the co-design of primary care services and in what way? How has the general practice workforce been involved also? Possibly to Wendy, and if anyone else wants to come in. I think that we heard clearly from the service users this morning that they did not feel that they had been involved very much. I echo those sentiments. I would also say, from the GPN perspective, that in terms of services that have been transferred from general practice to health and social care partnerships, that perhaps there has not been as much of an involvement of GPNs and other practice staff within that, that they could be using their expert knowledge to help design services. There are a lot of things that perhaps communication would help with and that that can certainly be progressed further in the future as things move on, and involving both service users and other members of staff as well. Thank you. I mean, we go for a GP perspective on this. We go to Dr Yadda first and then to Dr Williams. Thank you very much. I totally agree with what Wendy said, but there has been public involvement to some extent, but we definitely would like more public involvement in terms of the changes that have been happening. There have been lots of changes from, like when we talk about 2018 GP contracts, there have been lots of changes for GPs and lots of new ways of working. I suppose that because there has been lots of changes and there have been some patient involvement, but not to that extent. The information to the public is not there and the services are not very, patients are not very much informed about them. There is information coming gradually, but the speed of information coming to public is at a lower pace than what is actually happening on the ground. We will definitely say that we need more public involvement and patient involvement in further decision making or changes in primary care. I would probably identify that there is lots of feedback that practices get from their patient population. In terms of how consultations might formally occur when there is major service change, I do not think that there has been consultation in the way that would occur if a large hospital was being built—for example, a multimillion-pound endeavour. I would come back to what I said earlier on that general practice is almost in a constant change of state of change. There is a continual flux of how we schedule our appointments, what technologies we are using and what people are part of the team. The 2018 contractual changes have changed some of that. I think that it will be interesting for health boards and for health and social care partnerships to get feedback about how that is working. There is certainly change that is still to come. Although we are waiting for the contract to fully bed in, there are still further steps to be taken beyond that. I might make reference earlier on to the primary care improvement plans that are submitted to try and track where we are in the implementation of that contract, how many different people are employed in terms of physiotherapists, pharmacists and other types of workers. Those things give us some sense of where things are at, but there has been a different pace of change in different board areas and in different health and social care partnerships. There is probably a difficult task in bringing together feedback about that, and I recognise the importance of service design in seeking the views of users. Evelyn, do you want to come back in with any supplementary questions? Thanks, convener. My second question has been covered off by answers already. Thank you very much. It's Stephanie Callaghan. One of the things that has come up is the fact that service design should be informed by evidence. My first question is how can we build a more effective evidence base for improving service design and what lessons do we need to learn to improve the future design of alternative pathways? If I could ask that to Dr Williams first, please, thank you. In terms of evidence, one of the big changes that we are going to be seeing over coming months is being able to understand the system activity in ours in general practice. We have always had data at an individual practice level about how many people are being seen and how appointments are being used, but it's been difficult to get a greater oversight of that. What we don't want to do is extrapolate in ways that don't pick up on what's actually happening. Particularly in terms of where there is activity that's displaced or if we are making changes to one part of the service, what impact do we see on other parts of the service? We now have a technical means in general practice to be able to extract that information from GP clinical systems and to be able to, for the first time in Scotland, get a much higher level, so at a cluster level or at a board level, around what activity is occurring and what's at an individual, on a role-specific level as well, the sort of things that are happening and comparing them across different points of time. Will I bring in...  I'm not seeing any of our other panellists wanting to come in, so I'll just... If you do, please let us know in the chat box, otherwise Stephanie, on you go. That's fine. If I could just pick up my second question with Wendy, I'm wondering what specific actions should be prioritised to improve service delivery and also should scaling things up be a priority, scaling up successful things to national level. I'm thinking of, for example, there's the case study from Audit Scotland that's in the papers this week where you've got Highland Council introducing primary mental health care workers and the evaluation and outcomes from that showing that 78% of young people and 95% of parents felt that the support had mostly completely helped their situation. Thanks. Wendy. Yeah, definitely. I think that that is something that we absolutely have to do, is evidence and showcase what is happening within primary care, within general practice, though looking at working and involving primary care improvement teams with the PDSA test of change, et cetera, so that would be definitely something that I would be keen to see to be done, because we want to focus on what's the good things that are happening within general practice, within primary care, so definitely. Can you repeat your question again, sorry? What was the first part of the question? The first part was really what specific actions should be prioritised to improve service delivery, and then that second part was should that be one of those priorities? Yeah, absolutely. Mental health would definitely be a priority. It's all down to individual practices and what their priority is. Every practice is going to have different priorities and different needs for their patients, so I think that bringing that kind of local perspective into it with that quality improvement and working quality improvement teams working with general practice, because we know that in general practice there is lots of really good improvement work done, but perhaps not evidence and showcase the way that it could be and should be done, so individual things for individual practices. Thank you. Can I just pick up on that wee bit there as well? See, is there a conflict then as well between the evidence-based approach and also the idea of patient participation in co-production? Is there a problem with them pushing up against each other at times, or how do we get them to integrate and work effectively together? I don't think I can really fully answer that question for you, but my initial thoughts would be no, that there shouldn't be any kind of quality improvement. We want to involve service users to make—how can we evaluate it without having their input and their thoughts into it? My initial reaction would be no, but I would be keen to hear from other people as well to hear what their thoughts are. I don't want to particularly come in on mental health support workers, Dr Williams. Yes, I know that thank you for raising this again, because I don't think that our answers have fully covered the mental health aspects that are out there, and as highlighted, the desire for easy, straightforward access from a primary care setting. I mentioned earlier about how patients and their families might not understand fully how services are organised, but there is a key advantage for me in understanding this primary care mental health worker. The individuals working in the service are deployed through primary care, not being a part of a secondary care organisation. In terms of the priorities and the ability to focus on delivering services in community settings, but on behalf of a community service, and again with the emphasis being on primary care, because often our community mental health teams are attached to secondary care. I also want to mention the evidence base and the conflict between people's experience and the evidence that we are building. I would point out the qualitative research side of things, that at the moment, without clear data on numbers of people going through the system at different points in time and outcomes, the interviews that our researchers do in many different settings—exercise referral schemes, link workers and first contact physios—all the different parts of the system are being assessed by different groups across different parts of the country. I think that the interviews will pick up on sentiment expressed by people who have used the service, as well as the thoughts of people who are developing and delivering the service. We will move on to the final area of questioning about inequalities from Sue Webber. Thanks, convener. With the panel this morning, some of the patient representatives were talking about the health literacy issue. In fact, there might be those who are trying to find the word—the savvy patients—that will be able to direct themselves to the alternative pathways and are more aware of their condition. Those who were not in that position still need to see the GP to get that primary diagnosis. In the process of promoting the more effective use of our alternative pathways, how can everyone's route into primary healthcare be protected and that we do not discriminate against that group that needs to see the GP to try to understand what is going on? I am sure that you will all want to respond to that one, so I am not sure who wants to go first. We will go to Dr Yadda, first of all. Thank you very much for that. It is a very important area. There are lots of work to be done. This is one particular area that has been highlighted since the Covid-19 pandemic, in terms of inequalities in healthcare, inequalities in attainment of good health, inequalities in access to healthcare. That is very different in different subgroups to different people with chronic illnesses, people like people with disability, people who have got learning difficulties, how they access healthcare. It is quite different in people who are of different languages and cultural backgrounds. It has all been highlighted just to give you a crude data. The number of patients who have died of Covid-19, unfortunately, and the people who were dying from other conditions is quite high. If you think the inequalities and the problems because of inequalities are more than four times the mortality that you see in the pandemic in, say, ten years' time. That has been a crude data extrapolated from our local health board when we had the meeting on inequalities. That is a very important area. How to manage that and how to get on top of it is a big challenge. First, again, a very important part of it is communication. Communication to the patient to inform them how they can access language barriers to get more interpreter service used. For different cultural backgrounds to have more cultural awareness to the staff and the public. In terms of how people are able to access the Covid pandemic, we have changed the way that we have been working. There used to be more than 90 per cent face-to-face consultations before. We are still not fully post-pandemic. We are only up to 50 per cent face-to-face consultation. There is still a lot of telephone consultation going on. There is a video consultation going on for the right reason. Some patients want it. Again, some people who have got language barriers are difficult for them to do telephone consultation. It is difficult for them to do video consultation, especially if they are not IT literate, especially the elderly people, to how to make the service accessible to all and to reduce the strain on the service to make it more equitable would be a big challenge. That will be the main thing that I would want to move forward in terms of more access to the service to all and more data to be provided in terms of where the deficiencies are so that we can improve on them. When we talk about the inequality, we have got the patient awareness, I suppose, but then there is also the geographical variation in service that we have. In terms of what extent can equality in the availability of and access to the alternative pathways be ensured? I am thinking more in particular with perhaps some of the rural challenges that we face and the lack of consistency. I was looking at Dr Williams, who was up in Granton, and Wendy may be able to help as well. There are some services where you need a physical person in an actual location. We have learned quite a lot about services that we can provide remotely. I would hammer home that some of those learning points were services that we did not think could be delivered remotely. I will come back to physiotherapy as a service that we think of as being very hands-on and very people in the same room. We know that, through the pandemic, there were some elements of that service that could still be delivered without being in the same physical space. There was a lot that could be done by telephone, but not everything, but there was a lot that could be done by telephone. I absolutely take on board that, especially in sparsely populated rural areas, there are difficulties around the scale of how many physical locations one person would be able to cover when distributed across a sparse population. I will come back to the digital disparity and inclusion issues. If our starting point is that we accept that some people cannot use certain digital services and that some people cannot travel, we should be trying to create capacity around individuals and communities. One of the difficulties that we currently have is how we identify people who have told us that they do not have a smartphone and will never have a smartphone that they cannot use those things. There is a section of our patients who could use some of those things. However, where upskilling would be possible and where doing that would create capacity for the people who cannot travel and who cannot use devices and who are unable to. In terms of how we shift around that capacity and how we make it more likely that people will have locations where there is a healthcare professional of the type that they need to see, part of that is shifting the population that we can upskill. There is a difficulty and clarity in whose responsibility it is to upskill patients and family where that is possible and where it is within touching distance. Also, particularly how we record our systems that were not designed around being able to collect phone numbers or mobile numbers or home numbers, it is difficult to collect information about whether somebody has broadband or whether they have used Zoom before, let alone whether they have tried to do a video consultation with a medical professional. A lot of people are surprised at what they can do when they are given a little bit of support to do that. That does not fully cover the rural difficulties that you describe, but there are ways in which we can use digital working to try to make sure that there are people who, when they need to be available for a rural area that they can be. I guess that one of the things that is picking up on what Dr Williams says is that it is giving people the confidence that they are not getting a lesser service. It is something that has come through this morning as well. I do not know if you have any reflections on that. There are a lot of people out there who have got visions of general practice that are quite outdated in terms of what they might expect to be able to access or who might give them the help or the assistance. I can come back to the idea that there are lots of very positive messages about what we can do for people in this very busy age in which we live. There are ways in which people can access services without having to leave their work for half a day. There are all sorts of changes that are not just trying to shore things up. There are lots of advances that we are making in and amongst things, but getting that message out in the morning session might not be the most exciting news story for people to run. There may well be other public campaigns that need to be funded to tell people about the services that are there for them here and now, not how they might have accessed services in the past. The changes have been so rapid, but we are at a stage where we can describe the consistent experience that we would hope that people can receive. You make a very good point about media coverage and news stories. I come finally to Wendy Panton. I want to pick up a wee bit about the health inequalities. I cannot speak from a rural perspective, but I want to reiterate the fact that I feel that patients have to get the right to choose the way that they want to access the service. The service should wrap around the patient or the service user, not the other way around. Everybody should have access to a fair and equitable service. I am thinking about health literacy, et cetera, or signposting, but that does not necessarily have to be the GP practice. Is there something there that a patient has got some sort of ability to access another human being, whether that is by telephone and not just the patient, their carers, family, et cetera? By giving a not a named person a service that they can link into, if they have got any kind of questions, et cetera, that is signposting, just to make sure that you are to try to make sure that people are getting that fair and equitable service that they deserve. I want to thank all three of you for your time this morning and for everything that you have told us. I thank you again for excellent panels and a lot for us to chew over. On 15 March, the committee will continue to take evidence of part of our inquiry into alternative pathways or, as we maybe should start calling them, pathways. I am looking at Wendy, because she made a very good point at the start of this session, to primary care. That concludes the public part of our meeting today.


So, I go again through a few examples of equilibrium statistical mechanics whose long range interactions. So, another typical example you take say ions in a trap and you have so just that's a potential energy. So, you have the interaction here and maybe the trap energy here and there is a balance between the trap that tends to a trap of course the atoms and this one is repulsive interaction. So, then your systems acquire a typical size maybe and something like this and if you really think a little bit you can look at the ground state at the mean field level and mean field level if you look at the ground state and mean field level that means you describe your system just by one body density. What do you find? You find that the ground state is something like this. You have a mean density over say a sphere or a disk if you're in 2D and if you look really at the ground state of this beyond mean field. So, looking at the position of each particle not only at the mean density then you find the next order. So, you have here correlations between the positions of particles. So, overall they are homogeneously distributed on this disk, but then they may organize inside the disk. So, I give this example because in the example where you will have several different scaling that are relevant right. So, if you fix first this is first scaling that would be say the mean field scaling. So, just don't give details but if you then if you do this you will find that you can describe your system with a mean field theory and that's good because describe the cloud shape and if you change beta in this scaling then you will at a large temperature you will have your system is almost Gaussian no interactions and if you decrease the temperature then your system will become closer and closer to this uniformly charged sphere right and that's nice and there's no special phase transition that's the mean field description of your system. But it's not the only interesting thing so if now you take another scaling with beta fixed then you can see beta fixed then this term will become more and more important as n goes to infinity and then you will approach say the absolute ground state and you will be probing now the the correlations between the particles right inside your uniformly charged sphere and then phase transitions are possible between say more as Poissonian distribution of the particles inside the sphere and all the configurations like say lattice configurations at small enough temperature. So, the message here that here you have two different scaling that are interesting so and and and that's that's physics here your own experiments own system that will tell you what's really beta is and what's if it's better for you to describe your system to use one system one scaling or another right so this is and by the way they like understanding the absolute ground states of this kind of systems really it's and also it's beta dependence it's a long-standing mathematical problem and interesting one okay so I now turn to some some conclusions to about long-range statistical mechanics equilibrium statistical mechanics with long-range interactions so there I hope I've convinced you that there are many universal features related to this so say non-additivity and the and the say non-equivalence between the ensembles we've had the questions about negative specific heat and so peculiar effect transition and so on so that's a good part and then in my opinion so I love this theory and there are many interesting things it's very beautiful but there don't think there are that many experimentally meaningful meaningful applications of this equilibrium statistical mechanics with long-range interactions theory and so I tried to give to give some and then there are some I mean qualitative features that are definitely very interesting but quantitatively it's not so easy to find really applications and maybe the orbiting the orbits around the black hole or maybe one example of that so then I'm interested in in learning more about this but okay that's a general of its statement and actually there is a good reason why it's not so easy to find the experimental realizations of these equilibrium statistical mechanics and the good reason for this is the considerations about time scales and relaxation time scales and so you start from some out of equilibrium out of equilibrium configurations what is the time scales needed to reach equilibrium and typically as we'll see they tend to be slow for long-range interacting systems so that's a reason why equilibrium statistical mechanics is not always the relevant theory and this is a well worked transition to the next part which is of course now kinetic theory to try to understand these time scales and what can we do if we don't have equilibrium statistical mechanics so only two subsections on this third part so I'm sorry it's not exactly three sections and three subsections in each sections so the first part will be on the Hamiltonian case so I will use a so take a Hamiltonian systems long-range interactions and try to understand its kinetic theory and here there are two against paragraph and that's it will be essentially for two very different time scales so that's good and then a few words maybe if I have time on non Hamiltonian systems because you have noticed that in many examples the interactions between the particles or part of the systems in effective interactions that often goes with some non-conservative part maybe friction or maybe more than that forcing okay so kinetic theory start with the Hamiltonian setting so the Boltzmann picture of course which is appropriate typically for short-range interactions you have you have maybe hard spheres and they jiggle around and once in a while they have a very strong interactions between two hard sphere that is typically a collision so of course if they have a collision their velocity and their momentum changes very rapidly from this direction say to this direction right but the collisions so they have a strong impact on each particles each collisions have a strong impact but collisions are rare right so particles typically have a long mean free pass and then once in a while they have a collision and if you describe your system with just a one particle distribution function that so depends on the position velocity and time then I have written here Boltzmann equation just hiding the complicated part into this collision operator he see here and this type of equation as you probably know can be obtained from microscopic setting in a specific scaling again specific scaling she's called usually Boltzmann grad scaling she's precisely the scaling in which the interactions are rare right the collisions are rare or otherwise too much correlation build and at least in mathematical sense it's not possible to derive these kind of equations of course now we'll talk about longer interactions and the picture is completely different so I'm longer interactions so I have one particle here I still feel another particle here and of course there's no that there could be something like a collision but collision will be a would be like driven by short and the short range part of the interactions and on top of this you always have like this long range part of the interactions so when you have longer interaction what is the picture picture is completely different so I have one particle here that interacts with all the others and as I have already mentioned the introduction then you will have something like a low of large number one particle here I feel the force say coming from many other particles so at leading order I will see something which is a low of large number I will feel a mean field force created by all the others so that will be my first like the dominant contribution in many cases and then what happens on top of that of course I have a lot of large numbers but I'm not interacting with an infinite number of particles so I also have fluctuations around this low of large number that are like finite size fluctuations so that will determine another time scale which will be the this time scale of these fluctuations so I have this natural difference between like my mean field time scale and my fluctuation time scales right that will show up in what follows and that's that's again that there's that has some universality for these long range interacting systems and that happens in plasma physics as well as an astrophysics and other cases as well so first part now so I have this divide between the mean field time scales and the fluctuation time scale then I will concentrate at first concentrate first on this mean field time scale there's already plenty to say about this mean field time scale right which is the short time scale the one which is the shortest and in this case what you obtain so you obtain now a kinetic equation that will replace somehow the Boltzmann equation right but just using now the the mean field force so here is so he's still my question for the one particle distribution function he's just a transport term and this is my mean field force phi and this is the transport in velocity space which is with this mean field force and if I have lots of question equation this is my personal equation for the potential that depends of course on all the density of particles right so this is called okay this is a lot of question equation right and there is no collision I have put zero here because the collisions what would be called collision in that case that would be the related to the fluctuations around this mean field force and I don't consider them for the moment and then this is so this slide is meant as a another example of a universality of the concept for a different long range interacting systems of course if I now I'm not in astrophysics and I look at point masses then they have something like he like this now I have a not minus sign because now it's a attractive interaction here but I have this say blast of Newton equation astrophysics they sometimes call it collisionless Boltzmann equation because there's no collision here I've been talking about point vortices so if I try to describe point vortices it's slightly different I don't have a function f that depends on time on space and velocity rather I have only a vorticity which is the mean density of the vortex vorticity that depends on space and time this is my omega depends on x and time and this equation here you may recognize it at the Euler to the Euler equation in in vorticity formulation and of course if I start with the particles and wave then I can also write kind of a collision less kinetic equation like this which would be a Vlasov plus waves right so all these equations are called collision less because they're there's zero here on the right hand side there's no collisions there's only the effect of the main field force and because they are collision less kinetic equation so some some would not even call them kinetic equation because there are no collisions they do share an important number of properties that are really related to the fact that they are collision less so they're okay Vlasov type equation to the Euler equation there are others there they share many many properties oh I have another example here actually when you have lights propagating in a nonlinear nonlocal medium you describe it with a nonlinear Schrodinger equation and you have regimes where indeed you end up with a Vlasov equation for the local density of of lights okay so that's the fact that all these long-range interacting systems they can be described over some time scale by this same type of kinetic equations that's another say example of the universality induced by the long long-range interactions so a few have a few words now on the on mathematics because I was asked by Michael to to talk about everybody in the in the audience and there are a few mathematical physicists I guess on mathematicians so a few words on mathematics and I think actually I think it's it's important it's important to to understand what this collision less equation means I mean not deep in the technical mathematics but a little at the precise level mathematically and that helps really the physicists actually so I will spend a few words on this so the idea is okay the formal derivation is very easy okay mean field approximation should be okay so then I just write the mean field equation from this from this and I obtained Vlasov equation and that's fine and okay I think Vlasov equation is good but then that's not very precise okay we would like to say maybe something like this that that I start from particles and then Vlasov equation becomes should become exact in a sense I mean exact limit in some some end going to infinity scaling limit right that's something like this I would like to say and and in which sense it becomes exact and maybe on which time scales and which end do I need which size of the system do I need for this to be correct this kind of thing we would like to to understand right to be more precise so to be more precise okay first introduce this quantity that's the central quantity is called empirical density so I put I have particles Xi VI position Xi velocity VI and I put delta functions each time I have a particle right normalized by and so that they have a probability density and and that's really what what you do when you do numerical simulations right you observe that's what you observe and I mean that I mean you you you you may average over several initial conditions but if you do run-run then then you have just one realizations of these particles and that's that's the kind of thing you observe and then the question we ask so how is this quantity there empirical density is close to my function F which is solution of the equation when you have you have the initial conditions of F on one side and my particle system on the other side that are close enough okay so this is slightly more precise way to formulate my problem and now there are two key observations that were made in the 70s I think by no insert and then bone hep and the machine so that the empirical density itself is a solution of glass of equation so a lot of equation you can of course you have derivatives so you think that maybe you have you need to have a regular functions to solve of glass of equation but you can define slightly more generalized solution and you can see that in reasonable sense empirical density is a solution of glass of equation so now we're in good shape because we have to compare two solutions of glass of equation one is the empirical density and the other one is my approximate version of the empirical density maybe when I have course grain my initial condition right this is what I have to do and the second key ingredient is that if I take two solutions of the glass of equation then they do not that are close one to another at some point then maybe they of course they diverge it's not they go to different places but not too fast and then at most exponentially in time and this see here of course it's there's no end here it's independent on the number of particles right so I so they have to take two solution of glass of equation they may separate exponentially but not more than exponentially so then if I put together these two these two key ingredients then I have my theorem right I have on one on one solution of that equation is my empirical density one other solution is say my solution of glass of equation when I have course grain my empirical density at t equals 0 I evolve both of them of course they separate a little bit but not too far not too fast and since they were very close at the beginning then at some finite time they remain fairly close so that's the content of this theorem yes of course yeah I was trying to bury this then I'm comparing two functions or two measures so I have to to it's not like Euclidean distance I have to define a distance so there are several ways to define this and so one way you can use transport distances between so you have two distances that can compare two different functions typically there I mean they're they're weak distances so you not I mean you're not comparing for instance like the the supremum of f1 minus f2 or even the integral of f1 minus f2 squared that that would not make real sense because then I cannot apply it for something irregular like this you are comparing measures so you were typically integrating against test function and you want you take the supremum against some class of test function typically say bounded and lipschitz test function and then then this give you bounded lipschitz distance or transport distance if you know if someone is familiar with Wasserstein distances you can use this too but use some kind of weak distance here but of course that's an important part of the theorem that I was trying to to bury thank you or so here's now the theorem again with this distance that you have to precisely define of course and what the theorem says theorem says that I take a finite time t and I fix it right then I increase my number of particles right and so I take an initial f condition f0 and then I can take initial conditions such that with particles such that the empirical density of particles become closer and closer to my target f0 right and if n goes to infinity then I can be as close as I like and then I can evolve up to time t and I remained smaller than some predetermined quantity epsilon right but then I have fixed the time scale time horizon t and then I have sent the number of particles to infinity so this is very important because and I'm in remark two here that I fix the time horizon and then I send n to infinity and then I came that rather of equation is a perfect description of my system but does not mean that if I have of course a finite n systems and I evolve it over time after some point rather of equation may be totally irrelevant and in fact you really twill right so you cannot exchange these two limits and this so this is one reason I think then you understand well the okay here the mathematics help you to understand what's going on and another thing is what is this number three then you can ask okay how if I have a given n how far can how far can I go in time the thing is you cannot go very far because the time you can go with a lot of equation from the proof it appears to be proportional essentially to log n so it is not much even for n large so so maybe soon in trouble okay and that's actually an interesting mathematical question is really can we go further than log n or and that the answer is yes but then which condition to where okay what should I tell again yes I mean there's no average needle neither though yeah so you just take and that that's good so in the theorem there's no average so you have one initial condition you evolve it and then your theorem tells you that okay you're close to a solution of lots of equations so that's one and another thing is is this hypothesis here okay that's at the force and it's assumed bounded so of course if you were doing plasma physics or astrophysics then you are in trouble because it's not at all bounded and this nice theorem breaks down so what can I tell you about singular interactions so then maybe I'll go fast on this then it the thing is it's been a huge mathematical question to try to go further than the standard theorem I gave you before and go to a singular interactions there have been several here contribution free with so the forces were getting more and more singular when you go up to more recent contributions and there have been very recent contribution by people and collaborators that I mean really an improvement and that go up to including the Coulomb case so which is the one really we're happy to have it included so making use of let's say new new techniques like using probability degrees of freedom that were not really used or not as well using previous attempts so I am hoping that this is this will make you for a teasing for I think the the seminar by pico hoping he will talk about this I don't know actually so now a few words on on this blast of equations okay so we have understood that on the short time scale we have blast of equations so first thing to understand kinetic theory of these longer interacting systems is trying to understand blast of equation right so this is a very cartoon about blast of equation in paradigm boundary condition I start with this so it's a transport equation so here I have even even if I have no force I have these particles that go this direction this direction and then they wrap around the the periodic boundary conditions so it thanks for kind of filamentation in this in the velocity direction and what's important to understand is that here I have a so here I have a two level initial conditions say one and zero and the surface the area here which is occupied is always the same and the and the density is always one or zero but the same always same surface occupied but then filamenting right so that's a basic thing so what that's what's happened maybe if I have an external field external potential so that's not like this and I have particles that are doing oscillations in the potential and they will unless there is some special feature with the frequencies of the particles they will filamentate in this in this way again keeping the the area of one and zero constants so here you can understand that even if there's no even if there's no relaxation to equilibrium no friction in this no collisions in these equations then if I say maybe it's easier to see here if I average over the velocity and I look at the density maybe here I have a bump in the density here and here it's almost homogeneous right so there is a this phase mixing mechanism is irresponsible for some homogenization and some pseudo relaxation and this is the the the heart of a lambda damping phenomenon lambda damping phenomenon which I will say a little few words up on it after so this is the first the picture now this is 2d Euler you can open let's do this so this is a perturbation of 2d Euler equation this is a simulation by Yotoshi Morita and you can see maybe I play it again so you you can see that there is really also a filamentation so it's not a lot of equations it's a vorticity so a vorticity perturbation you can see they're like a really filamentation in this direction which is very very clear so so I hope I have a that you you will more or less believe me then they'll say you that a lot of equations and 2d Euler they do they do share some common phenomenology okay so there are some properties of Vlasov equation that maybe again the idea is that all these properties they will be shared by all these collisionless Boltzmann equations or collisionless equations kinetic equations so that will be important universal features for all these long range interacting systems on short time scales so you have conserved quantities this tells you that so some are inherited from the particles and some are not directly inherited from the particle system there are extra conservation laws that are induced by the fact that you go from particles to a continuum descriptions and all these extra conservation laws there are sometimes called scatter mirrors infinite number of them incantable infinite number of them so they're they will be responsible for some special features okay so this sentence here about the fact that all these conserved quantities and this the fact that each level set of s the volume of each level sets as was clear in the previous trend slides the volume of each level sets is conserved this is actually the same the same statement okay so what does Vlasov dynamics actually do it's actually a so the volume of each level set is conserved but it it will filament each level sets and mix them and this makes for very complicated dynamics that involves fine and finite state scale I mean special scales as time evolve so what happens then for a lot of dynamics so because I have my long range interacting systems I know on on some time scale it's relevant to consider Vlasov equation so an important thing to understand to understand my long-range interacting systems in this thing what's the asymptotic behavior of my level of equation right what's this asymptotic behavior so it seems reasonable to look at stationary solution and what happens I have many many stationary solutions I have an infinite number of them and uncountably infinite number of them right so this is well known for instance in astrophysics you have many say models of galaxies that that could be constructed right so so there are several ways to construct these stationary solutions so whether homogeneous it's very easy otherwise you can construct them starting from conserved quantities and looking at say critical point of conserved quantities that that gives you some stationary states and okay a consequence of this you have that many stationary states that chances are when you evolve that you will get stuck in one of these stationary states and you will not evolve to stash to full statistical equilibrium statistical equilibrium is a stationary state of level of equation but it's one of the out of many of them and there is no reason that you will precisely end up at this state when you use a lot of equation so that that's what makes a lot of equation a complicated object right there it's asymptotic behavior is not at all clear whereas Boltzmann equation you really expect that the asymptotic behavior of Boltzmann equation is statistical equilibrium so it's a complicated object too but at least you have some idea of what's the asymptotic behavior okay so then if you have that many stationary states what can you do well one of course then it's the difficult problem and then you can have several approaches I think this is my my next transparency is then you have several approaches then you can look at the stationary states and at least try to see which one are stable so at least then you can maybe discard some that are unstable look at which one are stable and this is a this has been of course an endeavor that has been undertaken since the early 19th century 20th century it's for a lot of equations say and and it turns out a very interesting theory so you can you have a stationary solution you can linearize and try to understand what's going on and remember I have started from a Hamiltonian system so I have started from a Hamiltonian system it it translates for Vlasov equation into special properties of their stationary states their stationary states so the the spectrum of the linearized dynamics around the stationary states cannot never be asymptotically stable each time you have a negative eigenvalue and the eigenvalue is negative part by symmetry you have an eigenvalue with positive real part and then you are unstable so the the most you can hope for is a neutrally stable state right and these neutrally stable states around this neutrally stable state you can have the phase mixing dynamics that I was showing you before and that will entail lambda damping right so this is this is understood since the work of Landau in in in and then and then the experiments in the 60s in plasma physics but the important thing is that the this landau damping phenomenon is really another universal feature of these long range interacting systems once you have long interaction you see you've got a good chance to have a relevant collisionless kinetic equation and when you have this type of collisionless kinetic equations then somewhere you've got a good chance to find landau damping right so it's it has been discovered in plasma physics by landau but then it's like a standard concept in astrophysics too and also in 2d fluids mentioned order equation and it's okay it's known since maybe one century more than one century and also it has been discovered in many other instances and also even non-hubbinitonian systems like a synchronization model like a Kuramoto model some of you may know it there is some kind of landau damping there other models so again this is a kind of universal concept that that may be relevant to many long range interacting systems okay so uh landau damping now what what can I do to understand the asymptotic behavior of blast off equation so remember so the reformulate yeah yes in the experiment you have to to discriminate between a really landau damping on one side and and more easier friction so um well you can compute what would be landau damping and then look at how should landau damping evolve as a function of parameter and then change your parameters and then see if it evolves in a coherent manner uh like in plasma physics there they also have been they did some plasma eco experiments so it's not exactly landau damping but then it's it's kind of a way to to see that your evolution is really actually reversible despite the fact that it seems to uh to filamentate so you so if you're able to do some kind of eco but it entails a really good control on your system so it's not easy otherwise um yeah you can think of this good question okay um actually uh maybe uh maybe it's even possible to see to see a difference uh with the regularity of initial conditions because that would be important for landau damping if you can if you can see a difference with this um typically a normal friction the rates of the of the exponential rate of decrease to equilibrium would not depend say on the regularity of initial condition so may okay regularity is very uh mathematical concept but yet if you change really the shape of your perturbation if you manage to change the shape of the perturbation it should have an effect on landau damping i don't know just some guesses i don't know okay um so what can we do to understand the uh uh asymptotically behavior of landau equation so this is the the question say you start you have an initial condition you have a collision less equation you have to understand what's going on at last time and it's has been a very active topic in in mathematics actually so say uh you can have say a dynamical system approach so that was uh say landau damping is part of this so you have a stationary states you look at um stability of the stationary states maybe you look at um then bifurcations and non-linear dynamics close to the stationary states like using tools from dynamical system theory okay of course the uh so you have a plenty of tools a priori but then okay it's not so easy because it's an infinite dimensional and also one drawback is that the results you obtain that typically they're valid close to a stationary states or in a weakly non-linear regime in a sense then you have statistical mechanics approach the idea is that um so your level of equation it mixes really it seems to mixes the your levels the your levels of the distribution function so you can say okay maybe I will not try to understand really the the fine dynamic fine scale dynamics of this or just use statistical arguments and say in a sense it will mixes the the most possibly these levels and I will use a statistical mechanics approach for a lot of equation this was a really nice idea by Lyndon Bell by Lyndon Bell in the stroke physics and it was also done then in 2d fluids trying this to to um make this statistical mechanic approach works maybe I have a few words on that later and then there are also other ideas because um obviously what happens is that neither approach one nor approach two is completely satisfactory so uh then you can maybe try to mix both of them and then use uh dynamical arguments uh as most as you can and then when you cannot do anything more than then you you use statistical arguments to conclude or something like this so um have just made just a few words on the different dynamical approaches uh so these dynamical approaches I think there I can now again divide this dynamical system approach in two branches one branches would be uh the search for for stability criteria and this was really driven by astrophysics because in astrophysics it's not so clear so you have plenty of models for say galaxies um that are stationary solution of your browser of equation or collisionless Boltzmann equation in their astrophysics terminology then you want you want to know if it's stable and that's not easy to know if it's stable or not right and so starting actually Antonov was one of the pioneers again uh he used a variational approach to understand which one was stable or not and to get stability criteria so the idea is that you have if you have take a conserved quantity of your any dynamical system and you take say the say the minimum of a conserved quantity then it is a stationary state and it is stable in a sense right if you think a little bit uh if you have your your like a Hamiltonian you have the minimum of a Hamiltonian it's a conserved quantity then minimum Hamiltonian is a stable stationary state right so the same kind of things in an infinite dimensional setting you've got um a criteria for stability okay so um and you have a say powerful criteria say uh tells you that for instance if you have a solution of the browser of equation that is uh expressed like this so you just have oh hey so you have parentheses that are missing here so um the uh distribution function only depends on the one particle energy then it's enough that my function phi is uh then function f here is decreasing so that it's enough for that so that my system is stable my solution is stable that's a kind of a powerful criteria of course then um this kind of thing gives you no information the dynamics you have forgotten about the filamentation process I told you and you don't have landau damping for instance okay and uh if you were uh like me a bit mathematically inclined what happens is that here when you look about stability again then you have the same question as before about the distance when you were looking at the distance between two uh um solution you have I mean you're in an infinite dimensional system so you you have to uh define what the distance is and it matters a lot here you have to define what stability means I mean okay I remain close to when I start close I remain close but what does close mean and here in these systems close mean something without derivative right because if you have derivative then you have your um your um uh filamentation that that creates higher and higher derivatives uh values for derivative and then you're not close anymore so you here you forget about filamentation now the dynamical system approach two is really you try to be much more precise you you really try to describe the dynamics around uh around the stationary states and you try to define to to uh then capture also landau damping so um so this is like my uh linearized so in blue it's a linearized result of equation and red is a nonlinear part and you can see that the so the nonlinear part you have a velocity derivative here and I shown you that there there was this filamentation so when you have velocity derivative and and it's filamentates in a v direction so these terms become larger and larger so really uh linear the fact that linearization works it's not not clear and this this was known even to uh landau I think that okay you can it's it's a good idea to study linearized other equation but it's not clear at all what does it mean for the full system for a full nonlinear system and the um again here this mathematical remark is that I'm looking for uh stability in a sense so we what does stable what does close what does small means isn't mathematically important so uh just a few words on this uh because you probably um have heard of this or maybe not maybe yes so I said it's a very active uh topic in mathematics and it was really revived for example by the theorem by Muon Villani a few years ago so really they've shown that if you start close enough to a stable stationary state of load of equation homogeneous setting right you start close enough then landau damping wins and and you really landau damp and the potential will damp to zero in sense right and but these these guys here they have somehow um um converse that uh if you and they tells you and this is again um uh thing that that tells you that really mathematics can be important so I landau damp if you believe Muon Villani he said okay if I start close enough to a stationary state then landau damping wins and I go to a stationary states of lot of equation no problem but then these guys say okay but if you measure your distance in a different way and in a less demanding way right then you can start as close as you want to your uh stationary solution and and and yet go go elsewhere and and not landau damp your your perturbation so it's it's a bit um counterintuitive maybe for physicists but really what the way that the the the way you measure the stability and the closeness between your uh your solution is important so this is again now this is a uh uh old simulation like 20 years ago by Giovanni Manfredi I took it took in the internet so it tells you it's okay so this is the initial condition and you have landau damping there and you see it's not complete it's not completely under damping then it seems to oscillate forever so it tells you the dynamic can be much more complicated than just uh complete landau damping and understanding all this it's it's actually not a trivial task to go a bit further okay um so then uh not dwelling into details but just um a few words that's why if I want to continue on this dynamical system path right dynamical system approach to random equation uh so I have stationary states stable stationary states so where does it go when it's stable is it's when it's linearly stable is it non-linearly stable then the next step is really um um say a weekly non-linear theory so bifurcation theory so for instance I have a I I vary until the parameter my system sits in a stationary state stable one a very little bit of parameter and it becomes slightly unstable then my system destabilizes it goes somewhere where does it go and does it go far does it go close does it saturate close what happens that's that's really a bifurcation problems and that was especially important in in plasma physics and it's also relevant in astrophysics and I guess in several other uh longer interacting systems and and I think this is uh I mean even so at the mathematics level it's uh yeah it's very difficult I don't think there's there's so there's not much even at the physics level there's plenty of things to do there it was an interesting contribution by these people I would not have time to develop but the uh the big question that okay classify all these bifurcations really um in more um comprehensive way I mean it's still a very interesting question okay uh so uh I would just conclude on this that um so the organizer told me that I may I could have saved like a half an hour to talk about my research activities and of course I will not have time to do that so you can relax but um so one of my recent research activity with Yoshie Maguchi and David Metivier was precisely this so this dynamical system approach and this understanding the bifurcations of these systems of the Vlasov systems right so uh this is in the pgc of David Metivier and there is a poster by David I think where he explains this so you even if you're very disappointed that I cannot dwell into the details you can go and see the poster and there are also other theories related to this say dynamical systems approach but anyway my conclusion on this is I think it's a very rich problem and there is still plenty to do in this in this area then there's this statistical mechanics approach so again I don't have time to really enter into details but this so this was pointed by Lyndon Bell and I recall you the basic basic idea is that okay I have a Vlasov equation I know on a time scale maybe reasonable for my experiment I have to look at Vlasov equation then I have to look at statistical mechanics of Vlasov equation so these statistical mechanics that takes into account all the consents quantities of Vlasov equation right and there are many more than for the complete statistical equilibrium so that was the idea of Lyndon Bell and it gives rise to a I think a beautiful theory but I go to the comments on that so it's a beautiful idea and sometimes qualitatively it gives some really valid clue of what's going on but the the assumption of like you really have to go to a maximum entropy it's not so well in many cases not so well verified so okay I would say that Lyndon Bell the problem is difficult so in some cases it gives a very good result some cases it's misleading so that's a problem you have to then it the problem becomes to decide when it's interesting theory or not so okay so it's not it's not the whole the whole thing and again problem with Vlasov equation clearly in many cases it does not go to the its maximum entropy as defined by Lyndon Bell so then you have a kind of mixed approaches and there maybe Bernanda or maybe Jan Levin in their seminars they will give more details on this so again the idea is okay dynamical system approach is too restricted full statistical equilibrium of Vlasov equation this is too demanding I mean you don't have I mean dynamics is still important so you can try to do something in between and use as much dynamic as you can and then when dynamics becomes too complicated then you close in the sense your argument with statistical mechanics so say this this is a more or less the idea in this kind of approach and maybe Jan will give say a few words on this no no okay so now in a few minutes they have left I'll go beyond Vlasov equation so of course so remember I start from my particles and they have one first time scale which is Vlasov equation given by the the evolution is given by Vlasov equation then they have a second time scale much much longer in which the system will evolve according to well on the following the effects of the fluctuations of this mean field right and this is what I will call this collisional time scale much longer than the Vlasov time scale and so to point out again the the universal feature if you have so the fact that there is this separation between the say the mean field time scale and the fluctuation time scale this is a universal feature of long-range interacting system right at least for this conservative one Hamiltonian ones okay so this is something that one could look for instance look for in to in experiments with cold atoms like the in cavity which is not far from being Hamiltonian in some cases maybe you could look you could look for this phenomenology because this phenomenology with two different timescales is well known for instance in astrophysics of course and well known in plasma physics and what I'm telling is that it's relevant in many other fields as well okay so what can you do when you have to take into account these fluctuations then you have so Vlasov equation you just have the mean field dynamics in the particle dynamics you have mean field fluctuations so you have to take into account these fluctuations and you can formally analyze these fluctuations because again you have the separation of timescales between the two so that helps I mean we're in a better shape than with a short range interactions with this respect and you obtain the equation that well you can obtain several types of equation depending on the approximation you make but say of ballet school and our type ballet school and other plasma physicists so this was first obtained in plasma physics and okay maybe it's not important the details on this but you can see here there is a one over n so it means that the my timescales it's so this is for plasma physics say my timescales is much longer it's a small term time space is much longer and depends on n and this is a collision term because so it looks like a little bit like a Boltzmann if you see that you have a quadratic in f like f times f okay so actually rather than Boltzmann it looks like a diffusion equation so one term would be friction here and then would be a friction that would be diffusion okay so it looks like maybe a friction nonlinear focal point equation and this term would drive the system to statistical equilibrium over very long timescales so we're still safe with if we believe ballet school no equation then we do over long timescales we go to a statistical equilibrium and okay for this one there is no mathematical mathematical proof it's much more involved so I have to tell you so the basic physical mechanism here to relaxation is resonances so take for instance stars in galaxies so you so you have so the stars at the vlas of order they orbit in the galaxy right they have a almost like keplerian or not keplerian because it's not a keplerian potential but they orbit in the potential of the galaxy and you have other stars that have another orbits and maybe these two orbits have the same frequency or at least a rational ratio of frequencies and then they will interact strongly and these stronger these resonances they drive this linear ballet school evolution I said linear ballet school was for plasma physics but then it has been extended in astrophysics of course then it's much more complicated because you have a non-homogeneous background so you have to look at the evolution say also in space as well as in velocity space so it's much more complicated but still people are doing this and maybe we'll have some seminars showing us where what is the state of the art on this I don't know anyway state of the art is that people are trying really to do this to use this kind of of tools to understand astrophysical problems okay may I skip the last question I don't have time to this so this is important I this I have this summary here for dynamic evolution so I start on initial condition I tell told you on a time scale which is I called meanfield time scale or vlasov time scale sometimes sometimes it's called dynamical time scale my system evolves according to vlasov dynamics up to an asymptotic state of vlasov dynamics presumably this asymptotic state is not easy to go to compute to predict and it's sometimes called quasi stationary state because it's stationary for vlasov dynamics but not stationary when you look at the fluctuations around vlasov dynamics so this one is called quasi stationary state here and then over much longer time scale you have evolution towards statistical equilibrium and this is sometimes called collisional dynamics but I stress again that it's not really collisions right there rather fluctuations of the meanfield that drive the dynamics rather than really collisions are as we would be used to in a Boltzmann case okay so maybe maybe it's best this if I stop here to leave time for free questions so because just a few words on if I have non-amrytonian systems maybe so the simplest non-amrytonian systems I have is I have also a friction time scale so in the previous picture it so my friction time scales maybe drive my system towards say in a simplest case towards statistical equilibrium in other cases I have friction and maybe I have forcing so it drives me towards another state and then I have so I have another time scale in my problem so if I go here then I have to understand where is this new time scale is it is it here very short is it here very very slow is it somewhere in between so when I have my non-amrytonian systems then I have to take care of these all the time scales to see if there is something of this picture which remains or nothing for instance if my non-amrytonian time scales and maybe that's related to Michael questions if I have a system which is really over damped then I don't see a blast of equation at all means that my time scale is really here my non-amrytonian friction time scale is here and I just see this time scale and I don't see this phenomenology here if I have really a under damped system that maybe I can still see some blasts of dynamics here and then friction takes over and drives my system towards equilibrium and if my non-amrytonian effects are very very small then maybe I can see this whole thing and this is actually relevant for instance in in astrophysics they have all I think these different situations arise so a galaxy it's really not as I understand I'm not astrophysicist as I understand it's not really reasonable to model a galaxy's isolated systems so you have so they have external influences and so on and and and so so this this external influence forces that act on the galaxy they there are like this non-amrytonian time scale and and and you have to understand what's what if is this is the more important thing most important thing or if maybe the the the collisional linear balescu like time scale is important right for galaxies I guess the the collisional one is not important but for a global of clusters that are smaller systems if they may be important actually I think I will stop here maybe I have some conclusion here so to stop with this conclusion so okay so that was my view or part of my view on long-range interactions actually it's probably not yours and I really hope actually have many different views on long-range interactions in this this conference and again that was a starting idea it's also the concluding idea so there are many common features due to long-range interactions there are universal features so really I think we have to I mean we have a lot to learn by talking to each one to another and that includes also mathematicians really I think they have plenty I mean understanding really the some mathematics of it it really can help understand the physics too so okay I'm now excited to learn a lot more hearing at the the seminars and lectures to come thank you


New protocol measures have been announced as government and the Ministry of Health continue to lead the national fight against COVID-19. We have some new protocols based on the recent numbers that the CMO has given us. So first of all, I want to indicate that all registered farmers and fisherfolk are to be included in the essential list of activities. That means that they automatically, once they are registered, they automatically will be able to operate outside of the curfew hours, meaning after seven o'clock at night or before four o'clock in the morning, if their business requires, they would be allowed to be out. Pardon, PM. So let's just back up a bit that an amendment to the curfew. So because we had it at 7 p.m. to 5 a.m., and as you've just indicated, the curfew will now be 7 p.m. to 4 a.m. Correct. And that is for our registered farmers and fishers to go about their daily activities. It does, but also for those persons who like to exercise earlier in the morning can do so. But in addition to that, by making them an essential list of activities also allows them to operate within the curfew times. So the same thing that would have applied to your manufacturing sector and your emergency services, they also, because farmers and fisherfolk are producing food for this country. And so we do not want to disrupt their normal pattern of work. And I think that we would all recognize the important role that they pay. Faith-based organizations may now hold daily or regular religious ceremonies within the established protocols with the numbers determined by the square footage of the building in keeping with the COVID-19 response plan approved by the Ministry of Equity. So again, we're going away from where churches were going to be limited to 25 people. But based on the square footage of the church, they can operate. Faith-based organizations may hold special religious rites, including weddings and funerals with a maximum of 25 persons in attendance. And that will also be the number that would be limited when they actually go to the graveyard site as well. There will be a suspension on the sale and disposal, or the continued suspension on sale and disposal of intoxicating liquor be maintained until the 24th of February. Upon the lifting of the suspension, no consumption of intoxicating liquor shall be permitted or on licensed premises during the period of 25th of February to the 16th of March. So even when the current suspension comes to an end on the 24th, the intention is that liquor will be available at the grocery stores, both big and small, but it will be on a grab-and-go basis. So we know in the real areas that there are grocery stores that are also bars. Persons will be able to purchase their liquor in those locations, but it will be on a grab-and-go basis. We don't see persons congregating in those spots. But that will be between the 24th to the 16th of March. Restaurants and other food establishments shall operate only with a take-away service. And that's within the curfew hours. So any restaurant or food establishment can be open and can provide grab-and-go or delivery services, but they have to be shut and follow the curfew hours. Commercial and business enterprises may be open for businesses and permitted to operate within the established protocols and minimal operation using blended approach. So it means many of the smaller shops and the vendors now will be allowed to go back and start their operations again and would have to operate within the hours of the curfew. So it will be between four o'clock in the morning and seven o'clock in the evening.  Into and outdoor training and gym workouts be permitted within the established protocols and prohibition on contact and non-contact competitive sporting activities shall remain in place. So people are allowed to go out training, but we are still requiring any contact sports to be restricted. And these measures shall remain in effect from the 17th of February until the 16th of March.


unbelievable joey vato oh my god and just this guy for the angels no big deal just the Mike trout auto relic with a piece of letter in there that's all just no big deal they're gonna be a lot of 27 holy crap George Washington diamond guarantee oh come on man unbelievable I'm in gem logo man Luca dodge itch boom oh my gosh dude somebody has to get rich on the stream Davis kaboom are you freaking kidding me nebula one of one dodge itch kaboom is a Hall of Fame flawless case man Tom Brady one of ten Patriots auto boom flawless finishes Super Bowl 38 that's insanity 52 tops throwback Super Frac their auto show hey Otani and what's the heck is this oh my god oh my god are you kidding me wow one of one multi-gem Tom Brady boom Patriots what eight diamonds and five six seven eight nine ten eleven rubies look at that it's going on everybody hello hello hello hello hello welcome to the show hope everyone's having a good Thursday I believe it is something like that I think it's Thursday that sounds right to me all right all right we got some good some good breaks lined up for today man I got some baseball some hockey upper deck skybox a little multi-sport then we get into football and we'll end the night with Star Wars Star Wars masterwork always been a fun one I'll use it get there right in the middle of the thumbnail there all right guys eight to go on the first one guys triple case break we'll give it a few minutes here we got to go in 10 minutes if not we'll do the update series first I'll give us about 30 minutes the update jumbo case or the update hobby case sorry update hobby case we'll do that first if these eight spots don't come in here in just a bit it's a fun one though man I'm excited for the triple case a lot of potential in there with the random team style get a case of super jumbo case of jumbo and a case of choice hey what's up rich afternoon sir how we doing today how are we doing today hope everybody's having a good Thursday not bad yeah not bad cool how's the how's the house search going rich you uh you're still locking in on that one place I get a little closer to a little closer to Seattle all right guys so eight to go in this first one triple case break super jumbo jumbo and choice Bowman drafts and choice not drafts this time and choice and choice hey what's up there well let's do it my man I'm in on that I'm in on that we got some chrome update I feel like maybe a maybe debut patch finally maybe a debut patch finally got some finest flashbacks we got the cup hockey I'm excited about haven't ripped any cup hockey yet I'm excited for that got artifacts hockey as well gonna be our first break of that get a little bit of hockey going today it's crazy we got 21 22 upper deck the cup and then we got 23 24 artifacts they got a they got like two three two three years of products going at the same time yeah I'll give it a few more minutes guys try give some spots filled up here if not we'll probably move this on chrome update first it is already sold out nice and easy there thank you Jonathan grabbing a spot so we're down to seven down to seven now appreciate that we get in there we get in there it's a fun one man it's a lot of potential in that super jumbo case a jumbo case and a choice fly down the eight to see him nice nice man that's awesome and I'm glad everything's starting to come together for you for sure between finding the job finding a place it does a does get a little stressful for sure there's a lot going on hey what's up Nicholas afternoon afternoon sir what up what up doing all right guys just seven to go now thank you Jonathan grabbing one just seven to go with the triple case start our day with about an hour and a half break so good potential there's who we got some good breaks today man go baseball we get some hockey some multi sport in the upper deck metal universe and then we get to some certified a little mixer flawless collegiate already sold out and then Star Wars masterwork to end the night try to finish with some some bangers there I think you might take him when we're down to six down to six thank you Mike thank you Chris taking one an upper deck the cup as well and Jesse grabbing the braves in flashbacks thank you guys getting us moving here so we are down to six to go now on the first one six to go hey what's up Mitchell evening sir how we doing how we doing today hope everybody's having a good one six to go on our first one let's go triple case nine to go on flashbacks five on the chrome black divisions get five teams per spot on that one there's six divisions in baseball five teams per spot taken on that one nine and 18 to go 918 to go on the cup not a ton of spots left on the cup guys I'm not sure how many cases after these these couple from yesterday and today not sure how many we're gonna have overall I know we get a couple more listed but we don't always get a ton of the cup so if you guys do want to grab some spots there I would not wait too long on those don't get a ton of hockey when it comes out so we'll have those forever all right guys just six to go six to go on this triple case break yeah I can't complain Mitchell can't complain I'm a good day they open a new Chipotle right down the road so went there for lunch and now I'm here that's about my whole day that's that's about the whole day so far yeah rich it was fun yesterday I was watching a little bit while I was ripping over there I was watching Sam and Sean rip some cup is a nice product man I'm excited so I get my hands on some all righty guys six to go I think we might have to move this guy's do the update series first that I'll push us back about 30 minutes for this triple case break shouldn't be an issue there I think that's gonna be the move here guys save some time here go with the update first labs stream labs it's always lying man it's always lying cloudbot now I'm not ripping on channel to there we go there we go now I'm not ripping yeah Andreas taking a few Star Wars six series personals thank you sir we'll get those going later today let me adjust the schedule real quick guys we're gonna do the chrome update first let's do the chrome update first we'll get about 30 minutes and then our last six spots on the triple case last six on the triple case I'll move this one back about 30 minutes the update up all right guys so we'll get started right on time here we'll start with the top chrome update series hobby we'll start with that that's right cam it is a stash and trash kind of night like your breakers a little bit on the trashy side there we go I don't know if someone's gonna let us play five deep you got some dart strips for today Mitchell I'm always in on some darts no what about my door I'm in on some darts Mitchell what we got my doors you know let's go that's a five five deep thank you Evan taking one in the triple case sir so we are down to five guys we'll get that going right after this down to five guys the burgers so let me let me adjust this real quick we're gonna do the top chrome update first five to go on the triple case that's awesome that's awesome guys we'll just say it is keep Brandon taking a masterwork couple spots and then a origins mixer spot not allow on those origins three to go on that one get some football tonight got a couple origins couple certified mixers and then we're on to Star Wars yeah they'll be fine with it we're gonna play anyways with or without we're gonna play some golf we're playing golf we don't play some golf yeah right headed to win and most 180s okay I'll take a look I'll take a look at Mitchell when does that start is that soon I'll take a look man no doubt there all right guys we're gonna start with chrome update get that going here in just a couple minutes appreciate y'all just five to go on our triple case that's awesome and I sat down with 22 to go so we are feeling that one awesome head up to win let me see I like head up yes we're starting with the already guys we ready to go in just a second five to go on the triple case get that going next here five to go we'll break next he's a stash I'd be proud of okay okay now we're talking now we're talking head up I'm in on head up most 180s would be like when you hit the triple triple 20 twice or three times right obviously 180 all right come on head up head up with a mustache I'm in on it thank you hunter taking up the cup spot and Richard taking one in our origin certified that one's not a two I believe that one should be going soon all right guys we'll get start here just a second mark these off and we're ready to go it was minus 240 for head up to win that was what I was looking at thank you William taking one of the triple case for to go for to go on the triple case guys that will not be lasting much longer we'll get that going right after this about 30 minutes from now we finish this one for to go it's gonna be a fun one man Sam rip one the other day I was watching from home that was a good one interesting are those not those not send into YouTube restream show me not not working there one second guys should be working I'll work all right again thank you William we are


These are my good friends Dominic and Dana and together we're going to ride bikes around Western Cuba. Boom! How are you feeling, bud? I feel good. I feel good. Just counting my money. Good morning! Are you excited for the last day of riding? I am excited for the last day of riding, but it went so fast. Here we go. Our final morning of bike riding. It shouldn't be too far, about 45 kilometers, but we do have the chaos of Havana to ride through. These bikes have done us very well and yes, if you're wondering, I've been wearing this every single day. But I've been washing it at night time in the sinks, so it doesn't smell that bad. What are we looking at here? It is a clump of 1,000 bucks. Oh dear. Yeah. So Dana had her own room, this is how the situation was, and check out this on the wall. Lucky! It's been an amazing week. Riding through Cuba is like a dream. It really is. I've told a lot of people this, but riding in Cuba is one of my favorite places in the world. It's really safe. There's not much traffic. It's pretty easy to navigate. When you ask Cubans directions, they usually give you the right directions. And it's just a fascinating country because it makes you just appreciate being alive and appreciate being right here right now. This is the spot to be. There is no other spot on planet Earth I'd rather be right now than right here. Riding through cities is always my least favorite part of bike touring. I always get just confused and it's dangerous and there's cars and it's loud and blah. You stop here and there, you ask directions and you slowly pick your way through. It's not the place we rented the bikes, but they have two shops. This is the place where we're dropping them off. I have to say goodbye to my bike. It was the little bike that could. It's always a funny feeling finishing a bike tour. It feels almost anti-climatic, like you've been riding every day and you're on this big mission and all of a sudden you're done. And you're like, what am I supposed to do with my body now when I wake up in the morning? Go for a run maybe? Alright, maybe I'll go for a run tomorrow. Dom is setting up for our final portrait. Bitter sweet moments saying goodbye to the bike tour in Cuba. Hey look, it's Dom and Dana. Here we are. Here you guys are. Tell me about riding a bike in Cuba. How was it? What was it like? How did it make you feel? Go Dom. Me? Okay. Cars and trucks and horse-drawn vehicles and bicycles. And people selling stuff on bicycles is pretty cool. I felt like there are two kinds of Cuba. There's Havana and then outside of Havana. It's so different. It's so simple. We're really curious about where we are. It's like the wild west. And they're curious about us. Like they're looking at us just as curious. I found the people to be so pleasant. Not over friendly like in the States, you know, but just kind of this inward sort of simple kindness. And there's this thing about them where it doesn't seem like they have a lot, but they don't seem to really miss what they don't know they don't have. And I really, really enjoyed just being out in the country, on the roads, seeing all the beautiful palm trees and pine trees. In Cuba, riding a bike on highways gets less dangerous the bigger the highway.  I was a little reticent about getting on the Alto Pista, the Cuban freeway here at any point, mostly because it's a little bit boring, but also because you expect a higher volume of fast moving traffic. In fact, it's almost the opposite. On the little roads, you have the track, the village transport tractors carrying everyone to school or work and this and that and they come by fairly often and then on the freeway, freeway, the four lane road, there really isn't very much and one lane is basically for bicycles. I wasn't wearing a helmet, don't know whether that's a good or a bad thing, but halfway through the trip it became pretty clear that getting hit by a car probably wasn't going to happen. It's not going to stop me falling off my bike, but it's safe and pretty relaxed riding here, more than anywhere in the world, I think. It always felt safe. Even on the country roads, it was more, you just had to pay attention because of all the potholes, like the pavement was spotty, the tour buses are the only risk I feel like in Cuba. We didn't really know exactly where we were going, where we were staying, but it is really the best way to get the feel of Cuba and if you take your time, like to just kind of figure it out and figure out how to navigate through the little towns and the Casa Particular, is that right? It's a really amazing experience. It's the best way, I think, to see Cuba. I don't know why other people come to Cuba, but I came for the pizza and no, I didn't come for the pizza, but the pizza saved my life. I've never eaten so much pizza ever in my life and the food in Cuba is really different than what you think, like you think, oh, Cuba, rice and beans, well, maybe, but a lot of the street food is pizza and pizza and ice cream. I rode my way around Cuba on pizza and ice cream and love and kindness and drafting off Dom. Why would you say Cuba benefits from all the same things that a bike gives any bicycle travel, which is, you know, with no doors and windows and no engine running, you get to interact with everyone and the Cubans are friendly, lovely people and they'll interact right back at you. They feel safe, you know, and as a result of that carefree and even more relaxing than riding in a lot of other, especially Latin American countries. I love them all, but Cuba, you really can have your guard down and never really suffer as a result of that, which is a lovely thing. The weird sort of stepping between two worlds of a nation that once felt pretty illustrious in terms of the old cars and the sort of Hispanic colonial buildings and a kind of a nation that's still, you know, fairly impoverished and still suffering in many ways, that is a real novelty about this country, which is exciting and interesting. I've never had days of tailwind like we've had. It was like, thank you, thank you. Yeah, it was amazing. Almost every direction we went, it felt like we had a tailwind, it was glorious. Team Cuba, we did it, we came, we biked, we had a great time. It was awesome. Thank you guys. We're going home, we're going home with smiles on our faces, we didn't break any bones. Thank you. We didn't pop any tires, we didn't break any bones. What else? No flaties, no crashes, no lindies. No crashes, nothing. It was all good. And now we're in Havana and going home with stories to share.


How to live stream successfully on YouTube with OBS. Hey guys, have you wanted to do a live stream? You wondered how they did it. You got in there and it looked all complicated where you're gonna wanna watch this video to the very end because I'm gonna show you in just a few simple steps. How you can actually live stream on YouTube with free software. All right, let's get going. But before we do, don't forget to smash that like button down there. That's super important. Put a comment below, ask me a question. Tell me something cool.  Something in the comment section down there. And don't forget, turn on all bell notifications so that I can notify you every single time I do a new video. You're part of the Fisher family, the VIP group that gets notified before anybody else. All right, so what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna jump over to YouTube first and then I'm gonna jump over to OBS and I'm gonna show you on screen the step-by-step method for doing this. Let's get going. Okay, I'm at YouTube right now and that's real important. You've gotta be logged in. You have to have a YouTube channel to actually live stream, so make sure you do that. Now up at the top here, as you can see, I'm gonna click on my little face right there. And when I do that, this menu comes up right here and I wanna go over to YouTube Studio right here. And as I get into YouTube Studio, the next thing I'm gonna be looking for is my videos. So I'm gonna go right here to Videos. Now there's two ways to live stream. You can either live stream as soon as you go in there or you can schedule a live stream of which I do a lot of scheduled live stream. So I wanna show you how to do that. But what you're gonna wanna do is you're gonna wanna come over here, see where it says uploads. These are the videos that I've already uploaded, okay? That's not what I want. What I wanna do is go over to Live right here and click on Live. And when I do that, I'm gonna see all these videos here. These are all the live streams I've done. But I wanna start a new one. So what I'm gonna do, and there's a couple ways to do this, but I'm gonna go up here to where it says Create right here and click. Now it's gonna say, do I wanna upload videos? Do I wanna go live? Do I wanna create a post? I wanna go live, okay? So I'm gonna click here and go live. And what I'll do is I'll schedule one for a little bit over a week right now.  Now this one here has not gone live yet. I haven't done it yet. But what I'm gonna do is go right here and go Schedule Stream. And then I don't wanna use the same settings because I'll have the same stream and you'll understand that in a second. I'm gonna click Create New, okay? So I'm gonna put in here what this is. And this is gonna be live Q and A with gift card giveaway. I'm gonna put giveaway. I give away gift card. So you guys, you may wanna check that out because you could get a free gift card. Oh, that's not giveaway. It's not giveaway. It's giveaway. There we go. Okay, now I have a lot of this pre-populated that always goes on to my videos. I've said it that way. But what you have to do down here next is you have to select when you're gonna do this. So I'm gonna click on this and I'm gonna do it on December the 11th, okay? Which is, no, I'm gonna do it on the 12th, which is a little over a week from now. So I click the 12th, I'm gonna put the time in here and I'm gonna put 10 a.m. And this is gonna be set to your time zone. So before you do this, you may wanna check out when your people are gonna be online. I'm gonna pick at 10 a.m. right here, okay? Now the next thing you wanna do is upload a custom thumbnail right here. I'm not gonna do it on this one because I don't have one ready. But that's something that's really important to do so that you get a good click through rate. So I'm gonna go ahead and scroll down here on this. And you also wanna put in here, yes, it's made for kids or no, it's not made for kids. If it is made for kids, you cannot monetize this, okay? So if you're making videos for kids, you can't monetize. You cannot advertise to children. They don't allow it. So right here, I'm gonna put no, it's not made for kids because it's not, I don't have kids that watch my channel. So I'm gonna go right here and let me get this downsized a little bit. There we go, okay? And I'm gonna go right here and I'm gonna click create stream, okay? So it's now creating this. And here it is, the one I created right here, okay? This is the one for December 12th. Now the next thing you need to do is you need to go over to OBS software and download OBS. Now what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna move over to OBS. I'm gonna assume you've already done that and I'm gonna show you how to create a stream in OBS, okay? So let's go over here and do that. And I'm gonna go to OBS right here. I have it in my strip right down here. So I can just click on it. Now as you can see, it already sees me on here. This is the last one I did in OBS. Now what I did right here is I've added all these different things. I have an audio capture. I have audio output capture input. I have, there's a text that I put right here. So what I'll do is I'll just delete some of these. Like I'm gonna take this text out right here and I'm gonna delete that and I'm gonna click yes. And I have a Logi camera but it's not on here. So I'm gonna go ahead and delete that too. And that is gone now. So now what it's doing is it's using my computer camera and my desktop. These are all things that reside in here. Now if I were to take the desktop and drag it to the top here, okay, then it's gonna show that on top of everything else. If I wanna have my computer camera on top, I can put it right here. Now a lot of times you'll see where somebody will have like a picture in picture. So I can click this. Let me click this one right here, my computer camera. And I'm gonna grab this corner and I'm gonna downsize it like that. See how I downsized it. So that I am now in the corner of the screen here. So I could show my screen and I could put the desktop here and show the screen and show me too. So wherever I go to on the computer, it's gonna show whatever I'm showing on the screen here. Now, how do you actually stream it?  And you're gonna have this one button right here. This is Stream. I'm gonna click on that and there's a Stream key here and I'm gonna, okay? And then I'm gonna get the stream for the new live. So I'm gonna go back over here to my stream, which is this one right here. So I'm gonna go right here. Now, this is the stream I just created and as you can see, there's nothing here whatsoever. What I need to do is go down here and get the Stream key. So I'm gonna click Copy. I now have the Stream key, okay? Cause I've copied it. I'm gonna go back over to OBS, which is right here. I'm gonna click on, I've already clicked on Settings. I'm gonna click right here, put the Stream key in here, okay? And I will put the Stream key in here and then I'm gonna click Okay. Okay, so now I've got the Stream key in there. Now, to get this thing going, OBS actually will record your entire stream as you go live. So I'm gonna click here and click Start Streaming.  I'm gonna say yes.  It's gonna take a second. It says I have excellent connection, which is good and it's gonna populate right here what everybody's gonna see, okay? So let's wait for that to happen and it is populating and it takes a minute or two so, you know, don't get impatient. So this is what it sees now. It sees me seeing the screen because I have that and then I've got my picture in picture right here.  Now, the cool thing about it, I'm gonna close this for a second, is I can type any type of comments there. I can put hello right here and I could send that out and that would be in the comments section there. So it says hello and it's gonna highlight me because this is my channel, JR Fisher Training right here. So basically, you know, that's all you have to do to create one of these streams.  I will have a small amount of people show up to the live but a whole bunch of people, maybe 10 times as many actually watch it on down the road and as our channel grows, of course that grows too. But you've gotta understand that people now know that even if it's live, it's probably gonna be recorded, okay? But we still wanna let them know. So what we're gonna do is we're gonna email those people and let them know maybe a day or two in advance. I have one coming up Saturday. This is Thursday now, I had to think about that. So I'm gonna email them today and Friday and Saturday and let them know that I had this live stream coming up. I'm also gonna post it. I'm gonna post it on Facebook. I may actually go live on Facebook and let them know like 15, 20 minutes before I'm going live to get more and more people on it. I'll do different things on live streams. I'll give away gift cards. I answer questions. I help people out. I don't try to sell anything on my live stream. If you get in a habit of doing that guys, you're gonna lose your audience. They come there for a live stream because it's free, okay, it's really hard to market or sell something on a live stream. It's not really the place for it.  I know I've had a lot of people send me money over the years and have some pretty happy people, okay? And you can do that too. There's courses below. You're welcome to do that. You can send me money. But that's really all it is to it guys. It's your YouTube and it's your OBS software. There's a lot of other streaming softwares. This is not exhaustive of what you can use. I tell you about OBS because it's free. A lot of them out there charge. You can't do as much with OBS. You can do with some of the ones that charge. However, it's free. Let me reiterate that, it's free. Okay, that goes to anything. That's why I'm telling you about it. Okay, so I hope this helps you out. I hope gives you a better understanding of what live streaming is. Once you've live streamed or during live stream, I should say during live stream, people cannot comment. All they can do is chat with you. But after the live stream is over with, it resides on your channel. People can watch it later and they can comment in there. So you do have that availability. So that's really all there is to it. It's very, very simple. I hope you enjoyed this video. I hope you got something out of it. If you did, give me a thumbs up. I would really appreciate it. Don't forget to comment below and turn on all notifications. Subscribe to the channel. You got to turn that red button gray there. If it's still red, that's a warning to you that you have not clicked it. You need to click it. Make sure you do that. Check out my free course. It's a $97 course. It's down in the description below. I appreciate you watching this video and I'll see you in the next one. Hey, thanks for watching my video. Don't forget to subscribe to my channel and click that little bell right there so you can be notified every time I do a new video. Also, click on one of those videos there. Keep watching on my channel.