On October 1st, 1851, federal marshals from the surrounding area of Syracuse, New York arrested William McHenry, a slave who is known by the name Jerry after escaping to freedom. Just like the marshals I talked about in the previous episode, these officials were operating under the new fugitive slave law. But where they arrested Jerry, local abolitionists had already been organizing to establish a defense from the law in New York. It just so happened that at the time of the arrest, the abolitionists were holding a convention at a nearby church, and word quickly made it to them of Jerry's arrest, possibly due to the leaking of information before their arrest took place by the wife of the commissioner who was supposed to hear the case. The abolitionists already had plans in place as to how to signal to each other in the event of a fugitive slave arrest in the area. They started ringing church bells, alerting others to convene at the commissioner's office. A crowd of resistors gathered at the office of Commissioner Sabine, where Jerry was awaiting his arraignment. The crowd attempted to free him, but he only got as far as making it out of the street. He was still constrained by his iron shackles at the time. But because of the attempt, the arraignment was postponed and Jerry was moved to a larger room. So with more time and even larger group of resistors assembled, surrounding the building where Jerry was being held prisoner, the resistors broke down the door with a battering ram. The marshals fired their pistols out of a window, but the crowd was far too large for them to stop. One of the marshals even lucked out of the window to escape, breaking his arm. Jerry was surrendered to the rescuers, and for several days he was hidden in the home of a local butcher who would be an unlikely place to look for a fugitive since the butcher was known to be a vocal opponent of the abolitionists. Finally, Jerry was taken to Canada, where the fugitive slave law had no legal jurisdiction. After Jerry's rescue, 12 local blacks and 12 local whites were tried, not for treason, as in the case of Christiana, but for riot. Only one of the black men was convicted, but he died shortly after, so he was never able to appeal to verdict. Among the abolitionists who helped with the Jerry rescue was Garrett Smith, who would later become, by the way, one of the Secret Six, who helped to fund John Brown. And after Jerry's escape, Smith offered a resolution for the convention for the New Liberty Party. In his speech, he called out Daniel Webster for supporting the fugitive slave law as part of the 1850 compromise. Remember that Webster in the 1830s was the vocal opponent of secession and nullification because of the importance of unionism. As part of Smith's resolution, Smith wrote, quote, we rejoice that the city of Syracuse, the anti-slavery city of Syracuse, the city of anti-slavery conventions, our beloved and glorious city of Syracuse, still remains undiscraced by the fulfillment of the Satanic prediction of the Satanic Daniel Webster, end quote. I'm Chris Coutten. This is the Mises Institute podcast, Historical Controversy. We spent the last two episodes talking about the fugitive slave law, and this episode is going to finish this up by talking about some of the other significant episodes that came out of this controversy and take us into Bleeding Kansas, which will be the topic of the next few episodes. The significance of the fugitive slave law cannot be understated, as it helped fuel the fires in the sectional controversy. And it drove many Northerners who had long been somewhat apathetic to slavery into moving toward the abolitionists, even if it was only for political reasons. After 1851, the enforcement of the fugitive slave law died down a bit. While northern fugitives were still being returned to the south in accordance with the law, the 1852 fugitive slave claims only amounted to a third of the total in 1851. Although I haven't found anything trying to offer any detailed explanation of this, it does make me wonder how much of the change in northern sentiments and the resistance groups might have affected southern attempts to reclaim fugitive slaves. From an economic point of view, if I can offer a small digression here, this is interesting, because there's an ongoing debate about whether or not slavery was profitable. And historians in the past few decades have pretty much conceded that it was profitable, which I don't disagree with. But I think the questions are open-ended, with historians avoiding some of the constraining questions that could impact the analysis. These would be counterfactuals, which are dangerous in history, so I'm not really criticizing historians for avoiding them. But it's important to consider how the fugitive slave law artificially lowered the cost of owning slaves by essentially socializing the risk component of slave ownership to the non-slave owning north. The resistance groups, economically, offset some of these cost reductions by organizing to resist the new law. So it's possible that the reduction in claims was due, at least in part, to the economic considerations of slave owners willing to consider the cost of reclaiming fugitive slaves, especially after the slave owner I mentioned in the last episode, Ed Gorsuch, paid with his life for a failed attempt at reclaiming slaves. To my knowledge, there's no study that actually makes this argument, but there have been studies comparing the costs of slaves in different states. And slaves in border states did trade at roughly a 10% discount, which has been attributed to the greater risk of runaways in those states. So while we may concede that slavery was profitable as an institution in the antebellum United States, it is worth questioning how profitable it would have been in the absence of laws like the Fugitive Slave Act that helped to socialize the cost of slave ownership. But in any case, fugitive slave claims decreased substantially after 1851, but there were still claims being made even into the war years. So the outrage by many Northerners against this law continued to grow, and anti-slavery sentiments among the North continued to expand as a corollary of this. The Fugitive Slave Law wasn't the only thing driving the growth of anti-slavery sentiment among Northerners. Earlier in the 19th century, there was a wave of Protestant revivals known as the Second Great Awakening. Abolitionism was a particularly controversial aspect of this new wave of Christian activity. The Second Great Awakening descended from the Puritans, and they rejected the notion of Calvinist predestination, and they adopted the idea of collective responsibility. Thus, according to this new movement, redemption could be freely chosen, but the elimination of sin was a collective responsibility. So if slavery was a sin, as many New Englanders accepted during this movement, then they were responsible for helping their brothers and sisters in the South for stamping it out. By then, to bell and period, this all became politicized, and as a result, there were splits in the Northern and Southern Protestant denominations. Baptists are a good example, as the distinction of Southern Baptists grew out of this. And just to make it clear that I'm not implying that modern Southern Baptists are any kind of pro-slavery, neo-Confederate or any of those common epithets we might hear being slung around, I myself grew up in a Southern Baptist church, so don't take this as any kind of attack on Southern Baptists beliefs today, but the distinction of Southern Baptist denomination was born out of this antebellum division where the Northern Baptists increasingly accepted that slavery was a social sin, and Southern Baptists believed that slavery was given sanction in the Bible, which was a common religious argument by pro-slavery Southerners in the first half of the 19th century. By the 1830s, many abolitionists emerged out of this movement, and a large portion of them were part of this quasi-anarchistic ideology of non-resistance, which Leo Tolstoy is famous for in the histories of anarchist thought. I say quasi-anarchistic, the many historians explicitly call this anarchism outright, and not without good reason, but I call it quasi-anarchistic because most of these people, including William Lloyd Garrison, offered a very anarchistic critique of the government, namely that everything the government does requires force and violence, and this is, per se, immoral. But rather than advocating no government, most of these religious non-resistors believed they were supporting the government of God, which would only be achieved by pursuing moral perfection by humans. This was Garrison's position, and to the subscribers of these ideas, the greatest of humanity's many sins was slavery. For the record, I don't really consider Garrison to be part of the anarchist history, although I do recognize that there is significant overlap of ideas between the moral abolitionists, who usually adhered to a higher law doctrine over man-made laws, which is effectively the natural law position, but Garrison did believe that while a man-made government was inherently immoral, it could be used to eliminate greater immoralities.  He did eventually switch to a support of the war. When the war started, he was advocating that it be made a war over slavery, even though Lincoln was claiming that it wasn't, and he supported it more vigorously after the Emancipation Proclamation was issued. The war was a sin in Garrison's views, but it was a lesser sin than slavery, so as long as the war was being waged to end slavery, he believed it was justified. People who I do consider as part of the anarchist history, such as Losander Spooner and Ezra Haywood, stuck to their guns on the war issues. Spooner and Haywood continued to oppose the war on moral grounds throughout the war, and even after the 13th Amendment was passed. Their beliefs weren't radically different from the Garrisonians fundamentally, but they refused to acknowledge the lesser evil argument as valid, and none of this is to criticize Garrison, who I actually really like for his moral consistency on issues, both regarding and outside the question of slavery. I just wanted to point out the distinction and thought between the religious abolitionists who believed in a government of God, who are often understandably referred to as anarchists because of their critiques of government, and the more dogmatic abolitionists like Losander Spooner. Spooner incidentally did not subscribe to the theory of non-resistance that many Christian anarchists and abolitionists adhered to, but I'm going to talk more about that when I discuss John Brown, who Spooner greatly admired and supported, and all of Brown's fascinating and controversial history that'll come in later episodes. I'm not going to talk much about the history of the abolitionist movement here, though I expect I will be talking about it more in a later episode on the election of 1856, because the abolitionist movement played an important role in the new parties that led to the emergence of the Republican Party in the new party system. So we'll save that until then. For now, it's just worth establishing the importance of this new religious movement in growing the moral outrage against slavery in the North and why, due to the doctrine of collective responsibility, more Northerners were willing to take action against slavery by aiding fugitives in the underground railroad and form vigilance committees to defend fugitives from arrest, among other things. But through the 1830s and 1840s, abolitionists were still a minority, even if they were a growing minority. Most Northerners looked at the abolitionists as a nuisance that made them look bad. Racism was hardly less rampant in the North than it was in the South and most anti-slavery Northerners, like David Wilmont, were really just interested in the interests of free white labor in competition with black labor, slave or free. This racially motivated concern for white labor would persist for the next century after emancipation, of course. But in the antebellum years, this was the least controversial anti-slavery position a person could hold. By the 1850s, with the fugitive slave law placing new burdens on Northerners, many new Englanders started viewing the abolitionists with more sympathy. And the many violent clashes between the pro-slavery Southern activists and the anti-slavery Northern activists would only fuel the anti-slavery fire that was spreading in the North. So this anti-slavery movement really started to take off in the 1830s with the Second Great Awakening, establishing a firmly moral and religious argument against slavery. And this moral opposition started to become normalized rather than being part of some isolated, radical fringe group after the fugitive slave law of 1850. We might say that the Great Awakening was the kindling and the fugitive slave law was the gasoline. This brings us back to 1852. One of the abolitionists that emerged out of the Second Great Awakening was Henry Ward Beecher, who, among other activities, helped finance the anti-slavery factions in Kansas that we will start talking about in the next episode, but his sister is more famous. She was Harriet Beecher Stowe, and in 1852 she published Uncle Tom's Cabin, which was a runaway success. Stowe's story was originally published in a serialized version in an anti-slavery newspaper, and this ran for nine months before the first printing in book form, which was only for 5,000 copies, but these were gone in a matter of days. Within the year, the book had sold 300,000 copies in the United States and a million copies in Britain. If we adjust for population, Uncle Tom's Cabin is the best-selling novel of all time, and it was translated into several foreign languages very quickly after publication, so it enjoyed global success and made Harriet Beecher Stowe a very wealthy and famous woman. Even this still likely understates the enormous presence of this book, because this was a time when it was very common for books to be read aloud to groups of people, so some historians have estimated that the sales numbers may reflect as little as 10% of the total people who were exposed to the story. I actually suspect that this is an exaggerated estimate, but regardless, it is undeniably true that this is far and away the most widely read novel of the 19th century. Stowe claimed that her book was inspired by God, but God was using the fugitive slave law as the instrument for his inspiration. Stowe was clearly illustrating the ideas of the second Great Awakening and his collective responsibility in her story. Many of the more despicable characters were Northerners and she also had several Southern characters who were presented rather sympathetically. When writing the story, Stowe was certainly pulling from real experiences, some her own and some from the testimonies of others. She witnessed slavery in Kentucky and interacted with fugitive slaves in Ohio for many years before she wrote the book, and all of this, of course, influenced her work, but she also based her novel on a great deal of documentation that she published the year after the novel was released in a work called Akita Uncle Tom's Cabin. The subtitle of Akita Uncle Tom's Cabin was presenting the original facts and documents upon which the story is founded together with corroborative statements verifying the truth of the work. I'd like to read the second paragraph of the preface to this book. Quote, in fictitious writing, it is possible to find refuge from the hard and to the terrible by inventing scenes and characters of a more pleasing nature. No such resources open in a work of fact and the subject of this work is one on which the truth, if told at all, must needs be very dreadful. This is no bright side to slavery as such. Those scenes which are made bright by the generosity and kindness of masters and mistresses would be brighter still if the element of slavery were withdrawn. There is nothing picturesque or beautiful in the family attachment of old servants, which is not to be found in countries where these servants are legally free. The tenants on an English estate are often more fond and faithful than if they were slaves. Slavery, therefore, is not the element which forms the picturesque and beautiful of Southern life.  This paragraph is indicative of the response she received from Southerners to her book. She was clearly aiming the book at Northerners and in that regard she definitely had her mark, but Southerners quickly jumped on the book and accused her of quote unquote falsehoods and distortions in the depiction of slavery. One Southern literary review said quote, I would have the review as hot as hellfire, blasting and searing the reputation of the vile wretch in petticoats who would write such a volume, end quote. In fact, many Southern cities like Charleston, South Carolina tried to have the book banned, but demand for the book was remarkably high even in the South and booksellers continually sold out their copies. But in a key to Uncle Tom's cabin, Stowe gives a pretty meticulous documentation of her source material. She organized the book in chapters dedicated to different topics and questions of the debate. So for instance, the second chapter of a key to Uncle Tom's cabin is about the character Mr. Haley. The third chapter describes the source material for the Shelby's and so on with part one of the book devoting chapters to different characters and character groups. Chapter 13, for instance, is devoted to the Quakers and the source for her description of this group. In subsequent parts of the book, she tackles the documentary sources from other topics such as her description of the law and the institution of slavery itself in American society. Chapter 14 of part two is interesting as an example because it talks about Hebrew slave laws versus American slave laws which was particularly relevant as both the pro and anti-slavery factions of the United States invoked a biblical defense of their position. In many cases, Stowe simply explained her own experience in the style of a memoir. In other places, she cites documented sources such as the written records of testimonies given at trials for fugitive slaves and newspaper advertisements for runaways. And one of the more interesting chapters devoted to her description of the separation of slave families, Stowe responds directly to the letter written by a South Carolinian who accused her of fabricating her description of slave children being sold away from their mothers. Quoting from the letter, the anonymous author writes, we are told of infants of 10 months old being sold from the arms of their mothers and of men whose habit it is to raise children to sell away from their mother as soon as they are old enough to be separated." End quote. And Stowe responded by reprinting three pages worth of South Carolina newspaper advertisements for slaves that were up for sale. Many of the advertisements using descriptions like young and desirable to describe the slaves available for purchase. She also reprinted newspaper advertisements for people looking to purchase slaves as advertising their search for quote, a few likely young Negroes. Perhaps the most interesting vindication of Stowe's description of the separation of families came not from Akita Uncle's Tom's Cabin but in the memoirs of Solomon Northup who I mentioned a couple of episodes ago. He was kidnapped prior to the compromise of 1850 but it took 12 years before he was freed from the plantation where he was purchased under the name of a fugitive slave who was legally unaccounted for. These memories are obviously not fiction and not only does Northup describe the separation of children from their mother at a slave auction and possibly the most heart-riching scene in the book is when he describes his interaction with her later when she appears to be severely psychologically damaged from having had her children sold away from her. But the name of the slave in Northup's memoir is the same as the name of the character from Uncle Tom's Cabin whose child is being negotiated for sale at the beginning of the book. Both slaves are named Eliza. This is apparently pure coincidence. The Eliza that Solomon Northup was writing about was named Eliza Barry and as far as I can tell he did not change any names of the real characters. Although the slave catchers gave Northup fake names so their names in the book are the ones given to Northup rather than their real names. The Eliza in Uncle Tom's Cabin, Eliza Harris was probably named after the real life cook employed by Harriet Beecher Stowe and her husband when they were living in Cincinnati. Her name was Eliza Buck and she was a former slave who told Stowe about the helplessness of female slaves against the sexual advances of their slave owners. Eliza was a very common name back then. You read a lot of histories of this and the name Eliza's all over the place. So it's not like a major coincidence but I still think it's an interesting coincidence enough to mention anyway. But when Northup published his memoirs in 1853 his description of Eliza Barry certainly helped to indicate Stowe's description of the fictional Eliza Harris with coincidental parallels. When Stowe published a key to Uncle Tom's Cabin in the same year, she mentioned Northup. In her chapter on slave kidnapping she cited a New York Times article about him and summarized his story as corroboration for some of her descriptions. In the second edition of 12 Years of Slave Northup offered this dedication. Quote, to Harriet Beecher Stowe whose name throughout the world is identified with the great reform, this narrative affording another key to Uncle Tom's Cabin is respectfully dedicated. But the influence of Uncle Tom's Cabin was met by attempted Southern responses in the form of at least 15 novels attempting to demonstrate that slaves were better off under slavery than freedom. One of these novels had a telling title. Uncle Robin and his cabin in Virginia and Tom without one in Boston. With a remarkable lack of subtlety this book was obviously trying to make the common Southern argument that were it not for slavery the poor inferior black race would never be able to provide for themselves so slavery should be seen as a positive moral good. But of course all of these Southern responses combined failed to even come close to the success of Uncle Tom's Cabin. It's also worth noting the origins of the pejorative Uncle Tom which is used to insult black people who supposedly appeal to oppressive whites. But this insult was born out of the so-called Tom shows that were adapted as stage performances that traveled around the country for many years even after the Civil War and they distorted Stowe's novel. Stowe herself never sanctioned any of these Tom shows though she did see one of them the one produced by George Akin and she seems to have approved of that adaptation but many of these Tom shows took liberties that she almost certainly would have disapproved of. One of the more famous Tom shows produced by H.J. Conway presented a more moderate message about slavery than that depicted in Stowe's novel. The less accurate adaptations made the cruel representation of slavery seem like an exception rather than the rule of how slavery was practiced in the South and the ending was altered to grant Tom his freedom so that the audience could enjoy a happy ending unlike the one that the book provided in which he was killed. Other shows even tried to insert new characters to provide comic relief so these shows continued to run all the way into the early 20th century. The final significant episode I wanna talk about is probably the most famous and that's the story of Anthony Burns. Burns was an escaped slave from Virginia who made his way to Boston as a Stowe way on a ship. In Boston Burns found work in a clothing store but Burns was literate and he decided to write a letter to his brother who was still enslaved in Virginia. The letter was intercepted and it gave the information as to Burns's whereabouts so his former owner filed a claim under the Fugitive Slave Act to have him returned. Burns was arrested in Boston in May of 1854 but Boston was one of the most anti-slavery cities in the country if not the most anti-slavery. So like Jerry the Fugitive Slave and the introductory anecdote a vigilance committee of abolitionists got together and resolved to help Burns. Knowing to expect trouble from the Bostonians Boston City Marshal deputized a ton of people to help beef up the city defense. One third of those deputized in fact had criminal records. The vigilance group was led by a Unitarian minister who also became one of John Brown's secret six a few years later. His name was Thomas Wentworth Higginson. Garrett Smith from the Jerry Rescue at the beginning of the episode was the only member of the secret six not from Boston so the other members of the secret six took part in the Burns affair led by Higginson as well. Higginson led the group which consisted of both blacks and whites to the courthouse where Burns was being held. Armed with axes and firearms they seized a banister from a nearby museum to use as a battering ram and they attacked the courthouse in an attempt to rescue Burns. Then a shot rang out which sent many anti-slave rioters running and Higginson yelled out after them you cowards you will desert us now. The first person through the door was a black man in the group and Higginson followed second and his friend Martin Stowell was third. Inside the room the light was poor and gunfire was exchanged leaving one of the new deputies dead. Higginson and the other two men were beaten with clubs. When writing about it later Higginson would wonder why his beatings didn't hurt obviously because of the adrenaline it must have been flowing while all this chaos was taking place. During the fighting one of the deputies would gash open Higginson's face with his saber but he and the rest of his party were able to retreat down the courthouse steps with allies opening fire on the police to cover their retreat. Just like the events at Christiana from several years before this was enough for President Franklin Pierce to send troops to help enforce the law. He sent companies of Marines, Cavalry and Artillery to Boston and they were joined by Massachusetts militiamen and the state police to try to subdue the resistors. President Pierce gave his full support to the officials in Boston in a letter he wrote to the district attorney of the city said, quote, in cure any expense to ensure the execution of the law. He also sent a cutter for the purpose of returning Burns to Virginia. So think about what all this meant. The federal government was openly declaring and demonstrating its willingness to spend any amount of taxpayer dollars for the purpose of returning a single slave to his owner. To the vigilance committee, who prior to attempting to rescue Burns had resolved that resistance to tyrants is obedience to God. All of this demonstrated the depth of the tyranny they were resisting. Hardly a strategy for quelling the resistance. As if designed to deliberately agitate the Northern anti-slavery groups, the U.S. attorney refused even to let the resistors purchase Burns's freedom even though they raised the money to do so and his owner seemed willing to agree to this solution. So at this point, the government's action can only be interpreted as a show of force. They aren't even letting the slave owner agree to sell Burns's freedom. So by this point, the national government is taking such a hard stance in protection of slavery that it was violating not only the natural rights of slaves and anti-slavery activists, but it was even impeding the supposed legal rights of slave owners to sell their slaves. It's really difficult to look at the Anthony Burns episode and not conclude that the interests of the government were only to retain its own authority over the people as a priority that ranked above any political group on either side of the sectional divide. I think when we are talking about the Civil War itself, this kind of behavior is worth remembering. So against the wishes of every party to the dispute, with complete disregard to peaceful resolution, the U.S. attorney pushed the Burns case forward. The attorney won the case in favor of the slave owners we would expect and Burns was escorted through the streets of Boston to board the cutter provided by the U.S. government at taxpayer expense. The people of Boston were livid and with a good reason. So while Burns was being marched through the streets, Bostonians crowded onto the streets. Buildings displayed the American flag hung upside down in a show of obvious disapproval and church bells played tunes of the American Revolution. The buildings along the street in addition to the upside down flags were draped in black. On State Street protestors hung a coffin overhead that Burns and his escorts had to pass under. The coffin was labeled Liberty. The entire affair cost about $100,000 in taxpayer money all to return one slave to an owner who was willing to sell him to people who raised the money to purchase his freedom. $100,000 in 1854 would be the equivalent to more than $4 million today just to put into perspective the degree to which the national government was socializing the cost of owning slaves. After the affair, Higginson gave a sermon saying, quote, 30 years ago it cost only $25 to restore a fugitive slave from Boston and now it costs $100,000. But still the slave is restored, end quote. Another member of the secret six who took part in the Burns affair, Theodore Parker, gave his own sermon in front of a crowd who brought him in to speak. In his sermon, he charged the probate judge from Massachusetts, Edward Greeley, Loring, with the murder of the deputy who was killed in the fight against the anti-slavery crowd. He was your fellow servant in kidnapping, Parker thundered in front of the Boston crowd. He dies at your hand. You fired the shot which makes his wife a widow, his child an orphan. I charge you with filling the courthouse with 184 hired ruffians of the United States and alarming not only this city for her liberties that are in peril, but stirring up the whole Commonwealth of Massachusetts with indignation which no man knows how to stop, which no man can stop. You have done it all, end quote. After the sermon, some of the women who heard him speak sent Loring 30 pieces of silver, which although I get the imagery, seems like an odd way to punish somebody considering the actual value of 30 pieces of silver. But the imagery was powerful, I'm sure. It is worth mentioning that although Burns' owner did seem willing to sell Burns to the group who raised money to purchase his freedom, this was likely due primarily to the uncertainty of whether he was going to get Burns back. Once Burns was returned to him, he was also willing to sell Burns, but he took a stance against selling Burns to anybody who was anti-slavery. So as a matter of principle, as twisted as pro-slavery principles must have been, Burns' owner was willing to sell Burns so long as he wasn't selling him into freedom. Fortunately for Anthony Burns, anti-slavery activists were able to purchase his freedom anyway by raising the money and purchasing him through intermediaries. So Burns eventually did enjoy the rest of his life as a free man. He died in 1862, so he never did see emancipation, but he attended Oberlin College and eventually moved to Canada where he lived until his death. But like the resistance at Christiana, the Burns affair swept the nation and further incensed Northerners to move toward anti-slavery positions. Members of the Vengellance Committee in Boston, including Higginson and Wendell Phillips, among others, were indicted by a grand jury for inciting riot. Two days after Burns' return to Virginia on the 4th of July, William Lloyd Garrison spoke to a crowd of people where he held up a copy of the U.S. Constitution and declared, "'People tell me that this document protects slavery, and do you know what I say to them?' I agree." And then he burned the copy of the Constitution, which he referred to as a covenant with death in front of the crowd. The Burns affair also led to a new wave of personal liberty laws by New England states demonstrating their willingness to nullify the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. This episode also leads well under the topic of our next episodes. One of the people who was converted to abolitionist sympathies following the trial of Anthony Burns was a man named Amos A. Lawrence, who said of the affair in a private letter, quote, we went to bed one night old-fashioned, conservative, compromise union wigs and waked up stark mad abolitionists, end quote. Amos Lawrence, a wealthy textile magnate, would take his newfound fury and channel it into Kansas where the sectional crisis would reach new heights as we will see in the next episode. For more content like this, visit mesis.org.


Hello and welcome today. We're gonna be looking at our Linux shell on the last video We looked how to check out your internet speeds from the shell Running a simple command speed test, but how do you test and that just grabs a server nearby for me? It was either Miami or Tampa or Tampa or Bonita, you know some town here in Florida Where there's a server that it can do speed tests on let's say you want to test the speeds on your local network from one Machine to another well That's what we're going to look at today and we're going to use this program IP erf So if you're on a debian-based system, you should be able to sudo apt or apt-getter or aptitude install IP erf. I don't know if you're supposed to pronounce it IPerf or IP Whatever that's the name of the command now you see I have two panes open here The top one here that I'm in right here is actually my server in the other room my Pogo plug server now the Bottom one is the machine that I'm currently on so I'm just SSH in there so you can see both so on one machine You're gonna want to log in and start a server So once you have IP erf installed just run the command IP erf space dash s and hit enter And it will be listening as a server now in the other window you can type in IP erf dash C to connect or client. I'm not sure Which one it stands for you are the client and you're connecting to and then you give it the IP address So the server in the other room that's currently is the the setup as a server for this is <IP_ADDRESS> But obviously you type in the IP address Whatever your machine is and when you hit enter you'll see on both of them They are now connected and they're doing a transfer speed test It's gonna go for about 10 seconds and that's gonna give you you know the speed of that It was able to transfer at so you see right here. It transferred just over 100 megabytes It took just over 10 seconds or just 10 seconds and you got your bandwidth speeds going and coming from the machines here Which is pretty good. You know, I don't know I have very cheap routers I would assume that if you had better routers, you probably would get better But I usually just buy the $20 deals online But now you can see your megabit rate and you can see what your router is supposed to get and are you really getting that now There's a lot of factors the speed of your machine like this machine up here that I'm running as the server as a Pogo plug Which is I don't know seven eight years old now and you can buy them online for seven dollars So it may not be the fastest machine I'm not sure what its Ethernet speeds are supposed to be so if I actually connected to my laptop Or something like that. That's a better machine. I might get better results than this but you know 94 megabits per second is is fine with me for I mean I'm just backing up file so sometimes it's large But just let it run. But anyway, if you wanted to test out your machines That's how you would do it test out the speeds on your local network So you just need to install this program on both machines again IP erf and then set up one as a server Just by doing IP erf dash s get that going and then on your other machine IP erf dash C and the IP address of the server you just set up I guess theoretically you could run this across, you know the internet as well if you had a server Remotely you could I guess do this as long as you know, you ended up you did port forwarding on your router or Have the militarized zone or something like that Obviously and if you have no clue I'm talking about well Then you need to learn a little bit more about networking before you start doing things remotely like that, but at least on my local network I can check the speeds, you know, again, it runs for about 10 seconds and it'll give me my Megabits per second transfer speed and it's that simple. I Do thank you for watching. I hope that you have a great day. Please visit films by Chris comm that's Chris of the K There's a link in the description also linked to patreon.com forward slash metal x1000 where you can support me or on my web page You can go to support section where it also has a link to the patreon page or a paypal link If you can't support me financially, I do thank you for watching and you can feel free to like share subscribe Comment and as always I hope that you have a great day


tired of the everyday routine ever dream of a life of romantic adventure want to get away from it all we offer you escape escape designed to free you from the four walls of today for a half hour of high adventure we escaped to the coast of Flanders in October 1914 into the story of a man chosen by a strange destiny to win the first world war as Robert Buckner tells it in his classic tale the man who won the war gentlemen I've asked this board to meet by the authority vested in me as chairman of the Naval Committee of the House of Commons a great run has been done gentlemen and I have been asked by my colleagues of the house to see if it cannot be righted an English naval officer was found guilty of treason by this board ten years ago I've asked you gentlemen to meet and reconsider his case I ask you to remove the stigma from the name of a man whom I consider to be one of England's greatest heroes I refer to commander Edward Bradman now see here mr. Ordway yes Admiral I am compelled to say mr. Ordway and it is a waste of the Admiral his time and a sorry commentary upon the times in which we live when the Royal Navy is brought to heel by a parliamentary committee here Bradman had a thoroughly fair court martial no single piece of evidence came to light to substantiate his fantastic story there is no record of his action in the Belgian war office there is not a single witness to his weird adventure upon the Flanders beach that night in October 1914 why damn me man the Royal Navy itself tried to find the evidence but we couldn't and why couldn't we because it does not exist I have evidence gentlemen new evidence that is why you have been asked to meet and as for the Navy's attempt to clear Bradman's name I would like you to meet a young man and listen the moment to him Edward Edward would you kindly tell the gentleman your name I'm Edward Bradman the third how old are you Edward 13 years and six months who is your father Edward commander Edward Bradman sir and your grandfather who was he Admiral Edward Bradman and your great-grandfather Lieutenant Edward Bradman sir he was killed in action aboard the victory at Trafalgar and you Edward what do you wish to become a midshipman sir I shouldn't be surprised and have you made application yes sir at the Royal Naval College at Dartmouth and where you accepted no sir why not they they said there was no place in in the Royal Navy for for traitors or their sons well gentlemen this is scarcely added proof and I must censor you Mr. Ordway for bringing this lad in here wrapped in the Union Jack so to speak subjecting him to such an ordeal at a disgraceful cheap show Admiral I am not on trial here the Royal Navy is you want added proof of commander Bradman's innocence you shall have it here here is a letter from the commander brought to me three days ago by the gentleman sitting here beside me commander Bradman is lying ill at Newport across the Channel in Belgium seriously ill of a tropical fever he contracted during those years when he fled the disapproval of Navy men throughout the Empire this may be the last word you will ever hear from commander Bradman gentlemen I charge you listen carefully it is dated October 24th oh bearish de Dermatelo Newport Belgium gentlemen it is 10 years ago tonight that I first set foot upon this Flemish Beach I have returned here tonight under a sort of compulsion like a criminal returning to the scene of his crime but I am no criminal and what I did here 10 years ago was no crime I am tired of saying it and of being disbelieved I am tired and I am ill I shall not make this statement again I make it this last time at the encouragement of the man who brings it to you the proprietor of this little in and the one man in the world who has ever believed my story when the war began I was placed in command of the destroyer firebreak attached to Admiral Hood's battle force on North Sea Patrol on the night of October the 28th 1914 the firebreak was cruising up the Belgian coast to join the main fleet we taken aboard some extra shells and ammunition at Plymouth along with several cases of Scotch whiskey since the fleet was looking forward to extended action and I'm afraid those cases were uppermost in our mind that night as we sat around the wardroom after dinner I say commander what brand of whiskey the chip supplies put aboard I don't know Johnny Walker I don't believe so sir Cameron Highlander I think it said on the box oh come down Mr. Ainslie they always supplies with Johnny Walker black label Johnny Walker Cameron Highlander essence of the Loch Nessy serpent so long as there's whiskey aboard now that wouldn't be a hint but it is nippy on deck tonight do you concur Mr. Ainslie oh yes indeed sir the winds got a bite to it man could catch himself a nasty cold out there tonight very well you scoundrels hopper I say go down to the storeroom and break out a bottle of that whiskey we took a board this afternoon anything new on the fighting in Flanders commander what there is he's all bad general Hague has his hands full in the center on the right the French are just barely holding but the real danger is right up there to our stubborn house that's a left flank the Belgian sector one cooks third army is pressing hard if he breaks through the Belgian line you can write off France I don't understand sir well if the Belgians don't hold one cook will cut off the channel ports Calais Boulogne and Le Havre nothing to stop him until he reaches the Atlantic and that will also cut off our supply line to our troops precisely it's the close of its strategy strategy for the conquest of Western Europe Paris would be bypassed and caught between giant pincers to be taken later at the Kaiser's leather thank you for it here's hopper with our weed drop as well you needn't have brought the whole case up and I wanted you to see it sir I've open four of them and the contents are all the same you see I was right it says Cameron Highlander on the box yes sir but the contents are not Cameron Islander whiskey they're Cameron Islander uniforms what yes sir see it the kilts the Glengarys the spore and but where's the whiskey well near as I can make out there ain't any sir what's that but I'd say them box contain nearly 200 scotch Islander uniforms oh well I'm afraid that this will be a dry voyage gentlemen how could they have made such a stupid mistake blame it on the war well I just hope that our shells don't turn out to be coffee canisters what should I do with these boxes oh throw them out of the way until we make port again hopper meantime I dare say there are some first scotch beggars somewhere in France will have to do with their old clothes a little while longer there's a speech speaking to sir oh acknowledge will you please mr. Gilliam yes what kind of trouble you're supposed to adults run into are you coming along easily might as well can't drink kilts and glengarys freshening up a bit yes you'll be on a beam ends before morning yes mr. Pueblo thought you ought to see this sir what look out there on our starboard quarter a tiny light oh yes I see it yeah take a look through the night glasses flashing on and off according to my reckoning we're off the mouth of the Issa River now if you look at this chart you'll see that there are no light houses along this Fletcher coast yet there's a flash in light when no light ought to be perhaps it's a signal of some sort yes undoubtedly but who's Germans can't have gotten this far how can you be sure mr. and wait a minute that lights flashing a message in most code G R O G G ROG a quarter master I change course to 110 change course to 110 isa what you're gonna do sir I'm gonna take a closer look but sir this might be a trap yes it might but don't you recognize the code word Grog mr. Tweddle no sir you um who didn't serve in the Royal Navy as a midshipman did you mr. Tweddle no sir my apprenticeship was in the merchant service well then of course Grog wouldn't mean anything to you I don't understand sir well mr. Tweddle G ROG is a midshipman's joke it means good rum on goose days I still don't understand sir when is goes there that's the joke mr. Tweddle goose day never comes the juvenile I admit but fascinatingly esoteric when you're 14 years old but why would anybody be sending a midshipman's code word from the coast of Belgium in the middle of a war that mr. Ainsley is what we're going in to find out be good enough to take off a landing party will you number two power launch we'll go ashore in 10 minutes captain you have your orders mr. Ainsley yes sir you can't be serious I am mr. Tweddle this might be a trap we have no way of knowing whether the Germans have advanced beyond this point or not yes it might be a trap or it might be some poor beggar trying to escape the advance well it's well worth looking into if they were sending a plain SOS I might be suspicious but the choice of that half-secret snot is code word makes me think it's worth looking into but suppose it is a trap a mr. Tweddle it would be somewhat the reverse of the classic rules of warfare for a land force no matter how large to attempt the capture of a naval vessel on the high sea never the less the enemy's devilishly clever don't you worry mr. Tweddle I'm not asking you to go ashore I'm leading the landing party myself well it's not a matter of fear actually one of caution yes of course half speed ahead I am quite aware of the contents of the fleet orders mr. Tweddle and they state that elements of the Royal Navy are to give all possible aid and a system to shore positions they also limit such a to ship to the class of the mercy in seven that is very true then we'll stretch the limits of that portion of the order the little shall we put them all were under specific orders to round the boo with the flagship at dawn then we may be a little late sir I protest mr. Tweddle apparently things are different in the merchant service but in his majesty's fighting ships an executive officer does not protest to his commander you will heave to and drop anchor if I've not returned within an hour you'll proceed to the fleet rendezvous is that clear yes sir carry on I'd say we're about a half mile down the beach in the light now sir good swing I ensure I said that light is getting dimmer and dimmer it's probably only a pocket torch batteries burning out all right men listen to me when we get to the beach we'll spread our 10 feet apart and proceed toward that light I'll keep well darn walk with the utmost quiet if you encounter a sentry you try to knock him out before he challenges you use your firearms only as a last resort we are not here to get into a battle only to investigate that light if we should be engaged by the enemy I will fire three rapid shots as a signal to return to the boat hopper and spurgeon will remain with the boat it or hopper if we have to retreat in a hurry you wait until the last possible moment before you shove off yes sir any questions all right break yourself lead coming to the sir I mean move over the side and hold your rifles high in just a moment we will continue with the second act of escape but first you'll be hearing double on the CBS Crosby show this Wednesday night for Bing will be joined by brother Bob who soon comes back to CBS with his own show they'll team up for a couple of swell duets and Bing will solo with Chattanooga shoe shine boy and a dream is a wish your heart makes the Bing Crosby show is a regular Wednesday night feature on most of these same CBS stations and now we return you to the second act of escape you may imagine the fearful anxiety with which our little landing party hit the beach that October midnight in 1914 we had no way of knowing whether the coast was in Belgium or German hands we did not know indeed whether we were being drawn into a German trap by the tiny light we had seen flashing out to sea that tiny weakening light toward which we were now slowly advancing spread out across the beach alert for any danger watchful for enemy sentries or patrols and then at a hundred yards from where we landed we encountered a German sentry he was asleep I suppose he imagined no one would be around the sand dunes in the middle of the night and he was undoubtedly done in he was sitting on a log he'd taken off his boots to bury his aching feet in the cool sand I'm afraid he wasn't a very fearful example of the German military machine that night but with no trouble at all Mr. Ainsley and I crept up on him had him bound and gagged before he was quite awake there we are I don't think you'll raise too much of a hue in a cry now sir I should think not now my friend leitensie only went in and we have nix passieren take him along Mr. Ainsley market sir put on this fellow spiked helmet remain at his post if a relief sentry appears you take care of him but no shooting unless absolutely necessary yes sir let's get cracking men hold up sir that's it thought I heard voices all right then hold speaking French in their allies still we must make certain we take two of the men and come up on them from the rear yes sir I'll approach from the side I'll do the talking if it's a trap I'll give the signal to fire after one volley you break for it and round it with the launch yes sir Evan Stanley come with me I said Wilkins Rodman no I said you follow me quietly keep your heads you hello yes it was a boy here we have used the outside if you please it was said to approach the building in the French Bonsoir, monsieur. Bonsoir, mon ami. Est-ce que vous parlez anglais? Comment, euh, why, yes, I speak English a little. Hmm. Well, I do say your English is better than my French. Eh, may I introduce myself? I'm Commander Bradman of his Majesty's ship, Fadrik. Oh, I can't tell you how glad I am to meet you, Commander. And I am Major de Lesseps of the Third Belgian Dragoons. This is Lieutenant Chapotin. Je suis chante, chante, chante, monsieur le commandant. And, uh, here's one of my company, Lieutenant Ainsleeve. Lieutenant Ainsleeve. And who is this bound and gagged? Oh, that's, uh, enemies sent you who picked up on the way. You can have them. Thank you. We saw your light from the ship. I never made you flash the word grog. Oh, I thought a Royal Navy man would respond more quickly to grog than SOS. As if it's an inspiration, but where did you, uh, learn it? Oh, I used to sail in the regattas at cows when I was younger. And one of my best friends was Albert Hollister. He was a midshipman in those days. Oh, Bertie Hollister. Yes, I knew him well.  Uh, yes. Uh, we can go into that another time. Um, what was the reason for your signal, Major? Simply this, Commander, we're in trouble, serious trouble. We've been pushed back day after day until our men are completely exhausted. Our orders are to make a stand here at the Isle River, long enough to give the sappers time to blow the dykes. Once the dykes are broken, the river should stop the enemy. For how long will it take to blow the dykes? We must hold the line until sundown, roughly 18 hours. And you can't do that? A seriously doubted commander. We've appealed to General Hague for help, but he's completely engaged on our right and can't send us any reinforcements. The French are too far south and they have their hands full too. It was my suggestion at tonight's staff meeting to seek help from the sea. It's our last chance. Well, what do you want us to do? Stand by us. Bring your guns to bear on the enemy's advance. But we're only a destroyer, Major. Our firepower is too low to do any good whatsoever. And we haven't the range for offshore bombardment. Hell, us. Then we are finished. And so is the war. There is nothing between Von Kluck and Paris but us. I'm sorry, Major. Uh-huh. They are starting the barrage early this morning. I suppose they know this is the last day. Yes, I suppose. Oh, wait a minute. I have an idea. Mr. Inslee. Sir? The kilts. The kilts, sir? Yes, we can put a company of Cameron Highlanders into the Bowdoin lines. I'm sorry, sir. Major, we can help you. It's a long, long shot, but it might work. What might work, Commander? Well, somebody made a botch back in Plymouth and loaded us with eight cases of Scotch uniforms instead of Scotch whiskey. There are nearly 200 complete uniforms of the first Cameron Highlanders aboard. Yes, but I don't understand. We'll give them to you, Major. You put them on a company of your men. Let them show themselves in the front line. When the attack begins this morning, perhaps... Perhaps the Germans will think the British have rushed in a crack division to reinforce you. Yes, yes, it might work. Yes. We can let you have a few Lewis guns, too, but they will not be much help unless the uniforms do the trick. It's, as you say, a long shot, but let's try it. Very well. Mr. Inslee. Sir? You go back to the ship at once, fetch those cases of uniforms and four cases of Lewis guns with ammunition. Aye, sir. I'll remain here with the Major and help him get his men lined up. Oh, and, uh, Inslee. Sir? Should Mr. Tweedle inquire, you might tell him I'll be, uh, detained while longer than winning the war. Yes, sir. It was a sight I shall never forget. Two hundred men solemnly changing their battle dirty green uniforms for the gay kilts and tartans in the pale light of the setting moon. Everything was done with the utmost dispatch and in utter silence. And it seemed to me that the bright clad put new energy as well as hope into the battle weary Belgians. They look like the real thing, don't they? Yes, they certainly do. You know, I believe this will work. Oh, I nearly forgot, sir. What, Inslee? Mr. Tweedle asked me to tell you the flagship's been trying to reach up a wireless. Uh-huh. What did they want? Mr. Tweedle didn't say, sir. Well, they'll have to wait until this business is finished. Mr. Tweedle said he'd replied, sir. Oh, well, very well then. No, that's the last of them. A thousand thanks. Oh, not at all.  But they may do a turn for you this morning. I feel sure they will. Well, we, uh, we must be on our way. Less than an hour until daybreak. Goodbye, Major. Goodbye, Commander. Are you, uh, you almost looked me up after the war. Don't always reach me at the Navy Club in St. James's Square. Thank you, sir. I'll do that. Au revoir. Au revoir, Major. A, uh, bon chance. And that sort of thing. All right? We can get underway now. Uh, finished with your visitor, sure, sir. Scarcely a social call, Mr. Tweedle. I think we may have been of some help to our allies this morning. Of course, sir. Uh, oh, Captain, the flagship's been trying to reach you. Yes, yes. Mr. Inslee said something. I signaled him that you'd gone ashore. Oh, you did? Well, that must have intrigued them. Well, I shouldn't say they were pleased. Adjusted, received, disreplied from them. Hmm? As senior officer present aboard, you are ordered to take command of Fire Drake and proceed to Fleet Rendezvous immediately. Well, that's a neat double cross, Mr. Tweedle. I'm sorry, Mr. Bredman, for my responsibilities to the ship on which I serve. Yes, yes, I can see it is. However, since you're once more aboard... Oh, no, Mr. Tweedle. You have your orders from the flag? Follow them. Meddling rulebook sailor. His captious wireless message had made an unnecessary embarrassment for me. But I had no doubts that my explanation of the night's work would fully satisfy the Admiral. So, let Mr. Tweedle have his little moment of triumph and command. I stood out on the starboard bridge wing as we pulled away from the Belgian coast. And through my binoculars in the grey dawn, I thought I saw the flashing red and yellow of the Cameron plaid as the last day of the first battle of Flanders began. As I expected, the Admiral made a thorough investigation of the matter and a few days later I faced him in his quarters aboard the flagship. Mr. Bredman, your little adventure of a few nights ago involves some very serious breaches of discipline. You disposed of war material without authorization. You left your ship without authorization.  And I managed to stop the German advance dead in its tracks, sir. Mr. Bredman, we know that the German advance has been stopped, but it was stopped by opening the dykes of the Isle River, the plan which has been part of the Belgian and French grand strategy for years. Sir, the dykes would never have been opened if the Belgian lines hadn't held that last day of the battle. And they were held because the Germans' attack was slowed down. And it was slowed down because the Germans thought the Belgians were reinforced by the first camera in Highlanders. Mr. Bredman, I have given your story the benefit of every doubt. I have even queried the Belgian General's staff to try to substantiate it. I have their reply. They have no record of any unit being outfitted in Highlanders' uniforms. But this wasn't the General's staff matter, sir. It was on a regimental letter. I may say there is even some doubt on the part of the members of your crew. Whether or not the men who received the uniforms were Belgians. What? Yes, Mr. Dweddle says... Mr. Dweddle, that meddling fool from the cargo ship... That is enough, Mr. Bredman. It is the decision of the Fleet Inquiry Board that you will be relieved of your command, placed in irons, and be returned to Hull to face court-martial at the earliest possible moment. The court-martial at Hull sustained the Board of Inquiry's decision, and I spent the rest of the war in prison. Afterwards, naturally, I had to leave England and wherever I went. Cape Town, Vancouver, Singapore, Melbourne, sooner or later, the story, their story, followed me. Sooner or later, some ex-navy man would turn up who recognized me, and I would have to move on. At last, I have come back to this Belgian beach where it all happened, and here I have found the one man who believes my story. He is the proprietor of this little inn where I now lie ill and too tired to fight any longer. It is too late now to worry about my reputation. But he has persuaded me to write this letter that my son may not have to bear the undeserved infamy which I have been forced to endure. And he has kindly offered to carry this message to any who may yet be interested in clearing the record of Edward Bradman, Commander Royal Navy. That's all very well, Mr. Ordway. But there is not a single statement in that letter that has not been entered as evidence in Bradman's court-martial. There's no new proof. There's nothing here. Excuse me, Admiral. I wish to present to this board the bearer of Commander Bradman's letter, Mr. Wolfgang Bechtelm. Good to talk, gentlemen. You are the proprietor of the Auberg de Dermatelot, where Commander Bradman is now staying. Yeah, I am. But you're accent. You're German, aren't you? Yes. How is it that you own an inn on the Belgian coast? Uh... After the war, I could no longer bear to live in Germany in the midst of the misery that I had helped to cause. So I, too, like a criminal returning to the scene of his crime, went back to the beach at Neuport. I have been there ever since. This is all very interesting, but I don't see what it is to do. Sir, please. I am the proof you have been asking for. I swear that every word of Commander Bradman's statement is truth. Commander Bradman is indeed the man who won the war. I know. Because I am the man who lost the war. I was the sentry who fell asleep. Midshipman Edward Bradman. Here, sir. Advance three paces. Midshipman Bradman has come and down to the Royal Navy College. It is my honor, by order of his most gracious Majesty, George V, to ask you to receive this Victoria Cross awarded posthumously to your late father, Commander Edward Bradman, for gallantry and intrepidity beyond the line of duty, and to try to accept the humble apologies of a belatedly grateful Empire. Escape is produced and directed by William N. Robson, and as tonight presented, the man who won the war by Robert H. Buckner, dramatized for radio by Mr. Robson, featured in the cast was Ben Wright as Commander of the United States. The cast was Ben Wright as Commander Bradman. Also heard were John Daner, Terry Kilburn, Joseph Kearns, Barton Yarborough, Jeff Corey, Ian Wolfe, Paul Fries, Charlie Lung and John Hoyt. Special music was arranged and conducted by Del Castillo. Next week. You are standing on the floor of the sea in the middle of the sunken city of Fort Royale, those fabulous chests of treasure waiting to be hauled to the surface. But your life depends on the ship above you, where the treachery of your partners has left you with no escape. Next week, Escape will be heard at a new time on Friday evening. Next week, we escape with the story of a diver who discovered an entire city beneath the sea, Fort Royale, an exciting tale suggested by Lieutenant Harry Riesberg's book, I Dive for Treasure. Goodbye then, until a week from Friday, when once again we offer you Escape. Now stay tuned for the adventures of Philip Marlowe, which follow immediately over most of these same CBS stations. This is CBS, the Columbia Broadcasting System.


Today on Visual Studio Toolbox, we're going to continue our look at the future of Visual Studio, and this time we're going to look at team productivity. Go team! Hi, welcome to Visual Studio Toolbox. I'm your host Robert Green and joining me are Amanda Silver. Hi. Anthony Candelosi. Hello. And Kendra Havens. Hi. And we are back for part two of our two, possibly more, episode series on the future of Visual Studio. So previously on Visual Studio Toolbox, we covered personal productivity and cloud productivity. Yeah. And today we're going to do team productivity. That's right. Yeah. Excellent. So team productivity is... OK, sorry. Go team. Team productivity is super important. I mean, everything that a developer does is generally working with somebody else in that same project. So I think what we've really been focusing on is how can we make collaboration when you're debugging something or when you want to get a code review, really, really, really as focused as it can be. So that your team is much faster in terms of the time to market that they're trying to achieve. So we have a couple of different demos that we wanted to show you guys. But I think what we wanted to start with is just like a reorientation back to what we talked about last time. So Anthony, take it away.  And we were just showing a demo of time travel debugging and because it's so cool, I kind of want to show it again. Absolutely. Should we jump into the demo? Okay, cool. So this... And just to remind everybody, we are using previews of upcoming versions. Right, that's right. Yeah, so there's no smoke and mirrors. This is, we'll see what we get and we'll see which demos work and which ones don't. But so this is the Smart Hotels app that we've been using for the last couple of months. We've got this feature that is the best rooms and is trying to find the best rooms in the hotel so that you can kind of sort which rooms you might want to book in. And obviously here I'm seeing a list of rooms but our customers weren't seeing it in production. So what we were able to do is actually get a trace of the production environment at the time that the customers were reporting the issues. We actually have all the execution and memory at that snippet of time. So I can actually go back and debug that and see what was happening for that customer. So let's go ahead and load that trace into Visual Studio. I'm going to drop a little break point right where the page loads for that and then let's kick off debugging a record, a previously recorded process. So here's the trace that was recorded of the production environment but I'm loading it into my local Dev environment here in VS. When I start that, VS will go into a normal debug mode. I can actually hit break points and what I'm seeing here is this loads up is I'm actually going to execute the code as it was running at the time that the customer went through it. So this is a break and now I'm seeing the locals windows in the bottom with all the memory in the state at that time. I can naturally step through as you'd expect over different parts of this. I'm loading into all of the hotels at first and here now you see my update of count of hotels. It's finding three hotels out of all the ones we have to look through and then I'm going to go and call this function that should calculate for me the best hotel. So if I step over that, let's see how many returns. Okay, so here now it's showing me that in production there's only three or there were three hotels total there's only one left. So now I think I'm pretty close to my bug. Now, if this was a real debug environment you'd have to kind of stop debugging, go back kind of reset up the whole repro to make sure you get it without having any side effects but instead because I'm debugging a trace I can actually go and step backwards. So I'm actually going to step back into that last call that I made. So using this new command that we're introducing called step back into and this is actually reversing the execution. So instead of stepping back into the top we're stepping into the top of the functions you normally see we're actually coming up the bottom of the function and I'll just keep stepping back and you see now all the locals are just unwinding. Go ahead and go, it's still cool. Something we've been working on with Microsoft Research actually. So it's not just like your standard issue call it's like extra special call. It does not get old. My favorite one is this one here where I just kind of step back and I want to run across back to the beginning so I can drop a break point at the beginning of this for loop. I don't have to step through all of it and then we have a new command that is reverse continue. So if you continue forward across the loop I can reverse continue back to the beginning of the loop here and now I'm positive beginning all that time we're winding and now from here I can slowly step forward and see what's going on in my code. Pretty cool. So let's step into this loop. Love that. Let's see. Okay, so I've got this method here that's calculating our best hotels and this is doing our calculations. Let's start stepping through this here and it looks like it's probably something in this comparison that's comparing between the ratings of four and five stars. So let me invite my partner into a live share and I can actually do a live share in the middle of this trace debugging to have my partner take a look at what's going on and help me figure out what's happening here. Nice. Pretty cool. Yeah, so let's see. So we're taking demo bits on top of demo bits combining them together and see what kind of chewy goodness we get out of it. All right, so I've got a live share session started and I'm gonna switch over to teams and I can paste that link for Amanda to come and take a look. All right, Amanda, do you mind taking a look at this bug that I was seeing in production? So now all I have to do is go ahead and click on that link that Anthony sent to me and it's going to bring up a webpage that will figure out that what I want is to load a code editor and for me I wanna load Visual Studio 2017 so I'm just gonna say yes. And then after that, it's going to actually start up Visual Studio but not just start up Visual Studio as normal. It's actually going to start up initiated by the context of the live share session that Anthony has.  But what you're going to see here is that we're actually going to join in the middle of a context of a debug session. Now this isn't just a normal debug session. This is actually a debug session that's back in time. Right. Right. So it's actually something that was caught on a production environment and a trace was captured. So I'm actually joining his session now in debug mode for something that happened in production a while ago. Not right now. So as you can see, as soon as it loads, I'm actually, I can see his cursor where he's at. I actually am broken at the break point that he has and I have the full debug experience that you would expect so I can expand locals and look at this and see the value of count, things like that. So if you'd also be able to go forwards and backwards, right? If you had a version of Visual Studio that supported that? Theoretically, yes. So I can go ahead and go forwards and backwards in time in terms of moving the debug cursor. We have not yet done the work to actually take those backwards buttons and the reverse continue buttons that Anthony has and make those available in my context if I'm in a time travel debug session. But that is definitely something that we want to do. Oh, yeah. So he's got a feature Visual Studio that you don't have but you would potentially make that available. Well, but the cool thing is that like because we have a shared debug cursor, he can basically progress the debug cursor however he wants to, including going back in time to show me what the bug is. I wanted to show you. Yeah, let's take a look. So I'm gonna step forward here and we should see that all of our memory is updating and I see that we just stepped over down to the bottom of that method because it didn't match that comparison. I can just keep stepping through. Now from here, I'm gonna step one more time and then I'll step back. All right. I should be able to step back over. And now as I go back, let's see we're going backwards.  Yeah, and the same thing with all the memory updates. You'll see all that happening in local's window as well. Yeah, all the values. So what's the problem? Okay, so we're seeing here that- Oh, that's right. Yeah, that's what we're talking about. No, it's just you were trying to do it. I just thought we were doing cool. No, that's great, okay, thanks. Hey, wait a minute. You can just watch that cursor go back and forth all day long, right? No, so we're trying to figure out why it is that our get best hotels method here isn't returning any hotels. And I think that's something to do with this if statement here that is comparing the hotels of four and five stars. Okay, so basically if I look at the rating here for this particular value, so we should be able to get, and I see it's a three, okay? But then if I look at that and I look at the rating, I actually see that it's 4.3. So if you see the code that I have here, it's actually checking if it is exactly four or if it's exactly five and that was a rating of 4.3. So my code has a bug here. So how should we fix it? Well, why don't we actually fix it right here and then we can run some unit tests and see what happens when we make sure all the tests are out of pass. Okay, let me stop debugging. All right, well, since we're in a live show, you can actually make that change yourself and make sure it's working. Yeah, so I guess I'm checking to see if it's greater than four and also less than five. All right, so let's see if that works. So now I saved it. Anthony should see it directly in his version. I'm gonna do a rebuild. And then once that's rebuilt, I'll start off a shared terminal and from this shared terminal we can actually run our test cases. So as soon as he brings up the shared terminal, I actually also see that shared terminal coming up in my session. My hands weren't even on the keyboard. I didn't touch anything. Like I just got that context because he wanted to share that with me. This is just so cool. Yeah. So you want me to do the... Go for it, yeah. Let's just go ahead and... Cause everything you type I see on my terminal as well. Let's see. So move to tests and then I want to just run our .NET tests like that. And we actually are going to see in real time the results of the tests for this change. So it's building. And we can see that the text execution is starting. Yep. And if we're doing the simulcast share, we should see that both of the screens are updating all the same company. Right. So we see that successful. So now, now remember like I don't have, I don't necessarily have any of the context of Anthony's code on my machine. Right. You don't have the code. You don't have the test local. You don't even necessarily have the same features he has. Right. I might not even have the SDK dependencies he has. He could be building an Android app and I might not have the Android SDK on my machine. So, you know, it's really cool. And the other thing is especially when you're collaborating in a team environment, like how many of the, you know, debug sessions, collaborative debug sessions you've had are due to developer configuration. Right. Like configuration on the dev box. This isn't just like a terminal that's specific to this project. This is actually a real terminal that has complete access to what's running on his machine. Yes. So I can use it to inspect environment variables or do whatever I want. Obviously that comes with- So be careful, kids. Yeah, exactly, be careful kids. That definitely comes with, you know, some security. Like you have to be comfortable with who you're sharing it with. But it does really allow you to debug a whole bunch of issues. And we've seen even internally folks using it inside of Microsoft that a lot of reports of people just talking about how helpful it has been just for the context of being able to share a terminal. Right. So that's pretty cool. So then, so let's just jump to the slides real quick just to talk about live share. So what you guys saw was, oh, let's see, there we go. So what you guys saw was that basically in with Visual Studio Live Share, you can use the tools that you like that are configured for you. So for me, I'm using Visual Studio, Anthony's using Visual Studio, but we could have used VS Code, right? And we could have had narrator settings. I could be using the dark theme, like whatever it is that makes me super productive. I get to use the tools that I'm super productive in, whereas if in screen sharing, you're really kind of like bound to the person who is sharing the screen with you, right? How annoying is it when, I mean, even when you call support, for example, and they wanna take over your machine, and sometimes they get access to the mouse, sometimes they don't, and then you give them control and then you can't really touch the screen because you have to like negotiate who has control over the mouse and the keyboard. And that just happens all the time for developers. So this really makes it possible for you to use the tools that you love that are configured for your use. You get immediate real-time collaborations. So if I type a little character, Anthony sees it pretty much immediately, we have the full context. So not only do we have just one file that I can see, but I actually have the full context of the project that he's working on. Without having to duplicate his environment. Right. Which could take hours, days. And that's super useful because for me to get my bearings to help somebody, it sometimes requires that I do a little bit of spelunking around their project to kind of understand what's going on, right? Versus the four and a half minutes or whatever this took, where you worked it out, found the problem. This was definitely a streamlined demo, but like most of the time, you might be talking about a problem and it's like, hey, I think it's here, but this is somebody who's asking for help, they might not really know, right? And so you might need to actually go and look at other files to figure out what's going on. And with this, you don't have to ask them to like open the solution explorer or open up a folder. Like you can go ahead and inspect all of that yourself. And then obviously we showed debugging together. You know, LiveShare today supports debug sessions. What we showed that has not yet been released to the world yet, but is coming is being able to debug together in the context of a time travel debugging session, which I think is pretty cool. It's awesome. Yeah. Very, very cool. Yeah. So I think we talked about all those things. So the next thing that I want to talk about is shift left. Have you ever heard of the concept of shift left? I have, but why don't you explain it for those that have either not heard it or may think it means something different? So basically it's the idea that like, there's a lot of things that go on in the developer process that might not be part of what we would call the developer inner loop. So basically the edit debug cycle, edit debug build cycle, things that happen, like code analysis or unit testing that might happen after you've done a build and maybe even asynchronously with your application as you've built it. So what we are aiming to do is to make it so that we can bring more of those processes earlier in the process as possible. That's what we mean by left, but they happen earlier in the development process so that you can find and remedy issues much, much quicker, much more quickly. So one of the things that we've been working on is actually bringing PR experiences directly into Visual Studio. That would be nice. That would be good. Because today you can start the process, but then you have to leave Visual Studio and go over to the SDS or GitHub or wherever you're going. It would be nice to have it happen inside Visual Studio. Right, or to some command line or something like that. Yeah, exactly. So if we go back to our instance of Visual Studio where we fixed this bug earlier, so now what I wanna do is basically take that code fix that I just made and apply it to set a code that I've already been working on and then actually commit it as a PR. So I'm just gonna go ahead and copy this directly from the session that Anthony and I just had been working on and I'm going to go to my other project. This is actually my local repo of the same project that I've been working on some editor fixes for. So you can see that I have four different changes across various different files and I'm just going to replace this line with the code fix that we just made. And you can see that it's less than four and also greater than four and also less than five. Going to save that and let me just close this instance of Visual Studio back to this one. And then what I'm gonna do is go ahead and just look at those changes and what you'll see is that it's going to bring me into a diff mode. Now we've had diff for a little bit in Visual Studio but this is a new kind of what we call a ubiquitous diff experience where you have. You've had to go find it before. Yeah, you have the, it kind of comes up automatically. I can not only see it in side by side mode but I could also see it in inline mode so we can actually see that edit there.  And I can go ahead and commit all and push. And then, so it's pushing to the current branch which is all basically happening locally but now you can see that I have this new link here to create a pull request directly in Visual Studio. Yeah, so now it kind of lets me go through all of the different changes that I have. I can go ahead and add Anthony there, add him. And because Kendra has been working on some of our tests for this, I want to add her as well. And then I want to go ahead and create it. Is there anything else that I missed? I don't think so. So I'm just going to go ahead and create it. A lot of fewer context switches. You're doing this all in the same place. Yeah, exactly. So that's kind of the idea. So now let's go ahead and switch over to Kendra who can review this change. Yeah, so let's say I'm happily coding over here in my machine and if we want to go ahead and switch to my screen, yep, there we go. I'm happily coding away. And let's say I get a notification since I was added as a reviewer to Amanda's pull request. I can actually go ahead and open this pull request that I was added by and it switches all of my context. You kind of saw the output in the window. It pulls Amanda's branch to make sure I am actually reviewing the right stuff. And now I'm getting this pull request discussion message that I now see what PR she gave. I have a pull request comments window. If I go over to the solution explorer, you might have noticed this new little icon up here. This is my review filter, which I can toggle to see only the changes in this PR and all of the files that have actually changed. And I know we talked a lot about IntelliCode in the previous episode. IntelliCode can also come into the PR experience here. You will see a little new icon because IntelliCode has actually reviewed this PR and it can mark what files are interesting or what have had a lot of changes or get a lot of traffic is saying, hey, this is an important file you might want to pay more attention to as you're reviewing it. And that's actually based on AI. It's machine learning models that we've looked at a whole bunch of different PRs to understand kind of like what represents risky types of changes. And so based on that model, that's how it selects that indication as to which files you should focus on. Yeah, so this file I can see in the UBDF had a lot of frequent changes, but I can kind of tell, okay, this was actually just a lot of code cleanup and refactoring as Amanda mentioned before. Though I'm not too worried about this file since I know it was just code cleanup. So now I can look in the pull request comments and IntelliCode also has a suggestion right here. So let me go ahead and change to inline mode so we can see this a little bit better. So IntelliCode left a suggestion right here. Here I'm using an Ionumerable. Well, I'm creating an Ionumerable of a subset of a review list only looking at recent reviews here. And then when I go into the for loop, I don't actually use that sub list. I'm still using a larger set. So IntelliCode was able to see that right away and say, hey, that's kind of inefficient to iterate though, right? And it is even suggesting what I need to rename it to. Cool. And I only have to click a button to apply that fix. And it renamed it from reviews to my recent reviews which would be a smaller subset of that list. So that's also something that we've been working on with MSR. Basically they've come up with brand new machine learning science, you know, new graph theory to identify different types of bugs that basically cannot be found with static analysis. So this kind of opens a whole new door of types of issues that your ID could find for you. Yeah, that's great. Yeah. And as soon as the fix was applied, the state changed to resolved, which was pretty sweet. So I know that there were some tests that were changed with this PR. So I want to go ahead and dive in to look at those. And I can see in this PR context, live unit testing is still running. So I'm still getting my live unit testing glyphs, even in the viewer. So I know that it looks like Amanda had updated this test to reflect the new results. So see we're kind of adding in a float here and everything. So I can actually set a break point in this PR that I'm reviewing and start debugging this test. Holy cow. It's kind of our big wow moment. Wow. Maybe I should have set it up more, but yeah. So I can hit that break point and actually step through my depth viewer. That is cool. Pretty insane. Okay. Yeah, so it's a great experience. You've got debugging, you've got IntelliSense, you've got live unit testing glyphs, you have dot completion all inside of a PR experience. And we even have IntelliCode also doing the smart suggestions in the most likely code completion patterns we want in this area. Yeah, pretty sweet. Yeah, so the thing that we're really trying to do here is to make sure that Kendra as the reviewer can be as productive as she can possibly be in that code reviewing process because code reviewing takes a lot of time and oftentimes it really takes a lot of time, particularly for senior developers, because they often get the bulk of the reviews that they have to do, right? But when they do a review, oftentimes the only thing that they're able to do is like a cursory glance at what's going on and like, hey, LGTM, right? It looks good to me. But with this, because you can actually run tests, you can use code navigation, you can actually debug and maybe even change some things, you can actually see what's going on in that PR. And you're actually conducting a real live code review. And different from your browser, yeah. But because of IntelliCode, first of all, you have even more confidence that some bugs are being found, but you also are able to focus your code review more on the files and the changes that are more likely to cause issues. So that we hope is going to make people a lot more productive in their code reviews. Definitely, that's cool. So that's really all we've got for you today around team productivity. I think next time I wanted to show you how Visual Studio lets you do any app and any platform. Absolutely. I'm always up for a part three. All right, cool, sweet. Cool, very, very cool stuff. Thanks guys so much. Thanks. Hope you enjoyed that. And we will see you next time on Visual Studio Toolbox.


It's clear at the top, but with second place spot for having the game in hand, leaders Mansfield fill the breath on the back of their neck from the chasing pack. To take on 13th place, Bradford City, could be ideal, although Great Alexander's side lost to Swattsman in 7th. Two changes for Bradford from the side, but lost again as far as Green Walker and Smith have an eight put. Keyleth don't quit by a tag. Lowering commit for Mansfield. Clear at the top, that's for Shaw. To take the home, the fans if they possibly can, small with the captain, turning it round the corner. She could near post-cross, and that whistles wide. Good early effort for the home team. With instrumental at the cross, comes in, just bounces just ahead. Progress, just kind of Smith getting it closer. Bradford. Mansfield building. Trying to get the game on the way on a tricky surface quickly. It's got to be said. Cross from Acons, roughly giving the free kick. Surprise, that's quite the clash. Facts a few claims of an elbow. Mansfield deliver from here. The back post header in! Mansfield have the lead. It's a close range header, it's well worked. Good back post header and a great finish in all fairness. Cargill with it, all in the delivery though. League leaders have the lead. It's rattled a little bit here, it's fair to say. Keep up this pressure, they can't clear their lines. Look at this, the goalkeeper's forced into a save and it's still in a play. Surely it's two. How's the keeper saved that? Well he couldn't save the third attempt and Mansfield have two. With it, the Bradford defence was all at sea, I'm afraid. They had opportunities to clear the ball. Goalkeeper walk, it deserves tremendous credit for getting across to that one. How did he manage that? Couldn't stop, Acons turning it in. Five and eight now for Acons. Mansfield have a two-goal lead and there's marbles and booze. University of Bradford Stadium. Can't get something back. Locals and the home fans, something to cling on to. That's for sure, there should be one! How's that gone wide? My goodness me, Jamie Walker. The goal at his mercy, he's got to hit the target. They've had two chances in this game, Bradford. Both of them have succumbed. Both gone wide and that, he's got to hit the target. He knows it. Walker, he knows it. Back to the Mansfield, dominating the game. But in all honesty, Bradford had two chances here. It could be two-two, it's not. Mansfield have taken their chances and that's what league leaders do. And it's two, is it going to be three? Yes it is, the visitors. Keeler done with it. In the bottom corner, it's 19th of the season in the league. Getting them Bradford defences, poor, it's low, it's hard, it's way too much for goalkeeper Walker. Mansfield fans, I think the stags are going up. They're going to say they're outcasting Bradford here. Bradford just need to take their chances and that's exactly what Mansfield have done thus far. Push into this game, down with it. Good overlap, needs a good cross. It's a good cross just over the end of it. They've recycled over the bar. It was a good cross, cleared with it. Just a bit too much on the follow-up. Mansfield cruising, but Bradford still working. One, then you never know, way in possession, way in places like that, then they will get buried. It's three, it's four. Architects of their own downfall. Once again, Bradford sitting, I'm afraid. Swat with the finish this time. Just giving the ball away in silly, silly places. Keeler done with it. It took a deflection now, grant you a buck. Mansfield are all over Bradford here. It's getting embarrassing with the scoreline as it is. I would suggest they're trying to keep it as tight as they possibly can. The surface falls gladly. Mansfield have got their tails up. And it could be more, it's saved. And pushed away an opportunity, well saved by the goalkeeper again. I've got to say, could have been more. Swan looking for his second. Walker's oddly played well. Four-nil offers something back here, Bradford. A bit of possession. Could be a bit of opportunity for the home side. Been pride, is certainly what they need to restore. It's a good cross, a great cross, it's in. They do have one back. Andy Cook getting on the end of the cross. 15th of the season for the former Mansfield man. Close range, neat finish. At least there's something back in it for Bradford. Another one makes it interesting, as unlikely as it may be. You never know. They're leaving it for each other. And this is where Mansfield can counterattack. It's a foul that probably need to be making from Smallwood there. Pretty useful set pieces. Mansfield, well here. We'll go back in, that's for sure. Back in it goes.  Not totally away and followed up. Bives, four-five. And that's a follow-up. The initial shot from Lewis is a volley and a great save from Walker. Lewis puts it into the bottom corner, it's a good finish. And that is five for Mansfield. Chance of Cheerio from the Mansfield fans to some of the locals leaving early. Probably understand why. A rotten afternoon for the Bantams. They could get even worse here with a break-on. Just wide, the shot whistles wide from James Gale. And it's part of time for the Stags here. At five. Just given time again, isn't he, to get his shot away. Just stepping off him. Goals, and it's booze. And you can understand why from the locals. Five-one drop-in is never much fun. I'm delighted that Graham Alexander not very pleased at all. A successful game, five goals. Intending their lead at the top of the lead-to table. There's plenty of work to do, certainly, for Bradford City. Bradford, one, Mansfield, five.


Many people think that if you want to grow your business, you need to expand your customer base, but there may be more to it than that. Many small business owners want to be in this new customer acquisition mode because they do not understand the returns that they'll get on investing in customer loyalty. Increasing customer retention rates by 5% increases profits by 25% to 95%. So that's huge. Customer loyalty is really building a deep relationship with your customers and turning them into returning customers versus just a one-time visit or a one-time sale. I have learned over the years how much money I've cost myself by not focusing on the existing customers I have. By not making their experience amazing, I've lost them and dollars have walked out of the door. A lot of times business owners can absolutely be intimidated by the technical aspect of creating a loyalty program, but we don't have to overly complicate this, right? You don't need an online sign up if you're a brick and mortar coffee shop. You can put an email sign up list at your POS at your checkout and say, hey, give us your email address and we'll send you a coupon for 10% off. All you need is a piece of paper and a clipboard in order to collect those email addresses. So there are absolutely ways that you can launch a loyalty strategy for your brand without being a techie. Loyal customers want to help your brand, but you have to help them help you get feedback from your customers. If they are negative, use that as a way to improve your business. If you're getting positive feedback, use that as a way to improve your business. Another best practice to improve customer loyalty is by making it easy for them to review you. Run a social media contest, use a particular hashtag. The friends and family of your customers are now seeing your brand on social media and will hopefully go and follow you or somehow do business with you. The most important thing is really spend some time working on the customer experience. Think about all of your customer touch points every time that you touch a customer and how can you slightly tweak that experience to make it even greater? GoDaddy is having conversations with experts to help entrepreneurs everywhere. Subscribe and stay tuned for upcoming videos. Feel free to comment below and let us know what topics you would like to hear about next.