Good evening everyone and amongst us we have Justice Roshan Dalvi a former judge from Bombay High Court and as usual we all look forward for the knowledge sharing. And we have always seen that the session has always been going to see. And in fact someone said that it's quite a long time that when Justice Roshan Dalvi has not shared her knowledge. And in one of the marriages I was sharing that we will be talking about the topic on distinctions between a joint ownership and a ownership in property matters. And he's a quite seasoned lawyer and he said, is it so Mr. Vikas, is there any distinction or you are just joking. I said, no, we'll have to join the session. He said, okay, I will join it on the YouTube. I'd share the specific link with him. So be that as it may, since we all know that it's a weekend, but hopefully we are doing primary decisions on the weekend. We'll ask ma'am to share her knowledge. What do you mind? Brilliant Vikas and friends. You see this topic is one of the topics which has not caused much controversy and that is why someone in the wedding told you with us about whether there is any distinction or not. That's a very good sort of information that we have that people don't know that there is any distinction and then need not be. But in law there is and we have come in by way of practice in many of the things into essentially and only co ownership. Now you see properties are of two types as we all know immuable and movable and the law of joint ownership and co ownership would apply equally to both actually. For example, if you have a bank account in two names husband and wife or two brothers or whatever or father and son, it's a joint account. We say correct. It's a joint account. But if we have an immuable property, let us say a bungalow or a flat. We may not say it is a joint property. We say we are co owners. These are the usual expressions. Now how did these expressions come about? We must understand first a little history. Our laws are derived from the common law of England. Then we have had statutes just as they have had in England. Common law is the law of justice, equity and good conscience. So whatever at the relevant time would be the ongoing trust practice would be by way of precedence determined as law. Now in England, there were neighbors, there were friends who would buy immuable property together. We don't have that concept in India because we all the time take our properties in Western properties exclusively for our families, not even for our close friends. So we have to understand this law as a distinction from the English law from which it developed. Now joint ownership in England was that if two persons own a property, let us say a field which they are killing their neighbors. They have two cottages side by side and they are as agricultural is they have a plot of land. What happens is that they are joint owners unless they say that they are co-owners. And as joint owners, the property would survive to the other party when one joint owner dies. Now therefore if A and B own a property when A dies, B gets the entire of the property. A's, heirs and legal representatives cannot claim a share. If and only if A had a property in his single name, it would devolve upon the heirs as his separate exclusive property. Now this provision in law is not so strange in India. We had the HUFs, we still have HUFs, joint Hindu, united, joint, undivided, Hindu, undivided family. This applies to the majority community of our country and therefore we generally take this as the law of the land. And that is how the law has developed even for others, sort of unrestricted by the others I would say. Now when you have an HUF, you have co-personers in the property. Until 2005, these co-personers were only male survivors.  In this three generation after the propositors would constitute one HUF. In that HUF, now of course we have the daughters also being co-personers. So it wouldn't be the sons, sons, sons and sons, sons, sons. It would be the children, children's children and children's children's children. And all of them would be co-personers in an HUF property. This is the property that devolves upon you by survivorship. And it goes on for three generations after the propositors. Now when it devolves upon a person by survivorship means that as soon as one person is born into that HUF, the shares of all other co-personers would to that extent diminish. And when one person of the HUF dies similarly the shares of all others will augment. So they survive the deceased co-personer and they don't get the property by succession. This is what was the Hindu uncodified law prior to 1956 when we had the Hindu code. Now in 1950 after the coming of the constitution and after and Hira are sharing in gender equality, we had what was called the Hindu code or the great Hindu code. So we had the Hindu marriage act, the Hama that is the Hindu adoption and guardianship act, the adoption and maintenance act, the Hindu minority and guardianship act and the Hindu succession act. The first was of 1955, the remainder three were of 1956. Now in this aside from other codifications, the codification always took into account the gender perspective because women did not have absolutely any share, any say anything in any of these four aspects. Marriages were not permitted and therefore the Hindu woman had to remain like that and there was no video, the remarriage, etc. Then in adoption a Hindu woman could not adopt, only the man could adopt and when she adopted it was only after her husband died and only for his funeral rites and ceremonies. In the succession, a woman never got the equal share of her predecessor in title whom she succeeded. Now there were all joint Hindu families or Hindu undivided families, each one. And therefore in 1937 we got the law called the Hindu women's right to property act in which she got the share which her husband had in the HUF. This got diminished and repealed by the Hindu succession act section 14. We are not dealing with gender rights now and we are not dealing with those successions but her wife got succeeded to be a state of her husband and that state did not only survive upon her. So the HUF properties in which her husband had some share would devolve upon her by succession and not by survivorship. This was section 6 of the Hindu succession act of 1956. It has been repealed by another section 6 in 2005 when the copartinary law came to be completely changed. There was a quantum leap and all the daughters also became coparteners. But there was a succession and that succession was very minimal before. So under the Hindu succession act when a man died, his self acquired property which was taken separately devolved upon his wife, his children and his mother in equal shares. When the woman died, her property devolved upon her husband and children in equal shares but not her mother. This is the distinction between section 8 and section 15 and 16. Again we will not go deep into that. Our subject today is co-ownership or joint ownership. Now under section 19 of the Hindu succession act, the mode of succession of two or more heirs. I am reading the section. If two or more heirs succeed together to the property of an intestine, they shall take the property per capita and as tenants in common, not as joint tenants. We are concerned with the last aspect in this lecture. This was the beginning. Now what are tenants in common and what are joint tenants? Tenants in common in Black's law dictionary. A tenant in common is that he can possess the whole property but with no right of survivorship. And therefore it is deemed to be owned by himself or herself of course. So that person does not get the property jointly such that it would survive to the other co-person or to the other heir but whatever that two or more persons got, they got as their own separate property. Now this property could devolve again by succession upon their heirs. Succession is of two types. Tested and Intested. The Indian succession act deals with Intested succession, not Testamentary succession. Testamentary succession is under the Indian succession act which deals with wills, etc. of Hindus, of Parsis, of Jews, Christians and other sects in India. Not of Muslims. So far as Muslims are concerned again, there is succession is by way of inheritance essentially under the Hindu law or the Muslim law of succession applicable to Sunni Muslims. So far as Shia Muslims are concerned, they are governed by the Hindu law by way of custom. So again this section would apply and this law in that sense would apply subject to certain modifications which are set out in the law. Now again we come back to joint ownership and co-ownership. When the HOF has all male members only, it would still devolve by successor, by survivorship so that all the members would get their shares and who augmented when one member dies. It survives through the other members. Under section 6 of the Hindu succession act, there came to be an exception. The first exception which recognized the gender perspective that is the right of a woman. So when a man had anybody else who was a female relative claiming through him, then he would get by succession and not by survivorship. Now we know that in most of the families there is someone at least claiming through a female heir. It may be the wife, it may be the daughter, it may be the mother. In all of these cases whenever there was a female heir, the right of co-ownership, the right of joint ownership or survivorship became diluted and they took by succession. And therefore, the share of a man in even an HOF would devolve by succession to his heirs, that is to his wife, his children and his mother. It would not go to the other co-passeners who may be his brothers, his brother's children, his brother's grandchildren, whatever. So now we have the co-ownership principle settled into our statute and that makes it different from the British law. So we don't see the British law at all after 1956. We see the Indian law. Now so far as, as I told you right in the beginning, a bank account is concerned. FDRs are concerned, movable properties. What happens is if you own them together, you are deemed to be joint owners. They are called joint owners, I would say. And when you are joint owners, what happens is that the share advances to the other joint owner. So far as banks, so far as financial institutions who give out FDRs, etc., even life insurance policies, LIC, they are concerned. They are not concerned with your law of succession. They are not concerned with how many heirs you have. Each of these heirs would take per capita, which means that they would take equally and they would take as tenants in common. But they are not concerned. They apply the joint law, the joint ownership. And therefore when one person dies, the bank account can be used by the other person. So when there is a husband and a wife or two brothers or a father and son or mother and son who have joint bank accounts and when the person, one of the owners dies, the other owner, joint owner, becomes the sole owner. That is not the law of succession. Therefore when they become the sole owner, they won't have to hold that property in trust for the estate. The estate would comprise of all the heirs who are entitled to get, if they are entitled to get under the will, as per the will. And if not by interest succession under the Hindu Marriage Act or under any of the personal laws. Okay. So therefore banks and FDR financial companies, they actually make you fill up a form when you are applying for a bank account or an FDR. And you have to tell them whether it will devolve the joint owners, will operate the account jointly or they will operate the account by singly and how it will devolve first named holder or survivor. Anyone or survivor would be the options. Okay. Now this becomes a contract. So under a contract, persons can contract out of any other relationship and the contract would prevail. So therefore when a person dies in a bank account, the bank will accept the second holder. This is called the doctrine of advancement. This doctrine is again imported from the English law. The share advances to the other holder. Just as it survives to the other holder, just as any co-partner in India would get it in an HUF. Okay. And ultimately in the succession because they would take as tenants in common or as joint tenants or as co-owners or as owners in common and not as joint owners. Ultimately, this would have to be divided amongst the F's. This principle has been applicable even for nominations. So when you nominate someone in a bank account, when you nominate someone in your insurance policy in your GPF, why is that done? Whatever is the amount which is in that account or in the FDR will be handed over to the person who is nominated. So you can have a single account and make a nomination. You can have a joint account and make a nomination. If it is a joint account after both the holder's diet and nomination would take effect and the nominee would be considered as the heir by that party, by the LIC, by the bank, by the financial institution, etc. And again, that nominee will hold a share in trust for the estate. This principle has then been incorporated in section 13 of the Co-operative Societies Act so that in a Co-operative Housing Society or in any other Co-operative Society when you own plots of land also you have to nominate someone and the society will recognize only the nominee, not all the heirs because the society doesn't want to get into all those disputes within the heirs if any. Nevertheless, the nominee will be able to be a member, will be treated as a member, will have to pay maintenance, etc. as a member but that nominee will not be able to transfer that share to a third party, to transfer the property to the third party. Only an owner can transfer under the Transfer of Property Act. Only an owner can gift under the Transfer of Property Act. So all those five modes of transfer under the Transfer of Property Act cannot be resorted to. They will have to get the probate or the letters of administration from the court in any of the presidency towns Madras, Calcutta, Bombay. In other towns they will have to prove either the succession by in-tested succession or by testamentary succession which is by will. After that is done only as two or more who are claiming will claim as co-owners and only the nominee will not get. If it was joint ownership it would just implicitly devolve upon the other person or even the nominee if there was a nominee. I hope this is very clear fortunately we don't have much problem with this in our country and everyone accepts that things will devolve by co-ownership or as co-tenants or as co-owners. Now when they become co-owners then they start using enjoying possessing the property they get juridical possession of the entire property. So if there is a flat, if there is a bungalow if there is a field they will start using it together and therefore if they want a specified share they will have to apply for partition. So this just says there are partitions for HUF properties where only male co-owners could ask for partition and the female even the wife could not ask for partition but could get a share if a male co-owner wanted partition now here anyone can ask for partition. So when there are any of the owners they can ask for partition thereafter if they can live peacefully together as co-owners they enjoy the entire of the property. So if there are three co-owners let us say the mother the wife and the son then they would claim together and even the wife can apply for partition because she has got a separate share in the section 19 which is as tenants in common and not as joint tenants. Very clear under our statute. I have seen friends even now in my consultations that even the Muslims want this to be their law it is not their law as per the Muslim personal law because there are sharers. Now sharers have a specified share so a wife for example has one fourth of the share in the property of her husband as a sharer if there are no children and one eight if there are children. There are shares of various other people this is also because in olden times there were joint families so they were not joint un-divided families or joint Hindu families they were joint Muslim families but they were joint and they till the land or they own the property or whatever that they did even in the desert in Arabia if they had any land they would hold it together and they got only that share amongst Muslim spices Christians generally the property is owned as a separate property and the brother's children or the cousin's children or somebody will not claim a share though they may be sharers only if the Muslim personal law is to apply they will claim the share in which case for one man there would be many sharers not only his wife and children and his mother as in Hindu law but there will be many sharers and similarly his heirs will claim in the property of his brothers or sisters or anyone else that is the Muslim personal law but since by way of kind of practice when a man dies in bank accounts in FDRs the contract would prevail therefore if he has got a bank account or an FDR with his wife then the wife would get that bank account to the exclusion of the other heirs who would be sharers under the Muslim law now so far as the Parsees and Christians are concerned the law of succession is in the Indian succession act and that law would prevail as to what would be the shares in the Hindu succession act what would be the shares are laid down if not then there would be the common law of England which would be applicable to them because there is no other law other than that succession law determining the shares not the law like section 19 of the Hindu succession act which specifically provides what they will get as tenants in common or as co-owners they don't have therefore when there is no law then the common law applies so it is not that the British law applies to these people it is a common law of justice, equity and conscience which would apply subject of course to the contract law because under the contract if there is any contact with a bank or a financial institution prevail so this friends is the whole of the law of co-ownership and joint ownership it is otherwise quite drab and I don't know how to make it more interesting but this are the fundamental principles thank you thank you ma'am as usual spot on though on the chat we have not received any query so far what's up on the YouTube one is can there be a joint tenant or a co-tenant in Pagri's system as joint owners or co-owners in ownership no no can there be a joint tenant or co-tenant in Pagri system as a joint owner or co-owner this Pagri system is actually an illegality you cannot take a Pagri Pagri is black money which the landlord takes from his tenants when the tenants want to transfer the property so he would say that I will get one third of it now that was the position until 1999 and these laws are more or less the same in all states but it's a state law and formally we had the Bombay rent act now we have the Maharashtra rent control act under the Maharashtra rent control act he can take a premium and he can have a separate contract so it is not that under the Pagri when a tenant dies you would have either joint tenants or co-tenants the rent act would have applied the Bombay rent act would have applied and the person living with the disease at the time of the death of the disease becomes a tenant because that is a separate law this is can society make the eldest son or the first name holder in a shared certificate as member of the society without taking any NOC from the other members no there is nothing like first named holder that is the doctrine of primogeniture which is not applicable to Indians today we had this primogeniture in trusts and all that in earlier times but the society must insist on and do insist on nominations because it is the first name holder in a shared certificate do insist on nominations because under section 30 you have to nominate someone he may not be your first born son or anything like that you can nominate anyone you can nominate even your friend and the society will only transfer the membership to the nominee that is all the nominee can get into possession but cannot get all ownership rights the nominee will hold it in trust for the aspect this is so many questions have been posted on the whatsapp chat on the zoom chat whether live interest holder and interested and vested can file a suit for partition against another life interest holder and a vested reminder see life interest you mean if there are two life interest holders they would get not a life interest in an interstate evolution that is done away with only the women had a life interest under the hindu women's right to property act this has been done away under section 14 of the hindu succession act so that if she is in possession of any part of any property she takes that as a complete owner under section 14 and she gets it but if there is a life interest created under a will or a trustee then that life interest would prevail over whatever is the other interest which could be created so if you have say my wife will use it for her lifetime and after that two out of my three sons will become the owners then that would be allowed and applicable if it is in a trust or in a will for a person who has died in tested there is no question of such life interest property always devolves by succession under section 8 of the hindu succession act for males of 15 and 16 for females ma'am see as she said ma'am there is a poverty system still prevalent in Mumbai in the old heritage structures building in Kulapa if residents of the flats want to transfer yes that is the practice but that practice is an illegal practice it cannot be done the thing is when a tenant to transfer the property the landlord can say I will not make the transfer in the name of a third party at all I refuse because now under the ma'am and control act the landlord would say that your entire tenancy comes to an end if you want to transfer if you transfer it you created a sub tenancy or anything else it is not recognizable the landlord will only recognize the tenant living with the disease at the time of the death of that tenant and he will have to make them a tenant of course that also actually in this old premises the landlords don't do and the rent receipts continue to be in the name of the old tenant sometimes the grandfather grandmother like that but that is not the law that is the practice this is Anita she says ma'am as far as insurance nomination the 2015 amendment of the insurance act made the nominee having full right on the claim of money excluding other years in terms of section 39 sub clause 7 of the insurance act of which act insurance act another insurance act under section 39 there has to be a nomination to be made now you may have five years you cannot nominate all five years the insurance company would insist that you nominate anyone so you can nominate anyone the insurance company will give the entire policy majority value to that nominee and get out of the frame this is so that the insurance company is not involved in unnecessary litigation between heirs who are contesting parties in a suit in a civil suit but that nominee will again hold that property in trust for the aspect so the nominee will take the money but the nominee cannot throw away all the money and blow it up and if the nominee blows it up also if there are five heirs and if the other heirs claim their share he will have to pay that share to the other heirs out of his own pocket that is section 39 it is equal to the same as section 30 of the Hindu of the cooperative societies act and it is like any of the practices under the contract with banks etc for any monies because that is movable property this is madame if a daughter gets a share in the property as a co-pastner yes sir her heirs will get co-pastner rights in the said property or will it be a separate individual separate property yes the daughter would get only the share in an HUF property not in a self acquired property as such now when she becomes a co-pastner under section 6 of the Hindu succession act of 2005 from the 9th September 2005 when she becomes a co-pastner therefore when she dies her share will survive to the other co-pastners all the other co-pastners so her heirs may be the co-pastners if she has got her own children and if there is the propositors for each generations they would become co-pastners and that is only in the HUF property not in separate self acquired property so thank you to all those participants who have been watching us live on the facebook youtube and also the zoom meeting stay connected with us and you can share your any topic which you like over the speaker we will request them to take forward and thank you namaskar and on sunday we will connect on the partition and the avenue in the agricultural lands by this is Parumjit Singh Dhaliwal at 6pm so do stay


GCSE exams start in exactly seven weeks from today. So that's 49 days from today when the exams will officially start on the 15th of May. Now, if you're new here, live in, understand me, this is a super stressful time for you. You're spending lots of play. So it's trying to stay on top of English as well as all these other topics. So to make your life easier, what we'll be doing is I'm going to be releasing a series of videos in the final countdown to the final GCSE exams, just to make your life easier when it comes to preparing for the English language, paper one, paper two, as well as the English literature, paper one and paper two exams this summer. Now, as you can see behind me, what I want to show you is exactly how you can revise for the English language, paper one exams. Okay, as you can see behind me, what I've done is created a very simplified grid to really make it easy to understand how to revise for the language, paper one, which is the fiction paper. And by the way, if you are keen on getting slightly more direct feedback and intensive revision lessons, I will be running a series of Easter group classes. So make sure you check the description box and sign up for these group classes where I'm going to be going over the 2022 exams all the way to the past papers in 2017 released by AQA. So do make sure you sign up for that. However, as I've mentioned, in addition to that, obviously I will be releasing lots of revision videos in the countdown to the final exams and to simplify your life and to make it much easier, especially to grasp how you can even prepare for the language paper one exams. What I would suggest is break it up and make it a slightly easier to understand grid system. Okay, so when it comes to language paper one, to be honest, there's just four major things to bear in mind and four major components to simplify your life when revising and preparing for this part of your exams. Okay, so let's begin with timings and structure. When it comes to understanding, if you take a step back, looking at language paper one where it tests you on, how is the exam paper structured? How is it laid out and what should you anticipate? Okay, so firstly, let's talk about timings. Okay, as I mentioned, in terms of the structure and the layout for language paper one, you've got five questions in total. Okay, and it's usually one hour, 45 minutes long. Okay, obviously you adjust depending on whether you've got extra time or not. Now in terms of planning your response and especially when you're now downloading and revising different papers, make sure you always spend 10 minutes reading all five questions as well as the insert that you're given. Then for question number one, which is where you're given four statements that you need to find from the first paragraph within the extract. Okay, so it's a statement question. You write four separate sentences, no evidences needed. Spend five minutes on this question. For question number two, which is the language question, spend 10 minutes on this question, write two pill paragraphs. Then for question number three, which is the structure question, spend around 10 minutes on this question. And of course, again, try to aim to write two pill paragraphs. Question number four, which is worth 20 marks. This is the statement. You're given a statement, usually a student having read this said, blah, blah, blah. For this question, make sure you spend 20 minutes on this question. And for question number five, which is the creative or descriptive writing question, you choose one, don't write about both. This question, which is to do with imaginative writing, spend a total of 50 minutes for this question. That is the structure that you should be by this stage if you're in year 11, you need to know inside out, back to front. You need to know literally, when I look at paper one, this is exactly how it's structured. There's five questions, here's my timings, and this is what I should anticipate for every single question, okay? That's the first thing. However, one of the things that you need to also be very, very crystal clear on by this stage is the difference between language and structure, especially because you need to know these differences when answering questions one to four in section eight. So let's quickly just talk about a very short list I've created when it comes to language techniques to identify and structure techniques, especially if you're short on time, if you don't necessarily have lots of time to maybe wrap your mind around all the different language and structure techniques. Of course, I will still say you have some time, but this is if you are pressed for time, these are the top five language and structural devices to bear in mind. Remember, language, when you're asked to write about language, especially for question number two, and of course, when you talk about language and question number four, language refers to things like alliteration, metaposimil, oxymoron, and semantic field. These are the top five language techniques, I would argue. You will find in any unseen fiction extract that you get presented to you, okay? And this is especially relevant for question number two, where you're asked to write about language. Now, when it comes to question number three, where you're asked to talk about, you know, the whole of the source, how does the writer structure the text to interest you as a reader? When it comes to structure, these are the top five structural devices to consider. The first is think about how the structure is, or rather the extract, how does it begin versus how does it end? That's the first thing when you're considering structure. The second thing when we're considering structure is, for instance, sentence types. And to be honest, the most common form of sentence, this is a very easy win, is you can identify declarative sentence. Okay, declarative sentence is, a sentence that states a fact, feeling or mood. Other structural techniques are listing repetition and narrative voice. First person versus third person, that counts as structure. This is really important, especially when it comes to, when you're answering questions, two, three as well as four. However, let's now talk about how to prepare for question number five. This is the question that's worth half of the overall's marks or half of the overall paper's marks and what you should anticipate. So of course, when it comes to question number five, where you are writing imaginatively, you are either presented with a creative story exercise or you are presented with a descriptive writing piece. Okay, you choose one, not both, but I would suggest at this stage, try to practice both and try to get familiar with both in case you get like a really difficult creative question. You can then go for descriptive writing and vice versa, okay? Let's talk about the framework for creative writing. Always go for the story mountain, five paragraph framework, to be honest, same goes for descriptive writing, five paragraphs. When it comes to story writing, always start off with your beginning where you introduce the setting, the weather, create the mood.  How do they encounter something and what is really interesting in their adventure? The problem, this is the top of the mountain, this is the issue, the obstacle, the villain that they face. The resolution, which is now we're going down back down the mountain is there's some kind of climax created, they somehow overcome this problem of this issue. And then of course, the ending, it can either end as a cliffhanger or as this kind of unexpected twist, whatever, okay? That is your structure for creative writing. However, of course, don't forget to also practice descriptive writing, okay? Now when it comes to descriptive writing, as I mentioned, I tend to go for these concentric circles. Remember with story writing and creative writing. You can start at one point on your story mountain and end at a completely different point, right? So you can start off at this point where your character, it's daytime, et cetera, and then you can end in a totally different place, darkness, et cetera. You can't do that with descriptive writing. It's very static. You're given, for example, an image and you've got to just keep it within that image, okay? That's what makes it quite challenging. Now when it comes to descriptive writing and structuring your responses, I would suggest a five paragraph framework, starting off with your first paragraph, looking at the image that you're presented, thinking about what's going on in the outside, okay? So for example, what's the setting like? What's the weather like? That's your first paragraph, you go into detail describing that. Your second paragraph is your atmosphere and mood, okay? So now you're going a little bit more specific in the descriptive image.  Is it a menacing atmosphere? Is it a positive atmosphere? You need to describe that in one paragraph. Then your third paragraph is your central focus. So now this is where when you're given the image, you write about what's the most obvious thing, okay? Do not start your descriptive writing with the most obvious thing with your central focus. Otherwise, you're going to max yourself out and then you're not going to have anywhere else to go. So keep it to the third paragraph, at least, where you're describing the most obvious thing within the descriptive writing image. Then your fourth paragraph is described with the central focus, the most obvious thing. What could the central focus's feelings be? You can also have feelings for inanimate objects, okay? And then your fifth and final paragraph is then ever so slight change. Could you also introduce that? And remember, of course, when you're writing either descriptively or in terms of creative writing, you need to obviously use sensory language, okay? So make sure you're using lots of sensory language relating to taste, sound, sight, and so on, okay? So as I mentioned, use this grid structure when you are figuring out and when you are preparing for your English language, paper one exam. And what I've done as well, guys, is I've created a download link. So I've created this grid as a nice little PDF. I'm going to also add the link for where you can download it if you feel like this grid would be useful, okay? So it's going to be free for download. You can download it and use it and print it and use it as many times as you want. So I hope that really helps. And of course, make sure you come back tomorrow where I'm going to be going over other areas of English language and more specifically English language paper two. Thank you so much for listening.


Thank you. Thank you, Mark. It's good to be with you all this morning. Welcome to the first International Regulators Conference on Nuclear Security. On behalf of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, we're pleased to host the international community today to continue the dialogue on advancing global nuclear security. Before I begin, let me take a moment to acknowledge my colleagues on the commission, Christine Savineke, George Postolakis, William Magwood, and William Ostendorf, who's with us this morning. I'm chairman of a five-member commission that is charged by statute to work as a collegial body. Each of us brings different backgrounds to the table, and our ability to collaborate strengthens public trust and industry confidence in our work. Even with our diverse perspectives, one thing we can all agree on is the importance of an effective, balanced nuclear security program. The NRC's mission is to ensure the health and safety of the public, promote the common defense and security, and protect the environment. We regulate the commercial use of nuclear and radioactive materials in power production, medicine, research, through licensing, inspection, and enforcement to guarantee that domestic facilities are operated safely and securely. We do not create national energy policy or advocate for nuclear energy. Our mission has a specific focus of ensuring safety and security. It requires support from all levels of government and the active participation of nuclear power plant and other facility operators. While safety is a top priority at the NRC, we are working continuously to improve our approach to this construct. We also recognize that it is essential to focus efforts on constant improvement to our nuclear security program. This is the first conference to gather international regulators to discuss security, and we view this as a continuation of ongoing efforts to work collaboratively with our domestic and international counterparts towards strengthening the security of nuclear materials worldwide. We hope that there will be more conferences like this in the future. Recent events around the world remind us of the importance of the security of nuclear facilities and nuclear materials. It's crucial that competent authorities not only require facilities to implement appropriate security measures, but that they develop strong inspection programs that verify and validate implementation. Materials must be secured and accounted for to guarantee that they do not end up in the hands of the wrong people. It is incumbent upon each country, including the United States, to ensure that our regulatory structures are effective and responsive to the constant change that faces security professionals around the globe. President Barack Obama has made nuclear security a cornerstone of his national security agenda. During the first term of his administration, the United States set into action a plan to secure all vulnerable nuclear material within four years. The U.S. has, under the leadership of the National Nuclear Security Administration, made significant progress in this regard by working cooperatively with international partners to secure, remove, and down blend large quantities of weapons grade material. Each kilogram of material secured enhances the security of everyone everywhere. As part of the U.S. Administration's commitment to nuclear security, President Obama convened the first International Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C. in 2010 with the objective of better protecting nuclear material and preventing nuclear terrorism. The international partners agreed to work cooperatively to address what the president referred to as one of the most challenging threats to international security. This year, the international community gathered at the second Nuclear Security Summit in Seoul, Korea, to reaffirm commitments to improve nuclear security. As part of the commitments made at that summit, the United States agreed to host this conference on nuclear security to further discuss the need for comprehensive, independent national regulatory security programs. This conference will also strengthen relationships with our international regulatory counterparts. The statutory mandate for security at the U.S. nuclear facilities requires the NRC to ensure that our licensees implement security measures to defend against threats to their facilities and materials. The NRC has a robust security program that covers civilian nuclear facilities, nuclear and radioactive materials, as well as waste. Our security regulations take a graded approach that is risk-informed and performance-based. They cover everything from physical protection to information and cybersecurity, including the transportation of material. In the years following the 9-11 attacks, the agency enhanced its focus on security. I take great pride in saying that our facilities are among the most secure in the United States. We continue to incorporate information gained through operating experience and lessons learned to provide assurance that nuclear facilities are prepared to respond to the evolving threat. Force on Force exercises are one of the most significant elements of the NRC's security inspection program for nuclear power plants and Category 1 facilities. Force on Force exercises assess the licensee's ability to defend against adversaries and provide valuable insights that enable the NRC to further strengthen its security programs. In recent years, we have made significant improvements in how we plan and conduct these exercises. The NRC is honored to host the first International Regulators Conference on Nuclear Security. Over the course of the next few days, we will address a wide range of topics relevant to enhancing regulatory approaches for security at civilian facilities. You will have the opportunity to hear from leading experts in nuclear security, counter-terrorism, and international cooperation. As you walk around, I invite you to take time during the conference to see our equipment exhibits and demonstrations related to the Force on Force exercises and other activities. They will give you an understanding of the rigorous nature of our security programs. Participants have joined the conference from all over the world, bringing with them a unique set of experiences and insights from which we will all learn. We will focus on the importance of establishing and maintaining a strong, independent, legal, and regulatory framework with technically skilled personnel and adequate resources to protect and secure nuclear and radioactive materials. Nuclear security that successfully protects our citizens relies not only on the integration of technology, policy, and operational concepts, but also on international collaboration. We must share best practices and lessons learned to strengthen the framework for the security of nuclear materials. I look forward to the conversations in the days ahead on this important topic. On behalf of the entire U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, I welcome you to the United States for this important discussion, and thank you for contributing to its success.


hey survivors and frivers welcome to the video please like comment share and subscribe click the bell icon to receive notifications for my future videos if you would like to donate my paypal link is in the video description if you are interested in one-on-one coaching please contact me at Narc Survival Coaching at Gmail.com is the narcissist happy with the new source of supply towards the end of your relationship with the narcissist it is likely that they began to triangulate you with their new source of supply there was an argument or disagreement between you but instead of trying to work it out with you the narcissist chose to bring someone else into the situation because of the argument or disagreement you stopped fulfilling their needs whether it was giving them attention validation approval and admiration giving them love affection money material things your time and energy the narcissist was devaluing and degrading you they were abusing and manipulating you so you stopped fulfilling their needs instead of trying to resolve the argument or disagreement the narcissist chose to find someone else to fulfill their needs you have to understand that narcissists are emotionally mature shame-based people doing anything they can to avoid shame doing anything they can to avoid taking responsibility or accountability for their actions or behaviors the narcissist learned this behavior as a child if they did something wrong and their parent wasn't happy with them rather than accepting the blame and trying to learn from their mistakes the narcissist would spend time with their other parent instead this would leave the parent who blamed them alone to feel guilty and possibly blame themselves for the child's actions or behaviors you may notice that even though the narcissist is older now they are still doing the same thing they have just learned to adapt this behavior to adulthood now when you try to blame them for something they have done wrong rather than accepting responsibility or accountability for their actions they will leave you and find someone else to fulfill their needs just as they would leave the parent that was blaming them for their actions and then spend time with their other parent narcissists are shame-based people but they don't want to self reflect on this emotion so they will do anything they can to avoid feeling the shame the narcissist refuse to take responsibility or accountability for their actions or behaviors this may give you cognitive dissonance two conflicting beliefs you may be wondering who was right and who was wrong you may find yourself alone blaming yourself for the narcissist's actions or behaviors if the narcissist knew that they didn't do anything wrong they wouldn't have left they would have tried to resolve the disagreement or argument with you but they didn't they chose to leave you because they are emotionally immature self-absorbed and lack empathy they cannot deal with serious issues they are just there to use you like an object and extract whatever it is in that moment that they need at first they gave you plenty of time and attention made you feel loved and appreciated but this was only to secure you as a source of supply over time they began to neglect you and because of this you stopped performing at the standard they would normally expect this is when the narcissist gets pulled out of their fantasy world and into reality realizing that other people have needs too and it's not all about them of course narcissists don't want to deal with reality they want to live in their fantasy world where they think everything revolves around them and as long as their cup is full you should just keep your mouth closed and be happy for them they are self-absorbed and lack empathy they do not care about you they only care about themselves and what they can take from you so it's nothing for them to leave you for someone else who doesn't know what they are really about and at the beginning of their relationship with a new source of supply it may seem as though they are treating them better than they ever treated you they may be doing things that they never did with you they will plant themselves in certain places where they know you are going to be just so you can see them together they will upload pictures on social media for you to see don't take any of this seriously it's an act specifically designed and orchestrated for your viewing pleasure or pain it is planned and they have specifically coordinated the elements of this situation to produce a desired effect to produce a desired reaction from you they may also orchestrate it in a certain way where it doesn't look like it was specifically coordinated to produce a desired effect or reaction from you but it is you have to trust me on this they know exactly what they are doing they know exactly what kind of reaction they are going to get from you they don't even need to see your reaction to them or their pictures to know that you are hurt or in pain and it's your hurt your pain that gives them narcissistic supply because narcissists are sadistic they feed off your pain but if you remember that this has all been specifically coordinated to produce a desired reaction from you you don't need to take it seriously anymore when you see them together in person or you see a picture of them on social media it's an illusion they are not really happy if you could see what happened several minutes before or after that moment you wouldn't be in pain you would be laughing at how ridiculous they look and they know this which is why they had to specifically coordinate and orchestrate this situation so that they could get the desired reaction from you before you saw them in person before they took those pictures they were probably doing something completely different probably miserable doing nothing it was designed to affect you to get a reaction from you they don't even have to see your reaction because they already know how it's going to make you feel and then they just sit back and wait for you to contact them to confirm that they did get to you narcissists cannot experience real genuine happiness they have to use other people to even get close to that emotion they have to hurt people so they can feed off their pain just to get a little high but it never sustains them what you are seeing is most likely the love bombing phase you experience this with the narcissist and as time goes by with each relationship the love bombing phase usually gets shorter and shorter as the narcissist learns to perfect their art of manipulation once the narcissist knows that the new source is interested in them and they have secured them as a source of supply that initial excitement of finding this new person will disappear narcissists get bored quickly and the grass is always greener on the other side to them once this new source triggers the narcissist to reflect on their insecurities vulnerabilities or weaknesses the narcissist will then have to project this onto the new source so the narcissist will begin to scan the new source for any faults mistakes flaws or imperfections and of course we all have them so inevitably it will move from the love bombing to the devaluation phase they may not abuse or manipulate the new source in the same way that they did with you but that does not mean they are not abusing or manipulating them in some way they will always be abusing or manipulating someone as they are deeply insecure and have an inferiority complex they have to project their insecurities onto someone else to avoid feeling shame you may not see them abusing or manipulating the new source in the same way as they did with you this is because different people have different vulnerabilities weaknesses or insecurities so they will tailor make their abuse and manipulation to that specific person they will adapt the new source and whatever their specific vulnerabilities weaknesses or insecurities are in the love bombing phase the new source is seen as being perfect that is until the narcissist recognizes a fault mistake flaw or or imperfection or the new sources qualities talents or positive traits will trigger the narcissist to reflect on their own vulnerabilities weaknesses or insecurities they have to punish them for triggering them to reflect on their own vulnerabilities weaknesses or insecurities that's what motivates and drives them to do what they do they could not do it without motivation and their motivation comes from their vulnerabilities weaknesses and insecurities which your presence has triggered them to reflect on this is the devaluation phase at this point they will want the new source to feel as though they are not good enough or they are not lovable the reason for this is because the narcissist was told that they are not good enough or they are not lovable as a child they were abused or neglected and instead of self reflecting on their traumatic experiences they chose to project those emotions those unresolved traumatic experiences onto you this is why they will do everything they can to make their targets feel that they are not lovable it's projection just as they try to make you feel worthless and insignificant projection again they are so desperately and obsessively trying to provoke these emotions within you because it relieves their pain and misery hurting you appears to provide them with some relief in some sick and twisted way it makes them feel powerful so this is why they will so desperately and obsessively go out of their way to do this to you however they are trying to make you feel that's how they feel they have learned this behavior as a child they could not be overtly angry to their parents so they learned these covert tactics which are under the radar since then they have perfected this craft to deal with adults they never learned how to be open honest and genuine or how to resolve an argument or disagreement instead they use covert passive aggressive tactics such as projection, blameshifting, denial, gaslighting and the double bind to deal with their intense negative emotions the narcissist is not happy with the new source of supply and soon enough the new source will be discarded and the narcissist will be off ideally idealizing some other unsuspecting victim they are endlessly chasing something they will never find narcissist cannot experience real genuine happiness and the lower level form of happiness they do experience is something they can never sustain anyway but they will do anything and everything to make you believe that they are happy and really having a good time with the new source but it's all fake you wouldn't have to put on a show and make so much effort to prove that you are happy if you really are happy when a person is truly happy they do not care about what anyone else thinks because their happiness comes from within rather than any external influences you need to take your focus off the narcissist they are endlessly chasing something they will never find you need to see this as a blessing this person was only going to hold you back from reaching your true potential but now they are gone you have the opportunity to heal and become your best self the only person who can hold you back now is yourself avoid over analyzing the situation or what you have experienced process the emotions but do not dwell on them you need to become your own best friend rather than your worst enemy do not let your thoughts control you instead you control your thoughts you decide what meaning to give to this experience it can be something that broke you down or it could be something that made you greater than you ever thought you could be that's all for this video thank you for watching i hope this video resonated with you please like comment share subscribe talk to you soon