Well, this is a history of phosphate export and wind erosion in North Dakota and the region. The reason why I put this thing together was about six years ago I received a call from the Governor's Historical Society in North Dakota, and they wanted me to do a presentation on the last hundred years of fertilizer application in the state. And so I heard the word governor and said, yes, hung up the phone, and then I thought what in the world did I just do? I'm going to put up a chart that's going to show fertilizer use starting probably around 1950 and for 45 minutes. But then I began to think about the history of the state, and I took a little bit different tack, and what you see here is the results of that and then edits from that point forward. So North Dakota soil before settler crop production was a very rich prairie soil. Our soils are relatively young, east of the Missouri River, less than 10,000 years old, and they're much older and more fragile west of the Missouri River. The soils to the east are the result of the perimeters left behind when the glaciers retreated at the end of the last ice age. On the west of the Missouri River are residual soils that date 65 million years and older. But the topsoil in all of this area, because of the prairie grasses and forbs that protected it, disassembled the minerals that were in the soil and moved them to the top of the soil and then as the plants died and re-grew and died and re-grew, over the years that topsoil contained really high levels of available nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium and calcium magnesium, all the nutrients that are needed to sustain our crop growth in the state. When early settlers came to the area, they came from Europe and Eastern United States and really all parts of the globe, and some of them knew how to farm and some of them really just had a vague idea, and a lot of them didn't have a lot of money, but one of the things they found when they settled was this enormous stretch of buffalo bones and other animal bones. Some of the bones were there because of the great extermination that happened in the northern prairie in the 1870s, early 1880s, but some of them were just natural, the natural deaths of the bison and the native hunts. It's true that the natives used all the parts of the buffalo, but it is not true that the natives used all the parts of all the buffalo. There's only so many scapula shoulder bones that a family would need, and over a hunt that family might kill five, six buffalo and dry the meat for later on. So there were a lot of bones on the prairie, just naturally and from hunts and from the massacre. So there were businesses that popped up where if you brought the bones to a railroad terminal, the agents there would buy the bones, give you cash for them, and then you could use that cash to buy other things. So this was a big business for a very short period of time. The picture here is a pile of bones near Fort Tot in North Dakota in the 1880s. Here's some of the Indians hauling bones in the Red River carts in the eastern part of North Dakota.  And here are just three for an example. Here's 1880 from Cullum. The first few years were especially hard due to crop failures and low prices. Buffalo bones were picked and hauled to Ellendale in exchange for food and flour. Ellendale was the nearest town at the time and was 42 miles from the farm. Mr. Kruger brought up about 10 acres of land the first year. 1889 was a drought year and he didn't even get his seed back. So Mr. Kruger having nothing else to do after seeding started picking buffalo bones. The bones were sold at Edgeley and Ellendale. And here he received about $12 a ton.  He sold about $70 worth of bones during the early part of summer in 1889. And this helped the Kruger family quite a bit as they had no other income. And then near Lair, North Dakota, 1890, they planted their first flax crop and collected buffalo bones. They took them to Ellendale and received $2 per wagon load. So this was a nice business and it kept some new pioneers, some new settlers on the prairies where otherwise they may have starved or had to move on. So this lasted no more than 10 years. Although buffalo bones could still be found way up into the 20s. Here are some people loading buffalo bones near Crem, North Dakota, which is north of Bismarck Aways. And here's some more piles of bones from North Dakota. This happened all across the prairies. There's a whole line of bones lined up for shipment in Saskatchewan. And the picture on the bottom, are bones loaded onto a train car in Ellendale around 1888. This is a pile of buffalo skulls. And at one of the destinations where the bones ended up, this is outside the Michigan Carbon Works outside of Rougeville, Michigan. And just gives you a scope of how many bones were sent to places out in the east. So a typical fresh bone meal guaranteed analysis is 315-0, which means 3% nitrogen, 15% phosphate, and 0% potash. So after some time sitting on the prairie, most of the nitrogen has probably returned to the soil. But the phosphorus is very, held very tightly in the bones and is an integral part of the structure of the bones. And so it would have been shipped away. We had the records from 1872 and 74 from the southern buffalo herd. The Santa Fe Railroad and others in Kansas shipped over 3.2 million tons of bones to the east from that state. But our officials in North Dakota were destroyed by a fire. But it's reasonable that the tonnage shipped east was at least as great as in Kansas. The pile just shown in that foretaught and photograph represented 150 boxcars of bones, each boxcar holding the bones of approximately 850 animals. People estimate about 9.5 million buffalo in the northern herd, about 10 animals per ton of bone. Most of the skeletons were shipped east. If we assume, and I think rightly so, that around 3.2 million tons of bones were shipped from North Dakota containing 15% phosphate, then about 480,000 pounds of P205 was shipped out and moved east and removed from the ecosystem. And just for comparison, that's about two years of phosphate application at present rates, which are at historic highs right now. So that's really interesting, and I figured, well, that's a different tack. It's only going to take up about 10 minutes of that presentation in Bismarck, so what else is going on? And then I started to think about the huge losses of phosphate from the huge loss of the soil. These were events that were devastating to ag production and also devastating to the natural fertility of the soil from, we always think of the 1930s, but we'll give evidence that it happens even today. When people came from the east to farm, this land had never been plowed. The natives believed and still do to this day that the soil is sacred, and they wouldn't have thought to put a plow to it. All of the Indian agriculture in the state was done Egyptian style along the Missouri River and maybe some streams in the state where the spring floods would bring silt and then the natives would plant their corn or squash or sunflowers, and the plow, they didn't have a plow.  They used the top technology of the day. Here's a farmer in the Red River Valley that has a brand new tractor, steam tractor with the gangs of discs behind, and the procedure was to plow in the fall if you could and the spring if you couldn't, and then work the land and work the land and work the land of the consistency of plow, flower, and then seed in it because the seeders of that time were not the big heavy seeders with nice openers and closers on the end to seal the seed in. It required a fluffy seed belt, so this is what you did. If you're from Ohio or you're from Virginia or you're someplace in Europe, this is how you prepared the field. Most of these farmers were on places in the planet that were a 10-mile-an-hour breeze, was pretty stiff breeze, and now they came into an environment that was totally different, but they still had the same tools that they used other places. Another thing you see from this image taken in 1910s to 1915 is there's not a tree anywhere. The only trees on this landscape were near the streams and the rivers. So there's some documents that say that as soon as the land was plowed, the soil started to blow, but these were isolated events, and although they were not insignificant, they didn't reach the magnitude of the losses that were experienced in the 30s. In the late 20s, the climate started to become more dry, and this is a cornfield up near Minot that prematurely died due to drought in the early part of these days, 1929, 1930. My colleague, Thomas Sutter, is an excellent soil scientist, but he also does a lot of volunteer work, and he volunteers as a hospice, and one of his charges was Orville Stenerson from Dodge, North Dakota, in the western part of the state, and Mr. Stenerson gave Tom the permission to record some of his recollections from those days when Tom asked him about it. He said 1932 was a good year, 1933 was a bad year, 1934 was dry with lots of dust, 1935 was a good year with rains, 1936 was a very bad year, the worst, lots of dust, the grasshoppers, only three loads of hay were taken off their farm compared to 20 to 30 in a good year. The dust blackens the sky, they had to turn on oil lamps to see it noon. They sold all their livestock, kept only a dairy cow, they had to feed it Russian thistle because that's all they had, and it got sick, they had no wheat that year. 1937 was better than 1936, but still bad. At this point in the presentation, I was giving it in Gilby, or near Gilby, a few years ago, and an older gentleman stood up at the back and he started to talk, and he talked for 15, 20 minutes. He was a boy during this period of time, and he recollected that these dust storms just came out of nowhere and would last for days. They'd huddle in their houses and try to seal up the doors and windows the best they could, but the dust still came in and it was hard to see across the room. When the dust finally settled, they went outside the house and their first job was to dig out the fences because the fences have become clogged with soil like snowdrifts in the livestock, the ones that survived had walked over the top of them and were somewhere else, so they dug out the fences to try to get the livestock back into the pens. The gentleman said that in some of these events, they lost feet of soil, that they were just awful, and the trees that began to be planted in the 1940s, 1950s, they really helped a lot. So by the early part of 1930s, the USDA had discovered that this whole area from North Dakota down into Texas was some of the windiest areas in the country and put out alarms that something had to change. This is an image from Emond's County, southeast of Bismarck, where a fence is built on top of a fence and note the gentleman's tithe at the left. It's going straight out, so the wind continues to blow. In the northern plains, the dryness and the soil blowing didn't hit just North Dakota, but it hit parts of Minnesota and also South Dakota very hard as well. Here's a farmer near Appleton, Minnesota in the mid-1930s. Notice how that soil was just like flour. Mr. Russell was a FSA employee of the USDA and he was sent out to the West to try to document what was going on. And this is 1937 when a lot of the dust was already lost. This is a dust storm from Williston. You can see the water tower in the background from Williston. These are horses and a pasture, if you could call it that, near Williston in 1937. This is the aftermath of a dust storm in the mid-1930s in Swift County, Minnesota. The following are some pictures from South Dakota. This is a picture from Huron, South Dakota, November 12, 1933.  It was like night. You can barely make out the silhouette of a car in the middle of the photograph. This is one of South Dakota's black blizzards in 1934. This is from Gregory, South Dakota in the south-central part of the state with that huge wall of dust bearing down on the town. These things were enormous and lasted a long time. This is the aftermath of one of those storms from south-central, South Dakota. A lot of the farm implements buried, family probably moved out. This is in May 1936, a farmer trying to walk against the wind with all the dust blowing around. This is the aftermath of the South Dakota storm with the dirt drifts overwhelming a hog building on the farm. The livestock either died from these farms or they were shipped away to destroyed for government check. The animals would get their lungs filled with dirt and dye and dust pneumonia was common in the plains. Small children and older adults were particularly vulnerable to this. I'm always concerned when I talk to farmers about this that they really don't understand what happens to the soil that blows off the farm. There's a general feeling that either goes to the neighbors so we trade soil or it goes into the ditch. But this clipping from 1934, this clipping from 1934 describes what really happens when there are dust storms. This is from the Bismarck Tribune. While frequent dust storms have visited North Dakota this spring, 1934, those on 11 days weren't special mention. The most severe of these storms occurred on April 21st, 22nd and the velocity of the wind was greater on the 21st but the volume and density of the dust was greater on the 22nd. The latter storm caused the most comment because of the fact that the 22nd was a Sunday and travel both by automobile and by plane was hazardous and difficult. Several aviators reported that dust was encountered at all levels up to 14,000 feet. So these dust storms are three-dimensional. They're just not soil blowing into the ditch. They have a height to them as well as a length and a breadth. There were no satellite images back in the 30s but there are today and this is a satellite image from the Palouse region up in Washington State and those plumes from that dust travel the scale of that map as over 100 miles. So not very much of that dust ends up in the ditch. Most of it gets blown very far away. Evidence for this is in the Sahara which is an extreme example but the dust from those storms commonly goes thousands of miles into the Atlantic. An assessment of the wind erosion from the 30s by USDA was that toward the late 1930s 573,000 acres had severe erosion and required methods to ensure continued production but at that point 9.1 million acres in North Dakota were so severely eroded that further use for crop or livestock production is economically unfeasible. We have large areas of national grasslands in the state. We have large areas of range. A lot of these areas used to be cropped prior to the 1930s and now they're used for more substance livestock production. This is a map from the mid-1930s describing what had happened to that point that the black on the image is moderate wind erosion with 25-75% topsoil loss. The gray dotted areas are slight wind erosion with 25% topsoil loss and then the oblique slashes in the southwest part of the state are a combination of wind and water on those hillier landscapes along the Little Missouri. So even in 1933 the USDA sent a memo to Hugh Bennett in the Soil Erosion Service. In 1933 it was estimated that topsoil losses reduced annual production from 15-25%. And when the soil was fully stripped fields become unproductive and barren. So here we were starting out the farming of these soils. Somewhere about 130 years ago with this huge bank of nutrients and in a very short period of time this was all blowing away. Records of initial wheat yields in the Richard soils of the eastern North Dakota were really high even by today's standards. Forty bushels an acre were sighted by High Room Jrockies a historian at Minnesota State Moorhead near Kindred and 30 bushels an acre in 1890 near Jamestown. The average wheat yields in the state with this last year, 2016 is an exception, oftentimes don't get much above 40 bushels an acre. So here we have farmers seeding with probably not very adapted varieties of wheat using planting methods that maybe only one step above what the Egyptians used 4,000 years ago and here they were growing wheat yields that are pretty similar to what we did today. These yields are only possible if the rates of nitrogen released in the soil were at least 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre with substantial phosphorus and other nutrients available there as well. Today even on fallow soils it's really rare to find an accumulation of 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre after an entire year. The dust was very thick on eastern cities. I mentioned that the soil didn't end up in the ditch. Most of it went offsite hundreds and thousands of miles away. Chicago documented millions of tons of dust settling on the city and after some of these storms. And in Central Park in New York a person could go out with a cup and scoop up cups of soil from the prairies after these events. So some scientists did that. They picked up soil and they analyzed it and they compared it to what was left on the prairies after these storms and they found that there were 19 times more phosphate, P205 in the dust than what was on the prairies. 10 times more organic matter, 9 times more nitrogen and 45 times more potassium. This is a chart of North Dakota and Russian wheat yields from around 1880 to the early 1990s. So we'll just talk about the North Dakota ones. There are little white boxes up on top and this is in kilograms per hectare and we'll just reference that 1.4 over on the left. That's around 22, 23 bushels an acre roughly. The record shows that when these farms were broken up without any addition of fertilizer and with pretty primitive planting and harvesting methods they were achieving regularly 20 to 25 bushels of wheat per acre average for the state. This decline starting around 1910, the moisture was still there I hope that you can appreciate so far from the presentation that we've already started to lose some soil and the nitrogen that was in the soil was already starting to mineralize and decline. Once we hit the 30s with the very dry years one would expect that the yields would decline but with the exception of a couple of the war years when rainfall was plentiful that we never achieved the level of production from when the prairies were first broken up until we started to put on fertilizers in the 1950s. So I made an estimate of topsoil loss from the data plowing in the late 1930s and I think this is slightly conservative but gives you an idea of what was lost. About 12 inches of topsoil from the hill tops and about 8 inches from the slopes. An average of around 6 inches of topsoil loss from the data plowing to the late 1930s from about 30 million acres of crop land and the total weight of that is around 30 billion tons of soil. A soil generally contains around a ton of phosphate in the top 6 inches. So if that were true and I think it was true the total amount of phosphate lost during that period of time would have been 30 million tons. And that's the equivalent of 150 years of phosphate application at today's present rates. So I want to thank after living through all of that soil loss and all of those really hard times that things would have changed quite a little bit after that but the records showed in the Great Plains, North Dakota include that there were very large occasions of land damage from wind erosion in the 1950s in the 1960s in the 1970s in the 1980s and call attention to 88-89 the last long multi-year drought that North Dakota had and during that period of time after windstorms, township trucks had to be used in order to clear the streets of towns within the state because of all the soil that had blown onto them. So wind erosion occurred after that. Here's a picture of the aftermath of a storm in the Grand Forks in the 1950s and that's not snow, that's soil. So wind erosion damage by year in the Great Plains in North Dakota in 1955 just less than half a million acres 1977, 3.6 million acres in North Dakota alone about 13% of the crop land 1980, about an inch of soil lost from 2.1 million acres and in 1982 there was a loss of 1.6 gigatons west of the Mississippi and that's equivalent to about two inches of topsoil from 2.4 million acres. So a continual loss, a big question in a lot of people's minds are why aren't growers and landowners more alarmed about their continual soil loss? And there's two reasons for that one is that they mask the effects with tillage and two, they really don't have any check in the field to see what it used to look like or they ignore the obvious. One of the ignore the obvious things is a site that you don't see quite so much in the eastern part of the state because our wet years, a lot of these rock piles the rocks were removed for shoring up ditches and culverts but once in a while you do see this that the rocks are sitting on top of a pedestal the rocks were put on the landscape many years ago and then the soil eroded from around those rock piles and leaving the rocks on the pedestal the pedestals weren't there when the rocks were put in the pedestals are there because the rocks protected that soil they were on from erosion but farmers see that but they don't really see it. More common is this that we have simultaneous cultivation and erosion and the losses are hidden because when the farmer comes in and tills the field when the farmer gets down the field still looks blocked to them. So on the left hand side is a depiction of a of a soil. The soil sign is like myself we always look at the soil as if we're in a soil pit let's say we've dug a ditch and we've climbed in and we're looking at the soil on that A we call it an A horizon is the hopefully black layer up on top where the plants grow and dark organic matter accumulates the layer below what we call the B horizon is an area where maybe clay is accumulated lime is accumulated, salts accumulate the soil has been changed to some extent by plants and physical processes and then the layer after that below that is the C horizon which is relatively undisturbed usually the parent material where the soil developed the wind acts on the soil and there's erosion and the farmer works the soil and works the soil and it still looks black to them after a period of time but there comes a point when the black layer up on top is not as thick as the tool that's used to plow or tizzle the field by the farmer and so some of the B horizon begins to be mixed in with the A and the soil is less black than it used to be but to the farmer it still looks as black as ever and that loss and tillage continues and continues until the B is all mixed up and what's left of the A and the farmer begins to till into the C horizon and dilute it even more so during this period of time large amounts of topsoil are lost and the farmer really has no idea because the tillage mixes what's underneath with what's on top and when they get done with the field and look at it it still looks black but it's not as black as it used to be my colleague Dave Hopkins and one of his grad students a couple years ago went back to some sites where the soil conservation service had characterized the soils in about 1960 and here are a couple things they found the soil in western walsh county was characterized in 1958 and then they found that the distance from the surface that AP horizon the dark layer to the C horizon the stuff underneath was a little bit more than 34 inches when Dave and Brandon went back in in 2014 what they found is that distance from the surface to the C was 15 inches so that indicates that that site had lost 19 inches of topsoil during that past 40 some years on the right hand side is a very seriously eroded soil near Buffalo, North Dakota there's really no A horizon that's a mapped as a barn soil which normally has a fairly thick black layer up on top but this doesn't it's just discolored but it's certainly not black so the topsoil is all gone when soil scientists get down into a soil pit we can see a glimpse into the past these old wormholes and worm channels gopher holes can be very black and that's the organic matter that sifted in a couple hundred years ago before the prairies were plowed and we can see those colors and they contrast with the colors that are up on top some additional evidence comes from the descriptions of soils and old soil surveys in divide county Northwest North Dakota 1900 the divide soil series which is still a soil series today was described as having 16 inches of very black topsoil if you look at the divide soil today and I have done work on those it has no black topsoil it's just a light gray topsoil so the estimated loss between 1900 and today is at least a foot in Cass County published a soil survey in 1903 and they characterize a Wheatland soil which I found shocking because I've worked with Wheatland soils in the past few years but it described that Wheatland soil is having two feet of topsoil with organic matter of 6.9% the Wheatland soils I've worked with north of the Wheatland Exit along old Route 10 today have about 2% organic matter and I estimate that the loss from those soils since it was plowed the survey is at least 2 feet and then the Miami loam is also described in that same survey which is probably what we call a Bearden today it describes 3 feet of 7% plus organic matter and today a Bearden anywhere is around 6 inches at 4% organic matter so we probably lost some of these soils somewhere around 2.5 feet and a Fargo soil in 1903 is described as having 2 feet of topsoil where today in fact this summer I sampled a Fargo west of town and it had about 6 inches of topsoil again our topsoil contains about a ton of phosphate per acre and I think a good estimate is we've probably lost an additional 6 inches of topsoil from 20 million of cropped acres since 1940 and if that's true we would have lost an additional 10 tons of phosphate and 40 million tons of nitrogen and that's equivalent of an additional 75 years of nitrogen and phosphorus application at present rates and the loss continues last year for example we had several events that we had soil blown off of certain fields these images are from 1990s dust storms in the Red River Valley one of the things that growers try to do in order to reduce the wind erosion is to roughen up the surface and certainly if the event only lasts a few hours that this can be effective and slowing down the rate of wind erosion doesn't stop it but it slows it but at some point that surface roughness is eroded away and the soil just blows residue is one of the things that farmers can keep on the field in order to slow this it seems like whenever there's residue that remains in the field that a lot of farmers can't stand to see it and burning is common people make fun of snirt in the ditch but it's not funny at all the soil that we see in the snow in the ditch is just a small part of what was lost from the field and an ongoing reminder that we continue to lose topsoil and nutrients as time goes by I add because this is not the 1930s in the 1930s there was no technology to help farmers grow crops and keep the wind from blowing the soil away but today if you go to any farm show there are any number of different tools that can be used in order to plant any kind of seed in any kind of residue and be able to cultivate it and produce a crop into very high residue conditions some people have moved toward some kind of conservation tillage where more residue is left on the soil and this slows the process down but it doesn't help the endgame the end is still topsoil loss in this photograph for example we have quite a bit of residue on the surface but if you look in the background you can see a lot of soil blowing back near the trees and so it doesn't stop the process it just slows it the end result will be the same the only way to stop it is to keep the residue in the field and I show a lot of beets in this picture because it seems like beet farmers are probably the most resistant to using these technologies for ancient fear of not being able to get into the field and get the crop will come up but strip till modified no till these things will work this is a very high clay soil near Rutland in southeast North Dakota where the farmer has been no till and strip till for 30-40 years the field is tiled and so the wetness issue is not a real big problem with the farmer and the corn grills just fine these are some plots from campus we're growing sugar beets and corn and soybean rotation over a period of years and the yields from these plots strip till no till conventional till were all similar in all 10 years that I grew this so it is possible to do at least a modified no till strip till for example and keep residue in the field near zero here's another picture of some strip till with some beets growing in wheat stubble and if nothing else using a cover crop in order to keep the soil covered makes a big difference this last spring I was working southeast of Armenia and the farmer to the west had planted rye and then planted sugar beets in it when we had strong winds in the spring the soil on those fields didn't blow at all the field north of there that was unprotected with no cover crop blew constantly soil was lost out of that day after day during this last spring so despite the historic high rates of fertilizer nutrients levels of phosphorus on many North Dakota farms are still low we probably have at least 200 years of no soil loss and continued phosphate application to catch up to where we were in 1890 our soil loss helps to answer these questions and I get them every spring the soil phosphate values improve and the answer is you put it on and it blows away why is my soil pH increasing and the answer is the top soil depth is very shallow and you're probably tilling into that sea horizon where there is free lime quite a bit so you're bringing that lime from the sea horizon up to the surface and it also answers that same question down at the bottom we have more soil crusting an exposed sea horizon has very low levels of organic matter and is very susceptible to crusting and this tillage that brings that subsoil up to the surface certainly increases the amount of soil crusting seedling loss that we have in some springs so the only remedy for this is no tiller, modified no till such as strip till to summarize North Dakota has a long history of phosphate export first on purpose with the export of the buffalo bones and then second is an unintended consequence for the wind erosion mostly from the state soil fertility I hope from this presentation you're aware that it's intimately related to soil conservation and the only way to restore soils to a more productive state is through a long term no till commitment so thank you for viewing our presentation my contact information is down below and you can certainly contact me at any time, thank you


How does this win against the Kansas City Chiefs impact the rest of the Ravens season? What should the Ravens do with Alejandro Villanueva once Ronnie Stanley returns from injury? Buy some Ravens fans are worried about Lamar Jackson getting hurt. These and many many more questions on this episode of NFL Questions from subscribers. YouTube team keep it clean, what's going on, this Engraven here with another video and another episode of NFL Questions from subs, a series where you can ask me any NFL question you want to and we answer it in a video just like this. If you want to be part of it you can send me an email to teamkeepitclean at gmail.com or for the patrons, you can send it directly on Patreon. Shout out to all the team keep it clean patrons, appreciate y'all. Love y'all. Thank you for supporting the channel that much extra. If you want to become a patron, you can go to patreon.com slash Engraven Vids if you don't want to. Then don't go to patreon.com slash Engraven Vids. I love all of y'all. Let's keep this thing pushing, y'all keep sending the fire questions as y'all always do. Again, moving forward, just know we won't always be able to answer all of them so please do not take offense if we don't answer your question in an episode. I love y'all. I appreciate you. Thank you for always participating in this all the time. Let's do it. So first question came from my guy Gareth C, but I appreciate you being a patron. He said, Engraven, hope you're having a great day. My question is what do you think this win against Kansas City does for our season? I really think we can go to the Super Bowl. Am I crazy for thinking this? Shout out to Team Keep It Clean. Hope everybody is well. That's a really good question. But I think it just, it lets the Ravens know that they can rock with anybody as long as they leave the mental stuff behind, leave the mental mistakes behind. And it also lets us know that the Ravens actually, this game, and I know we could always go to the Cudder Water Shutter and da-da-da-da-da, but if Lamar doesn't throw the pick six. If Lamar doesn't throw the other interception, so you cut down on those turnovers, this could be a much different game. And the Ravens, they may have won like significantly, like with a bigger lead, not just one point. But again, we can't do that because it happened. But it just shows like even the game last week, Ravens, they had the two turnovers. Lamar had the two fumbles and they went to overtime with the Raiders, who showed against the Steelers. They got a good defense, they had a good team. So the Ravens, it's just showing that they just need to clean up the turnovers. They got to clean up a couple things. They got to be team, keep it clean, hey. But they got to clean up a couple things and this team, again, with all these injuries, this team, you take away a couple of them turnovers. This team can be something special. Despite all the injuries that they have, they can still rock with anybody. They just got to play their game, execute. Coach has got to do their thing. Everybody got to be on the same page. And they could be something special, man. Next question came from a boy called City116 and appreciate you being a patron. He said, hope all this well. I think Chris Boyd did a great job taking over from Leake Harrison and did a lot better in coverage. I agree. And it was a small sample size. It was very short. So I wish they would have made that adjustment a lot earlier, maybe even going into the second half. Because I understand you don't want to just pull somebody just because they not performing the best in the world because they were going up against one of the best in the world in Travis Kelsey.  But at the same time, with the game, with the implications that his coverage was having on this game, it was important that they made a decision. Just wish they would have made it a little bit quicker. And he said, I think William still isn't getting enough carries. Lamar doesn't have to be the leading rusher. Thoughts. It all just depends. It all depends. Now, with Tyson Williams, very glad that they stuck with him through everything. And with the game, they didn't take him out to game. They didn't. There wasn't like against the Raiders where they were like, all right, second half, yeah, you're done. No, they didn't do that at all. And with Lamar, he just had to put the game on his back. That was that type of game. Now against the Lions, I could see Tyson getting more carries than Lamar. But Lamar and that game against the Chiefs, I think he was just like, and I mean, that's the way that the game was going to. He had to, almost. He had to put the team on his back. He had to put the game on his back. And I think he wanted to really make up for what his mistakes from earlier to with the interceptions. And he did that. Next question came from my boy, Greg, from Bimo. He said, what's up in Graven? Hope all is great. Crazy to think that the two plays Ravens missed. The two point conversion might have benefited the Ravens because if the two-point play pass to Hollywood didn't get called back from that penalty, which I don't agree with. Getting that two points, they kicked the extra point next time after Lamar's go-ahead touchdown with Mahomes then needing a touchdown rather than just a field goal. Then KC probably wouldn't have ran the ball and wouldn't have forced a fumble then. Great game that was. Ooh, I like that. That's very interesting thinking right there because it's true. Yeah, that changes everything. That's what we always say. I mean, it's been said before. But we always got to bring out that point that football is a game of inches. Every play makes that much more of an impact. Every one. So good point. See, my question is if and hopefully when Stanley comes back should Villanueva be a backup. I think Villanueva is the second best offensive tackle on the team and would be in game still uncertain about plays. But if McCarrie continues to look comfortable and OK at right tackle and Stanley returns healthy and looking back close to the Stanley. We just used to see him. I just think that it might be best for our offensive line. Whether or not Villanueva plays great in Stanley's absence and McCarrie continues to be solid at right tackle. Nothing against Villanueva. Glad he's here. And I think he played great on Sunday, but it's only been one game with McCarrie at right tackle. But what are your thoughts on this? And so that that's a very interesting one and one that I've never seen. I haven't seen anybody ask a question like this. That will be something, though. I don't think that happens, though, because it has only been. It's been two games for Villanueva. One's been at right tackle, brand new position for him. Next has been at left tackle, old position for him. He performed. He did a great job at left tackle against the Chiefs. Did a bad job at right tackle against the Raiders. But it's only been one game at each position. So we have not gotten to see consistency. Whether the consistency is going to be great or whether the consistency is going to be bad, we haven't seen consistency. So I do not think when Ronnie Stanley comes back, I do not think they're going to be like, all right, Villanueva, we pay you this, what, six million guarantee, whatever it was to ride the bench. No, they're not going to do that. Now, if he continued to struggle, if they moved him back to right tackle when he came back and he continued to struggle, then eventually it will take a lot for the Ravens to bench him because Ravens don't do it, especially on the offensive line, they don't do that. You get him paid the big money? Oh, they want you out there. They want you out there. It takes a lot. And it just takes me back to 2018, Orlando Brown, Jr.'s rookie year. Well, he should have been a starter from jump. He should have been a starter from jump. But James Hurst was out there. James Hurst was that guy. He was their veteran, understandable. But he was struggling out there big time. It was looking like a big yikes. We were like, oh, Orlando, Orlando should be out there. He should be the one. I remember just watching him in preseason, but Ravens was like, nope. But then James Hurst got hurt. Then Orlando Brown got put in there and he never looked back. So I don't see them going with McCarrey at right tackle instead of Via Nueva when Ronnie Stanley comes back. But I mean, you never know, but with Ravens, you probably know. Next question came from my guy Bates. He said, ain't Raven been following you for the last three seasons and it's been great. I appreciate all you do for us Ravens fans. Oh, I don't do nothing for nobody. I appreciate y'all though for watching, man. He said, so this past Sunday night game against the Chiefs, Wink was able to hold the ASC championship scoreless in the fourth quarter. And that is something that during the game I did not realize. I think it was too busy stressing out. But I did not realize that he held them out of the end zone. Well, out of the end zone, no field goal, no nothing. For a whole fourth court like these, that's crazy, man. And he said, as a Ravens fan, this was music to my ears. I'm sure like many others. I found it very interesting that in the fourth quarter, Wink had zero blitzes. Interesting. There's a lot of speculation about how Wink will use our defensive backs, blitzing with Humphrey or Clark, while leaving guys like Oway McPhee and previously Judon to drop in his own coverage. Wink mainly threw out three and four man rushes in the fourth and it ended up beautifully as we all know. It allowed rookie Adafi away to shine while leaving our veterans like Humphrey, Clark and Avery to do what they do and hold it down. So my question is, do you think that Wink should cool it down on the technical defensive back blitzes? Even though we all know he loves them so much and starting to bring three or four rushes, allowing our secondary to shine like they did against a two-time AFC champs. Thanks. Situational football, you can't go into every game being like, all right, Wink, don't blitz anybody or don't. You cannot blitz any defensive backs. You just got to have them all in coverage. Patrick Mahomes is a different animal. He is a different animal. And there's no offense to Jared Golf, of course, but Jared Golf and Patrick Mahomes are not the same. So I would expect them to blitz Jared Golf a bit more. The Lions, their team is not the chiefs. And again, it's no offense to them, but that's what it is. So I do not think that the Ravens, you can't just go into every game with the same exact game plan. You can't do that. You got to make adjustments. You got to cater to every team's strengths, their weaknesses. Every team doesn't have the same offensive line. Every team doesn't have the same offensive coordinator head, coach, quarterback, receivers, run, all that stuff. So I couldn't say, oh yeah, Wink should just have everybody in a secondary just playing coverage. No, because not every team is the chiefs.  You don't play the Lions like the chiefs. You don't play the Broncos like the chiefs. You don't play the Raiders like the chiefs. You got to play every team exactly to who they are, to what their strengths are, what their weaknesses are, and move forward there. So I couldn't just go into a game with the same mindset every single time. Next question came from my guy, Sam. All right, he said, they engraving love the videos. I'm gonna subscribe and tune into your vids. It's a whole football season. Doing a great job by covering nearly everything regarding the Ravens. Appreciate that, Sam. Thank you. He said, one concern I have for this season is Lamar getting injured with all these design runs Roman schemes up for him. There was a scramble last Monday against the Raiders where Lamar fell right on his head and neck. I don't know how he bounced up from that hit, but if the Ravens continue to use him as their number one rushing option, something is eventually going to happen and we might lose him for the season. Why are Greg Roman and Heartball not looking out for Lamar? If he's injured, the Ravens are finished and Lamar's long-term health could suffer. I'm concerned that Roman and Heartball are sacrificing Lamar's health to save their coaching careers and I don't feel that's right. What do you think? All right. So, where Lamar Jackson? Is he, could he possibly be injured this year or any year? Yes. But could you say that for literally any football player? Yes. Now with Lamar Jackson, because I know a lot of people like to bring up, oh yes, he's a quarterback, but he runs more than any other quarterback. That's true. But with Lamar Jackson, how often do you ever see Lamar Jackson take a big hit? How often do you ever see Lamar Jackson just really straight up get whacked? You don't. You hardly ever see it. So yeah, he did take a little unfortunate fall against the Raiders on Monday. It happened, but it's a very rare occasion. So I wouldn't be fearful that even with the design runs, even with the design runs, that is something with Lamar, he's 99.99% of the time. He takes care of himself. He protects himself. He does not take many big hits at all. So I wouldn't be worried about it. Next question came from my guy, Enonic. He said, I ain't great. I even hope all this well with you and the family. I appreciate it, Enonic. That Raiders game has me shook in previous seasons. Lamar's athleticism in our running game primarily Gus Edwards had our offensive line issues very hidden. Gusta Bust punished the defense and Lamar broke ankles. We used the run to set up the pass. Now with no Gusta JK, the ridiculous number of guys on Injured Reserve, the Ravens running game is not as dangerous in the offensive line issues have been exposed. Injured Reserve passed protection that wasn't solid, running lanes missing, et cetera. Do you think our offensive weakness in the plan shift to more of a passing offense is putting Lamar in danger? Congrats on a huge success of the channel. I can't believe how much Team Keep It Clean has grown. Appreciate it. No, and this again, this is before the Chiefs game. So we see how things change. We see how the offensive line change. We see how just a couple of shifts here and there, couple of adjustments here and there, a couple of changes here and there, they can change an entire outlook. Now we do and we have seen that this Ravens team, they're gonna be passing a bit more this year. You don't just add all these wide receivers. You don't just add these wide receiver coaches. You don't just do that for no reason, especially when the passing game was, it was a weakness. And not that they couldn't pass before, but they just needed to spice it up a little bit. But you see how things can change so quickly from one week to the next. So now, I can't say that Lamar is exposed in danger and anything like that, but now we just, we wanna see the consistency of the offense. We wanna see it continue to move forward. And the good thing about the Raiders game and the Chiefs game is that the offense, they haven't had these drives where they just flat. They haven't been consistently flat where they just consistently don't move the ball at all. Yeah, some drives have stalled out. Not every drive has been a touchdown. Not every drive has been a field goal, but they've been moving the ball more than they don't. So that's a good sign for their future. Next question came from my guy, Lewis H. She said, what's up Engraven, love the channel. Been following for a while and keep up the good work, brother. Appreciate it, Lewis. He said, I'm writing this email cause we gotta incorporate Devon Duvenay into this offense. If nothing else for trade value. I think the Ravens are crazy for not running Duven to backfield like the Panthers did with Curtis Samuel. He has too much explosiveness and big playability for him to get his first non-special team touchdown on a fluke fumble recovery. Especially with such a limited backfield, now is a better time than any. What are your thoughts? Love you, man, appreciate you and keep it clean, brother. Man, appreciate it, Lew. And he said, AKA Tony Paul Jans, number one fan. I know you were hurting when he didn't make the team, man. So I'm not sure, did they sign him to the practice squad? I don't think so, but I'm not 100% sure. Anyway, get Duvenay the ball. That was the title of his email in all caps. And yeah, like somebody brought out, they should use Duvenay at running back. But right now, I think it's one of those things where they may feel like if it's not broke then don't fix it. But at the same time, Duvenay, he wouldn't break anything. And he could just be a nice little change of pace, man. If you get him coming out of the backfield, and I think he's only caught two balls so far. Cause Hollywood and Sammy Watkins, they've been the wide receivers catching everything. Everything's been going to them. So I don't know if it's a lack of him not getting open. I don't know if it's a lack of them just dialing up plays for him. Cause he obviously is the special teams guy. So he gets the ball that way, but on offense. Yeah, you could definitely use him on some things. And I've been surprised too. I've been surprised because they fooled me. I think it was in the Chiefs game where Duvenay came in motion and I was like, oh, just sweep time. We bringing it back. They didn't give it to him. They just use him as a decoy. So I was like, oh, okay, Ravens, I see you. But I'm sure it's still early. So everybody can't go off every game. So let's just give him some time and see how they incorporate into the game. Shout out to Ravens.


Hello and welcome to this session. In this session we discuss independence of two events. Now in one of our session, we have discussed about the compound events and probabilities of dependent and independent events. In this session, we shall learn if probability P of event A into section B is equal to probability P of event A into probability P of event B, then the two events independent otherwise dependent. Now let us recall two events are independent events. If the occurrence of one event does not affect the likelihood that the other event will occur, that is when the outcome of one event does not affect the outcome of certain event, then the two events are independent events. Now let us direct formula for finding probability of independent events. Now if A and B are two independent events, then probability of both events occurring the product of the probability of event A and probability of event B, that is probability P of event A and B, this also means probability of both events occurring is equal to probability of event A into probability of event B or we can write it as probability P of event A intersection B is equal to probability P of event A into probability P of event B. Now here dot represents multiplication. The physical description of two events A and B is not sufficient to describe whether the two events are independent or not. A and B are declared to be independent events if probability of events A intersection B is equal to probability of event A into probability of event B. Now let us see its verification. Now if probability of two events A and B occurring together, that is probability of event A intersection B is not equal to the product of two probabilities, that is probability of event A into probability of event B, then the two events not independent. So here B and B are dependent events. Now let us just give you an example for this. Here a pair of dice is thrown and A is the event of numbers are obtained. We have to show that A and B are dependent events. Now let us start with the solution. First of all we have to find the sample space of this experiment. Now we know that whenever we throw a dice, then total number of outcomes are six, that is getting a number one, number two, three, four, five and six. Now when we roll two dice simultaneously or we can say when a pair of dice is thrown, then the outcomes will be getting a number one on the first die and getting a number one on the second die, then getting a number one on the first die and getting a number two on the second die, then getting a number one and getting and getting number 3 on the second die then getting a number 1 on first die and getting a number 4 on second die and continuing this way we get all these outcomes. Now sample space of this experiment is a set containing all these ordered pairs and when we count these ordered pairs they are 36 in number it means number of elements is equal to 36. Now here a is the event sum is 8 it means here we have to check for those ordered pairs whose sum of first and second components is 8. Now here you can see ordered pair, ordered pair 35 then ordered pair 53, ordered pair 6, ordered pair 44 are the required ordered pairs and here we can see that 2 plus 6 is 8, 3 plus 5 is 8, 4 plus 4 is 8, 5 plus 3 is 8 and here 6 plus 2 is 8. So event A is a set containing the ordered pairs 2, 6, 3, 5, 4, 4, 5, 3 for event B we will write those are both dies the outcomes are the ordered pairs 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 5, 3, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 1, 5, 3, event B is a set containing all these ordered pairs. Now let us find event A intersection B and this is equal to a set containing elements which are common to both event A and event B. So it is a set containing the ordered pairs 35 and 53 as the ordered pairs 35 and 53 are common to both these events. Now let us calculate probabilities. First of all let us find probability P of event A which is equal to number of elements favorable to event A upon total number of elements in sample space S. Now number of elements in event A is equal to 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and number of elements in sample space S is equal to 36. So probability P of event A is equal to 5 upon 36. Now let us find probability of event B and this is equal to number of outcomes or number of elements favorable to event B. Now here it is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9th upon total number of elements in sample space S which is 36. So probability of event B is equal to 9 upon 36 and this is equal to 1 upon 4. Now let us find probability of event A intersection B. Now number of elements favorable to event A intersection B is 2. So probability of event A intersection B is equal to 2 upon total number of elements in sample space S that is 36 and this is equal to 1 upon 18. Now let us find the product probability of event A into probability of event B and this is equal to 5 upon 36 into 1 upon 4 which is equal to 5 upon 144. So from here you can see that probability of event A intersection B is not equal to probability of event A into probability of event B. Therefore A and B are not independent events thus they are dependent events. So here we have proved that A and B are dependent events. So in this session we have learnt how to determine the independence of two events and this completes our session. Hope you all have enjoyed the session.


What's happening? It's Shane here. So today we're going to be going over the best beginner cards We're going to be doing the beginner credit card tier list So if you're a beginner you only have one credit card or maybe you don't have any credit cards Most of the cards you apply for out there are not going to accept you and every single time you apply for a card It's gonna bring your credit score down and it's gonna make it less likely that you get accepted to another card So because of that I decided to make this list which is the best beginner credit cards These are all cards you could likely apply for and maybe get early on in the process when you have either one credit card or none And just because it's a beginner card doesn't necessarily mean it's not a really good one In fact, my favorite card ever is gonna be on this list There are others that are good where you know It takes a while in order to build up your credit in order to get that one But surprisingly some of the best ones are ones that you can apply for right away So as always don't forget to smash the like button in order to defeat the evil YouTube algorithm And let's jump right into this Number one is going to be the Amazon Prime rewards credit card Now I'm not gonna go over these too much I'm just gonna very briefly talk about them But basically you get 5% cashback on all of your purchases at Amazon as well as Whole Foods 5% cashback is amazing Especially considering the fact that you can order just about anything from Amazon now You can order almost anything you need around the house You can order groceries And sure some of these things might be a little bit more expensive than they would be at the store But you also save a lot of time by ordering it online and not having to go to a physical location It also gets 2% back at restaurants drugstores and gas stations There's technically no annual credit card fee but you do have to be an Amazon Prime member And so if you already shop on Amazon a lot you're already an Amazon Prime member This one is a no-brainer You should definitely try to apply for the Amazon Prime credit card This one goes in S tier So the next one on the list is going to be the Apple credit card And you have to have an iPhone in order to use this one You get 2% cashback through most purchases as long as you use Apple Pay on your iPhone And you get 3% cashback on a lot of different stores such as Apple Store or if you go to Nike Now if you have one credit card there's a good chance you'll get accepted for this one It's probably gonna be a little bit harder than some of the other ones on the list And so for that reason you always want to check credit karma to make sure that you're gonna get approved They have a tool on there that will predict whether you're going to get approved or not And it's pretty accurate But overall for a beginner card I'll go ahead and put this one in C tier Next one on the list is going to be the Bank of America Cash Rewards credit card And this is a good beginner credit card that has an extremely good sign-on bonus And it's also a little bit complicated to use If you spend $1,000 in the first 90 days you'll get $200 of cash reward points It gives at least 1% cashback on all purchases 2% cashback at all grocery stores And then 3% cashback in a category of your choice So this is a very popular card with a lot of the credit card YouTubers There's entire videos that they make on optimizing their spending You know they use this credit card when they go to this place And then this credit card when they go to that place And they've got like 7 different credit cards to make sure they always get like 3-5% back And then some of them do like credit card churning and stuff I'm not super into that to be honest with you I think it's kind of a waste of time like couponing You could definitely be doing better things with your time You could just be side hustling and making a lot more money If you spent the same amount of time doing that But at the end of the day that's honestly just my opinion And the sign-on bonus for this one where you can get $200 cashback is really good And for that reason it's gonna go an A tier Next one on the list is going to be the City Double Cash Now what I love about this card is it's just so simple It gives you 2% cashback 1% when you spend and then 1% when you pay off the balance on the credit card There's no sign-on bonus but there's also no annual fee So you don't have to worry about that You can use this card for just about anything Now you might have a little bit of trouble getting approved for this one If it's your very first credit card So make sure you check that on Credit Karma like I said But overall if you can get approved for this one It is S tier Another great beginner card is going to be the Discover It credit card Now this is another one where all the credit card YouTubers absolutely love it Because they like to maximize the rewards that they can get So you can actually get 5% cashback on different rotating categories So they choose what the category is The rotating category might be groceries, restaurants Or something along those lines, maybe gas And it rotates every 3 months So every 3 months it's gonna change to something else So you have to keep track of that Now on top of that rotating category It does earn 1% cashback on all purchases And it has a fantastic introductory offer Where it basically matches all of the cashback that you get in the first year So let's say you get $100, $200 cashback It'll match that with another $200 You'll get $400 total This is a great, just simple credit card that you can get That has an awesome sign on bonus And for that reason it goes in S tier Next one on the list is going to be the Fidelity Rewards Visa Signature card So this one's extremely similar to the Citi Double Cash In that you get 2% cashback Pretty much no questions asked The catch on this one is you do have to open up a brokerage with Fidelity Because that 2% gets deposited directly into your investment account So I guess this one kind of comes with a caveat Of you have to be investing already And a lot of people getting their first credit cards probably aren't But at the same time I think that's really cool Because it would automatically invest for you So for that reason if you do have a brokerage account with Fidelity This one is gonna go into S tier Next one on the list is going to be the Mastercard Gold Card Now if you haven't noticed yet There's a bunch of credit cards out there That kind of brand themselves to look very similar to other popular cards You know you've got Credit 1 versus Capital 1 for instance And Mastercard Gold Card is going to be one of those So there's this huge thing right now Where people just think it's amazing to have these metal cards It's almost like a status symbol And so Mastercard Gold Card came onto the scene And they were just like Okay there's a ton of people who want to have these metal cards But their credit score isn't good enough to get them Let's trick these people Give them a total piece of crap card That doesn't have good stats at all But it's you know metal and it looks cool I mean that's just my opinion Take it for what it's worth But yeah this one is not very good It's got a $995 annual fee And the cash back you get on this one Is usually around 1-2% Which is very low for an annual fee credit card The reviews on this one online are bad Also I feel like everybody would laugh at you If they saw that you had this card Just no F tier Next one is the Mastercard Black Card Same thing You try to get this one Because it kind of looks like the Centurion By American Express It's just not It's not though This one has a $495 annual fee Instead of $995 So it's slightly better I guess But yeah no it's still pretty much F tier I guess I'll put it in D tier Because it's slightly better Next one on the list is going to be the Target Red Card And this is going to be the credit card That people offer you at Target I generally don't like these types of credit cards Because they're designed to basically Have you use them at their store Then you end up spending way more money Than you actually need to And most of them honestly aren't that impressive In the first place anyways I remember I did get one credit card like this I totally forgot what it was I think it was just at a random clothes store And I honestly just was not impressed by it at all The people always ask you Because they get a commission if you sign up for one But overall these cards just aren't that great This one's going to D tier Next one on the list is going to be the Refux Card And oh wow That looks really similar to the City Double Cash Card Amazing I wonder why they branded it like that This one is basically for people Who have really really bad credit And because of the fact that they have bad credit They can't get a normal card So I guess this one would be decent for you If you're actually below a beginner Like you're not just a beginner But you're actually in the negative You've got horrible credit This one could be decent But honestly for a beginner There's better cards out there So this one's going in F tier Next one on the list is going to be The US Bank Cash Plus Card This is another card That a lot of the credit card channels really love Because you're able to kind of like Flip-flop a bunch of different things And optimize your categories To where you get 3-5% cash back And basically anything I think it's too much work To juggle card strategically like that But that's just my opinion You can earn up to $550 cash back In the first year Now the sign-on bonuses A little bit complicated I'm not even going to go over it But basically you can only spend Like a certain amount in the first quarter Second quarter, third quarter And fourth quarter to get the cash back And then you also have to spend $500 within the first 90 days And if you do all of those things And you're really careful about it You can get up to $550 By spending a little bit over $2,000 And the 5% cash back that you get You can choose two different categories for Then you get 2% cash back On everyday items like groceries and gas And then 1% cash back On all of the other purchases That don't fall under those categories This is a fantastic card for beginners I think this one probably has The best introductory offer out of all of them So for that reason it goes in S tier Next one on the list Is going to be the Capital One Platinum Now this card doesn't really offer any perks It doesn't have cash back Or any perks or any sign on bonuses Or anything like that However, it's known for being one That's very, very easy to get as a beginner So this is one where If you have no credit history There's a very good chance You can get this one as a beginner I think there are better ones on the list To be honest with you As long as you're smart about it And you use credit karma To see if you're going to get approved or not There's probably better ones That you can use on the list And so for that reason I'm going to go ahead and put this one in B tier Next one on the list Is going to be the Chase Freedom Credit Card And actually this was my first card ever Now there's a couple different options You've got the student card You've got the freedom unlimited And you've just got the normal one But all of them offer 1.5% cash back That is really good for just a normal card There's no annual fee There's no, you know, crazy stuff like that And this one is another one Where you're relatively likely to get approved for it A lot of people also like Getting chase cards early on If they get really into credit cards Because of this rule Where I forgot the exacts of the rule But basically within a 24 month period You can only apply to like 4 or 5 credit cards If Chase sees that you've applied to any more than that They're going to automatically decline you On any card that you apply for And so a lot of people like to get this one For that reason And then it also has an additional perk Of once you do get a better chase credit card That's got better cash back You can actually roll your cash back onto that And get that higher amount So overall this is a very good beginner card I would put this one in A tier Now if for whatever reason You can't get the Capital One Platinum Which is almost a for sure thing that you can get it Let's say maybe you have some credit history That you didn't even know about You signed a lease for rent And you didn't even realize It was going to affect your credit or something like that What I recommend you do Is you get a secured card Now you want to get a secured card Where basically you put a certain amount of money down And it's almost like collateral In case you mess up And then so let's say you put 500 down And you have a $500 credit limit You use that for a few months Get your credit back up to the point Where it's pretty decent And then you can apply for one of these other credit cards Now there's a ton of different secured cards out there Like banks everywhere offer them You know they're very common So this is a good option If for whatever reason The Capital One Platinum doesn't work for you I'll go ahead and put this one in B tier Check out my other videos right here I made them just for you Go ahead smash the like button Hit the subscribe button Ring the notification bell And comment down below Thank you so much for watching


Hi and welcome to the session. Today we will discuss the following question. The question says, factorize the expression and divide as directed. 5pq into p square minus q square divided by 2p into p plus q. Let's see its solution. We have to divide the expression 5pq into p square minus q square divided by 2p into p plus q. So this will be equal to 5pq into p square minus q square upon 2p into p plus q. Now recall the identity a plus b into a minus b is equal to a square minus b square. Now here in the given expression p square minus q square is same as a square minus b square. So using this identity we can write this expression as 5pq into p plus q into p minus q upon 2p into p plus q. Now this can be written as 5 into p into q into p plus q into p minus q upon 2 into p into p plus q. Now we will cancel out the common factors from the numerator and denominator. So in this we have p common and the factor p plus q is common. So here we are left with 5 into q into p minus q upon 2. That is 5 upon 2 into q into p minus q. And thus 5 upon 2 into q into p minus q is the required answer to this question. With this we finish this session. Hope you have understood the question. Goodbye and keep smiling.


a couple stories for you guys. One of them is revisiting a story from the past dealing with the Tears of the Kingdom Switch OLED Edition because it appears we have some marketing or promo material that somehow appeared online. I don't know. Maybe it ends up being fan created. We know our good buddy Mike Odyssey tried to recreate the stuff in a higher quality, but this looks extremely official, but it's from some random user, so we're not going to spend too much time on it, but I will show you it later. We also have some news here about a brand new feature for Nintendo's next generation platform that I think is going to make a lot of people smile, and yes, this information comes from Nintendo themselves. What? Nintendo talking about their next-gen platform? What is going on? I don't know folks, but before we dive into it, I want to remind you that hey, we are on the road to 100,000 subscribers, and if we can hit 100k before Tears of the Kingdom comes out, we are going to give away a special collector's edition of Tears of the Kingdom. That's right. You get that art book that, well, you know, unfortunately leaked.  You get the art book, you get the pins, you get the, what, the steel book and that poster. Oh gosh, it is an amazing thing to get very hard to get sold out very fast. We're going to give away one of those. If we get to 100k by Tears of the Kingdom, that being said, let's get into the news and we'll start first with that Tears of the Kingdom related story, and that has to deal with the, well, promotional materials for Tears of the Kingdom Switch OLED edition. At this point, most people kind of figure that it's real, that it's true, that this is a thing that exists, but now we actually have a better look at it. These look like the sort of promo shots we get for all of the Switch OLEDs. You get it undocked, you get it in the dock, you get the dock just on its own. I feel like the dock just on its own, maybe missing a little details. I felt like there was some more subtle details we'd be able to see in the ring around the middle, but you know what? This stuff looks really, really good. It could be fan-made, so I don't want to spend too much time on it. It was posted up by Twitter user at HejulinkL. I don't know anything about them. I don't know how they got their hands on this stuff. Again, it could be a fan-made thing, but it looks really, really good to me anyways, and at least gives us a much better look at what it should look like, assuming that this is the final form of this particular item. That being said, I want to actually spend a majority of this video talking about our second story, and that's because it deals with Nintendo's next generation platform and a feature it's going to have. So we all know there's a massive, I don't know what to call it, a lawsuit, but basically a lot of litigation happening around Microsoft's acquisition of Activision Blizzard, and we're getting a lot of legal documents through all of this process, and Nintendo is involved because they are a concerned party when it comes to fair competition. And the thing is, we're finding out about various features of different consoles, some good things, some bad things, we're finding out details about Game Pass, stuff we're not going to go into right now. Basically, Game Pass isn't remotely profitable and is hurting Microsoft short-term sales, but that's a different story for a different day, it's not really about Nintendo. Nintendo comes into this because Nintendo's online functionality was being compared and Nintendo had to submit documents over all of this stuff for legal reasons, and on page 9 of a document submitted to the CMA, all these documents are released publicly by the way because this is a public case. It has some stuff in it that's been redacted that seems to heavily suggest Nintendo's next system. And here's what it says on page 9, Nintendo Switch Online has been excluded from our shares as Nintendo Cloud Gaming Service is very limited. Nintendo's Cloud Gaming Service, and again, this has to do with their NES, their Super Nintendo, the N64, the Genesis, the Game Boy, the Game Boy Advance, right? That's the service we're talking about here, is only available on the Nintendo Switch device and redacted. Nintendo Switch Online gives gamers access to online play and cloud saving amongst other features, we therefore see Nintendo Switch Online as predominantly online multiplayer service rather than a cloud gaming service. That is just the findings of the CMA, but they had to redact a thing, so their cloud gaming service for video games is found on Nintendo Switch and Blank. What would be that Blank? They do not have the ability to play NSO games anywhere else but Switch right now. So what's the Blank? The Blank is obviously a future device, because this case could be pending for years. So yeah, Nintendo had to bring up their future device, obviously they got it redacted before the stuff was released publicly, but what do we get confirmation of, or seeming confirmation of, that the Nintendo Switch Online service when it comes to their games is going to be forward compatible with the next system. Now we knew Nintendo accounts, Nintendo did announce Nintendo accounts would be compatible, but not the actual game service. This shows very well for backwards compatibility, I know that's not confirmed here, but if they're going to have forward compatibility with their game service on NSO, then they're clearly going to have forward compatibility with their current games. Now what's interesting is, NSO is called Nintendo Switch Online, does that mean this next device is also going to be a Nintendo Switch, because that is the current branding that apparently is forward compatible. So look, this is kind of big news, it's like a, because of the legal process, we're finding out something ahead of time that might have always been planned and is really cool, but now we can actually just like look you in the face and go, we have a legal document where Nintendo had to actually admit that it's going to be on their next device. That's crazy, it also kind of suggests to be that next device is probably out by the end of next year, of course everything seems to be pointing to that anyways. That being said, I want to get your thoughts on these stories, and whatever else down in the comments below, I'm also going to plead that people please leave the spoilers for Tears of the Kingdom out of the comment section of videos that aren't about the, aren't about the spoilers. That would be something I just would greatly appreciate as a community if we can come together and agree, hey let's only talk about the spoilers in the appropriate videos and sections that are about the spoilers, rather than talking about them on everything. We know that Big Tears of the Kingdom leak happened, I covered it, I had a video on it, we did a live stream on it, you know it's one of those things where let's just be respectful of those that don't want to be spoiled and don't reveal that information in areas that aren't about it. Any content I do on spoilers moving forward will always be labeled, you'll always know when you're only going to consume it if you want to, so you know what you're getting into rather than just on any other video, so please I'm just pleading with my community, do not let spoilers seep into our conversations here anyways. That being said, thank you so much for being here, I want to remind you again about our Road to 100k giveaway, I can't wait, I'm due, Tears of the Kingdom is all on my mind, it's hard for me to even cover this second story today because I just want to talk about Tears of the Kingdom is so bad, but I need to keep it to myself, I need to reign it in, we have a podcast to do, we have other videos to get to, more to cover, and hey, drop your favorite emoji down below if you have been playing Metroid Prime Remaster, because guys, I've been getting pretty deep into Metroid Prime Remaster, I'm loving it guys, I'm loving it, I made a video already on it, so I don't have any more content coming, but Metroid Prime Remaster is a remaster done right. I'll catch you guys in the next video.


Not bad All right, he's gonna counter Drop 17 you gotta you got some explaining to do how's he going everybody taught to do a year back with some more dragon ball fighters rank matches This time going back to one of my favorite point characters Android 17 with Krillin and Yamcha backing him up And of course I also got to mention our opponent team as I am really scared about how pressure with Android 18 and Videl could look alright Android 18 versus Eight why are we so far apart? I don't know why that found me, but our team is really spaced out All right Android 18 versus Android 17 and should be a good match as well as I'm looking forward to seeing that Why did Videl kick me in the back of the head as I was gonna say that I'm looking forward to seeing the Videl play Videl icon Videl. I think was on the player cup man. My super dashes are not it today But also was on the player card. So I really want to see if Videl is like the main focus of the show here That was bad of me. I think we're dead too Assist gonna keep it up long enough. Yeah, that's three bars. That is definitely a kill just getting bounced around by 18 now I wonder if Videl comes up Not 21. Okay. Okay saving Videl for the anchor position. I can respect it. I can respect it. I uh, I don't want to I Want to see Videl No beam all the recovery is so bad. I was just sitting there like a menace Just looking for any reason to move I 21 I'd appreciate if we could not do this combo Dragon rush to start off finally a clean hit for us But it sucks 17 didn't get to play But I guess that's what happens when uh, yeah, you just starting off. He'll come back. He'll he'll he'll he'll rise again Should have blocked that's fine. Yoncha. Thank you. Oh Yoncha. This is so good Able to get a confirm off this that I would not have been able to with most other assist That's plus gotta respect it. But also dragon rushes a threat now Gotta hold on to this dragon rush and everything. I'm doing it. I don't care. I'm going for the hard combo.  I don't know. I think so normally With a normal combo and some bar, but imagine if I didn't have to spend the bar I Also, I guess that he sparked as well. So we should be okay No, where's the I guess it wouldn't have mattered because that level three was on point but my sparking blast definitely right out Please don't eat the dough. Okay. There I there goes Krillin and now it's time for a classic yoncha comeback you've seen the stories before and This is not gonna be like them. This is yoncha story retold Dunked into the ground that so far but does only That kick is such a funny assist to me. It's just real quick like and then she's out Just a surprise guest Hey, this did a chunk of damage to and the cross up. That's it. It be like that I just got messed up this game The offense was really good and my offense was not so good Is that wait is that gonna kill? No, that is it Okay, thought we might have had one last chance at a stand there, but no, that's gonna be it Okay, okay exciting way to start off a set I need to come back in and let Android 17 do something Android 17 needs to be a big player in this set All right, we got the rematch as well Android 17 come through come through we need you beam assist to start it off Overhead. Yes, we love to see it. I thought I dropped that No, it's just around Dude that Videlis is kind of fast. I got kicked in the dome All right, no, it's just kind of made that a little hard. That's fine. Oh, love it. Yes, two H as well And that's a death. All right. We're on the we're on the other side now We've made it. We've made it past 18. We don't have to deal with the mix the pressure or anything like that Crohn's the structure disc Boom gonna get us the lead and we still have a decent bit of health on 17 Not as good as our opponents last game, but decent enough for me to be confident that we have a better chance here. Oh Yeah, this is it dude Nice reflect like to see it. Oh, I got a little too antsy Second keyblast just in case. Oh backdash didn't even play around the Super Dash. Oh nice to H I was just happy. We didn't get kicked in the face that Videl came out We actually hit it for once it will we see a level three here? I think I'm my oh Yes Three bars. Give me three bars. Give me three bars. That's all I need. I'm out See you 17 back in the driver's seat. Oh, no, we don't have a character. There it is Krillin came up just in time It's the Krillin and Android 17 show changing places at the drop of a hat All right, this is where we see what Videl's got now remember Videl as a character counters me dude Everything about this character the grab the gohan set up. These are all things that I cannot handle as a player Justice combination a level one should do here The DP was just I don't know. I don't even know if that was needed, but It was it was an extra hit All right, we I'm panicking already dude. Look at that back that move counters me My turn counter super that was smart. Gohan gonna come out and do an 80-minute dance Pose on him pose on him flex. All right. Now. What do I do? That's overhead right right right a sparking I'm probably dead This damage is not super impressive. Actually, we should be okay. Gohan to kick me into a dragon rush I'm not gonna spark here. I guess my better judgment.  Yeah, that's it. That's it. Let's draw this time one two three four five six Give me your sparking timer. I don't want to play this game. The reason we brought back in 17 is because No, the wrong move. Oh, that was supposed to be a roll back into a barrier But I just I hit the a button way too fast. That's fine. We got the sparking timer I wanted to set up a situation where yantra could come in and just have level three sparking So we still have that going on although I am I'm gonna say right now To be in order this is like us trying to beat this Videl and in order to do it We sacrifice so many characters. So hopefully in rounds to come We don't have to make that many sacrifices to beat Videl, but The sacrifices were made. We got the win. It is now one one in this set going on to the next game Ah, dude It's gonna be a tough that I I could tell I'm glad we finally got to see the Videl in action because I can tell I'm gonna struggle. It's gonna be tough. It's not gonna be a fun ride Amazing I like that stamp I like the newer stamps. They've been adding it to the game. They're they're pretty good I don't block Honestly blocking is a choice and I've chosen not to oh, no, I'm sorry. I didn't make the most out of that I did not use that for anything Interesting didn't oh no That was a bad choice I was gonna say interesting that he didn't go for a heavier or some sort of launcher You Videl I have begging you to not get in my way All right, and another bad start for us Damn it. I hit Videl this character is just all over the place. All right Krillin help me I am I'm I'm feeling overloaded My turn Yes That was a big risk I did not want to get hit in the corner there. So if I got mashed out, that was it for me Love it dropped it Oh, but we're back at it again, dude.  What are the odds that she wake up level threes I feel like it's high and why is it high? I'm gonna I'm gonna go against my better judgment. Okay. She sparked him. That's fine. I'm okay with that one Okay, why don't just make sure she wouldn't throw any key blast Is that those feet? Oh, no, not a 2m starter at least at the very least at least sparking went away. That was kind of lucky Oh, but this is bad, dude. That's a lot of damage Okay, end to a level three. This is gonna give her the rest of her abilities as well down there So not again, not great to get level three by 21. I think this is where we spark I got a heavy input to come out there Okay, okay, dad videlis. This is fast. I keep getting kicked to the dome piece. All right, that's fine three bars This is an absolute what a long and this is dbs broley eat your heart out this combo been going on for years I has it or am I just misremembering love it Pretty cheap as well. I'm gonna go ahead and make a judgment call that I think I want to save the ombresist Am I gonna regret that though? Oh, this team has so much health. We got to get moving Why didn't I expect that I should have held back on the buttons I'm gonna I'll wake up level three.  Hold on. Don't do that. Don't do that Do do it. Yeah. Oh, yeah, we both got invincible supers now, huh? Where's my yoncha?  He's not recovered yet. Oh, I down have not yoncha. Okay. He escaped But barely dude. Oh Oh, if yoncha would have died, I would have been so upset My man did not deserve that All right, nice vanish At this point, we can't really afford to switch out. We just gotta hope we kill 21 with some time left Okay, not a lot of blue health there, but we you know, at least we killed 21 at least we didn't lose The slow but steady comeback. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. No, okay. Okay. Okay. I got down heavy Human versus human I took a big risk there. I she was walking forward. I don't know what she was trying to do that scared me Oh, she must have thought I was going for a cross-up. Why was she walking for I don't know I don't know too much too too much to worry about All right. I don't want any piece of this dude Okay, I'm glad I they at least blocked Let's go. Let's go. He said it. I don't know. I can't no, it's not it's not It's not it. It's not it. I wanted one more bar to maybe push it a little further But this is not a bad situation at all. I'm gonna go for the cross-up Baby, it's my lucky. Oh, he recovered. How did you recover? Oh, Wolfgang fist How did he recover for the you know what questions for another day? Let's focus. We don't need to worry about that now That was so bad. That was so close to being mad. All right If we can win this this should be the end of the set as long as we can get this w Love to see it a little too far I'm gonna go for another dragon rush. All right, beautiful. If we if we get a good start.  Give me that. Give me that. Give me that. Give me that. Give me that I gotta let that one go. So I wish I would have known that was gonna cross up. Oh, no I just revealed I didn't do that on purpose now. I don't look like a good player Ha ha ha nice dodge. I'll give you that but can you block a 6m? Dude that cross-up was insane I don't oh that was so cool. I wish I would have made Can you confirm off that right? That's a buff. I forgot about that That uh, that would have been so good. All right, that's fine. That's fine. That's fine.  I thought he was gonna block it there We are in the driver's seat. Let me get that sparking timer Bend it back. Oh, yes. Oh, yes. Oh, yeah. Oh, this is my game. It's my game. It's my time All right, come on, but though Not bad. All right, he's gonna counter you got some explaining to do your twin doesn't connect to five eight Two eight. I am now a very disappointed man All right, well, this should be the end of the set. Thank you guys so much. No, how am I doing the outro already? We still gotta make sure this kills All right, it does kill. Oh, what a hard fought bat. I'm so disappointed that didn't connect Like I was saying before thank you guys so much for watching this video Thank you to my opponents for the games It was a fun one Let me know your favorite moment down below in the comment section If you have one and while you're down there leave a like and subscribe to the channel If you enjoy the stuff we do here and want to support it And hey, you can also check out some other videos that should be on your screen right now other than that I have been dr. Doya. Thank you so much for watching this video all the way to the end And I will see you in the next one


Appalachian Wireless and Samsung have the deal in wireless all January. Samsung Galaxy S9 just a penny. Galaxy S9 plus $99.99, Note 9 just $249.99, that's $200 off normal pricing. What supplies last? Two-year agreement required. Seastore for details. Last summer when the city closed the pool, we had offered to rebuild what had been taken which was essentially an outdoor pool, locker rooms, restroom facility. So we've been working with the Y, the Y stepped up and offered to build an indoor facility and we've come to an agreement with them, whereas the city will build a pool very similar to what was at Hamley Athletic Complex previously. You do not have to remember the Y to go to the pool, is my understanding. Now certainly between Memorial Day and Labor Day, it is a public pool and anybody can go at the same rates that you were charged when the pool was at Hamley Athletic Complex. So now the Y will set those rates outside of that time period.


Every month on First Friday, the Main Charitable Mechanic Association exhibits the work of a local artist. This month, the watercolors of Carolyn Outwin are on display and Brian Knoblock talked with her about how she began.  Tell me about how it got started. Well, it's kind of a short story. I was living in Connecticut and there was a community services bulletin came to the house and it said that they were offering an introduction to watercolor painting. And I thought, well, that sounds like fun. And I've always been interested in watercolor as a medium. So I signed up for it and they had a list of what you had to bring to the first class, the type of paintbrush she wanted you to have, paper, pencil, and the three colors she wanted you to bring, an alizarin crimson, a cerulean blue, and a Windsor yellow. Windsor yellow is a Windsor Newton, which is a brand name. So you brought the three basic colors to class and then she did a demonstration and said, well, for the first class, what we're going to do is we're going to copy something that I have done. And that's generally how most artists get started. Well, you copy something else or you see how someone else has painted it in order for you to learn how to paint. And then what happened? What happened? Well, it's a hobby that kind of got out of hand. I really, really enjoyed it. I love working with watercolors. I love the sea. I love the sky. I love the challenge of how do you render something that has no color of its own.  And when you go to the beach in the summer and you see the sky and you see the reflected light, it's a challenge on how do you make what has no color have a color. Before you took the class the first time, had you ever painted or sketched before? No, I hadn't. I took a high school art class, but that's just elaborate babysitting or it wasn't my school. So I really didn't have any experience with painting at all. And why did you choose, you have a lot of seascapes and that sort of thing. Why do you choose that particular location and venue for your work? Well, I've always been drawn to the water. I love the sea and I grew up by the sea. And my mother was from an island further up the coast, Campobello. And we spent all of our summers there and looking at the sea. So I've always been surrounded by it and I've always loved it. Do you paint what you see or paint what you imagine? A little bit of both. I also do some composites where I take photographs or images I've seen elsewhere and put them together to create a scene. And what does a painting give back to you? Oh my, that's quite a question. It's the ability to create something beautiful, something that inspires me and something that I feel that I can share with someone else. The beauty of nature and the power of the sea. In addition to being an artist, you're also the president of the Maine Charitable Mechanic Association. Tell us about that and you have artists here every first Friday. Is that right? Yes, we do. The Maine Charitable Mechanic Association was founded in 1815. And I am the first woman to be president of the association. On the first Friday art walk of every month, we do sponsor a different artist. We've had all kinds of art, everything you can imagine. We've had sculpture, we've had painting, we've had encaustic art, which is painting with wax. We're on the gamut, we've had it all. Your location is a bit off the beaten path. It's on the second floor, just on Congress Street in your building here. But I know that you get people who come upstairs and discover the library, which is an unusual place. Talk about that for a bit. It is a little disconcerting to have people say, I've lived here my whole life. I didn't know this existed. We are the eighth oldest membership library in the United States. The library was formed in 1820 for the improvement of the mind of the apprentices. So at a period of time when most people were illiterate, the masters who formed this association were not only teaching the skill to trade to their apprentices, but they were teaching them to read and write as well. And that's kind of a big deal. And the library itself is a membership library, so you become a member of a fee and you can take out books, right? Yes, that's right. It's $25 for the year, and it not only gets you into the library, it gets you into our travel lectures series, which will be starting again on October the 1st. We hold them out at Catherine Macaulay High School, and we are now celebrating 100 years of travel lectures. They started in 1911. And if people want more information about the association or the art works, that's a thing. Where can they go? They can go to our website, maincharitablemechanic.com, or they can call us at 773-8396, or they can stop by the library any Tuesday, Wednesday, or Thursday from 10 to 3.