Okay, so if you want to just grab the QR code there, or if you're used to it, it's T9ANYUPR on ppt.ms, just use it on your phone. It's something which we use at everything. It's great to see Moodle supporting more inclusive presentations like this. I'm really proud of Moodle. Lead from the front. Let's give you one or two more seconds. And the one thing I love about this is you can rewind the presenter, which is a bit difficult in real life. I'll explain what it means in a moment. So when you're in it, that's cool. Okay, so I'm going to talk about the rollout of our accessibility toolkit. As you know, in Moodle Core, there's a version of it. We call it Starter.  There's an awful lot of extra cool stuff in there. And part of that is an awful lot of supports for staff, supports for the teachers, the students, the institution reporting all that fun stuff. So when an institution comes to think about it, they need to go, well, how are we going to roll this out? Because it is a toolkit. So there's many things and levers that they can choose to use. So I'm going to very quickly and initially go through some of those just to give you a bit of context. So yeah, put that in, just make everybody smile. So the first aspect is around finding. You just mantra a find, fix, future proof, because accessibility is a journey. So when you find the problem, you want to fix it. And then you want to stop it happening into the future. And that requires three things. It requires firstly, technology, secondly, a culture of accessibility first, but also requires capacity building, staff skills, digital skills and understanding of why. And that is paramount. It's one of the foundational concepts of how we approach it. So when you're finding it, our system helps you analyze within Moodle. And obviously, all these sides get shared afterwards, produce reporting. But we also break it down from what we call a functional view, what's broken in Moodle and what type of content it is and why. On the fixing, we have automated tools to try and deal with it. We have interfaces then to triage and bulk fix. And I'll show you the slide near the end as an example of a rollout. So it's like adding alt text to images, adding, creating descriptive links. Really important. It's like descriptive file names. If you were to sort of think to yourself and go, do I have a policy or do we have a policy of how we name files or are they all slides, one, not PDF? Can you give them to the students? Just think about when they've got 10 modules of slides, one, not PDF. Descriptive links and descriptive files, cool thing. Converting all caps to sentence case. I love seeing paragraphs in caps and stuff, but also to remove some technical errors. When I learned to teach IT, gosh, it was 26 years ago, my capstone project was a three week curriculum in teaching Microsoft Word, eight hours a day, three weeks, whatever it was, 24 hours of scheme of works of teaching Word. And that's what you needed then. Now it's about six weeks to fully learn Microsoft Word. Problem is no one wants to spend more than three minutes learning any feature of anything nowadays. So they never know actually what they should be doing. Used to be called desktop publishing. Now it's whizzy work. What you see is what you get, hopefully. But then future proofing. So we implement things like editor nudging. We implement features that improve usability and usability and accessibility are really tightly integrated. But you know what? It's not usable. It won't be accessible. But technically it can be accessible, but not usable. And that's a headworker. Just think about group management in Moodle for a teacher, 300 teachers. You want to get them into groups of five specific groups. How much fun that is. That's an accessible interface. But is it practical? Then we've got user preference to control individual displays, student self-service, student training. We're working on that at the moment that students will be taught how to be accessible, inclusive allies with their other students as well as amazingly submitting accessible assignments and then capacity building. And for students, that's the self-service aspect. It's letting them convert content into formats that they want. Imagine that. So it's not a teacher going, I'm going to lock down my content. No one can edit it. They can't download it. And if they do, I want the IP police at their door. However, the student goes, you know what? I'd like to listen to those lecture notes on the way home today while I'm cycling. So they want it as an MP3. Imagine there being a difference in opinion there. And then we have these multiple layers of constantly sporting user tours, heavily underused in Moodle, onboarding workshops, online courses, and they're unlimited. Someone buys our product. Every single one of their staff, their lecturers, their IT support, their HR, HR documents are usually the most challenging or inaccessible because they were designed for printing for contracts. Oh, makes me cry. Then we've got also accessibility guides and tips. We've got all these and can imagine all of these are the set of levers that any institution can choose which ones they want to pull and in what order. It's like quack a mole with all of these different mole holes and you have to choose what you're going to do. So for example, DCO, and you'll just go through this one first and I'll talk about some other examples. So they were rolling it out. DCO are presenting here. They presented up most Moodle moose recently. They're really engaged and wanting to improve, especially around UDL. But they have this people first approach, which is really key to what they do. So using it for 18 years, if oodles of online courses, a load of content built in Moodle, but also they've got a few of those PDFs and SCORM objects and H5P packages, all those fun things that really are harder to make accessible. But they wanted to create supports to foster a culture of inclusion. It's that second pillar of having a culture that think accessibility first, the students shouldn't need to walk around with an arrow on their head to be to get accessible materials. They shouldn't need to be self identifying if there's no need, especially with neurodivergent students. So because they may or may not know that they have a disability and may or may not want to disclose their disability, improving the content, enabling students to do what they need when they need it. Because as a student, I've looked at online material built in book when I was learning in a course. But equally, when I was wanting to look at online iPad, I was choosing to download as an ebook to look at offline, or then listen to as MP3. So three different formats. But there's nothing through the disabilities to do it situational need. It's like captions, if you want to watch a video in a library. Other people in the library may object, maybe if you had your volume on watching the videos. So but that's what also needs to scaffold skill development. So obviously, we've worked with them on lots of amazing projects and have some really cool, super cool, compass, competency related stuff, which if you can track down Rob Lowney, I know he's here this week. Pardon? Oh, he's there. Okay, so if you can track him down, you want to get him to show you his competencies stuff, because he's done some amazing stuff, especially on their award winning onboarding for students, which I must admit, I've worked with hundreds of universities in the last 20 years. And that onboarding is shithot. Pardon my language. And I hope it translated onto the captions well. So they went through piloting on a clone site, which is a good way of finding out how big the mountain is you're going to climb. And then they moved to production and provide using that ongoing training bit by bit, because you know what, this is a journey, you want to overwhelm staff, they're busy. COVID came along and went, Hey, you know what, all of you who taught online teaching wasn't a thing. Welcome, smell the roses. So so it helps support their UDL process, which they've been really leading in Ireland and producing amazing work there implemented in the five faculties. The students have embraced converting books and pages and stuff into other formats, like there is no tomorrow. It is brilliant, because they're basically choosing what they need. They don't need to go to the teacher going, Hey, can I have that PDF as a Word document? I want to use immersive reader on it. No, they just convert it to a Word document. Because that's what they need. And they know their needs. But also then the staff can report on what happened, not who did it. So they can see lots of people are create using docx. So now they go, Okay, maybe I should be using docx as my base format, if so many are converting to it. And then also starting the staff CPD. These of you are not unusual on how they rolled it out. They went slow and build plans and start implementing them bit by bit and fitted it into the other projects that they were working with. But one of the interesting things is when we look across all of our clients and how they have rolled out, it is so utterly different everywhere. So one big institution who again, similar to university, they actually don't use it on the live courses as such they do. But it's that's not where it's mainly used. They've a QA curriculum team in house who precheck all course content before it goes live the following year. That's a really centralized approach. So they use the toolkit for that. And they make sure it's fixed before it goes live. Not just have and so it takes away from the teacher, the SME that subject matter expert, those lecturers or should I say researchers who are told they have to do lecturing, those researchers who create the content, they give it off, it's made better, usable, and then it's put onto the live system. So this QA process, which is great because it fits into their ways of working, but not everyone works that way. Another university Concordia in Canada, they presented myself last year at a conference where they did two different pilots to see which way was going to work best for them. One where they had staff gave them very light training and then let them loose on the toolkit. Now the toolkit is pretty usable. One of our clients went live in 22 hours after saying hello to us because they were replacing some other tool that shall not be named. And but they were live on their system 22 hours later, which is quite cool really. But then they didn't even do the onboarding. They just got on with it because it is pretty usable. However, for those staff who weren't used to online and content QA HTML accessibility, because they've learned about spelling and grammar since you're three years old, suddenly, digital accessibility sweeps in and goes, This is just as important as spell checking your document. But you don't have 27 years or whatever it is of experience in this area.  So the second one, they had students doing the work and really heavily trained them, we worked with them in workshops, and then they worked with the staff. So much better, surprising if you want to win a Formula One race, you need to learn how to drive or at least know what a car is. Decentralized support is another one which is really popular where they actually look for champions in different departments and really scale them up and provide a lot of centralized support to those individuals who then work within that department, because they will know the type of challenges they have. So if it's very much math based STEM based. So that's another really popular one. And I'd say probably a third use that decentralized one. They really target building champions. In fact, one one institution in the States created the B team. I asked them why was it the A team for accessibility, which you know, it's the Brickfield team. I always thought we were the A team, you know, I want to be I want all that dual jewelry. Yeah, I think I'd look good. Maybe. And this is another example of actually, because one of the ways that we work with our clients since when they were doing the roll out. And one of our first pilots came back with 60 pages of feedback. And number one was a button that just fixes everything. It's not in our roadmap. Karen looked at it and went, amazing feedback. But are they serious? Yeah, you know, everyone wants a button to do everything. However, one of the other institutions that we work with, they really engaged during their first year usage. And while they were doing it on their training and pilot sites, and came back with some really strong recommendations on how we should improve it. And this was one of the things where we have this is where we have these wizards, the teacher gets a list of all these images in their course that don't have alt text or have inadequate, inadequate alt text. So if they put in dog.png, so the file name, as the alt text, unlikely, there's only one occasion where that alt text is correct. Can anyone tell me? Literally one scenario. If the image has dog.png as text and nothing else. Any other time the file name is not suitable. So what we do is we show the existing alt text, if any, we have an update area, but then we show the image within the context of the content on the page. And they can click a button to see the whole thing. So it's like a really long page with lots of images. They can see it all so they can understand where it is, how it fits in to create the best possible alt text. And this kind of contextual stuff is a big change for us. And it's literally being rolled out to our clients in the next two weeks. So we're really proud of that mainly because it came from multiple clients making suggestions. Karen, who's our chief product officer there in the second row in front of Rob, I'll put your hand up there. Okay, I'll have to embarrass her at least once. She's my wife. So, you know, she'll get me back later. And but that feedback loop is absolutely crucial to how we work. So we work and get feedback from clients to improve the product. So this was their way of rolling it out. They looked at it, saw the efficiency from their perspective, suggested an improvement, it happened. However, then you also have different approaches. So because from my background before, I knew that institutions really like having their own branded videos. When it comes to instructional thing, teaching people how to use a tool. So we actually didn't provide loads of online courses, but we didn't do the videos of the screencasts. So these ones, it's some amazing videos, really cool. But they turned them into like a mini six minute teaching moment, where they had maybe three to four minutes of talking about descriptive links, the good, the bad, the ugly, why it was important. And then they showed how the wizard would use to be used to fix it. So it's a really cool way of doing it. And we're going to copy them. Let's be clear. So that's really cool. Love it. Amazing stuff. Another one created an onboarding course. We provide all these online courses for their staff. But anyway, you know what? We want a first step. Literally just a first step. So they pulled down some of the essential bits. And they put them into their own course that they have locally, which is fine within our agreement. The main courses have to be true our site because our site actually demonstrates accessible layout for neurodivergent students, which just means everybody. So that's important. But they had this first step in their own moodle site. And then once they finished it, then they were encouraged to go and register for the other courses. Another one rolled out focused monthly webinars. So one month, they focused on accessible links. Did a short webinar, chatting about it, and then shared materials, send them off to the various courses and introduced the wizards and so on. So they did this as a monthly theme to keep on building this skills over time. Because one of the things the teachers had told them was that they were terrified that people would expect them just to fix this immediately. And in one of the one of the courses, there was 200,000 errors. Yeah, you know, when you put a page together of just URLs to everywhere in the world, it's going to be a lot. And of course, then they open them all in new windows. So it was like doubling up on errors. It was great fun. However, they were calm down when it was, hey, you know, this is a two year journey. And then they also prioritized content types. Another one of them prioritized content types for correction. Again, giving this journey effect, which is really important to staff because they are going to go, you know what? And actually, I was in a call just last week. And the person said to me, you're expecting me to learn a whole new way of working every every item in their course had to be fixed. Every resource, everything was PDFs, which have been created according to the practice before they knew it was wrong. And but they just went, you know, what do you expect here? So steps, and you prioritize. And in this case, here's a table, which shows this was their opinion. This is also this is how they presented it internally, which was potential impact high and low, and whenever it was easier and harder. And all of the icons related to our six content types, which is really important. So I remember when I was presenting to University over in North America, as part of a sales thing, I sort of asked them, so what's your stance on plagiarism? And this lovely academic said, we're against it. That isn't quite, it isn't quite what I meant. You know, and certainly my sense of humor didn't carry across the water, so we say. And what I actually meant to say, okay, that's good. But are you the hammer? Or the educator? Do you use it to beat and hammer your students if they make a mistake deliberately or otherwise? Or are you using it to educate them about how to do citations correctly, how to quote correctly paraphrase, etc. etc. They went, Oh, definitely they're at the education side. But accessibility is the same thing. Are you talking about compliance?  Yes, there's a law involved and actually one of our clients bought a product after being sued. Would it mean better if they bought it before being sued? But that's okay. So it was very much, you know, when you look at it, we have these six content types, which greatly fit on a cube. And if you haven't got your cube, you should drop by or stand. And the idea is we're talking about content and how to do it better. So if you're going to use images, here's a list of things have how you can do images better, more inclusive, more accessible. If you're going to use links, this is how you should use links and so on, because everyone is building courses already has some foundational knowledge of these content types. So we're building on top of that. You don't want to build a whole new building and have to do the whole foundations as well. So that's why we started in that way. So it's very much about supporting the teacher and learning in their journey. So if you haven't got a cube, you can download the PDF from brickfield.ie slash tips. And then you can get these printed yourself. Or while we have them, they're going quickly, you can drop by the sound and say hello, and collect them. Any question? Or am I allowed to ask questions? There's a few minutes, about five minutes, there you go. Any questions, any thoughts, any abuse? Yes, if you can go back to the slide before. Well, actually, you can do it on your phone. So that was the one cool thing, by the way, about the phone. If you actually look at the top where it has the slides, you can rewind. I'll do it here anyway. But you can actually rewind to previous slides, which is why it makes it really cool to use that in normal lecture. Go on then. Just the question, what content type is the four black squares there? Okay, so it was layout. Okay, so the idea is image, link, layout, media, text, and tables. The problem is people use tables.  Can anyone tell me? You know the answer to that. So you're not. And that's in your living room. That's the tables have no place in digital content. None. Because they make it harder. And if you want to find a crate and an equivalent ease of use environment, don't make it harder.


So, actually I'm going to start by talking a little bit about history instead of cryptography, to tell you where the name Geondal comes from. So, Geondal was the sword of a knight called Roland in France during the 8th century AD. And the story tells that when Roland was about to die in a battle, he did not want the sword to fall into enemies' hands. And so, first he tried to break the sword onto a rock and the sword actually broke the rock, effectively creating the bridge of Roland. You can look that up on Google if you want and you can see it in the Pyrenees in France. So, he decided to throw the sword away and he ended up in this rock in Roca Madur in France, about 300 kilometers away. So, because of all of that, Geondal actually means the one which lasts. So, I hope this is a well suited name for our crypto system. Now I'm going to start with some motivations for this work. So, in code-based cryptography in general, we have pretty good results for public encryption schemes and key exchange mechanisms. We have several security and performance trade-offs, reductions to well-known problems, things like that. But signature schemes are much more difficult to grasp. And in the rank metric in particular, we had this rank sign proposal to the first round of the NIST PQC standardization process. And it was broken because rank sign was an ashen sign signature scheme. And so, what you do is that you ask your message and you need to invert the syndrome you obtain with a trapdoor that is in the keys. And it turned out that the structure could not be hidden in the public key. So, the scheme is in the broken. And midwine, in the lattice-based cryptography, you have this Schnor-Lubasevsky framework kind of approach that has a really nice property that does not rely on this kind of hidden structure. So, this work is about adapting this framework to the rank metric, plus adding a new idea, because as I will show, if you do a straightforward adaptation to this approach, it turns out that the scheme is broken in the rank metric. So, what is the rank metric? During the talk, we are only going to consider codes with coefficient in FQ to the M. And to define the rank weights of vector x of length n, what we are going to do is that for each coordinate of x that lies in FQ to the M, we are going to unfold it in a basis of FQM over FQ. And this will give us a column vector of length n. So, by doing that for each coordinate, we obtain a matrix of size m times n over FQ. And we will call the rank weight of x the rank of its associated matrix, and the distance between x and y, the rank of the difference of the respective associated matrices. Another important notion is the notion of support of a word. So, we still have our vector x of length n. And we will call the support of a word denoted support of x, or capital E in this slide, the FQ subspace of FQM generated by the coordinates of x. And by definition, the dimension of support of a word is exactly the rank weight of this word. We are going to consider FQM linear codes. So, these are more well suited for cryptography than FQ linear codes in the rank metric. The definition is pretty similar to the one in the Amic metric, except that the scalars lie in FQM instead of F2, usually. So, an FQM linear code is an FQM subspace of FQM to the n of dimension k. And to represent such a code, we can even do that by a generator matrix or party check matrix. This can be really expensive, and not really, it can lead to large keys. So, we are going to add an additional structure to this code. The structure is called Aldiol code. So, what we are going to do is that we have some vectors of length n, and we are going to associate a polynomial of degree n minus 1 to these vectors. So, here g1, for example. And there is an isomorphism between these polynomials and... Thank you. So, I was saying that there is an isomorphism between polynomials and n times a square matrices. So, what we are going to do to build such a matrix from a polynomial of degree n minus 1 is that on the first row, you just write the equations of your polynomials. And then for each row, you multiply it by x. So, this shifts the polynomial kind of, and you reduce it modulo p. p is a polynomial of degree n with coefficients in fq, and the fact that we take the coefficients in fq ensures that the rank weight and the support of the word is kept the same between each line. If you know about quasi-circuit codes, taking p equal to x to the n minus 1 is the same definition. You get quasi-circuit codes. And what's interesting is that now to describe the matrix g, we only need to describe the first row. So, this would lead to smaller keys. All right. So, now I'm going to talk about odd problems for our scheme. The most well-known problem in the rank metric is the wrong syndrome decoding problem. So, we are given h, a parity check matrix of a code, s, a syndrome, and an integer w. What we want to find is an error vector e such that h times e equals s. And we have a constraint on the weight of e. So, if this constraint is low enough, the problem will be odd. But if you take w to be high enough, the problem becomes easy actually. So, this has to be well-chosen in the parameters such that the problem is odd. Of course, this could be specialized for any family of codes. For ideal codes, we will denote this problem i, r, s, d. Now, this is a more recent problem, the RSL problem. It can be seen as a generalization of the RSD problem. So, this time we are still given h, a parity check matrix of a code. But this time, instead of being given a syndrome, we are given access to an oracle that will output syndromes each time we do a request. And the particularity is that each error vector e has its coordinates laying in the same support capital e. So, this is kind of a variant on the RSD problem where instead of having only one syndrome, you are given multiple syndromes. And you know that there is some kind of structure in the support of the errors. All right. So, now I'm going to recall quickly what is a signature scheme. So, it consists of four algorithms, the setup one that gives the parameters, the key gen that gives the public key and the secret key. You can sign a message mu under a secret key sk. And you can verify the signature sigma to check whether it is valid or not on mu. And the security we are targeting is formally EUFCMA. So, if an adversary obtains valid signatures over some messages, it should be hard for him to output a valid signature on a fresh message mu. So, a mu that was not requested during the first phase. Now, this is the straightforward adaptation to the rank metric of the Ljubaszewski framework. So, to generate the keys we choose h, a random parity check matrix of a code. And we choose a matrix s that we call homogeneous matrix because each of its coordinates lie in a secret support e of dimension r. And another part of the public key is t, the product of h by s. And this is an instance of the RSL problem because each column of s can be seen as an error vector of the same support e. And each column of t can be seen as a syndrome. All right. So, to sign a message, you first choose a random vector y of weight w. You then compute a challenge using a hash function. So, you hash h times y and the message mu. Actually, this hash function gives challenge of small weight. And we will denote f, the support of the challenge. You then compute z equals y plus cs. And zc is a signature. The verify step is pretty simple. You check that the weight of z is low enough. So, this ensures that the signature wasn't forged by an attacker. This has to be chosen low enough such that the RSL problem is hard. And then you just check that hz minus tc equals hy, basically. The correctness is pretty easy to understand because when you complete hy, you get hz, sorry, you get hy. And then the second term cancels with that because t equals h times s. So, this is a pretty simple and efficient scheme. But, as I said, it is broken. So, we will see why. We are going to look at the support of z. So, because z is y plus cs, the support of z is included in w, which is the support of y, plus the product space of e, the secret support of the secret key, and f, the support of the challenge c. Actually, we will consider that the support of z is exactly w plus ef, which happens with a really good probability. And this support has, you can write a basis of this support this way. So, x1 to xw is a basis of w, and then you have this kind of product space here. So, because of this structure, you can actually use techniques from the decoding of low-rank parity check codes to recover the support e. So, what we are going to do is that you take a basis of f, and for each element, you invert it, and you multiply each of these by the inverse of fi. And because of the product space structure, e will be included in all of these supports. So, we just have now to intersect all of them, and we recover the secret support, which means that signatures leak information from the secret key, and actually you only need one signature to recover the whole secret key. So, we need a new idea to counteract this attack. All right. So, now I'm going to present you our scheme with the new idea I just talked about. The key gen is essentially the same as before, but you can, the matrix s is now split into two matrices, s and s prime. And what's more interesting is the signing process. So, the first two steps are the same, but now in the first step, we are going to add this term ps to the signature, p as the same support as the challenge c, and as a signer, we get to choose the value of p. And this gives us some, sorry, gives us some degree of liberty to choose kind of a subspace of the space w plus ef, and we're going to change the support of z such that it lies in a subspace of the present support. And actually because we get to choose p, we can target a specific support, and we're going to choose support carefully so that the attack does not work anymore. So, now the signature consists of z, c and p, and the verifier notation is pretty straightforward. So, you add lambda here because you just reduce the weight of the support, and you add this term tp in the adjunction. So, why does that work? When we're adding ps to the signature, we are choosing support for z such that there is no element of the form ef, where ef lies in the secret support, and ef lies in the support of the challenge in the support of z. And if there is no element of this form, we can not choose the decoding of LRPC codes anymore, which does not mean that signatures do not leak information from the secret key. So, we defined a new problem called the PSSI problem. The definition here is pretty wordy, but it's actually pretty simple to understand. You have e, the secret support, and then each time you make a request to an oracle, you have f of weight d and w of weight w that are chosen randomly, and ui is actually a subspace that has the same property as the support of z during the signature phase. And this problem asks to determine whether samples are generating from the signature scheme or where z are just random of the right weight. So, this is pretty technical, but in the paper we give arguments that signatures are pretty close to random. So, just check the paper if you want more details. And this is the main theorem of our work. So, under the PSSI assumption, the decisional RSL assumption and the ideal RSL assumption, our scheme is efcma secure. So, again, I'm going to skip the proof for now, but you can check the paper if you want. Alright. So, what does it give in terms of parameters? We gave two sets of parameters in the paper. As you can see, we have public key sizes of order 20 kilobytes and signature sizes of respectively 4 and 5 kilobytes. So, the scheme is really efficient. These are reasonable signatures sizes in particular. And in terms of timings, so, key gen and verification are really fast. The timings here are given in milliseconds, but as you can see, the signature phase is kind of slow. But an interesting feature is that you can split the signature phase into an offline signature phase where you don't need your server to be offline, sorry. And you don't have to know what message you are going to sign to perform this phase. So, you can do that all the time. And then, if you've done all that, then the online signature phase is really efficient. So, to summarize, we built a new efficient signature scheme that is an adaptation of the Ljubasch's key framework in the rank metric. We have a new idea to counteract the basic attack for the straightforward adaptation. It is proved here EUFCMA secure. And as an open question, we tried to adapt this to the aiming metric, but because there is no equivalent of the RSL problem, it does not seem to work. Or at least this is not that easy. Thank you. So, do you have any questions for Nicola? Please use the microphone on the side. What's the security level of the parameters that you proposed? Because that ... 128. 128? Yeah, classical or quantum attacks? Classical. What would you get if you do like this security level five or three? Actually, the limiting factor for attacks is the distinguish for the PSSI problem. So, I don't think there is a quantum attack that would really target that. So, I don't know. This would need more analysis, I think. Okay. Thanks. What's the second question? Okay. So, if there's no more questions, let's thank Nicola again. Thank you.


This is Think Tech Hawaii, Community Matters here. Hello, hon. Welcome to Stand in the Internet on Think Tech Hawaii where Community Matters. It's going to be a busy week next week. I'm going to be in Long Beach and I'm going to be checking some things out over there with Dave Malanero from my office and we're hoping that we can get to come back and maybe even do a live show next Friday from Long Beach and we'll try and do that. We've got some high tech communications being worked out behind the scenes for today's show and I'm going to start off with some hydrogen news while Robert and Cindy get the comms up and set up for what we're doing today and as usual there's been a lot going on. So, let me get into a great newsletter. I talked about several times from Keith Malone and just a couple of highlights from his newsletter. Air Products pursues hydrogen fueling station opportunities in Japan and alongside of that Honda is installing fast fuel stations in Japan, across Japan. These are current events. Japanese car maker firm to EVs still see a role for hydrogen so even the electric vehicle market folks are still saying hydrogen is part of the solution. Hydrogen cars to cost the same as hybrids in 2025 according to Toyota. Electric car makers have an Africa problem. I'm going to get into a little of the details on this one. This is interesting. Volkswagen recent failure to lock in the price of cobalt for five years points to a serious problem with the optimistic projections of an electric vehicle revolution. These projections are based on gradually declining battery prices but the scarcity of certain materials and their concentration in politically unstable countries may interfere with that dynamic. It's important to me because a lot of people point to batteries as being a better total solution, being more efficient energy into energy out and I keep pointing to them. You have to use the fully burdened cost of those assets.  How long will it last? How many years? You know, based on use. And that's really important and it's important to look at batteries and go all the components currently being used are in fairly finite supply. Microsoft is getting hungry for fuel cells, Amazon fuel cell play echoes the strategy and cloud computing. There's just a lot going on in the hydrogen world right now and I'm hoping to come back next week with some more news from the hydrogen world. From another newsletter I got from an interesting side. There's a company called ITM Power, I've interviewed them on the show before and they're looking for some of the issues that are going on in Europe and they're saying Birmingham County Council approves 13.4 million pound pilot scheme for 20 hydrogen fuel buses. So England's really getting into the hydrogen fuel vehicles as well. Power to gas to energy storage joined up energy systems thinking. That's a concept that's taking on in Europe and I think it's going to take on in the US because what they do is they use all their surplus renewable energy like solar or wind from the North Sea and they put it into hydrogen, they make hydrogen, they pump the hydrogen into their natural gas pipelines and use the pipelines to move the hydrogen all over the continent. I think that's something that the US could model over here with our natural gas pipeline. So let me check in with the folks here in the studio and see how our comms are looking up. We're trying something really cosmic here so let me see. Let's see what we've got going on. If Richard can, excuse me, Robert can tell me whether we've got the comms going. Not quite yet, okay. So let me just talk a little bit longer about what's going on. Next week we'll be in Long Beach. It's the biggest fuel cell conference in the US and we'll be coming back hopefully armed with a bunch of great information. I tell you what, let's go to break here really quick while we finish getting our comms together and we'll come back with our guests. Kauii Lukas, host of Hawaii is My Main Land here on Think Tech Hawaii Fridays at 3 p.m. Oyan Standard Time. We explore environmental issues, political issues, keeping it local any way we can. Aloha. Hi, I'm Pete McGinnis-Mark and every Monday at one o'clock I present Think Tech Hawaii's Research in Manila where we bring together researchers from across the campus to describe a whole series of scientifically interesting topics of interest both to Hawaii and around the world. So hopefully you can join me one o'clock Monday afternoon for Think Tech Hawaii's Research in Manila. Hey, so it looks like we finally have everything working and it's time to introduce today's guest on Stan Energyman and boy are we excited. As many of you know, the president's headed to Asia this weekend and he's stopping here in Hawaii for a couple of days to meet with military and civilian leadership and as you might expect his dance card is pretty full when he hits the ground. But thanks to some great work by the Think Tech Hawaii production staff and the US Air Force crew on Air Force One, we're able to pull off a VHF radio link with Air Force One and as they approach Oahu we've secured this exclusive interview with President Trump to talk about just energy topics. Totally unbelievable. I don't, I don't you think it's just totally unbelievable. Anyway, let's see if we can get connected. Hello, Mr. President. This is Stan Energyman here in Think Tech Hawaii. Can you hear me? Mr. President, are you there? Oh, hello, Energyman. Thanks for letting me have some time, that direct public contact I really crave, you know. You know, I wanted to Skype in, but I couldn't pull that off and it's just a real shame because I look much better with the presidential seal in front of me here on Air Force One, but hey, I'm coming to Hawaii and I need to hang loose, right? Yes, sir. It's really important that you're not stressing out and it's not allowed on my show by the way, so I really mean our show today. So anyway, thanks for being on, sir. It'd be great to throw me a hardball question so I can get driving right back to, drive it right back to Mr. Energyman and let's go right to the jugular, sir. Well, you're on your record for energy, not accepting the human causation of climate change. You stated that you intend to pull the U.S. out of the Paris Climate Accords and I think I follow your logic, but can you please make it clear so we can get past the media hype and move forward on what you're doing with the Paris Accords? Sure, Energyman. I'm a businessman. I depend on good advice and I've gotten great advice from some surreal scientists and great scientists and not all of them agree to the extent of human impact on climate change. There's no doubt that we're experiencing some global climate variations, but those things happen in nature. I have to report a report coming out this week that's going to help me get a better handle on all that, but that's beside the point. We really need to clean up our country. As far as the Paris Accords go, our country is in debt to the tune of $20 trillion. Why the heck should we be spending tens and millions of taxpayer dollars funding cocktail parties for third-world dictators and communists and bad-mouthed capitalism while I flip the bill? Or rather, while we as taxpayers flip the bill. I'd rather spend that money at home, fix in the country, grow in our economy and pay down that $20 trillion in debt rather than funding a big gala pity party every six months over in Europe. Does that make sense? Energy guy? Well, sir, I really appreciate that insight. So you kind of see the Paris thing as United Nations 2.0 then, right? Correct the moon, though, Hawaii energy man. Okay, sir, let's move on to some more domestic issues. And that was a really good answer, and I agree with you. I don't want to see our taxpayer money spent over in Asia on things like big cocktail parties. But here at home, we have the energy of coal. And the media says you've got a knuckle-dragging neanderthal position that you want to go back to burning coal. So could you please tell me that's not true? Well, you mean the knuckle-dragging neanderthal part or the coal-burning part? Well, sir, I actually mean the coal-burning part, sir. I would never insult Melania's taste in husbandware. Oh, okay, thanks for clarifying. And by the way, Melania is sitting right here next to me, and she appreciates clarifying the clarification on the knuckle-dragging part. But let's talk about coal. You know, coal is a great asset in this country. And really, it's focusing more about jobs. You know, jobs are important. And I promised the American people that I'd focus on job creation. And some of the folks most impacted on jobs have been coal mining. So I do want to put coal mining back on the table. I want to have coal miners back at work. But that doesn't mean I'm a knuckle-dragging neanderthal coal burner. I didn't say anything about burning coal. I think coal is an important carbon asset. And we need to have that carbon for durable goods. We need to do things like clean energy technology burning coal when we do burn coal in a clean way. And I value carbon. Durable goods should be made from carbon. Carbon fiber, carbon nanostructures for future batteries and future hydrogen storage. The bottom line is we should be sequestering carbon for better use, not burning it and throwing it in the air. So it's not that I want to go backwards to the caveman days and start burning coal. I want to go forward and create jobs in the United States and use carbon for what it should be used for, sequestering it and using it for things that it should be instead of throwing it in the air. So when I talk coal and going back to coal mining, it's to create some jobs up front and maybe create some jobs down the road.  And I'd really like to limit the number of people we put in there and go towards the future using coal and other fossil fuels for more important things than burning. It's like burning money. Well, that's really important, sir. That makes great sense to me. And I hope it does to many others out there. That's quite a different perspective from the way the media portrays it. Now let's switch gears to my favorite energy area, transportation and specifically the electrification of transportation sector. Can you describe in your vision how to help reduce fossil fuels in the transportation sector and particularly tell us what you know about hydrogen fuel cells? Sure. The future is going to be electric. There's just no doubt about it. Electricity is the way to go in transportation. Now that doesn't mean we're not going to do other things like better public transportation or mode shaft or better city planning. But the fact is that cars started out electric, but there was no good way to store electricity. So we went to gasoline and diesel and other fossil fuels. That was 100 years ago. Now things are different. We have new technologies and we need to go back to electricity as a more efficient way to go with individual transportation and fleet transportation. A lot of folks don't know much about hydrogen, but I do.  By the way, we were just talking about hydrogen the other night. And Baron told me that in school, the best hydrogen, he found out that hydrogen has the best energy density, that it's the best storage technology that we have, even better than batteries in many cases. It's lightweight, it's abundant. It's only water coming out of the end process of a fuel cell, or even if you burn it, if you burn hydrogen in a regular fire, you're just going to get water and heat. We don't have enough lithium for all the needs that we have in the world for batteries. In fact, if you only put about five or 10% of the cars in the road into pure battery, you'd be running out of lithium if that's the only technology we have for batteries. Like I said before, on the coal subject, we ought to be looking at coal for nanocarbon fiber and nanoparticles and storage mediums for new battery technology and even hydrogen energy storage. We don't have enough of our battery technology to go to the entire electric grid and electric transportation solution. So let's look at hydrogen. Let's look at hydrogen as a solution for our vehicles. It's an all of the above solution. We need to get stepping out. Or China's going to take over and be ahead of us in hydrogen. And the last thing we need is more competition. You know, if we're going to make America great again, we need to be stepping out in hydrogen transportation and making solutions that make sense using hydrogen. So I've studied quite a bit about hydrogen and I'm going to be directing our Department of Energy to put more money into hydrogen. In fact, hold on a second. Hey, General Kelly, can you jump a couple more million and you need to set your piles of hydrogen stuff? I just promised this guy would do more hydrogen up, okay? Thanks. Okay, I'm back with you. It's really important that we do a lot more in hydrogen. And we're going to be heading that way. I promise you. I promise you because it will be making America great again. Well, so that was amazing and very refreshing. I'm really glad that Baron is getting such a great education on energy solutions in school. And finally, a topic I really wanted to focus on while you're on your way to Asia. You've got a lot on your plate when you get there. But we know trade with China is one of the big topics. What are you going to do about China undercutting America's solar panels? Well, Mr. Andersman, there's two separate concerns. Manufacturing and deployment. We can give a bit of manufacturing to the Chinese and gain the benefit of lower costs of the solar panels. You know, manufacturing solar panels in the United States is an industry, we're a little expensive, we're not competitive, and we can do a little bit about balancing that. But if we focus more on the deployment of solar panels in the U.S., we create more jobs. We create jobs for solar installers, for solar maintenance, for battery installers and system installers. That's where we really get the big gain in solar energy in the U.S., not in manufacturing solar panels. So just like some other commodities, we can take some competition in solar panels from China and other places, maybe South Korea. But what we really need to do is build jobs here in the U.S. So let's focus on the manufacturing a little bit, maybe give a little bit there, and focus on the technology of installing and making America less dependent on fossil fuels by installing those solar panels and putting the job things in there. In fact, I was doing some homework last night and I get up about three in the morning and I hit the papers and I hit all the headlines and I was preparing for all the talks with North Korea and over North Korean subjects and working with Japan, as you know, Japan and South Korea and the Philippines and Australia time and they're all treaty allies with us, they're all depending on us to keep the Southeast Asia secure and stabilize that region. So most of my talks are gonna be about those topics and a little bit about trade. But I found it very interesting and one of the articles I was reading, I came across this quote from a very nice young lady Christine Needles. She's a senior director for Global Corporate Communications for an organization called Interfaced and she said, the narrative is doom and gloom. Every single day there's a new article about how we're heading off the edge of a cliff. The media has a tendency to look for negative stories in order to get clicks and create debate and optimism needs to be the name of the game. We've got to start getting in the front of the media to change the narrative to enable us to continue to persevere. Solutions exist and with more demand comes an improvement in the economy of solutions. If we focus on what's not working, that's not gonna solve the problem. Why would industry invest if there's no hope? We have to be optimistic. She's right and that's pretty much sums up how we've all gotta be pulling together. We know where the problems are. Let's focus on the solutions. Let's make America great again. Well, sir, that's been an amazing discussion.  In fact, I kind of heard in the background, the flight attendants are giving you the chime. You got to put your seatbelt on and put up the table tray and things like that. So I hope you have a great stay here in Hawaii and I hope your trip to Asia is very productive and great for America. And please, Mr. President, be safe over there and keep on doing the great work of the United States of America. My pleasure, Mr. Energy Man.  So congrats. It's quite an endorsement. Well, thank you, sir. And to you, Aloha, and to your family, the best luck and best of safest of travels. And I hope that you come back to Hawaii soon and make it more of a vacation because I think you really deserve it. You're welcome, Energy Man. Aloha. Okay, General Kelly, you can take the energy guy off the list now. Milani is giving him a thumbs up, so he's okay. Okay, back to camera one. Thanks to Robert and Cindy and everybody here in the studio. Thanks to the crew of Air Force One for pulling off the great communications miracle on my lunch hour. Hope you enjoyed talking to the president. I certainly did. And until next Friday, we're going to call short a little bit early here. Thanks for tuning in to Stand to Energy Man, and as we used to say in the olden days, six to and even over and out. We'll talk to you next week. Aloha.


Not justice, development and peacemakers, centers or shubu, or shubu or shun state, has appealed to the independence national electoral commission, INEC, to collaborate with relevant stakeholders to ensure that vote-buying and other related electoral offenses are nipped in the board. General coordinator, Reverend Father Peter Akingumi, stated these are the press briefing held after the findings of Herob's office who were deployed across the 16 local government areas of the state. He explained that five observers each were deployed across local government areas to ensure that real-time information was delivered to the situation room. Come together to accept that this is a very serious problem. This is a major issue. This is a core issue. We shouldn't be talking of auction of fine. Here we are talking about the use of money. A certain spending limit is set for those who are to contest election and this person is spending above limit and then you are finding him. It is because the money is there. That is why the money is being expended beyond spending limit and to ask the person to pay the penalty for such is for the person to pay additional money is like telling the person to do that which he or she is comfortable doing. So we really think the option of fine should not be considered a matter of campaign finance. The penalty should be imprisonment. The mobilization that has been done by JDPC civil society organization, Caritas, Nigerian and the mass media is making some impact because people are conscious and people are aware and people are willing to want to come out to exercise their franchise. Observer reported to us telling us that the security agencies and the security person knows how to stay far away just to make sure that there was no violence while the iMac official that was there was so indifferent about it. So to us we felt everyone participated. Like I said it was a report that came from the observer on the field. It was an incident of brutal inducement and gratification. In so many cases, in so many places, with us, the progress is working very well. But some people are being gratified and some of the pulling units very openly. And while we got wind of this and we can establish it without equivocation is that we had to stay put in some areas to watch exactly what the developments are. It's an incident of brutal inducements and gratification. In the same vein justice development in peace commission, Catholic Caritas, Abu-Jah, held a press briefing where they highlighted a negative effect of vote buy-in which needs to be addressed by the government.


Hi, my name is Sharon Nelson, HR manager responsible for talent acquisition for the City of Columbia. Talent in the City is our effort to highlight and showcase the departments with the City of Columbia, the department's impact players as well as the talent who make the City run every single day. These impact players and departments oftentimes don't get the spotlight that they deserve, but without them, the City of Columbia would not run as a beautifully oiled machine that it is. Right now, we're standing inside one of the training structures and I'm here with one of the firefighters who is an engineer, it's Keratin, and I'm so excited to talk more about this that we're in and I want you to tell us a little bit more about what it is that you do. Okay, so on the floor, as we call it, I'm an engineer so I drive the trucks, I have to know the area, get us to the call or destination safely. I also pump the truck, which means I send the water to put the fire out and I'm pretty much just a bridge between my firefighters and my captain. So you would be the person that would stay inside the vehicle? Yes. During the fire? Well, not inside the vehicle, I'll actually, it's a pump panel so I pull levers, as we call it, and make sure I'm getting water from the hydrants. Awesome, and you have two roles with the fire department, tell us about that. Oh, so I'm an engineer, I'm also down in training, I'm an adjunct instructor, one of them. So I pretty much take the recruits, I put them through various skills and teach them pretty much how we would do it on the floor and how the fire academy would like us to teach them. Awesome, and I think it's only fair for us to let our viewers actually hear from someone who is actually a part of the fire department. Tell us, what was it that made you want to be a fireman? So being born and raised here in Columbia, I love to help people, so that was the deciding factor for me. I actually applied at other departments, I was in Spartanburg first, and they called me and I was excited to come back and give forth my efforts to helping the citizens here. And what's the most rewarding part of your job? Is there anything, any memories that stand out to you? Mostly just helping people, seeing them smile. You know, hearing them say thank you after a call and thanking us for our service every day. I love it, thank you so much. No problem. So it starts in the truck, we pop the brake, you put in what's called pump gear. So right now it's in pump, come here. At this time, my firefighter will be pulling the line, I'll just make sure it's all pulled off. Let's make sure I charge the right line, right? So right here, it'll tell me the color and which line it is, which is the passenger discharge. I'll come back over here. We actually have to do math for this, so if you're not good at math, you've got to learn it on your own, which we do have driving classes. So first off, we put it in pressure mode, we call it PSI mode, and then we charge it, right? To the pump from our tank, and you tank field to keep the pump from overheating. Then it's already open, so I just charge it, fill my tank. Once we go out the hydrant, we just pretty much using our tank as a backup in case something goes wrong. Here's the moment that we're all waiting for. How else can I be able to illustrate what it takes to do this job without dressing out myself? Chief, I need you to tell me, first of all, how heavy is this gear that you're wearing? So typically it's about 8 or 10 pounds. Again, though, a lot of sweat comes out of a human body, so with the sweat, it can be anywhere from 20 to 25 pounds. And it's three layers of gear, so it can get pretty heavy. And what type of insulation is in here? So you have three layers. You have moisture barrier and outer shell and interior barrier. Protecting you, I told you it keeps the heat out, but it also keeps a lot of heat in. So these layers are actually getting really hot with this on. However, once we come out and we rehab, we'll open the gear up and we'll get cool down. And is this something that you can put on yourself or do you need help? Is this something you can get distance with? No, ma'am. Every firefighter should be able to put this gear on in their sleep when they leave for school. So from the beginning of week one, we'll use a turn train to put the gear on properly and efficiently and quickly. Awesome. Well, let's get started. I'm ready. We have everything here. Okay, so right here I have for you this is your flash hood. This is going to protect your face and your ears. Very important. Okay. Put that off first. Where was this during COVID? I knew that could be real cute today. All right. That's your flash hood. All right. And this is going to be your jacket piece. If you ever wondered what it's like to be a baked potato, here's your chance. This is pretty heavy. Yeah, I will be in the truck. I'll be in the truck. Let me try to get your hands all the way through it. Hand. I thought we should go over that. So this is your outer shell. What we talked about, this is the outer shell of the jacket. And this is your inner moisture barrier. And then inside here, we have a website, colifire.net. Come there and there's an entrance form. Felt the entrance form. Then they'll get a call from me. And that could be for volunteering or if they're interested in the career opportunity, they can do that and also go to the city of Columbia website. And as soon as they go there, they scroll down a little bit and there's a blue box with different icons and it's one of the job offers you get. They click on that, then there's a box that's typed in firefighter and they'll see there's opportunity for certified firefighters or non-certified. And they click on one of those and fill out the application and they'll get a call. Perfect. Well Chief, thank you so much. Again, and we're going to continue to be with the city of Columbia as we talk about some of these various vacancies throughout the Midlands. So if you are looking again for a job and you want a career, make sure that you stick around. Thank you. For more information about this position and its department, please visit www.columbiasc.gov.


Remember a Hallmark card when you carry enough to send the very best. The makers of Hallmark cards bring you another and their exciting new series of broadcasts. On the Hallmark Hall of Fame. Hallmark will bring you true to life stories of actual persons who in their own way have contributed to a better world for all of us to live in. Presented on the Hallmark Hall of Fame by our distinguished host, Mr. Lionel Barrymore. Ladies and gentlemen and welcome to the Hallmark Hall of Fame where each Sunday night we dramatize a true story for you. A true story of a real people to whom we respectfully dedicate this Hallmark Hall of Fame. And tonight we shall have a special guest after our dramatization whom I'm sure you'll all want to meet. Now once again the cry of play ball will unsettle this happy land. Tons of hot dogs, niagra's of pop will be consumed, millions of healthy grandmothers will perish suddenly and their funerals will be held oddly enough at Yankee Stadium, Shide Park or Ebbitt's Field. A great American spectacle of baseball will be on. The names of great and beloved baseball players are known to us. But do we know the man who more than anyone else is responsible for baseball as we know it today? Well, tonight the Hallmark Hall of Fame gives you the thrilling true story of Henry Chadwick, the father of baseball. Now here is Frank Goss from the makers of Hallmark cards. When you're looking for a way to say something to someone you care for, look for a Hallmark card and you'll find the card you want to send.  That's why Hallmark on the back of a greeting card has come to mean you cared enough to send the very best. Lionel Barrymore appears by arrangement with Metro Golden Mayor, producers of the Technicolor Musical Small Town Girls starring Jane Powell and Folly Granger. And now Lionel Barrymore brings you the first act of the Hallmark Hall of Fame. Chris of Dizzy, Dazzy, Daffy, Bobo, Preacher, Rabbit and Gabby, Kai Kai, Satch, Demerge, Baby the Baseball, your attention please. Friends and I, Joe and Mabel, Tom and Dick and Harriet, your attention please. Find the sports, find the first names, find the colorful nicknames and clean sportsmanship, meet Plain Henry. But boys, you use a frat bat, don't you see? At least we did an exit. Henry Chadwick of Exeter England, now native of Brooklyn, saw some boys playing a curious game which he thought was cricket, or at least the English round as well as it was. It was four o'clock. Henry tried the game and first time at bat almost slammed the ball into Manhattan across the river. From that historic moment Henry Chadwick had won his Brooklyn citizenship and from that moment Henry Chadwick, champion cricketer back in England, became a man for the mission. They're Americans, mother. They love games.  They don't have a game. It's not American, mother. What about that mixed up game? Those New York knickerbockers amuse themselves with. That's just it, mother. They amuse themselves with their curious game. They're a group of wealthy gentlemen playing under their own rules for their private amusement. That's no good, mother. They need national rules, national organization. There must be something I can do. I was wondering when you'd come to that. Mother, could you spare me three days a week and Sundays if I joined the Excelsior Baseball Club and gave those knickerbockers a lesson? Knickerbocker Baseball Club of New York, sir. The Excelsior Club at its last meeting made the following resolution that the Excelsior Club engage the Knickerbocker Club in a friendly game of baseball to be played at your early convenience. Very truly yours, Henry Chedwick, Secretary Excelsior Baseball Club. Thank you, Dr. Adams. You're rather badly bruised. Here under the stands and go home. You're hostile to me. They used to cheer my hitting and fielding. Henry, if you're fine in the game, a certain gentleman would have given up a handsome profit. Profit? Your hit was sure to ruin their investment. You'd have stand by helplessly while baseball has turned into a lottery and a cheat for the profit of a few dishonest men. That is precisely what is happening. Not when your father played, Henry. Your father played a good game of cricket. But he also wrote editorials for his newspaper. Do you think I could write, Mother? Would they listen to me? One of the finest cricket champions in America. Well, I think the people of America like baseball and want it. But they want it fair and straight, and they'll get it fair and straight if I can do anything about it. Thank you, Mother. That's it. Somebody threw something through the window. And an envelope. With money in it. Money, Henry? What does the note say? Safely once tomorrow, and that's all. And you can keep the change. Oh, I can tell you when your father played cricket, something would... Mother, the window is badly broken already. You won't mind. Will you if I...? And it's not cricket, Mother. It's baseball. The second actor of the Hallmark Hall of Fame. Every woman who has children to care for is familiar with this ageless question. Mother, what'll I do? May come on a rainy day when the youngsters can't go out and play, or it may be asked when the little folks are tired of their toys and bored with their usual games. Tonight, I want to suggest a really constructive pastime that will keep your old boys and girls busy for hours on end. One that will teach them to be thoughtful of others, too. Simply supply them with Hallmark May baskets. You see, Hallmark May baskets are bright, pretty baskets that children can put together without scissors or glue. Once they're made, they can be filled with a few candies or flowers and left on the doorsteps of playmates or grown-up friends. May baskets are a wonderful way to celebrate the happy custom of May Day and bring out the true spirit of this glad season. And the cost of Hallmark May baskets is low. Just 50 cents for a package of five different designs. So why not get yours one day soon? You'll know Hallmark May baskets by the Hallmark and Crown on the package. The symbol you look for on your greeting cards when you will carry enough to send the very best. And now Lionel Barrymore brings you the second act of our true story of Henry Chadwick. The gamblers, Henry Chadwick continues his tremendous batting to the deepening displeasure of the speculators. In the offices of the Long Island Star, he pushes an angry pen as defiantly as he swings a bat. Unless there is some sort of overall control and is in deadly peril of it, there must be public anger and official action over abuses. Let the game be organized, exploitation by thieves and hooligans. Discredit to the game. Baseball loses favor more and more. Teams dissolve. The famous Knickerbocker Club considers disbanding. But stubbornly, Henry Chadwick takes his great excelsis on tour, trying to save the game. In Richmond, Virginia, Henry has one of his finest and most significant days. Henry circles the bases while a suspicious crowd of plauds and dipens are suspicious. Did the pitcher let Henry hit safely for a price? Chadwick emerges alone and unhappy from the crude clubhouse. Starts across the primitive diamond. The stands are empty, but a lone carriage approaches and from the shadow of the stands... Lady something right halfway. You must think this is very unconventional of me, but my escort refused to introduce us and I had to tell you. You play a lovely game of baseball. Lovely? You write almost as well as you play. Thank you. Tell me, if you receive a very proper invitation to dine with us, from Father Cohen, would you come? Oh, why, I'd be delighted. Mother will never consent to a ballplayer, but she will to a writer. But Father hates writers and adores ballplayers. Now try to remember which to be to whom. Good. I would give you a lift into town, but it might give Richmond's eyebrows an even greater lift. Good evening, Mr. Chadwick. Good evening, Miss... Bach! Isn't it awful? Good evening, Miss Bach. Catherine Bach. It gets worse as it goes along, you see. I like it all right. Oh, well, I'd just rather be more than you realize because I've just been thinking of changing. Changing? Well, get up, Eugenie. Catherine, if you please. Kathy... How did I manage a dinner? Well, the writer was frequently uncouth, but the baseball player was a modern with urbanity. Oh, I'm confused. So am I, Henry. About what? Well, Henry, this fight you're making for all of baseball. Is it really worth it? Kathy, every nation needs its own tradition. Its national sport is part of its national tradition and character. A nation needs its heroes of peacetime as well as war. Heroes in armor are not enough to... Oh, dear, I'm boring you. No. I say America can grow a vast breed of heroes of every sort. Men to bring smiles and admiration to men's lips and children's eyes. Men who, without shedding blood, can bring honor to their country. Chadwick? No, no, no. I mean great men, heroes. Chadwick. You're laughing at me. Perfect gales of laughter, as you can see for yourself. Kathy, I've got to go back to New York. Will I hear from you? I don't know. What doesn't matter? As you'll hear from me, Mr. Jeff... Glenn's the name. Glenn. And your business with the Long Island Star? Oh. Oh, I see you're writing another article against the bad, unscrupulous gamblers. State your business, sir. In tomorrow's match with the Sabres, you will sing suddenly once to appear sincere. After that, you will be wise to pop up or strike out. Anything else, Glenn? Yes. Tear up that editorial you're writing and see that you don't write any more of them. No inducements, currency and an envelope, premiums? Lose that game. Stop printing editorials against us. And when you're asked to vote on a new league of baseball clubs to regulate baseball I've been hearing about, vote against it. Get out. Oh, by the way, I hear that Miss Catherine Botts is in town for the game.  Cooperate tomorrow and see colorful whales and Normandy on your honeymoon. Otherwise, well, get out. And you will tear up that editorial. And so we'll pop up and strike out. The tying and winning run are on base for the Excelsior's. Henry is young. He's in love. Baseball is just a game. Why be a fool for a fool's game? One strike left to lose the game. The stands grow sullen and still. In the stands, Kathy and Dr. Adams of the Nicarbaca Club almost grimly await the next pitch. Get us Henry, please. Henry was Henry. They always suspect pressure by the interests. It's hard to blame them. Henry would ask history might have thought of me if the catcher didn't drop that third. And molded and organized and welded into the great national game it is today. For years, it was one of the game's leading players. And continuing as a crusading sports writer, he defended the game from attack and from corruption, building it into full acceptance by the American people. The reason enough why Henry Chadwick is today called the father of baseball. We'll be back with our special guest in just a moment. But first, our friend Frank Goss has a little story of his own to tell you. It's about a familiar triangle. A boy, a baseball bat, and a broken window. Isn't it true that part of the effectiveness of the things we say is a matter of timing, of saying something at the right moment? I thought of this today when I read a note from a little boy in my neighborhood who had sent a baseball crashing through my window, and the note simply said, Mr. Goss, I'm sorry I smashed your window. Signed Johnny. That was all. But Johnny has made a friend for life because he said the right thing at the right time. Now, most of us rarely need to write a letter of apology, but we often want to say something special to our friends and see that they receive our message at the right time. That's why so many people have found hallmark cards, the ideal ambassador of friendship. And it's always possible to find a hallmark card that says what you want to say, just the way you want to say it. And because you can find a hallmark card made especially for the occasion, it always reaches your friend at just the right time to say, happy birthday, hope you're feeling better, or just to say, hello, I'm thinking of you. And you can count on it. The familiar hallmark and crown on the back of your card will give an added meaning to your message, for it means always, you'll carry enough to send the very best. And now here again is Lionel Barrymore. Tomorrow, the full spectacle of American baseball unfolds. Tonight, our hallmark hall of fame is deeply honored to pay tribute to one of baseball's very greatest, the pride of the Yankees, and for all time, a credit to baseball, late Lou Gehrig. To us, he represents all the virtues and sportsmanship that Henry Chadwick stood for. And so, as our special guest, we have Mrs. Lou Gehrig speaking, transcribed to us from New York. Mrs. Gehrig, we don't have to review new special greatness. He was among the very first in skill. He was the very best in good humor and good sportsmanship. Few men have done for any calling what Lou did for baseball. Thank you, Mr. Barrymore. Not just for your gracious words about Lou, but especially for your recognition of the importance of baseball to the American way of life. With the opening of another Major League season tomorrow, I too think this is a good time for us all to reflect on the many contributions the game has made. Lou was always aware of what baseball meant to America in terms of good sportsmanship, team play, and a keen competitive spirit. Therefore, Mr. Barrymore, it is indeed a pleasure to join with you and millions of others in paying tribute tonight to America's favorite game. Thank you, Mrs. Gehrig. On behalf of all Americans, may I express America's great depreciation and unforgettableness of a great ball player and a very great person. Next week on the Hallmark Hall of Fame, we will pay tribute to the man who was recognized as the father of our American drama, William Dunlap, as we dramatize his true and fascinating story. There's going to be another special night for us all to be sure, not to miss. We must be listening. Our Hallmark Hall of Fame is every Sunday. Our production director is William Gay. Our script tonight was written by Milton Geiger. Until next Sunday then, this is Lionel Barrymore saying good night. There are so lonely in stores that have been carefully selected to give you expert and friendly service. Remember a Hallmark card when you carry enough to send the very best. Our cast tonight included Whitfield Connor as Henry Chadwick, Lorraine Tuttle as Katherine Butts, Ted DeCorsi as Dr. Adams, Constance Cavendish as the mother, Peter Leeds as Glyn, and Byron Kane as the umpire. On Sunday afternoon, April 26th, there will be a special Hallmark Hall of Fame program. Hallmark cards will present Mr. Maurice Evans in his two-hour television production of William Shakespeare's Hamlet. It's out your paper for time and channel. This is Frank Goss saying good night to you all until next week at this same time, when we present another true-to-life story of actual persons who, in their own way, have contributed to a better world for all of us to live in. Next Sunday, we honor the father of American drama, William Dunlap, on the Hallmark Hall of Fame. This is KMBC.


Hey what's up guys welcome to another video so this one then it kind of is kind of like a part too it follows on for my previous video where I showed you this exact same store and I took you through kind of like how I was averaging about 400 pounds a day for the first couple of weeks and then managed to scale it all the way up to the point where I hit my first four figure day which was the 22nd of June. Now if you haven't seen the video make sure you go and check it out I'll put a video description I'll put a video link in the description below and that video then focused purely on the product research aspect of things and because you guys seem to enjoy it so much it got over a hundred likes which is just absolutely awesome so thank you very much. Then I've decided to do this video which is part two where we're going to be focusing purely on Facebook ads and in particular then I'm going to be taking you through the CBO scaling strategy I used to produce these exact numbers. Now before we jump into my ad manager account and I take you through the numbers step by step and the strategy itself I just want to quickly mention then as always in every single video I am giving away a free one-to-one consultation call with me so a chance for me and you then to have a chat you can ask me whatever questions you want whether it's Facebook related product related you want me to look at your store whatever it is a chance for me and you to talk one-on-one so if that's the kind of thing you might want to win all you simply have to do then to enter the draw is like the video and leave a comment down below and the winner will be announced in my next video. If you come to my previous video just make sure you stay tuned to the end of this one where the winner will be announced and with that being said then let's jump straight into today's video. So the way this video is going to work then I'm going to show you inside my ad manager account I'm also going to kind of like take you through the strategy itself step by step and also the understanding of how and why this strategy works. One thing I'm big on especially in my course is rather than just show somebody a strategy and say go out and follow it I like to teach people the understandings and the why behind a strategy and why essentially it works because ultimately it's the understanding of how Facebook's of how Facebook ads work that's going to make somebody better at marketing. So before we jump into the strategy itself just a couple of things I want you guys to bear in mind which I'm going to highlight inside my ad manager account now so we'll just head back into my ad manager account now let's get rid of the breakdown too so you can see all the ad sets there in question and I just want to refresh the data as well so you guys can see that it is legit and the first thing I want to highlight to you guys then is the fact that there's not actually that many ad sets here a lot of people especially I talk to on the calls they say that or they might be focusing their budget across hundreds of different ad sets when that just isn't the case is so much better just to focus on that handful and when you get those key performers which you can see here so two and a half grand spent 1500 pound spent and then this one's edging towards a thousand it's much better to have those two or three big performers and then start to scale rather than try to do too much too quickly another thing I want to highlight as well is that you can see I've ordered these in terms of the ROAS in ascending order if you just look at the correlation between the ROAS and the amount spent you can see that on average then speaking generally like the more money I spend then the better performing the ad to become which is backed up by what Facebook say themselves they talk openly about how their conversion campaigns need time to optimize in terms of how much money is spent how much data has gone through them and this is backed up in the data here you can see that the more I spend typically the better results I get and I in my opinion I think that's like the number one reason why people fail with Facebook ads is that they spend so little on them they don't give them a chance to actually perform and bring in the desired results so anyway back to the strategy itself so as I just touched on then it's better to focus on one to three ad sets for the following reasons really number one you can commit more budget so if you have 500 pound budget it's better to commit that on one to three ad sets than it is on 50 different ad sets because then there's more data more sales more everything going through that one particular ad set and we know because Facebook say so that ad sets optimize on an ad set level number two then so you can gather more data the more data you have then the more efficient decisions you can make think of it like market research if you were to go out there and ask say five people about a certain product then that isn't in a good enough overall view of the market whereas if you went out there and asked say 500 people then you'd have a better averages and data to work on and a number three then is optimization again which I've already mentioned so one thing to keep in mind as well is that it's normal to lose money initially and you have to think of the testing stage as data gathering so you know where to focus the bulk of your ad budget you just saw in my ad manager account that in the initial stages so anywhere up to spending about 100 pounds I was still losing money so sometimes you just have to go through that as long as the numbers are still showing pretty good obviously and when I say the numbers are still showing good then I mean things like the relevant score or if you've got the new ad manager now the quality ranking your cost per click the engagement rates etc so the strategy itself then step by step I'm just going to take you through how I map it out and then I'm just going to take you through line by line of why it actually works which is probably the most important bit like I mentioned earlier unless you understand the why and understandings and workings of how Facebook had to actually work then you're not going to get very far in a long run so number one then the CBO purchase campaign CBO means campaign budget optimization which basically means is that no matter how many assets you put into it you set an overall budget for that campaign and Facebook will decipher where to spend that money within this CBO campaign then I want you to put three ad sets these are the best performers from your testing stage if you did one if you didn't one then you can actually use this strategy to test interest or to test audiences however it is an expensive way to do it so each ad set then is under one million in audience size if you've got an ad sets that's performing well that you've tested there's more than that then just make sure you increase the budget accordingly next up then is seven-day click which is a very important part make sure you don't skip this I'll be explaining in the why this works section of the video of why we choose seven-day click and then what I want you to do then is go ahead run that campaign for a minimum of three days it can be three days plus up to the point where you've spent at least 200 pounds or 200 dollars and then once you've spent that much then we're going to start manually optimizing the CBO campaign so essentially what I mean then or how this works is that once you've spent this amount of money then we're going to start making changes to the ad sets within campaign and essentially manually optimizing it so we only spend money on the data that we know is already working so for example then once you spent 200 pounds go into the breakdowns of your ad sets and start with the most broad first obviously country then gender then age then placement and device so just to give you an illustration of how you would do this is let's go into my ad manager account we'll take this top one and we'll go by delivery and let's go by age and gender then in fact let's just go by age get rid of gender because I know all of these are just focusing on the female market and as you can see then if we just have a look at like this top performing one here we can see that as the audience gets older then the roast actually reduces so what I would actually do then is actually go into this one particular ad set and remove any age ranges that weren't profitable and then I would let it run for another 50 dollars and once you've spent another 50 pounds in all dollars you can look to manually optimize the ad sets again and just move further down a list so we just looked at age the next step would be placement and device now there's a couple of ways you can do this number one is you can get greedy and you can start spending more and more money on the data that's working and that's basically just to try and become as profitable as possible however what I tend to do is that when something is profitable and going nicely for me then I kind of have the approach of if it's not broken then don't fix it so I won't make any changes the only future changes I will make is simply to the budget because obviously the more money I spend then the more money I want to make and typically then following this strategy that's how I like to go so that's the strategy itself then guys step by step now the actual important bit of the video in my opinion so make sure you stay tuned and just listen through this any questions are taught on this then please do understand please please please don't skip this bit because unless you understand why it works or how Facebook ads work that is how you're going to be successful in the long run not by watching a YouTube video and following this strategy step by step you need to understand how Facebook ads actually work so the reason behind this strategy then and why it actually does work and what I've kind of done is kind of like corresponded the line by line so this top line refers to this top line the second line refers to this line and so on so the reason CBO then is because it allows Facebook to find the cheapest conversions essentially giving control to Facebook for them to go out there and give you the best results and kind of like the more important reason in fact is that from September onwards is CBO campaigns are going to be your only option so now is the time to start experimenting and testing and getting familiar with them next up then and the reason behind three ad sets per CBO campaign and it's in relative to your budget to be honest if you want to put more ads in then obviously just make sure you start spending more money as well because you don't want to spread your budget too thinly and the reason behind this then is because Facebook is a bidding platform and conversions are the most expensive and competitive therefore you need to spend more money to give them a chance to optimize and actually become profitable before they start before Facebook starts to learn who your ideal customer is and start bringing up to more results as I showed you in my ad manager account it wasn't until I started spending about 100 pounds 200 pounds on average per ad set and gave Facebook time to do that then that was only at that point they start to become profitable so the reason for under one million then with the audience size is so you have a higher quality audience until you start spending thousands of pounds in my opinion then you want to basically try and target the highest quality audience possible and obviously the larger the audience then the more people that's going to be included in there that isn't that aren't relevant to your product and therefore it's just going to be wasted budget and it's going to be more budget you'll have to burn through before your ads actually do start to optimize next up then seven day click and this is so more data is counted towards your optimization so essentially what it means is that when somebody clicks on your ad if they purchase within seven days then they are counted towards the data that Facebook then uses to optimize your ad set so obviously the more data you can include then the better next up then the reason behind the 200 pounds dollars budget initially is to give time for the CBO to optimize obviously in the initial stages that is when it's going to be like experimenting the most within your audience sizes and it's essentially when it's going to be the least accurate so you need to give it time to optimize and gather data because the more data you gather then the easier is to see what countries are working what genders are working what ages are working etc etc next up then the reason I want you guys to wait $50 or 50 pounds in ad spend before you make changes just purely because if you make changes like every hour or every three or four hours or every day to an ad set then I find it doesn't really give it time to properly settle and bring in consistent results that's why I want you guys to wait before you make each individual change and then the last point then is start with the broadest options possible so you don't go too small too quickly so let's say you pick three ad sets then with a million audience size each that's three million people if you were to go straight to placement and device then that might bring your overall audience size down to like half a million a million people I don't know it depends doesn't it on what your interests are so just start as broad as possible so you're not making a significant change quickly to your campaign before it's given a chance to actually perform and optimize and with that being said then guys that is the why behind this strategy actually works as it says here at the bottom of the page these notes will be available to download there will be a link in the video description below so if you want a copy of these notes yourself just head over to that link and there'll be a free download for you like I said earlier if there's any questions on this at all whatsoever make sure you leave a comment down below I do get back to every single question and if you enjoyed the video then of course please do make sure you leave a like if you want to be entered in for the chance to win the one-to-one call then of course please make sure you leave a comment too and in fact with that being said then let's get into announcing the winner of the previous video so here we are then guys on the previous video this is part one what this video follows on from so if you haven't seen it yet please do go make sure you check it out I will put a link in the video description below anyway let's take the url then head over to our random comment picker get youtube comments 41 unique comments which is absolutely awesome so thank very much guys we are fast approaching 7 000 subs by the way so if you haven't subscribed yet please do make sure that you do and the winner of the previous video then is Robbie HD so thank very much for your comment please do reach out on Instagram we can get that call arranged and guys if you just want to get straight down to business and book a call right away then you can actually do so just make sure you check out the links in your video description below and with that being said then guys thanks again for tuning in I hope you enjoyed the video and I'll see you in the next one


Jun-Yan will talk about plant hydraulic strategies and impact on ecosystem processes, and it's in the Southern Sheriffs. Can you see the screen? Yes, we can. Okay. Yeah, thanks. I'm Jun-Yan. I'm the postdoc at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab. So my project is to look at the plant hydraulic strategy of quantified forage and its impact on the forage ecosystem process at Southern Sierra, California. So just a little bit background on the plant hydraulics, treat uptake water through the root system, and then it move the water through the pipe-like network of the stem, which is called the xylean, and deliver it to the leaf where it transpires through the stoma. Meanwhile, the stoma will uptake carbon dioxide from photosynthesis. So the plants can have deep roots versus shallow roots, and in the xylean, it can be safer in efficient while unsafe in efficient. That means the tree can transpire water very fast, but easily form air bubble in the xylean, which will cause damage to the trees, and the leaf can be sensitive. So the stoma of the leaf can be sensitive or insensitive in terms of the vapor pressure deficit. So those plant hydraulic traits will affect the interaction between the vegetation structure and the plant growth, and their effects on the climate and the surface structure in the process, like the soil moisture and the soil property. So the study area is in California. We have the Mediterranean climate here, and we also have the drought. So in California, the most precipitation are fall and winter, while the energy supply is during the summer. And also, in 2015, California drought and the cost, 90% of the tree died at the southern Sierra mid-elevation region. So the place here is dominated by the ponderosa pine. So in general, the precipitation at the wet year is some of the 500,000 millimeter, but it's 4 to 700 millimeter in general dry year. But in 2014, it goes low to 400 millimeter. So the overall objective of the study is to explore the effects of the plant hydraulic traits on the ecosystem function in the process, and especially looking at their stress on the tree productivity and drought induced stress. So the approach is to use numerical experiment using the functional assembly to ratio ecosystem simulation of the hydraulic version of that model that incorporates the plant hydraulic dynamic into the ecosystem model and their feedback to the environment. So the model system is some Sierra, see those sites. The sub the super catchment of that critical observatory site. So for the model setup, I use the static then the structure that from the consensus data and the random model for five, five years, some period that before the pre drought and some period during the drought. So there are the two different quantities, more quantities there. The pine have the sensitive stoma unsafe for the island and the deep roots while the Cedar has insensitive stoma safe for our inefficient as island and the shower roots. So I look at the ecosystem variable, the gross primary productivity evapotranspiration runoff soil moisture and the standard content. So the results. This is simulated evapotranspiration and the growth primary productivity. And for pine has higher growth primary productivity and the transpiration during the normal year. So from 2010 to 2012. Well, it has much lower growth primary productivity and also the transpiration rate during the drought. So the observed the pattern from similar pie simulation is more consistent with the flux tower measurement, which I didn't plot here. Well, in terms of the Cedar, the simulated results shows the Cedar will have much lower GPP and the transpiration during the drought and also the dry season. And while the seed can maintain the similar level of the GPP and the transpiration during drought in compare with the pine. So the effects of the runoff and the soil moisture point has deep roots. So during the preach out that the deep roots will facilitate the uptake of the deep moisture and the compare to the Cedar. So for the pine. If the soil moisture at the lower layer can get very dry and for the seed from the Cedar simulation. So the lower the lower layer of the soil maintains relatively high or so water content. And during the drought, the pine continue to dry the soil moisture at the lower layer to be very dry. And the soil moisture at the lower layer from the Cedar simulation maintains relatively high even during the drought period. So as a result, the Cedar, if the site is dominated the Cedar, it will result have higher runoff during the normal year compared to the pine and also during the drought. Cedar have some runoff while if the pine dominates, there is no runoff from the site. In the still water content, it is the measure of the drought stress in the tree mortality. If the stain has high water content that the tree will has lower drought stress and the lower mortality while if the stain has lower water content, then the tree will experience severe drought stress and mortality. In terms of the pine, the blue line, because the pine has deep roots, it allows the tree access more water so it can maintain higher stain water content during the free drought condition and can maintain longer duration of the high stain water content. On the other hand, during the drought, pine can efficiently transpire water and also deep roots reduce the deep water in the soil. So the pine experience significant loss of the stain water content. And for the Cedar, shallow roots during the free drought will result in lower stain water content, but it maintain more or less the same during the drought. In summary, where the supply of energy and the water is disynchronized and the surface storage capacity is close to any precipitate. So at that site, pine with deep roots and the efficient xerion can fully utilize surface storage and the precipitation for productivity. This will result in less runoff and the lower soil water content. This is a strategy for high productivity, but it makes the pine to be more vulnerable to run the drought. So if the site is dominated by the pine, the site will have higher vegetative coverage, but it can be significantly reduced when severe drought occurs. The Cedar has shallow roots and the safer xerion. So this makes Cedar can only use shallow surface water storage capacity and leave deep moisture untouched. This results in more runoff, higher soil water content. Therefore, less precipitation used for productivity, but this will also let Cedar to be less susceptible to drought. And if the site is dominated by the Cedar, then the site will have less vegetation coverage, but that will remain the same through the drought. Okay, thanks, that's all.