Hello, this is Waylon Chao and this is Intellectual Property Part C. In this part, we will look at copyright infringement, the creative commons, and the fair-dealing exemption to copyright. A copyright infringement occurs when all or a substantial part of a copyright work is used without authorization or without a license. If you remember a number of modules ago when we were recovering contract law, in one of those modules, the lecture videos included a little snippet of your favorite song, Justin Bieber's Baby. So that little snippet was only for about 10 or so seconds, so that was not all or substantial part of that song. Because it was only a small snippet, it was not considered copyright infringement. Now if you do commit copyright infringement, let's say you illegally download a thousand songs, then the amount of damages that you could be made liable for are specifically set by the Copyright Act. And it depends on whether or not the infringement was done for a commercial purpose or a non-commercial purpose. So if it's just you downloading songs for your own personal enjoyment, that's non-commercial use. The statutory damages that you could be made liable for would be a minimum of $100 and a maximum of $5,000. So that's for all the infringements in a single proceeding. So that means that if you're sued for copyright infringement for those thousand illegally downloaded songs, so that's in one single proceeding. So even though it's 1,000 different downloads or in other words 1,000 different copyright infringements, the most that you can be made liable for is the $5,000. It's not $5,000 per song, it's $5,000 per legal proceeding. Now if you illegally downloaded those songs for commercial purposes, in other words you were reselling copies to other people. Or if you're a DJ you're using that music in doing your work as a DJ, that's commercial use. And the maximum penalty then would be $20,000 per work infringed. So that could be $20,000 per illegally downloaded song. There are other ways of infringing copyright that are in the Copyright Act. If you break a digital lock or the technical acronym is TPM, technological protection measure, if you break a digital lock then that is considered copyright infringement. So I think it used to be that when you downloaded songs off of iTunes you could not convert it into some other format like MP3 that you could play on a different non-Apple device. Now if you were able to hack it and break that digital lock to put it into a different format that would be considered copyright infringement. In terms of file sharing sites and your ISPs, they could also be made liable for copyright infringement. But only if they intentionally or knowingly allowed users to illegally access copyright material. So there has to be some intention or knowledge of the illegal copying of material before there's liability on these sites or your ISP. Let's say you like to legally download movies using BitTorrent. Under the Canadian Copyright Act, what may happen is that the copyright owners, so in this case it would be the movie company that owns the copyright for the movies that you illegally downloaded, they have technological ways of finding out the IP addresses of the people who are illegally downloading their movies. With those IP addresses, they can figure out who your internet service provider is, who your ISP is. Under Canadian Copyright Law, that copyright owner can send a notice to your ISP advising them of the copyright infringement. And then the ISP has an obligation to forward that notice to you, the customer. Now the ISP has no obligation to disclose your name to the copyright owner. So all the copyright owner really knows is your IP address. So the ISP forwards that copyright notice to you and that notice often includes a demand for some kind of settlement payment and all bunch of threats to sue you for copyright infringement. So here's a sample letter that a copyright owner would send and then your ISP would forward to you. So in this letter it explains that the ISP is forwarding to you this notice and then that your ISP account has been used to download copyright content which infringes the rights of the copyright owner. And in this particular letter it says that you could be liable for up to $150,000 per infringement in civil penalties which is blatantly untrue under Canadian Copyright Law. We just mentioned earlier that for non-commercial copyright infringement the most that you can be liable for is a maximum of $5,000. So in this letter they also kindly offer to settle it with you and they give you a link that you can click on and make an online payment and they promise not to sue you by giving you a legal release if you pay $20 per infringement. So if you legally downloaded 100 files you would be paying $2,000. And after that offer to settle they're very clear or they make a very clear threat that they will sue you or literally they say they will pursue every available remedy against you including claiming recovery of attorneys fees and costs if you don't agree to make that settlement payment. Now if you receive a notice like that or if you know a friend who might receive a notice like that what should you do is the big question. I'm not going to provide you with any legal advice on what you should do but what you can do is read this blog post by Michael Geist who's one of the leading legal experts on technology law and you can find his article at that link. An alternative to the restrictions on use placed by copyright is the creative commons. What the creative commons is is an alternative way of allowing creators to share their works without charging fees or royalties. So there are a number of different creative commons licenses that can be used. These are just six of them. These are not all of the available creative commons licenses. On the one extreme is the CC0 license which is a public domain. That means anyone can use it without paying royalty. They can do whatever they want with it. They can use it for a commercial purpose or non-commercial purpose. There are many different combinations or permutations that you can have with a creative commons license. You can restrict the use to only let's say non-commercial use and you can also require that the author of the work be attributed. Whenever the work is used by someone else, you can also have the license allow someone else to modify the work as well. So there are many different ways of designing a creative commons license as a way of sharing something that you've created without charging any royalties. The concept of fair dealing is used to help strike that important balance in intellectual property law between individual benefits and societal benefits. Fair dealing is an exemption to copyright which allows people to use copyrighted materials without having to pay any royalties. Now that use has to be for some specific purposes that are beneficial to society. There is a two-step test that is applied to qualify for fair dealing. This two-step test comes from the Supreme Court of Canada decision in CCH Canadian and the Law Society of Upper Canada which we'll look at in more detail on the next slide. This two-step test, the first step is we look at the purpose of the use of the copyrighted material. There are some specific purposes that are set out in the Copyright Act which qualify for fair dealing. Those purposes are private study, research, criticism, review, news reporting, education, parody or satire. What the Copyright Act is essentially saying is that if copyrighted material is used for any of those purposes, those purposes are viewed as being generally beneficial for our society and therefore should not be constrained by copyright. That's only the first step. It has to be one of those purposes. The second step is even if it qualifies for one of those purposes, the use or the dealing has to be considered fair. So to determine fairness we look at a number of different factors that the Supreme Court has set out. The purpose of the dealing, the character, the amount of the dealing, how much of the material are you copying. And so we look at usually a percentage of what the whole amount of the work is. The availability of alternatives to copying, the nature of the work and the effect of the dealing on the work. Let's now look in detail at the CCH and Law Society case. So this is the case in which the Supreme Court sets out the legal test for fair dealing. This case involves the Law Society of Canada, which is the body which governs the legal profession in Ontario. The Law Society maintains and operates a reference and research library called the Great Library at Osgoode Hall in downtown Toronto. One of the services that the Great Library provides is called a Custom Photocopy Service. So what that service does is that if you're a Law Society member, let's say you're a lawyer, no matter where you're located in Ontario, you can contact one of the librarians at the Great Library and they can look up something for you. Let's say it's a case or a specific article and they can photocopy that case or article and send it to you. And they can either deliver it in person, presumably if you're in the Toronto area or downtown area, or they can send it by mail or send it by fax. The various publishers that the library has materials from, including CCH Canadian, had some serious objections to the service. They took the position that the service constituted copyright infringement. So they sued the Law Society for copyright infringement. One of the legal issues that the Supreme Court considered in this case was whether the Law Society's dealings with the publishers' works were considered to be fair dealing under the Copyright Act. In setting out the applicable law here, the Supreme Court first stated that the fair dealing exception is a user's right and that in order to maintain the proper balance between the rights of a copyright owner and user's interests, that fair dealing exception should not be interpreted restrictively. Then the court more specifically set out the test that we've already explained in the previous slide where to have fair dealing. The first step is to look at the purpose of the dealing. Does it qualify for one of the purposes of research, private study, criticism, review, news reporting, education, parity or satire? And then the second step is to determine whether or not that dealing is fair. And then the court set out the six different factors in assessing whether a dealing is fair. The court then explained how these different factors are applied or what they mean. The first factor in determining fairness is the purpose of the dealing. So the purpose goes back to the purposes that are set out for fair dealing under the Copyright Act, which are namely research, private study, criticism, review or news reporting. So those were the purposes that were set out in the Copyright Act at the time of this case. Subsequently and more recently there have been a few additional fair dealing purposes added to the Copyright Act, which are education, parity or satire. But the court also provides a bit more color in terms of applying this factor of purpose of the dealing. So they made other comments such as if research is done for commercial purposes it may not be as fair as research done for charitable purposes. The second factor in determining fairness of the dealing is the character of the dealing. So the court pointed out here that if let's say multiple copies of works are made and they are widely distributed, that would likely be unfair. So in contrast, if a single copy of work is used for a specific legitimate purpose, then that's likely to be fair to be fair dealing. And if the copy of the work is destroyed after it's used for its intended purpose, that also may help lead to a finding of fairness. And in some instances looking at the custom or practice in a particular trade and industry may help to determine whether or not the dealing is fair. The third factor looks at the amount of the dealing. So usually one rule of thumb that people apply is the 10% rule is that if you are copying less than 10% of a book, let's say, that usually would qualify for a fair dealing. So the Supreme Court here says that if the amount taken from a work is trivial, then it's likely to be fair dealing. But the court also says that in some situations it may be fair to copy 100% of a work. One example is if you are writing an article to criticize or review a photograph, you would be able to fairly reproduce 100% of the photograph in your review and that would likely be considered fair. Alternatives to the dealing looks at whether or not there is a non-copyright equivalent of the work that could have been used instead of the copyrighted work. The fifth factor looks at the nature of the work. So that can be a number of different things. Some of the possibilities that the court commented on were if a work has not been published, the dealing may be considered fair in that the reproduction could lead to a wider public dissemination of the work. So in contrast, if the work is considered to be confidential, then copying the work in terms of the dealing could be considered to be unfair. The sixth and last factor is the effect of the dealing on the work. What specifically this looks at is the effect of the dealing on the market for the copyrighted work. In other words, will that copying take away sales of the legitimate sales of the copyrighted work? So when the court applied that law to the facts, they applied all five factors to determine fairness. But they first dealt with the first step of determining whether or not the purpose of the dealing fell within one of the purposes that are set out in the Copyright Act. And they concluded that the purpose here was for research and that research should be interpreted in a liberal and broad fashion so as not to unduly constrain users' rights. So specifically they said that research for the purpose of advising clients, giving opinions, arguing cases, preparing briefs, factims is nonetheless research. And it doesn't matter that lawyers are carrying on the business of law for profit in the conduct of that research. So then the court moved on to the second step of the analysis in determining whether or not the dealing was fair by applying the six different factors. In finding that the law society's dealing was fair, the court focused on the facts that the access policy that the law society operated under in providing this service states that not all requests for copying or for access to materials will be honored. And that request request does not appear to be for the purpose of research criticism review or private study copy will not be made. And that also that this access policy limits the amount of the work that will be copied. And that if the request exceeds what might typically be considered reasonable, then the librarian has the right to refuse to fulfill a request made by a law society member. The Supreme Court decision in CCH was in 2002. Since then the Supreme Court of Canada has reaffirmed its broad interpretation of fair dealing as set out in that CCH case. In July 2012, the court released five decisions, which set out again a broad interpretation of fair dealing. That series of five decisions is called the copyright pentology. In one of those decisions called So Can and Bill Canada, the court said that the purpose of research, which is one of the purposes that are allowed for fair dealing, should be interpreted broadly from the perspective of the user, not the service provider. So this case involved an online music provider providing subscribers with 30 to 90 second previews of copyright songs on its website. And the court held that those previews are not copyright infringement since they are protected by fair dealing. In another one of those cases in the copyright pentology, this one called Alberta Education and Access Copyright. The court indicated that the purpose of research, which is another fair dealing purpose, is not limited to a scholarly inquiry, but can include lifelong learning and daily information seeking. So you don't have to be a student or a scholar to engage in research. It can be a part of anyone's everyday life. And also private study does not require isolation or solitude but can occur in a classroom or as a group activity. This case involved teachers reproducing excerpts from textbooks and giving those excerpts to their students for classroom studies. And the court held that that reproduction of copyright material was protected by fair dealing. The recent advent of widely available generative artificial intelligence tools such as ChatGPT and Google Bard raises some important and serious copyright issues. One big question is, is AI generated work protected by copyright? And a related question would be, who is considered to be the author of an AI generated work? Would it be the AI itself or would it be the company or the people who developed the AI? Or would it be the human user who asked the AI a question or asked it to do something? So those are open questions, but what we do know is that under the current Copyright Act copyright owners can only be human beings. So that precludes an AI from owning a copyright. So if the author of a work is an AI, that work cannot be subject to copyright and therefore is in the public domain. As I mentioned earlier, the questions that are raised here are open questions that we don't have any definitive answers to, at least not yet. But I think we'll need to distinguish between works that are primarily created by an AI versus works created primarily by humans with the help of AI.


This is stock number 10117. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used heavy-duty truck and RAM headquarters. Today we are checking out this super clean 2012 RAM 3500 mega cab short box. This truck has the 6.7 liter Cummins diesel. From this HD video you will be able to tell that this truck is extremely clean all the way around inside and out. Black clear coat over bright silver is the color scheme on this truck. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p so if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, or smartphone device, turn them on right now because it's like you're right here looking at the truck with me. And definitely your best way to check out the vehicle before seeing it in person. Comes with 20-inch ultra motor sports, painted and polished aluminum rims, Nitto trail grappler, 35 by 12 and a half R20 LT tires with about half the tread left. And we actually have a full-size spare tire in the back of the bed here which I can show you how much full tread looks like. As a suspension lift kit on it, frame and underbody is very clean underneath. Headlight lenses are nice and clear, factory fog lights, no major dents or dings on that front bumper has a chrome trimmed grille. Passengers side fender is a nice shape as well and the passenger side rim is very clean as well no scuffs or scrapes on that. As you go down this side of the truck you can see just how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror like that paint is. We take these HD videos so if you're far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down you can still see the truck here, the truck and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. Has a very nice color matched rear topper, mega cab down this side very very clean. Don't see any dents or dings, lower rockers all look really good, has all the remaining factors exhaust and the frame and underbody is very clean on this truck, very little corrosion. The back rim is in nice condition as well and the back tires have a little bit more tried than the front tires, frame and underbody down here is really nice as well. And as we come around to the back rear bumper is very clean no dents or dings on that, back of parking sensors full towing package which includes a receiver h4 pin and 7 pin wiring, tailgate is in nice shape as well and it has a locking tailgate and a backup camera. Has a very nice spray and bed liner also has that spare tire so that's what full tread looks like on one of these Nitto trail grapplers and it does look like it has a locking gun case up there or an extra case of some sort, LED lights, looks like a handle of some sort as well very clean back here. And as you come around this side the truck just as clean as a passenger side once again take note of how reflective and mirror like that paint is and for full disclosure this back rim is in excellent shape as well. Topper is in really nice condition too and down the rest of this side of the truck very very clean. Has the fold out heated tow mirrors they fold out like so they also manually fold in. Inside the Laramie package gives you the black leather interior memory driver's seat both of these seats are heated both of these seats are cooled no rips or tears on the seat lumbar memory driver's seat we have factory all-weather format in here as well factory brake controller auto headlamps power pedals audio controls in the back of the steering wheel power windows power locks power mirrors nice wood grain trim and as we hop inside the truck here you can see that this one has 50,256 miles instrument cluster is very nice and clean has a leather wrapped steering wheel that is in excellent shape no scuffs or scrapes on that cruise controls on the right bluetooth and information center controls on the left six speed automatic transmission comes with the 430n radio it gives you factory navigation am fm and serious xm radio capabilities also you can do a hard drive on here and it's a 20 gigabits of space on that hard drive factory exhaust brake tow haul mode factory stability control dual climate control you got your heated and cooled seat buttons down here as well as your heated steering wheel button nice wood grain trim air conditioning works fantastic in this truck has the alpine premium sound system with the factory subwoofer factory all-weather format that side and the passenger seat is an excellent shape this one also has the power sunroof in it up here is your power sliding rear window your map lights and then your home link buttons for your garage doors security systems and lighting systems we'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we will check out under the hood back seats are just as clean as the front seats no rips or tears they are heated on the outboard side these seats do fold down two different ways one way as they fold down nice and flat like that which is kind of cool if you needed to take a nap or something you could put both sides down and just lay back here and then they also fold down a different way as well just like so so the seats kind of recline a little bit too so really really nice back seat area lots of room and we'll take a quick look under the hood i would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today hopefully from this hd video you will have been able to tell just how clean this truck is all the way around inside and out under the hood we have the 6.7 liter Cummins diesel engine base very clean runs very smooth this truck has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop as a fresh oil and filter change all the fluids have been checked and topped off the truck has been gone through mechanically 100% and is 100% ready to go to see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 450 new and used cars trucks suvs minivans wranglers half tons three quarter tons one tons like this go to our website www.summitauto.com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com if you'd like to check out more hd videos you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there in fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our youtube channel on your left a link to more heavy-duty truck videos like this one on your right if you have not been to our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website click those check us out we really look forward to helping you with this super clean 2012 ram 3500 mega cab short box thanks again


Hi there and welcome to this screencast where we're going to work with a family of functions to determine some of the behaviors of this family. Specifically we're given the family of functions f of x equals a times the square root of b minus x squared, where a and b are positive real numbers. And for every member of that family, I would like to determine the domain, the critical values, the increasing, decreasing behavior, concavity and inflection points of this family. So first of all realize that although it says f of x, this is not one function, but it's an entire collection or family of functions that all have the same basic form. The only difference here is the presence of two parameters, a and b. Remember, very importantly for what's about to happen here is that a and b are not variables, they are numbers, they are positive numbers. We lock in values of those parameters and then use x as the variable. But in terms of derivative taking and everything else, a and b are numbers whose values we don't know. So let's start with the domain of this family. Now, the domain of this function here is going to include all x values that make the function computable, which in this case means I need all x values that make the expression that's under the radical sign zero or positive. I don't want any negative values under the radical sign. So I need to have b minus x squared to be bigger than or equal to zero. That's not the answer, I need to get the answer in terms of x. But just realize that the domain depends upon b here. Let's keep working with this and solve this inequality for x. I want b minus x squared to be non-negative, either zero or bigger than zero because of the radical sign there. So solving that inequality means if I add x squared to both sides, I get b bigger than or equal to x squared, which it seems a little bit more comfortable to write x squared less than or equal to b. So to solve this inequality, I'd want to take the square root of both sides here. But this is an inequality, so when I take the square root of both sides, I get not x less than or equal to radical b. But the absolute value of x less than or equal to radical b. And so if I solve that inequality in turn, I'm going to get negative square root of b less than or equal to x less than or equal to positive square root of b. That's a good inequality way of expressing the domain. If I want to put it in interval format, my domain would be the interval starting at negative radical b and extending to positive radical b and including those two end points. Now that we have the domain of my family of functions, let's move on to talk about the critical values and the increasing, decreasing behavior of this family. That's going to involve the first derivative. Now remember, when taking the derivative a and b are constants, they are numbers.  And I say that because we need to take the first derivative now. The first derivative of f would be if I take the derivative of a times radical b minus x, a is a number, it's a constant. So I can pull it out from the derivative process. And instead, I'll take the derivative of just the radical portion, which I'm going to write as b minus x squared to the one half power. Now if I take the derivative of that expression, that's going to involve the chain rule. Let's work this out. That's going to give me a, because that constant factor is still there, times one half times b minus x squared to the minus one half. And then times the derivative of the inside, which is negative 2x. Just to simplify the one half and the two cancel off, there's still the negative sign there though. So let's put this together. This is negative a times x times b minus x squared to the negative one half. Okay, and I'm going to do one extra step and that is to take that b minus x squared to the negative one half power and simply write it on the bottom of a fraction. So this is going to be negative ax over square root of b minus x squared. So that's in simplified form. Now the reason I'm doing this is because the problem was asking me to find the critical values of the family and also the increasing decreasing behavior of this family. Now the critical values of my family f are going to be the places as we know where the derivative, first derivative, is either zero or undefined. So let's think about those two conditions in turn. Where would f prime of x be equal to zero? Well, if f prime of x were equal to zero, the only way a fraction can be equal to zero is if its numerator is equal to zero. Now a is a positive number, so that can't be zero. So the only place where this fraction f prime can be zero is where x is equal to zero. So x equals zero is a critical value for every member of this family. Unlike the domain we saw, which does depend upon the parameter value b, notice that the critical value does not. Every single member of this family has a critical value in the exact same place at x equals zero. Now we also need to think about where the derivative is undefined. There actually are a couple of places where this is undefined now. Namely where the denominator of this fraction is equal to zero. The denominator of the fraction is equal to zero at x equals plus and minus radical b. Those are the very, very right and left end points of the domain. You put those things in for x squared and you end up dividing by zero. So there are three critical values for this function zero and plus or minus b. Now the next thing we need to think about is the increasing decreasing behavior of this function and I'm going to go to a different page to do that. So finding the increasing and decreasing behavior of really any function, including families of functions, involves knowing the sign of the first derivative. And that's helped along by making a sign chart as we've seen before. Here's my sign chart. Now notice this sign chart does not extend forever off to the left and to the right because the domain of the function does not extend off forever to the left and the right. The domain starts on the left at negative square root of b and ends on the right at positive square root of b. So when you visualize it like this, there's really only two intervals to check. This interval from negative radical b up to zero and then the other half of the interval from zero to positive square root of b. Just like before, I'm going to find the sign of f prime on each of those two intervals and then will directly give me the increasing decreasing behavior of f. Now this f prime is not a product of several things, like we've seen before, it's a quotient of two things. We can still think of the sign chart the same way. Especially when you notice that the denominator of the fraction in f prime is always positive. The denominator is a square root and that's never going to output negative results. So really we only need to look at the numerator of f prime. In this particular case, the only way f prime can be positive is for the numerator to be positive and vice versa. So let's look at values from each of the two intervals that we have here, created by the critical value at x equals zero. In the left-handed interval over here for values between negative radical b and zero, those are all negative values. And so if I put a negative value in for x, I'm taking x, which is negative, times a, which is positive. And then there's a negative sign out here. So really I have a negative value here times another negative value times that positive a, and that gives me a positive value for f prime. Now likewise on the other side here in this area, I'm looking at positive values of x. These are values of x that sit between zero and square root of b. So I have a negative sign here. A is always positive and x in this case is positive. So that's a positive x times a positive a and then I take a negative sign. That's going to give me a negative value for f prime. Now let's check out the behavior of f which is the punch line for this particular part. Since on the first interval, the left-handed interval, f prime was positive. That means f is increasing on that interval. And on the right-handed interval, f prime is negative. So f is decreasing on that interval. So what this tells me is I can now answer the question about where is the family of functions increasing and where is it decreasing. Well, I know now that f is increasing. Again, this is for any value of a and b. f is increasing on the interval from negative square root of b to zero and decreasing elsewhere, decreasing on the interval from zero to square root of b. Notice that this also gives us some other information for free that we weren't asked for. Namely, that is every member of this family is going to have a local maximum at x equals zero. No, we might ask what is the value of that local maximum? Let's do that right here. So this family, every family member is going to have a local maximum at x equals zero. And the local maximum value is f of zero, which is a times b minus square root of b minus zero squared, which is a radical b. So there's a little bit of free information. Every member of the family has a local maximum value, actually an absolute maximum value if you look at it, of a radical b. And that happens at x equals zero. Now we're going to move on to look at concavity. And this is a fairly lengthy computation. So we're going to do this in a separate screencast. So stay tuned for the sequel.


Great welcome to live stream everybody. We've got a lot to talk about so let's just jump right in first of all What I want to talk about which I think is pretty important is there's a coordinated attack and it's hitting off of First was BlockFi and then Celsius was in the mix and now it comes down to Voyager So I want to talk to you about the cease and desist letters and exactly what's going to happen with Crypto digital assets as far as yield interest and I think it's a travesty and I'll just explain as we go through it Also want to talk about Axie infinity founder vows to reimburse players for the hack But there's a bigger question at large and it really comes back down to the nanny state that we're in and lastly I just want to talk to you about there was a great video by Simon Dixon And it was about 20 minutes or so but in 60 seconds He's gonna give you a masterclass in Bitcoin and how it all relates to everything else And finally I will do a quick five questions in five minutes a quick Q&A This is a reminder. We're doing one of the last PR meet-ups For for digital asset news. I'll be actually going back to Texas for a couple months So it will be the last one for quite some time. It'll be at San Juan smoke out So I'll talk to you about that at the very end But first let's do a quick market recap first of all over here for the live stream awesome If you're here for the replay great Just know there's time stands below so you can skip around but just easier to scroll all the way through I don't know why people skip around so much And then lastly Q&A at the end news takes about 15 minutes. Let's jump in. So first of all, let's talk about the markets honestly Honestly, I don't really care so much the market today is just today And it's it's hard to take a look at these things And especially what's going on in the market itself and going does this really matter right now?  I mean, we're pretty much trading sideways It's 1.3% Bitcoin's down a little bit there and everything's down a little better up a little bit There's no big winners today. It is what it is. Let's move on. I want to talk about this so Let's get into it. So I woke up today. It's always a great day. It's a great day in Puerto Rico It's always the same weather. It's 80 degrees There's no capital gains tax if you have an option to move down here I highly recommend it and I woke up and I'm looking at my Twitter feed as I sometimes do as I'm walking Chloe and Chewie and This comes up and I'm like, what the heck so state regulators crack down on voyager digital's crypto interest offering and To me, let me know what you think about in the comment section sometimes I think That it's a nanny state and there's a bunch of babysitters out there and I feel like we don't need babysitters because we're adults However on the flip side, there's another side of that same coin I'll get to that when we talk about Axie infinity But here is the actual cease and assist letter and this is just from Jersey. It's multiple states So here you can find this in the description. I linked it below New Jersey Bureau of Security Orders crypto company digital voyager digital to stop offering and selling interest building accounts Man, we just can't have things nice. It is take it away from us So acting Attorney General Matthew Plattkin today announced that the new Jersey Bureau of Securities Has issued a summary cease and assist order stop a Jersey City based financial services company from selling Unregistered Securities in the form of interest earning crypto accounts that have raised the least five billion nationwide today's action This is from Plattkin says loud and clear that the crypto securities market is not the Wild West and investor protection laws Absolutely apply through efforts like this one. We continue to hold accountable all those who threaten the integrity of our financial industry and Place investors at risk. Sometimes I'm reading this stuff. I just want to put this on Because I'm like, are you kidding me?  It's it's an unemotional thing, right? But man, I gotta tell you when I read this stuff, I'm like, man, that's kind of clownish, but In all honesty, there could be something to it. So Continuing on today's action Read that part lastly I just want to go over like a little timeline in July 2021. There was a cease and assist order against BlockFi Of course, you know, they got pinched for like I think it's like a hundred million dollars or something like that It was a no small feat and in September 2021 There was a cease and assist order against Celsius Network Jersey's one of those states that is not gonna take things lying down. They're gonna protect everybody good for them So here is The actual article going in even deeper so Director of the Alabama Securities Commission Joseph Borg said That there are states New Jersey Plus Alabama plus Oklahoma plus Texas plus Kentucky Vermont and Washington. They've all coordinated Together they believe Voyager digital's earned program accounts may be on registered securities And he says Borg says the thrust is to say okay guys. It's time. It's time to come to the table. Here's the thing I Interviewed Steve no numerous times on this in this exact same issue. He's like we're working with the regulators You know, they try to give us what they want You know, we're trying to guess essentially what it is because guess what the SEC doesn't even know what they want And that's the whole point of the SEC to get going and for Gensler to come in and actually give regulation But they can't do it because they can't define things and even the in the US Senate hearing When they had Gensler come before them and there was asked to me ask them Why is it that you can't put it out in public what essentially that these exchanges should be doing as far as securities and Regulations and you have to do it behind closed doors and then tell them, okay Well, this is what it is and this is what it is Why can't he's been in public and Gensler's like well, we made it very clear in public and he's like look It's as bad as clear as mud and he talks about him being a layman and nothing has changed since then so again We just it's it's the exchange is kind of sitting back and going. Well, okay, so what do you want us to do? There is light at the end of the tunnel though. Let's let's keep going so The thrust that's funny the thrust to say okay guys I mean there are some minor differences in the order, but the principles are the same He expressed surprise that voyage digital others hadn't gotten the message of compliance that block flies precedent set So Voyager comes out and says okay, gotcha hear you loud and clear the inverse man said the investment firm said in a statement on Wednesday that it is aware of or has received cease and assist orders from the state security divisions of Indiana, Kentucky, New Jersey and Oklahoma and orders to show cause or Similar orders from the state securities divisions of Alabama, Texas, Vermont and Washington Voyager said it isn't talks the regulators to better understand the orders and clarify the statement believes are inaccurate When effective the orders will stop the firm from offering new accounts or accepting new assets for its brand program So right now if you're in voyager Not a bad idea to sign up because I think this might actually go away for a little bit of time and That is just how it actually goes if you're looking for Like a way to sign up very easily just come my exchange of wall fees like a voyage or sell csftx Going cracking and just do like a breakdown of everything that's there but You have to understand that all the things that are are going through right now It's only temporary So they're going to work with the regulators They're going to say what exactly is it you want and they're going to work their way backwards now Hopefully they don't get pinched just like block fight does but you have to remember So alex machine's here with Celsius. I mean he's worked with regulators before and I know we know that steve or like from voyager has as well I mean he was The ceo of e-trade. So he knows exactly how that works and he wanted light speed Institutional investing then he came over here. It's okay. Well, we're going to work with the regulators We're going to be okay because we'll just work with them and kind of work it out And it's not like they get everything they want. It's a give and take now. Will it all shut down not for sure But it doesn't look like it as long as They come to table and go look.  You guys are inaccurate You don't know what you're talking about and that's why we have all these expensive lawyers So that's how I kind of see things but to finish up According to the new new jersey cease and assist They order voyager digital stopout opening new interest accounts But is allowing interest payments for existing accounts that will be us And then of course lastly we want these folks to be in compliance interesting So again, if they give them what they want, it's not about we don't want to be in compliance It's not about that We're trying to evade everything The problem is is that they don't give us a clear set and I actually reached out to steve I go, hey, man, do you want to come on the show and talk about he's like, well, I would but legal probably wouldn't want me to Do that So we'll let them sort it out. Great. So we'll see how it all works out But again on this channel I have talked about regulation and I have said that I think that we need regulation And I've also said that is there a good chance that the governments will screw up on this Absolutely, but it doesn't matter because really what it comes down to is this tell us the rules Tell us what exactly it is that you want so we can work around the rules And bend them to our shape now. I know it doesn't probably didn't say that correctly, but in all honesty, it's the same thing as like how Corporations They pay way less taxes than you or I why because they know the rules They know how to get around the rules and how to work with the rules and the regulators to make things work That's just my two cents. Let me what you think about that in the comment section, which does leave me to my next point Hacks and other issues. So this was a it was an article that had come out this morning And of course it's a story from yesterday. Everybody's been talking about this. There was a attack bridge And unfortunately a lot of people lost a lot of money. I think we're over 600 million. I think it was the biggest hack an existence so far And axiomfinity owner's owner fully committed to reimbursing players after attack. That's good But it shouldn't have happened on my opinion And here's the problem The game generated 1.3 billion in the 12 months through february. So they so the game did great axiomfinity did a lot Did a great amount the problem here is that now that they did all that work So essentially 600 million was hacked.  So here's what's going on This is a quote from alexander lennard larson chief operating officer of the gaming studio sky mavis also for axiomfinity We are fully committed to reimbursing our players as soon as possible. That sounds good, right? I like to hear that but this part doesn't sound good. We're still working on a solution though That's an ongoing discussion. So I shouldn't laugh because there's a lot of people Uh that lost a lot of money imagine and and I was watching On game chaining on chain on game on chain gaming and he said, you know what sucks He goes let's say that you had 5000 Ethereum let's say you had a hundred theorem and you go there to take it out because you got to pay for rent Or you got to pay for something or you know, you family needs money and it's just gone That's what happened here to the tune of over 600 million dollars worth of crypto So when I I should not laugh I should not take this lightly because it's awful Hackers exploit the security weakness in a so-called bridge to drain it of 173 thousand six and eight thirds Okay, so that's like six or a million. We got that right Here's where it gets interesting And it's something we really need to think about as a community as people who are right here watching us right now The attack is the latest to show that bridges are often rife with problems. Why are they have so many problems? The the computer code of many are not audited. I can't say for sure if this one or was not I have no idea But I think we do know that a lot of the code isn't audited allowing for hackers to exploit vulnerabilities or if it is audited It's poorly audited It's often unclear who runs them and how identity of validators who are supposed to order transaction bridges are often shrouded in mystery Which I don't think is a big deal. I mean the shroud of mystery the validators whatever And yet there are thousands of bridges out there and they move hundreds of millions of dollars worth of crypto Look, if you're moving that much money around You should be spending a boatload of money to secure that because this stuff happens who lost that money Did the developers lose the money? Or the people that trusted and put their money in there lose that money So that really comes back to this first part right here This cease and assist and now I know I get it You know like you can't really compare apples or just because that's really not what it is But when we talk about regulation I'm telling you I'm I can't tell you I don't know for I don't know anybody's thoughts. I'm not omnipotent But I can just tell you that when I see something like this happen Do you think that maybe the people that have been rug pulled and have been screwed over and have lost a lot of their crypto Are probably thinking themselves. You know what? Maybe those audits could have come and play but who's here to enforce the audits? Well, good projects. Well, who are the good projects? Well, you got to find all those good products Well, maybe just a little regulation might be like, hey if you want to put this out here You have to have it audited by xyz company. I know people are going to poo on me on this one But I don't care because it's just a thought process that I have because I think to myself I'm like this Shouldn't happen constantly and we shouldn't be taking the the shellacking that we do in this space There is so much good in this space We're getting screwed over by all these hacks and things that are going on which could have been avoidable All right, so that's what's going on in that one and Just on a side note Maybe it's time The projects that I talk about, you know, I talk about the utt. What's the utility? You know, is it is it something new and different as I do something or it's just a me too product What are the tokenomics is it centralized into vcs or is it scattered about Is are people going to dunk dump on you and what's the team like? What have they done and where are they going? And maybe I should be asked or putting in that last fourth one Have they been audited and are they secure the problem with that is if I had to do that for every project there would be no Projects to review because how many of them are actually out there that have done that and are super secure I can tell you if that was the case. We wouldn't have all these rug pulls and problems like that I could be wrong. Let me know what you think about in the comment section. That's what we have So That would lead me to my next point Bitcoin and masterclass the more things and problems that I see The more I'm like, man, maybe bitcoin is I mean has bitcoin been hacked ever It's a supercomputer. It's the biggest supercomputer in the world and it is It is safeguarded by 10 000 plus validators So when I take a look at this, I'm like, yeah bitcoin might be a lot a little bit safer And here's my man Simon Dixon and I'm gonna let him speak to you. It was a 22 minute video, but it boils down into 60 seconds Here's the masterclass that I was talking about. Let me stop this. I really want you to hear this I'm going to share the tab And I'm gonna mute myself so you don't hear me If you want to try and do all that crazy stuff that everyone tries to do Then try and get on top of all these different trends and predict them short term and try and buy bitcoin at the right moment Sell stocks at the right moment get the tax efficiency right And then always try to get on the right side of these trends and see things And also make sure you're an insider You so you can see those that are pushing bitcoin into the exchanges at the same time as doing over the counter trades And the same in the stock market and you think you can get ahead of all those hedge funds that have high frequency trading And internet connections directly into the stock markets and insiders that have the ability to manipulate exchanges in the short term If you want to get on the right if you want to try and beat all those people Then feel free to continue trading If however, you just want to calm down Get on with your life do what you need to do and if you do that as a hobby fine Take a percentage of it and do that as a hobby But in the investing side you got to look at the long-term trends and what I like is asymmetric bets And an asymmetric bet Is an above normal return With a lower amount of risk and that's why bitcoin benefiting from quantitative easing quantitative tightening Increases in interest rates decreases in interest rates inflation bank failures is in my perspective A responsible thing to for people to hold a percentage of their wealth in Because of those long-term trends And don't let the short term and medium You know make you do things That I've seen over the last 13 years in the highest performing asset class in history People end up with less bitcoin than when they started Yeah, so first of all, I should have actually preface it with this. Uh, who is Simon? Who is Simon Dixon? First of all, that'd be pretty pretty important So Simon let me share this Simon there is one of the original OGs for bitcoin got in around 2010 And uh, he actually was going to open up his own bank He's also part of traditional finance and also in the video itself. He talks about how he's like look he goes Talking about wall street and trading things like that. He goes we would get orders from golden sacks They say hey, we want to work this position and they would just do otc stuff And he goes he goes so I know how things get manipulated I know how things work around also he goes he goes. I've been a part of traditional finance He goes I also own on a position robin hood. I know the inner work is that I also know He was one of the early investors in coin base and cracking and then he goes I already I know what's going on there, too He goes so if you look at all the whole grand scheme of things and the craziness that is out there He goes sometimes and it's just a very simple thing. He's like just make it simple on yourself You can do whatever you want to I'm not giving financial advice but Some days when I look at this I'm like that doesn't make a hell of a lot of sense and then he also talks about Bitcoin and gold and like that makes sense. I know people aren't really a big fan of gold, but I had a I had rob on from gold silver pros yesterday And there was a video we did and it was Now that's one of you. I'm just kidding. It's an old picture and what we talked about was how The new savings account we kind of feel is like gold silver bitcoin and it was great Guess what we and rob talked about? Gold and silver and bitcoin and nobody got bad of shape and no one started yelling And no one was like fu and this is awful and and yours junk whatever else very cordial very nice Very easy and then we talked about, you know, his position which he just got into a crypto position I'll let you watch the video and I talked about how I actually have Gold and silver in my Roth IRA.  Some of the things that we see out there I'll let you decide who I'm talking about but it's just dumb. So that's what we have For that last piece.  I trust these that used to be 29 bucks a month It's not even 29 bucks a month. So they just charge you 1% for the transactions And whatever you trade in there and that's it. So you can look at that. That's what I have I've had it for two years. Why do I have a Roth IRA living in Puerto Rico? It's because they're talking about taking away x60 and I'm not going to leave anything to chance So I put my gains Bitcoin gold and silver and I'm actually debating about putting all of my crypto right into bitcoin As far as like for the Roth IRA I'm just debating and then also if you're looking for wealth preservation, don't forget Here's masterworks. You can own fractional ish shares of art because guess what crazy rich people are crazy And what they do is they buy art doesn't matter if the s&p's up doesn't matter the crypto market's down or wherever else it is They like to buy art. So I have purchased a couple bank see actually that's the one I purchased It's that's up 20. It's pretty good. And uh, you can purchase Fractional ish shares. I've got a bank see and a basket whatever you want It's a very it's like five percent of my whole portfolio not a ton But I think it's just one of those ways to diversify a little bit if you're looking for those two things There's a link in the description looks just like this also got my real estate playlist Not a good idea right now prices are too high. But that's what we have As far as a little wealth preservation and that is it for today and I will remind everybody The Puerto Rico meetup is tonight at San Juan smokehouse links in the description or just follow me on twitter And uh, the address is right there and it's a great place Even if you're like Lucas and you're a vegan they have they have vegan brisket. I know it sounds blasphemous, but it I'm gonna try it tonight. Maybe it's awesome. But they really got some really good food And I like to see everybody before I take off for a couple months at texas and that's it So, uh, that's what we have for today Little crazy times, but um, I think again in the long run in the long run it all Will work out it'll be a little bit of turbulence a little bumps But uh, here we are So look if you enjoyed today's video give it a thumbs up If not thumbs down tell me why I'll fix it and then consider subscribing Now we get into the five questions in five minutes. Let's jump in. There's always a delay. That's what we got perp Hold on Let me get rid of this Yes, the grill veggies are good Question number one is a great question from my favorite comedian of all time george carlin Just tuned in. I know I've asked before any update on staking on itrust. No update I've actually talked to the guys over there and I'm like, hey Uh q1's almost over. What's going on? They're like maybe q2 Yeah, I know I want to be able to stake my crypto in my itrust account because then I could be like a double whammy But not so much maybe q2. I got no answers for you. Sorry As voyager thought about offering a crypto IRA. They're just this they have matter of fact I don't know if they're how far they're going to go with that one after this little bombshell with who else let's see picky bickford is Trust wallet safe. I hear it's good, but I also hear it's just got decommissioned from the apple platform So I don't know I don't use the trust wallet. I've heard exodus works out pretty well, too But uh, that's just hearsay How you prepare for hurricane season? So On this house We've got its own separate water tank and then we have some solar panels which work out pretty well and then for the windows you have these uh These metal shutters and that's how it works. I won't I'll I expect The storm season like hurricane season tallies come through it was the same thing as in florida. So a couple days without me and the uh Electricity. Oh marky. Hello I don't have zillica. I don't think I've heard it's blowing up Congratulations. I know marky. I haven't got it. But uh, maybe I'll look into it. I probably missed the ball already. Yeah Rob glad I caught you live question number three any thoughts on taxi unrealized gains. Well the president the united states Just came forward and said we're going to do Taxation on billionaires really it's people who make a hundred million or more on your unrealized gains And the reason they did that is because a lot of the really super rich people Uh, especially one of the uh co founders and of uh oracle What they do is they don't sell any of their stocks or their options or whatever else They just say I want to loan against that And then the banks give them the loan and they put that money and they make it into more money And they use some of that money for their living expenses and they pay zero capital gains which is very smart And uh, government's like hey, we want some taxes because we just printed a whole boatload of money. Where do we get that? From the upper echelon and of course You know they'll they'll squeeze the people too So as far as unrealized gains it all starts with that 100 million above and it gets to like well Maybe make 50 million or above. Well, maybe make a million. Well, maybe make 100,000. Well, maybe everybody should have it So I don't know how how far it's gonna go. I'm gonna I'm not a person who delves into those to goes down those those holes too much so Hope for the best prepare for the worst. That's the best advice I can give you All right, what else we got This is funny Ozzie crypto. I think is the same thing as uh as uh Diddy My friend said I was mad at selling the houses not all and cars and trailers and campers and all toys except the library Only 2010 to buy bitcoin in many states. Yeah In 2010 probably a billionaire Oh, no, I rocked to be next all the time and then there should be I saw one more up here Rob, do you follow the big 21 rules george does? I think that's the one where 50 is Bitcoin ethereum 25 is mid-range and 25 is like the generous plays no Uh as time has gone on I've been moving a little bit more into bitcoin ethereum And you know, what's funny is that the the older that people get into the crypto game? It's amazing It's like the more that they kind of just migrate to bitcoin ethereum more so bitcoin and then they kind of go from there I still have my degenerate. I don't even call them degenerate. I think A lot of these plays, especially plater and gaming and metaverse Plays I think will be very big. I think even plater will be very big Especially with the products that are coming out So and then if you think about it If you think about it play to earn would that be a security? Because I mean you're actually doing something to earn those tokens to earn own things Like you're just sitting back going give me some money But if you play to earn it and it comes in your so how would that be a security anyhow? I just thought about it and I was like, that's interesting so No, I don't follow that rule and that's it And it's because like as time has gone on. I just kind of go that way Is that a bad rule to follow when I'm saying it is just saying I don't ah and last question of the day Rob, how do you feel about gala? I love gala. There is this awesome game coming out I forgot the name of it, but like the big knock on play to earn gaming is that the graphics suck Yeah, that's true. I mean some are just awful, but this one let me find out what it is Let's go down the rabbit hole. Let's see I don't much time gala This came out to Superior that's what it is. Let me share my screen Yeah, that one so this game Superior It's going to be awesome. The hell's out of walking dead the other girls But uh, it's like it's like fortnight type of graphics. It's great And uh, if that's the next piece so much the better. I wish I could have been uh A node on this one, but what can you do? Okay And that's it. So look everybody Thanks for stopping by appreciate it a lot of things going on today how to get everything's ready But I'll see everybody if you can make it tonight great come on down to san Juan smokehouse It's between the hours of uh six Six to eight, so it'll be good times and good food and we'll talk uh All the rest of stuff. So thanks so much for stopping by appreciate you like today's video Get a thumbs up. I'll consider subscribing all things to talk about are very time sensitive and that's it for today So thanks so much for stopping by. I do appreciate it and I'll see you on the next one. Adios


We will start with the new section in this class that is on hydrogen transport. Now connecting the point of hydrogen production with a point of utilization is very much essential and their hydrogen transportation plays a major role. Now the low density of hydrogen that is the biggest bottleneck and that makes the hydrogen transportation very expensive. The options to tackle with this challenge is we can either compress, we can either liquefy or we can incorporate hydrogen into larger molecules. All these methods we have already studied. Now hydrogen can be transported thus either in the compressed gas form or in the liquefied hydrogen form or in higher density molecular liquid form. Now for that either it can be carried in the form of compressed hydrogen through road by means of tube trailers or it can be carried through pipelines. So either we can use the existing natural gas pipelines for hydrogen transport or we can have new infrastructure with dedicated hydrogen pipelines or it can be taken over long distances in larger scale through ships as liquid hydrogen or it can be carried in form of liquid hydrogen through road using super insulated vessels. Now the in this class we will be studying the option of hydrogen pipelines in detail. Now the transmission of or the transport of hydrogen in large scale over longer distances that is attractive and that can promote even international trade. For example, some of the countries like Japan and South Korea their hydrogen demand will increase but then the studies have shown that the green hydrogen production there it is not as economical as compared to the import of green hydrogen. This is because of the limited locations available for installation of renewables. And in that case the trade of hydrogen the large scale long distance transport of hydrogen can play a major role. Now the choice of which particular method will depend upon what will be the volume the quantity is that we want to carry for how long what is the distance that we want to carry what is the geographical location and what is the end use for which we are going to use that hydrogen being transported. And that also transportation makes it important because the cost of hydrogen production that also varies with the region it varies significantly with different regions. Now in this class we are going to look specifically focus on the pipeline based hydrogen transportation. Now when it comes to pipeline based hydrogen transportation the major advantages of pipeline transport is that they involves low operating cost they have a long life 40 to 80 years but the major disadvantages are they have a very high capital investment capital cost. At the same time right of way is required and that makes the support of government as well as surety of demand essential if hydrogen has to be carried through pipelines. Now the hydrogen can be carried from the point of production through transmission pipelines and then it can go into the distribution pipelines. Now the flow of hydrogen through pipelines can occur because of a driving force which is the pressure difference. So the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet and which is being maintained by compression so there are compression stations and these compression stations depending upon what is the pressure required what is the flow rate what is the diameter of the pipeline they may be located after every 100 to 500 kilometers. Now these transmission pipelines they carry hydrogen and then they give it to distribution pipeline and that occurs at a city gate. Now this city gate in fact does a purpose of not only controlling the flow rate at the same time reducing the pressure and also it meters how much amount of hydrogen is being transferred delivered to the utility. So as such there are different control rooms being established where the flow control the pressure control these are being regulated or these are automatically controlled. So if we look at the different pipelines there are the larger diameter pipelines which are the transmission pipelines and then there could be distribution pipelines. Now as against the natural gas pipelines which are usually made up of carbon or carbon steel or stainless steel and they have a diameter of 4 to 48 inches they are usually made up of high strength steel which could be greater than the strength being greater than 100 kilo pound per square inch. But these are subjected or more susceptible towards hydrogen embrittlement. So in case of hydrogen transport low strength steel is being recommended. Now if we use a low strength steel that means we have a pressure limitation to which that could flow inside the pipelines so that means operation will be either low pressure or if we want to raise that pressure then we will have to increase the thickness of the pipes and that may add up to the cost or else we will have to use another materials like now being considered for a high pressure pipeline it could be same as we have studied in the high pressure tanks it could be composites made used to made pipelines but then it will become very expensive. So for hydrogen pipelines low strength steel could be used, low grade steel could be used. So the existing pipelines which are low grade or the low strength steel like API 5L, A, B, X42 and X46 these can be used for hydrogen transport as well. The pressure in these pipelines ranges from 0.34 to 10 mega Pascal and usually the diameter is 25 to 30 centimeter however that depends upon whether it is a transmission pipeline or whether it is a distribution pipeline or whether it is a service pipeline. The major important factor that is we need to consider is corrosion protection of these pipelines. So the unprotected steel pipelines when being used they are more susceptible to corrosion. So the unprotected steel pipelines they may get corroded and can deteriorate very fast. Now there are different ways to address this challenge one of the way is which is being used widely is the cathodic protection and this has been used since 1930s. Now in this metal rod usually an anode that is installed in the proximity of the pipeline and that anode takes up the burden of corrosion and in that case it prevents the pipeline from corrosion and if when that anode gets corroded it could be replaced. Now the another option could be pipeline coating. So both external on the external wall and internal wall both side coatings are being considered. Now if it is bare steel pipelines and when they are subjected to corrosive environment that deteriorates faster. So in order to protect them from the corrosion usually a coating is being preferred. Now for like natural gas this coating could be fusion bonded epoxy or it could be like polyethylene heat sinks leaves these are being used for external coating. There are also several coatings which are now been looked at for internal wall coating and these are to prevent hydrogen permeation or that could lead to hydrogen embrittlement. Another option could be addition of corrosion inhibitors. So certain additives could be added in certain quantities to the gas flowing through the pipeline and that could prevent hydrogen embrittlement. For example the different inhibitors which have been studied for adding into the hydrogen these are like oxygen, carbonyl sulfide or it could be ethylene or it could be chlorotriphloroethylene. But the major challenge that remains with addition of these corrosion inhibitors is that not only adds to the cost because we are adding inhibitors to it at the same time it could increase the toxicity, could increase the combustibility of the fuel and also at the point of usage then we will have to have additional separation and purification to be integrated so as to use it for applications. Now when it comes to laying down pipeline or burying the pipeline below the ground there are different options which are available. So these pipelines can be buried below the ground before that the leveling of the surface or preparing the surface is done and that is done by means of cleaning and grading the working surface. And thereafter it can be either buried by means of a process which is known as trenching. Now trenching usually it is run to a depth and that depth depends upon the legal regulations. Now depending upon whether the pipeline is a cross-country pipeline or that whether it is the inter-country pipeline within the country pipeline these legal regulations may vary and accordingly the trenching depth is decided. Now one more method of laying down the pipeline could be either burying and an additional method could be horizontal directional drilling so HDD however these methods burying or HDD these are done when trenching is not possible or when trenching is not allowed. For example these can be done if there is a paving road or there is a highway there is a river in that case trenching is not done rather either burying or HDD is being done. But again there are certain restrictions there are certain challenges with burying or HDD they may not be compatible with all soil types and at the same time sometimes it is difficult to identify some of the existing pipelines. So if there are certain hard to locate pipelines then while drilling we may drill those existing pipelines. Now once the place is being ready these pipelines are being welded. Now these pipelines usually have several pipe sections and these pipe sections are welded together to make the complete pipeline. Now these pipe sections can also be either seamless these seamless pipe sections can be made by either we can have hot working or can have piercing of the billets of solid steel or these can also be made from plates. So plates can be welded to form tubes and tubes these are welded along the seam. So the in case of hydrogen pipeline the welding and testing is very important and it is much more stringent than in case of natural gas. So this welding can be done by either TIG welding or BIG welding or laser beam methods. When these pipelines are laid down so during welding they have to be in line so as such equipment which is usually used is side wounds. Now once the entire pipeline is laid down then it has to be connected from the point initial point to the end point and during that process during after once it has been connected that point lot of quality checks it has to go through. So lot of testing has to be done and specially when it is hydrogen which is a very small molecule and much more prone to leakage. Now these quality checks are done by several tests and inspections. These can be radiological inspections, X-ray inspection or these can be ultrasonic inspection and when it is larger diameter or large stress pipelines they undergo multiple levels of these checks. Once the pipelines these are ready then these has to be cleaned for the sand for dirt for the welding debris and then it has to undergo high pressure, pressurized testing and then finally it is dried with air before it is made operational. Now not only laying down the pipeline but operation and maintenance of pipeline is another aspect that we need to consider and it is important that smooth functioning of these pipelines is very essential. Now this smooth functioning of pipeline is done through several advanced softwares and these are either fully automated softwares which are used to detect whether there are any leaks or to prioritize any maintenance or repair schedules and so these are completely computerized analysis which is done to schedule all these maintenance detection of leak shutting down particular sections and regular inspections are very much important when it comes to maintenance of the pipelines. There are specialized equipments devices which can be used to monitor the pipelines like the technique which is used is known as pigging technique, the instrument used is known as smart pigs and these smart pigs they are capable of finding out the problems like whether there is a crack present, whether there is any deformation or corrosion and then taking the then we need to take the preventive measures in order to avoid any accident. Already existing equipments and concepts which are there for the natural gas pipelines can be adjusted for hydrogen pipeline transport with a small or minor alterations they can still be compatible with the hydrogen based transport. However, the major challenges that remains with the operation and maintenance of hydrogen pipeline are like the safety, the important one being safety. The reason being hydrogen is very small molecule and it is more susceptible to leak. At the same time the flammability limit we have learned in the very first lecture it is very wide for hydrogen, the ignition energy for hydrogen is very small and hydrogen burns with a colorless flame and that makes taking all the precautions while transporting hydrogen very essential. Secondly, the gas velocity, now the volumetric capacity of hydrogen is 3.9 times lower than that of the natural gas or methane. That means if we want to carry same energy through a given pipeline at a particular temperature and pressure the volumetric flow rate that will be required for hydrogen will be significantly high for hydrogen as compared to that for methane. Now this high volumetric flow rate that also leads to several challenges. One it will require more of compression energy, there are chances of leak at the same time when it is higher volumetric flow rate the hydrogen embrittlement could be significant. Now the walls, walls we know these are devices which control, which regulate, which allows the flow of gas. Now in case of larger diameter pipeline usually the walls used are motor operated walls. Now considering the hydrogen flow because so as to get a tighter tolerance and to avoid hydrogen embrittlement exorbitant materials needs to be used for walls and that adds up to the cost. So these walls are more expensive than the ones used in natural gas pipelines. At the same time since hydrogen is a peculiar molecule as such continuous or frequent inspections, maintenance and replacement of these walls is important and that further additionally adds up to the cost. Another factor is and that is very important while selecting the materials is hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen embrittlement is a process in which the material it loses its ductility and loses its tensile strength. So what happens is we have already seen that process where in a hydrogen molecule onto the metal surface dissociates into hydrogen atom, diffuses deep into the steel pipeline, goes into the grain boundaries, creates stress, inter granular cleavage and that could lead to rupture or crack. Now that could lead to the failure of the pipeline. So as such we have to use materials which are less susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement and then more frequent inspections, operation and maintenance early detection of any problem is required. And usually all these are automated systems already available for proper checking inspection and maintenance of the pipelines. Now let us consider the gas flow in a pipeline. For that let us take a straight cylindrical section between 0.1 and 2 such that the inlet pressure is P1, outlet pressure is P2, the elevation of 0.1 is H1, that of 0.2 is H2, the flow is Q, it is held at a temperature T. Now if we consider the flow inside a gas flow in a pipeline, we know that the flow of gas in a pipeline is because of pressure difference. If the two pressures are same, then there will not be any flow of gas inside the pipeline. So basically it is driven by the difference of pressure and that difference of pressure is provided by the compressors, however partly this is being provided by elevation as well. Now when we consider this flow through the pipe, there is a pressure drop which is being experienced during gas flow in pipelines. This pressure drop is because of the frictional losses, so because of friction between the gas flow and the pipe, there is a pressure drop and which depends upon the length and roughness of the pipe. This can also increase because of the presence of control walls, because of the branching and elbows present in the gas pipeline. This pressure drop needs to be reduced or compensated so as to get a desired pressure at the outlet. Another important factor is the velocity of gas. Now this velocity of gas is proportional to the volumetric flow rate, the area of cross section, temperature and pressure. Now if we want to find out this pressure drop, Bernoulli's equation has been used to come up with a flow equation that is the general flow equation or fundamental flow equation and that has been created using pipe length, pipe diameter, difference of elevations, gas flow rate, gas specific gravity and the compressibility factor. Now there are other equations that can also be used like the panhandle A, panhandle B or it could be Weymouth equation. All these can be used also for finding the pressure drop or flow rate. However, the most widely used equation is the general flow equation or fundamental flow equation and this relates the volumetric flow rate with the different parameters. Now this has to refer to a standard as such this volume flow rate is measured in standard cubic meter per day. So that is given by 1.1494 into 10 raise to power minus 3 Tb upon Pb into root of P1 square minus e raise to power s P2 square divided by GTFLEZF times G to the power 2.5. Now this Tb is the base temperature, 288.7 Kelvin, Pb is the base pressure that is 101.3 kilo Pascal, P1 is the inlet pressure, P2 is the outlet pressure and s is an elevation adjustment parameter. G is the gravity specific gravity for hydrogen it is 0.0696, Tf is the average flow temperature, LE is the effective length, Z is the compressibility factor and F is the friction factor. Here D stands for the inside diameter. Now this elevation adjustment factor s is given by 0.0684 times G times h2 minus h1 difference of elevation divided by the temperature Tf times compressibility factor and the term LE effective length is given by the length of the pipe times Es minus 1 upon s. So the length of the pipe is L and the diameter inner diameter of the pipe is D. Now this particular equation can be used to find out flow rate if inlet and outlet pressures are known or reverse. If we want to find out the pressure drop in that case if the flow rate is given we can find out the pressure drop. The important assumption that lies in driving this equation is that the gas flow in the pipeline is isothermal and that is reasonably well because the pipelines are buried down below the ground usually they do not see very much fluctuations in the temperature. Now the important observations from this particular equation are that this flow rate is proportional to root of P1 square minus P2 square and that means that the pressure gradient for gas flow it is slightly curved as against the linear pressure gradient which is observed in case of liquids. The second thing which is important here is that the volumetric gas flow it is proportional to the D raised to power 2.5 or if the diameter of the pipeline increases the gas capacity or the flow rate increases. The third important finding here is that the volume flow rate it is inversely proportional to the parameters like the specific gravity, the temperature, length and the compressibility factors. So this is inversely proportional to these parameters. So if these parameters decreases then the flow rate increases or vice versa. Now let us consider some of these parameters which are used in the fundamental gas flow equation. So we have seen that there is a factor Z which is the compressibility factor and we have already learned in the previous classes that the compressibility factor tells the deviation from the ideal gas behavior. Under the considered temperature and pressure ranges which we consider in the hydrogen gas pipelines this value of compressibility factor lies in the range of 0.98 to 1.3 and this can be calculated through various tools. The another parameter is average pressure and that is given by 2 by 3 P1 to the power 3 minus P2 to the power 3 divided by P1 square minus P2 square. The friction factor that we have seen in the general flow equation that can also be found. Now the gas flow in the pipeline can be categorized into either laminar, turbulent or transitioning from laminar to turbulent based on the dimensionless parameter which is the Reynolds number. For usually for gas flow in the pipeline for hydrogen flow in the pipeline under the considered temperature and pressure ranges this is in the turbulent flow regime. It depends upon the gas property, the average velocity, diameter inner diameter of the pipeline and the gas viscosity. So these are this is the average density, average velocity of the gas flow, diameter of the pipeline and the gas viscosity. So the friction factor this can be either found from the Moody friction factor curves, graphs or it can also be found from the Coolbrock white equation. So it is 1 by root f is given by minus 2 log 10 epsilon divided by 3.7d minus 2.5 divided by Reynolds number times root of f. So the friction factor it in fact depends upon the inner wall of the pipeline. So it depends upon the diameter, the surface roughness of the pipeline as well as whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. Another characteristic that needs to be considered is the gas velocity. If we consider the flow to be steady state in that case it can be derived from either like the volume flow rate and the area of cross section at a given temperature and pressure. However since during considering the flow inside a pipeline the pressure variations which arises because of the frictional losses this velocity also changes and that velocity can be given by this particular relationship. So the velocity of the gas inside the pipeline that depends upon pressure inversely proportional to pressure, it depends upon compressibility factor, temperature, flow rate and diameter. It is given by 14.734 times Pb upon Tb, Zt upon Pq upon d square where Pb is the base pressure, Tb is the base temperature, Z is the compressibility factor, T temperature, P pressure, volume flow rate and the inner diameter. Now there is a limit to which this maximum velocity is allowable beyond that there is an erosion of the inside walls of gas pipeline that could occur if it is exposed for a longer time. So that maximum velocity is known as the erosional velocity. So the Vmax is given by 100 times root of 0.5131 Zrt upon gp. So all these we have already known what are these terms standing for. Finally we can also find what is the capacity of the pipeline. So the capacity is given by the volume flow rate which is standard cubic meter per day and a conversion factor to convert it into kg of hydrogen per day. So that is q multiplied by 0.0834. Now when we consider hydrogen flow in pipelines, we know that it takes more energy to flow hydrogen as compared to natural gas through a pipeline. So it is roughly around 4 times more energy to move hydrogen in a pipeline. We also know that the volumetric energy density for hydrogen is 3.29 times lower than that of methane. If we consider that the operating pressure of hydrogen in the pipeline is between 70 to 100 bars and taking the erosional velocity to be approximately 2.91 times more than that of methane which is allowed. In that case the maximum flow rate for hydrogen could be 2.91 times that of methane which could provide us that the maximum energy density of hydrogen in that pipeline or a given pipeline at a certain temperature and pressure is 88.4 percent of the energy content of methane. So this is simply 2.91 divided by 3.29. Now if we want to have higher energy content or higher flow, in that case it will require more of compression energy and that compression energy roughly it is 3 times more energy required to compress a mega joule of mega joule of energy if we want to supply hydrogen as against supplying the natural gas. To summarize, in this class we have seen the different methods of hydrogen transport that could be used like the transport in the form of compressed gas as liquid hydrogen and it can also be incorporated into larger molecules transported over long distances as liquids. We have seen specifically the transport of hydrogen in hydrogen pipelines and the requirements for hydrogen pipelines these are more stringent than the natural gas pipelines. We have seen the gas flow equation as well as the dependence of this gas flow in on to the various parameters when being transported through a gas pipeline, thank you.


Hi everyone, Joe for Jasby's casebreaks.com coming at you with 21-22 Prism basketball hobby pack number 25 got a few different dice rolls happening here first of all we're gonna give away five spots within that pack break itself then the second dice roll will be the break and the third and final dice roll will be given away those final six teams and that optic basketball Asia edition break big thanks to this group for making it happen so only sold 25 spots outright I'm gonna do a randomizer here top five we'll get some extra spots top five after 12 6 and a 6 1 2 and 12th and final time so it's Brian Nicholas Matt Kenny and Nicholas top five after 12 extra spots for you all right now let's do the pack break all 30 teams are in there's everyone's names right there let's roll it and randomize it 6 and a 5 11 times names and teams 1 2 6 and a 5 11 times for the teams 1 2 all right so here's the first half of the list and then the second left list and let's just alphabetize print and now hot off the presses thanks gang Josh Christopher Red Wave Caruso Hardin Dirk Luca and David Johnson nothing too crazy here but the important part who's gonna win those teams let's gather everybody's names for the third and final time and let's match you up with a team let's roll it and randomize it six and a five 11 times top six after 11 we'll get teams the next break 1 2 3 and 11th and final time so from 7 on down it's gonna be sad times Matt very close but it's just not just a little short this time but 7 through 30 I appreciate everybody giving this a shot thanks for taking the risk top 6 though happy times for Nicholas Nicholas Brandon Nicholas Brian and Kevin you're in the next break and Kevin look at that Detroit Pistons for you Brian with Cleveland this is for you Nicholas with Golden State Brandon with Houston and Nicholas with Toronto and Orlando nice I'm Joe I'll see in the next video for the break jazby's case breaks.com


He lives in Toronto, and I'm really excited that he's here. Please welcome Vivek Shreya. I'm the mother of the universe. I'm the planets and the years of light and darkness in between. I'm the oceans, the land, the air, the four corners. I'm life itself, the spark that makes a heart pump, that keeps a tree alive for centuries, green and reaching. I am Parvati. Today I need a shower. Life can be filthy. I apply paste made of crushed sandalwood and jasmine to my skin with a circular motion. Right hand fingers slowly spread over left hand, over left wrist, around left elbow, up left arm, over left shoulder. I took my love, took it down, climbed a mountain and I turned around. If you see my reflection in the snow covered hills, the landslide brought it down. I sing, but no one can hear me. The note's too high, the melody too beautiful. Not even my husband can hear me, not just because he's out hunting right now. Shiv.  Sometimes I think he has more in common with the corpses in that graveyard he's been dancing in lately than he does with me. Oh mirror in the sky, what is love? Can the child within my heart rise on above? Can I sail through the change in ocean tides? Can I handle the seasons of my life? The first song was born out of pure grief. It happened the instant I felt the heartbeat of the first life for my first child stop. I was at the foot of our mountain kailash when my mouth opened in pain and the first too high to be a scream, too beautiful to be a howl, ran up from my diaphragm through my throat and into the dawn. Being buried to Shiv, Lord of Destruction, I understood the necessity of death, but this did not make my loss any easier to endure. Days passed and song and mourning and I have out never to create life again. Well I've been afraid of changing cause I've built my life around you. Time makes you older, children get older and I'm getting older too. But is there anything more consoling, more exhilarating than creation itself? I look down at my body covered in brown paste that lightens as it hardens and I wait patiently. When the paste is firm in tan I gently peel it off, this time starting at my right toe, over right ankle, upright calf, over right knee, upright leg. I sing a different song, my voice cascading like desert sands, each peak unique and transient. The tiny hairs along the newly exposed skin respond to my voice, standing at full attention, but it's not just my own body that responds. I notice the crumbled paste in my hand is softening to my song, its color turning golden. Excited I continue singing and removing the paste from my body, adding it to the other remnants in my hand, my song gets clear and faster, the flow of air in my throat running effortlessly back and forth over the scale, stopping briefly at the mid notes, creating the sound of wind gliding over rivers and eroding stone. Jai Jai Gajanana Gananata Jai Jai Gajanana Gananata Buddhi Pradayaka He Gananata Buddhi Pradayaka He Gananata I'm naked now. All the paste has been removed and formed into a radiant ball of clay that's vibrating with the sound of my voice. My hands take over, they pull, ply, roll, mold and stretch the clay. I know what's happening in my hands. I know this feeling so well, but every time I weep with every bursting new star, every sprout of grass, I weep. When I clear the water from my eyes, I see that I'm standing face to face with the statue of a young boy with my final note. Jai Jai Gajanana Gananata He opens his eyes. Without hesitation, I pull him into my arms and say, your name is Ganesha, Ganesha, my son. He says nothing, but I know he can hear me, his eyelids fluttering. I tell him to guard our home while I rinse off. Let no one in under any circumstance. This is not protection that I seek, but a moment for myself, a moment undisturbed by the prayers and plights of my children. As I finish the final part of my cleanse, the water rinsing the oil and salt of creation off my body, I can't help but sing as I think of my new son. Gajanana Gananata For a moment, I think I can even hear him humming along in the distance. And again, I cry. When I emerge, I find Ganesha's head on the doorstep next to his headless body. Hi, everyone. My name is Vivek Shreya. I'm so thrilled to be here at Radar. Like Michelle said, I read here when I self-published my first book back in 2010, and it was such an intimidating thing to email Michelle and say, hey, I have this book, and there's a lot of elitism in the lit world and a lot of snobbery around self-published books, and it was such a wonderful and generous invitation for her to allow me to read here. So thank you so much for that opportunity, and it's so wonderful to be back with my published novel, She of the Mountains. And basically, it's illustrated, and there's two narratives. One is a reimagining of Hindu mythology, and one is a love story. You are going to be my boyfriend. These were the first words Smith said to him the first time they met at a mutual friend's birthday party. This fordness surprised him, but the prophecy itself did not. Smith was a celebrity dancer, often featured in the local news, and with each Smith's sighting, each mention of Smith's name and conversation, it never felt like a random occurrence, but rather a step toward each other. It wasn't a feeling of destiny, a future promise, as he was certain that Smith was out of his league, but a feeling of familiarity, as though maybe in their childhoods, they had attended the same school or had played in the same park. In person, Smith was even more attractive. The magnetism of his physicality enhanced by his character. His brown hair was precisely parted, and his matching brown eyes were surrounded by lines of kindness, as though his eyes genuinely cared about every subject upon which they fell. His hands gestured delicately when he spoke, adding an element of dance to everyday conversation, and though he was a commanding six-foot-three, he never seemed unapproachable, always the first person to say, hello. He wasn't sure of hanging out with Smith, qualified as dating, because when Smith wasn't talking about how much he adored his border collie and his family, he talked about his ex-boyfriend. I don't know how many of you have been in that situation before. It had not been an amicable breakup, and Smith was broken-hearted, but Smith was the first boy he had ever hung out with, slash dated, so it was easy to ignore Smith's condition and start imagining their shared life. He would work at the downtown library during the day, while Smith rehearsed. On Wednesdays, they would meet for lunch at the Korean restaurant where Smith used to be a server. Their evenings would be spent reading his head on Smith's shoulder on the second-hand love seat in their small but well-designed apartment. He would get over his fear of dogs and stock up on lint rollers. He would attend Smith's every performance, watching from side stage with a bouquet of pink roses to give to his man. The first time he saw Smith's penis, they were on Smith's couch, arms around each other, lips against each other. Oops, Smith said, signaling down with his eyes.  He wasn't sure what to do at this point, if anything, aside from observe. Even that, he wasn't sure of, and had to remind himself, it's okay to look. Smith recognized his paralysis and pulled down his own pants and white briefs. It stood proudly between them. As he gazed at Smith's penis, he couldn't help but think of his own.  Many of the differences in their physical attributes could be explained by their racial differences. When Smith took off his black t-shirt, he nodded with a feeling of deja vu. Every shirtless male body he had seen, save for the males in his own family, had looked like Smith's. Lean but muscular, smooth chest, hard stomach. Smith's body was every man's body. In GQ, the Sears catalog, movies and porn, he had digested copies of it countless times. He expected it. He worried about Smith's expectations given that Smith had most likely never seen a naked brown body before. Before her, just the idea of the words naked and brown together had seemed incongruous, even to himself. Being brown meant he had much larger nipples, two puffy Hershey's kisses, and abundance of hair everywhere.   What bewildered him most about being intimate with another man was the absence of the eureka moment he'd been anticipating and even been promised by gay males he knew now that he was finally with the right sex, the same sex. Don't worry, once you're with a man, everything's going to make sense, they had said. But there was no great confirmation of his homosexuality with Smith, either through more frequent orgasms or harder erections or the sound of trumpets or a sweeping feeling of superior satisfaction or freedom or truth or home or peace.  It was just different. In the minutes before sunrise, when Smith's desk, bookshelf, and their pile of clothing on the floor would gradually bear the light of a new day, he found himself thinking about her, missing her, her face the color of palaces in Jaipur, her upturned lips that smiled even while she dreamed, her crown of curly hair, her eyes that were stars in their own right.  Thanks so much. Thank you, Vivek. That was great. We have one more person here, and she's came all the way from Berlin. This is a very international radar tonight. It's Chloe Griffin, and she's the creator of this amazing book, Edgewise, a Picture of Cookie Mueller, which I...