And just as always, if you wouldn't mind kind of running us through the procedural opening, a table setting. Sure, I'll call the clients and advisory subcommittee to order. As far as attendance, it looks like we have Tim Wessel, Carrie, can you pronounce your name? Yep. Ashley Reynolds. We have Mark Gorman just about to join us. Ingrid Jonas. I know we've got Kyle Harris. Kyle, do we have anyone else in the room with you? We have Wendy Knight from the Department of Liquor and Lottery with us. James Pepper is watching on the sidelines as well just for the record. And then we have four members of the public. Great. I know we also have some guests that have spoken that are in attendance, David Kuber and Jen Flanagan as well. And Jen Flanagan and Ashley Manning. All right. Did everybody? Go ahead, Tom. I think that's everyone in attendance. Yeah, four members here too. Great. Yep, I got you, Mark. Did everybody have an opportunity to look at the minutes from last meeting? If so, and nobody has any concerns. Motion to approve those minutes. Motion. All second. All right, all in favor. All right. Well, well, today I want to continue our discussion on retail enforcement. We heard from agency of agriculture and the Department of Liquor and Lottery and more than one previous meeting where, and then after we have a conversation and if we have a consensus from the subcommittee, I have some some language that we can that I'll share on my screen. That we'll give some guidance to the board on how to proceed and explore relationships with strategic partners. And then I want to kick off our security conversation with starting with outdoor cultivation. Tom and Mark put together a summary on other jurisdictions, how they do things over overall thoughts and takeaways. And if we can get your perspective on how you arrived at certain regulations for security at outdoor cultivation sites in Massachusetts, I think that'll round out the hour quite well. So, but without without further ado, Wendy Knight, Deputy Commissioner, Department of Liquor and Lottery. I think, you know, we've seen Skyler's presentation. It was fantastic. I think what would be very helpful for us is to get your perspectives on this. DLL's thoughts on this and how you think this might fit into what you already have kind of working from a alcohol and tobacco perspective, but also recognizing that this is going to look differently than your typical corner stores that you guys or bars that you guys are operating in from a enforcement perspective and an education perspective and your approach to education and enforcement and so on and so forth. And how we can utilize DLL from the perspective of bringing in folks from the legacy market and so on and so forth. So I'll give you the floor and then if any members of the subcommittee have any questions, don't hesitate. Thank you, Kyle. I'm happy to be here. So you've had you have the detail from Skyler, who is the director of our enforcement compliance and enforcement division.  I think the approach that we are trying to take at DLL is to lead with education, right? So the assumption is that the licensees, whether they're bars or restaurants or hotels or ski resorts or retail stores are wanting to comply and wanting to work within the rules, the statute and the regulations. So our job is to educate them about what those rules are and they're quite complicated. As you all know, alcohol and tobacco are highly regulated at the federal and the state level. So it's very complicated. And so our job is to educate them first and foremost is to the guardrails so that they can operate within the guardrails. And you've heard Skyler talk about the three legs of the stool. And then we have compliance. So we have tobacco compliance checks that we do where we go into retail stores, we use minors. And then there's the enforcement arm, which is when there's violations. We have a board hearing and, you know, sometimes there's criminal activity and the law enforcement team works those cases. So again, I see our role as regulators as being business support. We look at our licensees as being customers and how we are able to support those customers in those businesses is by educating them about the rules and the regulations. That's basically the approach that we're taking. So obviously, when I first started having conversations with James and Kyle, the idea is that DLL has the infrastructure and the expertise to be able to help the cannabis control board as it looks to figure out the details. So we obviously have the infrastructure. We're working, you know, with alcohol and tobacco and it's not necessarily a heavy lift from an expertise perspective to add cannabis to that, which is another controlled substance. I recognize that there's differences that you talk about. When we talk about a retail operation, so we have licensees who are the, you know, the manufacturers we give licenses to. And we give licenses to the bars and the restaurants and caterers, et cetera, a whole slew of licensees. And then the retail operation is where, because we're a controlled state, we only have 78 agency stores. So they're 802 spirit stores and we contract with them to be able to sell the alcohol that we purchase. So the state purchases the alcohol from the suppliers and then we sell it through our 802 spirit store. So we have a real partnership.  So we have that arrangement. We do an agency contract and there's specifications of what they need to do that may be relevant to what you're doing. So we would have individual license holders. We won't have a system where it's like 802 spirits or anything like that just for your knowledge. So there would be individual license holders that seek a license and there will have a slew at this point of regulations that each license holder would have to maintain or follow from a retail perspective. In addition to other licenses or permits that that establishment might have to seek from other agencies depending on the size, scale, nature of what they're intending to do in this market. So what our compliance and enforcement team does is when we are in an establishment, some of the things that we're looking for, you know, making sure that they have the training, because training is required for licensees. So making sure that they've done the training, making sure their licenses are visible, you know, just, you know, observing, making, you know, if your bar or restaurant can't drink on the job, things like that. So making some observations and then just ensuring that people are complying with various rules and laws that are in place. So the other thing to remember is or to know, I should note is that while our enforcement and compliance team is made up of law enforcement personnel, the work, all of the work doesn't necessarily need to be done by law enforcement. And there are other models in other states where because a lot of the work that we're doing is educational, you don't necessarily need a law enforcement person to do some of that. Now, some of the work that's clearly identified on the liquor laws requires law enforcement when you're talking about, you know, investigations and such. But, you know, the day-to-day kind of compliance doesn't necessarily need a law enforcement personnel. Great. Thank you. Any other general thoughts before I invite subcommittee members and our advisory or our consultants to ask questions? I'm here to answer any questions you have. Tom, any opening questions? Mark? I know Mark is from the Distilled Experience world, so he might have some questions for you. But Tom, Mark, any questions? You know, at the moment, I don't. I think these guys at DOL know what they're doing and have a ton of relatable experience. I think it's great that you can engage the two organizations to, you know, create a good safety program. And I think we were talking in our earlier subcommittee, public health subcommittee today, about youth access and where our recommendation is going to be on restricting youth access. I think it all begins right there at the retail store. I mean, I'm sure there's advertising components to it and so forth. But I think you've got the right people for the job. Tom. Thanks Mark. Tom. Did Tom have something to say? I saw multiple mics come off mute. So, Gary, you go first. I just wanted to thank the deputy commissioner for joining us. It's my fault. We were about to vote on Monday and I insisted we hear from liquor and lorry prior to, I didn't want to commit them to something as another state agency without hearing from them first. Mark, I appreciate it. Thank you. Thanks for joining us. Pleasure to be here. Tom, did you have a question? Yeah, more, more of a comment and then just my typical question, Kyle. Thank you, Wendy. And we, Mark and I spoke before with Wendy. So we appreciate all the information. And Wendy, it wasn't really Kerry's fault. It might have been my, my probing that that's burn. Kerry just asked a question, but my question for all the other agencies, just because nationally I know that everyone's from an agency perspective, everyone's stretch pretty thin is if you could just comment on how the DLL is operating kind of capacity wise from an enforcement perspective and whether or not they can absorb, you know, this, this new industry coming online. Yeah, so we wouldn't be able to absorb the new industry without additional resources. I'm not suggesting we have the capacity to take on the extra work. I'm just merely articulating that we have the expertise in infrastructure. Could you just comment on a separate apart from, from cannabis? Are you, could you just give us an idea of what enforcement is like? Just dealing with, with liquor and lottery right now? What do you mean what enforcement is like? Are you, are you talking about what the, what we do for enforcement? Are you talking about current capacity without the, without the cannabis angle? I think we're familiar enough with now with, with the programs and enforcement. Do you, do you have an idea of, I mean, are you making more requests for more, more agents or more investigators? Are you overwhelmed or is, are you at kind of a good status quo? Well, if you were to ask Skylar who runs the, that particular unit, he would of course say that, that we're understaffed, right? Isn't that what then the good manager says? We are in the, we are in the process of recruiting for a vacancy that exists in the department in the, in that unit. So within the Office of Compliance and Education, we're, we're going to be starting a recruitment for a law enforcement person. One of the, one of the priorities for the governor when appointing me and my colleague who at this point focuses more on the lottery side, is to integrate the department. And so anytime there's a new vacancy, we're trying to establish whether or not that can be an integrated position. You know, it often can't, right? I mean, there is really no enforcement necessary or compliance on the lottery side. Sometimes we have customer service folks that go in and, you know, check the stores, but it's a much less complicated process. So, you know, we have an online licensing portal that will be able to license an establishment, whether they're selling tobacco, lottery tickets, you know, alcohol, potentially cannabis as well. So that's a real plus. So, you know, so yes, we have actually one position that we're recruiting for, a new one that we're recruiting for. Ashley, Tim, Ingrid, any, any thoughts? Not at this time. No, thank you. I think Tom asked the question I was interested in, which was just whether you would need more personnel to achieve this. That would be my assumption because it would be a pretty heavy lift. Yeah, I would say, I would say yes, you would definitely need more personnel. Again, you don't necessarily need them to be law enforcement personnel. And one of the things that we've been just sort of thinking about is in reorganizing the entire department. When you look at the Office of Compliance and Enforcement, if we're saying we're leading with education and that we want to make sure that we're giving enough resources and times to educating the licensees, then perhaps you rearrange the organization so that you have, you know, you have a few law enforcement people that are, you know, so you break down the state into zones and then you dedicate the law enforcement people to do the investigation and the enforcement work. And then you take some other personnel that are really more about education and compliance and those folks don't necessarily need to be law enforcement. So as we start to see turnover, right, people leave or they retire, I think that gives us an opportunity to reevaluate the resources. And as a leader, that's what I'm constantly doing. Like, okay, what do we need and where do we need the resources? So when I think about leading with education, I would be looking to put more services and more resources towards education and customer service.  And I imagine you're going to have some of that on the cannabis side. Like people just really want to know what the laws are and where the guardrails are.  And again, that doesn't necessarily need to be a law enforcement personnel doing those duties. And I think from my perspective as a board member, what we're really focused on is creating a culture of compliance. So that starts with education and guidance and understanding. So that all makes sense to me. Ashley, do you have any thoughts? I want to give you an opportunity to raise them now before I put some language up on the board for the subcommittee to consider. I appreciate that. No, I don't have a comment at this time. Thanks. Okay. At this point, you know, we've heard from liquor and lottery. We've heard from Kerry and Dave and their team on retail enforcement. We've heard from Jen about the, you know, advantages, disadvantages throughout all options to bring this in-house at some point down the road. Considering that we don't have the resources right now to do that. But I want to put some language up. This is some language that we've drafted at the cannabis control board that will essentially ask the agency of agriculture, the department of liquor and lottery, to think about resources that would be required, what security and retail compliance means in the cannabis context. And come back to us with a proposal on how this would work and look if we were to partner with their agency. I can find the right import. So I'm going to give everybody an opportunity for a couple of moments to read this, provide recommendations for revisement. If anybody has any questions or comments, don't hesitate to unmute and ask them. I can't see anybody's face with this plugged into my screen. I'll give it about 20 more seconds. If not, I'll take it down and if we have a consensus. Kyle, this is Ingrid. I'm just thinking about what type of training or whether that would be something that the departments would ask for. Would you want them to propose what they would need for training to pull this off or is that a separate conversation? That's a great question. I think we would have to develop some trainings once we kind of understand the lay of the land and our regulations. I'd say as a starting point, recognizing that we've got to get included in our report resources necessary to the legislature before the end of October, that's something that we could likely maneuver on the back end of this conversation. I have a question. Ingrid, when you say training, do you mean training the employees at the respective departments in Canada's control or do you mean training at the retail level? I thought your question was about training agents from DLL or the agency of agriculture on the program itself and how to make sure they're conducting proper inspection and enforcement procedures as they're outlined throughout this program. That's what I'm thinking in terms of state police when we would be tasked with taking on another aspect of enforcement, we would want proper training around that. I think training and that couple of hours to maybe, I don't know, a couple of days, I don't want to box us into an hour limit, but that could be built into the resources that you would think. Again, it's hard for me to conceptualize that because we don't necessarily know what our regulations are going to look like at the moment. I think both agencies could work with the cannabis board to get a better sense of what we mean when it comes to retail compliance in the cannabis space. Maybe you need to be checking cameras where you typically want to be checking cameras in the alcohol and tobacco context or cash management products on a shelf, so on and so forth. There's going to need to be some lines of communication and to the extent that you're able to build any training costs into this, I think that would make sense. Any other questions? Thank you, Inger. That was a good point you raised. Now, this is Dave Cooper. Would you mind putting the full name of the agency there in terms of comma, food and markets up there just for completeness of the name? Sorry about that, Dave. I should have known better. And I think if we have a consensus, and I'm going to pull this down just so I can see everybody, if we have a consensus, I can send this language around and make sure everybody has it. I'm not sure if I need to call a formal vote. Maybe raise your hand if you think this is a prudent direction for the board to go in. Kerry, is that two hands up? Okay. No, it's one. All right, great. So this recommendation is approved from the subcommittee. And we can, I know that this said October X 2021, we can have further conversations. And Kerry and Dave, we can have further conversations as well about what certain things will look like from that perspective. But I wanted to make sure that you had an understanding of what we're hoping to accomplish over the course of the next couple of weeks. We're used to it at this point. So, well, thank you, everybody. I think this gives the board some direction on what to look for in proposals from our strategic partners as it relates to retail enforcement, recognizing that we've got some defining to do on what that means throughout these conversations. So I want to switch gears now. Thank you for that first part of our meeting. I'm glad we were able to get another recommendation checked off the box. I want to pivot to Outdoor Cultivation Security. I sent her on a document that Tom had sent me this morning. I'm hoping that folks had an opportunity to peek at it. But Tom, just in case they haven't, I'm hopeful that you and Mark might be able to give. I know you provided a summary in there, but just to kind of go over your summary, go over your thoughts, go over your 30,000 foot recommendations on security and open it up to the floor for questions. I also want to make sure we give Jen some time to talk about how they did things in Massachusetts. Sure. And this, as much as Mark and I want to take credit for it, this was Ashley Manning's research. And it looks like it boils down to, when you're looking at physical security, when you're looking at the security systems, the components are really the fencing and different states have different fencing requirements. But mostly, Ashley was taking from Colorado. There's good stuff in Alaska and California as well. Fences can be anywhere from six to eight feet. So there's fencing. The other component looks like the camera security of what's required. And then the other kind of physical component looks like lighting. And then in addition to that, some of the regulations that Ashley cited go on to other different facets that we've included in our initial draft, like cash management. But those are the main components, Mark, if you want to jump in if I'm missing anything. Yeah, I don't think you mentioned alarm systems. Sorry, yeah, alarm systems, right? I mean, these are kind of obvious security kinds of things. But, you know, and then the cultivator's got to be able to demonstrate to any inspector the layout of the security system and security zones and that sort of thing. So it's a lot of good examples in here if you have time to check it out. Yeah, and some of them are detailed enough where they're talking about what's required as far as where the cameras are actually supposed to have coverage, you know, the particular gates, the entryways. And some of them are also detailed enough to talk about. It's not just security from necessarily people, but also, you know, potentially wildlife and other things that can affect the crop. Anybody have any opening thoughts after looking at this document? Well, Jen, why don't we go to you and kind of get an overview on how you did it in Massachusetts, what's generally required? Carrie, I'd also like to hear about if there's any outdoor security around the HEMP program and what we're used to in Vermont from that perspective. But Jen, if you wouldn't mind giving us that overview, it would be great. I think one of the other things to include too is that in some states, any outdoor cannabis cultivation is considered a limited access area, which means that there are very few people that get to actually go on to the property inside the gated area. And that limits the exposure that it would have to people who don't need to be there, especially if you have cultivation and dispensaries on site or if you have cultivation and manufacturing. So having the limited access limits the number of key cards, key codes, any type of lock system that you have with the number of people. But in Massachusetts, really what Tom alluded to is what we did. I mean, you have to have fencing. You have to have the security cameras. Security cameras have to have 90 days of footage that can be requested and that can be given to the commission or law enforcement or anyone who needs that information. Really making sure that the area is secure. One of the biggest things we did is that it cannot be seen from the street. Like it cannot just be out in the open. And by that, I mean, if you can see the plant, then it means it's out in the open. So if you have these fences that are there, if it's hidden from the public, then for us that was good enough. The other thing too is what we did, and I think a lot of other states have done as well. I'm not going to claim credit for it, but if you can't adhere to the security requirements that the Cannabis Control Commission requires, present an alternative, which then can be reviewed by the police chief or can be reviewed by someone else to ensure that the same standards are met, although in a different way. So you may want to consider something like that going forward. But outdoor cultivation is really pretty standard. I mean, there's not a lot of diversity in the types of security systems. Some states had a 20-foot radius that the camera has to see. Massachusetts, we said that it has to see people coming and going. You have to be able to have a still photograph taken from the video and given to law enforcement that they needed or given to the Cannabis Control Commission if needed. So it is pretty standard. The one thing that we understood in Massachusetts is that there were going to be small grows, there were going to be larger grows. And we just wanted to make sure that the product was secure because in the end, like I said the last time that I was in your committee meeting, you have to weigh the product at the end. So the scraps versus the part of the plant you're going to use all have to be reconciled at the end of the day. And so that was an important thing for us and for our inspectors to have in the regulations. Any questions for Jen before Kari gives a... I have a couple of questions that I'm going to say for general conversation starters. But if there's no specific questions for Jen yet, we can go to Kari. All right, Kari. So Kyle, in the hemp program, there are no specific requirements for any sort of security, but that's not to say that there isn't any. The growers have decided we have eight-foot chain link fences, we have hemp standing in an open field right next to the road. We have some with security cameras and in fact also some with hired guards. So it's run the gamut. It's run the gamut. None of that is a state requirement. It's all been at the producer's discretion. And I think since we have Ashley here, it's worth sort of hearing what security that you have in place for insurance purposes. Yeah, just what you guys have written down for alarm system, every part of the building, all the windows, every entrance, security cameras, lighting all day long, but we're not cultivating in this facility. And that was all deemed from our insurance agent, not from, like Kari said, from the state. So we needed to ensure the whole property. And even that, it's just people on the property, incidentals, workmen's comp, but none of our actual raw materials are insured. So we have many different chains of security, different lock doors. So it's not just you get in the facility and then you can get access to the rest of the product. There's many other locked rooms and coolers that all those things fit in that we had to be certified by our insurance company and agent to look at the facility. Yeah. It presents an interesting dialogue that we need to have, Kyle. And that's the standard for the home grower is basically an out of sight, out of mind, right? You can have your six plans in your backyard as long as it's not visible from the street. Sort of where do we draw the line for commercial enterprise? Is it a dialogue? I think that needs to go through this process. Thanks, Kari. And so yeah, this all kind of leads into my just general questions for everybody who's listening here. Recognizing that license holders are going to have an extremely vested interest in security without necessarily strict regulations. They're going to, as Ashley kind of alluded to, all the measures that she needed just for the sake of her products but also for insurance. How prescriptive do we need to be as the cannabis control board in the ways that we look at security from an outdoor cultivation context? And in what ways are the typical ways that other states have done things, using security cameras, fences, and everything else, lighting that's been mentioned, what ways is it duplicative? I'm thinking about costs to especially our small cultivators and these 1,000 square foot canopies and the 3,000 square foot canopies, and it seems like a lot of chain link fence to me, the higher up you go. Jen, I don't know if this is a question for you necessarily, but I'd love your perspective. Is all of it necessary to achieve a culture of compliance through security? Or is there ways that we can be less prescriptive as a board recognizing that folks will have an interest in making sure that these are locked quote unquote facilities? I think the board has to determine what level of security they want across the industry. So of course everyone's going to have an interest in security, but does that meet the level of obligation that the board feels is necessary for an outdoor grow given the fact that it'll be accessible to people. You sort of have to think of both sides of people that want to do business the right way and the people that know how to get around and find loopholes. I think what Massachusetts did, and we had a really big conversation of we wanted to come from a compliance and enforcement standpoint. If you want to participate in the cannabis industry, you're going to have to adhere to what our regulations are. And that's why when we spell out the requirements, we also gave that alternative that if you couldn't fulfill those requirements at that level, what's your alternative? And tell us what your plan is. Because at the end of the day, our enforcement team needs to know what their plan is so when any inspections are done, when they're seeing cameras or monitoring systems or if you don't have barbed wire on top of the fence or a higher fence or things like that, that the enforcement team knows that so they're not found deficient according to the regulations. Ingrid? Ingrid, you muted. Look, that's going to be on the t-shirt after. After we're done doing zoom-mutes. I try really hard not to do that. Anyway, just coming to mind as we're talking, I'd be curious what other states were documenting in terms of the type of thefts. So obviously we don't want youth to be having easy access or it would be overly tempted to steal this kind of thing. I just would be curious to learn from the states ahead of us. Because I agree with you, Kyle. It should be inherent in the process that folks who are growing are not going to want to be having this stuff misuse or was handled or stolen or whatever the right term is. But can we learn from states ahead of us what's the right balance of security that doesn't cost too much for people but is also reasonable for what we know as folks who want to take advantage of vulnerable systems? Just my two cents. Anybody have any thoughts? I don't know, Jen. Did you guys have any outdoor compliance issues while you were on the board? Well, our outdoor growth started later because we had some issues in the beginning. But as far as I know, with our security requirements, no, there haven't been a lot. I mean, I think it's more of, was the company compliant according to the regs? Did they do what they want? Was the camera on? Was the lock locked? You know, you have your everyday things that can happen. We're not talking major thefts that happen to plants that are being uprooted and taken. But I really think that because we also, we have the micro grows and we have the craft cooperatives, right? We have the little of the little guys that want to participate in this. And that's why we say the alternative is because, you know, as I understand, you know, the district that I used to represent in the Senate had farming in it. It had a lot of small businesses. I understand the cost. But at the end of the day, as a regulator, I also stood understood that we needed to protect the plant itself and protect the public and protect the, you know, diversion and protect a whole line of things that if there's a problem with purchasing a fence that's eight feet tall, then what else, what other problems could there possibly be down the line? Because I mean, don't forget, we also have pesticide testings and we have compliance that they have to follow environmentally. So all of these things happen at the same time. They're not, they're not separate from each other. Yeah, no, I understand how, I understand how that works. If somebody can't afford one thing, what does it mean for the rest of your ability to be in good faith and compliance, you know, so Dave and then Tom. Thank you, Kyle. Just this question that you said during your presentation last time we were stuck with me, which was a similar mindset to what I have, which is your looks here, what other states have done and learned from their failures. When you chose your security measures, more Massachusetts, what did the other states specifically tell you was overkill? What didn't work? What realistically was happening on learning security because it turned out that it was just, it just was not realistic that this was going to happen. What is, or what is not going to happen? I mean, overkill or do these scenarios really happen? So in 2017, when myself and the other commissioners were talking to other states, they really gave us a balance, the most part of balanced area, answer of, listen, if you have a fence that's six feet with a foot of barbed wire over it, or if you have an eight foot fence and you haven't locked or you have a code, those types of things are very basic. One of the things that I didn't think of, I should have thought of, given where I live, is that animals can also get to the plant. You don't want animals getting into your crop, depending on where it's located. And so the type of fencing they use prevented animals from getting at the crop. There's really been no major reports that I've known of that major thefts have happened. It's more of, if you have a security camera and there's a monitoring company or you have footage 24 hours a day available or making sure that if your alarm goes off, can they get a message to the staff that's responsible for that crop at night? Things like that. It really wasn't overkill. And I think that's what the provision of if you can't do this, tell us what you want to do, what happened so that we gave people an opportunity to say to us, all right, I can't do the camera plus the monitoring system, plus the fence, plus the locks, plus whatever. And I don't think it's been used as much. I think people using fences, cameras, and lights have just worked. And it works in general businesses. And, you know, keeping in mind, again, part of the reason why you're keeping also the crop contained is that it's federally illegal. I mean, people can't just come and take these plants and then have a large amount of product on them. So we always, and don't forget at the time, well, you would know at the time, we had a U.S. Attorney General saying we were coming after everybody.  We're going after everybody. So we had that sort of in our minds as we were crafting our regulations. Tom. Thanks, Carl. I think just taking a step back, your question kind of applies to everything we're doing on the committee. It's, you know, are we over-regulating and causing too much cost for cultivators or small cultivators? And, you know, it struck me when Mark and I spoke with the Vermont League of Cities and Towns, one of the things they said, which was a little surprising, is, okay, we understand, you know, what the board is doing, just kind of show us the way. And then I thought I heard kind of a similar theme when Wendy was talking, you know, if you want education, show us the way. So I mean, Tim, I don't want to put you on the spot, but there's two kind of counter-vailing theories that I hear from these subcommittees, which is, one, Kyle's concern, which is, I think, all of our concern. Yeah, are we doing too much here? Can people just do it on their own? Or how much guidance do you need? And those two are kind of at odds. And I think everyone knows, yeah, the more we regulate, the more cost it's going to have for the participants in this industry. But it's an interesting dynamic. It's not just in this committee. It's in everyone. So I don't know if you have any comments on that, Tim.  I mean, imagine that every police call in a town like Brattleboro is going to go to the Brattleboro police if a theft occurs. That's work that town taxpayers are doing to support that operation. So you have to have this framework coming down from the state level in the way Vermont is designed. If you don't, then you'll have towns mostly not dealing with it at all, or towns dealing with it in varying wildly different ways, which would not be a good way to go for the marketplace. Thanks, Tim. I would say don't create an unfunded mandate either. That gets to the fees side of things, which I know I have opinions on that. I think one of the things that's important to note is that the board has to decide in and of itself what their minimum standard is going to be and go from there. The subcommittees, the advisory committees, everyone can advise the board on what they want, but each commissioner, each cannabis commissioner has to decide what level, what minimum level they're going to be comfortable with. To Tim's point, someone's going to pay. So if you have a more secure, you have a part of town that's not usually patrolled by the police and now you have a cultivation come in, is that police department going to have to now patrol that area more, or is the security system in place with cameras enough to say, well, if something happens, then we'll go there. We're not talking major thefts. We're not talking people coming in ripping out these plants and walking away and walking down the street. You're talking about making sure, and the business owner will probably want to make sure their products are secure because that's how they're going to make their money, right? They're going to either wholesale or what they're going to do with it. You have to decide what the minimum standard is going to be and go from there. So I understand what the overkill question would be, but at the end of the day, this is going to be a standard operating business for any other business in your community, but it's got to be fenced in. Thanks, Jen. Ashley, I saw your hand was up. Do you still have a question? I'm just curious in Massachusetts, are any of those outdoor cultivators ensuring their land or they ensuring everything that's fenced in or is that it's their own, that's the jurisdiction? It depends on where it is because don't forget, we're growing on any part of your land that has a federal loan attached to it. And so depending on how big your farm is or what part of it you're going to put it on or how big it's going to be or if it's staying alone, they all have to have a minimum insurance requirement. And so what the insurance company will tell them is this is what we want you to have, but there's a minimum standard that they also have to adhere to with commission. And did you consult any of those insurance companies prior to setting those minimum regulations? I did. No. One of the other commissioners could have. Okay. Don't forget, we weren't allowed to collaborate and talk. We weren't given that, we couldn't do that under the open meeting law. I can appreciate that. So we had to divide up our responsibilities and then come to the public meetings and say this is what we suggest. Jen, I just have another question for you and I'm thinking through this, you need to follow these regulations or come to us with an alternative. And I'm just curious if we can dig into that a little bit. And I know you said people didn't necessarily even go that route, what, nine times out of 10. I'm putting words in your mouth, but that's what it sounded like. So from an alternative perspective, was it more about, hey, we can meet X, Y, but we can't do Z too? Or were they getting creative in a sense of, oh my, and I'm thinking about this in the Vermont context, where we're a really rural state. You might be able to use natural barriers, something like that. Put this away from a heavily traveled road, so on and so forth, where fencing might not necessarily be at the forefront of somebody's mind when it comes to a cultivation site. I'm just curious if, and maybe you don't have a good answer, but from an alternative perspective, what were some of those alternatives that the board or the commission allowed to move forward? If there was anything other than just, I could meet two of the three, but not all three. Well, there was a way to say, if I do the fencing and I do the code and I have the camera, those are the basics. There wasn't a lot that I saw where people were coming in to try to alter that at all. And it could be because cultivation really didn't start until later after the commission. Because I mean, don't forget it's 2021, our first door opened in 2018. So between 2019 and 2020, they started opening, which they would just be going up for renewals now, but the new commissioners. So I didn't see any of the alternatives because the people, the outdoor cultivators weren't up and running yet. And we really, we didn't see a lot of alternatives because again, the basics was cameras monitoring systems and keys. I mean, we're not asking them to build, you know, concrete walls around this thing. It's just to make sure that it's actually secured in an area that's away from the street or the public view. Did you guys use like, like chain link fence with like a certain, certain, I'm going to use terrible terminology when it comes to this, but like, you know, with a certain degree of strength, I don't know, or like, you know, chicken wire for more pest control, so on and so forth. Did anybody kind of come in and alter what, what, how was fencing defined when it, when it comes to the regulatory definition of fencing? Or did you allow folks flexibility to determine that on their own? No, we have, we have language. I'm just finding it. We have language as the most states of the type of fencing that has to be required to, that could be an alternative that you allow in Vermont. To my knowledge, we haven't been asked to alter those yet. We haven't been asked. I mean, people just put up a pretty standard commercial type fence. And it has to be a commercial lock if they're using a key or it has to be a key code of some type. But those types of things were all spelled out in our regs. But we even go to the extent that we said that this can't be viewed from without using like binoculars or drones. I mean, we were that specific in our regulations in Massachusetts. Thanks, Jen. Tom. Just wanted to see if we, anyone in the room could follow the comment. Thanks. I asked once and nobody took the bait. Ask again now. Good. I think we're good. Kyle, I just wanted to express the comments about having to call the local police or state police puts this discussion at a different context for me. That's something I hadn't thought about. Very true. The strain on the, on the local folks, law enforcement in particular, when a theft does occur. That's not, you know, we have people stealing sweet corn or ham or apples all the time. And I was just sort of thinking of this as an agricultural commodity, but it is of higher value and all of those things do generate a call to the local authorities. And I just, Tim, it's valuable to have you here just so I can hear that perspective and think about it a little differently. I was thinking along the same lines when Tim was speaking about that coming from Elmore, where we're already employing state police because we don't have a police department here. And we're only allotted 20 hours of time in a month to control our town. And I remember when the Elmore store was, was the respect at the Elmore store and it took forever for the police to even get there and, you know, there was an active danger happening there and it's just really hard to get people out this way. And to your point too, Kyle about just rural Vermont, there's so many places that are in the same boat as Elmore. So just kind of getting the wheels of motion of what we're thinking along those lines for increasing that or decreasing that or, you know, it's going to be neighborhood patrol or our fence is really going to do it. Thanks Ashley. Yeah. And I guess that was sort of the spirit of my comment earlier really because from a state police standpoint, it would be frustrating to investigate that type, you know, thefts of any type when the security systems were not adequate to begin with. And it's just enormously frustrating to not be able to have material to work with. Just adding that. Thanks. I agree. I mean, the one thing that's uncomfortable is that you're all in positions now where you want to think people are going to do the right thing, but have to prepare that doesn't happen. And that's just a very difficult way to think about your neighbors and your communities and the people that, you know, come and go from your state. But the reality is that you need to your recommendations will help the board prepare themselves for if something goes wrong. So your inspector goes in there to inspect and has this checklist and it doesn't meet the checklist. Then what happens? You know, you're going to have businesses that are fine. You're going to have businesses that have deficiencies levied against them. And what that means in Vermont could be different than Massachusetts, but you're in a tough position because you have to sort of think of both sides of this issue. It's just not comfortable. Thank you. I know you got, I just wanted to add really quickly here before we go and I know that you spoke Kyle and the whole board spoke with folks from, you know, the illicit market and so forth. But, you know, lighting, having lighting, I read a lot about that in the article you provided, which I was really helpful for other states. But like lights do deter theft, but the plants don't want to be lit at night. And so I'm just curious like what people do in Massachusetts to prevent that ambient light from getting on the plants. You can have censored lighting that if there was a motion censored, that if they sensed a person or they sense something that wasn't supposed to be there, then the light would go on for whatever amount of time come back off again. And there's nothing to say that the light has to directly go on to the plant.  You know, the lighting has, in Massachusetts, the lighting has to be enough that you can see the person on the camera. So if you're going to do it straight out and it comes down, you're not necessarily going to have all that lighting on the plant for the 10 seconds it's on or 20 seconds that it's on. And you can also, you know, it's the thing that think about softball fields and things like you can position the lighting different ways that it still lights up what it has to light up, and it doesn't, doesn't hurt or it doesn't affect other things. So I know the plants are sensitive, but I think a lot of them would do motion censored or if not, I think the cameras are getting so technologically advanced that they can see sort of in the dark, depending on where you are in the night or whatever. So there's, there's those options. Yeah. The light is stressed on the perimeter areas in most of the rigs. Well, thanks everybody. I think this has been a very productive and thought provoking meeting. I'd like to pick this conversation back up on Monday. I might be in touch with some of you to help help start drafting recommendations for the subcommittee as it relates to, I see a couple of major bullet points that are common practice and other jurisdictions for the board to consider when looking at outdoor cultivation security. And I think we could probably start moving into indoor cultivation security. Tom, I view that as different than retail security. If, if, if Ashley, I think of actually manning more, more work, but if he's willing to run the same kind of analysis for, for indoor cultivation, that would be fantastic and really help guide our conversation on Monday. But start thinking, keep thinking about outdoor cultivation. Where's the right line to be prescriptive? And yeah, I'll be in touch just with some folks. I want to make sure the, if we're going to enter into an MOU with the Agency of Agriculture on outdoor cultivation enforcement. I think it's, it's wise that, that I reach out to Kerry and Dave to kind of gauge their overview thoughts. So we're not being, so, so we're working in, in all the same direction. So I might be making that connection. Tom, more broadly speaking, if you would help me scope out the various different sub-bullets of this word security and how we can start mapping out the next couple meetings to be productive, that would be fantastic. All right, thanks everybody, 301. Much appreciated. Good day.


Show me the money showdown how this is going to go. There's gonna be three rounds There's I believe eight or nine questions for each round the first round 100 points second round 200 points third round 300 points Everybody ready to go what type of financial goal can be accomplished in three months to one year short term intermediate or long term? Incorrect Incorrect For another hundred points named three sources of income Okay, there's one Two scholarships. Yes. Yes. Yes. I will go with yes This is worth 500 points. You need to use your boards. Don't use your buttons. What four taxes are deducted from a payroll check Everybody show your boards state federal social security Medicare. That is correct. Salt and pepper gets 500 points What type of expense is a car payment? Red team Very good 200 points. Here's the last 500 point question when your goal setting. What does the acronym smart stand for? I'm going to give you 400 points for that so a 2700 points our spenders at 1600 and salt and pepper at 1700


to introduce Trey Hanna. Trey hails from San Diego and he works as a Python and Django trainer, helping companies onboard new hires and improve their skills through exercise-driven team training. He also runs a weekly video chat about Python. I believe one this weekend might be coming up as well. And on top of this is a director of the PSF. We are very lucky to have him here today to help us unravel some of the complexities of Python's iterables and to help us how to loop better. Please welcome him to the stage. Thanks, Andrew. So I would like to go on a journey with you all through the land of iterables and iterators. There will be a lot of code on my slides. So this is a warning before the talk. I'm going to move very quickly.   So you can review them on your own afterward. Some of my slides are also assuming you are using Python 3. Who is using Python 3 primarily at this point? Okay. Who is not yet using Python 3 primarily at this point? Okay. So that was most of you actually using Python 3 at this point. So for those of you not using Python 3 yet, I don't know. Upgrade. Sorry. I'm going to introduce myself before we go anywhere. So Andrew already said most of these things. My name is Trey. I help Python and Django teams on board new teammates and turn frontend developers into full stack Django developers. I also host a live webcast every week on Python related topics, usually Saturday mornings at 9 a.m. Pacific time. Tomorrow I will be hosting one here for attendees of this event to share with me their experience so that the many folks, most of the Python developers who are not in this room with us, understand what this event was about and what it was like. I'm also one of the co-organizers of my local Python Meetup in San Diego and I've helped organize a few Django girls workshops in Southern California and I'm one of the directors at the Python software foundation. Okay. So that's enough about me. Let's talk about looping. I would like to start by taking a look at a few head scratchers here. Now we're going to be revisiting these at the end of the talk. I don't expect you to remember these. I just want you to note that there are a few confusing things in Python that involve looping that we will have resolutions for by the end of this talk. Numbers here is a list. Squares is a generator. This generator will give us the squares of each of those numbers in that list. If we pass this generator to the tuple constructor, it will make a tuple out of those squares. And if we pass this generator to the sum function, we'll get the sum of these squares. Except we get zero. We expected a much bigger number than zero. So this is a little bit odd. We're going to have a resolution for that at the end. Another example. If we take that same generator and we ask whether nine is in this square's generator, Python will tell us that is true. Nine is in this generator and is the square of three. If we ask Python the same question again, this time it tells us false. Nine is not in this generator. We asked Python the same question two times. It gave us two different answers. That's a little bit weird, too. All right. One more example. This dictionary has two key value pairs. If we try to unpack this dictionary into two variables, you might guess here that we would get an error, that this doesn't make any sense. Python does actually allow us to unpack this dictionary, though. This is valid Python code. So that's a little bit weird, but we're going to run with this. So at this point, you might guess that x and y are maybe key value pairs, tuples of key value pairs for this dictionary. They are not. They're keys. So we're going to talk about what's going on here, and we'll revisit those three examples at the end of this talk. Okay. So we're going to explain those three problems that we just saw at the end of this talk. I'd like to do a little bit of review at this point. I'd like to review specifically loops, iterables, and sequences, and how they work in Python. This is not Python code. This is the only bit of code on my slide that is not Python code. This is JavaScript code. This is a traditional C-style for loop written in JavaScript. In this loop, we are starting with i, the variable i set to zero. We check whether i is less than the length of numbers, which is an array, like a Python list, and we loop. We print out the index that we're at there, and then we increment i by 1 each time that we loop. Once this condition, i is less than the length of numbers is no longer true, we will stop looping. So we end up printing out all the numbers in this array. So this is a for loop in JavaScript. Python does not have for loops, at least not for loops like this. Python does not have JavaScript's style of for loop. The style of for loop that we have in C, JavaScript, and many other programming languages. We do have something in Python that we call a for loop. It is a for in loop, and most programming languages call that a for each loop. If you look up for each, all one word in Wikipedia, you will find Python's for loop. So this is Python's for loop. In this for loop, we're looping over each item in our list and printing those items out. Notice that Python's for loop doesn't have any index variables. There's no index lookups. There's no checking the length of an array, index incrementing. There's no indexes at all. Python's for loops magically do all that work for us under the hood. So Python doesn't have traditional C style for loops. We do have something that we call a for loop, but it works very differently. Okay, so that's for loops in Python. A little bit of review there. If you can loop over something with a for loop in Python, it is an iterable, and if something is an iterable, you can loop over it with a for loop. So if you're not sure what that word iterable means, it is something that you are able to iterate over. Iterables can be looped over, and anything that can be looped over is an iterable. Sequences are a very common type of iterable. Lists are sequences, tuples are sequences, and strings are sequences. Sequences are iterables which can be indexed starting from zero and ending at one less than the length of the sequence. Lists, tuples, strings, all sequences can be indexed this way. So iterables are anything that can be iterated over. Sequences are one type of iterable that has some extra functionality here, and we see sequences all over in Python. Lots of things in Python are iterables. Many things in Python are sequences. Many things in Python are not sequences, though. Sets are iterables. Dictionaries are iterables. Files are iterables. Generators, which we saw earlier, those are also iterables. There are even infinitely long iterables. Count in the iter tools modules and infinitely long iterable. None of these iterables here are sequences. You cannot index these things the way that you can with lists, strings, or tuples. Okay. So Python doesn't have traditional for loops. We do have something we call a for loop, though. It works differently than for loops do and see JavaScript, many other programming languages. Anything that can be looped over with a for loop in Python is an iterable. Sequences are just one type of iterable, but there are many other types of iterables. So we are done with review at this point. Hopefully you learned something new here, maybe, as well. We have talked about for loops. We have talked about how Python's for loops are somewhat magical. They do not work like for loops in other programming languages. There are no indexes. We are going to talk about how for loops actually work in Python. But before we do that, let's try to loop over an iterable, any arbitrary iterable, not necessarily a sequence, without using a for loop at all. So you might think that under the hood, Python's for loops use indexes. Here we are manually looping over an iterable using a while loop and indexes. This works for lists, but it won't work for everything. This way of looping actually only works for sequences. This will not work for all iterables. For example, this doesn't work for sets. If we try to manually loop over a set using indexes, we will get an error. Sets are not sequences. They do not support indexing. So at this point, we could try to convert this set to a list and loop over it manually using indexes after we've converted to a list. That would be kind of cheating, though, and that wouldn't work for infinitely long iterables. If you try to convert an infinitely long iterable to a list, your RAM is going to fill up. Your computer is going to be unhappy. You can't loop over that. So we can assume that Python's for loops don't use indexes under the hood. So what do Python's for loops use under the hood for looping over any iterable, if not indexes? Under the hood, Python's for loops rely on something called an iterator. Iterators are the thing that powers all for loops in Python and all looping in Python, in fact. You can get an iterator from any iterable in Python, and you can use an iterator to manually loop over any iterable. Okay, let's take a look at how that works. So we have three iterables here, a list, a tuple, and a string. We can ask each of these for an iterator using Python's built-in iter function. This is built straight into Python. Passing an iterable to the iter function will always give us back an iterator, no matter what type of iterable it is that we're working with. Lists, strings, tuples, sets, any type of iterable in Python we can get an iterator from. And every iterable in Python will provide us with an iterator if we pass it to the built-in iter function. This is the way we get an iterator from any iterable in Python. Okay, once we've got an iterator, there is only one thing we can do with it. Get the next item from it. We can use Python's built-in next function to get the next item from any iterator. And if we ask an iterator for its next item and there are no more items left, you'll get a stop iteration exception. So you can get an iterator from every iterable in Python, and the only thing that you can do with those iterators is to ask them for their next item. And if they don't have a next item, you'll get an exception. So you can think of iterators as kind of like one-directional tally counters. They're kind of like one-directional tally counters, except that they don't have a reset button. They keep track of where they are as you ask them for their next item, but they can only go in one direction and they cannot be reset. They're one-directional tally counters without a reset button. This is what an iterator is in Python. You can also think of iterators as like Hello Kitty Pez dispensers. They're like Hello Kitty Pez dispensers that cannot be reloaded. Once you take up Pez out, it is gone forever. So iterators are like Hello Kitty Pez dispensers. You can take Pez out only in order. Once they are empty, they are useless. You have to dispose of them at that point. Okay, we know about iterators now. We've at least seen a little bit about iterators. We're going to try to now manually loop over an iterable, not using indexes this time, but using iterators. So we're going to turn this for loop into a while loop, the same way we did before. This time we're not going to use indexes, though. We are going to use to grab an iterator from our iterable, and we are going to repeatedly call next on it to get the next item from it to loop over that iterable. All right, so that's what we're going to do here. This function, we now have a while loop. In order to manually loop over our iterable, we need to get an iterator from it. Once we have that iterator, we can repeatedly loop and get the next item from the iterator each time that we loop. Once we have that next item, we can execute whatever the body of our for loop was supposed to do, in this case, action to do item. And if we get a stop iteration exception while we're asking for that next item, we know that it's time to stop looping at this point. We have just reinvented a for loop using a while loop in Python. This is essentially how for loops work under the hood in Python. All looping in Python, not just for loops, all looping in Python actually works this way. So the iterator protocol, the iterator protocol is a very fancy sounding way of saying how for loops work in Python. It's essentially the definition of the way iter and next work. So the thing that we just saw in that last slide, that is essentially a definition of the iterator protocol for the most part there. It is the thing that powers all forms of iteration, not just for loops. For loops use it. Multiple assignment also uses it though. The iterator protocol is also used by star expressions and it's used by many built-in functions in Python, many third-party libraries, many standard library functions. Anything in Python that works with an iterable in some way probably relies on the iterator protocol. And if you were looping over something, the iterator protocol has to get involved. Okay, so you might be thinking at this point, iterators seem cool but they also just seem like an implementation detail that you might not need to care about as users of Python. Who is a Python core developer? Okay, I see a hand. There might be more but it's a little bright up here. Most of us are not Python core developers. So why do we care about these iterators? Why does it matter? So I have news for you. You have seen iterators before. You actually saw an iterator before I mentioned the word iterator in this talk. This is a generator. This generator object is an iterator. It is an iterator and one thing we know we can do with iterators is call next on them. You can call next on an iterator to get the next item from it. So generators are iterators. Okay, if you've used a generator before, you know that there's something else that you can do with them. What else can you do with generators? You can loop over them. If you can loop over something in Python, what type of thing is that? It's an iterable. So generators are iterators. We can call next on them but generators are iterables meaning we can loop over them. So generators are iterators. Generators are iterables. What is going on here? How can they be both iterators and iterables? So I haven't quite been telling you the truth, at least not the whole truth yet. There's something important that I've neglected to mention about the way iterators work in Python. This is fundamental to the way all iterators work. Iterators are also iterables. Iterators are also iterables. So what this means is that we can get an iterator from an iterator using the built-in iter function. So we can call iter on an iterator to ask it for an iterator and when we do that it will give us itself back. Iterators are iterables and their iterator is themselves. Iterators are their own iterators. Who is confused at this point? Yeah, so this is a little bit confusing. It's difficult to make this not confusing, which is why I didn't mention it before, but this is also important. So this fact that I've neglected to mention so far, that iterators are also iterables. This is the last part of Python's iterator protocol. It's the last part of the iterator protocol I didn't mention before. If you ask an iterable for an iterator and it gives you itself back, then it must be an iterator. All iterators are iterables and all iterators are their own iterators. Who wants me to say iterator and iterable a few more times? So the similarity between these two words makes this talk really confusing. Iterables are something that you can loop over. Iterators are the thing that helps you loop over an iterable. It just so happens that in Python iterators are also all iterables, meaning you can loop over any iterator. So if you have an iterator, it's handy that you can manually use that to loop to get the next item, but you can also loop over it. You can treat it as an iterable as well. Okay, let's talk about why this matters. So iterators are iterables, but they have no idea how many items that they contain. They do not have a length. They also can't be indexed. The only thing that you can do with iterators is get the next item from them, as I told you before, and as you now know, you can also loop over them. And if we loop over an iterator a second time, we will get nothing back. So you can think of iterators as like lazy iterables that can only be looped over one time. Iterators are lazy iterables that can be looped over one time only and then they're done. So some quick review. Iterables are not necessarily iterators, but iterators are always iterables. For example, generators are iterators, meaning they're also iterables. Lists are not iterators. Iterables are not always iterators, but iterators are always iterables. I don't think I've messed up and mixed these two words up yet in this talk. If I have, I'll find out in the video afterward. So this is still a little bit confusing and I haven't really answered the question of why we really care about any of this. Let's get back to that. So there are some really good reasons for understanding the iterator protocol on Python.  Iterators allow us to both work with and create lazy iterables that don't do any work at all until we get the next item from them. They allow you to delay code execution. Because we can create lazy iterables, we can even make infinitely long iterables. So they really allow us some interesting functionality with iterables in Python. And we can even create iterables that specifically conserve system resources. We can save on memory, we can save on time depending on the way we use these lazy iterables. You have already seen lots of iterators in Python. You've already worked with lots of iterators in Python. I've already mentioned that generators are iterators. Even if you haven't used generators before, you've probably used enumerate objects. Enumerate objects are iterators. Well, in Python 3 at least. Zip objects are also iterators. Files are iterators. There are a lot of iterators built into Python, especially in Python 3.  They all have the same weird functionality that iterators have. They don't do any work at all until you start looping over them. They perform work as you loop.  So this class here makes an iterator that accepts an iterable of numbers and squares each of those numbers, but it doesn't do any of that squaring. It doesn't do any work at all until we start looping over it. So the double underscore next, double underscore iter, I'm not going to talk about how that works, but that is how the iterator protocol works under the hood on classes. Usually when you make your own iterator, though, you don't make a class. You make a generator function. Generator functions are a special syntax for making the iterator. If you haven't made a generator before or a generator function that yield probably seems magical and weird, it is magical and weird, but it is also very powerful. So yield allows us to put our generator on pause in between next calls. When you call next on an iterator, that yield is where it stops. We could implement this a third way. We could also use a generator expression. This generator expression is equivalent to that generator, equivalent to that iterator, but it uses a list comprehension like syntax here.  Okay, let's look at some examples of this.  This is a for loop. This for loop sums up all billable hours in a Django query set. You don't need to understand the specifics of it, but I want you to compare it with the same code that uses a generator expression. So we're using a generator expression here for lazy evaluation. These two blocks of code do the same thing. Notice that the structure of the code is pretty fundamentally different though. We're able to use a sum function in that second example because we have a lazy iterable to work with, whereas we don't have any lazy iterable at all in that first example. Iterators allow you to fundamentally change the way that you structure your code, often for the better. Okay, so this code prints out the first 10 lines of a log file. This code does the same thing, but is using an iterator. That first 10 lines thing is an iterator. So iter tools in the standard library is a handy module for doing a whole bunch of stuff with iterators and iterables. This iterator, first 10 lines, allowed us to name something that didn't even have a name before. We had no first 10 lines variable. Our code now has an extra variable that makes it more descriptive. We didn't have first 10 lines before. Now we know when we look at this code, we are looping over just the first 10 lines of this file. Also, we got rid of that break statement and break statements are kind of ugly. So iterators and generators allow you to restructure your code often for the better. One more example here. This code makes a list of differences between consecutive values in a sequence. Notice that there's an extra variable we've got in this code that's kind of hanging around outside of a function and inside of a function. We have to assign to that previous variable every time we loop. This code does the same thing using a made up generator function that you'll just have to trust me exists. Someone wrote it. It's in some library and you can import it and use it. Notice that we don't have an awkward variable assignment here. We don't have a previous equals hanging out in our for loop. The generator function with previous does that work for us. It gives us two values at the same time. Okay, if you're curious how that generator function could be written, here's one possible implementation. I'm not going to talk about how this works. You can look at my slides afterwards. I do want you to note that we are actually reaching into the iterator protocol here. We're manually getting an iterator, manually looping over it with next for good reason because this works not just with lists, not just with sequences, but with files, with enumerated objects, with generators, with any lazy iterable you might imagine. Okay, so at this point we are ready to jump back to those odd examples that we saw at the beginning of this talk. We have a generator object, squares. If we pass this generator to the tuple constructor, you'll get a tuple of its items back. If we then try to compute the sum of these numbers as we saw before, we get zero. This generator is now empty. We've exhausted it. If we try to make a tuple out of it again, we'll get an empty tuple. Generators are iterators and recall that iterators are like Hello Kitty Pez dispensers that cannot be reloaded. Once we run out of Pez, our dispenser is forever empty. If we ask this generator whether nine is in it, it will tell us true. If we ask the same question again, it will tell us false. When we ask whether nine is in this generator, Python has to loop over the generator to find the number nine. If we kept looping over it at this point, we would get all of the items after nine. Asking whether something is contained in an iterator or in a generator, because remember generators are iterators, asking whether something is contained in it will partially consume it. Iterators and generators are like one directional tally counters without a reset button. There is no way to know whether something is in an iterator without starting to loop over it. When you loop over dictionaries, you get keys. Looping relies on the iterator protocol. Iterable unpacking also relies on the iterator protocol. These do the same thing under the hood. Unpacking a dictionary is really the same thing as looping over it. So we get keys in both cases. This isn't unexpected behavior now that we know that's how looping works with dictionaries, and we know the iterator protocol works the same way for all types of looping. Okay, so I'd like you to remember, iterators are the most rudimentary form of iterables in Python. Sequences are iterables, but not all iterables are sequences. You can't index all iterables. And when someone says the word iterable, you can only assume that they mean something that you can iterate over, and that's it. Don't assume that your iterables have more features than just iteration. Also, if you need to make your own lazy iterable, think of iterators and consider making a generator function or a generator expression. And finally, I'd like you to remember that every single type of iteration in Python relies on the iterator protocol. So understanding the iterator protocol is key to understanding quite a bit of weird and not so weird looping behavior in Python. Okay, that's all I got for you.  I guess you can try to click on them here on the screen. You can click on them if you find my slides on Twitter afterwards. I don't have time for questions. I'd like to answer questions in the hallway, you know, afterward maybe. Thank you.


This is green fluorescent protein. You can probably imagine why I'm showing it to you It has a helix in the middle surrounded by a beta barrel This protein is interesting because it is a natural Compound that gives rise to fluorescence meaning that if we radiate it with one type of light it tends to well it emits Green light. That's why it's called green fluorescent protein if you didn't catch it Not only that by changing certain groups amino acids here and everything we can make this fluoresce in a bunch of different colors essentially by changing small groups Apart from the fact that it's fun to play with color. This has been a remarkable discovery in science This is used in a ton of biochemistry Experiments and everything just to detect whether things are for say on the inside or the outside of a cell Cheap and efficient and we don't have to introduce any artificial compounds and you can do even cooler things with it This is a jellyfish that occurs in nature that expresses clearly green fluorescent protein and again you're seeing the bioflorescence here Roger Chen came up with the idea that maybe we can take those proteins and start Injecting them in the body or so and use that for artificial applications and Roger who sadly died much too young a few years ago His lab started to expressing all these different varieties and different colors and again this small petri dish It's entirely full of green fluorescent protein in different strains What they then were able to do is that they were able to take this to the clinic in particular the surgical labs and that you can use this to Inject and really color different types of tissue because if we now combine these proteins with a receptor or something That would make say the red one bind to one type of tissue While the green one binds to a second type of tissue and the yellow one to a third type of tissue We can do this imagine you're a surgeon and you're gonna cut out a cancer tumor. Here is the cell. Please cut out the tumor That's not the entire easy right and literally this is how a surgeon see it With a lot of skills you might be able to see the tumor parts here. I certainly can't Armed with green fluorescent protein developed in Roger's lab You see this instead cuts the green parts a Five-year-old could do this, right? This is remarkably cool. There's only one problem here Among all this stuff you might have some nerve cells and you sure you definitely want to cut out the entire tumor But you would at least as far as possible. You would like to avoid inflicting nerve damage, right? So let's bring out a second copy of green fluorescent protein that binds specifically to the nerve cells so here you see well up on the upper right you see the White light pattern and I think in B here You're seeing how we call it the nerve cells and then eventually you can develop C Particular might be the yellow fluorescent protein That's bound to the Axons but basically as a surgeon you're gonna get a coloring book here So cut green but not yellow or blue. It's certainly not perfect Then you might still make a mistake, but it's completely amazing that you can color tissue


Hey everybody Matt here for late in sports cards ripping two boxes of 2022 tops pristine baseball These are for Gregory M. Good luck. Kinsey will be going live at 10 a.m. Eastern with more personal box breaks and then Of course, we'll be doing the Sunday fund a Group break starting 4 p.m. I will be back on Monday over on the LSE baseball channel We have a big release coming up next Friday top chrome baseball hobby and jumbo Jersey Auto to 99 Max Muncie Gregory. This is Carlos Correa gold to 50 Starling Marta purple to 99 Brian Hayes Jorn Duran Gavin Cheat-Trookie Ronald Acuna Ted Williams Jose Abreu Clayton Kershaw. All right in case cards. We have Joe Ryan rookie Shohei Otani nice Otani That's rookie Otto Jake Berger and gold to 50 Bryce Harper nice one Gregory Rookie Otto gold to 50 Kyle Muller and Joe Morgan blue to 75 and box two We have Jeff W up after this Jeff has a prism know-how of Gibson and Jersey Auto Manny Machado There you go Gregory nice one. Hold your Don Alvarez This is the second box. There's wander rookie Freddie Freeman purple to 99 and Nick so lack orange to 25 base Thanks, buddy. Appreciate it wander rookie You're a nice guy yourself six of them Pedro like six try packs per her box Frank Thomas you should have seen this on release day because we thought We didn't know that it was gonna be that way Beltray I actually like Riff and pristine though. You're cool to a tie Appreciate it my piazza These rugged old hands. Yeah, there's Mikey Strimski base Matt Olson blue to 75 and orange Otto to 25 Marcus Strowman Gregory looks like that Strowman Wasn't magged correctly Overlapping here. We're gonna send you a box an empty box and a wrapper Just in case that card is damaged in case it pinched right there We get that for you here just in case I'm not sure if that'll Knock out of there or not. There's Jose Ramirez base. That is Xander Bogarts Orange 25 nice color in this box and Red Sox rookie Otto Jerinder ran I guess I don't need to call out the team. You have all the teams in this box. Yeah There you go, I don't do it for your boxes. Thanks Gregory appreciate it. We'll get these right out to you


Next question is from the Notorious Abe. When do you implement drop sets and super sets in your workouts? Okay, so drop sets and super sets. First off, a drop set, just so people don't know, is when you'll do X amount of reps with a certain weight and then when you can't do any more good reps, you drop the weight and then you move to a weight that's a little bit lighter and keep going. So an example would be, I'm doing curls with 30 pound dumbbells. I do 10 reps. I can't do any more. Put the 30s down, grab the 25, squeeze out four more reps and I keep going as long as you want, right? You can drop down to three times, four times, or whatever. Super set is when you combine two exercises without any rest. Now make no mistake, these are both high intensity techniques. So they should be used judiciously. Intermittently. And like any style of training, you're better off doing it for three, four weeks and then moving into something else because when you first do drop sets or you first do super sets, you're going to get an incredible pump. You might even get some muscle building but that effect will wear off quite quickly and then you need to switch to something else. I love tackling this one because we get this a lot. And here's what I find, none of the studies that support like all the benefits of supersetting and drop setting don't talk about. The real value of it is it's great for a time crunch. Your increasing intensity and shortening the amount of time that you need to do that volume. That's when I do them. That's exactly how I just did this last week with us, right? So we've been training in the gym every morning together. The other morning I had, I was working, right now I'm doing a split where chest and back are one of my workout days, which chest and back, big muscles easily takes me an hour to get through all the stuff that I want to do. I was actually on my Instagram and emailing and I was responding. So I was sitting on the couch for the first 20 minutes why these guys were working out. And real quickly the time went by, I knew we had to start to record and I didn't want to miss my chest and back day. And so this was my workout.  And to me, this is where I find the most value in it because that doesn't happen. It's not every day. It's actually not even every week or month where you might catch me sitting down during a workout time messing on my phone for 20, 30 minutes. But when those times do come, I don't freak out and go like, oh my God, I can't work out. Or I just ride it off and say, I'm not going to do it. Hey, I still got 20, 30 minutes. I haven't done any supersets and drop sets in a while. I'm going to knock this workout in in 20, 30 minutes and still get a great workout in.  It's one of those things that's like, there's a couple of techniques. They're a little more advanced. They're a little more crazy. These are those that fit right in where you want to blow up your muscles. You want to get that crazy pump. But it's not something that I'm constantly going to, you know, in terms of like my programming. No, supersets and drop sets are not in the same category as straight sets. That's just 100%. But it is a wonderful tool. And mainly it's to get a really, really good pump. That's what I get from it. Totally abused in the bodybuilding community. Yes. It's what I used to see all the time with my peers. Like they love to, because it's an instant gratification thing. Yeah. You leave the gym, you look. Yes, just in this point, you get this sick pump, you know, which is great. And the adaptations from that sick pump are great, but really only great for those first four to six weeks of messing with it. After you've done that for a while, the adaptations that you get from it, your body's pretty adapted to it. So you're not getting a ton of benefits if you're doing this consistently. You'll get way more benefits if you intermittently injected into your workouts every now and then. And I think the best way to do it personally is the times when you don't have a lot of time.


A stem and leaf plot is a way to display data. We always keep every item of raw data. The data is put into a table where each data value is split into a stem, the first digit or digits, and a leaf, usually the last digit. Like in this example, let's start with 32. We can break 32 into 30 and 2. But as stems or tens, we only write 3 in that column and 2 in the leaf column. We do the same for the rest of the numbers in our list. We don't normally need headings in the table, but whilst we're learning, it helps to see what the stems and the leaves are. Finally, we must include a key, so the person using the data knows what the place value of the stem and the leaf represents. In our example, the key could be 3, 1, which means 31. Here's one for you to do. Pause the video, answer the question and click play when you're ready. Did you get it right? What about if we have larger numbers? Let's have a look at another example. Here are the heights of 7 girls. Put them into an ordered stem and leaf plot. Let's start with 154. This time the stem will be the first 2 digits and the leaves will be the final digit. Then order them and add a key. We can also put decimals into a stem and leaf plot. Here's another example. The lengths of 5 caterpillars was measured and recorded here. Put them into an ordered stem and leaf plot. Take the numbers into units and tense this time. Now order them and add the key. That's all there is to it. A stem and leaf plot simply allows you to order the data in a table and make it visually easier to read. If you liked the video, give it a thumbs up and don't forget to subscribe, comment below if you have any questions. Why not check out our Fuse school app as well? Until next time.


It is now time for member statements, and I recognize the member for Toronto St. Paul's. Good afternoon, Mr. Speaker. I met with Toronto St. Paul's community member, Euliss Guerrera, chair of Sickle Cell Association of Ontario and Alvin Merchant. Both men live with Sickle Cell in Emia, the first genetically recognized disease. Sickle Cell is a severe illness that impacts red blood cells. It affects the quality of one's life, can destroy families, and is often fatal. While Sickle Cell disproportionately impacts black and south Asian communities, it is a disease that affects people of all races. As Euliss and Alvin emphasized, they've lived one painful day after another, never knowing if a visit to the ER might be their last because of the inconsistent care they receive. A sickler may enter the ER looking good on the outside while internally their bodies are waging war. By the time a doctor or nurse decides to believe a patient is in crisis, it's often too late. We must support the calls of the Sickle Cell Association of Ontario for June 19th to be formally recognized as Sickle Cell Day Across Ontario, for recognition of Sickle Cell as a disability, and for increased awareness in schools and workplaces where sickler absences are often perceived as laziness rather than illness, and for a universal hospital protocol, ensuring sicklers receive appropriate care everywhere they go. I proudly stand with Euliss, Alvin, and sickler communities to bring these life-saving demands to light. Thank you, Speaker. Thank you very much. Member Statements, the Member for Northumberland, Peter Burrow South. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. I'm pleased to rise today to pay tribute to the Highway of Heroes Tree Campaign. They were here today and joined us for a fantastic reception over lunch today. I'd like to thank them for bringing awareness to a vital cause and to some remarkable work that they've done, paying tribute, a living tribute to the over 117,000 Canadians who've made the ultimate sacrifice. I'd like to thank the fantastic staff, Mark Cullen, Michael Dupontier, Tony DiGiovanni, Donna Cansfield, Mike Hurley, David Turnbull, and, of course, Lieutenant Colonel Steve Boichen, who joined us for this great reception to highlight the remarkable work they're doing and to highlight the remarkable work of this cause. Mr. Speaker, the Province of Ontario has committed 1.1 million to this important cause. They're close to their goal of 10 million. They're at 4 million. There's a long way still yet to go, and I'd like to thank them for joining us today. And, of course, Lieutenant Colonel Steve Boichen, who joined us, I'd like to thank him for his service. He stands for so much more. He stands for all that's great about Canada, our shared values, and our country. Thank him for his service and thank them for joining us today. The Member for London Fanshawe. It's always an honour to rise in this House and speak on behalf of my constituents of London Fanshawe. Today I would like to dedicate my time to share a story of the Roger family who live in my riding and are struggling to find adult support, residential living accommodations for their son, Patrick and Sean. I met Theresa and Kevin and one of their sons in my office recently. Sean is 29 years old and Patrick is 23. They both have autism. Sean and Patrick have been on a wait list for residential support housing for 23 years. They have challenging behaviours that their mother, Theresa, as the primary caregiver, has to manage. As aging parents, it has become increasingly hard to cope with the difficulties of raising their adult children. Kevin's job takes him out of town four days a week and Theresa's left on her own with health issues after sustaining a fall. Theresa said, quote, We are faced with nothing but the grim and hopeless news about lengthy wait lists for residential services with no end in sight. As parents, we cannot believe that there is such a lack of MCSS-funded residential services for adults with development disabilities. We worry even more with the current government and assume adults with development disabilities living at home with their aging parents are not a priority. This is not acceptable to us, end quote. I am proud to use my time today to bring to light the significant challenges that families like the Rogers have endured trying to get proper care and housing for their children. This government needs to make it a priority to help families like the Rogers access care and housing for their sons that they deserve. Thank you, Speaker. Member Statements. Member for Perry Sound, Muscoca. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. I rise today to invite members of this legislature, viewers and all Ontarians to take part in some of the great activities available in Perry Sound, Muscoca this March break. March brings the beginning of maple syrup season around Ontario. Local groups have come together to create the Muscoca Maple Trail to help you plan your visit. To find places to see the trees being topped, the sap being boiled down and to taste the delicious sweet syrup and candy visit muscocamaple.ca. This year the winter weather has provided many other great winter activities across Perry Sound, Muscoca. Enjoy a day of alpine skiing at Hidden Valley Highlands Ski Area where all 15 runs are open and in great shape. If cross country skiing is more your speed, plan to visit Georgian Nordic ski trails north of Perry Sound on Highway 124 or the Gravenhurst KOA or Bracebridge Resource Management Center. Arrowhead Provincial Park north of Huntsville offers a variety of activities with cross country skiing, snowshoe trails, a wonderful 1.3 kilometer ice skating trail and a brand new visitor center. Johnson's Cranberry Marsh near Ballo Offers and other skating trails as well as Honpaki Rinks and wagon rides. Snowmobile trails are also in great shape across the region but remember no matter how wintery and cold it has been, ice can always be dangerous so make sure you know the local conditions. For indoor activity, don't forget to check out the Bobby Orr Hall Fame in Perry Sound and hope everyone comes to visit Perry Sound, Muscoca this March break. Member Statements, the member for Sudbury. Thank you Speaker. I want to share a story about a family in my writing of Sudbury. Julia, Sean, June and Chaz. June was diagnosed with severe autism spectrum disorder and developmental delay when she was two and a half years old. Her psychologist recommended that she receive a minimum of 20 hours of IBI therapy a week and June's treatment in full would cost approximately $55,000 a year. And while on the wait list June began therapy privately, her parents Julia and Sean worked 10 to 20 hours above their full-time hours just to cover the cost of this therapy. But they were still able to afford about 10 hours a week. The family, as you can imagine, speakers under significant financial and emotional stress. And with the government's introduction of income testing their effort to provide for June is going to put them at a higher income bracket and that will mean they're going to receive less financial support. They still won't be able to provide June the 20 hours a week that she needs to reach her full potential. Honestly Speaker, Julia and Sean would rather wait. They'd rather wait for an equitable needs-based funding model, one that ensures children receive the support that they need instead of punishing families. And I have a responsibility like all we do is MPPs to bring stories like June's to the legislator. Her family and many others across the province need the government to listen to their concerns. And I will continue to stand with family speakers and fight for solutions that will ensure that children like June receive the therapy that they need. Thank you. Thank you very much. Member Statements. The Member for Mississauga Streetsville. Good afternoon Mr Speaker. Last week I had the opportunity to address the Life Sciences of Ontario's annual celebration of success gala. The event provided a wonderful opportunity for our life science sector to come together and recognize individuals and companies who steer success right here in Ontario. Ontario's life science sector plays a significant role in our economy, contributing more than $50 billion to our GDP and $2 billion in provincial tax. In my riding of Mississauga Streetsville, also known as Pill Hill, over 400 companies provide more than 15,000 well-paying jobs to the people of the GTA. Across the province, 1 in 8 Ontarians is currently employed in a job connected to the sector. Our government is making Ontario open for business and open for jobs. High value innovation sectors such as the life science sectors are providing these good jobs. But something I would like to talk about which is exciting that I'm working on with Life Sciences Ontario and the Mississauga based pharmaceutical company. I'm pleased to have in the house today Dr. Jason Field, President and CEO of LSO and Charlie Nicolapele, Manager and Public of Government Relations. Welcome. Dr. Jason Field and the LSO and the pharma industry are initiating a new scholarship program in 2019 that will aid young students aspiring to have careers and contribute to the life sciences sector. Mississauga represents a strong backbone to the sector now and into the future providing great STEM students and access to good jobs. Thank you to you and your team for your hard work and dedication to the recognition and advancement of the sector and to the people of Ontario. Welcome to the LSO. Member Statements, the member for Brampton North. Thank you Mr. Speaker. Over the last few weeks I've had the chance to speak with the great residents of Brampton who are affected by the recent changes in the Ontario Autism Program.  One of my constituents, Sandra, has a son who is eight years old and has autism. He is currently in service but after the proposed changes he will have to be transitioned to a public school. Schools are not ready or adequately equipped to deal with the influx of children with special needs. The grandson of another Bramptonian, Deborah, is on the severe end of the spectrum and his parents will not be able to keep him at home after the proposed changes. She is worried about what the future holds for her grandson and herself as well. Now these are just a few of the countless stories of families who will be left high and dry thanks to the proposed changes to the OAP. My constituents are very concerned with the situation. Schools are not ready for these children to be taken out of therapy. Schools do not have the resources to support these children and parents are very concerned about this government's neglect for children with autism in this province. These children and their families need and deserve better and I hope this government, Mr. Speaker, will listen to the stories of these families and the service providers and make the necessary changes to ensure that no children are left behind. Thank you very much. Member Statements, Member for Markham Unionville. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. As most of us are already aware, the Chinese, Tibetan, Vietnamese and Korean communities recently celebrate Lunar New Year on the 5th of February. According to the Chinese tradition, the Lunar New Year symbolizes prosperity and good fortune. And it's one of the most important day of the Lunar calendar. It is the cause of the largest yearly migration of tourists as people flock to celebrate this holiday with their loved ones. It is also a very old tradition, one that has been known to have been observed for thousands of years and still continues to be. As we bid farewell to the year of the dog, we welcome the year of the pig. The significant of the pig is that it represents honesty, hard work and peace. Mr. Speaker, I also had the honour and privilege to co-host a Lunar New Year event in my writing along with the member of parliament of Markham Unionville, the Honourable Bob Saraya. The event was well attended and includes government officials from all levels, most notably our Premier, Mr. Doug Ford. An event like this, Lunar New Year should remind us of the importance of our prosperous culture, music and the celebration of our diversity as a province. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. Member Statements, the Member for Eglinton, Lawrence. Mr. Speaker, I recently received an email from a constituent of mine, Aaron. He was at a local hospital in the emergency room. He said, and I quote, I was somewhat appalled that there were large numbers of patients in the emergency room and many people standing because there were no seats. I feel that there has to be a better way, unquote. Aaron, I assure you there is a better way. Ontarians elected our government to put an end to hallway healthcare and we've taken a major step forward by unveiling our plan for transformational change. The People's Healthcare Act sets out our government's vision for patient-centred community care through the creation of Ontario health teams made up of local health service providers working as a coordinated group. And we will also ensure better and more connected services on the ground for patients, caregivers and their families through the integration of multiple provincial agencies and specialized provincial programs into a single agency called Ontario Health. Mr. Speaker, it will take time and hard work, but our government is committed to ending hallway healthcare and getting our healthcare system back on track. Thank you. These are Member Statements for this afternoon. Reports by Committees.