Hello, hi everyone. I am Sanjay Gupta. Welcome you on Sanjay Gupta Tech School. So you can see today we are going to start admin project. So till now I have delivered total 15 sessions to you. And this week we will be summarizing everything, whatever we have done so far, right? With the help of a project. So this will be end-to-end project and we will be creating lots of stuff together. So I'm just waiting for more folks to join and then I will be starting today's session. So if you want, like your friends, colleague wants to join and if you want to remind someone, so please do so that they can also try and implement a project from the beginning, right? So I have prepared a document for you and after three, four slides, I will be sharing that link with you all so that along with me you will also be able to implement, right? So once again, hi and welcome to everyone. Okay, so moving to next slide. So this is me. I hope now most of you very well know me. Like who am I? What is my experience? So maybe few folks are new because in this week we are going to discuss about a project. So if you don't know about me, so you can just go through this slide and I'm running Sanjay Gupta Tech School and like right now I'm running Salesforce Bootcamp, which is for admin and development. It will be for six months started in January. It will go till June 2023. And while I'm delivering this bootcamp, so I'm planning to do sessions related to other stuff as well. So maybe I will be soon sharing with you information related to other bootcamps that I am going to launch on my channel and few will be delivered by me and few will be delivered by other folks as well. So I'm going to build a community of content creator and like content deliverable so that who wants to teach beginners. So they will be joining me and they will be delivering whatever knowledge they have, right? So moving forward, so like you can see as I promised you in January, I think I took day zero session on 17th of January and I promised you like week by week, day by day we will be going to cover things. And as per my promise, you can see we completed week one with admin concepts week two again with admin concepts. Then in week three, we completed reports and dashboard. In week four, we completed data security and data loader data import wizard. In week five, we discussed about few more admin concepts like approval process and other. And right now we are in week six where we will be going to understand how we can collectively implement all these things we have learned so far, right?  It is not a big project. It is not related to any organization. It is not related to any client. It is a generic project. And after implementing this, you will get to know lots of things, right? So moving forward, again, I'm sharing this slide with you so that like if you want to share information with other people. So please do and ask them to follow Sanjay Gupta Tech School on different social media platforms. And if you want to ask questions, you need to subscribe the channel, right? So these are the information that you can share with others. Okay, so now I can see like more than 100 folks have joined. So this is good. And I just want to share with you like in each of the session, more than 100 concurrent viewers were there, learners were there. So I every day, like whenever I deliver a session, so I feel very happy, like due to my efforts, I'm able to build a community where beginners are learning Salesforce. And I can see on Telegram channel, people are discussing doubts. So please help each other so that you can learn and grow and get a job. And I'm always with you with my knowledge so that I can support you, right? So moving forward, now I'm going to show you a project. So first I will brief you and then I will be sharing the link with you so that if you are on laptop, so you can also implement steps with me. Because in today's session or like in this week's session, I won't be discussing any concept, everything you already know. So I will be implementing each and everything step by step, right? So you might see like things are like taking time. So if you know things already and you want to implement those things with me. So I will be sharing this doc link with you and you can also implement this with me. And if you just want to view and you want to implement it later on, so that is also possible, right? So as I told you, like our project will be based on recruitment app. So first I'm going to discuss about the recruitment app with you. So here you can see end-to-end diagram is available where we will be implementing all these objects. So first of all, you can see there is one object which is known as user. So in Salesforce, user is standard object. Here STD means standard object. Then we need to create position object, then job application object, candidate object. Then these objects will be having few related lists. Those are available here. Then we have job posting, review, employment, website object. So total six objects we will be creating along with lots of fields, records, and we'll see everything that we have learned so far, right? So here you can see, first of all, we need to create an app that is named as recruitment. And before implementing, then going to share this link in this exercise sheet so that it will be available with everybody. So in my opinion, it will go from day 16 to 18, right? So day 16, 17, and 18, we will be doing admin project. So link is available with you. So you can open this document and you will be on this document, right? So please open it with me so that we can implement it together. So what I'm going to do and like what I'm going to do, I will be implementing these steps one by one and I will keep an eye on this YouTube chat. So if you have any question, you can ask, otherwise you can just log into Salesforce org and you can start implementing this project with me, okay? So now I'm going to create application and like if you have any doubt, you can just ask, otherwise I'm implementing and we'll be keeping an eye on the YouTube chat. So first of all, I'm going to implement the application because if we have app created, then only we can place certain objects. Those are created in form of tab in that application. So moving to Salesforce org. So here we need to go to setup and I'm clicking on home. So here I'm going to search for app manager because if you want to create an app, so we need to click on app manager. And again, remember like this is a complete revision of 15 days stuff that we have learned so far, right? So if you missed any sessions, so this week will be very important for you. So I'm clicking on new lightning app so that I can create new application. So here I'm just zooming out, cancel. Here I'm writing app name as recruitment, development, developer name will be recruitment. If you want to write any description you can do. And here if you want to upload any image for branding purpose, you can you can change the color theme. Okay. So in my org, it will look like this. Then I'm clicking on next. So here you can see initially we discussed like we have two navigation styles. One is standard navigation, one is console navigation. So both are available here. And if you want to select supported form factors, so all the options are available. So I'm going to do standard navigation, right? So Raghu document is available in the exercise sheet. If you go here, so here you will find this link. So just click on this and you will be able to open this page. Right? So I was creating this. Now I need to click on next. Then right now I don't need to put any utility items. So I'm just clicking on next. And here I am just adding home page, right? Because other objects and tabs I have not created. So right now I'm just adding home page here and I'm clicking on next. So make sure to add system administrator profile here. If you add your system admin profile, then only you will be able to access this application. Then click on save and finish. So we completed first step so that our app is created. Now if I go to front end and in the app launcher, if I want to open my application, so it will be available. So I'm going to search for recruitment app and you can see it is available. And right now in this application, you can see only one tab is available. That is home. So now after creation of this application, we will be creating object. Then we'll be creating a tab for that object and then few fields. So the link of the document is available in the exercise sheet. So let me just copy and paste this link in the chat so that you can have it. So I just pasted the link in the chat so you can have it from there. Now I'm on step number two. So okay, Nikhil, I'm going slow and please let me know like if you are doing with me or not. So if you are doing with me, so please type yes so that I can go slow. So I just completed step number one and right now I am on step number two. Okay. So Ram is asking something. I don't know about this. So if somebody knows, please help Ram. So now I'm going to create this object. So here you can see object name is position, right? The object which I need to create this object name is position. So I'm going to create it. So moving to object manager. So yeah, I can see many of you are saying yes. So I'm happy like you are implementing it with me. So under the object manager at top right corner, you can see this create option is available. And I'm just going to click on custom objects so that I can create custom object. And from here, I'm going to paste the label. So I just pasted label as position plural label will be positions. So I'm pasting it again and adding s. Then unique name is position. If you want to put any description, you can otherwise it is optional. Now here you can see whenever we create any object. So we need to create a field and feel field name. We need to provide and along with its data type. So if you go to the project document, so here you can see name field data type is text. Right. So here it is by default text and record name is by default position name. So you can leave it as is. Don't do any changes here. Leave it as is. Then if you want to allow reports activities track field history. So I hope if you have attended all previous sessions, so you can relate what is report, what is activity and what is field history. So I am enabling all these check boxes because in future on this object, I will be creating reports. I will be enabling activities. I will be enabling field history. Right. So these three options I am enabling rest time leaving as is. And at the bottom, you can see there is a checkbox which is to launch new custom tab wizard after saving this custom object. So in initial days, I told you two different ways to create tab. So one is this, like if you enable this checkbox. So automatically after object creation or tab will be created. And another option is like in setup. You can search for tabs and from there also you can create a tab. So I'm just clicking on save. And from here you can see position object is already available and I need to select the tab style. So I'm just clicking on this button. And from here I'm selecting trophy as tab style and clicking on next. Now here we have three options default on default off and tab it in. So I'm selecting default on and for all the profiles. So remember in this project, we will be creating different profiles and permission sets as well. And at that time, we will learn like how we can control these things. Right. So for now I'm applying one tab visibility to all the profiles. Right. That is default on because I want to place this tab on navigation bar. So if you want to place your tab on navigation bar, you need to select default on. So I'm just moving to next. Now this is important. So here what you can see it is showing list of available apps and asking to choose the custom apps for which the new custom tab will be available. You may also examine or alter the visibility of tabs from the details and added pages of custom apps. So right now what we need to do we need to select recruitment app where we need to place the app. So right now all the check boxes are checked. So I'm unchecking them and I'm going to search for recruitment app and in my system it is available at the bottom. So I'm going to select this checkbox which is for recruitment app. So you can see I just selected for recruitment app. So it means position tab will be placed on the recruitment app. Right. So I'm just clicking on save. So this way my tab is also created. So till now what I did I just created recruitment app. I created position object and I created its tab. Okay. So few folks are saying like it is too fast. So yeah. So I'm assuming like you all know these basic things. So that's why I just created it fastly.  So here you can see under recruitment app to tabs are available home and positions. Right. So I just completed step number two and step number three. I created position object and here you can see I created positions tab as well and it is added to recruitment app. Okay. So Pooja is asking when I will be starting development. So this week admin project is going on next two weeks I will be focusing on flow. So flow is also included in development part. So you can consider like from next week I will be starting the development. So someone is saying like I'm not audible audible. So is it true? So there are some questions. So a per night saying in real time project who gives all details in clearly so basically architect and tech lead gives all the information related to project that you need to implement. Yes. We will be completing all the topics that we have covered so far. Okay. Thank you. Thank you. Okay. Let me check if I can increase. Okay. So I think while creating recruitment app. So let me just show you this again. So what you can do just go to app manager search for app manager and you can add it your application. So I'm just searching for recruitment app. So what you can do you can just add it your application and there you can verify whether you have added correct home tab or not. So here you just need to click on navigation items and just verify whether you added home tab having this icon. If yes, then it will be available. Otherwise not a cool is asking like user stories. So user stories will be provided by a business analyst or maybe architect. Yes. Ashwini the this admin project which we are implementing right now it is a complete project. So we just started. So have some patience and implemented with me and once few points or steps we will be completing then you will get to know. Okay. So I already shared the link with you and like virtually I'm implementing. So maybe few folks are ahead few are behind. So I'm going to implement each and everything step by step so that you can understand right now we need to implement fields on position object and I think field creation is the easiest task. So you can just copy this label and just see the data type and quickly create all these fields. Right. So Manisha I think there is some issue at your own at your end because most of the folks are able to listen properly. So now I'm going to create fields. So moving to recruitment. Sorry. Moving to object manager and I will be opening the position object. So under fields and relationship I'm just going to click on new. Okay. So we just need to select text area long. So here text area long for first four fields we need to select text area long. So I'm going to select it and clicking on next. So I think everybody is comfortable with field creation. So I'm creating in my org. So you are you are working in your org so you can just create and length visible lines. These you can just decide as per your own requirement. So I'm just clicking on next. Then I'm selecting visible to all the profiles for all the fields I will be selecting later on when we'll be configuring profiles and permission sets. So we will be doing some changes. So I'm just clicking on next. So now if you want to create back to back fields. So what you need to do just click on save and new and then select next responsibility. So this will be quick implementation now. So again select text area long then click on next. Then type the field label as responsibilities then leave everything as is then again click on next.  Right. So now I just created two fields. So you just quickly implement all the fields. Till then I am just taking few questions which are available in the chat. So Ananya flow will take around two weeks or maybe more because I am covering everything in detail. So I just planned two weeks as of now if it will be taking three weeks so I will go three weeks as well. Akshay no this type of document won't be available. They will be providing you the stories and built tasks through a software which can be Zira or any other software. So this I created for beginner purpose so that everything will be written clearly and easily so that if you are implementing something so you should know but in real time projects it will be in different way. Yes Vishal I will be doing it fast because it is just starting so I just want everybody like have insight so that everybody can start. Varun actually OWD information is available at the end of this document. So right now what you can do while creating fields you can just select for all the profiles. Pooja coding is not available in admin part. So Ashish right like if you are implementing if you are developing something so you can say like you build tasks if you are testing already build tasks you can say like you are testing if you interact with clients to gather the requirements so you can say you are working as a business analyst. So it depends on what type of task you are doing. Okay Tripti I'm happy that your home tab is visible. Ashvini is asking so in the project we will be implementing admin development and WC in the same project I will try to do so. So in this admin project I will try to plug flow and apex and we'll try to have some LWC stuff as well. So I'm here I would suggest like in your personal org if you do practice so that will be better. Vishal we cannot clone the fields marry yes many things to do because that's why it is a project. No need to worry because I am with you in every step. So I just stopped to implementing so I'm just answering questions then I will be quickly implementing all the fields. Yeah so Asit whenever we create fields so at the time of field creation what type of permission you want to give to your profile so it is asked so you can just select all visible to all the profiles. Thank you Ashvini Vamshi I will try to have admin sorry development related stuff in this project. So right now don't focus on development. I will be covering each and everything in detail. No no need to worry. Everybody is asking so I will try to plug some development stuff in the same project so don't worry. Okay Manisha happy that you are able to hear. Okay so Simi is asking how to create C sharp checkbox so this is basically C hash so what you can do you can write like label you can write as C hash and API name you can write as C underscore sharp. So I just typed it in the chat so you can write API name as C underscore sharp. Okay now I'm also going to implement this quickly so now I'm going to create this third field that is still required so here I just I'm just going to select long text area long then I'm going to paste it so it will be created next then I'm going to select visible to all the profiles again next then save and new then I'm going to copy next field so I'm going to create text area long then again clicking on next so here I'm going to paste it educational requirement clicking on next visible to all the profiles again clicking on next and save and new right so four fields I created which are related to text area then we have two currency so I'm creating min pay and here here seven comma two is written so just see like how I will be creating them so I am going to select currency from here I'm going to create currency field and clicking on next pasting min pay so here you can see length is seven 18 so I am writing seven in length and decimal place will be two so this is the meaning of seven comma two then I'm clicking on next visible to all the profiles clicking on next then save and new next field is max pay right so I'm going to create this field so it is also of type currency okay so max pay again here I'm writing seven and decimal point will be two next visible to all the profiles again next save and new right so this way I just created six fields now I need to create these checkboxes which are very easy so travel required so you just need to select checkbox from the data type click on next so here you can see we have two default values checked and unchecked so by default it should be unchecked right so travel required then click on next visible to all the profiles again click on next save and new right so we need to create one more checkbox that is for Java so I'm just creating it now so meanwhile I'm creating this if you see any comment in the chat and if you know the answer so please help because if I do both it will take lots of time so please help me so I'm just selecting visible to all the profiles clicking on next and again I'm clicking on save and new and those who are showing gratitude by super chat thank you for that thank you to them I will surely buy coffee this weekend so next is JavaScript so again I'm going to create a checkbox clicking on next so again you can see default value I'm leaving as unchecked clicking on next visible to all the profiles again clicking on next save and new so next is C hash so basically it is C sharp right so see how I will be creating this checkbox so I just selected now here I'm typing label as this and field name you can see it is showing as C so you can write it like this C underscore sharp because in field name in API name in unique name you cannot use any symbol other than underscore so this way you can modify it right so now I'm going to click on next visible to all the profiles again I'm clicking on next save and new the next is apex so lots of checkbox fields because for recruitment if you have any open position so you will be like tracking the skill so these checkboxes we are creating to track the skill for particular position so this way I created this field now I'm going to create one more that is for Excel so all these are of type checkbox so visible to all the profiles again I'm clicking on next save and new next I'm creating for PowerPoint and if you like after this session if you still have problem you can ask question so again I clicked on next then this time I'm creating word visible to all the profiles clicking on next save and new and last I have team building so I'm just copying it so this is again a checkbox so I just selected checkbox creating a field labeled as team building right then I'm going to click on next visible to all the profiles again I'm clicking on next and save so this time I'm just clicking on save so that I can lend up on this page fields and relationship so you can also stop just click on save and see how many fields you have created right and how quickly we are able to do that so if you if you have enough knowledge so things you will be able to implement quickly right so in my org all these fields are created so you can just verify whether all these fields you also have created or not in your org right so all the fields should be available like this and now if I scroll down so you can see next segment is for date right so now I'm going to create open date so I'm just going to create a date field clicking on next right next then visible to all the profiles again click on next save and new then higher by so it is again date field so I'm selecting date as a data type clicking on next so I think now these steps are very easy so you will be able to implement this so I'm also implementing this with you so that everything will be available in my org as well because everything is dependent if you miss any of the step so you will not be able to complete the task properly so this will be of type date again so I'm just clicking on next close date again clicking on next next save and new so this way three date fields are also created now next you can see we have pick list and while creating pick list there is one option is available like use first value as default so pick list name is location so first I'm going to copy that and I'm going to select pick list from here and I'm going to create it so create it carefully so field label will be location then from here you need to choose the second option enter values with each value separated by a new line so now what you can do just copy the list and paste it here so all the values will be available in different lines right now here it is mentioned use first value as default so you can check this checkbox okay and you can just click on next and rest of the options will be same as we did for other fields visible to all the profile then next and save and new then we have another field that is pick list it's label is status and here I'm going to create one more pick list so here you can see label is status then enter values so I'm just going to copy and pasting it so I hope everybody know what is pick list so we provided pick list values now I'm just clicking on next visible to all the profiles again I'm clicking on next save and new right so we need to create more pick list so this pick list label will be type so I'm going to create this so here we need to provide the values okay so all these values I just pasted now you can also click on next visible to all the profiles click on next save and new so now again we need to create one more pick list that is functional area and here you can see it is mentioned pick list sort alphabetically so I'm going to create one more pick list so this pick list label is functional area and values I need to copy from there so we have total six values so I'm just copying and pasting them right and here what is mentioned sort alphabetically so here is the option display values alphabetically not in the order entered right so I'm just clicking on next visible to all the profiles again clicking on next and save and new right so this way this field is also created now we have one more field that is job level so I'm going to create that as well it is again a pick list and here also we need to provide the values so I'm just going to copy this and pasting them here right and enabling this checkbox because we want to sort them alphabetically then clicking on next visible to all the profiles next now before clicking on save and new so here you can see we have working days and it is pick list multi select right so we need to create one more field okay so I'm just copying working days and working days are available here so I'm going to so here I selected pick list multi select then I'm just clicking on next so here I'm just pasting okay so now I'm going to paste all these values right so okay I'm just removing this checkbox don't select this checkbox because these days should be in the order which we entered this is multi select pick list now I'm clicking on next visible to all the profiles again clicking on next and clicking on save and new so Bachel is asking like what is the what we want to achieve through this project so Bachel let implement it for two days today and tomorrow then you will be having brief idea like what we are implementing and maybe on third or fourth day I will be relating each and everything end to end right because if I explain it theoretically in the big links so it will be very difficult to understand so let's implement and then we'll be doing end to end testing whatever we have built and a set if you are not able to see fields so just refresh sometimes when we create fields so it takes time to reflect on the UI and see like we need to create this last field that is certification and it is of type text area rich so I'm going to create this one clicking on next and here I'm pasting this label clicking on next visible to all the profiles again clicking on next and save so this time I'm just clicking on save because successfully we created all the fields and they are listed here right now what is the next step so this is important everybody read this now create at least five records with proper data for position object so right now what I'm going to do I will be creating five records under position object right so I'm moving here you can see I'm on recruitment app and here positions tab is available so I'm just refreshing the page so I'm just clicking on positions tab so here right now there is no record if I click on this list view and select all nothing is available right so in the requirement it is mentioned we need to create at least five records with proper data so now I'm going to create those so if I click on new a form will appear and it will be having all the fields so you can see all the fields that we created are listed over here so in my in my org those are available if in your org those are not available just refresh your front end so that whatever you have implemented from back end will be visible so position name for example I am creating salesforce admin then here I can write description responsibility so these I am not writing and here I'm filling minpay let's say ten thousand dollar twenty thousand dollar then you can just write the skills like excel or travel required or not team building right so this way you can write you can just check the skills and open date higher by close date these also you can fill location so location is a pick list here locations are available you can select anyone then status like it is new position or any other value just go through with values as well so that you can understand what you actually are trying to build right not just build just try to focus in detail whatever you have implemented so far then we have type like full-time part-time internship or contractor so you can select particular value then we have functional area these are functional areas then you can select any value from here as well then working days you can choose more than one let's say this employee works four days in a week and then certification details like certification pictures you can insert in this field and then you can click on save right and always remember whatever we are implementing everything is that test data whatever I am creating it is test data I'm just picking random values which is not related to anyone right so one record is created if I again click on positions tab so you can see one record is available here as Salesforce admin ok so now I am going to click on new then I am creating one more position let's say Salesforce developer now here I am like checking checkbox travel required team building then let's say open date I am selecting for today close date I am selecting Friday date right then if you want to select any value from here you can and just click on save so this way one more record is created so we need to create total five records so quickly create and don't fill all the fields so business analyst so right now I am filling this position name only and I am clicking on save and one more I am going to create so next is Salesforce architect so these all are positions that I am creating right again I am creating one more quality analyst right so these five positions I have created and all these five positions are related to Salesforce ecosystem right so I am just creating relevant data so that you can relate the things ok so this way I hope you all are with me and if you are behind no problem project document is with you this recording will be available anytime you can watch it and you can just follow otherwise you can ask questions through comments in the video section or you can just use telegram channel as well so I would request everybody to join different groups so that you can discuss things because I am trying to create a community and in longer run this community will help you right so if you interact with people you ask question you answer questions so it will help you and improve your knowledge as well I also learn this way only and doing this stuff for you so that it will enhance my skills as well right so by giving your knowledge to someone you will be enhancing your skills only ok so I think everybody completed till here if not so in free time you will be able to follow me now here you can see we have other requirements which are not related to object creation type creation and field creation so right now what we did like if you remember our day two session in day two I just guided you how to create app how to create object tab fields and records so that is completed now we need to create dependent pick list right so here requirement is on position object we need to create dependent pick list and our controlling pick list will be functional area and our dependent pick list will be job job level so there is a note like for finance department finance dependent will be those starting with FN for human resource starting with HR and so on it should be department ok so now I'm going to give you a brief demo like if I open any of the record and if I added if I added the record so you will realize it so here we have functional area which is having finance human resource IT another if I select finance I see all the data so you can see it is abbreviated FN is for finance HR is for human resource IT is for information technology we can see all but if I selected finance so I should see FN 100 200 300 and 400 right now if I select human resource so it should be like HR 100 HR 200 HR 300 and HR 400 so we just need to create dependency between these two fields ok so now I'm going to do this for you so that you can understand so here we need to create field dependency so here you can see this option is available field dependencies so I'm clicking on it ok so I'm just clicking on new and here you can see controlling and dependent fields are available so controlling I am selecting functional area and dependent I am selecting job level and clicking on continue right so here you can see we have all the things listed right so under finance I'm selecting FN related and clicking on include values then for human resource I am selecting these four clicking on include values for IT I am selecting these four and include values then miscellaneous I am selecting these four and I'm clicking on include values then retail operations I'm selecting these four and clicking on include values right then clicking on next from here so we have warehouse as well so I am selecting this include values I think R O I ok this also I selected so all six I selected right now I'm just clicking on save so this way I was able to create dependent pick list ok now if I go to UI so always remember whenever you implement anything just after implementation just test it as well whether it is working as expected or not so I am on this record and I'm going to add it it so here you can see field view all dependencies option is available it means it is applied and I'm not able to select job job level so first I need to select functional area so from here I'm selecting finance and you can see only four options are visible if I select human resource so only four options are available so this way you can apply field dependencies right so we already discussed in one of the session so I hope this gave you a revision now next we have formula field so let's create this formula field so we have two formula field that we need to create so I'm going to create first one days open right data type will be numbered so what is the requirement if close date is blank then we need to populate today minus open date so for example we or HR created a position in an organization a position is created and we need to check like from how many days that position is open so for example if I created a position on first fab so today's 27th fab so like total duration will be 27 days so under days open formula field that value should be populated so if close date is blank like close date is not specified so days open difference will be calculated through today minus open date otherwise it will be calculated through close date minus open date so we are considering open date will be available and close date will be optional if it is not available then instead of close date we will be using today so this way we need to implement this formula field and formula field label will be days open so I am going to use it now so under position I am going to create new field clicking on new so this will be a formula field and guys if you are not able to follow me because you need to see on the demo which I am demoing and you need to implement together on your org as well so if you are not able to be in sync so no need to worry just focus on the screen where I am demoing so that you understand and later on you can just try to implement these things at your own and if you get stuck then you can just like watch the recording and then get help and try to solve it so here field label will be days open so you can see the unique name will be populated automatically now from here I am selecting number as data type decimal places are not required so I am making them zero clicking on next now here I need to build the formula right so here we need to apply conditions as well like if your close date is blank so we have two alternates so what we need to do go here and search for if so click anywhere and just type I so you will automatically land up to the functions which are starting with I so I am selecting if clicking on insert selected function so it is available here so we need to implement logical test then true and then false and the requirement says if closed it is blank so we need to check whether closed it is blank or not so in place of this logical test I need to have another function that is blank so I am inserting that so what I did I just selected that value logical expression and I just inserted this is blank function now in place of this expression I am just deleting it I need close date field so what I am doing I am clicking on insert field from here I am going to select close date and insert so I selected close date I am clicking on insert so here you can see if is blank close date so if closed date is blank if it is true then this true part will be evaluated if it is false then this false part will be evaluated right so true part says today minus open date so what you can do here just erase it from right hand side you can insert one more function that is today then put minus and then insert open date field so open date is available here we just created so selected and click on insert so this way you can see this is the true part today minus open date right so one part is completed if closed it is blank so this will happen now if closed it is not blank so what we need to do closed date minus open date so here value underscore if underscore false you just need to remove it so just click on insert field and you can write closed date insert then put a minus sign okay sorry we need to go inside then put a minus sign then insert and then open date then again insert so this way our formula is created if is blank closed date if closed date is blank than today minus open date otherwise closed date minus open date right after implementation of this you can just check the syntax so if it is correct so it is implemented and you can just click on next now I'm clicking on visible to all the profile and you can see it is by default read only so again I'm clicking on next right and moving to save right so this way formula is created now I'm going to UI and the refreshing so now I'm going to test it so I just opened the record and I'm not able to see that field which I created so I'm refreshing it again sometimes it happens when you create the field so refreshing it again okay it is not available so let me just go to the page layout and I'm going to confirm whether it is placed on the layout or not so here I'm going to select that days open okay so it is available here so I'm just clicking on save once moving here and refreshing the page still not available again I'm refreshing the page okay now what I'm going to do I'm going to create new record so maybe okay here also it is not available so it is taking some time so let me just refresh the existing ones okay so it is taking time so let me just populate these values so open date I'm filling as first of fab and my close date is blank so I'm just clicking on save so if you are able to see that field so whenever you populate open date so you can see days open value right in my case it is still not visible on layout but it will be available in some time so if I populate open days as first fab so close date is blank so days open will be 27 and if close date is populated so the difference will be accordingly so both close date and open date will be subtracted and the difference will be available right so this way I hope you understood like how we can create the formula so I'm just going to open that and I'm going to explain it again one more time so this is the formula which I created so this is the condition which I implemented with if like if close date is blank so this is the true part so if close date is blank then from today open date will be subtracted and this today is a formula which will give you the today's date automatically and here you can see close date minus open date so these are two fields so Swapnil is saying it is showing 26 days open field so maybe it is not including current date today's date that's why it is showing 26 yeah so Swati you are like if we don't create field then also it appears you can just try and create new fields so I think after some time it will be available so let me just do one more refresh no on my org it is still not available no problem so I hope you understood how it is implemented so in your org you can practice this thing okay so I am just stopping today here like I'm not explaining 6b because I just want those who are behind they complete till here and like if you get enough time so you can go ahead and you can implement things those are available in later sections so tomorrow I will try to implement more things so that you will be able to understand like how things will be implemented so this is a 24 page document where lots of things are available okay so you can just go through whatever you understand and I will try to implement each and everything in these sessions so I just planned three sessions this week if like we need more sessions so I will try to stretch and maybe we will be having four or five sessions on this complete project but I will be implementing each and everything by myself so that those who won't be understanding they will see and they will be able to understand the things right so till today I am able to complete till 6a tomorrow I will be starting from 6b and will be following the steps which are written over here okay so if you have any doubt so you can just join the session and you can just go through right and if you have enough knowledge you can just practice and I just provided this my like everything I just collected and like designed it so that you can implement and practice things and if you scroll down so you will see lots of things are available here like I told you we will be discussing about cross-object formula field in the sessions so here you will see like how we can create hyperlinks as well then you will get to know roll-up summary different roll-up summaries validation rules then you will be creating different related list you will be configuring them right then if you go down you will have duplicate rule matching rule you will configure home page then you will be implementing related list single feed tracking field history tracking list views global action object specific action so all these things we did then we have reports so you need to build lots of reports dashboard then how to export data share report profile permission sets right so all these things are listed here so it will be a quick revision whatever we have done so far so I hope you will enjoy this then data import bizarre data loader so I just kept it for self practice so that you can experience these things then we have approval process as well that we will be implementing for position object then we have flow exercises right so like this document will be fruitful for the beginners those who want to get familiar all the with all the concepts those are available under Salesforce admin and once this is completed so from next week onwards we will be starting flow builder which is kind of low code development so like if you are able to implement that so like you you will be having enough knowledge related to development and after flow sessions I will be starting apex programming right so this is all about today's session and now if you have any question you can ask otherwise I will ask just implement then ask questions in the comment section of this video or like you can ask questions in the telegram group as well okay so I hope this effort will help you out those who are totally beginner for them this project will be more helpful okay okay so please share this thing with others as well so that they also get to know and they can also begin the Salesforce journey and for each and every role Salesforce admin knowledge is very important and like this week admin stuff will be completed then soon we will be completing development part and I am also planning to have cloud specific boot camps like sales cloud service cloud omni studio so like I'm just preparing content for those so like after development sessions I will try to give knowledge on those clouds as well okay yeah so like people are asking can we try remaining topics in that X yeah you can go ahead and you can implement like I will be implementing few things tomorrow and few day after tomorrow so if you want to go ahead that is not a problem and if you want to go with me so you can just wait till tomorrow and drama is asking like effort so it took lots of time so data model I took help and I just refined and added lots of features so that it will be a little bit complicated document to be implemented so thank you everybody so we'll connect tomorrow again and I will try to complete this project this week you have enough time I have limited time so I will be implementing tomorrow in the session only so I will try to build things so in front of you but few fields objects maybe if we will be running short of time so I will be implementing those offline and like I will show you how I implemented those so that we can quickly complete the things okay thank you everybody have a great day ahead good good morning good afternoon good evening because people are joining from different time zones thank you everybody


Thank you. So good morning. Nice to see at least a few still here so early in the morning of the last day now We made it yesterday until here So we still discussed a couple of things concerning inflation in particular. I tried to explain the horizon problem in a way which I hope was transparent and I think it's this business with the horizons is confusing and I think it's really important that you carefully Think about that yourself So therefore why I discussed it and I gave also these pictures from the review by Bauman now I will what I will do today as well as I will discuss a few simple things just a few basic formulae which we need Hopefully in a compact way so that you Have them for for those who see them maybe for the first time and for the others who have seen them Know them already a little bit as a reminder now What we'll discuss I mean the key reference here references here concern two classes of models for inflation one The so-called large field models of inflation And one is the star windsky model, which I will discuss later and one is this chaotic inflation by linda sort of one of Or maybe the standard model for inflationary cosmology also important is this one here Natural so-called natural inflation which has to do with a flat direction which you get from axiom field and Some potential generated not perturbatively. I will not discuss much about that, but I just mentioned it here Then what will be important for us is hybrid inflation and I will spend some time on that Then for reviews here much of that is in standard textbooks I listed I think two very good books here and I particularly recommend this Review by daniel bauman, which you can just download I think it's very good now The dynamics of inflation is a slowly rolling scalar field that maybe you have seen and everybody who had a course in General relativity knows how to deal with scalar fields in kerf space time so You know you have a certain action and then you have a Lagrangian which in the simplest case is just the real scalar with some potential Then what is important is to have the energy momentum tensor for that and then There's a standard way to derive that once you have the action and then you know we assume in the robot's vocal metric a certain geometry which is Well The following you have sort of the The space time we are looking at is say r the real axis corresponding to time times a maximally symmetric A three-dimensional space which is either open closed or flat and if you now have some So that's for the metric and that gives us robots a vocal metric and then you also have Of course a source for this metric and which via the einstein equations And determines the metric and that's energy momentum tensor And then of course has to have the same symmetries as what we assume for the metric And that gives you the sort of fluid form of the energy momentum tensor And that means the entire energy momentum tensor is determined in terms of two entries as for We had it before namely energy density Which is say the potential the kinetic term and the gradient energy And a pressure Which is essentially the same but with a very important minus sign here For the scalar field now we will always assume homogeneous scalar fields here So that means we drop the gradient term and then you have phi dot squared plus v and phi dot squared minus v And you see if the kinetic terms are small then Rho is essentially minus p And that's the equation of state which we need for exponential Expansion and therefore scalar field dynamics can realize what we want What we discussed yesterday for this shrinking That's the essence of that So we have now two sets of field equations We have the einstein equations which for this geometry boil down to the Friedmann equations And then we have an equation for the scalar field, which is this And you see it's a It's the usual equation Which we have for scalar field in Minkowski space plus this term, which is the friction term It is a proportional to the first derivative of the field and the Hubble Parameter as the friction and that is if you derive this equation of motion it comes from the volume term here Now What you can easily check yourself if you have done it yourself so far is the following You can have So-called slow roll solutions of these field equations which are characterized By the following the kinetic term is small compared to the potential and the modulus of the second Time derivative is small compared to the fourth term here and compared to the friction term So you can drop that And then you get in fact Two equations which i've written down here You get from the Scalar field equation just this remains and in the Friedmann equation You get this this is a Friedmann equation There's a potential because the energy density the kinetic energy does not contribute And what you can also check easily yourself is that these conditions Are equivalent that you can write them as conditions on the first and the second derivative of the potential So these are the so-called Slow roll conditions you have a quantity epsilon Which in units of the plant mass is the first derivative of the potential of the potential it's squared And the other is eta which is the second derivative of the potential the modulus of that And in units of the plant mass both have to be very small So these three this Is the Starting point for inflationary cosmologists So you see it's very easy if you make the one the model of the world yourself You just take two differential equations of first order and solve them put in some potential and play some games And once you have the code you can even download of course such codes from the internet. It's not very difficult But interesting So now one example and I think that was first really started with some of the physical implications by Linda many years ago is just a power here and Just a power and of course depending on what the power is The dimension of the coupling varies And then you get these large field inflation models and they have a very simple structure They always look like this You have a potential And you have the field And the potential looks something like this and the field rolls down here And from some value say phi Star it's usually called until some end value So called end of inflation and in fact end of inflation Is defined by saying that the slow roll conditions no longer hold You can see that then the period of exponential expansion stops Now So you have something like this the so-called large field inflation models. They are large For a reason which we will see in a minute You can given such a potential you can easily work out For this example the relevant quantities which Characterize inflationary models. The first is the amount of expansion As we saw during inflation you have an exponential growth of the scale factor So if you start from some value a which corresponds to this field valued here Then you blow up And this growth is always characterized by the number of e-folds So you write that growth as a factor e to the n and then You can write this n Clearly as like this the number of e-folds As an integral over the hover parameter the hover parameter now the function of the field Because it depends on the potential which depends on the field and You can then rewrite it like this The potential of the derivative of the potential and for this particular example of the power Potential you just get phi squared over a Planck squared times 2 over 1 over 2 p and so You see if you for if you need n E-folds and we will see for reasons of that I have no time to discuss you need typically 50 or 60 it depends on the maximum temperature Which you have in the universe So for this Range you see that in fact this value of phi is pretty big. It is bigger than the Planck bars So inflation with this kind of potentials drives you to Transplankion field values. That's at the moment a hot topic in research whether that is consistent What one can think about it and how you can realize that in various models and but for these models, that's a fact now In fact qualitatively in order to reach these 60 50 or 60 e-folds You can do two things either you take say a potential as I had it this Phi to the p which is flat but not That flat and Then you are driven to this very large shield The other possibility is to have a potential which is even flatter a kind of plateau potential Then you can reach For smaller field values these number of e-folds. These are the so-called small field models to which I will come Then there are two indices related to this slow roll parameters Two linear combinations, which I've given here. We will see on the next slide why they are important That's a scalar and the tensor spectral index. He always given as a power Independent dependent on the power of p There's another quantity r Why this is written like that you cannot understand from here It comes with something which I will tell you on the next slide But it is just this quantity which is 16 epsilon the so-called tensor to scalar ratio, but this spectral indices And This value of r are the key quantities Which you always work out in models of inflation and which are needed to compare with data That's why I just repeat them here Now now we come back to this Microwave background and you know you have this enormous Information on the fluctuations. We saw that you saw that picture many times just a beautiful picture I can always look at it again And the latest and from that you extract a so-called power spectrum Now Just a second. I cannot Really explain how one gets from this picture to the spectrum that's Of course the key business in inflationary in inflationary model building and that's I think one of the most beautiful aspects Namely how you generate from quantum fluctuations These classical Anisotropy's in temperature and in other Things and that the first calculation of this kind was done by Shebizov and mukhanov many years ago, and I think this is really a very beautiful Thing, but I mean how you really get first of all how you calculate these quantum fluctuations And how you really get from there to this power spectrum, which you see here. That's takes A couple of lectures Say maybe one whole lecture five hour lecture course during such a school to really explain that so that you have to believe me Or look it up in one of these references. I gave you Now, but at least let me tell you what is really what the meaning is on this plot Of the various quantities. So this is here. This Quantity, which is plotted on this axis This is the following one looks at the sky and one looks now in different directions And one looks at say The temperature now the temperature is determined by the photon flux What one has checked is that this microwave background to very high accuracy as a plank spectrum and therefore it is It is Once, you know, it's a plank spectrum. You can do the following you can go to some frequency check for consistency and a few frequencies And just measure the number of photons which come from that direction. So then this photon flux Once, you know, it's a plank spectrum gives you the temperature So that's what is done. And then you see now if you vary the direction into which you look you see very tiny variations in this temperature And you can measure the temperature or you can measure another quantity. You can measure Say the polarization of the photons the flux of the photons of polarized photons, which come from some Direction that gives you other information for the so-called b-modes, which we briefly got to now Anyway, so what is plotted here then is you then do the two-point correlation function This is a temperature temperature correlation function. You look in say two directions and Then you do an analysis in terms of spherical harmonics And then the Legendre polynomials which enter their carries multiple Label L and you plot then These moments here as a function of L and you get this very characteristic spectrum And as you know that contain contains lots of important information on the moment of dark matter from the Elitified of these peaks amount of binary symmetry from the position of this you get that the universe is flat and so on Now So you have such power spectra And What goes into this is the following if you really compute that that's here an integral of a product of things One is the so-called primordial power spectrum This is what you calculate from inflation and the other the so-called transfer function That tells you and there's a lot of work in this transfer function That tells you if you start with a certain initial power, then what do you really see in the end? As a temperature fluctuation When the photons decouple and that involves all the physics of the The Plasma Before decoupling before the photons decoupled you have a plasma of say Charged protons of electrons of photons And which are in thermal contact and then their interactions they These If you now have density fluctuations then You get The interactions which have in these plasmas sort of the sound waves there they Are then important for what in the end you see as temperature fluctuations That's a big business in many codes analytically quasi analytically numerical which has been worked out now for many years And out of that in the end you get this Power spectrum Now the remarkable thing is That the outcome here Can be described now the say the physics between the primordial Fluctuations and what you see in the temperature fluctuations is something which In principle it's known one has to work it out, but in principle it's known What is farthest important is the input the primordial Spectrum that one characterized if you look at the fluctuations in Say the metric Then you can have a scalar component and the tensor component You can have different Lorentz contributions there and These are two kinds of fluctuations here characterized by these quantities and It turns out that these This input this primordial fluctuations are Almost flat that means they depend or they almost don't depend on this wavelength the moment the wave number here or the corresponding wavelength They are almost constant, but there is a tiny slope And so these tiny slopes is what you can calculate in inflation The remodels and what you can also calculate is a relative normalization of these two fluctuations This is this little art so called tensor tensor to scalar ratio Okay, so this is just to explain what it is And I cannot explain how you get there, but just again, that's why these numbers are important You have an s minus one which gives you the slope in one kind of Fluctuations and and t which is the slope in the tensor fluctuations And this is a relative normalization. These are the three quantities Which you have for these models and now You can go on and calculate And this is from this latest Paper of the plan collaboration, which shows you how for sheen how different models how well different models do So here you see now a plane This is the tenth set of scalar ratios is the quantity r Which I just explained what it is as a function not a function this is the One axis in this plane is This little r and the other axis is a scalar spectral index and then What you see here are one and two sigma Regions of what you get from the plank data The different colors here correspond to different data sets. So that's a complication We don't worry about Just always look at the dark blue here and the light blue here These are the two real. This is one sigma. This is two sigma And now the question is whether the predictions for little r and ns lie a say the one sigma or the two sigma region or not And this is here compared for different models For instance, the famous chaotic inflation m squared phi squared It gives depending on better for the number of e-folds you take 50 or 60 give you these two points So you see that lies outside the one sigma and the two sigma region. So it's now really disfavor. That doesn't work If you decrease the power Yes, so this was phi squared If you decrease the power say to one you get this So this looks better it is in the two sigma region, but also not in the one signal region Then You get a band here This is natural inflation That still overlaps a little bit with the two sigma region, but it doesn't look that good Anyway, the data may change a little bit. Don't worry here. So but this is the situation now And then you see something down here, which looks very good And this is a starovinsky model And I will come back to that. So this is this and then there is something Which connects this chaotic inflation or interpolates between chaotic inflation and the starovinsky model This is indicated by these yellow lines the so-called Alpha attractors. I will also talk about that Anyway, that's the situation now recent developments Of course, there are no key references now. There are also no reviews. I will just give a couple of examples So I will give you one example from a small field inflation In fact, something we have been working on because it has to be pushed To I think quite a detailed level I will say something about the impact of the bicep data And then I will show you what the potential problems are with large field inflation Or what the status is of that if you embed that in supergravity And then I will discuss the starovinsky model And okay, then I I forgot to say what I do here where you will see So that's the status Now, let me start with one Small field inflation example that's supersymmetric hybrid inflation That's uh The hybrid inflation also goes back. I gave you the earlier reference before This is some work done for a while with these people by these people And what is I think interesting about this is that this connects bariogenesis inflation and also dark matter So, uh You remember when we discussed leptogenesis yesterday, we had rather high temperatures So typical temperature say it was 10 to the 10 gv and uh now For many years, there is something which has been discussed a lot the so-called gravitino problem you say if you go to Super symmetric theories and you have such high temperatures in the early universe Then there is a danger that you produce too many gravitinos And that if the gravitinos are stable is the danger and there are the dark matter Is the danger to have too much dark matter If they are unstable and decay then because they decay late It gives you problems with uh nuclear synthesis. So that's a gravitino problem On the other hand, uh, I mean this has be calculated this rate and it is known that for numbers which you expect say supergravity Gravitino mass of 100 gv a gruino mass of a tv And now this reading temperature if you just multiply that together Then you get about a value of the observed dark matter That means if uh the um Temperature sort of the maximum temperature in the early universe would be about that what you have in leptogenesis Then maybe that would just fit together with uh What you need for dark matter But then why should that be? I mean, how can it be let's say the maximum temperature which you have in the early universe is about the temperature of leptogenesis Now, uh, there is a funny thing you remember or maybe a curiosity, but maybe also interesting You remember yesterday that's a typical number of the heavy neutrino Which made leptogenesis was about 10 to the 10 gv and this effective neutrino mass was about 0.01 ev If you calculate the then the decay widths of this heavy neutrino you find it's 10 to the 3 gv Now imagine The evolution of the universe is such That you go through a phase where say after inflation That you are dominated for a while the energy density is dominated for a while by the By by the by the mass density of such heavy neutrinos then Their decays would reheat the universe and give you Will be crucial for the heating process and then you can compute what's the heating temperature is that means up to which temperature You would reheat The universe and you find out that that temperature is about 10 to the 10 gv So that means If you have such a scenario in cosmology, then Maybe you can really understand why The maximal temperature of the universe is such that you can also explain the dark matter in terms of gravitinos Now, how does this work? In fact, you can make a model like this not a model But I would say in hybrid inflation that picture can be naturally realized So you start now from Superpotential or that you know now from the lectures of marcos luti This is what I had yesterday written without superfields just for fermions and hicks You have in unification here these couplings of these 10 plates To n5 star plates to 2 hicks fields and this is a term for the right hanging neutrinos Now, what happens in In supersymmetry is the following if you want to break To get also As you get the masses for these fields the mass Of these heavy right-handed neutrinos if you want to get them from spontaneous symmetry breaking You need a field whose vacuum expectation value breaks b minus l that's denoted here is this and then To realize that in supersymmetry you need a partner field a second one and you need a singlet which Tells you in the end that's the vacuum expectation values Are given by this graph which you need for b minus l breaking So this superpotential was first the sort of the basic Superpotential for discussing symmetry breaking first used by faillet many years ago for sq2 breaking. This is well known Now it happens that What you then have This superpotential for quarks and leptons the usual neutrino couplings and so on and this one. This is just The superpotential of hybrid inflation Which was considered independent of this before So that means if you start from neutrino physics and you want to Spontaneously break b minus l then The superpotential for b minus l breaking gives you automatically an inflat on candidate Maybe the singlet and The scenario of hybrid inflation Now what is interesting about this is that you don't have any parameters In fact, all the parameters here are essentially fixed from the masses and from leptogenesis So you have one more here for this strengths and Just this sort of minimally supersymmetric framework Including a spontaneous breaking of barion minus lepton number includes What you need in cosmology now all together namely inflation led to the genesis and dark matter now You get now from this the typical potential of hybrid inflation, which is well known This is the potential now as a function on the one hand of this field s this Which breaks the symmetry and the inflat on field here Which moves in this direction and the characteristic feature of hybrid inflation is that the inflat on direct in the inflat on direction the potential is very flat and in the other The curvature changes. So at early times The symmetry breaking field the field which breaks b minus l symmetry has a steep potential And then it becomes flatter and flatter and eventually the curvature becomes negative It's like a second order phase transition And you get a spontaneous symmetry breaking And in this spontaneous symmetry breaking that has been where it started You have a process which is called tachyonic preheating So you generate rather quickly You go from a homogeneous inflationary phase To the phase of b minus air breaking In fact, the situation has been even simulated on the lattice by these people already for a simplified model number of years ago And this shows you how the expectation value of the field breaking b minus l approaches its equilibrium value and this shows you During this process during this process of tachyonic preheating what kind of particles you produce and These particles as a function of their momentum And you see sort of this is all This is big only a small momentum So what you essentially produce during this process is many particles, which are rather soft now starting from here You can then work out After this stage of tachyonic preheating you remember in the if you think back yesterday we had this Plot where the co-moving Hubble radius was shown as a function of the scale factor which is essentially time and first it went down And then up again So the point at the bottom is the point where inflation ends and where the hot big bank starts And that is here Okay, so with this method of tachyonic preheating you can then calculate the abundances of your particles and What comes out of this phase transition at the end of inflation and then after that You can study the time evolution of the system during the hot big bank by means of standard bolzmann equations But you have a couple of particles and you have to look at the interactions and but these are known techniques and that was done you can look at This chain of bolzmann equations and write a code for that and solve these equations and so on And then you find what the time evolution of the system is in the beginning The energy density is dominated by these heavy scalars corresponding to be minus air breaking which you would use And then you have also this is an algorithmic scale you have also contributions immediately from radiation You have some right-handed neutrinos You then you have gravitinos from the beginning but then More and more during decays more and more energy is pumped into the plasma from slowly decaying heavy particles which break b minus a and Then the temperature increases and then So you get a shift from an equation of state which is metadominated to one which is radiation dominated and in the end The hot big bank starts here. It's dominated just by radiation but as a cause of The various processes which took place the plasma you have also generated an asymmetry b minus a And you have generated a gravity non-amber density So this is what gives you dark matter and this is what gives you the various In the way discussed yesterday by a leptogenesis Actually just a curiosity What is interesting is that during this period this transition period from So the first time Scales After the end of inflation the temperature of the system essentially does not change I mean you shift the distribution of the energy density from matter to radiation, but the temperature Remains more or less constant which makes the calculations reliable. So you have Essentially a plateau now You can work all this out and That's a lot of stuff and I just give you some Results for that. There are weak, but there are implications also for LHC physics And that depends on what the dark matter is The dark matter here comes from gravitinos and there are still two possibilities depending on the masses of the gravitinos Either the gravitinos themselves are the dark matter In this case here, you get a lower bound on the gravitino mass of about 10 gv As a function of this effective neutrino mass and that gives you an hc phenomenology some constraints Alternatively, if you have heavier gravitinos say a hundred tv They can decay into hexinos or winos And then you have neutrino Dark matter non-termally produced With and what this picture then gives you is upper bounds On the masses of these particles. So this is something to be searched for at LHC Now these models were believed for a long time to have some problem namely That these hybrid inflation models could not really get the right spectral index of 0.96 It was believed that the spectral index is always higher and So as inflationary models, they were not so Good However, it turns out that if you look at that more closely And if you take into account the effect of supersymmetry breaking then The inflationary model is significantly modified and you can also get The right spectral index So Let me just tell you in supergravity if you work it out, you know now from marcos lute's lectures What the scalar potential is in such a theory you have basically a constant that what drives inflation You have a logarithmic corrections to that that what gives you a little slow and makes in platon field move You have a supergravity correction and then you have here Something which is proportional to m3 halves the gravitino mass which generates in fact a linear term in the scalar potential And that makes the Hybrid influence the hybrid inflation model into a two-field model of inflation You can work that out. You have now trajectories You have a complex inflat on field with a real and Imaginary component and in this plane inflationary trajectories on which inflation Proceeds are now given by certain lines And that means now that an observable like the scalar spectral index Depends on the trajectory on which inflation proceeds that means on the initial condition And there are a couple of trajectories here if you move to the right for which in fact you get do get the right spectral index 0.96 And if you further pursue that There was also another problem which was often mentioned that in hybrid inflation models There's a danger that you produce too many cosmic strings And cosmic strings are in principle interesting because this is something you can also look for an observation But if you have too many of them, that's also excluded Now it turns out if you are in a parameter space, this is coupling lambda of this b minus l breaking part And this is the width of b minus l breaking then And The region here in parameter space where the spectral index comes out, right is this green bed And you see that then the constraint for which comes from cosmic string production is automatically Satisfied So this is just an example of hybrid inflation which has been worked out to some detail in fact with some effort over a while And about a year ago we were about to finish to to publish say the Latest paper in a series of all that And the spectral index Sorry the tensor to scalar ratio which you get here is about For that you find that it has to be smaller than about 10 to the minus 6 So at the time when we were essentially finished The bicep paper came out Okay, so we had this prediction of 10 to the minus 6 And then there were these bicep data That you may have seen I'm sure you have seen that I heard a colloquium on that where the indication was that this Tensor to scalar ratio was 0.2 Which would mean that all the stuff which I showed you so far was irrelevant The data looked very convincing So it seemed that the small field inflationary models were sort of ruled out And one needed large field models like in chaotic inflation or alternatives and Okay For reasons of time Let me not really spend on that you have seen that or this is a cosmology part to explain What here e-modes and b-modes are you get a world pattern of polarization lines down here and here you get tangential or radial polarization pattern I will not Explain that here you can find a nice discussion of that also this review by bauman How this pattern emerges Let me just tell you what the present situation is with that This bicep paper caused a lot of activity Well, I think among The experimenters I think to find out what is true among the other collaborations and also among the theorists Now to find out whether one could construct large field models Which were nice and theoretically acceptable So I discussed some of that now, but first let me mention what the present experiment situation is Here, uh, in fact, uh, as you may know, there was Earlier this year There was a joint a publication from bicep this bicep collaboration and plug On the status of these b-mode signal And the problem in these b-mode signal is that these polarization patterns which you see there you can get On the one hand from primordial Uh Tens of fluctuations, but you can also get it from dust So the question is on the wave between The last scattering surface of the cnb and today How much dust is there and the bicep had collaboration and assumed that there was essentially no dust And plunk now had a dust map And so they tried to combine Their information and to extract from that Reduced data set so here's the points which you see here. They are That is The bicep data without the dust subtraction what you see here The points below is what you get if the dust is subtracted and the red line Is a theoretical prediction from for this B-mode contribution if you just include so-called lensing contributions Now so you see That is rather well Consistent so there is no At the moment looking at this there is no you don't really have to worry About these b-modes and large field inflation anymore On the other hand they also made a statistical analysis these collaborations and came to the conclusion That there is almost a two sigma effect which Uh remains this is a likelihood plot and the preferred value For this tensor to scalar ratio is in fact about 0.05 So maybe there is still hope and maybe There still is something in the data So I think this remains a very important and hot topic and we can hope maybe still During this year for some more information for sure within the next few years And it would be wonderful if Something would be found But at the moment there is no Evidence really and therefore the small field inflationary models are still okay So this brings me now to an example one example, which I want to discuss concerning large field inflation And a large field inflation is say the typical example is chaotic inflation in square five squared You want if you get these large field values to want to embed it in supergravity And in fact A lot of work on that has recently be done in the context of string theory Because people say if I get such large field values, I have to know about the ultraviolet completion of the theory and So I should do some string theory and the number of string models have been constructed for that Now what that means is that at the end of the day, which I mean First already a number of years ago. There was axion monotony by silverstein invest file. There were aligned axions there is There are now various models in f theory by a number of groups. So there's a lot of interesting activity But what but strings Theory as you know is complicated And you always can study only certain aspects of that and what that boils down to in the end Is that you make certain assumptions on your Compactification manifold on the stabilization of moduli and so on And in the end you are left with an effective supergravity description of your inflaton field That's what you do in the end. So in the end you do some supergravity model Now what we were interested in was the following If you this large Field inflation models are realized then the energy density during inflation is large It's of the order of the gut Scale to the force power this energy density And then you really have to worry about the destabilization of moduli the supersymmetry braking and so on And now the simplest model you can Or the simplest scenario, which you can study is in fact where you have say at least the volume modulus of your Moneyfold or which you compactify and supersymmetry braking fields field Which brings you from an entire center vacuum, which we typically have To start from back to minkowski space and then you have your inflaton Now So we studied that for a couple of for some examples of moduli stabilization And i'll just illustrate that by one example Maybe the most well known example for moduli stabilization, which is a kkt mechanism. There, you know You have or you may not know or i don't know whether Vakus Lutti had time enough to Discuss it but it's sort of a well known modeling supergravity how to stabilize such a modulus field You have a certain keller potential there, which is this And then you have a super potential, which is this and then You Well, you study the stabilization First what you get is a so-called anti if you just take these things you get an anti They sit the vacuum down here Then you need something to an uplift mechanism which moves you up back here to minkowski space And one thing which you can do is you can use a poloni field Which means that you add essentially such a term to the potential and then you are You get something like this So That means if you have a potential like this you need You have a modulus field and you have something for supersymmetry braking then You add the You add the inflat on and for the inflat on you also need a keller potential and One which you essentially need for these large heat models is something which was proposed by By yarangida and friends a number of years ago where you have for the inflat on field A shift to which So putting this together you can then works this out And see what happens and for which parameters and field they use the thing is consistent And what you find in this case is something a little bit unusual You can first of all, you need large supersymmetry braking So no hope To see then anything at the hc the gravitino mass here Which you obtain Should be larger than about 10 to the 14 gv. So you get supersymmetry braking somewhat below the scale of grand unification And the potential here in the plane of modulus and Inflat on looks like this So you have here a valley for the inflat on but this valley Disappears For some field where you can't really Read that I think here. This is Should be a field you have about 20 minutes of the plant mass for the inflat on field If you have such large field values Then as the local minimum for the modulus disappears, you cannot stabilize anymore your modules And on the way up here This chaotic inflation potential Is flat you get a Correction term which is negative and has a higher power in fire So if you then work this out how inflation would look like it would mean that the potential goes like this and then this correction becomes important You never reach the top here Of this potential where this becomes flat because saddle point because Already before the minimum for as a modulus disappears so if you are want to have together modular stabilization and large field inflation You have to be very careful and it becomes difficult the spectral index comes out nice and the tensor to scalar ratio is A little big but still okay, so phenomenologically these things Could work You can summarize these you can summarize these Results also for the other more other molds in the following This effect of flattening of these potentials due to modular effects is generic That you always find in all these molds and then you can compare the The situation with the The plant data the predictions with the plant data This is the game this plane of r the tensor to scalar ratio and the scalar spectral index And these are the plant data one in two sigma regions and You for comparison what you have here this purple band is what you get a natural inflation These models which I discussed now chaotic inflation with modular effect are this green band So similar to this natural inflation and then for comparison power potentials for different powers Give you this band So up here you have chaotic inflation and then smaller powers you have down here and so that gives you this band Now there is one important piece of Information which I should Give you to be honest I mean when This plot was made That was in january this year all that was available were the published plant data at that time And then this was a one sigma region and this was two sigma region And so Things looked reasonably compatible In the meantime Now the uh, plant data had been the latest plant data are available And essentially what happened is that the old One sigma region now became the two sigma region So that means There's a predictions of these models which I discussed here and also all the power potential large field models Look a little bit disfavored. I mean they look they are outside of the two sigma region So we will see what happens either with the further development of these models Or with the change in data But this is status Okay, so I've discussed two aspects now Say a typical small field model with hybrid inflation type model with implications connections to dark matter and Diogenesis and now some aspects of a large field inflationary model now, let me explain To you what the star windski model is Which is somewhat intriguing. I think although it's not so clear what it means Somehow the this model is it's not explicitly written But it's essentially contained in a paper by star windski in 1980 Maybe one of the first papers on inflation at all On which then which was then also the basis for shibis of and mukanov to calculate the density fluctuations Now that paper Just looks at a modified gravity Lagrangian. So it takes this And then instead of just the einstein-hiewald term here. It takes r minus an r square term And for dimensional reasons the scale is needed here Now there is a standard thing in gravity used in many Circumstances namely you can do a vial escalation Rescaling a vial rescaling that means you switch from the metric g to a metric g to a metric g twitter times five Then you can just work out what happens with this Lagrangian And it is just an identity That you get this Lagrangian Now in fact what you know is If you have an r square term if if the Lagrangian has just Zeinstein the gravity Lagrangian has just r then you have a Lagrangian which is quadratic in time derivatives If you add r squared then you get something which has four times and you know and it is known that Then there are more propagating degrees of freedom and in fact you get one more you get a scalar degrees of freedom And to make that manifest is that's a well known technique to rewrite such a Lagrangian in terms of The metric and this additional field in fact you can do it not just for this But you can do it for any function f of r And then what you get is you get the einstein term for The modified metric and you get in an in addition here Scalar which has a non kinetic non canonical kinetic term and some potential Now you can Make a field transformation such that scalar field has a canonical kinetic term That is such a field redefinition here And if you now rewrite the Lagrangian in terms of this should be The small phi in terms of the field which has canonical kinetic term Then the potential is this so it is It is a say m squared the scale times m Planck squared and Then you have this And then you have an exponential squared so Now you see what this potential does is this potential For large field values goes to a constant This here Really has this slope It goes up to What game I think and the other Goes like this So you go to a constant and you reach a certain plateau In fact, that's similar to Hybrid inflation in hybrid inflation for very large field values. You also Reach a plateau. Well, it depends on how you do hybrid inflation if you do I should say If you do this hybrid inflation model, which I described to you then the potential will increase logarithmically at very large values But whether that happens or not depends really on the cannot kinetic term What has been discussed is say d term hybrid inflation in connection I have no time to discuss that here, but in connection with super conformal symmetry Then you have a different Keller potential for this field you get a different kinetic term and in such models in fact it happens that the potential asymptotically also goes to a constant to a plateau and then you get some modification of that and Then this is something which I had no time to discuss but then you also effectively get this potential and one model which has been discussed a lot where You also get such a potential is Higgs inflation In Higgs inflation if you add to the Lagrangian A term which is say the Higgs potential squared times Some factor which is very big Then you can also by means of field redefinition Transform this into such a potential. So it's quite a curious potential And what is interesting is here it comes out just from This second term in gravity, which you add and so that may make you think whether this has some universal property I mean you can derive this kind of potential in from a couple of other explicit models You can get this and then you can rewrite it this way Now you can work out And because of this plateau This model is the perfect model of inflation inflation You know Start somewhere here and then it usually ends somewhere here Where the slow roll Conditions are no longer satisfied and you can work out What the predictions are for this model You get in fact what is interesting you get the scalar spectral index is the same As for a chaotic inflation it is this which works nicely the tensor to scalar ratio is smaller It's this value and so Significantly smaller than chaotic inflation, but it may be not impossible to reach it Say within the next 10 years depending on what people are doing But if something like if this would be true, then maybe it could also Be realized now it also has just one parameter here the model. So it is somewhat intriguing It is somehow I mean if you are very naive it's sort of the first model Ever written down and it's now the one which works best But you of course you still have to ask the question. Why is this and what is the significance of that? Is this just an accident or not now That brings me finally to a little Curiosity or something by the paper ashore in the sky written recently by Kaloshen Linde Which in fact interpolates between chaotic inflation and the star bien scheme on So You see this is again This plane which you now see in all these inflationary models where you have the tensor to scalar ratio here and the Scalar spectral index here and these blue line Contours here the 1 and 2 sigma region of the plant data Now As we saw already on a in a previous plot chaotic inflation You have here m squared phi squared And the star winsky model Down here Actually, I should say one has to be careful with this because if I say the star winsky model is down here It has to do with the scale. Of course, this is a linear scale And of course you Everything which is smaller than say 0.05 looks like zero here, but of course are many many The different possibilities of what is the value of our little r really is Now so there what you can do is you can write down now You can look at say chaotic inflation. However with a non-minimal kinetic term So the minimal kinetic term would just be d phi squared But you can just multiply it by this in fact a structure like this you get in all these modes with super conformal symmetry you get Denominator like this and it has a feature that The field range in these modes is limited And you see if you Of course you you want to have Phi equal zero as a possibility but you can Make phi not too big. Otherwise you hit the singularity here And so you feel where your phi is As a boundary so this You can now again do the trick which we did by the star winsky model. You can do essentially as here You can do a field redefinition which looks almost exactly like this one And then Is this Lagrangian in terms of the field with the kinetic canonical kinetic term looks like this We have this and this Then you have a tangent Hyperbolic tangent Of the xi it's the same as in the star winsky model And you have here m squared multiplied by alpha The phenomenology is fine In fact independent of alpha the scalar spectral index is always 1 minus 2 over n which is this 0.96 also it works very well Therefore you get here a straight line And this value of r. However the density scalar ratio now depends on alpha You see if alpha is 1 You get what I showed you previously You get 12 over n squared Which we had If you you can pick also value for alpha where you get the prediction of chaotic inflation and everything in between so you get such a line I mean One should say however that the model interpolates not just between these two points It could go up also here and could go down further here to smaller values But it's the class of potentials which Have as two points chaotic inflation and the star winsky model Now what is but what does that mean? And now what is now what is interesting in About this paper I've never seen before on the archive a paper with so many nice colorful pictures as you can find them here and What they now argue that's a title asher in the sky Is that in fact that is essentially the non canonical kinetic term? Where does it come from? So the question is what is the meaning of this parameter alpha? And what you can now do is this is just a certain metric here, of course This factor which we had for this kinetic term and it corresponds to a metric of a hyperbolic just Two-dimensional hyperbolic space as you usually learn what it is when you study When you do general relativity And you want to work out Maximill asymmetric spaces Then for you get either the sphere and the compact space of the hyperboloid And the hyperboloid is characterized by the distance here from the bottom to here And that's but now this So This hyperbolic geometry has now one interesting thing Which is you can map the whole hyperboloid to a disc In a certain way by a certain projection And this disc is called Poincaré's disc Okay, this is Just a well-known result in mathematics And in fact the radius of this Is a free parameter Is the radius of this disc and it's related to the distance from here to here And now there is this Dutch artist Escher Who apparently made for all kinds of mathematical Constructions He made some interesting pictures and they are very colorful and You can find the references in this paper by Kaloche and Linda where to find These pictures and how they are made and what the story is behind them and so on so in fact He made a picture For the Poincaré disc This which should reflect some of the Poincaré disc this artist, which is this picture This I don't know what to say about the picture. Anyway, this is just a picture and If you're interested look up the paper you can see all the other pictures and Well, I hope that looking at this and thinking a little bit about the geometry maybe of the metric the kinetic term What could possibly mean from for inflation and so on that this may Inspire future work About the early universe, so that brings me to the end of my lecture