Cooper and welcome to the Cooper Union, what's happening with human rights around our world on Think Tech Live, broadcasting from our downtown studio in Honolulu, Hawaii and Moana, New York. Today's episode, we're focusing on the international independent expert mechanism to advance racial justice and equality and law enforcement known as EMLR, a new UN process for rights. Aloha, it's great to be here today to meet with our guests. Kerry, can you tell us a bit about your background and the amazing advocacy that you do related to human rights and where you began on this journey for justice? I've been an international human rights lawyer for almost 18 years now, time flies. You know, I entered law school initially thinking that I wanted to do civil rights and then I took this course during my first year, this international law course. And that's where I really first learned about human rights law and I just completely fell in love with it and it was just full speed ahead. And you know, throughout my career, I've had the opportunity to live and work in different parts of the world and work on a range of human rights issues. And I feel like I've learned so much. It's so true. I never forget really those moments when you learn about really the civil society, the individuals that come together with initiatives to demand dignity for all people. And you see the UN Charter, which is important because for the first time it really appears that veil of sovereignty and said that everyone, everywhere on Earth has rights no matter where they're born. And then the exciting part about the Universal Declaration of Human Rights where world leaders are looking at never again and trying to end the scourge of war that begins in the minds and then the hearts of many people saying, what can we do? What kind of mechanisms can we create that reflect the movement of the time that demands justice for everyone? When you see what the UN has created since that Universal Declaration of Human Rights and those 30 articles, how does Emler fit into that tradition of coming up with transformative institutions, even though we're in a space that's still state-driven? Oh, so how does Emler... I mean, look, I guess I'm going to just comment on the UN mechanisms and processes in general. What's exciting about the UN mechanisms and processes is that they create an opportunity for governments to be held accountable by their peers. And that's so exciting, right? Just kind of theoretically and then obviously for the people out there in the world who are fighting for their rights. And then there are also limitations though, right? And particularly when it comes to powerful nations like the United States. So whereas, you know, we'll see the UN imposing sanctions, for example, on countries that the UN says are guilty of human rights violations. But that's never something that's that's ever happened to the United States.  So those are some of the realities. So maybe you could share with us a bit of background then to that. So what was the impetus? We know we have the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. We know we have these nine, ten human rights treaty bodies that cover an array of articles that guarantee rights in many fields of human rights that we both were intoxicated with in our university studies. And then we have the UN Commission on Human Rights that created many of those treaty bodies. And we now have this human rights council. Can you maybe share a bit about the impetus for the creation of Emler and how that went about and how civil society and other factors are able to play a positive role in creating this important international institution? Absolutely. Well, so as you know, the brutal murder of George Floyd on May 25th, 2020 was witnessed by the entire world on video.  So Mr. Floyd's death that reignited public discourse on systemic racism and sparked one of the largest sustained mobilizations against racist police violence in history in June 2020. So the very next month, an international coalition of hundreds of organizations and individuals sent a communication to the UN Human Rights Council, really demanding that the UN convene a commission of inquiry to investigate racism and racist police violence in the US. So in an unprecedented move, the UN African group followed up on that request, also calling for this commission of inquiry to investigate racism and also for an urgent debate. So we learned from our contacts that the US pressured some countries to oppose a commission of inquiry. And, you know, yeah, this is what I was saying earlier that the US is very powerful. And so even within a body like the UN, it's it's just not easy to hold the US accountable, right? The Human Rights Council declined the request to convene a commission of inquiry, though it did task the UN High Commissioner on human rights with preparing a report on racism. The High Commissioner's report was delivered a year later and it contained a recommendation for the establishment of a new mechanism which would examine systemic racism against people of African descent within the context of law enforcement. So that recommendation is what led to the creation of Emler. And that's really valuable to share, because it really was 171 families of victims of police violence, as well as over 270 civil society organizations that spanned over really four dozen countries, putting that moral pressure on the UN High Commissioner and also pushing the Africa group as well to ensure the Human Rights Council had a role and to be effective. And you spoke briefly about Human Rights Council Resolution 43.1 and its goal of creating a new mechanism as it was quoted to further transformative change for racial justice and equality in the context. And this is some of the language that's so fascinating of law enforcement globally, especially where relating to legacies of colonialism in a transatlantic slave trade in enslaved African. So that's an important step as well. I think that that we can look at with Emler. One of the things that they did create, though, it also passed with investigating government's responses to peaceful anti-racism protests and all violations of international human rights law to contribute to accountability and reduce for victims. How about what happened on December 16th when the council presence announced the appointment of the three experts? And what was the initial reaction around those that are intended to serve on the international independent expert mechanism? OK, so let me talk a little bit about the experts. So Emler is composed of three expert members. The chair is former South African Constitutional Court Justice Yvonne Macauro, who, you know, very sad to report she was involved in a car accident last month and she wasn't able to participate in the visit, though, you know, we're told that her condition is stable. The other two members of Emler are Juan Mendes from Argentina, who's a human rights professor and also a former UN special rapporteur on torture. And then the third member is Dr. Tracy Kizzi, who's from the US and who spent 25 years in the Denver Police Department and after retiring, served as the NYPD's deputy commissioner in training, then deputy commissioner on equity and inclusion. Dr. Kizzi is now co-founder of a research center called the Center for Policing Equity, which promotes police accountability and transparency. So I mean, I can't really speak for everyone. I think, well, definitely Justice Macauro. She's actually someone that I'd recommended because I was a part of a group that made recommendations for who should be appointed and she's someone that I recommended. And I was familiar with her work from the time that I spent in South Africa previously, so I was very excited. Her appointment, obviously, you know, Juan Mendes, his reputation also precedes him as a human rights professor, but significantly as a former special rapporteur and torture. So I think those were both very exciting appointments. Now, Dr. Kizzi, I think, well, two things. She was less well known to people in the human rights field and less well known or not known at all. And then on top of that, she has a law enforcement background. Right. So, I mean, like, there's no question that it gave some people pause and she's also American. And so, you know, one can imagine that this is someone that the U.S. made sure was placed, you know, on the mechanism. So I guess, you know, yeah. So just sort of thinking about what all that could mean. You know, we weren't really sure, but I have the opportunity to interact with Dr. Kizzi during the visit to the U.S. And I mean, I had a very positive interaction with her and I thought her interaction with civil society was also just very appropriate and very compassionate. We really appreciate that. And when you look at this creation of Emler, what it's trying to do is fill the gap that we see on the ground, that even though we have these human rights treaties and charter bodies, too often human rights violations are still taking place and people are not able to realize their fundamental freedoms and basic human rights. This really looks like a violation of Article 6, as well as Article 7 violation, that all are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection. But we can see in the George Floyd video, but in numerous other ones, how this pattern persists and that we must do something about it. Maybe you could share with us a bit some of your experience with other human rights treaty bodies and how civil society organizes to make sure that they can demand inherent dignity. And also you were tasked with a unique role for the first time in history to really organize this visit. Can you share about the engaging experience about the process of organizing this visit and when it took place in the United States? Sure. Okay, let me start with the visit. So the visit took place from April 24th through April, I'm sorry, yeah, April 24th through May 5th. So the two week visit, Emler visited six cities in the US, DC, Atlanta, LA, Chicago, Minneapolis, and then New York. Their visit to DC, they actually started with DC and ended with DC was primarily to meet with the federal government. So they didn't have any engagement with civil society in Washington DC, but in the other five cities they engaged with civil society. In four of the cities they spent two days in each city, Minneapolis was the only city where they only spent one day. And in truth, a big part of visiting Minneapolis was because that's where George Floyd was murdered. So it was more symbolic. And so they only spent one day there. Now for the cities where they spent two days, I think as civil society, we definitely wanted to have a lot of their time. But well, we knew that their mandate does require them to meet with law enforcement and politicians that would have you. So I think we expected that, but initially they were proposing even a small amount, a very small amount of time out of one day, from the two days that they would be in a city. And so we had to really, really push back on that and say, no, the community is very excited to meet with you. There's so many people with stories to tell, so we need more time. So yeah, in each city we ended up spending, maybe about six to seven hours with them, except for Minneapolis where it turned out to be four hours. In each city I decided to structure the engagement as hearings. I thought a lot about what it would look like.  I didn't see the value in that at all because first of all, these orgs, they already have access to the UN. It's easy for them to fight to Geneva and meet with these folks. And secondly, even like in Emler's mandate, they're supposed to be centering the voices of directly impacted people. So since they're coming to the US, I figured they're gonna hear directly from these people. So I structured the interaction as hearings and I set up steering committees for each city. And basically I invited organizations and activists within each city who had a record of engaging with people within the communities there on these types of issues. So I knew that they'd be able to easily say, yeah, let's get these folks to testify about this issue and that issue. And then so then, all right, we figured out, well, okay, we've got this amount of time with them. We've got the steering committee. And then from there, I worked with them to come up with issue areas that we wanted to cover. So for every single city, we were definitely gonna hear from families and victims of police violence because that's just a critical group to hear from always. But then depending on the city, there were other issues that were important. So like for New York, where I'm from, just right away, I could tell you that vikers was gonna be important, right? Or, and also stop and frisk was gonna be important to talk about. And then for Chicago, where people, so many people were impacted by police commander John Burge, all of these young people who were tortured, we were definitely going to have testimony from the survivors of torture and so on. And in LA, we held the hearings at the LA Community Action Network, which is actually housed on Skid Row. And we wanted to show the experts like that type of experience as well.  So it really, Josh, what can I say? The hearings were incredibly powerful, so, so, so moving. And I think, and by the way, Juan Mendes and Tracy Kasey, they both said that just over and over in each city, how moved they were by the testimonies. And I can only hope that the report that comes out of this contains just really bold and revolutionary language. I don't know if that's gonna happen, but that's what I'm hoping for. We really appreciate, first and foremost, the detail to make sure that directly impacted people are at the forefront and heard. We do know that many larger NGOs do have amazing reports, but I think what you're showing and actually illustrating by the impetus and the initiatives that you set up in each city was to make sure that's a people-centered approach, making sure that the families who had endured the most are able to be heard the most by the people because their stories really translate to what they face, what we face at the hands of law enforcement. And so you also brought up Article 5 of the UDHR and torture. There's so many aspects of what was being said. And when we look at this international independent expert mechanism to advance racial justice and equality and law enforcement, you described each city where they went. Is there a story from one or two examples in those cities that really stood out, that you think you could feel that moment of collective humanity in the room when they heard that and everyone said, this is why we're here and this is why this can't happen to anyone else going forward? Do any of them stick out? Because I know when we were at the third report, the example by Terrence, a young man who was incarcerated, that really shifted the mood. It set the stage for everything. And I was wondering if Emler had some aspects that were similar that could give people a sense of what was going on in each of those cities with the amazing organization that you did to put them at the forefront and make sure their voices heard. Wow, okay. Do you mind if I give an example from a few cities? Because it, yeah. So first of all, sure. So first of all, Terrence, Mr. Wynne also testified for us in Atlanta to Emler. We decided to make Atlanta, we called it a Southern visit because the experts were really interested in the South but they knew they couldn't go everywhere. So we had people come from a few different states to Atlanta to testify. So Terrence testified about his experience in Angola. Let me tell you, when he got to the part of his testimony where he talked about it being so hot there, they didn't have, they didn't cool the prison and it was so hot that they would take water from the toilet and put it on the floor and lie on the floor to try to get cool.  I think another, this was actually from a family members in different places who lost their loved ones. I think just listening to their pain, especially when they talked about how the loss, the loss and the lack of accountability and of course, usually just like the horrible way that their loved ones were killed, how it affected them or others in their family so much that they created health problems for people. I remember one gentleman talked about his wife dying of a broken heart. Like she just developed all of these health issues and she died a few years later while she was trying to fight for justice for their son. And then another story that stands out for me is a gentleman in Minneapolis whose son was murdered by the police and the police entered the family home at two in the morning. You know, after killing the young man a couple of hours before, his family had no idea he'd been killed. So the police just burst into the house because they felt they needed to search for every reason. And you can just imagine two o'clock in the morning, everyone's sleeping, the parents are asleep, the three small children, one is young as four years old, all sleeping, police burst in, shouting, guns pointed and all of that. And, you know, they're just all scared, the police bound the wrist of the adults, you know, made everyone sit on the floor and then the four-year-old who's four years old, so very little and who also has Down syndrome and who was like scared and I think running and the police shouting at the kid and pointed the gun at the father, the father said that the police pointed the gun at the four-year-old who has Down syndrome. And I mean, I don't think I'll ever forget that story. Thank you so much. And those just give really a sense of the magnitude of what people are facing at the hands of law enforcement and why it's so concerning because it's not just one or two incidents, but you can really, I believe it shows when you look at all the cities where you brought people to then share their stories, how it's taking place everywhere and how we really have to think of a larger systemic reform and how we have to really have a human rights-based approach to looking at how we exist and how we move forward. One of the things I remember this weekend, I thought you gave an amazing speech looking at the Atlanta summit that was a human rights leadership, human rights city's leadership summit. You give the history of policing in the country. Can you share a bit of that history of policing and what was being said at Emler over and support one another? Sure. Okay, so it's just really important to take a look at the history of law enforcement in the US and how law enforcement routinely subjects people of African descent to policing, to control our movement in actions and meet out harsh punishment. So law enforcement targeting people of African descent, it doesn't date back 40, 50 years ago. It really began centuries ago with the establishment of the slave patrols where whites were tasked with catching enslaved people who would escape to freedom, right? And so the slave patrols, in addition to catching anyone who escaped, they would watch the enslaved people to try to figure out if people were planning to escape or if people were being defiant. And this continued until the end of the Civil War, then following the Civil War during the period of reconstruction, slave patrols were replaced by militia-style groups who were empowered to control and deny access to equal rights to the formerly enslaved people. These groups systematically enforced the black codes which were strict local and state laws that regulated and restricted access to labor wages, voting rights and general freedoms for formerly enslaved people. After the black codes were abolished, the Jim Crow laws quickly replaced them and the Jim Crow laws legalized segregation and inequality. The police departments established in the early 20th century and forced the Jim Crow laws and exerted excessive brutality on black people perceived as violating the Jim Crow laws. And so it's important to acknowledge the historical context in any attempt to understand the current situation in the US. And this is also why it's significant that Emler's mandate acknowledges the relevance of the legacies of the transatlantic slave trade and enslavement of Africans. So it brilliant and it also shows a historic as well as a holistic approach and why human rights is so vital as we move forward in public policy that could begin to change the daily conditions for too many people. For everyone that was following Emler and those that are just learning about it, what are the next steps and what happens after the visit, Harry? Sure. All right, so the experts are going to write a report that's going to be shared with the UN Human Rights Council and the public in September of this year. And I encourage everyone to check the UN website for that. And also the organization that hired me to organize this part of the visit is called the UN Anti-Racism Coalition or UNARC. So it's unarc.org. Definitely visit the website. You can see some live stream, some recordings of the hearings, but we're going to be posting the report and any type of follow-up that we'll be able to do. We thank you so much. It really focuses on what we know about human rights that we have to focus on education first, then mobilization, then realization, but also what was so powerful about this Emler experience and you giving us insights behind the stage and seeing what happens with the personalities and more importantly, making sure that the voice of the people is loudly heard, they're in Geneva through this Emler process is that how all human rights are intersected. Article five, torture, Article six, equality for the law, Article seven. And this is just one example of how civil society and human rights defenders or as Rob likes to call people, us as civil society, human rights enforcers can ensure that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights aren't just promises on paper, but really a guiding post or a North Star on where we need to move together to really have a better world where we understand our sense of solidarity where all of our rights are connected and we must coordinate campaigns to stand up for one another. Thank you so much for all that you do and look forward to following up at the Human Rights Council session in September, I believe under agenda item number nine. Josh, thank you so much for having me, it was a pleasure. Thank you so much for watching Think Tech Hawaii. If you like what we do, please like us and click the subscribe button on YouTube and the follow button on Vimeo. You can also follow us on Facebook, Instagram and LinkedIn and donate to us at thinktechawaii.com. Mahalo.


Hello and welcome to the session. This is Professor Farhad. In this session, we would look at the value added tax or VAT. This topic is covered in international accounting as well as international taxation, CPA and ACCA exam. As always, please connect with me on LinkedIn if you haven't done so. YouTube is where you would need to subscribe. I have 1500 plus accounting, auditing, finance and tax lectures. Please like my lectures, click on the like button, share them, put them in the playlist, let the world know about them. If you're benefiting from my YouTube, if you're watching me, it means other people might benefit as well, so share the wealth. Also, I do have a website on my website. You'll have access to additional resources such as PowerPoint, slides, notes, quizzes and 2000 plus CPA questions. I have all sorts of material covered. Please check it out. Studypal.co is an artificial intelligence driven study body platform that matches you with another CPA or CFA candidate. They're located in 85 countries and 2500 cities if you're looking for a study body. Value added tax. What is the value added tax? Basically, it's another form of tax for the government to generate money. So many countries generate a significant amount of revenue through this national value added tax. The standard VAT rate in the European Union ranges from 17 to 27, which is that's a lot in addition to the regular income tax. Value added tax are used instead of sales tax and are generally incorporated into the price of a product or the service. So if you are a U.S. listener, we have what's called sales tax. Basically, if you buy something for $100, you pay well depending on, you know, for example, I live in Pennsylvania, $100, I'll pay an additional 6%. Now, if you're in New York, it's more in other places at slower. So I'll pay $106 for that item rather than $100. So simply put, the state government collected additional 6%. And in the U.S., it's not federal, it's a state. The state collect the sales tax. But in most other countries, this is a national value added tax. This type of tax is levied on the value added at each state in the production or distribution of a product or service. And the best way to illustrate this is to look at an example. Let's assume a Swedish forest product company sells lumber that it has harvested to a Swedish wholesaler, IKEA, at a price of 100,000 euros. It will pay a VIT to the Swedish government of 25,000. So simply put, simply put, when they sold it for 100,000, they have to pay 25% to the Swedish government. Now, this is the value added. Now, this 25,000 is factored under the price. Notice what it says. Notice what it says. The price, the value added tax is incorporated, generally is incorporated under the price or the service of the product. Now, they sold it so the retailer, we have to retail, sold it to the wholesaler. Now, we have to keep in mind that the wholesaler is going to sell it to another business, to another customer. So they sold it for 100,000. Now the wholesaler, they're going to repackage it, to remanufacture it, do something with it, and they're going to sell it for 160,000 euros to the customer. Now, the wholesaler will have to pay 25%, but they don't have to pay 25% on the full amount. They'll have to pay 25% only on the 60,000. So they're going to take the 60,000 times 25%, just get the calculator. So 60,000 times 0.25, they'll pay 15,000. So they will pay 15,000 in value added tax on that sale. Now, this customer has it or this business has it at 160. Let's assume this individual sell it for 200,000. Now again, they sold it for 200,000. The value added is 40,000. They'll have to pay 15% on the 40,000. So simply put, you only pay taxes on that additional value added. So it's started at 100,000. The harvester paid 25%. The wholesaler added 60,000. They'll pay 25% to the customer, so on, and so forth. So this is how it all works. Now, the VAT concept is commonly used in countries other than the EU, including Australia, Canada, China, Mexico, Nigeria, Turkey, and South Africa. Very common, very common in other countries. More about the VAT, the value added taxes as well as other indirect taxes such as sales payroll need to be considered before figuring out the total rate in any particular country because all these taxes add up. So the initial tax rate, that's not what you should look at. You should look at additional taxes such as VAT. The study conducted by the World Bank and PricewaterhouseCoopers in 2018 determined that the total tax paid on businesses in 190 countries. The study was based on a simulated case study company in its second year of operation with 60 employees and sales equal to 1,050 times per capita incomes. Basically, they say, you know, what if this individual get that much? This is what they spend the money, so on and so forth. And the total taxes included federal and local VAT and other form of sales tax, workers' compensation, social security, and other mandatory contribution on behalf of the employees. So all in all, let's take a look at the rate and see where the US stands. Now, the US stands at 43%, which is remember when you looked at the income initially, the US was very high. Look at Brazil. Brazil stands at 68.4 when you include all the taxes. China, 67, which is what we looked at their tax rate. Initially, it was in the 20s. Germany, half 48. India, 55. Hong Kong, again, Hong Kong, because it's a tax haven. You are starting with the low tax rate. So this just gives you an idea. Mexico, 52%, including all the taxes, everything. Again, this is simulated. This is based on if the individual get paid that much. They'll pay this much in payroll. They will spend this much money on food, this much money on clothing, this much money on gasoline, this much money on other items that then they will assume the VAT. And this is how they did this study. So it's interesting to see that you have to look at the whole picture altogether, not just one tax rate. And the next session, we would look at the tax jurisdiction. If you happen to visit my website, which I strongly suggest you do so because you will find additional resources such as PowerPoint slides, notes, questions, practice, CPA questions, I strongly suggest you subscribe. Good luck and study hard.


Welcome to this episode of News Clicks Mapping Forged Lines. In this show, we look at key geopolitical developments and their impact across the world. Today, we'll be talking about the impeachment of Donald Trump, the proceedings that are happening right now, and its implications on the politics of the region where Russia and Ukraine are located. To talk more about this, we have with us Prabir Purghais. Hello, Prabir. Prabir, so this week is a key week for the impeachment proceedings. The U.S. House Judiciary Committee is going to see, to draw up the articles of impeachment. First of all, they're going to see if there is a case for impeachment in the first place. And we'll get to that a bit later. But before that, a lot of the narrative that was going on during the impeachment proceedings, the hearing of the witnesses, was about how the so-called quid pro quo efforts of Trump ended up weakening a crucial ally that was Ukraine, which was a bulwark of, say, force against Russian aggression. And that was the whole narrative that was being battled. So could we talk a bit about what exactly is the kind of so-called bulwark that Ukraine is? And what is the situation there? You know, first is we don't really understand the United States politics sitting from outside, because we seem to have originally seen the Republicans as a party of war, and the only people therefore who could do peace were the Republicans, because anything the Democrats would do would then be really targeted as surrender to the Russians, to the Chinese, to the Reds and so on. From that, we now seem to see Democrats as a party of war, which is now saying there shouldn't be no peace with Russia, and everything should be in the precinct from the prism of Russia subverting archie allies, and Ukraine is being now talked about. Now interestingly enough, Ukraine is not officially the American ally. In fact, Ukraine was positioned in between the two blocks for quite some time, and Yanukovych was trying to play one against the other and preserve a certain degree of mobility or flexibility of the Ukrainian government, partly because Ukraine is next door to Russia. There is a huge section of its population who speaks Russian or are ethnically Russians. A lot of its economy is tied up to Russia. It has to sell or used to sell to Russia, and therefore its natural trading partner was Russia. As against this, trying to tie up to the West has the problems that it would mean that what Ukraine would supply would therefore be only raw materials or its people, and that was not going to give Ukraine as good a terms of integration or trade as the trade with Russia was. Therefore, Yanukovych was trying to play both sides, but all of it collapsed because as you know the Maidan revolt which was backed by various forces including obviously NATO, and you had US senior government officials of the United States going and even talking to the Maidan people at the end of which Yanukovych ran away essentially and Poroshenko came into power. Now what is forgotten is there is a larger picture here of NATO, which when the negotiations had taken place over Germany was supposed to stop at the German borders. This was the assurance given to Gorbachev during that time that if you let Germany reunify, then NATO's eastward march would not take place and stop in Germany. Not only didn't it stop, but it advanced in the Baltics, it advanced with Poland, it advanced with Romania and now the next one was Ukraine. Now it is really ringing in whole of Russia with NATO countries and also mounting various missile brigades over there which can hit Russia including strategic missiles. All of this is called anti-ballistic missiles, but as you know the difference between ballistic missiles and anti-ballistic missiles are not that significant, it can be turned one to the other quite easily. So all of this is what Russia was reacting to and this is in a longer sense term is a huge issue for Europe because it means Russia should be ringed in the battle over dominance of Europe only waged between really the United States by its proxies and Western Europe essentially would not be able to integrate in the Eurasian land mass which is really Russia and China, the big markets and lower down with India, but they would be tied up to the United States. This is a larger geo-strategic picture when you talk about Ukraine and it's also interesting to see actually whenever Ukraine ceasefire has been announced or has been negotiated it has been with the European countries and Russia along with the Ukrainian forces and unfortunately most of those agreements have remained dead on water because the United States didn't back them at all, in fact it backed the other side Zelensky came into power with the argument that we will seek peace because one part of Ukraine which is also ethnically Russian has decided that it doesn't want to be part of what the Maidan regime brought out which was old-fashioned Nazis and they had been a part of Hitler's armies, they had been a part of the programs over there against the Jews and they essentially were the ones and there are again forces which have been openly talked about as fascist forces by European countries and by even the United States. So those are the forces who had dominated the Ukrainian government and wanted a fight with first the eastern part of Ukraine which was fighting to keep its autonomy and wanted to succeed virtually which Russians have backed politically but not for cessation. So they wanted more autonomous eastern Ukraine and not a Eastern Europe which tries to become a part of Russia so that Russians have never supported but effectively what has happened is any attempt to reach peace has been sabotaged Zelensky again came on the platform that he wanted to settle the issue with eastern Ukraine and also reach some agreement with Russia and try for a peace with Ukraine. This seems to be anathema to the section of the Democratic Party who have talked about Trump and Ukraine's tie up and the fact that Trump tried to pressurize Zelensky to investigate Biden. Now we have discussed this earlier the question is Trump seems to have acted crudely presidents of United States of course do all of these things but do they do it that openly do they pick up a phone and call the president of another country do this or do that those questions will leave to the US Senate and the US Congress the point that I am making is the issue if you take Ukraine and Russia then obviously this is a much more a matter of Europe and this is the fact that we are seeing the Democratic Party claim that Trump is some way or the other a stooge of Putin, a stooge of A, a stooge of B and is trying to do various things actually exposes that this country today the United States cannot cannot really sign any agreement because you one side signs agreement other side pulls out we saw Trump pulling out pulling out of the Iran agreement and now we see Ukraine whatever they do whichever part come party comes into power if they want to force to settle Ukraine then they will get Iran if they settle Iran then they will get Ukraine this seems to be the kind of policies each party is playing with the other and the net result is we really have a situation where no piece is possible anywhere in the world because the United States domestic squabbles will see to it whether it's Iran or it's Ukraine a piece doesn't take place right and what you're also seeing is that the Democratic Party in its as part of its campaign to discredit and definitely if possible try to impeach Trump is actually legitimizing the understanding that the US by default is a country which has the right to interfere anywhere in the world because among other things Joe Biden openly went on record to say how most how he had helped overthrow that government and so this is a one aspect that's never really being questioned in these hearings at all because even those career diplomats who testified during the hearings and spoke out against Trump were widely celebrated but the underlying underlying aspect that they all supported we are supposed to be the global policeman has not been questioned at all that's the interesting part because all of them are talking about that opening a investigations against what Biden and his son were doing in Ukraine is somehow a treasonous right exactly affair but openly subverting Ukraine's democracy Ukraine's limited shall we say democratic elections that's entirely legit and this is also part of what the US has done if you remember there was a time magazine year year cover which celebrated that the United States won the election for Yeltsin okay nobody contests that nobody says well you know that wasn't supposed to be done the you are United States has openly militarily invaded I think in the last 50 years more than 90 countries nobody questions that in the United States till the body bags come home which it did in Vietnam otherwise it's perfectly okay as long as it is drones it is other instruments of war not directly people the United States losing its soldiers so this is one part of it but you know if you take the question of Ukraine itself there is also enough grounds to show that the Democrats have been involved with Ukraine or Ukrainians in the US elections in 2016 elections if you argue that Trump was being helped by the Russians again as we have said earlier also the click farm which we're trying to get clicks we're trying to get clicks on both sides the fact they got more clicks from Trump's it's simply the fact that Trump's supporters are probably more active in some such click bait operations and they're more prey to fake news than other parties are but if you leave that out there were clear Ukrainian fingerprints against Trump because they thought that the Trump could mean some re-approach with Russia and this is not in the interest of the Poroshenko regime at that time and they were trying to help it's argued there is Chappul Chalupa who was a part of the Democratic National Committee's effort she was a contractor there there's an argument that CrowdStrike is a ethnic Ukrainian who runs that company though a US citizen and somehow the crowdstrike fingered the Russians without much evidence and even today that those servers of the Democratic National Committee has never been forensically examined by the US intelligence agencies though they have given reports regarding the that but based purely appears on the CrowdStrike report so all of this would seem to indicate that intervention in US elections is all right as long as it happens to see that the Russians are the main enemy if there is any attempt to have a re-approach even which is the interest of the United States itself that should be endured and this is really a part of what I would say is the continuous dominance of the war lobby in the United States and what somebody has called the never-ending wars which the US today sees it as this pre primary economic activity war industry of different kinds is what really drives the US economy and therefore they can ever let go of the of the wars and I think one of the articles that I saw recently written by an ex-army officer is that as the wars become against smaller and smaller countries that the US wages the number of medals the generals wear on their chest seems to be growing now apparently the generals have seven rows of medals on their chest while in the after the second world the world what they had only three so you can see that there is a war industry and there is a war veteran industry which is decided by how many medals you get and that is what you wear to the TV stations and that determines also the amount of money you get as a consultant and as a media commentator and finally to look at the impact of all this inside the United States itself like you mentioned is an extremely complicated process and the Democrats themselves seem to be in a bit of a fix there is one side arguing against doing any of these proceedings there's one side calling for a censure motion which would basically end the impeachment process there and there's definitely a hard line side which wants to go ahead with the impeachment process nonetheless so do you think that if there is this process does go ahead there is any possibility of Trump actually being affected by any of these proceedings or is he actually likely to benefit you know one thing is the crystal ball gazing for predicting elections a very very risky exercise if I look at the crystal ball I have not been a very successful one it came to Indian elections so why should I be better off on the American the United States elections I would say the core base of Trump does not seem to be affected by this by all the figures that we see of the polls that are taken right now regarding which section approves or doesn't approve of Trump interestingly enough Trump's base does not seem to have shifted so the elections then boil down to what is called also the Electoral College and that does not correlate with the population because you know Hillary won three million more votes in Trump did except Trump won the Electoral College so as long as you have the Electoral College skewed skewed towards those states which have less people but comparatively more representation the Electoral College I think Trump seems to be safe there are three or four states which are called the swing states but that would depend on who the Democrats put up if they put up somebody like Biden somebody like now the guy who was thrown his hat in the ring the former mayor Michael Bloomberg Bloomberg the five former mayor of New York and a billionaire is going to throw his billions into the ring of course Trump is a failed billionaire because his real estate business actually always made losses and he's the most the richest bankrupt American ever probably but if you take blim Bloomberg or Biden I don't think Trump would really face a problem if it came against somebody who also can turn against him the base which is affected by all that's happening in the United States like Bernie Sanders then I think you could have a different kind of election but I look looking at the fact the Democratic National Committee is in really in hawk to the Clinton Clinton as machinery I don't think there is any chance of there being able to get the nomination so you are looking at a weak opposition finally to Trump and I don't think that with the Senate majority that Trump has there is any chance of an impeachment finally going going through so what you are seeing is a shift from the real policies that today be devil United States how to shore up its fully flagging infrastructure it's really if you see go to United States you will see that the air for instance the airport the roads all of this really look relatively a third world shall we say that compared to what you see in China for example so I think this is the crisis that the US all the political parties want not to face and the result therefore is talking about how to make America great again and how to find a few more wars Trump is not withdrawn from our war he said more soldiers to Syria he wants a war with Iran he has done shadowboxing with North Korea but almost wanted to war at one point so it's not that there has been any change in Trump's war policies except that he wants to find different sort of countries than what the Democrats want to fight so I think both sides really are looking at policies to distract attention of the people from the real issues and as long as that continues if a Biden wins a Trump wins or a Bloomberg wins I don't think it's going to make a difference to rest of the world we are still going to see the United States wage war against the the people of the world and against the planet itself if we look at climate change to other things that are happening thank you for being that's all we have time for today keep watching news click


Hello everybody. Hello. Can you hear me? Yep. And I smartly said make it as well. I think we're still waiting for Kenny's slides. Okay. All right. Well, I guess we'll do some introduction first. Hello everybody. Welcome to Academy Awards. This is the time when we all get to be movie stars for a little while, assuming I'm not forgetting what the real Academy Awards actually are. We have some really great winners this year who have done amazing things. And I think without further ado, we can maybe get right into it. Okay. So that one is for Michael. Okay. So I have to announce the first one. And the first one is for the best application award. This person is a person that's a contribute a lot of things on KDE of various nature. It's one of those people that's that are, wait, how come, how come he didn't. So among the thousands of things that this person, this person does, which chosen, which chosen him for his huge contribution for being really the driving force of the plasma mobile project. And the Academy Award for the best application is to Bush and Shaw. Pusha join us. If he's still a baby. Here you are. You're not for video push on then you can go to sleep and crash. Hello Bush and congratulations. Congratulations. Congrats Bush on. Thank you very much for giving me this award. All right. Well, the next award goes for the non application contribution category. The person who has won this award is somebody we have all become very, very familiar with over the last year or two. And I don't think it's going to be any big surprise. This person has been, has had his fingers in many different pies. But the biggest one that we have all seen and benefited from has been all almost all of KDE's websites. So I'm very proud to be able to give this award to Carl Schwann. Join us as well. Congratulations Carl. Come on up. Thanks. Congratulations. Great job Carl. We all love the websites. I love them too. Indeed. Okay, then we have the next one. That is the jury award. And that goes to somebody who is who has been around for quite some time already and spending a lot of effort on the localization of all the software and the other materials we produce. Working on translations, working on the infrastructure, helping developers with localization and sometimes cleaning up after. So the jury award for this year goes to Luigi Toscano. Congratulations Luigi. Congratulations. And we want to see you as well. He might not even be here. I see him in the user's list. Yep, sorry. My webcam decided to go slow. Congratulations. Thank you. I didn't really expect that. But thank you. Okay. Thank you again. And we will try to make things even better this year. We had really a productive discussion among translators. So let's see. Thank you again. Great. Thank you. Are we happy to hear that? Congratulations Luigi. Okay. Thank you. Are we happy to hear that? Congratulations Luigi. Okay. And then we have one final award, the Kenny Award for Best Academy 2020 for the organization team of academy. And I think this year has probably been the most challenging and unusual conference. We had so far. Academies are always challenging to organize, but doing that within a global pandemic in ways we have never done before, that is quite unique. And I think it exceeded everyone's expectations on how good this turned out to be and how productive and how close it brought everyone together nevertheless. So a huge thank you to the organization team of this year's academy. And whoever is around for help, we want to see you on screen as well. It has been amazing at academy. Yeah, this is incredible. But we have nobody around to help to make this happen.  Don't be shy. We know you are there. You can't escape from us that easily. So yay! So yay! There we go. There's always a lot of other people that help with certain pieces during academy as well. Such as Adam mother writing? Yep. All of you did a really amazing job. You guys did all the hard work, really. You guys are awesome. Thank you. And a big shout out to the assessment team as well who have helped us a lot to set up this infrastructure. Thank you everybody for making this possible for all of us. It's been really tremendous. Yep. And I think we'll see a lot of future events being shaped and inspired by the technology and approaches we learned this time to make academy hopefully more accessible to people that can't travel to the physical events. So this will last. Yeah. Then there is usually one tradition on the awards where everyone at academy signs them to make them really, really special for the people that receive them. And that we have to do slightly different this time around. So similar as with the group photo, there is an XCloud drop location where you can upload your signatures either by photographing them from a piece of paper or if you happen to have some touch device around. So I guess the Twitter team is really good for that. You can use that as well, of course. Ideally, something black and white and large enough that it comes out nicely in the print on like 5 centimeter size. And I think we'll have the link in a shed as well. And I think it will be shared around in the other channels as well. And please provide that until Monday morning UTC. So we can assemble the awards with all the signatures. Yeah. I think that concludes this year's award ceremony. And I'm not sure what comes next. I come next. Thank you all for hosting this Academy Awards session. Thank you very much.


Ayahuasca is a scary thing to try. I know because I just went through a week in which I had four ayahuasca ceremonies in a row and that was scary, physically and mentally demanding, heartbreaking and life changing. Now what happened to me during the ceremonies? What did I see and experience? Was it beneficial? And would I ever do it again? I'll answer all of that and more in the next few minutes. Hey guys, Greg Gostinger here, the founder of your inception. I recently spent a week in Costa Rica for the ayahuasca ceremonies. I didn't attend just one but actually four ceremonies in a row and that was mind-blowing. And those four ceremonies caused massive shifts in my thinking, my habits and quite honestly they changed me a lot. Now even though I did a ton of research before I decided to try ayahuasca myself, I was still nervous about what it would feel like. Would I die? Would I get stuck in this weird hallucinatory state forever? Would it be worth it? Now for those who are new to psychedelics, just hear me out. Ayahuasca is an ancient South American plant medicine that has been used for centuries to heal physical and emotional trauma. It's an incredible tool for healing but it is also not something that you should take lightly. You don't believe me? Just quickly check how I looked like about an hour after the first ceremony ended. So it's about five p.m. in the morning after the first session, the first ceremonial, the first plant medicine trip and I am just... I really can barely see me. Yikes. Yeah, that was very scary. I honestly thought I was losing my mind. So why is there such a big hype about it, if it's so demanding? Well because ayahuasca contains DMT, a psychedelic substance that can cause altered state of consciousness. And what many scientists have discovered is that if you drink mother ayah, as it is often called, in the right setting and with the right intention, it may help with your anxiety, depression, PTSD and many other conditions. As a matter of fact, many say that one ayahuasca ceremony is as powerful as 10 years of psychotherapies. Now before I tell you if there's any truth in that, let's talk about my experience. So when I decided I was going to try ayahuasca, I wanted to do it somewhere I'd feel safe and comfortable and not in the middle of the jungle, like many do it. So I booked my stay at Rhythmia in Guanacaste, Costa Rica, which is a premium resort and one of the most well-known places for plant medicine therapies. Now you can learn more about the place in the link below or you can watch my full review which will pop up by the end of this video. So I've stayed in Rhythmia for a week from Saturday to Saturday and I've done four ayahuasca ceremonies from Monday till Thursday and that was a lot. Now let me quickly share with you what happened on each particular day before I tell you whether this is something you should consider doing. So on Monday was my first ceremony which started at around 5.30 p.m. Before that we had a few workshops and preparation classes which were quite necessary because most of the people were kind of scared and anxious about it, including myself. Now after the lunch at around 2 p.m. I went back to my room, I've called my girlfriend and my best friend who promised me they will be there for me the next morning when I return back to my room in case I needed anything. So I took a short nap, I wrote down my intention which is super important before each ceremony. I've changed my clothes and then I slowly walked towards the Meloka, the place where the ceremony happened. So I got in and what I saw were about 90 mattresses on the floor and each had its own bucket, yes for puking, and toilet paper, yes for shitting. The shamans were already in during their own things and when I saw the whole setup I was like what the f**k am I doing here? Anyway that was my ego talking so I knew I had to go find a mattress and just focus on my breathing. Anyway after the whole introduction which lasted for about an hour there was a call for the first cup of ayah. I went into the line and I can tell you I was scared to death but once you're there it's kind of hard to run out so I drank my first cup of ayahuasca which wasn't really tasty but definitely drinkable. Then I went back to my mattress and 5 minutes later boom I was blown into the space where I was talking to Jesus and Buddha and nah I'm just joking. Nothing really happened for the next 45 minutes until the second call. I went back into the line drank the second cup of ayahuasca, went back to my mattress and that's when it got very very scary. Someone close to me started screaming, one person started crying, many were puking their soul out and it all started to feel like a nightmare. You cannot escape and what was even worse was that I was completely sober but I started to feel very nauseous. When they called for the third cup I was so sick I couldn't even open my eyes so I just stayed there the whole night wondering why am I doing this. I couldn't purge, I thought I wasn't high or drunk and I was 100% convinced that I was completely present the whole night until about four in the morning when the ceremony ended. So when I got back to my room I had my camera set up ready to record a short video and that's when this happened. I know you can probably barely see me because of the light but it's about five am in the morning something like that after the first ceremonial, the first plant medicine trip and I'm feeling sick like hell like my brain is just not functioning. I had this set up with the camera I'm like I just had to press the button you know like record I just couldn't do it.   After that scary experience I tried to fall asleep for about two to three hours before our morning yoga but I just couldn't do it so without any sleep for about 24 hours I went directly to yoga still feeling sick. So then the next ceremony happened and you can imagine that after the first one I felt even worse about the second one. However the second one was much better it was very emotional so I was crying a lot and then this magical thing happened to me which is hard to explain on the video but I connected to one of the shamans in a way I was never connected to anyone before and it was so beautiful and so empowering. While I can tell you that from that moment on I 100% trust that ayahuasca is the real deal. So I've just finished my second plant medicine ceremony and I'm feeling way better than after my first one. Today was quite emotional I was able to purge which is super important and from that moment things started happening I started seeing things but it was mainly emotional I was crying for a couple of hours I think it was just amazing I feel so blessed and so happy yeah that's all I want to say. So the ceremony ended at about three to four a.m. and I was able to sleep for about three hours that night which felt amazing. The third day was one of the best days in my life.  So I started dancing which I hated until that moment I never danced in my life and during the dancing I was getting rid of all of my fears. I was also able to speak to the mother Aya which now talking about it still sounds crazy especially because I can't rationally explain what actually happened but don't worry if you don't get it just go through the experience and you will know what I'm talking about. So this is the third night of plant medicine ceremony. It's about three in the morning I just returned back home well back to the room and again I'm sorry for the setup I'm sorry for the light I'm sorry for everything oh that's the best I can do at this very moment. I'm still feeling it right now and this is the feeling of being spiritually high so high that you can't get to this point I think by any other way. I don't feel like talking too much because I don't have many words at the moment in my mind. Mine is kind of empty.  After the third night and again only about three hours of sleep the last night happened which was a bit different because we drank a different type of ayahuasca called yahe. I think that's how they pronounced it and this is a much stronger version and more disgusting one. In addition to that we had an all-nighter so we started at about 8 p.m. and we finished the ceremony at 9 in the morning and this happened after only six hours of sleep during the previous three days so you can imagine how I felt the morning after the ceremony. Now that last ceremony was quite easy on me I mean I did purge a lot and I picked my shirt which wasn't very pleasant but no one really cared I guess. After that I slept for quite some time because I needed to sleep so this was quite a restorative night still very hard though so that's what happened during the four nights of ceremonies of course there are many more crazy stories to share maybe I'll make a special video one day just about those stories. Now will I ever take ayahuasca again and who is it for? Unlike other popular psychedelics ayahuasca takes quite some time to cook in you may have to wait for three to four hours and you're usually in a group of at least 10 to 20 people or like in my case of about 85 people so there's so much energy in the room that the whole experience immediately becomes much harder. Now I went to Costa Rica because I was interested in the experience but before going there I didn't really have a very strong reason to go there I was feeling mentally well there was no depression no anxiety or anything like that and that's what made the experience very very challenging. Because of that I believe that ayahuasca is the best for people who are going through a very challenging situation in their life whether this is depression PTSD the loss of a loved person or they don't know what they're doing with their life having a strong reason will definitely help you go through the whole experience. Now if you're someone who wants to grow personally or spiritually you should consider going on a such experience but do know it's going to be tough and challenging because once your ego gets shut off and you see everything the way it is it can just get very very brutal and there is no way to stop it. Now of course if you take any medication or if you have any medical conditions you need to discuss this with your doctor and the center you're going to visit because they know who is mother Ayah safe for and if you should avoid it. Now just before I tell you if I will ever take Ayah again let me answer this question from the beginning of the video is one ceremony of ayahuasca as effective as 10 years of psychotherapy? Well obviously this is hard to answer but to be honest I don't think this is true. However what I believe in based on my experience with mother Ayah and with psychotherapy is that four nights of ayahuasca in a row can probably help most people get rid of their traumas and you may need months or years of psychotherapy to achieve the same result. So after speaking to doctors of psychology and great psychotherapists we all agreed that ayahuasca is so powerful that you cannot compare it to psychotherapy in any way but that doesn't mean it is for everyone. So would I ever do it again? Look it's been about two weeks since I returned back home and I'm still not quite myself. I have ups and downs in my energy I'm still physically weak I actually lost about four kilograms in a week which is about nine pounds I still have many questions I want to answer so it's been quite tough. On the other hand I decided to make some important decisions like I've changed my morning routine I deleted most social media apps from my phone I've stopped hanging out with people who are very negative and all of that has a very positive impact on my well-being. Right now I don't believe I want to go through the whole experience once again but that's because I'm still very weak and I need more time to recover. Maybe in the future I'll change my mind who knows. Now if I'm going to do it again I'll probably go to Rhythmia or a similar center because they have hundreds of people employed there to support the 24-7 and trust me guys most people need some kind of support. And lastly if I decide to do it again I'll do it with a very clear and strong intention that's what I know for sure. So for the end I think this clip that I shot after the first night of Ayahuasca Ceremony explains a lot.  Now if you want to go to Rhythmia there's a link below so just check it out you can also watch my whole experience from Rhythmia up here. Thank you guys for watching and I hope to see you soon again stay well.


Who makes the rules? Is it the tab? I don't know who makes the rules. Can we take like a member? The lab is like a second home though. It shouldn't be for you being first year. I think what makes a good business student is someone who's just really willing to learn and just go out and try new things and just get comfortable being uncomfortable. A business student I think in my opinion would be one who's not afraid to grasp opportunities. I think you have to be able to work alongside people and kind of take into account their perspective. Especially because we do so much group work and it's so important in a business environment to be able to work in a group. I also think you have to be adaptable, be able to adapt to any situation. I think a lot of business especially in the real world is about risk taking. And that willingness to take a risk, take a leap, do something slightly unconventional is really important. Did we answer that well?


Area moments of inertia, they are defined mathematically as the integral of y squared dA and the integral of x squared dA. And as we perform these integrals over the domain of a beam cross section, they are in fact geometric properties of that beam cross section. But what do they really represent and why do we need them? In this video we will try and break down the meaning of area moments of inertia. So far in this course, when we have analyzed beams, we have been presented with some form of structure like a bridge subjected to external loads and held in place by some form of supports, such as a pin connection or roller support. In order to analyze such a structure, we first need to draw a free body diagram. This particular free body diagram has all of the necessary elements of our bread acronym, a body, reaction forces, external forces, axes, and dimensions. But you can see that the thickness and other cross sectional dimensions of the beam do not come into play. This is because they were not required for our analysis of the reaction and internal loads. In order to perform equilibrium analysis and construct the internal force diagrams of the structure, our model of the structure, the free body diagram, only needed to capture the correct orientations of forces and positions where they were acting, which is accomplished by considering dimensions along the length of the beam. The cross section does not come into play. So why would we be interested in the properties of the cross section? The answer has to do with how the beam will deform under these loads. Imagine you wanted to cross a river with a makeshift bridge made out of a single plank of wood. With the plank oriented so that it was supported on its wider edge, we intuitively understand that the bending stiffness would be low and we may become unsettled by the large amount of deformation that occurs when we try to cross it. If instead we rotated the plank onto its shorter edge and carefully supported the plank with rocks so it wouldn't tip, the deformation would be much less when we tried to cross it, although it would require a little bit more skill and balance to actually walk across it. In both instances, the beam has the same cross sectional area, but the bending stiffness is dramatically different. So the area alone is not sufficient to capture this property of the beam. This is where the area moment of inertia comes into play. But in order to understand and derive this quantity, we have to briefly look at how the beam deforms under bending. Here I have a foam beam with a grid of lines drawn running along the length and through the thickness of the beam when it is undeformed. When I bend the beam back and forth, take a look at what happens to the grid lines, particularly the ones running through the thickness of the beam. On the screen you can see a snapshot of these grid lines in the undeformed state of the beam. What is important to note is that these lines remain straight, but rotate as a result of the bending. This results in the material on one side of the beam being in compression, while on the other side of the beam being in tension. We can model the material in this beam as a group of springs. For this particular beam, the cross section is replaced by four layers of springs through the thickness with four springs in each layer. In the deformed beam, the red springs are in compression, while the blue springs are in tension. If you recall from high school physics, the force in a spring is related to its change in length through the spring constant denoted by the letter K. We can use this result to examine how the beam is deforming. We will start by drawing a free body diagram of the spring model of the beam. The left hand side of the body was cut in the material of the beam, and thus will have an internal moment M acting on this cut face. On the right hand side of the body, we have cut through the springs, which are two force members, exposing the internal tensile spring forces on the lower side of the beam and the compressive spring forces on the upper half of the beam. As we observe the through thickness grid lines only rotate by an angle theta due to bending, the amount each of the springs elongates or contracts due to the bending is a simple geometric relationship. Each side of the spring translates a distance of y times sine theta. As both sides of the spring translate, the total change in length of each spring is twice this value, or 2y times sine theta. We can check that this result makes sense by noting that when y is negative, then delta L will be negative, indicating that the springs will be in compression. And indeed, in our model, we see that we are expecting the springs to be in compression in the upper half of the beam where y is negative. Next, we can look at the moments caused by each spring force about the x-axis. In this case, the moment arm for each spring force is the y-distance from the coordinate frame to the spring of interest. Thus, each spring will cause a moment about the x-axis equal to its spring force F multiplied by the moment arm y. We already established that F is equal to k times delta L, and that delta L is equal to 2y times sine theta. Rearranging these terms, we obtain that each spring causes a moment that is equal to 2 sine theta times k times y squared. Evaluating equilibrium for the cross section, we see that the moment on the left hand side of the free body diagram must be equal to the sum of the moments caused by the spring force on the right hand side of the free body diagram. This results in the following expression where i refers to the ith spring and 16 is a total number of springs in the cross section. Four layers of springs with four springs per layer. Let's take a closer look at this expression. We can see that the quantity to sine theta does not change for each spring, so it can be removed from the summation. It represents the global deformation of the segment of the beam we are analyzing. The remaining quantity in the summation is a sort of bending stiffness term. In fact, the entire expression is actually quite similar to our spring equation where the force in a spring is equal to the stiffness of the spring multiplied by the deformation of the spring. The problem with our simplified model is that the beam is not actually made of springs that have a stiffness k, but of smaller blocks of material with a cross sectional area ai. As a result, rather than the spring stiffness k, we should use the stiffness of an axial bar, which is given by the material stiffness e multiplied by the cross sectional area of the bar. Replacing k with ea, we obtain the following expression. We can further simplify this by recognizing that the beam is made out of a single type of material. Thus the material stiffness e can be taken out of the summation. This effectively divides the bending stiffness into a term dependent on the material properties and a term dependent on the geometric properties. The final step is to realize that the real cross section is not made up of 16 springs or 16 rectangular bars. It is a continuum, so the summation will only work in the limit as the area ai becomes infinitely small, turning the discrete summation into an infinite summation, otherwise known as an integral. And there we have it, the geometric bending stiffness or contribution of the shape of the beam cross section for bending about the x-axis is given by the integral of y squared da. This quantity is known as the area moment of inertia about the x-axis or i sub x. If we return to our example of a wooden plank bridge, we now have a quantity that can quantify the difference in bending stiffness. For the first orientation of the plank, bending will occur about the x-axis and we can quantify this stiffness as the integral of y squared da over the entire cross section of the plank. When we rotated the plank, bending would then occur around the y-axis of the beam instead of the x-axis. In this case, the bending stiffness would be equal to the integral of x squared da. We have not explicitly calculated these two integrals yet, but you can intuitively understand that the one on the right would be larger than the one on the left. Think back to the spring analogy and why this would result in the plank being more stiff in bending about the y-axis. In a later video, we will examine how to mathematically evaluate area moments of inertia. For now, it is important to focus on the meaning of the area moment of inertia. How it effectively captures the geometric stiffness of a beam cross section.


Hello and welcome to Capacity Middle East Extra, powered by JSA. I am Dean Perine of JSA, and we are coming at you live from the Grand Hyatt Dubai for I believe the last interview of the day and a very special interview it's going to be. I have joining me right now Miss Doha Amour. Doha is the founder of the Women in Data Center Association, which was founded quite literally two weeks ago. Exactly. And we are here to talk about it on International Women's Day. Isn't that amazing? It is amazing. It's a serendipitous moment. It's our moment right now. And we're going to talk about the Women in Data Center Association. And we're going to talk about you as the founder. Are we ready to go? Okay, ready. All right, Doha, you didn't just do this for fun, did you? You did this because that you have a passion and you are compassionate for your gender and for the women in the data center industry. Is that correct? Absolutely, thank you so much for the opportunity and it's amazing to make our first official announcements on International Women's Day and to be here in Dubai on Capacity Middle East. It's a tremendous opportunity. So I've been myself in the industry for about six years now. And I think it's about time to have a woman in data center association, exactly. And so our industry is booming. There is tremendous growth, but we're still actually lacking any real action plans to actually narrow the gap on gender diversity in our industry. So the main motivations for this initiative were actually two. So the first one is actually there is a tremendous lack of data on gender equality in data center. So it's usually linked with the ICT sector. So we are part of the ICT sector, but I think everyone noticed that on data center, particularly if you compare it to telecommunication or cloud, the gender gap is wider. So this is why with my co-founders, we wanted to actually have a focus on data center industry and take advantage of the growth that the industry is experiencing that we believe will be a real opportunity to fix the gap and hire more women. So these are the main motivations actually for why we are doing this. Okay, the motivations, I get it. Let's talk about the inspiration behind the motivation. I have spoken to probably a half dozen female executives in the last two days, which feels like a half dozen more than I have in previous years. This is a good thing. Every one of those women spoke about another woman in their past or their present as an inspiration to them. Do you have that inspiration? Yeah, I mean, I have this inspiration and I've been lucky it's in my family. My mother and my grandma are super powerful women and they empowered me also from a young age to pay attention to women causes. I mean, in general, wherever I am. And so since I joined this industry, I couldn't help noses that there's many things that we can fix. And we discussed this with many colleagues in the industry, not just at the company or at a regional level. There's also a lot of things that we can do internationally. So in the industry, there is amazing, amazing role models that we don't speak about. And actually one of the objectives of the association will be to create a platform for advocacy to show young girls and the new generation there is role models to follow and to be inspired from. So it's actually one of the main objectives because sometimes I meet these women and they're amazing. They're actually managing their C-level CEOs, et cetera. But we don't talk about them much. Actually, on the last capacity magazine, you guys put the spotlight on the 20 women to follow and the ICT sector. I found that amazing. And I think we need more initiatives like that. Yeah. I think we need to have you on the cover. Oh, that's very nice of you. And I think we will definitely have to have this conversation a year from now. And we can talk about the progress that you have made in the association and continue to support you and to support the women in data center association. Absolutely. Absolutely. Thank you so much. You bet. Thank you. It's been a pleasure. Thank you. You got it. And thank you, viewers, for watching. We'll see you soon.