Hi, I'm Realtor Saramaro with Cell State Peak Realty. My guest today on this 15th episode of Proper Tea Time is Bridget Waters of Stage Right Homestaging. Bridget is a Longmont native who has been of service to her clients for many years. Bridget's married with four kids, she was a local hairstylist for 17 years before starting Stage Right in 2016, and she's been successful and very busy all six of those years. With a designer spirit and an eye for color and class, her work makes any room into a people magnet. She loves working with us realtors and advocating for sellers who are looking to earn top dollar on their greatest asset. She also has a passion for making spaces beautiful and for helping fellow Colorado homeowners. Stage Right is based out of Boulder County, but she serves as Denver, Weld County, Fort Collins, and she'll travel all across the front range. Bridget believes that there's no market, no property type, and no situation where staging won't pay for itself and results in a seller walking away with more money. Thanks for being here. My pleasure. So let's dive right in. Why don't you tell us about Stage Right Homestaging and how long you've been in business, what you do, and what you love about what you do. I have been in business since 2016, and I love helping homeowners sell their homes and get them ready for the market. Awesome. I know that when we go into a house, we can often tell it's been staged, but what is staging? Is it like really impeccable cleaning? Is it really nice furniture? Is it certain neutral colors? Is it like stuffing all your belongings into storage and getting your house totally looking pristine? What are you mostly doing? It is all of the above. It's best if you have it professionally cleaned before we come into stage and we come in and hang artwork and place the furniture and make the house look homey. Nice. So is it true that you mostly use, like I said, neutral colors? Is the goal to really have a buyer come in and be able to see their own life and their own stuff and their own sort of brand, if you will, in the home? Absolutely. Are you trying for a universal appeal? Yeah, absolutely. But I do say I don't stage in vanilla as far as all light and white, bright. I like to make it feel homey. I like them to be comfortable. Stats show that the longer somebody is in a house when they're looking at properties, they're more likely to put in an offer. I want to know a little bit more about that. So do you know any statistics on, like, by how much the bottom line changes for a seller when it's staged versus when it's not? Is that one of your marketing tools? Absolutely. Yeah. Staging always pays for itself and then most houses sell for 10,000 to 15,000 more. Okay. Cool. So that's sort of something you've seen over time, both in your business and other stages businesses. Is it the sort of thing where, I know staging really should happen right away.  Do they still earn more money? Does it boost appeal, I'm assuming? It does boost appeal and a lot of times, a lot of my agents say that I'm just their good luck charm and they call me and sometimes I just go and look at it and they say I'll never believe it, we're under contract. Or I go in and I stage it and then they're under contract in another week or two. I do recommend that they do get pictures taken again. So you're often, I assume you're called most frequently once the listing agreement's in place but as soon as right away is when they need photos. Absolutely. So you try to get in there cleaner, next day staging, next day photos, get the listing up. Any updating or touch up painting and stuff needs to be done first, then we stage and then have a photographer come in the next day so that you get 30 full days of rental of furniture in the staging. I was going to ask you about that. So staging, there's obviously an upfront cost for what you do and then you rent out, is it just furniture? Is it artwork? You mentioned is it rugs, pillows, what do you use? It's all of the above, decor, artwork, and furnishings. Cool. And that they pay per month for those, that one expense. Yeah. Is there ever a time, you know, we hear kind of different things about the hot market, like we were at the peak of the market as we know, February, March of this past year, of this year. Is it ever okay to not stage? Is it like at a low price point, maybe an as is sort of a situation? Like when is it okay to not stage? Or do you just recommend? I recommend for your clients to at least do a pre-listing consultation.   And we do anything from a one bedroom apartment to condos to townhomes and to, you know, million dollar homes. So you do the whole gamut? Absolutely. Any type? What about commercial? Ever like set up a business or an office? I have, yes. I've done a chiropractor's office and also a dental office. Just make it look nicer. Yeah, just their waiting rooms and picking out colors and making it look smooth. Nice. Is there such a package that you offer that's like maybe they don't want their bedroom stage or maybe they need some living areas? Do you ever just do like the kitchen or just the living room? Absolutely. Yeah. If there's just one room that's empty, if a child has moved out or they've gotten rid of some furniture, then yeah, we can come in and do, you know, her room or area or just add some pops of color with artwork and throw pillows. I bet that makes a big difference. So tell me, I've been in some homes. I've been in many homes, of course, and there's a lot of stuff. People have stuff.  What if, like where do they put their stuff during this time of staging? Is it like, do you park in the storage unit? Is it a pod out back? Is it their garage? What do you see people do for that solution? Yes, it's minimizing and packing things away. You're moving anyways, so you might as well go ahead and get the moving boxes out and start packing things up. You can store that in the basement or in a closet.  That's true. Just stash it, assuming they have another house. Yeah. And this definitely helps because we're selling the four walls. We're not selling all of your stuff. And people look at those pictures. They get to the third picture and they better be in the house by then and they decide if they want to see the house or not. And if they're checking out what book you're reading or what you're saying on your wall is, then they're not looking at your house. It's a really good point. And I don't really have that skill, that ability to see past what's actually there. Yeah. So it is. It's a blank canvas sort of a situation where I do this for a living.  I've climbed that same mountain before. Yeah. Oh, look, these guys, like Harry Potter, so do I. It's very distracting. Exactly. Exactly. And when you're in there selling the four walls and the home, then you want to have depersonalizing and minimizing things. You want to get the attention in the right spot. Yeah. Absolutely. Great point, yes. I assume you mostly work with sellers. Is there ever a time when you work with maybe like, I don't know, a landlord or a business owner? Is it just mostly sellers that you're working with? It's mostly sellers. I do know that there are some staters that do a lot of Airbnb's. Airbnb's. Yeah. Airbnb's. I have not, but mostly just working with realtors and homeowners. So you bring up Airbnb, that's an interesting point. I wouldn't know where to start. Not only am I not really a designer, but I don't really own, I'm single, I don't own that much stuff. Do you ever find people, like, do you ever consults if I wanted to Airbnb out a unit of mine? Maybe you just tell me how to go by? Absolutely. Yeah, absolutely. Yeah. Definitely. And is your business mostly based, so I boast that my business is mostly Northern Colorado, particularly Longmont. I like, where's your home base and do you do the whole front range? Longmont and the Boulder area are my home base, but I go all the way down into Denver and I try to keep the suburbs close, you know, like, mostly this area. Sure. Whenever you can. Can you give us, let's just, I mean, we've got to talk dollars here. Can you give my clients who are sellers and thinking about staging a sense of the cost? You said it pays for itself, which is great. Uh-huh. But is it, I mean, how much are we talking for your services here up front? Maybe a consultation, what does it cost, maybe on average, to actually stage, say, like a two, like a three bedroom two bath here in Longmont and does that, then I assume those rental fees are add-ons. Can you talk a little bit about your offerings? Yeah. We have different packages. A pre-listing just going in and talking to the homeowner and getting the house ready for the market is 125 and that comes with notes afterwards that I send the homeowner into the agent. And then we have called an open house package and that's just bringing in 10 to 15 decor items and artwork, just some pops of color. And then like a full staging of a three bedroom, like you said, would be anywhere from 1700 to probably 2500. It's actually really affordable. About 2000, yeah. Okay. And that doesn't include the rental of certain units? No, that does. That doesn't include the first 30 days of business and the rental of furniture. Another reason to price your home right the first time. Absolutely. Get it sold in that first month. Yes. Can you talk about basements a little bit?  What about like an unfinished basement or even a finished basement? I would not necessarily want my buyers down in there. How do you do, how do you make it look better? Do you want some bright colors, opening the blinds and lighting? We can always set up on a, for a bar. Or I always recommend if it's an unfinished basement to go get from Kiko some blueprints of different ideas of an exercise room down there or a game room, movie room, theater. So are you kind of like my stylist where I can show you pics in magazines and you can match sort of ideas? Yeah, absolutely. I love the bar idea. I never even thought that you could stage that and give someone else the idea. Absolutely, yes. Well, I'm pretty much out of questions. I think this was so helpful. I am curious, like how do people find you? How can they, do they mostly word of mouth? Do you have a website? I do have a website and also word of mouth. We're on Facebook and Instagram. Stage right home staging. Bridget Waters. Yes, thank you so very much. That was awesome. That's the best for you.


It's one o'clock on Tuesday, April 26th. So you must be watching Science at Soast, streaming live from beautiful downtown Honolulu. I'm your host, Pete McGinnis-Mark, and every week we have one of the graduate students from the School of Ocean, Earth Science and Technology, which is Soast at the University of Hawaii, on the show telling us about some of the exciting research which is being done at the campus. And today I'm really pleased to have Lillian Burkhardt, who is a graduate student from the Earth Sciences Department. And we're going to be talking about tectonics of icy worlds. And I can hardly wait, Lillian, welcome to the show. It's great to have you on. As always, I asked the student, like, where did you come from? What did your degree, your bachelor's degree, what topics was it? So tell us a little bit about yourself. So I'm from Switzerland, but I've been here a while and I did my undergraduate, actually, AUH. And that's how I got into the studies that I'm doing now as a graduate student through my advisor, because she hired me as an undergraduate worker, basically. So I was working on drawing maps for icy moons and then I just continued on. OK, so if you're from Switzerland, I would have thought studying icy worlds would have been better than a home rather than Hawaii. Why do you feel Hawaii is a great place to do this kind of research? Well, we actually have a really good department here that does a wide variety of research. You know, when you think of Hawaii, you always think of the volcanoes and studying these kinds of things or coastal processes or stuff like that. But we actually have a really good program for everything in space. So and I was just lucky to get into it through my advisor because she was working on a NASA project. And so you came to Hawaii, not expecting to be working in this field. It's something which evolved once you got here. Exactly, because I was originally a biology major. And I took Bridget's class as an elective. And then we sort of got talking and I was hired as her worker, but I needed to change majors in order to do that. So I changed my major over, but I was always interested in like the beginning of life and how life emerged. So that's why my advisor and I got talking about all this because she was studying the icy moons and maybe there's, you know, some sort of life there. But some of the worlds we'll be talking about today could be great candidates for extraterrestrial life. But we're talking about tectonics. And I'm not sure if the viewers actually know what that subject is. So give us a very brief introduction. What do we mean by tectonics of icy worlds? Well, I am specifically studying strike slip faults and also the San Andreas fault, which is the most well-known strike slip fault. I think everyone knows that San Andreas fault in California. So the plates move besides each other. And tectonic processes are just surface processes that include all the plates that we have on earth. So you can have subducting plates or, you know, the colliding plates as you have in Tibetan plateau. And it means these things can build mountains. It means these things can build problems, so openings in the earth. And these processes also happen. Probably on other icy, on other planets and other moons in our solar system. So everybody's familiar with earthquakes. It sounds like you study the results of similar quakes, except that the landscape is made out of ice as opposed to solid rock. Yes, you're not a seismologist. So you're not worried about the actual earthquake. You just study the end result. Well, we've talked about the icy moons. Let's take a look at the first slide. And maybe you can just lead us through here, three classic examples. What is it we're looking at, William? So on the left side, we have Titan, which is an icy moon of Saturn. And it's the largest icy moon of Saturn. And in the middle, you see Ganymede, which is actually the largest moon in our solar system. It's comparable in size, probably to Mercury, if you're familiar with that size. And it has a lot of water actually underneath the surface. And then on the left, on the right side, you see Enceladus, which is a very small little moon, also a moon icy moon of Saturn. And you see how the surface is very, very bright and clear. And it's the brightest, actually, I think the brightest object in our solar system as a moon. So the surface is very reflective, like a little snowball. So all of these moons, what they have in common is that they have apparently an icy surface and then a liquid water ocean underneath. And these oceans, we think, maybe there could be some sort of microbial life. So we're very interested in studying these moons and the processes of these moons. And studying tectonic processes is important because these tectonic processes can act as a pathway to get to the ocean or from things to get to the surface from the ocean. So that's why we're studying these things. Now, these three worlds look very different colors. You know, as well, we should point out the slide. They aren't all projected at the same scale, which is why we have the size. So obviously, Ganymede's ten times the diameter of Enceladus. But Titan looks orange and Ganymede has both light gray and dark gray. And as you mentioned, Enceladus is almost white. And yet they're made of the same stuff. Is that true? Well, almost. When you see Titan and you see all the orange haze around it, that's because Titan has a very thick atmosphere. So the visible atmosphere of Titan, the haze that we see is about 600 kilometers thick. So and it's a very thick atmosphere, meaning there's not much sunlight reaching the surface. The problem is also when we look at it from afar, we don't see the surface. Whereas in Ganymede, there's basically no atmosphere and you can see the surface very clear. And you also see that the surface of Ganymede is obviously older than Enceladus's surface. There's less craters on Enceladus for sure. And the surface is very bright and just more. It looks very recent. Right. And the dark patches on Ganymede, presumably older terrain and those little white dots that we can see in the image. That's the set of craters which you're referring to, which take perhaps billions of years, presumably to to form, you know, it's a random event. But yes. All right. So Enceladus is a really young surface and Ganymede is quite old. Let's take a look at the second slide and you can tell us a bit more about Ganymede, because I find that one to be particularly interesting not only because it's the largest moon in the solar system, but because it shows this age variations. It is an interesting slide. What is this which we're looking at here? Yeah, on Ganymede, you can actually see tectonic deformation from afar like this feature here, which is a clear offset feature. It's a right lateral strike slip feature. So you can see the displacement right there with the red arrows. And Dardanus sulcus is that bright streak right there. So that's a younger surface that we see there that has been displaced. So there must be some sort of forces doing this kind of displacement. And we're not really sure what they are, but it's speculated to be tidal forces and tidal deformation of the surface that might have caused this kind of deformation. So this is one of the most interesting features that we see. There's a few of these displacements that are very obvious on Ganymede. Right. And you mentioned that, you know, each of these worlds might have a liquid water ocean at some depth. So perhaps the viewers can imagine, you know, you've got an ice sheet or an iceberg floating on Earth's ocean. And what you've just shown us is more like movement from side to side in that topmost ice crust. Exactly. Do we have any idea how thick the crust might be? Does your studies actually help us with that? Well, sort of, because all the inputs I have into my models come from somewhere else, you know, the bulk density of things and then the calculations that go into it. So we have estimates of the surface of the ice shell thickness and the ocean thicknesses, not entirely sure again about Ganymede. It might be around 100 or 50, 100 kilometers. And then the ocean is about 50 kilometers, I think. On Titan is a little bit different. I think on Titan is the ice is supposedly 100 kilometers thick. And then the ocean 200 kilometers thick. And so for the viewers, this icy crust is tens of miles thick, at least. It's not it's not something like the Arctic sea ice, which we have here on Earth, which might be a few tens of feet or a few meters in thickness. So this is quite quite a rigid icy layer. So the forces you're trying to investigate, they must be quite strong to crack an ice sheet that might be, let's say, 50 miles thick. Yes. So if you want to compare it to Earth, like our lithosphere, you know, it's about 20 something kilometers. And then if you say Titan has an ice sheet of 100 kilometers, that's five times as big, basically. So when if you think about the processes that happen on Earth in the displacement of the plates and what could be happening, of course, it's ice, but it's ice at a very cold temperature. So it reacts like a rock, basically, in the end. But there's other factors that can decrease the sheer strength of that crust, like liquids, for instance, that we have. And the tidal stresses as the the planet or the moon goes around its parent planet. Yes, we'll get in later today to some of these forces. But it's quite remarkable that worlds, which are much smaller than Earth. You can crack a nice wire or crust for much greater thickness. And I think in the slide three, we'll see just your interpretation of some of this movement on Ganymede. This, I think, is one of the illustrations from your thesis or from somebody else's one of your collaborators. Yes. What are the colors indicated? So we were mapping this. This was for a study for the PhD student I used to work for when I was an undergraduate. I drew these maps for the 2018 study was published then. And we drew these in order to see basically the principle of superposition, you know, which one is which feature is on top of the other so we can have relative ages of different units. Of these tectonic deformations. So you see how the green unit, for instance, is cross cutting the blue one. So that means unit five must have been younger than the other one because it's cross cutting. So that's why we were grouping all of these little features together into these bigger groups to actually see relative ages of the surface. And if our technician can go back to slide two bounce between slide two and three, then we get a much much better understanding of what we're doing. If we go back to three, there you go. So this is very instructive and it tells, obviously, that the relative age of features that see that looks a very complicated map that you drew. Yeah. Have you done the whole of Ganymede because that's no politics time? Yeah, because we actually don't have high resolution data of the whole surface of Ganymede. So they're only like, I think, eight or something patches that we have in this higher resolution. And when I say higher resolution, I mean, hundreds of meters down to tens of meters per pixel. So if we would actually have the same data available for earth, you would not even see buildings if you have a resolution of 100 meters per pixel. Pixel is one dot on the image. So we would not see any roads or buildings, but you can see a larger scale mountain ranges, for instance. OK, that's what we're basically mapping. So we don't have a complete surface image. Let's move on to another one. So I know you've got a few slides of Titan. So slide four. We've heard of Titan earlier in this TV series before we've got two views of the same world here. We've seen the left hand one and the right hand image shows. That is the radar coverage that we have. So because of the atmosphere, we can't use, you know, and a good camera to actually see the surface. So we have to use radar that can penetrate the atmosphere and then see the surface with radar imagery. But the problem is also here, as you can see, we don't have a complete coverage of the whole surface. So I think about 70 percent of the surface has been captured with the radar at about five to two kilometer resolution, kind of low. And then you see the other stripes right there. Those are the stripes that are higher resolution and they're about, I think the lowest is three hundred and fifty meters per pixel. So still kind of large. So that's what this is showing. And I believe the coverage is best at the North Pole, which is what we see in slide five. We can go to the high five. Yes, the North Pole, I think, is in that white gap at top left. Yes. So we're missing data there in those white gap. And so if you were to look at parts of Titan to try and find tectonic features, that would be the quality of the data that you have to work with. Yes, preferably better, but we don't have anything better right now. We need another spacecraft going to Titan. Yes, I know there's one going in a few years' time, but that's not a radar system. But slide six shows us a little bit about the kinds of tectonic studies you can do, right? So am I right in thinking the two gray images are actually parts of Titan? Yes, so this is the Western Xanada region. The Xanada region is a bright radar feature. Basically, it's a brighter patch and it's kind of mountainous. Well, a few hundred meters elevation. Titan is not very high in elevation, but there are features there that I saw while I was going through the more higher resolution data. So this is at three hundred fifty one per pixel that kind of look like things that we see on Earth. So on the right side, you have a displacement on the San Andreas fault of a flu wheel feature. This is Wallace Creek and the displacement here, you can see the right lateral displacement. It is about one hundred and thirty meters offset. And when you compare it to Titan, these flu wheel features, they seem to have an offset, both of these, that trend in about the same direction at the same sort of incident angle. And they are offset by about ten kilometers. So there must be some sort of tectonic fabric underneath or whatever that is causing this type of displacement for these flu wheel features that we see. So Earth and the San Andreas fault in California is providing a good analog to tectonics on Titan. But now my Titan actually produced some of this tectonic features. So my study actually looks at the diurnal tidal stresses. If the tidal stresses could be enough to deform the surface as Titan goes around orbit in Saturn. And these types of studies have been done on other icy moons like Europa and Salatus and Ganymede as well. So I just use these types of methods and applied it to Titan. OK. And is that what we're seeing in slide number seven? If we go on to the next slide, here's a really nice cartoon. We recognize Saturn in the in the middle. And this is what we're seeing. Titan has been stretched, does it? Yes. So as it goes around orbit, because the orbit is not entirely circular, it's sort of more elliptical. So it has a deformation as it goes around in orbit. And you can see the closest approach, which is periopsis, closest approach to Saturn. And then the furthest away is up or up. So we use these measurements to calculate the tidal deformation at any point during orbit and also at any point on the surface. OK. So the key idea you have or the community has is that because Titan does not orbit in a circular orbit around Saturn, it's being squeezed like a rubber ball by Saturn's gravity. So that's what's driving the tectonics. Could be driving, yes. Could be driving, yes. Because I'm familiar. I may be some of our viewers are familiar, like with the moons of Jupiter the volcanic activity on the Moon called Io or Europa, where it's being pulled in two different directions by moons on either side of it. But Titan's unusual because there's no other big moon around Saturn as far as I can remember. Yes. And also, Titan is unusual because the orbital eccentricity is quite high. Zero point zero two eight eight, where you compare it to like anime where it's zero point zero zero zero one three or something. So it's, you know, magnitudes larger, actually. Now, you've actually done some computer modeling, which I think slide eight will show some results. And this might need a bit of explanation. So what is it we're looking at? So here we're looking at an output that I have that gives me the the components to calculate the stresses on the surface. So this is the on the first on the top part, you see the closest approach to Saturn. So we're at oppo ops. And then you see the map on the left side. So this is a map view of the surface of Titan. And you see how the surface goes into tension or compression. So here we have, of course, the equator, which is closer to pulled to Saturn. You see how it has higher values there in tension. So there's more tension there. And then you see this is a hundred and forty orbital position. So not quite a box, but close by. So you see how in the equatorial region, it is more in compression and then also in more tension as these stresses to sweep across the surface. As we go through orbit. OK, and to help the viewers, each of those colored diagrams it goes from the North Pole at the top to the South Pole at the bottom. And it wraps all the way around this conference at the moment, right? Exactly. And so the colors correspond to compression and tension on the scale of a and I think the little illustrations of where Titan is with respect to Saturn, the two images on the right hand side give their respective distances. So that and you can run this for the entire orbit of Saturn. Does it produce the kind of tension and compression that you would expect to define, given the landscapes that you look at? Yes, well, one of the main factors that we can put into these calculations that we cannot put into any of the other icy moons is the liquids that are present on the surface because liquids decrease the sheer strength of the cross. So we can actually put in a parameter for poor fluid pressures and that gives us actually enough resistance, less resistance so it can actually lead to fault failure on the surface. OK, so you could essentially do some detective work to try and find what the subsurface composition or structure might be. That must be fascinating to do, right? Yeah, very much so. But does any of it actually work? Have you come up with a real explanation or is this an area of future research for you? The problem, yeah. Well, the problem with modeling is always that you need to have some sort of analog that you see on the surface. Actually, that is like a benchmark for your model. But the problem with Titan is that we don't have that great of a data. So, you know, if we can't compare it like on Ganymede, where we actually have these offsets that we can actually use as a benchmark. Well, we have a few minutes left. So let's really challenge you with one other icy world. We were introduced to Enceladus at the start of the show. Let's look at Enceladus. You said it was like a snowball, but in this image where he's talking on the side with the North Pole on the right and South Pole on the left, they look like great cracks running through it. Am I looking at this correctly?  You know, if you look at our polar regions, it looks like just an icy surface. You know, so it's super interesting. But I think that image might be a little bit false color or enhanced colors because the blue is more enhanced right there. OK, well, well, maybe the last slide side 10 will give us a better view, which I think is the South Pole region. Yes. And and and the insert. Enceladus is quite interesting when you look at the the entire world. It looks like there's volcanic eruptions there. Yeah. Am I seeing this correct? Well, maybe volcanic is a strong word. It looks so Enceladus has these openings at the South Pole. Basically, these these faults that spew out you know, water ice, I mean, water. And it has these plumes that come out. So there is active something active going on right there. But these openings could also be temporal, in a sense, with related to tidal stresses and as it goes around Saturn. I think more of geysers like old Facebook than Kilauea erupting or something like that. Yeah. Yeah. OK. Well, I'm afraid we're running out of time. So I thank you again for appearing on the show and fascinating to see some of these icy worlds. I'm sure our viewers aren't that familiar with some of the worlds which have been seen today. I want to wish you good luck. I understand you'll be defending your PhD thesis in a few months time and good luck with your future career. So having in mind the audience, you have been watching Science at Soast. I've been your host, Pete McGinnis-Marc, and my guest today has been Lillian Burka. And I look forward to seeing you again next Tuesday as well. And we will have another guest from the School of Ocean Science and Technology. So until then, goodbye from now and goodbye, Lillian. Thank you.


Hello everyone, today I am going to be presenting my paper, RASIL written at the stack-based side channel leakage. My name is Anirman Chakraborty and I am a PhD student at Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. This work has been done in collaboration with Dr. Sharni Bhattacharya from KU Luven, Mahanaralam from Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, Dr. Shikhar Patronabish from ETA Zurich and Dr. Devdhi Mukapadhyay from Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. Before going into the details of our work, I would like to talk about the deadline scheduler and try to understand its equity implications. Schedulers, as we know, handle removal of processes from and selection of processes to the CPU. There are many types of scheduler, the common types being CFQ, Nu and the deadline scheduler. So, in particular, we focus on deadline scheduler, which actually automatically pre-empts a process from the CPU after its request expiration time. It creates quite a wide applicability, mainly on real-time operating system, embedded systems and also in general purpose servers. However, the security implication of deadline schedulers have never been studied before. So, in this paper, we'll talk about the deadline scheduler and try to exploit its security implications. To enable the deadline scheduler, the user must have CAP-SISNICE permission in order to adjust the scheduling parameters. Normal users can efficiently utilize system resources for better performance using deadline scheduler, which is common in case of real-time execution environments. To adjust the scheduling parameters, we can use the CHRT command along with the three parameters, shed runtime, shed deadline and shed period, and the name of the executable. So, in this presentation, we'll show how utilizing the deadline scheduler an attacker can effectively achieve synchronization with the victim process. So, here is the outline for our talk. First, we'll discuss about the written address stack or RAS. Then we'll see how to reverse engineer the RAS for undocumented processors. We propose a novel attack RASN by establishing a covert channel through RAS. Then we move on to the case study on OpenSSL ECG scalar multiplication, and we'll see how to use deadline scheduler to achieve synchronization. Finally, we see a case study on ECDSA signature generation algorithm. Return instructions are a special type of indirect branch instructions that might get called from different program locations, but the target address will remain the same. Now, for example, take the example of the printf statement, which is a common for GNUC library that can be called from different locations inside a source code. So, every time the same library subroutine will be invoked and the same set of instruction will be executed, but since they are being called from different program locations, the return address for each of the corresponding function call will be different. Now, to reverse engineer the size of the stack, we devise a simple experiment. We start with an arbitrary number of nested function calls, suppose 17, where the main function calls function f17, which in turn calls function f16, and so on till the deepest function, which is f1 here. Now, as per the working principle of RAS, the return address of the main function will be pushed onto the RAS first, followed by the return address of the function f17. Now, suppose the RAS is as high as 16. So, proceeding this way, the function f2 is called, its return address will also be put at the top of the stack, and at this point, the stack will be completely full of all valid entries. Now, when the function f1 is called, its return address will also be pushed into the stack, but as the stack was full at this point, it will lead to an overflow condition and thus the return address for function f17 will be pushed out of the stack. So, one must note that RAS helps to keep the return address user to the processor, and thus reduces the access latency. So, for any return address that is not present in the RAS, the processor will take more time to complete the execution. So, we will use this increase in execution time to reverse engineer the stack size. So, as already discussed, we start with n nested function calls, and check the difference in execution time for n calls and n-1 calls separately. In order to account for the system noise, we use operation multiple times and calculate the mean difference for their execution times. Then we repeat it for function depth n-1 and check the mean difference for n-1-th and n-2-th function calls. So, we reduce the function depth by 1 every time and keep a log of the difference in their execution time. This flow shows the difference of execution time for consecutive function call depths. So, we can observe that the difference in execution time for consecutive function depths increases significantly after 16 function calls. So, the reason behind that is when depth of nested function calls is less than 16, the processor gets all written addresses for the RAS and therefore, takes considerably less time to complete the execution. So, we can conclude that on our target system that we did this experiment on, the RAS can hold up to 16 entries. Now, this is a generalized experiment and can be generalized to any processor to find out the depth of the RAS for that system. We further validate our observation using hardware performance counters. We know that in a speculative execution environment, the target address for a written instruction is predicted by referring to RAS and matched with the actual value stored in the main memory much later in the pipeline. Therefore, any wrongly predicted address or an underflow overflow condition in the RAS will result in a branch miss event. Branch miss events are pretty accurately can be pretty accurately measured using Perf event tool and the event Perf count hw branch misses. So, we observe that for inner 16 functions the number of branch misses is 2 whereas for the 17th function the number of branch misses becomes 3 and it increments by 1 for every increment in the depth of the function call. So, this validates that the size of the RAS is 16 and because after that when we are increasing the depth of the function those are actually getting overflowed and as a result our branch misses gets incremented. We exploit the fact that an overflowing RAS can result in an increase in execution time and this difference in timing can be observed by a core-located process to establish a covert channel between two processes. Now, consider the scenario where two processes A and B are running simultaneously on the same logical code. Now, process A executes a series of n nested function calls where function f1 is calling f2 a virgin term calling f3 and so on. Therefore, for each function call an entry is inserted in the top of the stack. Now, we choose n such that the entire stack gets filled with the written address. Inside the innermost function for A it yields the CPU before executing the written instruction. Therefore, the entire RAS is filled with the written address of process A and at this point it is yielding the control of the CPU to another process B. Now, B executes m functions also in a nested fashion. Now, as both process A and B share the same RAS the written address of process B will push out some of the written addresses of A or more specifically n-m number of written addresses for process A will be pushed out of the stack. Now, when the control again goes back to process A, it can easily understand that some of its written addresses has been pushed out of the stack by measuring the execution time of its different function depths. Now, we will use the scenario that we just described to create a covert channel between a sender and the receiver. The receiver makes 16 nested function calls and yields the CPU in the deepest function without executing the written statement. So, as a result at this point of time the entire RAS is filled with written addresses of the receiver process and the control now goes to the sender process. Now, the sender processes a bit stream of 0s and 1s as shown in this adjoining sample program. On processing the value of the bit 1 it makes a function call and processing a 0, it does nothing. Well, suppose it processes bit 1 so it executes a call to this function function. So, as a result the return address of this function gets pushed onto the RAS. Now, since the RAS was filled with the receiver's written addresses one of the written address of the receiver will be pushed out of the stack. Now, the access again goes back to the receiver so after the receiver after getting the control of the CPU back it will start executing the unfinished return commands by referencing the addresses stored in the stack. So, to input the message transmitted across the covert channel the receiver measures the timing latency of its outermost function call. So, on receiving a 1 the receiver will encounter a stack under flow situation and thereby we will see an increase in the execution time whereas in one receiving a 0 no extra latency will be observed. The adjoining figure shows the timing values as observed by the receiver. The threshold is empirically selected and the timing values above the threshold denote a bit 1 and below the threshold denote a bit 0. We have conducted the experiment on multiple systems where we reverse engineer the size of the RAS and performed our covert channel experiment to observe the average bandwidth. So, now to demonstrate RASL on a real-world setting we target the scalar multiplication operation in P384 curve from open SL library. Electric of cryptography is one of the most widely used asymmetric key algorithms based on the algebraic properties of elliptic curves over finite field. Scalar multiplication is a fundamental security critical operation in ECC which computes q equals to kp where k is an n bit secret scalar and q and p are points on the elliptic curve. The security of ECC is defined by the hardness of determining the scalar k given both the points and the curve parameters. The scalar multiplication is open SL for this curve is implemented using Montgomery ladder with conditional swaps and non-adjacent form for scalar representation. The scalar k is transformed to its corresponding WNAP representation and based on this representation a series of double and add operations are executed to perform the multiplication. These operations are further implemented by a series of b and add and b and sub functions. We now proceed to perform template attack on ECC scalar multiplication. The victim and the attacker are sharing the same logical code and thereby sharing the same RAS. The attacker first fills up the RAS and yields the CPU to the victim. The victim again performs ECC multiplication through the Montgomery ladder operation and yields the CPU after each iteration of the Montgomery ladder. So the access again comes back to the adversary which now measures the timing for its function calls. So more specifically the spy first fills up the RAS entire RAS with the return address of its N functions. Here the value N can be easily determined by reverse engineering the size of the RAS and then it yields the control of the CPU without executing any return statement. So at this point of time the entire RAS is filled up with the return address of the spy. The control now goes back to the victim which is executing the multiplication operation. The victim yields the CPU after every iteration of the ladder. The control now comes back to the spy again which measures its own execution time to check whether any of its return addresses have been pushed out of the step. We perform the attack in an iterative manner. At a particular instance the adversary targets the IH bit of the secret scalar given the assumption that the adversary already knows the first I-1 bits. The template attack works in two phases template building and template matching. During the template building phase the attacker simulates the number of BN add and BN sub function calls for each bit. As the number of BN add and BN sub function calls depend on the particular bit being processed and the affine coordinate of the curve points, the attacker builds templates for each bit based on the total number of this function calls executed for a fixed set of input plaintext. For any particular bit say the IH bit the attacker performs point multiplication using a set of unique inputs fixing the IH bit to be both 0 and 1. Next on each input the attacker estimates the total number of addition and subtraction function calls made by the ACC program for the IH bit assuming is valid to be both 0 and 1 and simultaneously it uses the spy process to measure the execution time using RASL. Now that we have the overall strategy let's see the process in detail. We introduce an encoding scheme to represent the total number of BN add and BN sub function calls as unique classes. Suppose for a particular input and IH bit the monomer ladder executes X BN sub and Y BN add function calls we represent this as this class as XY. Now based on this classes we segregate the corresponding inputs and associated timing values by creating hypothetical bins corresponding to each class. So by fixing the IH bit to be 0 we get a set of bins and by fixing if the value to be 1 we get another set of bins. In our experiments we found out that the classes mostly belong in the range 81 to 85 then 90 to 96 and then again 100 to 106. So the attacker selects a pair of bins which contains relatively high number of inputs in this example the class 83 and 95. So the take away from this is that for each bit position there will be 4 template bins. 2 for when the value of the bit is 1 and 2 for when the value of the bit is 0. Now once we have selected our bins we proceed to the template matching phase. In the template matching phase the goal of the attacker is to predict the correct value of the IH bit. The attacker again observes the encryption process using inputs associated with the 4 selected bins and also observes the timing values using results. The idea is basically the timing values for the correct IH bit should match with either of the 2 set of templates but not with both. So here is the result from our experiments. So this is the template for the 350th bit as value 0 we can see the classes selected as 83 and 95. Now for the correct estimate we can see the distribution quite clearly matches with the template or with the correct template whereas for the wrong estimate it does not match with the template. The attack on ECC scalar multiplication demonstrates how RASL can be utilized to leak information about the control flow of another process but the challenge there was that it requires the victim to yield the control of the CPU for every iteration. So this yielding of the control of the CPU can be made possible using deadline schedulers which impose a deadline on operations to prevent starvation of processes. Now victim and the spy can then be executed with a single sketch runtime parameters. In this case we assume that one of the schedulers must be a deadline scheduler of the system and the user obviously needs to have capsis nice capability to launch the attack from user space however no synchronization mechanism is required inside the victim code. Before moving on to our next attack we will provide a brief background on ECDSA. ECDSA typically uses an elliptic curve with a base point P of prime order Q and consists of two parts. One is a signing operation where a non-SK is sampled uniformly in the range 1 to Q minus 1 and outputs the signature R comma S and the other part is a verifier given a signature R comma S and a message M. It computes the hash and finally outputs 1 if the X coordinate of Z modulus Q is equals to R or 0 otherwise. Now we perform the attack on ECDSA in two parts. One is the online phase where we perform a targeted recovery of a fraction of the MSB or most significant bit of the non-SK sampled by the ECDSA signing algorithm with the help of RASL and in the offline phase we combine partial non-SK information with lattice based cryptographic techniques to retrieve the final signing key. For the online part of the attack we again resort to template attack on randomly selected nonces but this time we consider building templates of a window of unknown bits instead of a bit by bit iterative approach. For template formation the adversary executes a SPI and a dummy victim process performing ECDSA scalar multiplication simultaneously using deadline scheduler. For the L bit of the MSB position of the nonces there can be 2 to the power L combinations of bit sequences possible. We build templates for bit sequences of each of this 2 to the power L combinations. Now for each of the 2 to the power L bit sequences the dummy victim process performs ECDSA scalar multiplications using 2 to the power L nonces by changing the L most significant bits while keeping the other bits same whereas the SPI running in parallel continuously fills up the RAS and probes it to observe the timing values through RASL. As the adversary requires to retrieve only LMSBs of the nonces the SPI considers only those L timing observations that correspond to the LMSBs. So now the adversary has timing samples for LMSBs of each of the 2 to the power L bit sequences of the nonces. Next the adversary selects medias from each of these timing distributions as a representative template for a particular bit position of a particular sequence. Now from the figure it is apparent that the distribution of timing samples for each bit position can be subdivided into 3 regions. The most intuitive explanation of this observation is that the SPI tries to achieve synchronization with the help of dead-lash curricular without explicit handles inside the victim code. So due to the absence of perfect synchronization mechanism there is a mutual overlap between the timing samples of any 2 adjacent trace points. So therefore we define 3 separate regions in the timing distribution, a lower region, a middle region and an upper region and we select medias from each of these regions. Therefore the adversary will have 3 into L into 2 to the power L templates for LMSB positions of the 2 to the power L nonce candidates. Now in the template matching phase we choose 500 non-signature pairs for a randomly chosen ECDSA signing key. The attacker tries to extract the 6 MSBs of each of these 500 nonces. So for a particular bit position we have 2 to the power 6 templates each having 3 regions. Next we select the median which has the least difference with the actual observed timing value and finally we perform a least square error method to determine the top 5 templates and represent the possible combinations for the 6 MSBs. So therefore for 500 nonces we have 500 cross 5 candidate combinations of the 6 MSBs. The table shows the ordering of candidate nonce combinations of the 6 MSBs achieved by least square error. Now given the noisy leakage samples on the partial nonces used by the ECDSA signing algorithm, we aim to recover the ECDSA signing key using a combination of lattice reduction algorithm and statistical mixing and matching of leakage samples. We adopt a trial and error approach where we randomly select 200 candidate partial nonces to create the hidden number problem instance. We convert them into lattice and the target vector for the CVV problem instance and finally solve the CVV problem instance using the FiLL Solver to arrive at a guess for the secret key. If the guess is correct, the attack outputs the recovered secret key otherwise it repeats the same process for a different randomly selected set of instances. We must note that the attack can trivially identify when the correct key has been recovered by checking if it yields the correct public key which is available for verification. This check involves a single deterministic error multiplication so when the attack terminates by outputting a secret key we can be sure that the correct secret key has been recovered as opposed to merely guessing the correct secret key. This table shows the time taken for ECDSA key retrieval for partial leaked nonces where we try with 500 signatures and we see that nonces retrieve in each of the cases where the online phase took somewhere around 5 seconds to 7 seconds and the offline phase took around little more than 1 hour. For our attack we use the following system for the online phase we just use the system with the processor having Intel Xeon CPU E5 2609 default it has a default deadline scheduler in it and the operating system was Red Hat Linux server 7.7 with kernel 0 the deadline scheduler parameter that we set was the schedule run time as 3600 schedule deadline as 3700 schedule period as 7200 for the offline phase more specifically for the lattice reduction part we use a cluster having 260 nodes where each node had 128 AMD epic 7742 processors with 2.25 gigahertz nominal and 3.4 gigahertz peak clock speed and a ramp of 512 GB of 3200 megahertz. So to conclude in this presentation we discussed about determinant stack a core component of the speculative execution subsystem we propose a generic methodology to reverse engineer the RAS for undocumented processors we propose a novel attack RASL where a covert channel could be created between 2 co-located processors using RASL we demonstrated an exploit on ECC scalar multiplication over the P384 curve we demonstrated asynchronous execution by utilizing the deadline scheduler and finally we showed an exploit on breaking the ECDSA signature generation algorithm over curve to P256 Thank you for your attention


Hey, everyone, welcome to today's day trading recap. Today's Tuesday, September 29th, plus $364.50 today, so not a huge green day. But actually, let me do this. I've already got my sheet filled out, so let's break it down by strategy. So a nice morning with the Mighty 90 strategy. Had four trades, one in Apple for $100, one in MU for $133, and then a real nice one in Nvidia. Had one in BABA, ended up scratching the trade exactly. So total profit on our Mighty 90s on the day, $708. I counted the scratch as a loser, even though I lost zero.  So six total trades on the week, and really 100% winning, kind of, minus that one scratch trade, but total weekly P&L in the Mighty 90s, $861. Did two Paris trades today. One in the Russell Nasdaq was a small loser, and then Gold Silver was a small winner. That one could have been a really nice winner. I took it off a little bit early. And then the runners, another losing day in the runners.  In Roku, I took a couple different trades. One was a loser, one was a really nice winner.  Tesla, a little winner. Uber, scratch, and a really nice winner in NVIDIA. So let's take a look at what we did here. Let me move this off the screen. All right, so our Mighty 90s, let's start with those. Going with Apple. All right, so an Apple had this big initial push down. And so this is where we got long, about right here. And was able to ride that up. Just rode it back up to the pivot for a small winner, $100 winner on that one. MU, profit of $133, let's take a look at MU. So MU had that big push higher, and we just caught a little piece of this. Didn't hold onto it very long, because it was super strong. So I didn't catch all this. Just caught a little piece for a small winner. And then my nice winner was NVIDIA. And this was actually called out by one of our members in the room. Had this big push up, and then this pullback got long here and rode this thing all the way up. It started to falter, we got out. Booked a nice winner of $475 there. Onto the runners, beyond. Okay, so this one was a little frustrating. Beyond had a nice big push higher, started to consolidate above this pivot. Was it all-time highs? Super high probability trade. Started to move up, I was up about 10%, took some off, started coming back down, I added to it, and then it just kind of flushed me out. So ended up taking a decent loss on that one. Facebook, let's see, in Facebook, what did we do? Was that a long or a short, that was a long? Okay, yeah, so Facebook made this big push higher, started to pull back, got long riding here, looking for continuation, and it just really flushed me out. So it took a loss on Facebook. Intel, Intel was a, just double checking my platform here. Okay, so Intel, actually two different trades. One was a short, one was a long. So Intel, actually I cannot remember what I did. Oh, I know I got short here when it made a big push low, below the lows of the day, started consolidating. I was looking for a continuation lower, it just flushed me out, so I bailed on that one. Next trade, R.H., so this was one that we took while we were still live in the room, big push up, started to consolidate, or excuse me, came down, and I was long, ended up, I had a decent profit on this at one point, and then it came back down, and I think it was right here. I just ended up getting out for a scratch on that. Okay, so Roku, Roku had both were short trades. One was a, excuse me, one short, one long. The short was a loser, so I had this big push down, started to consolidate, and I was looking for a continuation lower, kind of pushed me out, and I bailed before this happened. On the long side, it then started to rally. Came into positive territory, started consolidating here, and I caught a big chunk of this move right here. So ended up positive in Roku overall, $340 positive there. Netflix was a Nether loser, and let's see Netflix. What did we do in Netflix? I think I tried to get short down here, and I got flushed, yeah, got flushed out of that one. And then Tesla, so Tesla, this was a little bit after we left the room, this was right here to about 1030, had a big push up in Tesla, and then just started consolidating a positive territory. So I caught a little winner there. Uber was a scratch trade. NVIDIA was my biggest winner, over 1,300 bucks in NVIDIA. So NVIDIA was strong all day. I talked about wanting to get long NVIDIAs, just kind of going, going, going, and then started to make this big push above the highs of the day, started to pull back, and I caught a big piece of this here. And in fact, so it came down, I scaled out with some right at the pivot, held some, and got out pretty close to the top, then we had a little bit of a pull back to the pivot, got in again, and rode some of this up. So really nice winner in NVIDIA.  So decent day of trading, much better than yesterday. So hopefully we'll keep this trend going the rest of the week. Have a good day. If you have any questions, let me know.


So, in the last two segments, we have discussed various aspects of functions. We began by saying where function should be defined and used and then we talked about how they execute, how they can have their own variables and then finally we said how should we be thinking about functions. So basically we should not be thinking about how a function executes once we have designed and made sure that it works correctly. From that point onwards, we should worry about how we use it. So we should not, when we make a call to a function, we should just trust that the function is going to return as the correct value so long as we are following the specification. In this segment, we are going to discuss something called reference parameters and let me begin by saying why these are necessary. So what we have so far has some shortcomings. So we are not able to write functions to do the following things. So for example, we cannot write a function that exchanges the values of two variables. So you may think that often we might want to say look exchange the values of these two variables. So, shouldn't we have a function to do that? Yeah, it seems like a reasonable requirement but you cannot do that using what I have just taught you. So we will see that in a minute and we will also see how to fix it. Similarly, sometimes you might want a function which does not produce just one result but maybe two results. So suppose you want to produce polar coordinates given Cartesian coordinates. So given x and y, I want to produce r and theta. So the return statement enables you to return one value. So how do you return two values? So that is another problem that we will see how to fix. So let us come to the problem of exchanging two values. So the first attempt. So here is a potential function that I could write, a possible function that I could write. So the function could be called exchange and it takes two parameters or the call will have two arguments m and n, the values that I want to exchange. So I place the value from m into temp, then I place n into m and then I place n into temp. So at this point, clearly the values of m and n are exchanged and I am not expecting to return anything and presumably in the main program I can do something like this. So I might have a equal to 1 and b equal to 2, I exchange a, b and when I print out I should expect that hopefully a will be 2 and b will be 1. However, this does not work, 1 and 2 will get printed over here and let us see why that happens. So when exchange is called, 1 and 2 are indeed placed into m and n. So our usual rule is that when we make a call the values of the arguments, 1 and 2 are copied into m and n. Now execution of exchange does exchange values of m and n. But unfortunately the change in m and n happens in the activation frame of exchange and this does not change anything over here in the activation frame of the main program. So when you return the main program has the same values and so 1 and 2 will get printed. Now how do you fix this? It turns out that the fix is actually very compact, very slight. So it is just a matter of adding two characters but they are kind of important characters. So let us see that. So these are the two ands that you have to add. If you add those two ands then this code will do what you expect it to do. So let me explain what these ands do and why they produce the behavior that we wanted. So if I write an and before the name of the parameter then it means the following things. It says then you create the activation frame for this function. Do not allocate space for this parameter but instead make this name refer to the variable, the corresponding variable from the calling program. So in this case this means that this m there will be no variable allocated for m in the activation frame of exchange but instead m will refer to the corresponding argument. So a, so whatever you do with m in this will actually be done using a. So m is just going to be an alternate name or a reference for this a. So that is why this is called a reference parameter. So m will really refer to a, m will not have the value of a but m will refer to a and n is also a similar variable. So n will also refer to b and it will not be a new value. So when this exchange call happens nothing is actually copied. So instead these parameters are thought of as referring to the variables in the calling program. So now when the function changes m and m it is really changing a and b because everything over here, so these m's and n's over here are really a's and b's. So they are just alternate names. So if I say put an and over here this is just an alternate name for whatever name you had in the call. So such parameters are called reference parameters and in fact in this case what you expect 2 and 1 will get printed. If a certain parameter is a reference parameter then the corresponding argument is said to be passed by a reference. And now this reference parameter enables us to not only exchange values but also compute polar coordinates given Cartesian coordinates and somehow convey the values back to the calling program. So basically the idea is that we are going to use 2 reference parameters and the call function will store the polar coordinates in the reference parameters. And these changes can be seen in the main program. And by the way this is not the only way of returning 2 values, we will see later that there are other ways as well but this is one of the ways. So here is the Cartesian to polar program. As you can see x and y are ordinary parameters, they are passed by value, r and theta on the other hand are reference parameters. So what does that mean? So when this call c to p happens the values 1 and y are copied into x and y but the values of r and theta are not copied. Now this function is going to execute and place some value in r and this r is really the same as this r because this is a reference parameter. So this value will actually get stored in the activation frame of the main program and in particular in the variable r in the activation frame of the main program. And similarly this theta because it is a reference parameter and because the fourth argument here is the theta of this main program, this theta is just a name for this theta and therefore whatever is calculated over here will get stored in the activation frame of the main program in the theta variable over here. So as a result what gets printed is going to be the r which was calculated over here and that theta which was calculated over here. So changing them in c to p changes the value of r theta in the main program and hence what gets calculated so square root of 1 and 1, 1 squared plus 1 squared so square root 2 will be printed for r and 8 and 2 of 1, 1 is 45 degrees so pi by 4 will get printed over here. So here is a quick exercise. So write a function which takes a length in inches and returns the length in yards, feet and inches. So this is the so-called British system which is not really in use but which is well which does get used once in a while and so you should note that 12 inches make a foot and 3 feet make a yard. So as an example if you have 100 inches then that is equivalent to 3 yards, 2 feet and 4 inches. So that is what you are supposed to print. So clearly you are expected to be returning 3 values and therefore you should have 4 parameters one in which you will pass the given length and the other 3 in which the function will put the number of yards, number of feet and number of inches. So what did we discuss in this segment? So we said that if you want to return more than one results we can do so by using reference parameter. If we use a reference parameter r in some function and pass as argument a variable a then any change that the function makes in r will be seen by the calling program as a change in a. In the next segment we are going to discuss pointers which will perform a similar function but pointers are quite useful in other places as well. So we will see that shortly. Let us take a break.


Welcome folks, so we finished down at the Dow industrials at 157, Nasdaq up 18, S&P is off 15, Gold. Gold contract down $14.30 trading at 18.64 an ounce. We have Silver off 35 cents, $22.39 an ounce. Light sweet crude down 77 cents, $90.94 a barrel, notes and bonds. Up five ticks, trading $108.01, the 30 up nine ticks at $113.25 and $king dollar. $king dollar traded down 37 ticks at $106.189, Euro at $122, Yen at $105, Yen at $149, Yen at $122. We're going to take a look at the S&P's first, what you're going to see folks is that, you know, you rejected, the, the spy rejected the $425. So this market looks to me like it had a bounce going on. We had 104 million shares traded, which is a, which is a good volume folks. That's, we only did 104 million at the lows. So that's very unusual that you're coming off at a bounce and you're getting volume.  And to the Q's, we look at the Q's. Q's set up up 62 million on the volume. Yeah, we're going higher man. Yeah, you're going higher man. Okay. So 62 million, you held, you didn't held price, but you went to $362, excuse me folks, down to $357, closed out at $358, but you get volume on the Q's and the Q's and the number Q's, Q's lead everything. You know, the, the SMH is, you go, the SMH is hit the NDX, the NDX, it's the NASDAQ, the NASDAQ hits the SMPs. That's just how it goes. So this is higher, it stayed inside its range. In fact, let's put this on a weekly and just see what it looks like. Oh, look at that. You got a little doge in the bottom. That's interesting. You got a high volume doge though. Let's see, let's see. This is going into $283, $267. No, it went into, it's less. $267 to $283. Folks, have a great weekend, a safe weekend. Come back and visit Tommy Monday morning, kicks us off at 9 AM. Great show folks. Have a great one. Have a safe one.


This is Will Spencer from the Renaissance of Men here for the new 21 Report with Melissa Isaac. It's nice to meet you. Good to meet you. Thanks for coming to speak at the 22 convention, yes? Oh, yeah, it was great. That's the first time I think I've spoke to a group of women where they were actually receptive. Oh, wow. Did you have a title of your talk? Oh, my title was Divorcing Feminism. Oh, wow. So I'm a men's rights attorney and we represent dads for the most part, I do. And so, well, you know, we have women that call our office and, you know, some people say, well, you're against, you know, equality for moms and we're not. But, you know, men need a place where they can go and be completely understood. And so that's the business I have built, tried to build over the years. What did you think of the women here? You said they were really receptive to what you had to say. But there's some pretty harsh truths in the message about men's rights. What was their reaction like when you shared with them some of the things that you know?  And, you know, here's the thing is I think we as women, we're biological beings. Just like men are biological beings. And there's almost an imprint, I think, on our souls and on our hearts as to what we want. And, you know, biologically, I think we're created to be mothers. We're created to be wives. And we go against that. We face a lot of internal consternation. We face societal consternation and it comes out. We're seeing it now, right, that the rate of male illness is skyrocketing. Divorces are skyrocketing. Women think that they're successful because they're business women and they're, you know, educated. But they're some of the most miserable women in history. So we're seeing the consequences of that, of us going against who we are just biologically. It's pretty stunning, right, to get to witness that. And I can understand it's really refreshing to sit down with women who are like, yeah, no, I get it, and they're not going to come at you and argue with you about it. Well, you know, absolutely, in court, I will ask these women sometimes, what makes you the better parent? You're saying you want soul custody. What makes you the better parent? They say, well, because I gave birth to these children. So, okay, so we've established as you have a vagina. So let's get past that. What makes you the better parent? What makes it in the best interest of your children to only see their dad four days a month? Is what you're advocating for. So you throw these truths out there. Okay, we've established that you have a vagina. Let's get over that. We've got the plumbing. Did you just, what did you just say? No, I just said what was true. So, you know, we have this, the society has evolved into, we don't want to say anything to be offensive. Even if it's true, you can't say if you're going to offend somebody. And of course, politics or politicians have gotten behind that. So we're in a mess. We need to speak the truth, no matter who would offend. You need to speak the truth. I think some people are actually, they are permitted to say things that offend people. It's just that other people aren't permitted to say things that offend people. Well, that's true. So let's reverse that. Let's say you were an attorney in court and you said to a woman, okay, we've established that you have a vagina. Do you think you would be well-received? Probably not. Right. So, and that's one thing I've noticed over the years too is, you know, my farm, we're a firm of women. And we feel a little more comfortable going in.  You know, attacking these views because I as a woman, I don't need to be told that I'm oppressed. I'm not oppressed. I live in America. This is one of the most privileged countries that there is, especially if you're a woman. It's a woman's world. And you're going to say those things. You go against what's shoved down our throats by the media, by television programming, by education, by the field, mental health field, by the legal field. We're told that no women are oppressed. Women still don't have equal opportunity. That's a huge lie. It's a big lie. And so the women that you speak to here at the 22 convention, did you get a chance to talk to them outside of the conference room, like one-on-one? What were some of the things they said if you did? I did. Most were very receptive. There was one woman, and actually this is before I even spoke. We were coming down the elevator together. And she said, are you speaking today? And I said, I am. And she said, well, I just want you to know I'm already triggered by you. And I said, OK. But I appreciate you still being here feeling triggered. So she read my bio. I don't know. But I'm already triggered her.  And some women woke up in their 40s. Some women woke up younger where they were still young enough to have a family and sort of set aside all the superficial societal stuff that shoved down their throats. But I see these women in a state of evolution where there are some that are further along than others. And just yesterday the same woman who said I triggered her tried to challenge me on a couple of things. And I was very direct. I don't think she liked the directness of it. But, you know, I'm not here to sugarcoat anything, right? We see what sugarcoating does. It just, it kicks the can down the road. It keeps the truth from coming out. But the way I see these women is they are there in various stages of evolution coming out of the brainwashing that is feminism. I'm triggered by you. Well, that's good. I'm glad you're still here. Yeah, we're going to get through this together. We'll get through this. Okay. Have you gotten the chance to interact with any of the men's speakers for a 21 con or 21 patriarchs? Yeah, so I know a lot of the speakers just from being a part of the men's rights movement over the past, you know, 15 years or so. And these are some of the best men you'll ever meet. And, you know, I think people, people criticize the men's rights movement.  But when you listen to these men speak, there's some of the most educated, well-versed, experienced men where you can ask them any question and you're going to get an amazing answer. So this has nothing to do with oppression of women. This has nothing to do with trying to be above a woman. It has nothing to do with that. This is about being able to be who you are as a man. Express your masculinity because the only toxic masculinity or the worst type of toxic masculinity is the absence of masculinity.  They can say whatever they want to say. Women don't want a man that's submissive to them. They don't respect that.  So no matter what message is going at men from society, I think ultimately you look at relationships. Men were created a certain way. Women were created a certain way. We were meant to complement each other. You and I are not equal. You cannot bear a child. There's things that you can do physically that in my best shape I'll never be able to do. But it doesn't mean we have less value. Because we're not equal doesn't mean we're less valuable. So when I was in the military, I'm in the military now in the reserve component, but I was active duty. There were things that I physically could not do. It didn't hurt my feelings. I didn't get offended. I didn't raise my hand and say, hey, when you change the rules because I'm not able to do this, I just wasn't able to do it. I weighed 110 pounds. There's things I just couldn't do.  They did not have to do that. I love my country. I love the military. I love being a part of the military. But in a sense, women being included in the military have also hurt the military. And I certainly acknowledge that. So we look at the speakers here. We look at their message and what they're saying. It makes sense. And you'd have a hard time refuting anything they're saying. Like I said, they're very well educated. They're well researched. And they've got the experience behind them. And how about the male attendees? Have you gotten the chance to interact with them? Have they come up and said thank you or recognize you? Oh, definitely. Yeah. Yeah, definitely. And you know, there's some women, I think, because I wouldn't be around that many men. That would be terrifying. Or how can you stay around these men? These men are basically trying to tell you that you're not important, that you're less important. Again, I've been in a part of this movement for about 15 years. Longer than that, I just didn't know it. It just wasn't really organized for me. But that's not who these men are. These are men who want to be respected as men. Who respect others as men. They respect women as women. But they just want to live who they are. They just want to be a man in society and not be attacked for that. Some great men here. What has been your impressions of the conference overall? The conference has been great. It's been great. The quality of everything has been great. Quality, especially the speakers. I mean the food, the camaraderie. I feel like I've facilitated an atmosphere of fellowship. That's a great thing about these conferences is that you get to come to fellowship with like-minded people. Has anything here surprised you? Or you call it by surprise in a good way? Yeah, I think the quality of the women who attended the conference really was surprising to me. I say that because I'm very outspoken and very direct. It's on social media, in the courtroom. You name it, on interviews. I get a lot of backlash from the feminizes. Women who?


So a lot of USA Elvin visa interviews are lined up in the next couple of months and in this video we're going to talk about the recent trends and the questions which are being asked currently in India. Also, we're going to show you some real interview experiences and some tips on how you can build your credit history in the US. Keep on watching. Hi guys, my name is Shachi and I'm a traveling visa coach. On this channel you will find lots of useful videos on the US visa process. We have an entire playlist for Elvin visa, so make sure to check it out. We also have some free resources. There is a document checklist and a question back, which is going to help you in your preparation. So once you're done watching this video, check out the description box and get your free downloads. So we've been keeping a really close watch at the Elvin visa interviews which have happened in 2023 and analyzing the data and analyzing the questions which are being asked in the interview. There are three trends that we observe and you need to keep these trends in mind when you prepare for the interview. So let's jump into it. So the first trend we have observed is increased focus towards the role in US. Elvin interviews would typically start with some questions about the current or the India role and then progress towards the role in US. But the recent trends and the interviews which are happening in 2023, we see that the focus is completely on the role in US and there are many interviews in which no questions are being asked about the India role. In fact, the visa officer starts the interview directly by asking about the role in US. The typical questions asked here are, why is a company sending you all N1A or N1B, which is another way of asking what's your role in US? Why you for this role? Why not someone else or why not someone from the US office and what will be your salary or your income in the US? Now here's a pro tip for you to handle this situation. If the interview starts directly with the role in US, before you proceed to explain and give details of that to the visa officer, include a one-line context or a one-line introduction about your role in India. If it's an L1B interview, this one-line introduction could highlight your key expertise, your specialist knowledge, any proprietary tool or platform that you have worked on and if you're going for N1A, then this one-line introduction could highlight your key managerial responsibility and the team size that you handle. Now, why is this important? This one-line introduction will really help the visa officer to get a better depth and a better understanding about your role in US. Without understanding about the India role, it might be difficult to comprehend the importance of the US role and this one-line introduction would set things in place. Additionally, you also need to take care of your DS160 form because nothing is being asked about the India role in the interview. The DS160 form is the only place where you could highlight the role that you're playing currently. So, the briefly described your duties box is going to be really important and take time to structure it well. Now, don't make it too short, two to three lines where it's difficult to understand or get any idea about your parent role. Also, don't make it too long because the DS160 form doesn't allow for any formatting, so anything which is too lengthy becomes difficult to read. Aim at getting in eight to ten lines wherein, again for N1B, the first few lines should highlight your expertise, your skill set and proprietary work and for N1A, the first few lines itself should highlight the key managerial responsibility and the team size that you handle. The second trend we have observed is increased focus on location of work. So, the N1 interviews in 2023 had a lot of questions asked about location of work and location of stay. These officers were asking a lot of questions about where the company is located, where you will stay, where you will work and will you go to office. And the sense we are getting from all of this is that remote work is not really being encouraged and the visa officers really want to see whether your work will involve being in the same location and will involve actually going to office. Now, in N1, you could either work at client location or at company location, both are fine, but just make sure that where you stay and where you're planning to live falls in the same vicinity or in the same area as your company. The typical location being asked in this trend are where is your company located, will you be working at the client location or company location, where are you going to stay and will you go to office, how many days of week are you planning to go to office. Speaking of location, here's a pro tip. Along with planning for the visa interview, many of you might already be thinking about your transition and your move to the US. And I want to share with you a product which will make a part of this transition simple and hassle free. This product is called NOVA credit. Now, one of the first things you will need when you reach the US is a credit card and you're going to use it everywhere. You want to use it to pay bills, to buy products, to buy things for your new goal and your new life. And what's really going to matter is your credit history and the score which takes time to build. What if I told you that there was an easy way to do this? What if I told you that you could use your Indian credit history which you have built up over all the years of working here in India and transfer that to the US. NOVA credit does exactly this. So it takes your Indian credit history and develops a US equivalent score which would help you get an amazing credit card right from day one in the US. And this is an Amix card and it has a lot of benefits. And these benefits are no annual fee or deposit required, attractive cash pads, a high credit card limit and benefits on travel and gas when, plus a really secure fraud detection system. Not only a credit card, NOVA credit can also help you get a good mobile phone and a plan. They have a partnership at Verizon for this and this plan will be at 0% interest and 36 month EMI. So literally the two basic requirements, a credit card and a phone plan is going to be taken care by NOVA credit. Now, how to apply and get this? It's really simple. They have a very simple application process wherein you need to fill in a few details and submit and they will get back to you. The link for this is in the description box below. So once you're done watching the video, make sure to check out this link and start your application with NOVA credit. I would highly recommend it and I'm pretty sure that this is going to help you make the transition to US a notch easier. The third trend is the key question. So there is one question which is being asked in almost every L1 interview. For L1A, it is how many years of managerial experience you've had and what's the average team size you've handled. And for L1B, it is what is your area of expertise. And here's a pro tip to tackle this. When you're answering this question, remember it's not about going into details of your roles and responsibility because the actual roles and responsibility can sound routine and generating. What is really required here is to bring in the highlights of your entire career. When you're talking about your expertise or your managerial experience, you need not be limited to just the current organization. So let's say that your expertise is domain oriented and you had this skill set, this experience, even from your past employer or past company, you could bring in and highlight that as well. This question is really about putting together all the highlights or the positives of your profile and presenting that to the visa officer and not really going into the actual roles, responsibilities and the details of the execution. So put together a summary or highlight of your profile for L1B, it will be the key skill set, the specialized knowledge that you've acquired, which can be in the company or in the past companies also. And for L1A, it will be the total managerial experience and all the type of projects and the average team size you've handled. Again, not restricted to just your present employer. So I hope that these interview trends and questions that we have discussed have helped you. Comment below and let me know which we've the category you're going for, whether it's L1A or L1B. So put a comment down below and let me know. Also for a more detailed threat, you can reach out to me. We can do one to one session to help you in the interview preparation. And we can also do a mock to give you an idea of the real interview. Details of all of these preparation plans is right here in the description box. Make sure to check it out. Now the next part of the video, we're going to share some real interview experiences with you. These are the recent interviews and also some interview tips by one of our clients. So make sure to stick around till the end of this video. All right, hope you really enjoyed the next part of this video and I will see you again in the next one. Take care. Bye-bye. I have some questions at the petition stage. So how much effort did it require on your part in the petition stage or was it all taken care by the law firm that was engaged? No, it was taken care by the law firm and my company because I have a, you know, team working as a GMS, global mobility system team who take care of all this process. But I was proactive on this because from the last two years, I was working on my H1B and it was not happening. There was some documentation issue or something was happening because of which I was getting RFEs, which were not getting approved. So this time, I thought I must not take any chance and I proactively reviewed and screened all the documents that we are sharing with the attorney. So what was your learning from this entire journey of a very long journey, I would say of H1 and then L1 and then administrative processing? Yes, yes, we have to be proactive throughout this journey. I mean, NERS, if we see if a company, if an organization, your employer is taking care of all your visa process, but still everyone have to, you know, proactive review all the documents. Coming to the actual interview on the main date. Yes. So what did you wear? First of all, my consulate was in New Delhi. So at that time, you also suggested that a suit will be not, you know, that will be not too much to carry for L1A. And so I was confident that if you have suggested, let's go with the suit. The attire was formal suit. Okay, correct. So I was the only person there in suit, but still I was okay about it. But the other L1A were not wearing a suit? I was not sure whether other were in the queue where for L1A or not. I didn't get a chance to interact much because I didn't have to wait much as soon as I entered and things got, you know, processing. The second thing that need to be done is to, you know, connect with you, have a consuling with you. Because seriously, I knew the answers. I was, because I prepared everything, the questions, because questions are available on the internet, right? I was aware of the questions that I will be asked, but the formatting and the designing that you did, that gave me a lot of confidence, right? That whatever she will ask, I have everything. The only thing is I have to become like I did in the first question, I was telling everything, I was telling everything. So decided I wanted to control my words and had to become that was the thing that was required. Thank you so much for watching. If you have any more questions, feel free to leave them in the comment section. You can also DM me on Instagram. My Instagram handle is at chachi.one and we have more useful content coming up in the L1 series. So make sure to subscribe and stick around.


What's up everybody, Jason here for jaspyscasebrakes.com. Jaspy's four box hip parade basketball mixer, random teams number three sold out, where we featured two boxes of hip parade hobby shop Gold Series One, and two boxes of hip parade Platinum Series Four. So, there's potential preview cards that you can potentially be chasing here. Now of course, it is a random teams brace. Everybody has a random team. Here's the customer names and teams. Let's click the dice roll to see what you guys randomize and get matched up with. Let's roll and it's a six and a three for nine times, good luck. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine. Nine times, six, three, nine. Andrew at the top, down to next over. And then we got six, three, nine. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine. Five, six, seven, eight, nine. Boston Celtics, down to the Portland Trail Blazers. So again, nine, nine, nine. So, Andrew here, the Celtics, Nick with the Grizzlies, Alan with the Kings, Cory with the 76ers, Ben with the Bulls, Anthony V, Raptors, Brian Croft Bucks, Nick Stone with the Hawks, Chow with the Nuggets, Alan with the Mavericks, Chow with the Spurs, Ben with the Pistons, Brian Croft with the Lakers, Andrew with the Suns, Nancy with the Wizards, Nick with the Hornets, as well as the Magic, Alan with the Pelicans, Nancy with the Pacers, Chow with the Heat, Adam with the Thunder, Alan with the Clippers, Nancy with the Cavs, Nick's, Nick's over with the T-Wills, Chow with the Nets, Nancy with the Rockets, Jazz, and Nick with the Portland Trail Blazers. Now, if anybody wants to make a quick trade potentially, let me know in the chat. If I don't get any trade offers, trades, chit or chat or anything, then I'm just gonna close it, and I'll leave the video running. I'll see you, two scores, back to back. Trying to make it a game, 35-17, middle of the third. All right, trade winner closed, guys. All right, so it was two boxes of platinum, two boxes of gold. So here's the platinum autographed, and here's the gold hobby shop exclusive. So we'll go platinum first, because I think technically that might be a little less cheaper. Gold is more expensive. I think those gold boxes, we sell it for about $3.99, if not more. All right, here we go, guys. Man, how about a little Derrick Rose? Little Bowman, back from 2009. That might have been a second year D-Rose, I think. That's pretty nice. So that's Chicago Bulls. Ben, six out of 100. An adjacent kid that looks like Phoenix Suns Edition. That's from Flawless, out of 25. Phoenix Suns, that is Andrew with the Suns. Here we go with the gold, good luck, guys. These are gonna be tough, though, guys. Out of 30 spots, 30 teams, only four potential teams will hit if we don't double up, so definitely high risk, high reward. So hopefully we get something nicer for one of you guys that hasn't hit yet. Oh, TJ was going on, man. How about an Evan Mobley? 2021 Daunress Signatures Hollow Laser, and that is number 34 out of 99. Graded at PSA nine, that's pretty sweet. And that's Cleveland Cavaliers Nancy, that was a sweet box. And we have Sean Kemp, Seattle Sonics, which of course is Oklahoma City Thunder now, and that is a 2019 Chronicles Airborne Signatures Blue, graded at PSA 10, 25 of 25. That's a pretty nice part as well. Nice, two nice hits right down the goal. So as you can see, a little bit better, of course, but a little bit more pricier. But some nice stuff there, guys. Now I get it, I know a lot of people went Hitler's, unfortunately, I'm sorry. But we did post them another one, redeem yourselves if you guys think you guys potentially get some nice hits. And I don't know what we've hit in the first couple. Usually I know Platinum has like a case hit, sometimes gold. I know it's hobby shops, I don't know if they actually have a case hit in every case, but hobby shop exclusive has been pretty good this year, so I think they've put some really, really nice hits. So appreciate it guys, jaspyscasebrakes.com. Next one is in the store.


Kulab, a site that I have previously covered and also personally exposed the true scale of. Seemingly, or more than likely deliberately overlooked by academia, Kulab not only possesses an enormous ancient wall which surrounds the entrance to the site, which according to academia, was seemingly placed upon the plateau of a naturally formed hill. However, after personally investigating this site myself, I found that not only had the wall constructed took unimaginable effort to build, but that the site beyond this impenetrable fortress had in fact been backfilled with Earth, artificially creating the plateau that geologists, academics, and archaeologists alike long ignored and merely assumed was selected due to natural features, were in fact artificially created. However, it is clear for all to see that not only was the plateau painstakingly created to backfill to this fortress' wall, but the ingenious entrances were also the work of a people of tremendous intellect. Many of the passageways into the site allow many to enter the passages, however as the invaders made their way along these elevations to penetrate the fortress itself, not only were they wide open to arrow fire from above from both sides, but also by design the passageways slowly narrowed to a point where only one person at a time could actually enter the site. However, the purpose of this video is not the astonishing architectural features of the site itself, but possibly an exposure of the true creators of the site. A group of people with characteristics which may come as a shock to some and been long predicted by others. Found deep within a cave system within the site, a burial chamber at the depth of 800 meters, a burial chamber created at this location for the sole purpose of preserving these individuals' remains for as long as possible, and also to avoid the ravages' tomb raiders that have been experienced over the eons by many of the other burial sites by many different cultures. There are many wooden idols that have seemingly been treated with lost technologies and have survived the climate astonishingly well, yet this set of mummies could expose once and for all who were responsible for this astonishing site and indeed its miraculous characteristics. Thankfully, although much of the ancient tombs had been ravaged by robbers over the years, this absence of mummies didn't deter archaeologist Warren Church, whose work for 19 years to save lost pechudos and learn its secrets. Seemingly successfully unraveling its innermost protected secrets, and possibly coming face to face with its original builders, they were known as the Chachapoya, or the Cloud People by the Incas, who by this stage had re-inhabited the ancient pre-Incan ruins which Dot Perot, and due to the ingenious nature of the fortress, the tremendous efforts that went into building it, and the seemingly impenetrable nature of its design, the Cloud People seemingly survived all the way up until the Spanish invasion, only succumbing to the introduction of smallpox, which the Spanish seemingly brought with them. An intriguing characteristic of these enigmatic people is the fact that they left no written language yet adorned their site with countless stone carvings of orchids, butterflies, and jaguars. According to Warren Church, for more than 500 years, the Chachapoya cut farm terraces and villages into these steep slopes. This burial chamber found deep within the site shows that not only did they display great respect for their dad, but that they were of European origin, white-skinned and blonde-haired, with Church apparently stating that the mummies are of the most beautiful past people he has ever witnessed. Were these mummies the remains of the original builders of this astonishing site? Or were they like the Incas, merely re-inhabitations, although how they got there to these Peruvian hills and controllers of Kulap itself remains a mystery. Yet white mummies of a seemingly European ancestry have been found throughout the globe. Does this suggest that the ruling force we so often postulate once existed? That many known as the Atlanteans shared their knowledge across the globe before catastrophe? Regardless of their ethnicity, we find such research by Church highly admirable, and such discoveries highly compelling. If you enjoy our content, if you think our battle worthy, please help us to continue our voyage of discovery in unraveling the mysteries of history. Links to donate can be found within the description. Without you, we cannot survive. Thank you.