm just gonna end the vlog here because i just i'm not into it i mean i'm into the vlog i'm just not into complaining and it makes me feel icky and i've got like a whole slew of crap to do tonight so anyway okay well that is going to be it for now i hope you guys enjoyed this ramble and frustration fest it's like a frustration fest ah all right but i miss you guys tomorrow for another episode of vlogmas i'm gonna go into the office tomorrow um and hopefully tomorrow will be a better day i'm just you know that's all i can say i hope tomorrow will be a better day okay i'm gonna go i'll see you guys tomorrow make sure to thumbs up subscribe share do all those things those youtubers tell you to do and i'll see you later bye well folks it's time to kick it old school