Yeah. Hello. Okay. Now you see next carbides. Okay. I'm this in J. They have asked question a couple of times. Write down in this. If you look at the formation of carbides here. Lethium is the only metal among all the metals. Which reacts directly with carbon. And forms carbides of. Li2 C2 type C2 type carbides direct reaction. Okay. This card wide is I nick other metals forms carbides, but they do not react with that directly with carbon. Like you see if you talk about sodium. Sodium reacts with acetylene to form carbides which is any plus C triple bond C minus minus. One more important reaction is what this is the salt of acetylene. And when you dissolve this in water. It converts into hydroxide NaOH two molecules of it. And we get acetylene back. Done. Let him reacts directly with carbon to form carbides because of the high lattice energy of lithium carbide. Both cations if you see ni plus. And C2 two minus both cations are anions are very small. And hence they have a very high lattice energy because of that only it forms. So you must remember this lithium again you see the first element has abnormal property. The lithium is the only alkali metals which reacts directly with carbon and forms carbides. Okay. So this is one important reaction Li2 C2 I nick type of carbide forms high lattice energy because of the small size of carbocation. Sorry, cation and. Okay. Now the another compound we have that is carbonates and bicarbonates. Right on alkali metals forms carbonates of M2 CO3 type carbonates of M2 CO3 type. And if you look at the reaction how this carbonate forms like for example if you talk about Li we can also form this with halide like LiCl plus Na2 CO3. It converts into 2 NaCl plus Li2 CO3. Or we can also have hydroxide LiOH 2 LiOH impact. Plus CO2. So it forms Li2 CO3 plus H2O. We can also obtain carbonates by the dissociation of bicarbonates Na at CO3. When you heat this we're talking about bicarbonates also your carbonates and bicarbonates right down. So when you heat this bicarbonate Na at CO3 to Na at CO3 impact it forms Na2 CO3 plus H2O plus CO2. So by heating bicarbonates also we can get this. Preparation of bicarbonate you see will take hydroxide NaOH and this hydroxide we allow this to react with CO2. It forms carbonates Na2 CO3 and H2O. And this carbonates we again circulate carbon dioxide into this like for example the reaction is Na2 CO3 plus H2O. And we add CO2 here it forms NaH CO3 to NaH CO3. This is how the bicarbonate forms okay. So both reactions are important here for carbonates and bicarbonates. Right on one note here lithium does not form. Lithium does not form a solid bicarbonates. Lithium does not form a solid bicarbonates. Due to due to its less electropositive nature okay. If you compare the stability of bicarbonates like you see right down the stability of bicarbonates first we'll see carbonates. The stability of carbonates bicarbonates increases down the group. Why it happens I'll tell you first of all write down the order. We have Li2 CO3 is less than stable then Na2 CO3 then we have K2 CO3 RB2 CO3 CS2 CO3. This is the order we have electropositive why this happens because as we go down the group you see top to bottom. Electropositive character increases electropositive character increases when electropositive character increases the tendency to form electropositive iron is more and that will stabilize the carbocation. Sorry, the carbonate iron CO3 to minus iron will stabilize it right so write down as we go down the group the electropositive character increases. And hence the stability of carbonate also increases. As we go down the group the stability of the electropositive character increases and hence the stability of carbonate also increases. See there are multiple factors here if you look at this compound is carbonate and if you consider the size here bond length. As we go down the group the size increases bond length increases bond length increases so stability should be less, but that is not the factor here. The factor is not size, but the factor is electropositive character because both are contradictory to each other. One is electropositive character and other one is size the bond length, both are contradictory. So bond length Li2 CO3 should be the most stable one. According to electropositive character it is full right, reversed, exactly reversed. So since both are contradictory to each other. So in such cases thus the result becomes experimental it depends upon which factor is the dominating factor. And in the book the answer that is given the order that is given that is given according to that dominating factor only. Okay, so here we can say on the length or the size of the you know the ions here that is cation basically. Electropositive corrective dominates over the size of the ion, and hence we have the answer according to the electropositive nature, which is this given here. Right, so this kind of thing will be there in, you know, in organic chemistry.  Okay, so you should know this fact that at what point what logic is dominating what logic prevails. And according to that only we can write down the answer. Okay, so here you need to think about what you need to think about the electropositive character, not the size. Okay, one more thing you can understand over here. Calculate ion is a big ion right the size of carbonate ion is large CO32 minus.  So CO32 minus this negative charge is a stabilized by the bigger ion that we have. And among this you see CS plus is the biggest and we have that's why CS CO3 is the most stable one. Okay, write down these carbonates are these carbonates are highly stable towards heat, except Li2 CO3. Okay, again you see the change we have for Li2 CO3 again abnormal behavior right all carbonates are what stable towards heat, but not Li2 CO3 Li2 CO3 easily decomposes into its oxide and CO2 right. Li2 CO3 is easily decomposable. When you hit this into Li2 O and CO2, but all other carbonates are relatively more stable. Okay, quite stable. These carbonates are soluble in water. These carbonates are soluble in water and solubility increases as the size increases size of cation solubility increases as the size increases. Look at the reaction here, M2 CO3 plus H2O, it forms hydroxide MOH plus CO2, so H2CO3. This is alkaline in nature base we have no alkaline. That's why we also say aqua solution of carbonates is alkaline in nature. Aqua solution of carbonates are alkaline. Next point write down except lithium, except lithium, all other metals forms except lithium, all other metals forms solid bicarbonate, solid bicarbonate, and these bicarbonates are soluble in water. Now, next slide down we'll see few properties of lithium, which we call it as abnormal behavior of lithium. Heading right down abnormal behavior of lithium. Why it shows abnormal behavior? The reason is small size. So these are the reasons for for this behavior that is abnormal behavior. Small size. Okay. And high polarizing effect. All these are because of small size only. High polarizing effect. Least number of electron electrons in the inner shell, in the inner shell, maximum ionization energy, maximum ionization energy. All these factors we have for abnormal behavior of lithium. What are the abnormal behaviors properties? Okay, so first property here write down it is like it forms nitride of N3N type direct reaction with nitrogen. Okay. Nitrate if you talk about LiNO3, lithium nitrate. When you heat this, it gives a mixture of N2O2 and Li2O. Okay. But if you have any other metal nitrates, for example, we have the balance reactions for LiNO3, we have 4NO2 plus O2 plus 2 Li2. When you look at the nitrate of other metals like NaNO3 and when you heat this, it forms from nitrate it forms nitrite that is NaNO2 and O2 releases. So you see here both are nitrates only, lithium nitrate and sodium nitrate, but this gives nitrogen dioxide. This does not produce nitrogen dioxide. It does not form nitrite here. It forms oxide, but it forms nitrite, sodium nitrite. Very important reaction we write down here. Lithium when heated with NH3, lithium when heated with NH3, when heated with NH3 forms imide. Okay. Forms imide. So Li with NH3, it forms imide to Li we have. It forms Li2NH, NH plus H2. This we call it as imide, the general name, lithium imide or simply imide. But any other metal if you have, for example, if you take Na, Na you heat with NH3, it forms imide that is NaNH2, sodium imide NaNH2. So imide, lithium forms, it forms imide. One last point we write down. Bicarbonate of lithium is known in solution. Solid bicarbonate, lithium does not form. Okay, always keep that in mind. Bicarbonates of lithium is known in solution, but bicarbonates of other metals are known in solid state. Bicarbonates of lithium is known in solution, but other bicarbonates are known in solid state. Now, there are few compounds of sodium that we need to discuss. So write down the heading. Compounds of sodium. Compounds of sodium. There are few compounds of sodium. You should know the formula of this, like the common name when we have chili salt, Peter. Its formula is Na Na3, sodium nitrate, cryolite. What is the formula of cryolite? Na3, ALF6, globbers salt, globbers salt. The formula is Na2SO4, it is a decahydrated form of sodium sulfate, .10H2. If you write exams like, you know, some CT, Bitsat, okay, Manipalano, they'll ask these questions that what is cryolite? What is the formula of cryolite? Okay, like this. Gropel salt. Another one is soda feldspar. Soda feldspar is NaAlSi3OA, soda feldspar. Next one is borax. Borax is an important compound. Na2B4O7.10H2O. We'll discuss this again in Boron family, that is group 13 elements. Borax we also call it as tinkal. Same name. Tinkal is nothing but in Hindi we call it as Suhaga. That's the Hindi name. Okay, Borax tinkal in Hindi it is Suhaga. SUHAGA. Done. Next you see the preparation of sodium. Two methods we have for this. We have two methods for this mainly. First one is Castner's process. See as far as preparation is concerned and the properties that we discussed, the order and all of carbonates, pycarbonates, okay, halides, what kind of halides, its forms, hydroxides, okay, oxides, stability order, you know, bond length and all, those things, the order part that we discussed, those things are more important in this, okay. It's not like you do not ask questions from properties part, but if you look at the relatively, if you look at the importance, okay, those kind of order and the reasons, no, reasons for a given order, okay. Those things are more important here. In Castner's process, what happens? Okay, give me a second here. Okay, fine. So in this what you do, we'll discuss about the compound first. Just you wait for this. We have a compound here of sodium, that is sodium hydroxide, means those compounds that have given you like cryolite, lower salts, chelisolic pitanol, for that you just need to know the formula, okay, there's no preparation and all, just you need to know the formula. Other compounds like sodium hydroxide, the preparation is important, okay, so other compounds you write on, sodium hydroxide, first we finish this, okay. Sodium hydroxide. Sodium hydroxide, we have two, three methods of preparation, like the first one we have, we call it as causticization process, the preparation method we have causticization process. We also call it as Gauss's process, G-O-S-A-G-E, Gauss's process, not much important. We'll just write down two, three points here, okay. So in this what happens, causticization process, write down, this process involves the reaction between sodium carbonate and slagged lime, sodium carbonate and slagged lime, very simple reaction. We take 10% Na2CO3, Na2CO3 and this is allowed to heat with CaOH whole twice, it forms hydroxide NaOH plus CaCO3. The next method of preparation we have electrolytic process, electrolytic process, write down. Nowadays, sodium hydroxide is prepared by, sodium hydroxide is prepared by the electrolysis of aqueous solution of sodium chloride. Electrolysis of aqueous solution of sodium chloride NaCl. The biggest advantage of this process is what we get very pure NaOH, means in comparison to the other method, we get pure form of NaOH, impurities are very less. We also get hydrogen and chlorine as the byproduct, which is also a valuable product, like hydrogen and chlorine are also very useful products we have, which we get here as a byproduct, which is also very useful. So write down in this process, we get H2 and Cl2 as a byproduct. Now, could you tell me, aqueous solution of NaCl means what? If I ask you, aqueous solution of NaOH, could you tell me, sorry NaCl, could you tell me what all ions are present in this solution? Yes, aqueous solution of NaCl means what, what all ions are present? Yes, we have Na plus, we have Cl minus, H plus and OH minus. Okay. So if you look at the overall reaction here, the overall reaction is we have NaCl plus H2O, simply it forms NaOH plus H2 plus Cl2. This is the reaction we have. How this reaction happens, if I write down the Inic equation here, the Inic equation is 2Na plus 2Cl minus, then we have 2H, sorry 4H plus, or simply H2O, let it be as it is. This is the reaction we get. Chlorine evolves at anode. This comes out at anode and hydrogen evolves at cathode. See, if you try to understand the process of electrolysis, it's very simple. I'll explain you here, what is electrolysis? In electrolysis, what happens? We'll take this ion in a, you know, in a container, we have a setup over there. Right, so we have a container, roughly I'm drawing this, don't draw this, okay. In this container, we have two electrodes present, right. And here, yes, we have a container. In this container, we'll take the solution, the solution which we need to electrolyze. Means, in this solution, we have all those ions present, Na plus, Cl minus, H plus, and OH minus, okay. These two are electrodes, correct. Now, what we do, we connect these electrodes with an external source of current, battery, okay. So this is the positive end of the battery, this is the negative end of the battery. This rod becomes positively charged because it's connected to the positive end. And this becomes negatively charged, connected to the negative end, correct. So when there is charge on the electrode, then these electrodes attracts the oppositely charged ion towards its side. For example, this positive electrode, this will attract the Na plus ion, sorry, Cl minus ion and OH minus ion towards this side. It will attract both. So both ion will go towards the electrode and try to get, you know, oxidize or reduce over there, okay. Similarly, this negative ion also attract Na plus and H plus towards this side. So both Cl minus and OH minus is going towards the electrode, but the oxidation, obviously it is anode. So anode, we know oxidation takes place and this is what cathode and cathode reduction takes place. But it's not like that both ion, Cl minus and OH minus will get oxidized over here. Oxidation of only one ion possible and that depends upon the oxidation potential of that particular ion. The one which has higher oxidation potential has high tendency to get oxidized, okay. These things in detail you will study in electrochemistry class as well, right. What I'm telling you here, both will compete with each other, but only one will get oxidized. Na plus and H plus similarly, both will compete with each other, but only one positive charge ion will get reduced, okay. So here what happens at anode, at anode oxidation of chlorine takes place because the oxidation of chlorine is easier than to that of OH minus. The two Cl minus will get oxidized, converts into Cl2 and electron releases. Similarly, cathode what happens, Na plus and H plus, H plus will get reduced because at cathode reduction takes place. Two H plus will take two electron, converts into H2. Hence you see hydrogen and chlorine gas evolves in this reaction. So they also ask this question that chlorine evolves at which electron? So chlorine at anode, hydrogen at cathode. We have Na plus and OH minus ion which combines and forms sodium hydroxide. Understood. Any doubt in this electrolysis? So this is done in electrolysis. For electrolysis we have two types of cell which we are not going to discuss. I'm just writing down the name. Nelson diaphragm cell. It is not at all important. Okay, just ignore this one. Second one we have Castner-Kellner cell. Okay, it is given in NCRT. If you want, you can just go through once. Castner-Kellner cell. Okay, just go through once. The entire process is this only. Just we have here some cathode. I know there are two compartments in this. It is given in NCRT. So let's read this out. So this is the preparation methods of NaOH, that is sodium hydroxide. Few properties of sodium hydroxide will finish today. Okay, we have few more minutes. We'll do it. So write down the properties next. Write down. It is soluble in water. Highly soluble in fact. Soluble in water. And this process is exothermic. So we have two types of it. NaOH decomposes into its elements at high temperature around 1300 degrees Celsius. 2 Na plus O2 plus H2. 2 Na plus O2 plus H2. Correct. Few reactions of acid. Write down reaction with acid and acidic oxides. So for example, you know, this reaction is very simple. NaOH plus H2SO4 or HCl, Na2SO4 plus H2O. Solve plus this. Dibasic acid here. Acidic oxides, for example, if you take carbon dioxide NaOH, CO2 is an acidic oxide. It forms Na2CO3 plus H2O. Reaction with non-metal COC. You can balance the reaction. Here also you can balance the reaction. Balanced reaction I do not always write. I just write down the reaction. Okay. Reaction with non-metal. This reaction is also not balanced. Is it fine now or not? If I multiply this, I have to do it now. 2H4, 4, sulphur is 1, sulphur is 1, oxygen is balanced. 2 NaOH CO3, H2O, acid. Reaction with non-metal. So there are a few reactions which is important here. Like you see this. 2 NaOH, this one is important. 2 NaOH plus Br2. It forms NaBr plus NaOBr, I'm sorry. NaBr plus NaOBr plus H2O. This reaction you see, 6 NaOH plus Br2 gives 5 NaBr plus NaBr O3 plus 3H2. You see two different reactions with the same reactant. The difference in these two reactions are this NaOH is cold and concentrated. But this one is hot and concentrated. And that is why it is important. Temperature, we get different product here. Okay. Reaction with phosphorus here you see. 3 NaOH plus P4 plus 3H2O. When you heat this, it forms 3 NaH2PO2 and Ph3 evolves. Ph3 is phosphine. Important. Phosphine evolves in this reaction. Write down next, it reacts with ammonia salt. Ammonia salt and ammonium salt basically. And releases ammonia and releases ammonia. For example, ammonia salt we have NH4Cl. Okay. NaOH plus NH4Cl. It forms obviously it forms NaCl plus H2O plus NH3. Ammonia releases in this with all ammonia salt. Similarly you see reaction with metal. The last one, the reaction with metals. With zinc you see ZN plus 2 NaOH. It forms sodium zincate. Sodium zincate is Na2ZNO2H2 releases. Sodium zincate. With aluminium 2Al plus 2 NaOH in presence of water. It forms 2 NaAlO2 plus H2O. This compound is sodium meta-eliminate. If you take tin then sodium is standard. Two conditions here, the last two reaction. You see SN with NaOH. It forms Na2SNO2 plus H2. This is sodium stanite. If you again take here 2 NaOH. It forms in presence of H2O. It forms Na2SNO3 plus H2. This is sodium stanite. This is also possible when you take it as excess. This is the two reaction we have here. This is it for today. Copy this down. I would request all of you for your assignment hydrogen chapter. Centre module you finish completely. This is your assignment for the week. Centre module hydrogen chapter. In this only few things are left. I would request all of you to read NCRT for sodium bicarbonate. Same thing we have some properties. Sodium carbonate Na2CO3. NCRT for this. That is it. In this we have one solvay ammonia sort of process. That is important. I want you to finish these two before the next class. We will start with alkaline arithmetic. Have you done this previous one? I am done. Finish the assignment. See you in the next class. Take care.


Next question is from Andrew Schimel. What is all this hype around SARMs? SARMs keeps coming up. Dude, can I tell you guys something right now? So I did a little, I was doing a little research because there's a lot more SARMs that are out than when I first read about them. And so I went on Google, did a little bit of research, go back to Facebook, and I'm getting ads like crazy from companies on Facebook. There's so many of these companies selling. Did you buy them online pretty easily? Very easily. Now, here's a funny thing. Back when I really started reading them when SARMs started becoming out, by the way, I appreciate your patience. I'll get into what SARMs are and what I think about them. Well, it's crazy. When I first started researching them, so SARMs exist in this gray market. They're not legal for human consumption or for sale for human consumption. They're currently considered research chemicals, which means you can buy them for research. Anybody can buy them for research. So it's like this gray market area. Now, in the past, when you bought a SARM, it would come in a liquid form, it would have a dropper and measurement, so it looked like a research chemical. They're selling it as capsules and bottles that look like bodybuilding stuff.  They're not even trying to cover it. No, it's crazy. Okay, so what are SARMs? So SARMs stands for Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator. So what are Androgen Receptors? These are the receptors that testosterone attaches to. Testosterone is an Androgen and anabolic hormone. Now, why they developed SARMs was they were trying to develop a drug that would be able to target specific tissues of the body, but not affect other. So if you take testosterone, your muscles will get affected, your bones will get affected, you'll build more muscle, you'll build more bone, but your whole body has, there's Androgen Receptors all over. So you might get oilier skin.  You might grow facial hair.  No joke, clitoris grows. All these... You've seen those. Yeah, all these, and I have seen them, by the way, it's weird. All these symptoms that you'll get all over. So it's like, okay, we wanna get the benefits of the anabolic benefits of testosterone, but we don't want any of these other potential side effects or whatever. So what they did is they created chemicals that are pretty selective with how they attached to these Androgen receptors. And the promise is that you take them and you build muscle. So if you've got muscle wasting disease, cancer, AIDS, osteoporosis, but you're not getting effects like testosterone, the other effects like testosterone. So that's the promise. Now, of course, athletes get their hands on it, like, oh, cool, I can take this and get effects like steroids, and it's not illegal, but it's not legal, but it's okay, I can buy it online. Here's the problem with SARMs. They are new, they're experimental. Most of them aren't even in human trials. Some of them are just in animal trials. The ones that are in human trials are not, it's still anywhere close to getting approved. So you are literally experimenting on yourself with drugs that you're buying from people who, I don't, you don't know if they're putting it in there or they're not putting it in there, what the deal is. Now I've heard a lot of athletes and, you know, because it was attracted because it wasn't necessarily steroids, but they thought there might be a way around that, maybe through testing, I don't know what they're thinking. Oh, they can test for SARMs. Okay, so now they can test for them, but I didn't hear about it being that big in the bodybuilding community, or is that not- No, no, no, bodybuilders using SARMs. Right, they're already using all the real stuff.  Because they think, and I agree with this statement, is that we have more research- Oh my God, we know what testosterone and steroids- The truth is, the only reason why this is even a popular conversation, and I totally remember being this boy, you know? It's hitting the 17 to 25-year-old market like crazy. Oh, I would fall for this. Yeah, 100% I would, too. Because they've done such a good job of stigmatizing steroids, and it's got such a bad name for itself, and it's like needle, and it's like- Well, no, I'm natural. Right, I'm taking SARMs out. Right, so, you know- And this is over-the-counter stuff. You get to claim your natural, this- You don't have to go to the black market. You don't gotta inject a needle into yourself. Right, it's oral. Right, and so you, as a teenage boy who was curious about these things, I would probably feel like this is me dipping my toe in the water without going full steroids. Now, SARMs work. They build muscle. They definitely have anabolic effects in the body. So they do work.  We just don't know a lot about them because they're new chemicals, so it's like you're playing a game, you don't know what the deal is. In fact, recently, I just talked to Ben Greenfield, actually the other day about him, he was all pro-SARM for a while. He goes, you know what? To be honest with you now, we're noticing that there may be some cancer pathways that could be activated from this. I mean, we don't know a lot because they're new chemicals. You know, CrossFit athletes were getting busted with SARMs all the time. Yeah, left and right, yeah. Left and right because they were getting tested for steroids, but they're like, oh, we could do this. SARM, wasn't it that girl that got busted and she said it's because she'll make it out with a boyfriend? Yeah, it was like his lotion that got on her or something. And there's female athletes are using SARMs because they're being told it's not gonna have any masculinizing effects on the body. But there's so many of them that are out there now, it's wild, like some build more mass and some are better for bone, whatever. And I'm doing all this reading like, and here's a shitty part, right? This is crazy. And I'm just gonna warn everybody, if you try to do research on SARMs, here's how these internet marketers are. And they're smart. It's sleazy, but it's smart. They'll write blogs and articles pretending to be scientific reviews of the SARMs, but in reality, what they're doing is they're trying to populate the front page, the first page of Google. Yeah, when you search it. So when you go first page of Google, SARM reviews, it's all written by these SARM guys who are selling it and they're pretending to be so like, oh well, it says here there's no risks at all. And they're very safe and the studies say that they're really good. And wow, look, this company's got like, certification showing that it's pure or whatever. No, man, I wouldn't mess with that. I mean, if you want to experiment with your body, it's fine, it's your body.  I just, if you're gonna- It's definitely, we know what it does. I mean, and I want to make this clear. I'm not promoting that to anybody, right?  But if I was to go be, if I was talking to 17 year old me who easily would have been, you know, persuaded by this SARMs, right? If I could go back and talk to him, I would just say, yo, bro, if you're gonna dabble in this world, you may as well- If it's either that or steroids, you could take steroids and do them right. Because there is a lot of research around that and we know so much more of the effects. And a lot of the things that you talk about, like masculizing and some of the potential side effects of that, all those increase with the higher and higher doses of that. They do, and it's usually for women that have an issue with that. The guys who take antibiotics, if they take testosterone, they probably like the masculinizing aggression, the confidence, that kind of feeling that you get from it. Here's the truth. Testosterone is an, for men, it's an extremely safe hormone. It's one of the safest hormones.  Because you recognize it right away.   But SARMs, ads, it's crazy though. I'm looking at these ads, I'm really dug deep. I'm reading and I'm like, man, if I was a kid and I'm the research, even as a kid, I was a researcher, right? I loved the research thing. I would have got sold. I would have read five articles. Oh, all of them say that there's no harmful issues and the rat studies show that there's no toxicity and it doesn't suppress your testosterone. It does. You take SARMs, you will also affect your natural testosterone level. So some people are like, well, I don't wanna take steroids because it'll lower my testosterone. Same thing with SARMs, that'll still happen. But yeah, I would have fallen for it. I totally would have fallen for it. Yeah, me too. User beware.


Well, it's time for a random vlog, and we're going to talk about social distancing for a little bit here. My pups have been taking lessons in how to social distance. They're not very good at the distance part, but you need to stay apart from people not close together. Even though this is adorable, this is not distant. This is too close together. I have been enjoying seeing these pictures of people creatively getting together with others, but staying nice and far apart. Like all these folks brought their own glass of wine to have happy hour together. These folks are picnicking together, but from a good distance. Don't get close. If we don't do this right now, we're going to have to do it for a lot longer than this, so just everybody, y'all behave. Now, Vienna went for a walk with me during our social distancing, and we stayed nice and far apart from everybody. We went on a little trail that didn't have anybody on it, and she is a good walker on a leash, unlike her brother, who is really terrible, so I have much more pleasant walks with Vienna than I do with Giallo. And we got to see beautiful trees, and Vienna let me stop and look at the flowers and the berries and all the beautiful things. And then she got a little practice at social distancing and behaving herself. I don't know if you can see all of those ducks in the distance who are social distancing from each other, and she stayed nice and distant from them, even though you can see she is quite alert. When you do walk while social distancing, you can actually walk in the street nowadays, because there's no cars out there. My neighborhood is actually being pretty good. There's not much traffic at all. I didn't see but one car while we were walking, and my friend Lori and I went for a walk, and she is a teacher, and we thought we would teach you how to stay apart from each other. She's walking on the street and I'm walking on the sidewalk. We stay apart from each other, one on one side, one on the other. So be safe when you go out there. Now here's another crazy thing. It's a little bit of creativity that I thought I'd share today. And I did some sidewalk chalk art. Now this was an attempt to get my neighborhood to do something together and it failed, except for I had a lot of fun doing it and people enjoyed it anyway, so I'm going to call it a success in that. But my whole idea was to get the whole neighborhood to go out and get some sidewalk chalk and do their sidewalks and have one giant hopscotch through the whole neighborhood. And I was the only one that did it. Nobody paid attention. I even put a note on it that said, now go do your own sidewalk. And what I got instead was a lot of people talking. A lot of people stopped by to ask questions. A lot of people stopped with their families and the kids would hopscotch back and forth up and down. And it was kind of fun.  My neighborhood neighbor from across the street came over because she's like, what in the heck are you doing?  And what I did was hopscotch with lots of doodling in between and then my little note at the end. I did decide to attempt doing my own hopscotch and realized I'm really terrible at this or I had to just put the boxes in the wrong places because I don't remember how to do a hopscotch correctly. But the little kids who all came by just had a blast doing it and they seemed to hop along just fine. So maybe it's just that I'm an adult dork instead. That could be it. And maybe it is not that, yeah. Anyway, let's move on, shall we? Let's move on to the birthday cards because today is my birthday. And I went this week for one more trip to the post office. This is where I went with Vienna yesterday and picked up the last of the birthday cards and thought I would open them all to share with you here online. This is a picture my friend Lori took of me with some of the cards on another walk. Yay for getting birthday cards. It was a shameless ask but I thought since I have a quarantine birthday I'm going to go ahead and do something fun. So I did have a little cut on my thumb and I've got it currently bandaged and iced as I speak to you right now. Giallo was so upset that we had not taken him on our walk that he decided to yank my arm really fast when I went to take him for his short walk after I got back with Vienna. Whacked my hand on the door and sliced my thumb open pretty good. So it's very painful but I'm going to proceed anyway because you know it's a video day. It was a good excuse to get out my letter opener which I got as a gift and I don't remember from who if it was from any of you, thank you for that because it was really helpful to get into all of this mail when I was kind of crippled with having one thumb inaccessible to me. So here are all the beautiful cards. That one's from Haley. She's a young person who I actually met in person. She came to one of my demos at Daniel Smith. This card is from Sarah and I'm sending all these cards aside without reading them on camera because I'm going to sit down and read them and enjoy them. Sarah sent a gift card along with hers that said no dog treats on the back of it. No dog treats at Starbucks. Don't tell my pups. This little piggy is from Bee. Look how cute and happy that one is. And this next one is from Stephanie who sent one with gorgeous vintage designer paper on it. Love that. And this is from another Steph and this has beautiful flowers on it. Very, very pretty. All these are so cheerful. Thank you very much. I'll have made her own envelope and I was struggling with trying to get it open because I didn't want to accidentally tear the card. I'm not an expert with these letter openers and I was afraid I'd grab the top of the card so I kind of peeled away a corner of the envelope so I could see where the card was and then know I was safe to open it without damaging anything on the inside. It's really hard to do this with one thumb down. I didn't know how much I used my thumbs. So this is from Olive. Beautiful big balloons. Huge, huge balloons. And here's one from Glenda which has paint brushes on it and a palette. Really fun. Next up, Sharna sent one with some beautiful coloring of an MFT image. Isn't that cute? She made her own scene too. Thank you, Sharna. And next up is one from Penny who sent one with a beautiful dimensional birthday gift on it. Very cute. These are also cheerful. Tina made one that's just a single panel. She wrote on the back of a panel so you don't have to actually make a folded card to make one that's very happy and beautiful. Penny made one with a scene. I love all of these spotlights. Oh my goodness, this just made me giggle. That was really fun. Super happy card. Linda made a gorgeous laminated bookmark for me, so that's going to be nice to use. It had two sides, but I didn't flip it over on camera. Sorry about that. There's another beautifully colored picture on the other side. And Sherry colored a flower. This is one of my favorite flowers from Ellen Hudson. Gorgeous, gorgeous, gorgeous. And look at this one. It's got all kinds of elegant details on it. And it had all kinds of beautiful flowers and butterflies and shimmery shiny things and texture and layers and stuff. And I got two cards from Teresa or TK. This one was hilarious. A guy all kind of tied up in the inside said I would come visit, but I'm practicing social distancing. Good for you and the distancing. Yay. And she also sent a birthday card. So I had two from her and it is all about the food and I am all about the food on my birthday. I'm going to make my own birthday cake tomorrow. I can't wait. Thank you so much to all of you who sent in birthday cards.  I'm looking forward to seeing them when they get here. And I have a gift for those who have stayed to the end of this video, which is that the Colored Pencil Storybook Scenes Class is posted.  I got it done last night and I'm excited to share that you can go take that class. Lots of fun things that you can learn to draw for your card backgrounds. And that's it from me for today.  And we're going to have our own birthday party and make our own birthday cake. And we'll see you guys later. We'll see you on the flip side. Take care. Bye-bye.


Hello, this is Nico Carver from NebulaFotos.com, and this is part 2c in my video on capturing and processing the Andromeda Galaxy without a Star Tracker. If you haven't watched part 1 yet, please go do that first. Watch at least the first 19 minutes, and then you can come back to this video to learn about processing in Pix Insight, which is what we'll be using tonight. So I'm just going to go ahead and show you that I already have biases, darks, flats, and lights, and these are all the different files that we captured. And then I've also made just an empty folder here called BPP for batch preprocessing, and we'll show you that in just a second. So let's go ahead and open up Pix Insight. And Pix Insight user interface is a little bit hard to get used to, but we're mostly just going to be using processes and scripts. And so we're going to start with a script that's under the batch preprocessing submenu, and it's called batch preprocessing. Oh, I'm sorry. But we're mostly just going to be using processes and scripts. And so if we start under scripts and go down to the batch processing submenu and then go to batch preprocessing, this is a nice script for doing basically the same thing that Deep Sky Stacker or SIRL can do with their scripts of taking all your lights, flats, darks, and biases, and creating the calibration masters, calibrating your lights, registering your lights, and doing an integration, if you wish. So let's start by adding lights. Here we go. Just going to add everything in this folder. And then we just click through each tab and click the appropriate button down here at the bottom. Go into the right folder and add that type of file. So then I'm just going to add all of my flats and add my darks, add my bias frames. OK, and then with all of these things added, I just have to set a reference image for registration, which should be a light where I know Andromeda is roughly centered. I am confident that Andromeda is roughly centered in this first light. I can just hit the spacebar here on a Mac to just double check. And there it is. It's actually a little bit high, so let me just see here if I move that down. So I'm just going to pick my first light here, because I know that Andromeda was centered on the first one that I did. And then all the others will get referenced. All the other frames will get aligned to that one, because that's the reference image. And then I'll just set my output directory here, which we already established is BPP, the empty folder. And that's it. I can use all of basically the defaults in this script. They're all good defaults for this project. And then I'm just going to click Run. It will go through and do its job. And since I'm working on a laptop, and it's an older laptop, it's going to take it a while to do all of this, especially since we're talking about 1,000 lights. So I'm going to leave it overnight, and we'll pick back up in the morning. OK, PIX Insight has finished its work with the batch pre-processing script. So we can go ahead and now open the resulting light file right here, light binning 1. And here it is. Here's Andromeda. We have, obviously, some flat frame issues here. But overall, it looks pretty good.  So I'm just going to go to Process Geometry, Dynamic Crop. I'm going to draw out a crop box like this. And then just hit the little Execute Green check mark button right there. That's good. Down over here, you have the Zoom to Fit and different Zoom options here. I'm just going to click Zoom to Fit, so it's nice and big. Perfect. And then I like Andromeda the other way around, 180 degrees from this view. So I'm going to go to Process Geometry, Fast Rotation, and I'm going to rotate 180 just by hitting the square icon down there. Perfect. OK, now let's go ahead and do a background modelization on this. So if we go to Process, Background Modelization, Dynamic Background Extraction, this is my preferred background extractor. It lets you manually set the points. To set it in its dynamic mode, you just have to click on the picture you want to work on. And now it's linked to this. And then I can just start adding points here, which represent the background, or the sky background. So I'm avoiding clicking on Andromeda, of course, but I'm also avoiding clicking on Bright Stars. And you don't need too many points to make a good background model. Actually, too many points can actually make a worse model because it tries to fit to something that doesn't really need to be overly fitted. You want it to be a gentle gradient more. So I usually just try to put one sample in each corner and along each edge in at least one or two towards the center of the image. And that's good. Let's go ahead and click into Target Image Correction, set the correction to Subtraction, and execute with the green check mark. It gives us the background, which looks like this, very blue. And here's our new image. So you can see it did change the color balance quite a bit. This image is a lot more blue, and this one is more green. It did still leave us a fairly nasty magenta streak over here. So let's see if we can run it again and get rid of that. So we might not be able to. I'm just going to close out this original image. And I'm just going to try running the dynamic background extractor again. So we first click on the image where we want to set our samples that represent the background. We set the target image correction to Subtraction and then execute. OK, let's look at the background it extracted. Oop, yep, we definitely got the extreme magenta over there. So hopefully this worked. Definitely helped, right? Let me get rid of this. So here's before, here's after. Not perfect, but definitely an improvement. And we can continue working on the background sky a little bit here with a luminance mask in a second. OK, next thing I want to do is I'm going to do a photometric color calibration. So this is under the Process menu. And then under the Color Calibration submenu, you have Photometric Color Calibration. And I'm going to use just the default of an average spiral galaxy. We're going to do Search Coordinates and Search for M31. Click Search. It finds it. You click Get, and then it puts in the coordinates right there into the right ascension and declination. I'm going to click Acquire from Image to find the observation time. And then the focal length was 200 millimeters. The pixel size was 4.8 microns.  I'm going to leave everything else default and just hit the square to apply this to the image. What this is doing is it looks at the actual stars in the image. It just figured out what those stars were based on the star patterns. And then it looks up using a service called Visier, which is a French database of stars. And it looks up their color. And then by knowing what their color should be, it can apply a white balance function to this image to get a more correct color. So that's the photometric part. Photometry is basically a study of stars' colors. So here's our white balance functions. Basically, it's fitting the stars to a slope and then applying the white balance function based on what the colors of the stars should be. I'm going to get rid of that. It does change things a little bit in a weird way because this image was already stretched and then it applied the color calibration. So I'm going to go ahead and unstretch and restretch the image. And that gives us a little bit better sense of where we are. OK, I'm going to close out of that. The next thing that I want to do is I'm going to apply a Luminance Mask.  And you can see it's not stretched. So the first thing that we have to do to actually make it into a mask is stretch it. So I'm just going to open up a histogram transformation. Choose that Luminance Component from this menu here. And I'm going to stretch this image just by taking this mid-tone slider, bringing it over like this, then taking the shadow slider, bringing that over. OK, until we have something like this, so it's basically just now a loom version of this one but stretched. And then I'm going to apply that to the image here and invert it. So I'm going to go up to Mask and choose Invert Mask. So now it's protecting the light areas, the red protects. I'm now going to turn off the showing of the mask by going to Mask and clicking on that Show Mask. And I'm going to do a little bit of noise reduction. This is a type of noise reduction where it's basically smoothing out fine noise. So if you go down to Multiscale Processing and then go to Multiscale Medium Transform, we're going to turn it up to six layers. And basically, each layer gets to bigger and bigger structures. And so we're going to apply the most noise reduction to the smallest layer. I'm going to do the Max, the maximum, which is a strength of 10. And then for each subsequent layer, I'm going to bring that down a bit. So do something like 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 1. There we go. And then I'll just go ahead and apply that by hitting the square. OK, it's done. If I zoom in here and look at the background now and turn that off and back on, you can see it's smoothed out that noise in the background. OK, the next thing that I'm going to do is I'm going to use that same mask, have that same mask applied. And I'm going to open up a Intensity Transformation, Curves Transformation. And I'm going to desaturate the background a little bit, like this. And then I'm going to invert the mask back. So now it's applying to the stars and the galaxy. And I'm going to saturate those a bit. OK. And now let's go ahead and take off the mask. So I'm going to go ahead and remove it. And let's stretch this image from linear to nonlinear, meaning taking all of the pixel values and actually stretching them. Because right now, the only reason we're seeing anything here is because we have an auto stretch applied. So I'm going to go ahead and turn that off, just clicking the Reset button right up here, the little red X. And then let's open up a Histogram Transformation again. Let's apply it to our image right here, the double DBE, I'm going to reset it. And then I just take the mid-tone slider, bring it way over here, and do the same thing again. And then I'll use the mid-tone slider in concert with the shadow slider to start stretching out this histogram peak. Too much. Let me undo that. OK, that looks good. All right, next up, I'm going to basically separate out the galaxy from the stars so that I can do some work on the background and bring out the saturation of the galaxy without blowing up the stars. So we're going to use a process called StarNet, which I have added to Pix Insight here. But if you download the latest version of Pix Insight, it comes with it. I'm going to set the stride to 64. And go ahead and apply that by hitting the square. OK, so StarNet finished up. It didn't take too long, maybe just like 10, 15 minutes. And it did reveal a lot of what we call walking noise or color model in the background here. But it also revealed a lot of detail in the galaxy. You can see we even captured some of the cool spiral dust arms coming into the core here. And so I want to protect the galaxy detail that we have here, but take out some of this noise by darkening it. So to do that, I'm going to create what's called a range selection mask. So we've got a process mask generation range selection.  And then we take the lower limit and bring that over until basically just the galaxy is selected like that. And then I'm just going to turn up the fuzziness a little bit and the smoothness until it looks like this. And then I'll apply. And that will create a new image like this. This is the mask that we're going to use. Because it did get a little bit of the corners here, I'm just going to use the clone stamp tool under, what is that under? Painting clone stamp to get rid of those corners. So I have to turn up the radius. I'm going to turn it up to 50. Then I'm going to press Command and, whoops, Command to set a source. And then I'm just going to paint black into these corners here to get rid of that. And I think we have a little bit too much down here too. And I think we have maybe a little bit too much down here as well. So I'm just going to OK, we'll apply that. OK, and then let's see how this range mask looks. I'm just going to apply it to our picture here just by dragging this tab right over here to drop it on. We have to turn on the show mask to see what it looks like. And I think that looks really good. It looks like it's just selecting the galaxy. And so with just the galaxy selected like this, I'm going to go ahead and go to Process, Intensity Transformations, Curves Transformation. And I'm going to turn up the saturation of the galaxy. Do that a couple times. Good. And then I'm going to reverse this mask. So I'm going to do Invert Mask. So now the galaxy is the thing that is protected. And I'm going to go to Intensity Transformation, Curves Transformation again. And this time I'm going to take the saturation way down. And I'm also going to go to the RGBK curve and take that way down to darken that. I'm going to do that a couple times. Perfect. I'm going to now turn the show mask off. OK, I'm going to undo that last one. There we go. So I went a little bit too far with that last one. So I'm going to go ahead and just undid it. Now with the mask still on, I'm just going to try to sort of hit an in-between where we've reduced the brightness a bit. Let me actually turn on a preview so I can sort of get a sense for this. So see, if we go too far, it starts looking bad. So I just want to go far enough. I think that is probably it with this sky background. OK, I see a little bit too much green noise in here. So I'm just going to take off the mask. And I'm going to hit this with Noise Reduction SCNR Green. I'm going to turn it down to about 0.3. OK. And now I want to go back to, let's find it here. Whoops, I messed up. So I didn't create a copy of my star's image. So let's create a copy now. So let's just drag out this one. I'm going to call this Starless. We'll call this one Stars. And let's just go back in our History Explorer here before I ran StarNet. So I just double-click over here to the action before StarNet in the History Explorer. And you can see that brought back all of the stars here. Now, in this image, before we did all of this work, you can see we still have that sort of red fringing. So we already have this range mask, which is good. Let's keep that. But we now have to create a star mask. So the best way to create a star mask is with StarNet. But that takes a while. So I'm just going to use a slightly worse way, which is Mask Generation Star Mask. And I'm just going to use some settings that usually work for me.  And I do usually use binarize. So let's see if this works. OK. Let me go ahead and make this the same size. And let's see. I think that's pretty good in terms of a star mask. Let's go ahead and apply it just to make sure. And I'm going to invert it. Yeah, I think that worked pretty well. OK, so now I know this is a little bit complicated. I'm going to remove that mask. We actually want to combine the range mask and the star mask. The idea here is we want to create something that selects everything except for the background. So we're going to combine these two things with a simple pixel math expression. So I'm going to go to Process Pixel Math. And I'm just going to do star mask plus range mask and do destination create new image. OK, we get this. So this is just a straight addition of this one plus this one. Perfect. And then I'm going to apply our new mask to the image. And I'm going to invert it. So now we have all of our stars and our galaxy protected in red. And now I can apply a curves transformation where I take out a lot of the saturation and darken the background quite a bit like that. Perfect. OK, and then the final step here is we have our starless image. And I'm going to rename this one again stars. And we want to combine the two back together. So I'm going to do this with pixel math again. OK, and this formula is going to be a little bit funky. We use the tilde operator quite a bit. This is the invert sign in pixel math. And we basically want to do an inverted copy of the stars inverted times the starless image inverted. Or another way of saying this is you invert both images, you multiply them together, and then you invert that back. And this is a screen blend mode, basically. I'm going to use the destination thing to say I want to create a new image and then I'll apply it. OK, and that gives us that typical of a screen blend mode where it does brighten the image quite a bit. But now we will take the image back down with another curves transformation. OK, and then I'm just going to do I'm going to use my range mask one more time to just bring up the saturation and the blues of this image one more time. So I'm going to go to intensity transformation. I'm going to use color saturation. And I want to bring up the blue parts without taking up anything else. So let's try that. Let's do a preview. Yeah, I think that looks good. Let's apply it.  It's sticking out a little bit too much with the background. I'm just going to put the mask back on here. I think it's just a little bit too bright now. So I'm just going to do that. So I just took a point sort of in the mid-tones and brought it down just a little bit. And I think that looks good. OK, let me remove the mask. And this is our final untracked Andromeda with Pix Insight. I think it's probably our best yet, but I do know Pix Insight quite well. So it's not surprising to me that I can probably get the best image out of Pix Insight compared to the other programs. So let's go ahead and save this. If I want to return to it in Pix Insight, I would just save it as M31 and use the XISF file format or the FITS file format. Either one works. And for saving elsewhere. So first, let's apply an ICC profile to it. And so I'm going to choose Image 19 here. And I'm going to say Convert to SRGB, Apply. And then let's save it off into a JPEG. So I'm going to do File, Save As, choose JPEG here, and do Save. And I'm just going to turn the quality up to 100. All right, there it is. This is Andromeda as processed with Pix Insight and taken with Canon 6D 200 millimeter lens on a fixed tripod. Hopefully, you've been able to follow along with the craziness in Pix Insight. It's sort of a beast of a program. So I'm still trying to get better at explaining how it works and doing it fast enough that the videos don't go on for many hours. So anyways, this has been Nico Carver from NebulaFotos.com. Till next time, clear skies.


And I'd like to also thank the KCA organizer, organizers, the leadership of Bill Pro and Gary Konoski for putting this together. These are my disclosures. So as you saw in Dr. Wood's talk, the treatment landscape for Iansakasinoma has witnessed a revolution in a very short period of time. In seven years, we saw the approval by the FDA of seven agents after a drought of 13 years since the approval of Hydrozyl-2. Within a month, Surafinib and Sunitinib came to the market in December 2005 for Surafinib, and in January 2006, Sunitinib was FDA-approved. In 2007, the first mTOR inhibitor, Temsiralamus, was approved. And in 2009, we saw the approval of three agents or three therapies, Everolimus, Bivacizumia plus interferon-alpha, and Pozopinib. And in January 2012, Acitinib was FDA-approved. This slide summarizes for you the target therapies that are licensed in the US for treatment of metastatic renal cell cancer. I'd like to draw your attention that two of these, Everolimus and Acitinib, are approved for the second line or salvage therapy. And the other five are approved, as you see in the first, in the right-hand column, for the treatment of metastatic renal cell casinoma, irrespective of line. You see here the targets of these different therapies, the route of administration. Five of these are oral to our intravenous. And you see also the target of these agents. Now, four of these are what we refer to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. These are the drugs that are taken by mouth. And they target the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, specifically VGF receptor. And two belong to the class of mTOR inhibitors. This is a summary of the first line, phase three trials conducted for the metastatic renal cell casinoma. The top two combine B. vasusimab, which is a monoclonal antibody against VEGF and interferon alpha. Then bazapinib, synitinib, tyrosinib, and acitinib are tyrosine kinase inhibitors, as I mentioned. And thamsinolimus is an mTOR inhibitor. You see the control arm in the fourth column, and then the number of patients enrolled on these trials, on each of these arms, and the primary endpoint. I think I would like to discuss the bottom two trials first, because these are drugs that were not approved for the indication they were conducted in. And that's tyrosinib and acitinib. Tyrosinib and acitinib are referred to as novel or second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors, because they are more potent against the primary target, VEGF receptors. And they are more selective. They do not have the off-targets, the other kinases that the synitinib, soraphinib, and bazapinib, the older generation or first generation, have. These two trials, tyrosinib and acitinib, were compared to soraphinib in the first line, and you see the number of patients. And they had for primary endpoint, progression-free survival. They did not meet the primary endpoint, because the acitinib had a 78% aim of improving progression-free survival compared to soraphinib. That was an ambitious goal. And the idea was to do the trial faster and to do it in a smaller number of patients. And unfortunately, while acitinib had a longer progression-free survival than soraphinib, it did not meet the endpoint of 78% improvement. So it was not FD approved for the first line treatment of patients with metastatic clearsaria sarcosinoma. Tyrosinib versus soraphinib. While the primary endpoint was MET, which was progression-free survival and was improved with the second generation tyrosinib versus soraphinib. However, the problem with the trial is that patients who were treated with soraphinib in the first line had the opportunity to cross over after progressing on soraphinib and receive tyrosinib. While patients who received tyrosinib in the first line, very few of them crossed over to receive a second line therapy. So it ended up being, when you look at survival, it ended up being comparing a group of patients receiving one line of therapy, and that's tyrosinib, versus a group of patients that received two lines of therapy, therapies soraphinib followed by tyrosinib. So the survival of the group of patients who received soraphinib was better than the survival of patients who received tyrosinib in the first line. So that's why the FDA did not approve tyrosinib. And we'll move on and discuss briefly the other trials starting with synitinib. This was a phase three trial comparing patients with interferon alpha, the old standard, given at the standard dose and scheduled 9 million three times per week, versus synitinib, 50 milligram daily on the standard schedule of four weeks or two weeks off. It was a large phase three trial of 750 patients. The primary endpoint was progression free survival. And patients who were recruited to the trial, if they had, you see the box there of eligibility criteria, predominantly clear cell and no prior systemic therapy, measurable disease, good performance status and adequate organ function. The secondary endpoints were overall survival, objective response rate, patient reported outcomes and safety. And you see the couple in my curves showing that patients treated with synitinib represented here in blue had a better progression free survival, a median of 11 months versus five months median progression free survival for patients treated with interferon alpha. This was a statistically significant difference between the two arms. Then we have two trials combining B. vasusimab plus interferon. These were very similar in design, represented in this schema here. One was conducted in the US by the CA-LGB cooperative group and included 732 patients. And one was conducted mostly in Europe by Avoren, the Avoren trial. It had 649 patients. The difference between these two studies is that patients on the Avoren trial were required to have prior nephrectomy before enrolling on the trial. And the treatment also comprised placebo in addition to B. vasusimab, placebo for B. vasusimab. Whereas the CA-LGB did not mandate prior nephrectomy and there was no placebo control. Primary endpoint of the trial was OS, secondary endpoints, PFS, objective response rate, and safety. And as you see here in the two Kaplan-Meier curves for the Avoren study as well as the CA-LGB trial study, patients treated with the combination of B. vasusimab plus interferon had a better progression free survival, represented in the green curve compared to patients who were treated with just interferon alpha or interferon alpha plus placebo. However, patients did not have a superior survival. The survival of patients on these two arms was not significant. And the reason was patients after coming off these two trials had the opportunity to receive other target therapies and that confided the survival. Same thing we saw with the previous trial I showed you with synetonym versus interferon. While there was a trend for improvement of overall survival in the patient's treat with synetonym compared to interferon alpha, this was did not cross the threshold of becoming significant, again, because patients received other target agents after coming off Pral. And then there was 25 patients who were crossed over from interferon to synetonym. The other phase three trial was the global ARCC trial. This was a phase three trial of TEMSIRALMS, the mTOR inhibitor, versus interferon alpha versus the combination of TEMSIRALMS plus interferon alpha. The primary endpoint of this trial was overall survival. Patients were recruited who had any histological type of RCC. 80% of those patients had the common type, cleav cell or conventional histology, and 20% had the other non-cleave, what we refer to as non-cleav cell histology. But importantly, for patients to be eligible for the trial, they had to have three or more risk factors to enroll in the trial. And here you see the Kaplan-Meier curves, again showing a separation of the curves patients treated with TEMSIRALMS had a superior survival compared to patients who were treated with interferon, represented in blue, or the combination represented in pink. The median survival for patients treated with TEMSIRALMS was 10.9 months versus 7.3 months median overall survival for patients treated with interferon alpha, an improvement of 49%. So that led to the approval of this agent for RCC. The next study was the Pazopenib phase III study. This was a study conducted, sponsored by Glasgow Smith Klein. It was conducted mostly in Europe. Patients had to have cliocell histology, but there were two cohorts of patients, one cohort previously treated with cytokines and one cohort treatment naive. There was two-to-one randomization in that two patients were randomized to receive Pazopenib versus placebo. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival. And here are the curves for patients treated with Pazopenib represented in the yellow curve. The median progression-free survival was 11 months. Again, similar to what you saw in the study with synitinib versus interferon alpha. Patients treated with placebo had a median survival of about three months. Again, significant difference, and this led to the approval of Pazopenib. Again, as I mentioned with the other trials, 48% of patients treated with placebo when they had progressive disease with placebo were given the opportunity to cross over and receive Pazopenib after progression. And this led to, again, the confounding impact on survival. When you look at median survival for these two cohorts, there was no statistically significant difference in overall survival, again, because of the cross over and subsequent therapies patients received after the study. So, of what I mentioned, it looked like the two front runners for the treatment of metastatic RCC in the first line were synitinib where you had the best results and Pazopenib where you had also the best results. So these were the two front runners. Although Bivacizumab plus interferon had, you would think, comparable efficacy, it did not catch on in terms of applicability in the clinic because patients had to receive, would have to receive an infusion every two weeks plus injection of interferon three times per week. So, it was no surprise that GSK decided to have this trial that we can compare trial, comparing the two front runners, Pazopenib versus synitinib, for first line treatment of metastatic RCC. This was a large phase neutral of 1110 patients conducted in multiple continents. It had the design of non-inferiority for progression-free survival. In other words, they wanted to show if Pazopenib is non-inferior to synitinib when it comes to efficacy, looking at the progression-free survival as primary endpoint. And there were secondary endpoints, overall survival, objective response rate, duration of response, safety and quality of life. And here are the results. Pazopenib was found to be not inferior to synitinib and if looking at the progression-free survival, which was the primary endpoint. And when you look at the secondary survival, which is important, secondary endpoint, the median survival for patients treated with Pazopenib and synitinib was similar, about two and a half years. However, very importantly, there were differences in toxicity and quality of life. In 16 out of 16 quality of life domains, Pazopenib was felt to be better tolerated by improved quality of life tools compared to synitinib. And toxicity favored Pazopenib because patients had less fatigue and less hand-foot skin reaction, less mind-of-suppression. The next study that GSK sponsored, and this was recently published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, this was a patient preference. It was a double-blind design comparing Pazopenib versus synitinib in a double-blind fashion. So the patient didn't know what they were taking and the physicians treated did not know what they were taking. And ultimately, patients were told at the end of the study, which directed they prefer, was it the first one, which was given for 10 weeks, then two weeks break, then they switched, or the other way around. So this was 160 patient trials, so it was a phase two trial, and the results were in favor of Pazopenib by a margin of 70% to 20%. Also in blue, this was tracked by the physicians, 61 versus 22% of patients, physicians also preferred or voted for Pazopenib as the preferred agent. But the story doesn't end here because quality of life tools were administered in the previous trial compares at a time at the end of the cycle for synitinib 29 days, every 29 days. And that for patients who have received synitinib will tell you that this is the peak when they have the most adverse events. So now after eight years of synitinib, we have alternative schedule to give this drug instead of the standard four weeks on two weeks off. Retrospective study from our institution as well as other institutions have shown that patients who received synitinib with the two weeks on one week off schedule have less adverse events. And there is a suggestion that patients will have a better survival because they can stay on treatment longer. So the jury is still out which would be the preferred agent upfront? I think there's no question that both drugs are good drugs. Now what about second line and beyond? I will go quickly through those phase three trials. This was the first trial with the target agents, the target trial compared Saurafenib versus placebo in patients who had cytokine and prior therapy. The primary endpoint was OS, secondary endpoint was progression free survival. And here are the coupling mild curves. In blue are patients treated with Saurafenib. In red are patients treated with placebo. There was a statistically significant difference in progression free survival. Patients with a treat with Saurafenib had immediate progression free survival of 5.5 months compared to 2.8 months. But the overall survival because again, as happens with the other trials, there was a crossover at progression. There was no statistically significant difference between the two arms. The record one phase three trial compared Ivarulimus after Saurafenib versus placebo. This was a two to one randomization. Again, twice the number of phases were randomized to receive Ivarulimus plus best supportive care versus placebo plus best supportive care. The primary endpoint was progression free survival. And again, the results were in favor of Ivarulimus over placebo. Again, these are patients who were treated previously with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, either Saurafenib or synatinib. The other study phase three trial was the access study and it randomized patients to receive either exitinib or Saurafenib after receiving either synatinib first line or bivacizumab plus interferon or temseralamus or cytokine. And then the results are here. Patients treated with exitinib represented in yellow curve had an improved progression free survival with a median of 6.7 months compared to Saurafenib with a median of 4.7 months. However, it's important to note that the best results were in patients who received exitinib after receiving prior immunotherapy. So the median progression free survival with exitinib after immunotherapy was 12 months. If you look at given exitinib after synatinib, the median progression free survival was 4.8 months. But all of these were in favor of exitinib. There is an important study that compared temseralamus and Saurafenib. So this is the first time we're comparing an mTOR inhibitor versus Saurafenib in the second line after synatinib. So all these patients here were treated with synatinib first and had progressive disease. And then now they're assigned to receiving either the mTOR inhibitor, temseralamus or Saurafenib. The primary endpoint was progression free survival. And then when you see the curves, although numerically, temseralamus had a better progression free survival median 4.28 versus 3.9. This was not statistically significant. But what was statistically significant and of concern was the survival was surprising and anticipated in that patients who were treated with Saurafenib after synatinib, so TKI after TKI had a four month difference improved survival compared to patients who received temseralamus. So suggesting that maybe given a TKI followed by TKI tyrosine kinase inhibitor against VGF would be a better strategy than giving a TKI followed by an mTOR inhibitor. The last phase three trial I would like to show is this gold trial, it's a phase three trial of the vitinib versus Saurafenib in patients with clear cellular soccasinoma who had a tyrosine kinase inhibitor for first line, an mTOR inhibitor, evronimus for the second line. And then they are randomized to receive either this BFGF receptor inhibitor because BFGF was implicated to be a pathway responsible for resistance to angiogenesis inhibitor versus Saurafenib. The results were negative in that the progression free survival was not statistically significantly different between the two arms, patients receiving third line the vitinib, the BFGF receptor inhibitor had a median BFS of 3.7 months compared to 3.6 months with Saurafenib. Survival median was 11 months for both arms and the response rate with each agent was very low 4%. So what about combinations and sequential therapies? In one word, there is no combination of two target agents that is more helpful or more efficient, more effective than a single agent except for the combination of BFGF plus interferon alpha that I discussed. So the question is if patients do not achieve a complete response, does it matter what you start with? And here are trials that are addressing that question. This is a trial conducted in Germany was presented two months ago at the ASCO GU comparing two sequences of two tyrosine kinase inhibitors Saurafenib followed by synitinib versus synitinib followed by Saurafenib. The results were not surprising while the patients who received synitinib first had a two months improvement of their progression free survival compared to Saurafenib. When you look at time on therapy from first line to second line, there was no significantly difference between the two arms. The record three is a phase two trial comparing a mTOR inhibitor, everolimus versus synitinib. This was presented at ASCO last year. It has not been published yet. The results show superiority of synitinib over everolimus in the first line. And there is also concern here similar what we saw with the intersect when we give them Sauralimus in the second line after a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. The patients who received everolimus first followed by synitinib. There was a trend for inferior survival compared to patients who received synitinib followed by everolimus. Now toxicity is an unpleasant and unwelcome thing patients have to go through when they're receiving these therapies. But this is a double a sword. Patients have, if they have developed the hypertension or hypothyroidism, hand foot skin reaction, fatigue with these tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We looked at these and we find that patients who have these actually do better than patients who do not develop these toxicities. So while toxicities maybe are definitely untoward and unpleasant and unwelcome, they suggest that patients who develop these toxicities have a better outcome or respond better to these therapies. We and others showed that in response to mTOR inhibitors developing pneumonitis is associated with also improved survival in patients treated with the mTOR inhibitors. These patients who develop hypercholesterolemia while receiving everolimus or termoterolemus also are predicted to do better. What about non-clear cell? These are, this is the list of the 2004 WHO classification of the renal tumors, you know, papillary, chromophob, translocation, renal medullary, collecting duct, musinistubular spindle cell and others. What do we do for these patients? As I showed you, the majority of the trials in RCC have been conducted in clear cell. What about the non-clear cell? In a word, there is no established therapy for the non-clear cell. That's why it's important to do these clinical trials. And these, this is a list of some of these ongoing phase two trials in non-clear cell RCC. I'd like to briefly show you some of these trials we're doing here at MD Anderson. This is the ESPN trial or everolimus versus synitinine prospective evaluation in non-clear cell RCC. We just completed accrual on this trial and it's been selected for oral presentation at ASCO. Patients with non-clear cell RCC with metastatic disease are randomized to receiving everolimus, the empty inhibitor, versus synitinine and at disease progression that cross over, results will be presented at ASCO. So maybe next year I'll share with you those results. We are still conducting the star trial and this is a sequential two-agent assessment in the Riyansak Cosynomotherapy in patients with clear cell who have already had their nephrectomy. We're looking at six sequences. We chose three drugs, one representing each class, Bivacuzumab representing the antibody against the EGF, Pazopin and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor and everolimus, the mTOR inhibitor. The goal and the goals of these trials is to come to precision medicine, try to identify patients who respond to one of these agents and try to understand why patients who respond to one of these agents lose their response and have progressive disease. So this is a very tissue-rich trial with a lot of correlative studies that will be crucial and informative once we complete the trial. We're at 170 patients for a total of 240 patients. The TEMPA trial is an ongoing trial for clear cell RCC patients who have poor risk disease and it's comparing Pazopinib versus the standard of care for patients with poor risk, the tyrosine kinase. We have 30 patients enrolled on the trial toward a goal of 90 patients. So conclusion, we have seven target agents that have been approved. Improvement in progression-free survival has been shown with all agents and improvement in OS with one agent tyrosine kinase but complete responses are rare. Early and active management of adverse events will minimize those delays, those reductions or treatment discontinuations and may impact long-term benefit. Adverse events may be predictive biomarkers of therapeutic benefit. Sequential therapy is the standard of care in 2014 but the optimal sequence tyrosine kinase inhibitor followed by tyrosine kinase inhibitor or tyrosine kinase inhibitor followed by mTOR inhibitor remains to be determined. There is no established systemic therapy for advanced Montglisal RCC, unfortunately, but the hope is that insights into the biology of rheosoccusenoma will be essential and will help us to identify relevant targets and improved therapies. There is still a role, as you will hear later from my colleague, Dr. Gao, for all the immunotherapy will hide those IL-2 and there is a promising wave of agents on the horizon with the immune checkpoint blockade, Nevalumab and Epidumumab and they represent the next strategy for achieving a breakthrough in the treatment of metastatic rheosoccusenoma trials combining novel immune therapies with each other and target therapies are ongoing. In the era of target therapy, is there a cure for a patient with metastatic rheosoccusenoma? I would like to finish on a positive note because I'd like to leave you with a message of hope. This is a patient that I saw from Pensacola, Florida eight years ago, presented with hematuria, weight loss, left varicoseal and workup showed a mass in his left kidney. We were going to enroll him on one of the trials Dr. Wood showed you, pre-surgical trial with B. vasusima. Unfortunately, we found he had metastasis in the brain so he was not eligible. So we went on and treated him with Thoraphanem because that was the first agent that came out and he received it for 16 weeks, had transient response and had progressive disease and developed in addition to the brain metastasis and lung metastasis, which I'll show you, he developed metastasis in bone and liver. So we start them with Sunitinib and you can see here, after several months of treatment with Sunitinib, his metastatic disease in the lungs resolved, metastatic disease in the brain resolved, the primary tumor as you see shrink significantly and the metastatic disease in the lymph nodes improved, as you can see, in the liver resolved, in the bone healed, you could see the hole in his thoracic, in his lumbar vertebra, how the newborn formation, brain, without treating him for the brain with radiation, whole brain radiation or surgery or gamma knife, the tumor is in the brain resolved and look at the tumor and then after five and a half years of Sunitinib, we decided we should take that kidney out, although initially it would have been unwise to do surgery up front in somebody who has metastatic disease to brain, lungs, bone and liver.  I saw him two months ago, two years after stopping Sunitinib, he has no evidence of recurrence. Next month will be two years since he had his nephrectomy, he's eight years without recurrence. I would like to end this because this is why we're here today to give you hope and I wanna thank you personally, you the patients and your families for your trust and for participating in our clinical trials. You are the heroes who inspire us and remind us of the urgency of our research to make cancer history. Thank you.


Everybody forced here. We're ripping 21 to 22 panini obsidian basketball hobby 12 box full case number nine tiered random teams I'm gonna show the results right here And again, if you're watching tic-tac, you're not be able to see if you're on YouTube and Twitch or Facebook You will be able to see the screen share Thanks everybody for joining it. Good luck. Those results are always available at latent sports cards comm Let's see what we got going here guys. What's up, Tate? So Tate a Dave girl cut out or do that be awesome?  I feel I don't think I've ripped pop century since the national. I was literally at the national Pretty sure zoom here Dave will cut out of that. That'd be huge. It's like my favorite bands probably still growing up Yeah, that's my favorite bands two fighters and I mean your brothers Doing some group breaks Tate we're in some obsidian currently city and basketball released yesterday All right, space cards sons Cameron Johnson blazers Damian Lillard and Nick's Julius Randall Celtics on the Grant Williams Aurora auto G money 90 of 149. Hey, thanks, Penn. Good luck. Hope it's a great case And nice RJ Barrett and next volcanic auto place RJ 65 and 99 I know Zion and Jogged all talk of that class but RJ shape it up be pretty good, man Maybe not quite the John Morant Talon or the Zion talent, but he's really good Third overall no slouch at all green for the T Wolves KG That's 10 of 25 in pitch black speaking of their speaking of Zion here He is pitch black Zion Williamson 5 out of 99 pelicans Nope Michael Jordan is upper deck exclusive. He can only sign for upper deck products The tears so this is two teams for spot on this obsidian case This specific break was 259 99. We also have some random team style breaks. You've done six bucks pick your team style breaks as well so lots of different styles I Have cove that I'm sorry to say those things man. I think most of us have had at this point at least once Yeah, Lakers criminal of Anthony Pacers, buddy healed in T Wolves KG feel better Heat rookie auto Omar you're at seven Heat rookie auto there 92 of 149 You hit it Davey on Mitchell on obsidian Davey on nice player, man bucks drew holiday auto 40 of 75 Lakers Karim Abdul Jabbar Karim What's that one 36 of 50? Lakers Purple for the Wizards Kyle Kuzma 81 of 99 Yeah, exactly Rob. I think that might change in the future at some point, but obviously there's nothing imminent on that There's like not even probably movement on that Who knows that could change though? Some upper we need some upper deck basketball to do to exquisite basketball that came back. Oh, man Base cards Hawks Clint Capella Hornet James book Knight Wizards Kyle Kuzma Thunder auto tail Maladon Aurora auto 122 of 149 Yeah, get Michael Jordan in the hockey products. I mean, why not? Tell him by a team or something Wizards rookie Jersey auto Corey Kispert's Solid hit there for the Wizards. This one's 90 or no 59 of 99 These are real autographs are just on stickers. So those are real autographs On a sticker Kings purple deer and Fox. This is 81 61 of 99 nice purple color match and purple color match on the bronze James purple magnitude here Lakers 39 of 75. I do not hate. I'm sorry. I do not Honestly, yeah, have Michael Jordan sign a one-day contract with like, I don't know the predators or something and just start making Michael Jordan Hockey products. I'll sell Thunder Lou Dorts spurs Joshua Primo and Kings deer and Fox on our base cards Two Jersey autos it looks like here Nets Kessler Edwards rookie Jersey auto Nets on the purple 44 49 and Jazz Bojan Bogdanovich matrix material Jersey auto So the vets are game-warning this the rookies won't be but the vets are game-warned 50 of 99 Utah Dude Bradley we have soccer breaks us at every day man Especially when I'm breaking we break a lot of soccer now Suns Cameron Johnson purple Collar match 76 of 99 this one is I thought it was damaged just like miss stamped a little bit like imprinted a little off Not the best there and purple sixers James Harden pitch black inserts 50 of 75 sixes the black Hawks that makes sense. He played Chicago. All right, Rob You won me over not a black Hawks fan, but all right Hey, Bradley, what did that sell for out of curiosity? If you don't mind the saying in chat. I'm interested what you sold that for Trying to get my trying to get some values on those silver and gold packs down, you know Hornets scary Terry spurs David Robinson and Nets Kevin Durant Celtics another hit here five of 149 Robert Williams the third auto and Nets Cameron Thomas rookie patch auto nice patch there Nets on this one one of 15 low-numbered nice 35 still so good though. I mean out of just a Numbered messy, you know, I would have not nothing particular Purple Spurs rookie Joshua primo 90 of 99 and greens Honol vision Lakers LeBron James 9 to 25 Yeah, guys leave metal pop century after this box. I'm gonna check spots again and see where we're at halfway through this break Actually Sean Yeah user he is live in this their stickers auto I've only seen the regular like a non Jersey auto. It's just a regular autos, but yeah, hold one of those I think two cases ago actually Lakers Russ Westbrook wizards poor zingus and Celtics Jason Tatum on the base cards Nuggets with an auto here's Monte Morris 60 of 99. Oh, wow Wow, someone has asked about this Scotty barns rookie eruption purple auto Raptors 38 of 75 big card cowabunga There we go Pretty hit there Scotty barns the rookie of the year have ever mentioned that in a sick talk Brought this one up spoke it into existence Bradley did too. Yeah, everybody People in tiktok. Oh is that is that you and tiktok Bradley? And blue flood bulls Nicola Vusevich, you know, this will look a lot better if he was on other magic on this Totally not biased at all totally not biased and magnitude purple rockets Jalen green nice rookie there 71 of 75 All right guys. Give me a sec. I'm looking at spots here Six to go leaf metal pop center. I'm gonna go tweet that out and we will resume this break one sec here There's a link in chat for you as well if you're watching on YouTube and twitch Two hits for spots two hits for spot on pop century There's like relics or there's autos of all the stars you like Daisy really You've seen like ticket stubs of like Britney Spears we saw like Billy Joel ticket stubs cool stuff in pop century Chevy chase autos just all sorts of stuff all sorts of people in that one Grizzlies Dylan Brooks Raptors Vince Carter jazz ready to go bear Nuggets with a wheel Barton auto here lightning strike purple 31 of 75. Oh Nice Josh Hope it grades well T wools volcanic orange auto Carl Anthony Towns 5 of 25 I Don't know Bradley. Oh Yeah, we're on Facebook to you right now. Yeah purple for the magic Cole Anthony It's my guy right there 50 jersey number of 99 50 on the jersey number Cole and television Celtics Jason Tatum. That's pretty good, huh? Six of 75 All right Shane, okay All right, man, I'll buy that excuse to this one time. Maybe yeah. Yeah, that's Casper Edwards Clippers Paul George and Kings Davion Mitchell God Hawks Kevin Herter lightning strike auto this one 72 and 99 the new Sacramento King Kevin Herter That's okay, Bradley. I'm not even on Facebook. We're sure you're on Facebook though Next Jamal Crawford volcanic auto 73 of 99 that dude is a legend. I do not think of the next one. I think of Jamal Crawford, however Me personally I think I think of the Clippers of the Hawks, right? purple rookie spurs Joe Weisskamp 91 of 99 and Nets rookie orange David Duke Jr. 38 of 50 Appreciate the follows guys if you're watching on sick talk make sure you subscribe to link sports cards on YouTube and follow on Twitch late sports I'm on Instagram Rob. I actually have a new card account on Instagram not promoting you but you can find it. It's not hard Jazz Mike Conley Rockets a chemilige one Hornets kill you Bray Nick's Kenny sky Walker lightning strike auto green 16 to 25 Binauculars and an old hatchback Oh Boy T wolves KG galaxy auto anything is possible 24 49 of the KG T Wolves do well in this. I haven't seen an Edwards yet though He's in this with all those magic purple Mo Bamba 10 of 99 Lakers supernova purple nice LeBron James Heck yeah, dude Brown Rhymes 37 to 75 nice supernova Lakers Pirates beat the Red Sox Dodge Colt.  All right, base cards Hornets Lamello ball Rockets who's Mungeruba and heat bam out of bio Spurs rookie Jersey Otto Joe wise camp wise camp is numbered 18 of 99 Big shots Rob 107 149 on the Lakers auto When I was younger, I thought this guy was like an amazing basketball player just because he hit clutch shots I was like dude, this guy has got to be like top 10 in the league. He was not But he was number one in clutch. So I guess that's all that really mattered for him with the Lakers and Spurs Hornets rookie James booknights purple 72 and 99 and a grizzly supernova Jammer ants This one is 91 of 99 nice job. All right two boxes left. Let's see the heat. Come on Base cards Hox the Andre Hunter Warriors Jonathan Kaminga and jazz Bo Jean Bogdanovich Hawks Volcanic Auto Bogdan Bogdanovich 149 of 149 Pacers TJ Warren auto Purple 59 and 75 Yeah, I know Rob. I know I know that magnitude sixers James Harden, but I legitimately when I was younger thought he was like 86 and 99 on the on the hard. I thought he was like Really good. You know what I mean? Just because of like a handful of plays and Die-cut vitreous Grizzlies Jammer ants. You go Grizzlies counts as a case hit. I believe very nice card there Last box Remember guys you're watching on tiktok or anywhere. We're ripping some eminence later. You're not gonna want to miss it Drift a good amount of it, but eminence is always bringing the heat Base cards Pelican CJ McCollum Celtics Marcus smart and Hawks John Collins 76ers Ricky Jersey auto Charles Bassey Nine of 99 do T-wolves all the vet hits in this product T-wolves Latrell Sprewell Aurora auto 89 of 149 All of them man Mavs green Dory and Finney Smith. This one is number three at 25 and a Lucas on shit super Nova purple Sweet one Mavericks 60 of 75 That is gonna do it. Give me a sec. Everybody.  I'm checking pop century one more time. It's breaking next Breaking next Five two go Breaks now actually. All right. Here's our hits. Thanks for the likes on tiktok guys. Appreciate it That's what Sean was saying yesterday Rob is that he thinks of spree well choking the guy. Yeah, PJ Carlislam. Oh, remember that Yeah, all right, here we go T-wolves the trail spree. Well Sixers Charles Bassey Pacers TJ Warren Hawks Bogdan Bogdanovich Lakers Robert Horry Spurs Ricky Jersey auto Joe Weiss cam T-wolves KG auto Nick's Kenny sky Walker next to mal Crawford Hawks Kevin Herter T-wolves Crawl Anthony Towns Nuggets will Barton the blue flood not auto Nick butch of itch for the Bulls. Oh Raptors Scotty Barnes rookie purple auto eat that mag for your Raptors to 75 Nuggets Monta Morris rookie patch auto Nets Cameron Thomas Celtics Robert Williams the third jazz rookie jurors are not rookie, but Jersey auto Bo John Bogdanovich rookie Jersey auto Nets Kessler Edwards Corey Kispert wizards Thunder they'll mall it on bucks drew holiday Yurt seven rookie auto heat RJ Barrett nicks and Grant Williams Celtics. Thank you very much everybody We've got pop century coming up next


I think it's important to sort of study the examples of social justice activists, biographies to sort of see what is the the moment in their lives that made them have a kind of in Latin America we call about the the consciousness raising point or what was that sort of process that brought about these kinds of changes. XSR Chavis who grew up primarily as a farm worker who had to go into the military at some point in order to be able to take care of his family and then had to go back after the military service into the fields to work and it wasn't until much later for instance in his life that XSR Chavis was able to sort of develop a middle-class lifestyle working as a community organizer for the community services organization in Los Angeles. XSR Chavis worked his way into a middle-class job and lifestyle as an organizer was making a pretty decent salary as an organizer getting people to Mexican Americans primarily in Los Angeles to register to vote. He was doing very very good work but what he realized at a certain point is he said I want to take this organization so that we mobilize and energize farm workers and he took this proposal to the community services organizations board and they turned him down and said we don't really think that this population is one that we can work with very well they're transient and it would be very difficult for us to organize them so we would rather that you stick around and try to work with urban Mexican Americans and try to turn them into democratic electorates. XSR Chavis said no I don't want to continue doing this work I want to work with farm workers so I'm going to turn in my letter of resignation and I'm going to take whatever savings I have and I'm going to go work with the farm workers. This is an interesting period because he'd been doing work for CSO for 10 years had really pulled his family in some sense out of the kind of poverty of farm work but he decided that that wasn't enough and it was about those personal connections right of his own memory of his own parents of being displaced as a young person and the injustices that happened to farm workers and say we need to build new organizational models new organizational structures that will address the least advantage so we can learn a couple of things I think for this is that sometimes what leadership means is having to leave positions of power and privilege and become relatively powerless right leaving structures that we have in place and try to figure out building new models of conflict resolution of organizing of doing things in a different way and that means beginning from scratch is what what he did essentially with the United Farm Workers is that even in among social justice circles sometimes our structures aren't going to do the work that really needs to be done to address structural violence sometimes we're just going to have to give up on the good work that we are doing and try something alternatively without any sense that there could be success


X also started removing headlines from posted links, which Elon Musk claims will, quote, greatly improve the platform's aesthetics. I'm still on X. I would have to see how this works. I don't know that it would make me, that I would change how I actually view content there, but it may make me change how I post content there if I don't feel like people are going to be able to see my content and then come and, you know, and come and link to it because I don't necessarily try to build content on social media platforms. I try to use social media to get people to my content elsewhere. So I understand why Twitter is doing it. I don't know how this is going to work. We have to see how it will play out.