Today we are comparing two sweeteners. I didn't say artificial sweeteners because they are not artificial.  But how do they compare to each other? Let's jump to it. I'm Dr. Ahmet Ergin, your Udipendocrinologist and a diabetes specialist with 10 years of clinical experience working with patients with diabetes and hormonal problems. I will also touch base on possible risks of these sweeteners actually. So make sure you watch the entire video to get the full understanding. Also I will try to give you a good idea so you can actually choose between these two sweeteners comparing their overall benefits versus risks. So we did an artificial sweeteners video for you before and I left the monk fruit and alylose specifically out because I knew I was going to make this video. They're special, they're the monk fruit and alylose and you kept asking how about monk fruit, how about alylose, how about monk fruit, how about alylose. Well there you have it. I made a specific video just for that. Let's start with the monk fruit sweetener. Monk fruit is dried from monk fruit, that's found in Asia most of the time as the name applies. It's made by crushing the fruit and then drying the juice to make a concentrated powder. It contains no calories, no carbohydrates, no sugar, no nothing. Monk fruit extract is extraordinarily sweet and concentrated, up to 400 times sweeter than sugar. So it is frequently mixed with alylose or erythritol to form one-to-one sugar replacement. So what's the best way to utilize the monk fruit sweetener? Well monk fruit is highly concentrated but when coupled with alylose or erythritol it can be used as a great substitute for sugar. So how does it taste like? It tastes like super sweet. There's no aftertaste. However when mixed with erythritol it may have a little bit of a cooling aftertaste. I also want to review what other potential benefits you can get from monk fruit sweetener that you cannot get with other sweeteners including alylose. So the major component of the monk fruit sweetener is a kind of mogrozide which is known as mogrozide 5. It accounts for more than 30% of the product and is responsible for sweetness. According to research these mogrozides contain antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. They actually may provide health benefits as a result of these factors in studies. The mogrozide have these anti-inflammation features that may actually inhibit the toxic molecules and aid in the prevention of the DNA damage. No human studies validated these so far but at least animal studies are suggesting that. It appears to prevent the cancer development in animal studies as well. So we don't know the real mechanisms exactly and they're not really proven in human beings but it's better than something that can potentially cause cancer right? So according to one study for example mogrozides inhibited the development of leukemia cells. Another study discovered the strong inhibitory effects on skin cancers and mice. Because monk fruit sweetener contains no calories or carbs of course it has no effect on your blood sugar levels at all and it doesn't mess with your gut microbiome as well. As a result it's a very viable option for my diabetics. So those mice that were given the extract the monk fruit extract actually had lower oxidative stress and the blood sugar levels were better. Even their gut cholesterol which is HDL went up. So I mean that's really really promising. I would advise increasing your HDL with the exercise instead of just relying on the monk fruit by the way. But some of these advantages could be due to the magrozides the ability to promote the insulin production. Some of these advantages could be due to the magrozides ability to promote the insulin production in insulin cells. Isn't that amazing? However though because this extract is frequently combined with other sweeteners you should carefully study those product labels before just jumping to produce them. So can you bake with monk fruit? It bakes like sugar when coupled with irritol and can be used to make soft and crispy baked items. It does not however dissolve as well as sugar. So if you require the sugar to dissolve completely I would recommend using powdered sugar with it. Although that may not be very good for your diabetes. When coupled with alalos it bakes very similarly though to sugar but may not be as crisp as well. It will however dissolve well unlike the irritol combination of the monk fruit. So monk fruit and alalos actually dissolve better. So monk fruit actually tastes best in the baked products like muffins and cookies and cakes. If you are making them make sure you are using multigrain and some nut flowers to prevent the blood sugar spikes. It also the monk fruit also works very well in the coffee the tea so especially with alalos it dissolves very well in those liquids. So powdered monk fruit with alalos is fantastic also in frostings guys. And let's talk about the alalos. Alalos is a natural sugar that cannot be digested thus it's taste and acts like a sugar without causing blood sugar spikes. It has zero glycemic index and has net zero carbs so the fruit maple syrup and other plants contain alalos. So alalos is relatively a new keto sweetener for keto fans and it's getting a lot of popularity. It's like irritol is produced by a natural fermentation process. It's not considered an artificial sweetener because it is fermented from a plant. So how does alalos prove itself scientifically? Let's look at that. Well the good news is that the alalos travels throughout the body without being broken down. So alalos is absorbed by the somal intestine and eliminated in the urine without being processed a lot. So when consumed in large amounts though it can give you the runs the bloating, diarrhea and so forth. A 2015 small scale study showed that the alalos may actually be beneficial for top three diabetes and obesity. So according to the experts the alalos may assist to manage glucose levels and improve insulin resistance. As an expert I say amen to that. Animal studies that have been done in most of these studies shows that the researchers looked into for example whether alalos could have lower the body fat, the cholesterol and diabetes markers in one human study which is important. When compared to individuals who took a placebo, those who received the high dose of alalos beverages exhibited significant increases in body fat percentage and body fat mass and BMI. Compared to someone who did not use any of the alalos CT scans were used by the researchers to analyze for example the changes in the abdominal fat area of the study participants of course and at the end of that research individuals who drank the high dose alalos drink had a substantial reduction in the total fat in that abdominal region compared to people who did not use that. In addition the study also found that the alalos had minimal influence on fat cells in people's blood. Triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein like LDL cholesterol levels remained pretty much constant across the groups. That's interesting because when you lose abdominal fat you would expect some cholesterol changes so I wonder why that did not happen in these subjects. The researchers also discovered no differences whatsoever in diabetes related indicators such as fasting blood glucose you're like what there are you once they did not change their blood glucose did not change insulin levels did not really change much so maybe because these people were actually compensating for example eating more bread because they're they're using alalos in their coffee etc and that is a common problem many people use sweeteners. So replacing sugar with alalos may give a prospective benefit to people who are overweight and obese and they may lose some weight but they may not necessarily reflect in their diabetes outcome or their blood sugar outcome unless they are using that sweetener very carefully and they're not compensating by other foods by other carbs just because they are using the sweetener like alalos. So it is 70% as sweet as sugar and when using alalos you know you are needing around a little bit more than one and one-third rate and you will not see much of a difference. So how does it taste like? So alalos has very sweet with no bitterness or aftertaste so that is a good part of alalos and can you bake alalos? Well alalos is a browning agent so it caramelizes and dissolves and does not crystallize so that's good. It produces a moisture for soft baked foods but it's not going to give you the crispiness as opposed to erythritol for example. So what's the application of best use of alalos? It works well in the baked items again like the pancakes muffin and soft stuff and especially if you are using you know let's say almond flour and so forth that may be a good combination for that one-time treat that you're looking for. And powdered alalos works really well in frostings as well. It is not as sweet as sugar so you may need to use a little bit more. So monk fruit is way sweeter than sugar but the alalos is not as much. So guys I know you had a lot of questions about the monk fruit and alalos. I hope this video answered your questions. Please write a comment, share and we'll see you in the next video. Hey guys I hope you're enjoying this channel so far and I hope you subscribed already. If you didn't do it and if you did watch this video right there I think that will help you too.


What is going on everyone? Welcome back to my channel. My name is Jocelyn J and today is actually my off day. I do have one Zoom meeting and it's because I'm going to be on a podcast called The Tech Intern which is ran by a software engineer named Jason who works for Microsoft. I'm really excited because I've never been on a podcast before and I've always wanted to actually be on a podcast so I think this is a great opportunity and I'm going to be talking about my internship experience. I'll definitely link the podcast link down below in the description box and I'll definitely be talking about it more once it's actually like done. With all that being said let me go ahead and hop on this Zoom meeting. All right so I just got out of a podcast you gotta check it out especially all of you all who are looking for internships. All right so in this couch is really really deep. He's put this pillow behind me because I'm like yo in today's video we're going to be talking about oh my goodness there are so many gnats in this house because of these plants. I like having houses plants. They set a really nice vibe but these gnats are really really annoying. As I was saying in today's video we're going to be talking about how to learn to code in 2020. Before you learn how to code my recommendation is for you to take an aptitude test to see how smart you are. Just kidding just kidding don't do that that's unnecessary. My recommendation is for you to look up the top 10 programming languages to learn. So you can put in like top 10 programming languages to learn in 2020. If you have an understanding of the different types of software development jobs that exist maybe type in like top programming languages for full stack developers, back end developers, front end developers. I also happen to have a top 10 programming languages maybe five programming languages. It was for last year but let's be honest the best languages have been around for like 10, 20, 30 years anyways right. JavaScript, HTML, CSS, C++, Python, Java they ain't going nowhere anytime soon. So if you learn any of those that's a great place to start. But I know for those of you who have no idea what programming is and or any of those languages that I just mentioned the first step for you is to actually like look up programming languages and remember there's no rulebook to this. Do whatever makes you successful. So in this video I'm just going to guide you remember how you were learning how to ride a bike and your mom or dad was like guiding you until you got comfortable enough in the confidence to like pedal and ride the bike on your own. That's basically what this video is for. Jossi, I want to learn how to code in Java. Okay uh why? Because Java's cool you know you know Java man like you know people are always talking about it. Java's never been cool. Do you know why you want to learn that language? Are there any other languages you're interested in pursuing? The next thing you want to ask yourself is what is your goal? What are you trying to pursue? Are you a high school student? Because if you're a high school student and you want to learn a program because you want to get accepted into a computer science program where you want to pursue computer science and undergrad then my recommendation is to learn how to program and C plus plus C or Java. The reason being is because that will give you a step a couple steps ahead of your peers who decide to study computer science that don't have any experience because more than likely your curriculum, your intro courses, your data structure courses and even your algorithms courses or course don't take more than one algorithms course if you don't have to. The main courses are going to be centered around C plus plus, Java, C, those programming languages that help students understand the fundamentals of computation, understanding data structures, time complexity, algorithms, you know how to build linked lists and binary trees. So if you're a student I would pursue those languages. Before we continue I want to thank Maker Watch for sponsoring this video. Maker Watch and I are partnering because they want to promote a new backend software engineering position. So for anyone who is watching this video and is interested in pursuing software engineering specifically backend and loves the world of YouTube this backend software engineering role would be perfect for you. And if you have experience in front and frameworks like React experience and Python 3.6 and above, data science, cloud computing, Amazon web services or Google cloud platform or if you have experience as a remote software engineer you're even higher on their radar. Ferd candidate. You got to check out these perks. They're crazy. You get 32 days of vacation time. Are you kidding me? Mo office compensation. So if you want to upgrade your work from home remote dev set up, they have a monthly budget for that as well yearly retreat where they fly everyone from the company to one location where they plan the company strategy for the year. Oh, and did I almost forget schedule flexibility, night out morning lark work whenever you feel the most productive and to give you a quick background about Maker Watch. Maker Watch is a tech startup that sponsors hundreds of creators like myself every month on the behalf of creative brands. They are backed by a Y Combinator, the most prestigious startup accelerator in Silicon Valley. So if you're really interested in startups and startup culture, this would be a great job for you. And Maker Watch's team is fully remote with team members in six different countries. If you want to know more about this career opportunity, click on the link below that will be down in the description box before someone else gets a job. If you're someone who's like a heck with school, I want to be a freelancer, learn how to build websites, turn any design into a site or be able to design sites and build websites. You can make a lot of money. Challenge is just finding actual customers and then learning. But college is usually the best place to learn how to code because you have so many resources and you're forced to do it because it's the major you're pursuing and you're paying to be in that class. So you feel more responsibility or you feel more accountability to actually learn. But anyways, for those of you all who are interested in becoming a software engineer, maybe a full stack developer, then you should probably pursue something like web development, a very lucrative field that has a lot of opportunities. And if you find yourself in that category, then you should learn JavaScript, HTML and CSS. Or if you're someone with a personality like Dwight Shrut, then you should pursue binary or Kobo. So now that we understand why we're programming, you've probably narrowed down a few programming languages. And my recommendation is to learn, you know, at least two if you could try to become, I won't say an expert, but try to become good at one language or greater one language that way when you have, you know, coding challenges or a technical interview, they usually give you like a good amount of languages to pursue. And then if you're actually doing it like through an app or a website, there's like 15 different options. But it's good to have a programming language that you understand so well that you feel confident and using that language for a coding challenge.  So in order to learn those programming languages, you actually need to get hands on experience. But my recommendation for those who don't have any programming language experience, because I know some of you all who are watching this video do, but for those of you all who don't, or you don't have any programming experience for a specific language that is very different from your experiences with other languages, right? Like, you know, you're trying to learn Swift, and you only know like HTML or CSS, or you only know JavaScript. Is HTML really a language? I'm just kidding. I'm a friend of Dev. I can't even say that. It's like illegal for me to say HTML and CSS are basically like one language together, like they're becoming a fully functioning programming language. But that's another story for another day. If I were you, I'm going to tell you what I do when I try to learn how to code and what I do now when I try to learn how to code in a different programming language. I like to go to whatever site that is for that programming language, like for example, if I'm trying to learn, like I'm learning Vue.js, right? So I go to Vue.js to site and I learn their syntax. I read some of the documentation, some of the benefits of the programming language that helps you because then you understand like why this language was written. You can actually like leverage those benefits when you're when you're programming, right? Alright, so you know your why, like why you're doing this, why you're studying this programming language, you have a goal in mind, which will help you narrow down the programming language or languages you're trying to pursue. Understand what programming is and the point of writing code. So then the next step is to do a tutorial. My recommendation is to do something along the lines of like a task app, things called crud, but it's crud, create, read, update, delete. And when you can do that, if you can build a simple like task app where you can like just add some information, doesn't have to look nice, add some information, even if it's in the terminal, or it's, you know, a website, be able to create something, you can read it, you can update it and you can delete it. If you can do those four things, then you're in a really good spot. And then I would say start pursuing a personal project, solving some problems. So many people want to code just to code because it's culture, it's fun, you know, it's high paying, but which is the reason why I decided to make this video and the reason why I broke the video up the way I did because I don't want you to just throw yourself into programming, get frustrated and then give up because you weren't directed in the right way. You started working on this task app, right, create, read, update, delete. If I were you, what I would do is I would type in the programming language that you're trying to learn and put create, read, update, delete, search, create, read, update, delete, along with the programming language that you're trying to understand, you'll find a lot of tutorials that will help you. So now let's say you've done all that, then my next step, like I just mentioned earlier, is to pursue a personal project that solves some problem. So like maybe you can create a calculator app or maybe you can create a currency converter. One really cool thing that you can do is actually build a website. So that'll give you more of like a full stack experience. So build a website, you know, style it, make it look nice. And then add some user interaction. So maybe have people fill out a form or maybe sign, maybe create like this like fake newsletter app that allows people to enter in information. And then you actually can grab that information like their email address. And you can like ping some API that will send a newsletter to that email address. You can do that. That's really viable because now you can build a website for someone and have them and create a newsletter for them at the same time. And that's really viable for so many marketing companies and like digital companies that need talent that understand JavaScript and understand design. The reason why I picked a website is because that's what I'm most familiar with. You can also build an iOS app. That's actually something that I would recommend. However, Android and iOS like native development can be a little intimidating. So I would recommend learning how to code and like JavaScript, CSS and HTML first. And if you can understand that, then I would start to learn iOS and Android. Actually, what helps me understand Android and iOS the most is my computer science background understanding, you know, C++. Since I programmed so much in C++ and programmed in C, it helped me understand iOS development. I hope this video was helpful. Leave a comment down below some of your thoughts, ways you learn a code or some programming languages that you're learning right now. I love to hear about the programming languages that you're programming in and some of the cool projects that you all are working on and the jobs you've got. I'm so happy. It just makes me so happy to hear that my channel has inspired you and even helped you, you know, find a job like that's amazing or get the skillsets that you need to become a developer. I want more people to become a part of this wonderful community. So give this video a thumbs up if you enjoyed it. I'll share it with someone who you think might benefit from it. Subscribe to the channel if you haven't already. I love for you all to become a part of the community and as always, stay blessed. I'll see you all soon. Peace!


इंज़ान बुब्ता आप देक्खष्कूँ, बहारद वियो सीरीज ल्गियो भीडियो सीरीज इंज़ान दिसकूँ, जानबादी मैं। तो लग्चर नहींत के दिसकूँँँँँँँँँँँँँँ, बहुततनो मैं, सेँटстаingta ke thoo mein. अगर आप को रीए यो साले दिकते हैं। सविज्च या किसे काम करता है। सविच आप सविच या चान करता है। स्विच बेसिक्छ या का79ईगन तो अप भ менक सेक्हने साले कि आँ रोने चड़े ती कि लरगा। सहीच सिच सेक्छन ठाख़़ँम कोगर लेईवन, you select one option from many cases, then switch statement is used to implement manual-driven programming for example, you must have visited an ATM machine, so when you enter a PIN number in an ATM machine, then you will see that there are many options available, so what you do is, you select one option and it performs its operation so we can do the same programming through switch so now the touchscreen is not available, we will get input from the user, for example, if you have called on customer care, then what does customer care tell you? that these choices are available, so if you want to speak in Hindi, then press one, if you want to speak in English, then press two, so that kind of programming is basically we will implement through switch, so as soon as this theoretical part is completed, then in practical implementation, you will see that I will tell you this whole implementation then switch is better than conditional statements, if we have many choices, so if you have a lot of choices available, then you have to select one option, so you can choose switch on place of choosing FLs, and some real life examples, like I told you about customer care, ATM machine, you can also control the menu of the host and restaurant through switch, we also give options for mobile phone menus, there are many options, and you select one, so all those are manual driven programming, so where touchscreen is available, we use touchscreen, where keyboard entry is available, we can use that, now after this theoretical explanation, now let's talk about syntax, so the rule of implementing switch and its format is available in front of you, so switch is basically a keyword, so I have already told you in the last video, that keyword is reserved words, we have to use them as it is, then you can see the parenthesis of switch, we have to use an integer expression, now what happens is, we will write this integer expression here, that integer expression, constant 1, constant 2, constant 3, constant 4 and so on, we will try to match it, so if the integer expression matches with constant, that particular case automatically executes it, so switch is a keyword, case is another keyword, then suppose integer expression, case matches with constant 1, so this statement will be executed, and after that we have written break, so break is also a very important role, that if you don't write break, and let's say your constant 1 matches, means case 1 is running, so after executing the statement, it will run to case 2 itself, so if you want one case to match, then you have to use the break keyword after every case, so break is also a keyword, if case constant 2 matches, then it will run to 2 and all the other cases, so in that case, case 1 won't execute, because 2 matches and all the other cases will run, but if you haven't used break, and if any case doesn't match, then it will finally run to default, so default is also a keyword, so when will you run the statements in default, when any case doesn't match with the constant value, so theoretically what I have told you is listed in front of you, there are 4 key words of switch, case, default and break, so I have already told you in the circles that there are 4 key words, then always use integer and character constant with case keyword, so here the constant 1, constant 2 you will use, or the integer expression used above, you can use integer or character, you can use character as it is internally converted to ask value, so ask value is what I have explained in the last video, when we had a program in fls, before that I had told you about ask value, so again if you are following the whole series, then you will know one by one, but if you are watching a video directly, then you better follow the whole series, if you are a beginner, if you are not a beginner, then you will know ask value, then you will understand, so whenever switch will not work on float, then you always have to use integer or character, then break is used to terminate execution of switch, so I have already told you this, if break is used and case matches, then it will work, break is not used, so whatever case matches, and after that all the cases will work, until the next break keyword is not there, and default is executed when integer expression does not match with any case constant, so when will the default work, when any case will not match, and break and default, both are optional in switch statement, so either one of them who has to use it or not, it depends on your choice, so I hope that you have understood this, now you are waiting for a practical example to be implemented, so the example I will implement, it will be a simple calculator, and it will perform one operation from these 5, that too on the user's choice, so we will display 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 options, the options selected by the user, according to the task performance, implement switch, we will implement switch, and I am including header file, stvio.h, after that main, now we declare the main function on variable, so now we have to perform addition, multiplication, subtraction, so you will have to perform 2 values, so let's say number 1, number 2, then the result will come, so res variable is made, and one variable is made, ch, so there will be choice, in which operation we have to perform, so first printf, in which we will display enter 2 numbers, then scanf, person d, person d, so we have to write this twice, so here person d, person d, write twice, and first value will go to n1, and second value will go to n2, so in this way 2 numbers are available, on which we have to perform calculation, now we will have to show the user, that menu, which operations are available to you, so as you use ATM machine, you can see the options, only then you can use, if you talk about customer care, then it gives you option, for which option you have to press, only then you press the number, similarly now we will display the menu, so now we will use printf, so you can say, please select any one option, now you will write printf, so we have written 1 for addition, then again printf, in this we have written 2 for subtraction, so if you want, then you can write only one printf, by using backslash, or you can use different printf also, so 3 for multiplication, then 4 for division, and 5 for modulus, so these 5 choices we have displayed, now after displaying the choices, we will have to read the choice also, so one more printf, and in this we have written, enter your choice, and the choice we will read, will be stored in which variable, ch variable, so in ch variable, 1 will come, 2 will come, 3 will come, 4 will come, 5 will come, or any other number can come, so you can mention here also, enter your choice, between 1 to 5, now everything is input, now we will start switch, so you will write switch, ch, so now this is our integer expression, meaning the value in ch, on the base of it, we will implement cases, and try to match, so I have written case 1, so this is constant value, so this 1 will try to match with ch, so if this matches, then we have to perform calculation, so I have written like this, result equals to n1 plus n2, so n1 and n2 are added to result, then we have written printf, sum equals to %d or is, and then we have written break, so now I am using break, later once we will run the program, I will remove the break, and tell you, from which you will get an idea, now we will copy this case, and paste it again and again, so I have pasted this 5 times, so this was case 1, now we will make it case 2, result will be minus, here we have written backslash, n or subtraction, then case 3, case 3 we will do multiplication, so here we have written for sum, multiplication, then case 4 will be division, and case 5 for modulus, okay, now after that you will write default, and print in default, you have entered wrong choice, so if anyone will enter anything other than 1,2,3,4,5, then this will be printed, so this way the program is completely implemented, now we will compile and run it, sorry I have run it directly, so first we will compile it, then we will choose this option, so it is compiled, there was no error in compilation, so it is running, so enter 2 number option, so I have entered 10, and I have entered 20, so I have entered 1, so sum equals to 30, then show, again we will run it, now I have entered 20,10, and I have entered 3, so multiplication equals to 200, so our program is running properly, this time I have entered 10,20, and I have entered choice as 7, so you see, it is running default, and it has shown that you have entered wrong choice, now let's talk about break, let's see what happens, so I am removing the break from case 1, and if I match the case 1, then case 1 will run, case 2 will run, but if there is a break on case 2, then it will stop the exhibition, if you have not put any break, then case 1,2,3,4,5, everything will run, so for demonstration, I have removed the break from case 1, so you will see, addition and subtraction will be on two values, so I have put the first value 20, and the second value 10, so there was some calculator, and subtraction calculator, because after subtraction there is a break, so the case 3,4,5, will not run, so you can use the break like this, so this is optional, if you use it, then it will work, if you don't use it, then it won't work, so if you don't write the choices, 1,2,3,4, if you write here 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, then it will work, so you have to write 11, 12, 13, 14 like this, so this is also valid, so this means you can put anything in constant value, it is not necessary, 1,2,3,4,5, you can enter it, so if you have put two values, chose 11, then see, some more subtraction will get printed, उसो मुस्ट्रक्छन दोनोग हैं कि आपी ब्रेग अंगे हदाएं तो फिर भी एकी कि यह सकुत रन करें। जिके आभ आप शुच रहें हो गो की क्यरक्तर कोंस्ट्रें को कैसे यूस करें तो क्यरक्तर कोंस्ट्रेंट के लि आपन इसको प्मवड़ फापे जो. तो अब यह जो सी एच है उसको अपर मनाते केरेक्टा ताएप का. तो मैंने सामिकोल न लगा और यह डाल दिया कैर सी एच. और यह जो अप्षन है, इनके पलेस पर अब अपन चेंच करेंगे. तो यह सको अटारेत है. यह सारे प्रिंटेस मैं यह से रिमूप कीए. तो अब यह आपको यह जो अप्षन है, इसके ज़ेगा मैं लिखना हो, प्लीज अंटर अनी अर्ठमाटिक अपरेटर. तो अर्ठमाटिक अपरेटर पाच होते है, तो उनको भी ब्रेकेट में डाल दिन है, प्लीजाश, माइनुस, मूल्टीपलाए, तवाए, मोडूलूस. चिए लेए इंपाच में से को यह यह एक अन्टर करना है, और वो रीडो जाएगा C-H वीगेगल मैं. तो अभी यह जो ते इनपूत यह करक्टर टाएग होगा. இ learnt as it is used but it will be modified so we'll use plus plus will be matched with plus, minus will match with minus so this way we can use character constant as it will be used internally in Ascii value So how does Ascii value work To understand it you can see a video in the playlist वो देख सकते हैं उस में आपको आस्काई लेएूस के बारे में पता चल जाएगा। बसी दियां देखना करेक्तर कोंस्टेंट हमेशा सिंबल कोट्स में आतें तो वो पोलो करना है देखन देखन देखन लेख सकते हैं you have entered wrong operator तो अब बना जो इनफोट डो इनफोट, तो यन्टीजर ताईप योंगे। and one more is character type और रव यजो सविच है वो वो करेक्तर कोंस्टेंट के बसिस पे खांपुश रें। this switch will work on the basis of character constant वो सेप किया, कमपाले न रण करते हैं। उस यहरर नहीं हैं तो 10, 20 थो ये चीस तो समज में आग़ग उगी विगी प्लस मैंग़ वाग लेए कैसे ज़ाम कर लैत अग़ अग़ ये क्यो लिखा पुकि हम जब तो ज़ नमभर इंपृ करते हैं तो नमभर मैंध इंपृ कियो थे टैंच फिर अंपर्ठ्प्र्स कियों after 20 inputs and then enter press so basically enter is also a character so when we are trying to read a character then enter is considered as a character so what we have to do is store that enter in any other character variable so that we can read this character so whenever you are programming in C then this problem can be faced a lot of times when you read the character after the integer so to do it, to bypass it you have to see a temporary character variable by declaring a function you have to use that so it will enter key and skip this particular part so that you can read it from other characters so in this way we have used the switch as well as the integer constant as well as the character constant and we have selected one of the options so I hope that you understand how to use the switch and the implementation of the program so thank you for watching this


My name is Christina Kour and I'm a senior in chemical engineering. I'm also the president of the National Society of Black Engineers at Purdue and I am a black engineer. What this means to me is that I have to stand up for those who don't have a voice and I will do that with everything that I can. Being a black engineer means that I'll be the only one in the classroom who looks like me in multiple classrooms knowing that people underestimate me or discount me but knowing that I can rise above it and be resilient. So seeing that there's a small amount of incoming black engineering students is really disheartening to me knowing that when NSBE was first founded we had more incoming black engineers back then and now we're in 2020 and we only have 27 incoming students. So I really hope that I can change that especially with the work that I'm doing on the engineering admissions task force being a student representative. So looking at how students are seeing Purdue from an admissions standpoint and where we can make improvements whether that be through scholarships or changing the admissions process understanding how students are looking at Purdue and seeing what we can do to allow more of them in so we don't have those 27 incoming students. Although there are a number of setbacks with any kind of predominantly white institution I do still think that students should come to Purdue. There's a lot of room for growth and finding yourself. You can always find that community and that's what I did whether it be through the minority engineering program through NSBE. Although we are a small number there is a community here of people that you can rely on. I just want to be a voice for people who either don't feel comfortable or don't feel safe to speak their mind from what I want to do with NSBE is have that community feel where any student from any nationality or ethnicity can come to NSBE they don't have to be a black engineer but just for them to rely on us and know that they have that community of people who will support them no matter what rather be academic socially or professionally.


Starting this week, Portland will bring back its bulk item pickup program. Small items will be taken away for free while there will be a charge to dispose of larger ones. Arthur Nicholas spoke with Troy Moon, the city's environmental program manager, about how the new service will work. Hi, Troy. Thanks for coming in to talk about the new bulk waste program. Great. Well, thanks for having me. So the city of Portland hasn't been doing those big bulky item pickups for a while, right? That's right. The last time we did what we used to call the HIP or heavy item pickup was in 2008. So basically that program was very cumbersome for the department to do, basically took all of the department staff in public services five to six weeks to do that work. So when people were picking up the large items, they weren't fixing potholes or sidewalks or mowing things. Right. That was a large drag on the department. So tell us about the new program then. Right. The new program is going to be more specific to certain times. So rather than having to wait until a special week, you'll be able to go onto our website which is recycle.portlandmain.gov and you can basically fill out a form online and tell us what items you have that you would like to get rid of. So any bulky item, it's for bulky items only, you would be able to fill out the web form and request a service that we would provide for you most likely on your next trash day. So where do you hit the threshold of bulky item? How bulky is a bulky item? We're talking about basically things that you typically find in your home.  To fit in even one of those flex bags, the strong ones. Right. So basically if it fits in a blue city trash bag, we want you to go ahead and put it in the blue city trash bag, but if it's too big, this table for instance maybe wouldn't fit in very well on one of these chairs, that would be appropriate for the bulky item program. And so there's just one category then? No, there are actually two categories. So there's a small large item or small bulky item program and that part of the program is for free. So that would include things like these chairs or things that are 30 pounds or less that are easy to pick up, one employee could easily handle that. So when you go to the website, you'd be able to check out as part of the web form, small bulky items. And there's again no charge for those items, but you're limited to 10 per year. If you have a larger item like a couch or a mattress or a large table, there is a fee for that and that's $40. So you'd be able to pay right online and we would send you the sticker for the program in the mail that will tell you what day to put out that item. Okay, so what happens if people do put stuff out on the street? I mean, do you just leave it there? If it doesn't have a tag on it, what's going to happen to it? Well, we do have a code enforcement person. So again, we really need people to, if they're going to put out their table or their other large item, they need to have the tag. So for the large, large items, they're actually going to have a contractor who's going to go and pick those up and they will only pick up items that we specify. We're going to give them a list before the start of every day so they know that these are the items we need to pick up. So they'll set up their route and if they don't know your items out there, they won't stop because they just won't know it's there. And so if things are out inappropriately, we'll have to be getting a call from someone from our office to remind you how the program works. Okay, so this for a long time looked like a really great freebie for the citizens or tenants or people living in Portland. But there is a very large, significant cost associated with it. And so the city is trying to shed that responsibility a little bit or share it. Well, if you had an e-card, which many people have, you were able to bring 10 items to Riverside Recycling for free. So in a large sense, the fee we're assessing is it covers the cost of the transportation because the contractor has to send a truck and a couple guys and they have to go pick up the item and bring it to Riverside Recycling. So that's pretty much the service is someone coming to pick up that item and bring it to Riverside for you, as opposed to you either renting a truck or borrowing a truck and taking your time to bring it out there. Okay, so that sounds great. And there's a whole new program that's starting in a couple of weeks? Well, actually we're gonna begin taking orders on Monday, May 14th. So again, we encourage people to go to the website. It's gonna be primarily a web driven program. So again, we encourage people to visit recycle.portlandmain.gov. And there'll be instructions you can follow along, right? We hope it'll be very easy. You can find the instructions and fill out the web forms and go from there. Great, thanks very much. Thanks for coming. Great, thank you.


Hello my name is Sophia and today I'll be showing you how to make edible crystals of science. You will need at least one cup of water, at least four cups of sugar, a heat resistant jar, a bridge which will be used to grow and suspend the sugar candy, I use the clothespin and the wooden stick, a pot, a mixing utensil, and lastly a thermometer. Now let's prepare the seed crystals. Begin by soaking the stick in water and coat it in sugar. By doing this we are creating seed crystals which will lead to assisted nucleation. Assistant nucleation is the process in which a rough surface attracts crystal growth. In this case the rough grains of sugar will be the nucleation site. We can compare this process to how a bee is attracted to the pollen of a flower. The bees represent crystal growth and the pollen represents the seed crystals. After the water dries our finished product should look like this. Now let's begin to make the sugar syrup. To do this begin by adding a cup of water into your pot. Then add four cups of sugar. Then mix the solution evenly. Observe the slushy texture of the solution. It doesn't seem to be completely liquid. The reason for this is we have created a saturated solution. This is where a solution reaches the maximum sugar to water ratio. In other words the fixed one cup of water cannot fully dissolve all of that sugar and so we are left with a pretty saturated solution. You can see that here. In a dissolved solution the water and sugar is mixed evenly and there are no sugar clumps in the solution. Now transfer the pot onto the stove and turn the heat to medium high. Now as we stir the mixture the temperature seems to be more watery. That's where heat comes in. The increase in temperature allows the water to hold more sugar causing it to be less saturated and therefore be less slushy. A decrease in temperature would do the exact opposite. This makes sense. You pour sugar in a hot cup of tea. Not a cold one. When the solution begins to boil stir rapidly until it turns clear and reaches 230 degrees Fahrenheit. At this point turn off the heat. Now transfer the syrup into your heat resistant container. Parent's supervision is recommended. The syrup is hot and if it gets on your skin it will burn you. Once the syrup is transferred into the container wait for it to cool to 200 degrees Fahrenheit. Once your solution reaches this temperature in my case and fit in 18 minutes prepare your bridge and carefully dip the seed crystal stick into your syrup. The next step is to wait. As we wait let's talk about what is going on. We know that the stick is attracting crystal growth but there are also a lot more factors at play. First water is slowly evaporating out of the solution. Evaporation can be any one of these two scenarios shown on the screen. What both scenarios have in common is that water is changing from a liquid to a gas. In a crystal making sense this causes the water to sugar ratio to shift again such that the solutions become even more saturated than before. In fact it's not just saturated anymore it's super saturated. This unstable state helps to promote crystal growth. The decrease of water molecules also allows sugar molecules to come together and form crystals. This diagram illustrates that process. The sugar molecules which are represented by the red circles are no longer blocked by the brown circles which are represented by the water molecules. This is called precipitation where pure sugar particles begin to form and seed at rough areas. Another thing that is happening is a phenomenon called supercooling. This is where a liquid does not turn into a solid even when it's below its freezing point. In this unstable state the liquid only becomes a solid when introduced to a rough surface or a nucleation site in this case the seed crystals. This explains why we are left with sticks of sugar candy rather than a jar of solid sugar. As this happens over time more crystals will form and will eventually be left with delicious rock candy. Although all these processes should be happening don't worry if they aren't. If crystals don't form don't be discouraged and try again. I've had to redo this experiment as well. 13 hours later it was time. I rushed out the next morning and yanked these crystals out. It may need a bit of force to get them out but they should eventually come loose. I made two crystal candies and both of them got a pretty good amount of crystal growth although one of them seems to have attracted a little more than the other. Transfer the candies to another empty container to drip the excess syrup off. After they dry you should be left with crystal candies. Admire yours, eat them after every meal. I hope you enjoyed this recipe and the signs behind it. Good luck! Bye!


Hey everybody, I'm Alex Kleberg and what I do is I work with, I work with entrepreneurs to help start a small business and I work with, I do volunteer work with social entrepreneurs and I work with regular, I guess, non-social entrepreneurs as well. So in my last experience with Cat Coppit, we talked about the dramatic shift when status changes to a new group and that, I just realized at that moment that is what I'm talking about today. I really didn't have words for it but now I do so if you're in the room, Cat, thank you. These are a list of skills. These are new skills for new areas of management, social enterprise and small business entrepreneurship that have shifted lately and what I found and as I was reviewing these and I was working with these with my clients that improv is totally related to like a vast majority of these brand new skills and the reason that is is because there's been a shift. So one of the, I'm going to focus on three in my time here. One of the big shifts is the wisdom of crowds. In the past, those who had the authority and the status, processes were simple, change was slow and jobs were stable. You can say what my job title was and that was going to be your job title for a long time. Remember those days? That was very simple. What's my job title now? Boy, it's a story right now but so the things have changed and what Robert McNamara really typified this era, the whiz kid of GM, he said the more the important the decision, the less people I want to have make it. So I want to reduce the decision to experts. Now what leaders are doing is they're leaders are actually able to pull knowledge from groups of experts and even create work with groups of experts like Steve Jobs and create a reality distortion machine that actually can can get people to believe and do things they didn't think possible. And how this relates to improv is this is something that we do every day on stage. It is a blank stage out there. It's a beautiful thing when you're standing right behind the stage and you just see it out there and it's nothing. It's absolutely pure and we go out there and all we have is each other and we don't know what's going to happen and what we're going to do and what sort of story is going to come out but we're pulling it out of our partners and our teammates. So we have a unique ability to pull various interactions, drives characters and issues forward and push it forward to create a scene. Now in the social enterprise the new ability is really to jump in before ensuring that they're fully resourced and in this chain social enterprise is different than a charity in that in the past having a patron was a key. You had a patron or a strong foundation that supported one group whereas in social enterprise as typified by Muhammad Yunus said that it's a more sustainable enterprise. We find a social good and we get people to keep on paying back in and it moves forward and in fact that's what we do as improvisers. We have a trained instinct to jump in when the time is right and push things so they keep moving forward. Regarding with resources, man we want to talk about not having resources think back to that black stage, that empty stage that you can jump out and you have to just create what you have and then finally in small business really there's this new talk about engaging failure. You want to, maybe it's a sign of the current economic climate but there's a lot of literature out there about failure, failing fast, how to fail properly and move forward and in the past before the status shift failure was the worst thing possible because you'd heaped so many resources on a few experts and everything was mounted on this one thing that was going to either go or fail but now with the diversity, with different voices, with different projects and a more portfolio approach to risk management it's appropriate to fail fast and move forward and again improvisers having a unique ability and unique insight in this because we can't focus on failure. We only can focus on the future. We have, in fact we believe that on stage there is no failure. There's only something that's been said and we have to push forward and move on and that's exactly what entrepreneurs that are succeeding today are doing and we have unique insight into this as improvisers. So there's a transformation, there's a transformation that's happened that's actually shifted the status, change happens faster, new voices, the faces of America and the world that we're living in are changing, the hemispheres, the hegemonic powers are changing and as new risks and opportunities are presenting themselves with new technology and so the answer is that improvisers, the skills that we train for to do what we can do on stage are uniquely suited to the new challenges that we have today so go out and apply improv to the world and you are now in the space where the status has shifted so go out and bring it. Thank you.


Okay, welcome everybody in Zoom and live here to our talk. Okay, Mathematical Physics Seminar, Physical Mathematics Seminar. We're very happy today to have Hossein Mofassati from IMPA who will tell us about modular and automorphic forms and beyond. Okay, thank you, Johannes. First of all, I am a mathematician. The whole my training was mathematics. It was a great luck to know Murad Johannes to learn mathematics coming from physics. So, well, I'm going to talk about a kind of, that's really a theorem, a point of language. This is kind of a new language. This language is about what in mathematics we have a lot of modular, we have many theories. Modular forms. There are, for example, elliptic ones, a Ziegel, Hilbert, Hilbert modular forms and more. There are a lot of TETA series is and so maybe, and then after the works in string theory, we have a Yukava couplings, and then topological string partition functions and so on. So, there are a lot of, these are explicit holomorphic functions. So, the basic idea, there is a language which you can develop for all these and you can go even beyond these classical cases and get new types of modular forms. And this language has to do with a kind of modular space, T that I will try to describe. And it's a language which must be developed, but if you want in mathematics that I give you immediate applications, I think that the first immediate application is that the differential equations of these objects are ill-studied in mathematics. And so you will, for free, you will get differential equations of all these objects. So, this application will be inside the mathematics itself. And so, the idea is that modular forms in number theory, they have been very useful. For example, Fermat lost theorem has to do with the existence of certain eigenform and so on. So, at some point you feel that you have to do this generalization just for the sake of completeness. Okay, so let's go after this introduction. So, let me talk about the basics of this language. So, first the language is algebra geometric. So, you will start modular space. And in a few minutes I will talk about examples. It will be clear. But at the end you will start with the modular space of 13 projective varieties. So, this will be is most projective variety. Eliptic curves, Calabio, three-fold, Calabio, and four-fold will be examples. But at the end the language you can develop in this generality. And what I am talking modular space, this means that I am interested on the deformation of x, all possible deformation complex structure, deformation x and so on. If I want to do this thing, right, exactly at the end it will be a Hilbert scheme, certain history divided by some algebraic group. But I want to keep this, let's say this physics treatment of modular spaces, not really going too much algebraic geometry. And basically what the intuition that I need from this modular space is that at the end when two projective varieties from this modular space you take, there will be no topological difference. So, this means that x1 as a C infinity manifold will be the same as x2. And this one, but not analytically or algebraically in the frame, this means that this x1, x2 as holomorphic complex manifold, they will be different. And the second one that all possible deformations, actually with the fixed polarization coming from the projective space, but let's write in this ambiguous format, of x is inside m. Okay, for example, modular space of elliptic curve. So any elliptic curve is a tori and that then this modular space will be the P1 minus infinity, so this one dimensional. But in a minute I will, okay, so, so the language that I want to a little bit explain, actually I will work our varieties, x1, x2, x2, x2, over a field, not necessarily complex numbers, but in many instances I will assume that characteristic of K equal to zero. So for this language at the beginning you don't need to work over complex numbers. Okay, so let's start. So, well, in mathematics, let's say 100 years ago, they wanted to understand the manifolds and they invented the cohomologies. In particular, so I want to know all these linear structures that I know from, I can get from this complex manifolds. One of them is, okay, so what is this? So, if you know classical Dironc homology, this is actually classical Dironc homology. This is actually classical Dironc homology. But after the works of Delin, let's say Grotendig and plus Delin, actually the contribution of Delin will come in the harsh filtration, was that you don't need, to define the Dironc homology of a projective variety of a field, you don't need really see infinity form like Diron. You can define it by polynomial objects defined over the field. So this is, let's say, it was important the observation by Grotendig after the works of Atia and Hajj. So anyway, the Dironc homologies are now k vector space. Okay, so let's review what any other structure that we have. So we have the coproduct, so HM2 going to HM. So everything is Diron, M1 alpha omega, alpha cop omega. In the C infinity context, the original one was this veg product of differential form, but when you do algebraically or our, for Czech homologies, usually you use cop, but basically they are the same. So you know this structure on this, this homology. What else, what else you have? You have a harsh filtration. So each homology comes with a filtration, fm and then fm plus one equal to zero. So maybe, well, if you put the k equal to c complex numbers, then this, as I said, this is the classical Dironc homology and the Hajj proved this Hajj decomposition, H0M. But he proved the Hajj decomposition by harmonic form, but harmonic form you need to see infinity functions. So something, maybe the observation of Deline, that okay, over arbitrary field, you cannot define Hajj decomposition. This is something that you cannot construct Hajj decomposition by means of polynomials over field. But if you define the Hajj filtration, what is the Hajj filtration? This piece is fm. These two pieces is fm minus one and so on. If you put these pieces together, you will get a filtration and actually the filtration itself will be defined over, you can define it over field. So this means that at the end these will be k-vector spaces. And the main reason for Grotendieg Deline was that they wanted to take everything to this big machinery of algebraic geometry, our arbitrary field, maybe our schemes and so on. So it is desirable to avoid c infinity and analysis, no? For example, for harmonic form, you have to do a lot of analysis. Grotendieg and Deline, they don't like so much analysis. Okay, so what else let's say we have? Therefore, okay, maybe I write, for example, the Hajj filtration satisfies this one.  But the last piece that we need is the polarization. So we start from projective varieties in a fixed pn. This pn is in some sense is fixed. So h the pn, this is one-dimensional. So you just take the generator of this guy and then you restrict it to x and you will get element h to the wrong x. And let's call this one the polarization. So we have attached to a projective variety. We have this structure. And I will write a proposition and actually this proposition will clearly say a difference between mathematician and physicist. Proposition, and actually this proposition went 2.4 in my book. Okay, let's say take two points in your modular space. As I said, these are topological, they are the same, so the analytic structure changes. Or if you want to take, let's say, families of these x varieties. And if you want, okay, even you assume that they are defined over the field k. So this cohomology ring, so this one, what we have constructed, we have constructed the hodge filtration, we have constructed the coproduct, we have constructed the polarization. This structure, even so it is defined in algebraic framework, it doesn't distinguish the two varieties from each other. What it means that at the end this is isomorphic in a minute I will explain to the order structure. So cohomology ring of x0, the hodge filtration, the coproduct here, and maybe the polarization I denoted by theta0. So what it means, this means that there is an isomorphism of k vector spaces from here to here. It respects the grading this m corresponding m goes to the corresponding m. It will respect the hodge filtration, it will respect the coproduct, and it will take the polarization to the polarization. So the moral of the story is that even so we construct all this thing over arbitrary field, it is a kind of topological data, okay? It doesn't distinguish x from x0. Sometimes when we want to say that x is notomorphic to x0, we try to find some invariant of x which is different from that invariant of x0. So this means that this will not do the job for us. But, and actually this is the math, I will need this one to define the modular space. Okay. Maybe I say something about the, not really the proof of the observation. I had written my book which was more than 250 page books, but at the end I realized that there was no rigorous proof for this fact. And actually after many email contacts with Deline, he writes a rigorous proof, but he refers to a lot of SGA, Semine, Geometrial Gebrick, and then you know that there is SGA, FGA, there are a lot of subdivisions and so on. And really myself, I have not looked at proof because it goes through all these machineries of the grotendic and so on. But I started to develop the theory assuming this one because at that time I was like a physicist. I mean, this is trivial. I mean, I don't need to prove it. I have to develop whatever I want to develop. So, but the proof in this generality is not trivial. And of course if you want to work over arbitrary fields and so on, so if you want we can try, but what I am saying, maybe since I started to collaborate with physicists, I didn't care about some basic facts. Sorry though, may I interrupt? I mean, do you need M to be connected for this one? No, exactly. I mean the best one, the M connected. Yeah, exactly. Oh, but you prove this in a differential way? You prove this in... No, actually then in order to avoid the modular space, you have to take families. Because if you prove it, I mean, if you have a connection, the connection gives you a kind of isomorphism. Aha, now in a minute I will take. No, no, okay, just a minute. So, okay. The proof of our arbitrary field goes through K. But let's say, K equal to say, we have a very old theorem, actually it has to do with the Ereshman, but at the end H star XZ is the cop product here also, and also the polarization, the polarization also it is defined as Z integers. This object is the same as X0, cop and theta zero of the X0. This is almost the same thing that the topological between X and X0 are C infinity isomorphic, but the point is that, okay, this cop and theta, when you complexify it, it will be the same as this cop and theta here, but the Hatch filtration is missing here. And if you take the isomorphism here, it will not give the isomorphism in the level of Hatch filtration. So, this piece of Hatch filtration in this topology, I think you were trying to say this... And this has to do with the monodrome. If you have a flat connection, you have to take the flat sections and then you get this isomorphism, but let me say in this way, and actually how you get this one, then you have your modular... Well, let's, instead of modular space, maybe I just take a parameter space and then forget these difficulties of constructing modular space. But anyway, if you have M, you have one point X, you have another point X0, you just connect by a pass, and actually this H, depending on this pass will be unique, and this is the isomorphism you want. But from here, actually my wrong argument is starting from here and a little bit try to massage it and to get the isomorphism here was not really working. So then at the end of the day, you have to be careful that you are working over... This is the isomorphism K vector spaces. And then anyway, this topological picture will not precisely will go through the statement here. Johannes, it's okay. Yeah, but I thought you had the connection also under the Rammcommology, right? Yeah, I have the connection of the Rammcommology also. That's the same as the one when you look at... When you're complexifying, you look at the integers with the integers of the flat section. But these are the morphisms using the connection how you want to get. You want to get as flat section, taking the flat section, no? For example, yeah. But flat sections are not compatible with the Hodge-Felcher. Exactly.  I'm really surprised by this isomorphism because the Griffith transversality says that... Okay. What I can say, these things at the end, in the case of modular form, will produce for me SL2Z, whereas these things will produce an algebraic group of this form. Okay, my name is... an upper triangular. If you want, in the case of elliptic curve, I can say. So the type of the isomorphism is different. Since this, in the case of elliptic curve, this respect to Hodge-Felcher, this will give two-by-two upper triangular matrices, but this guy will give me the whole SL2Z. Anyway, if you want later, if you want, we can discuss and to see if you can give me a proof. What I am saying, that the only rigorous proof that I have apparently it goes through this SGA and so on, and I have no time really to invest my... Well, I can do, but anyway. Like a physicist, I set the goal, and sometimes I make a lot of ansatz that they must be trivial. And then after reaching the goal, and then maybe I will be back and try to make everything rigorous. Okay, so maybe let's... Actually, maybe to have... When I started? 4.15? Okay. Later, no? Okay. Anyway, so the modular space that I want to say that it is... contains... Using this, you can produce a lot of modular form theory in mathematics. This is the modular... Modular of X. So X itself will be very in this M, but you enhance it with alpha. With a fixed... So fix... X0, so you fix one point in your modular space, maybe the best...  And then you... So this is the modular of X together with isomorphism, alpha. Alpha is from the cosmology in your variety to a fixed comolar ring of X0. And... Anyway, you kill... Well, maybe I have to say that you can also try to do fixed-touch structures. You can start adding more structure. For example, if you want to get modular form for congruence group, you have to start adding torsion structure. But anyway, this enhancement is the basic one that I want to speak, but of course you can put more data in order to get other classical objects. Okay. I'm a little bit scared to put this as conjecture, but even in the case of, let's say, Calabiao 3-fold that I worked out with you, Murad, still it is a conjecture because we treated modular spaces like a physicist, not like a mathematician. But... T... Maybe I put the most... D, A... Quasi... Affine... Variety. And what did... Well, at least... Or if you don't want to start from this general, at least for Calabiao 3-fold, for which we have a lot of computation which supports this one. And let me say why... So, when it is something quasi-affine, this means that you have some affine variety. Affine variety is given by what? It is given by... So maybe start... Let's... Okay. So it will be some polynomial ring, T1, T2, Tk. There must be some polynomial ring divided by some ideal. I mean, the zeros of this ideal are your affine variety in... in a T1, Tk space. And then this means that T must be some... open. Basically, basically what this... from this... geometric term that is zero, locus of some ideal in T1, T2, Tk, in Ck... Let's write down the... So if you want to let's... even let's say the complex language, because really I will not go to Arithmetic application, so in C to the K, given by... Okay. The zero locus of this ideal, maybe minus some... some sub... Okay, maybe let's... Actually, this open is a rescue open. Anyway, classical modular space in general in algebraic geometry, they are not affine. But... But there is this... even this intuition from algebraic geometry, when you make enhancement of your object, always the things... the modular spaces becomes better and better. And in that... in this case, when you add alpha, when your modular space suddenly will be affine, this means that you can find this polynomial ring, this ideal, and so on. And... Okay. So maybe from now on, in order not to make the confusion, let's put K equal to C, and then let's proceed with... with K equal to C. Okay. And actually this polynomial ring that will contains this algebra of modular forms, algebra of Ziegler's modular form, Hilbert's modular form, this... this algebra of topological string partition functions attached to a Kalabiya variety, and so on. So... this is... So this will be interpreted at the end as modular forms. Okay. Maybe I make the summary of... of, let's say, articles and results supporting this fact that this is affine, or in many cases, quasi-affine, and this algebra is really the algebra of modular or quasi-modular form. So... let's say a case of elliptic curve. In this case, your variety is just a complex story. And... when you work... maybe for this one, actually in 2005, we started to do this one after works of griffices. But basically, there are some ideas in Nick Katz's article. Some ideas in the Cytos article. It's called the Cytos perimeter form. But at the end, the modular space is not there. But then... maybe I... in 2012, I have lecture notes describing how one gets quasi-modular form theory from this one. Then this T is actually the spec Ct1, Ct2, Ct3, this guy. T... T3 to the 2 minus T2 to the 3. So... So, I mean, this is the full ring generated by 3 elements. So you see that this is of dimension 3. So classical modular space of elliptic curve is of dimension 1. So this enhancement will give two more freedom for your object. And, well, this game I have written lecture notes of almost 100 pages explaining that this will give the theory of Kaneco-Zagir theory of quasi-modular forms. And again, this T1 will be interpreted as the IZN series E2, T2 as IZN series E4 and so on. So I don't want to go really into detail, but there is some machinery to develop this geometric language into quasi-modular form theory of Kaneco-Zagir. And maybe if returning back to this comments of Johannes, if you, in the case of elliptic curve, you look this isomorphism, this one will give you, all this isomorphism will give you SL2Z, whereas this isomorphism will group your triangular matrices. So, at least in the case of elliptic curve, it shows that they are too distinct isomorphism. Okay, sorry, this isomorphism says that some of the hot numbers are the same. But the point is that hot numbers usually are transcendentally, but by some miracle, they are topological invariant. It tells you basically the dimensions of these quotients. Yeah, but the dimensions are the same. It is not enough to make this argument. Just the numbers. That's what you have to prove. Okay, so I mean, it's a general theory going on, maybe just I write a summary of the results. Maybe let's say 13 lattice polarized K3 surfaces under open Calabio varieties. This is Alim and many of his few of his students. They compute this modular space. They get some algebra that then they interpret. They find the this is algebraic. They transcendental interpretation of all these TIs as transcendental objects like modular forms and so on. And as I said at the beginning, I will just mention the summary of which person where has done some works. And Calabio three-fold again Alim Murat me Yao Emanuel Shahid. So maybe at least okay, so for Calabio three-fold again I don't want to go too much into detail but but let me say this there is this let me just explain the case of this topological extreme partition function. So we can find object let's let's call topology algebraic topological extreme partition function. So and it is possible to make the precise translation of this one into the same object computed in physics so what I am saying a lot of nice functions which comes from mathematical physics, they can be interpreted as functions. So this let me say this will be interpreted as interpreted as a global function in this T-modulized space. So you have to fix the topological type of Calabio variety and then you consider your modular space classical modular space you construct this bigger modular space and then you can interpret these things maybe in the case of in order to so the general theory of Calabio three-fold it is written in this article but let's say in the case of there is a very special famous Calabio three-fold called mirror quintic Calabio three-fold so for example this modular space of this mirror quintic Calabio three-fold is of dimension one but once you start computing this this modular space for this mirror quintic this will be suddenly seven-dimensional then you start computing coordinates T1 T6 and as usual there will be some discriminant that doesn't matter what it is let me write so it will be of dimension seven and and then for example let me try to write for example FG FG then this FG algebraic will be of this format it will be QG T0 so this is T let's call this one T T4 minus T0 to the 5 let me just write it down a structure theorem just and then T5, 3G minus 3 and you will see that this topological string function becomes a kind of rational function and actually you know QG homogeneous of degree what it is 69G minus 1 and then you have to give some weight for your TI's degree of TI is 3I plus 1 and this is I equal to 0, 1 until 4 and maybe just a degree T5 the weight of T5 is 11 the weight of T6 is 8 anyway what it will be clear you will see that FG is a homogeneous polynomial of 13 degree divided by this one so in order to discover to compute FG you need really find that number of coefficients in QG to compute FG experts in modular form why modular forms are useful but most of the time you need just in order to compute a modular form you need to compute a finite number of coefficients because this finite generatedness of modular forms and so on if you have not seen this one, two, three of modular forms of Zagir is there are a lot of examples of this kind and at the end of the theory of Calabiomodular Form attached to Meere-Quintic but unfortunately I don't have this miraculous applications of modular forms in this context just these things which comes from physics and okay maybe let's say there are other works also maybe I don't mention it but I'm not writing explicit explicit data but for this, just for this one after my work with Muradio and Shai-Dige I wrote there is a book for this one called Gauss Manning Connection in Distance Calabiomodular Forms anyway and there are many other ones and okay, this is a theory that is going on so the idea is that you can combine you classical object of mathematics with objects coming from physics and actually in the case of objects coming from physics you can say that what is the corresponding modular form theory what is the corresponding algebra of functions that your objects leave there and in some sense this structure in the physics literature it is hidden in Yamaguchi Yao article which at the end without this language they observe that this FG has polynomial structure of course they make this other variables such that the things becomes a polynomial but anyway I have written more more examples the point is that well when you want to sell your product in mathematics you have to prove theorems and you cannot just say that these are nice theories going on and I want to just a little bit change the topic but before changing let me say so at least in this case algebraic object something very important also most of the time for some object for example like FG you have three different incarnations for example now I am talking about this algebraic one there is a holomorphic holomorphic so there are precise dictionaries translating algebraic to holomorphic object and also holomorphic plus anti holomorphic even in the case of modular form you have some many some C infinity modular forms and there is some correspondence between the Cnity and holomorphic one in the topological string partition starting from you will see that this FG has two different incarnations holomorphic and something which is mixed holomorphic and then holomorphic and there is a dictionary between this one and this one and what I am saying that this third object algebraic also there is some precise dictionary to pass from one to another gromo-fitting invariants are hidden here I am not really familiar with these things in the physics because apparently in the Bershachi, Ogrivafa they first compute this one and then they get this one and then they get the gromo-fitting invariant but anyway what I am saying that these arrows are precise dictionaries of to pass from to another okay okay this is some theory going on and and okay I think more 20 minutes at least 20 minutes two blackboards also the good things that I have been in Germany before that I know this system otherwise when I was in Max Planck the foreigners comes and they make a mess okay so since really this is a kind of general language to be developed until it reach some some nice applications maybe either in physics or in mathematics I started to a little bit related these things into something else and what I want to say next that in this modular space the concept of Hodge-Losai okay there is this concept of Hodge-Losai in algebraic geometry and the best place to see this object is this bigger space not classical not classical modular space and I will try to explain this one this Hodge-Losai one in just one example but this is just for any variety and okay anyway the modular form part I will not talk more so the rest of it I want to say that these modular spaces are good to study something called Hodge-Losai and at the end let's say maybe the Hodge conjecture itself so in the case of product of elliptic curve let's say Calabio one fold times Calabio one fold and okay so let's say my X will be one elliptic curve product with so the theory is in general but I took this example just to as a kind of preliminary to understand the whole general picture and in this in this case this modular space so there will be modular space of coming from E1 E2 then this will be P1 minus infinity times P1 minus infinity and that then this infinity has to do with the generation of elliptic curve maybe for just not to make my notation long just let's compactify it let's call it P1 over P1 so what is Hodge-Losai in this specific context this is very simple let me write EG1 so so this means that if I take G1 so let's say so this point here there is a J invariant of elliptic curve so let's say G1 J1, J2 here so this will be J1 J2 in my modular space I say P1 and P1 such that AJ1 is isogenous to EAJ2 this means that there will be isogenous of degree degree degree N this means that there is a I mean this is the best possible this is that there is an N to one map holomorphic algebraic respecting the group structure and all the beautiful things that you might imagine from EG1 to EJ2 this is holomorph this is some algebraic structure between EG1 and EG2 if you take G1 and G2 generic there will be no such map but at the end maybe I write other versions other versions of this the other version that EG1 times has a non trivial curve so when you take the product of two elliptic curve there are two trivial curves you take the coordinate constant so EG1 times points will be a curve point times EG2 will be a curve so so the condition is that there will be some curve inside which projects to each coordinates non trivially, non-constantly and if you want I want to write a version which has to do with the Hajj Loci and actually it will be this one so it will be okay so the non-trivial and if I want to write it so this is a calabi-1 fold it has a 1-0 form you take the product you take this this 1-0 form here with 1-0 form here and the integration of this for over some cycle over some cycle in H2 E1 EJ1 EJ2 Z so the statement is that okay you choose this omega 0 EJ1 and omega 1-0 in EJ2 make the tensor product so some integration of this guy over some cycle in the product must be 0 and actually the translation from here to here is that you take the topological class of this curve inside your product and well if yeah maybe maybe just in this way so and actually this is the concept of let's say this Hajj Loci is that certain piece of the Hajj filtration of this guy over some cycle must be 0 but maybe I write some well known fact this is the union so you see that at least in the first version there is an N going on this union will be over N in the other versions you don't see this N explicitly union of merable set of highly singular curves inside inside p1 times p1 this this union rebel you will see it if you for each N actually there will be one reducible curve and actually let me write the things are not so much mysterious in a variable let's say call this y0N or maybe here in a variable set of highly singular curves curves let's say a curve I call it and and actually these curves are algebraic curves they are called well singular models of modular curves so y0N this is by rational so after resolution of singularities this will be gamma N co-sciented by H H will be the upper half plane imaginary tau bigger than 0 and gamma N will be all a, b's this modular group L, a, b, c, d a, b a, b this is in sl2z the subgroup of sl2z such that this c is congruent to 0 mod N anyway this in this very simple example the concept of the heart loci is the union of singular models of modular curves in p1 times p1 and if you look the literature there are very in number theory they are very well studied for example Fermat-Lost theorem has been the consequence of this fact that these guys are defined over q and every elliptic curve modular this means that every elliptic curve must appear in the Jacobian of this guy and so on so there are a lot of history going on here but let me try to say maybe just more 10 minutes or okay so maybe so if you start doing this bigger modular space in this case okay you have two elliptic curves I said that the case of elliptic curve is modularity of dimension 3 if you take 2 the dimension v6 but for some geometric reason that I am not interested in to do modular form theory I am interested to study these curves you will have some results like this and then I will finish the talk in this case so this is different from a kind of modification of the modular space that I wrote but anyway you define modularity of so e1 two elliptic curves pairs of elliptic curves and then alpha so in your modular space now e1 and e2 can move also and alpha what it is alpha is as before alpha is the isomorphism between and in the case of elliptic curve it can be simplified into h1 but lets me the structure and then h star e2 so in the previous version I fixed one variety and I took a modular space of one variety together with alpha in this version I take two elliptic curve and the modularity of two elliptic curves and I make the enhancement together with alpha between these and then I make the homologering so maybe I just write down the kind of theorem well it is published just this year and so let's just try to explain so this this modular space is fine maybe right over again x2 x3 it is of dimension 4 one can write down explicitly coordinates over this modular space so I have to take this this what was it discriminant 27x 3 to the 2 minus x2 to the 3 and the same for 27y y3 to the 2 minus y so it is this affine variety c4 basically c4 minus delta1 equal to 0 union with delta2 equal to 0 and these are this is delta1 and this one delta2 is this one and so the vector field so this is let's say the first part so I didn't mention I didn't really define the concept of hajlosai here but you will see in the second part that the only the only algebraic maybe I write algebraic solutions out so there is explicit vector field and this explicit vector field maybe I write it this is because this is 2x3 okay maybe I might write that this is published in Moscow mathematical journal maybe just I write a few it is explicit degree 3 6x2 actually no 2 3 minus 1 6x2 minus y2 x2 okay I will not write but anyway there is explicit vector field in this modular space so there will be tdx3 explicit again y2 y3 and only algebraic the only algebraic solutions of v r s0n so this guy has innumerable set of algebraic solutions and actually these guys are bi-holomorphic to to this modular curve that I wrote somewhere there I don't have really time to define these things as hajlosai in this bigger modular space but anyway so the model of usually you when you how many of you have done a course in ordinary differential equations I don't know so when you do a course in ordinary differential equations usually for example in ordinary differential equations there are vector fields and then you start saying that okay there is a vector field but there are solutions but the solutions are vector fields are usually transcendental curves not algebraic curves for example when you look y2x0 equal to x0 this is an algebraic curve this is a cost the picture is like this or if you make the formation the picture will be like this these are algebraic curves but if you look for the solutions of vector fields still you have local holomorphic objects curves but they are not necessarily algebraic and the theorem says that the only it has innumerable set of algebraic curves which are solutions of this vector fields and actually these are all modular curves that I have in the previous version in the previous version that in p1 times p1 this is just the jungle of curves that you don't see any structure but what I am saying is that in this bigger modular space which is of dimension 4 they are characterized just by one vector field this vector field defines them quickly at some point if I have time I will try to give some more arithmetic applications to this one but this is something that it is not well known for to number theorists and maybe just two minutes and then I will finish maybe just by hand and actually if you want to to know what are why the Eisenstein series for example E2 E4 E6 the classical Eisenstein series they are holomorphic function from upper half plane to C they have explicit formulas and actually you can characterize these curves also using Eisenstein series maybe I say S0 N will be the image of this kind of map and then I finish so my mode life space C4 minus discriminant and then you construct your map basically by Eisenstein series up to some constant again up to some constant this is tau going to something like this E2 oh sorry E4 tau it is E2 again there are some constant that I am not caring but really I have to care otherwise this minus N E2 to the N tau again I will just write one coordinate but anyway what I want to say here is to the to you can construct the transcendentalities curves using Eisenstein series and using this combination of this E2 Eisenstein series and so on but the the point is that even so this will be the kind of holomorphic description of these curves but these curves are defined over Q this means that you can make mode B and this relation with Fermat-Lass theorem actually starts from this fact that this curve this modular curve is defined over Q it has some nice model over Z you can make and so on anyway I wrote this one because as I said for this big big theory going on I cannot claim that I can surprise somebody this is just some theory going on but at least when you look for this kind of geometric applications something a single vector field polynomial vector field of degree 2 becomes responsible for all modular curves embedded in dimension 4 and at least at some point in the future I hope that I find more applications of this particular example in the case of let's say modularity theorem and by the way I can do this for any Hodge-Losai and maybe again in the case of general Hodge-Losai there are consequences of Hodge-Conjecture saying that Hodge-Losai must be algebraic defined over a certain field and so on these consequences of the Hodge-Conjecture are as difficult as the Hodge-Conjecture itself and at the end I hope that this study might help also in this direction but I think this example clearly shows me why I want to study Hodge-Losai in this bigger modular space in a more modular space I think I finish Thank you very much this is an inspiring talk so we have time for questions in Zoom or here I have a question I mean the last one so the N is an integration constant for this or how does N appear you have this vector field and the vector field is independent of N what I am saying maybe just imagine with this vector field let's say there are two ODE versions of the vector fields when you take a course in ODE you will say that there are solutions and so on okay but sometimes algebraic objects algebraic curves also might be the solutions of some ODE what I am claiming here that the only algebraic solutions of this ODE you can look any vector field as an ordinary differential equation are just this algebraic curve which is isomorphic to the modular curve for all N together you will get again a zoo of curves zoo of algebraic curves and these algebraic curves apart from these algebraic curves any other solutions of this vector field is a transcendental curve not algebraic it does not appear I mean is N somehow so you have a family of solutions and then it is polynomial when N is integer okay maybe again I explain the picture here maybe N must be integration constant for this differential equation exactly when you have ODE you get initial condition and sometimes for example you take initial condition and then you get the solution and then initial condition here solution okay these Ns are discreet set of initial conditions for your differential equation so generic initial condition will give you a transcendental curve just some innumerable set of initial conditions will give you algebraic curves and what happened to the X1 in this you had a T1 up there what did X1 go? oh okay so as I said if you start from the same modular space that you I told at the beginning in the case of elliptic curve this is classical elliptic curve this modular space of dimension 3 so you take two modular you take two elliptic curves so it will be two copies of enhanced elliptic curve so you will get some six dimensional okay but the concept of Hajlosa in that content that I get they are two dimensional sub varieties and six dimensional objects and after that I realized that there is some algebraic action of algebraic group going on I took the quotients of the six dimensional space with some two dimensional algebraic variety I got four dimensional object and everything from six dimension descended to this four dimension and but this Izaneshtan series E2 well if you this algebraic curve X1 and Y1 they have disappeared but if you write down the parameterization of this algebraic curve you will see that at the end Izaneshtan series E2 will appear which correspond to X1 and the Y1 will appear in the denominator in this format and but but originally I wrote everything first in this six dimensional space for example at some point I would be one of the things that I tried a lot and I failed these things of Izaneshtan and so on has to do with the HECU operators acting on the algebra of modular firms at some point I tried to do the same thing in the case of mirror quintic there are for example take a mirror quintic times mirror quintic or Calabria 3-fold times Calabria 3-fold is there any interesting algebraic cycle in this case in the case of elliptic curves I know sometimes there is and it's called the graph of the isogenic but in the case of Calabria 3-fold I mean this question related to algebraic cycles is complicated I cannot immediately reproduce the same things in this case because I don't have a concept of isogenic and well you have all these equivalences some kind of correspondences and so on and in this case it will be also conjectural because they have to do with most of the time I work with hutch cycle and then at the end if there is something algebraic there must be I have to assume that the hutch conjecture is true and so on and I would love to do something similar in the case of mirror quintic but the things are not as easy as expected questions would you draw the line between modular forms and automorphic forms can you say in this perspective what is the line between the two I think the difference well when you try to generalize modular forms well what is the classical generalization you take Hermitian symmetric domains and then then automorphic factor and then you forget the name modular and then the names become an automorphic form and actually I wrote an article with do you think those for the kalabia this is like modular forms or are these already automorphic forms no this is the point there is none of them there is no Hermitian symmetric domain in this case this is the point why I am saying that these theories are parallel to classical mathematical theories for example for a long time Zagir tried to relate this yukova coupling this topological string partition function to classical modular forms and as far as I know he failed there is no relation so what I am claiming that there are some parallel theories going on not necessarily you can write yukova coupling of mere quintics in terms of classical modular form so you have to develop the corresponding modular form theory and I give it geometric language maybe I mean classical people in modular forms will not like it because it is too much hutch theory language and worse than that is that I don't give you Hermitian symmetric domain and the people in Langland's program will like to have Hermitian symmetric or some Lee group with some maximal compact group to start automorphic form theory from this point of view but this generalization does not start from there it starts from let's say kind of this modular space T and yeah any other questions from zoom could you hear us from the zoom maybe we get some feedback how was the experience this is the first time you are transmitting not quite but apparently nobody is hearing us even are they even there well let's just think more same again okay thank you


you as a young IT guy, what are you doing for dharma?  So you call yourself a seeker.  Today, you know, sanatana dharma is endangered in this subcontinent, you're aware of that. It is endangered by founder religions imported into the subcontinent. You know that at one point dharma was practiced from Afghanistan to Pakistan to the Indian subcontinent, what we know now as India, to Bangladesh, to Nepal, to Sri Lanka, dharma was practiced. It is not practiced anymore in Afghanistan, in Pakistan, in Bangladesh. It has shrunk, and even here in India, it is shrinking further and further because youngsters like you are not upholding dharma.