Good morning, John! Not everybody's gonna know this, but we have a tradition here in the vlog for this channel When one of us has a book come out, so far it's just been you, we do a video reading the first chapter of the book This stretches all the way back to Paper Towns nine years ago I discovered by searching our channel. Look at you. You are young and disheveled. There's a few really great things about this one It's exempt from the four-minute rule so I can just go on for as long as I want right now. Two, it's just reading a book so it's pretty easy video to do I've always felt like it's a little bit of a cop-out. There was the whole writing the book part Which turns out to be labor-intensive. Three, you get to tell people about the book Which theoretically and definitely in my case is something you want to do because you're proud of it And you like it and you think people will like it too and hopefully also it will be useful and enjoyable It's just what I'm going for generally in life. Can I be useful and enjoyable? That's just like what I say to my son every morning basically not in words, but in actions I may have got to the meaning of life here. That's not what I intended So do you want to hear the first chapter of my book? If not, go away. As read by me and not Kristen C who does the audiobook and who is fantastic, let's go. I am aware that you're here for an epic tale of intrigue and mystery and adventure and near-death and actual death That was a joke. That was Kristen reading. Now it's I'm actually gonna do it But first a warning there's a bunch of curse words in my book And there will be some in this chapter that I'm about to read so just know that. Look, I'm aware that you're here for an epic tale of intrigue and mystery and adventure and near-death and actual death But in order to get to that unless you want to skip to chapter 13, I'm not your boss You're gonna have to deal with the fact that I, April May, in addition to being one of the most important things that has ever happened to the human race Am also a woman in her 20s who has made some mistakes. That's a long first sentence I am also in the wonderful position of having you by the short hairs I have the story and so I get to tell it to you the way I want That means you get to understand me and not just my story So don't be surprised if there's some drama I'm gonna attempt to come up this account honestly, but I'll also admit to a significant pro-me bias If you get anything out of this, ideally it won't be you being more or less on one side or the other But simply understanding that I am or at least was human And I was very much feeling only human as I dragged my tired ass down 23rd Street at 2.45 a.m. After working a 16-hour day at a startup that, thanks to an aggressively shitty contract I signed, will remain nameless Going to art school might seem like a terrible financial decision But really that's only true if you have to take out gobs and gobs of student loans to fund your hoity-toity education Of course, I had done exactly that My parents were successful, running a business, providing equipment to small and medium-sized dairy farms Like the things that you hook up to the cows to get the milk out, they sold and distributed them It was a good business, good enough that I wouldn't have had a lot of debt if I'd gone to a state school But I did not do that, I had loans, lots So after jumping from major to major, advertising, fine art, photography, illustration, and finally settling on the mundane But at least useful BFA in design, I took the first job that would keep me in New York And out of my old bedroom in my parents' house in Northern California And that was a job at a doomed startup funded by the endless well of rich people who can only dream the most boring dream a rich person can dream Being even more rich Of course, working at a startup means you're part of the family And so when things go wrong, or when deadlines fly past, or when an investor has a hissy fit, or just because You don't get out of work until three in the morning Which honestly, I hated I hated it because the company's time management app was a dumb idea and didn't actually help people I hated it because I knew I was just doing it for money And I hated it because they asked the staff to treat it like their whole life rather than like a day job Which meant I didn't have any time to spare to work on personal projects But I was using my degree doing actual graphic design and getting paid enough to afford rent less than one year out of school My work environment was close to technically criminal And I paid half my income to sleep in the living room of a one bedroom apartment, but I was making it work I fibbed just now My bed was in the living room, but I mostly slept in the bedroom, Maya's room We weren't living together, we were roommates And April from the past would like me to be very clear about that What's the difference between those two things? Well, mostly that we weren't dating when we moved in together Hooking up with your roommate is convenient, but it's also a little confusing when you live together through much of college Before finally hooking up, and now have been a couple for more than a year If you happen to already live together, when does the should we move in together question come up? Well, for Maya and me, the question was can we please move that second-hand mattress out of the living room So that we can sit on a couch when we watch Netflix And thus far my answer had been absolutely not We are just roommates who are dating, which is why our living room still had a bed in it I told you there would be trauma Anyway, back to the middle of the night, that fateful January evening This shitty app had to get a new release into the app store by the next week And I had been waiting for final approvals on some user interface changes and whatever You don't care. It was boring work BS Instead of coming in early, I stayed late, which has always been my preference My brain was sucked entirely dry from trying to interpret cryptic guidance from bosses who couldn't tell a raster from a vector So I checked out of the building It was a co-working space, not even actual leased offices And walked the three minutes to the subway station And then my metro card got rejected for no reason I had another one sitting on my desk at work and I wasn't precisely sure how much money I had in my checking account So it seemed like I should walk the three blocks back to the office just to be safe The walk sign was on, so I crossed 23rd and a taxi cab blares its horn like I shouldn't be in the crosswalk Whatever dude, I had the walk light I turn and head back to the office and immediately I see it As I approach, it becomes clear that it is a really, really exceptional sculpture I mean, it's awesome, but it's also a little bit New York-awesome You know? How do I explain how I feel about it? I guess, well, in New York City people spend ten years making something amazing happen Something that captures the essence of an idea so perfectly that suddenly the world becomes ten times clearer It's beautiful and it's powerful And someone devoted a huge piece of their life to it The local news does a story about it and everyone goes neat And then tomorrow we forget about it in favor of some other absolutely perfect and remarkable thing That doesn't mean that those things are un-wonderful or not unique It's just that there are a lot of people doing a lot of amazing things So eventually you get a little jaded So that's how I felt when I saw it A ten-foot tall transformer wearing a suit of samurai armor Its huge barrel chest lifted up to the sky, a good four or five feet above my head It stood there in the middle of the sidewalk full of energy and power It looked like it might at any moment turn and fix that empty regal stare on me But instead it just stood there, silent and almost scornful Like the world didn't deserve its attention In the street light, the metal was a patchwork of black as night matte and mirror reflective silver And it was clearly metal, not some spray-painted cardboard cosplay thing It was stunningly done I paused for maybe five seconds before shivering both in the cold and in the gaze of the thing And then walking on And then I felt like the biggest jerk I mean, I'm an artist working way too hard at a deeply uninteresting job to pay way too much rent So I can stay in this place So I can remain immersed in one of the most creative and influential cultures on earth Here in the middle of the sidewalk is a piece of art that was a massive undertaking An installation that the artist worked on possibly for years To make people stop and look and consider And here I am, hardened by big city life and mentally drained by hours of pixel pushing Not even giving something so magnificent a second glance I remember this moment pretty clearly, so I guess I'll mention it I went back to the sculpture, got up on my tiptoes and said Do you think I should call Andy? The sculpture of course did nothing Just stand there if it's okay for me to call Andy And so I made the call But first, some background on Andy You know those moments when your life shifts and you think I will definitely, without a doubt, continue to love and appreciate and connect with all of these cool people I have spent so many years with despite the fact that our lives are changing A great deal right now And then instead you might as well unfriend them on Facebook Because you ain't never gonna see that dude again in your whole life Well, Andy, Maya and I had somehow thus far managed to avoid that fate Maya and I had done it by occupying the same 400 square feet Andy, on the other hand, lived across town from us And we didn't even know him until junior year Maya and I, by that point, were taking most of the same classes Because, well, we really liked each other a lot We were obviously going to be in the same group whenever there was a group project But Professor Kennedy was dividing us into groups of three Which meant a random third wheel Somehow we got stuck with Andy Or probably from his perspective, he got stuck with us I knew who Andy was I had formed a vague impression of him that mostly was That guy sure is more confident than he has any right to be He was skinny and awkward with printer paper pale skin I assumed he began his haircuts by asking the stylist to make it look like he had never received a haircut But he was always primed for some quip And for the most part, those quips were either funny or insightful The project was a full brand treatment for a fictional product Packaging was optional, but we needed several logo options and a style guide Which is like a little book that tells everyone how the brand should be presented And what fonts and colors are to be used and what situations It was more or less a given that we would be doing this for some hip and groovy fictional company That makes ethical fair trade jeans with completely useless pockets or something Actually, it was almost always a fictional brewery Because we were college students We were paying a lot of money to cultivate our taste in beer and be snobby about it And I'm sure that's the direction that Maya and I would have gone in But Andy was intolerably stubborn and somehow convinced us both That we would be building the visual identity of bubble bum, a butt-flavored bubble gum His first arguments were silly, that we weren't going to be doing fancy cool shit when we graduated So we might as well not take this project so seriously But he convinced us when he got serious Look guys, he said It's easy to make something cool look cool That's why everybody picks cool things Ultimately though, cool is always going to be boring What if we make something dumb look amazing, something unmarketable awesome? That's a real challenge, that takes real skill Let's show real skill I remember this pretty clearly because it was when I realized that there was more to Andy By the end of the project, I couldn't help feeling a little superior to the rest of our classmates Taking their skinny jeans and craft breweries so seriously And the final product did look great Andy was, and I had known this but not really fouled it as important An extremely talented illustrator And with Maya's hand lettering skills and my color palette work It did end up looking pretty great So that's how Maya and I met Andy And thank God we did, frankly we needed a third wheel to even out the intensity of the early part of our relationship After the bubble bum project, which Kennedy loved so much he put on the class website We became a bit of a trio We even worked on some freelance projects together And occasionally Andy would come over to our apartment and force us to play board games And then we'd just spend the evening talking about politics or dreams or anxieties The fact that he was obviously a little bit in love with me Never really bothered any of us because he knew I was taken And well, I don't think Maya saw him as a threat Somehow our dynamic hadn't fractured after graduation And we kept hanging out with funny, weird, smart, stupid Andy scammed Who I was now calling at three o'clock in the morning But fuck, April, it's 3 a.m. Hey, I got something you might want to see It seems likely that this can wait until tomorrow? No, this is pretty cool, bring your camera And does Jason have any lights? Jason was Andy's roommate Both of them wanted to be internet famous They would stream themselves playing video games to tiny audiences And they had a podcast about the best TV death scenes That they also filmed and uploaded to YouTube To me it just seemed like that incurable ailment so many well-off dudes have Believing, despite mountains of evidence, that what the world truly needs is another white guy comedy podcast This sounds harsh, but that's what it seemed like to me back then Now, of course, I know how easy it is to feel like you don't matter if no one's watching I've also since listened to Slain spotting and it's actually pretty funny Wait, what's happening? What am I doing?  Have you? Several people who weren't Andy walked by as I waited for him Manhattan is less legit than it once was for sure But this was still the city that never sleeps It's also the city of behold the field in which I grow my fucks Lay thine eyes upon it and see that it is barren People gave the sculpture a quick glance and kept on walking Just as I had nearly done I tried to look busy Manhattan's a safe place, but that doesn't mean a 23-year-old woman by herself on the street at 3 AM isn't gonna get randomly harassed For the next few minutes I got to spend a little time with the sculpture Manhattan is never really dark There was lots of light around But the deep shadows and the sculpture's size made it difficult to really understand it It was massive, it probably weighed several hundred pounds I took my glove off and poked it, finding the metal surprisingly not cool Not warm either exactly, but hard I gave it a knock on the pelvis and didn't hear the bell ring I expected It was more of a thunk followed by a low hum I started to think that this was part of the artist's intentions That the goal was for the people of New York to interact with this object To discover its properties When you're in art school you do a lot of thinking about objectives and intent That was the default state See art, critique art Eventually I stopped my critique and just took it in I was starting to really love it Not just as a creation of someone else But like the way you love really good art, just enjoying it It was so unlike other things I'd seen and brave in its transformerness Like I would be terrified to do anything that visually reflected mecha robots in any way No one wants to be compared to something that's mainstream popular That's the worst of all possible fates But there was much more to this piece than that It seemed to have come from a completely different place than any other work I'd ever seen before Sculptural or not I was pretty caught up in the thing when Andy snapped me back out of it What the absolute fuck?  I think maybe it should be you I probably replied with some kind of confused grunt In front of the camera, I mean Dude, this is your dream, not mine I don't know shit about YouTube It's just, I mean Well Looking back, I think it's possible though I've never asked him That he had some idea that this would actually be a big deal Not as big of a deal as it would turn out to be of course But big Hey, don't think you're gonna win my favor by giving me internet fame I don't even want that Right, but you don't have any idea how to use this camera I could tell he was making an excuse, but I couldn't figure out why I don't know how to do behind-the-camera stuff But I also don't know how to do in front of the camera stuff You and Jason talked to the internet all day long I barely have a Facebook You have an Instagram That's different, I smirked Not really I can tell you care about what you post on there You're not fooling anyone You're a digital girl April in a digital world We all know how to perform God bless Andy for being blunt He was right of course I tried not to care about social media And I really did prefer hanging out in art galleries to hanging out on Twitter But I wasn't as disconnected as I made myself out to be Being annoyed by carefully crafted internet personas was part of my carefully crafted internet persona Even so, I think we could both feel Andy stretching for a point that wasn't a hundred percent there Andy, what's this actually about? It's just... He took a deep breath I think it would be better for the artist if it were you I'm a fucking goof I know what I look like People aren't gonna take me seriously You look like an artist with your P-coats and your cheekbones You look like you know what you're talking about You do know what you're talking about And you talk it good girl If I do this, I'm gonna make it a joke Plus, you're the one who found it I think it makes more sense for you to be in front of the camera Unlike most of my classmates who graduated with design degrees I thought a lot about fine art If you're wondering what the difference is Well, fine art is like art that exists for its own sake The thing that fine art does is itself Design is art that does something else It's more like visual engineering I started school focusing on fine art But I decided by the end of the first semester That maybe I wanted to someday have a job So I switched to advertising, which I hated So I switched a bunch more times Until I caved and went into design But I still spent way more time and energy Paying attention to the fine art scene in Manhattan Than any of my design track friends did It was part of why I desperately wanted to stay in the city This may sound dumb, but just being a 20-something in New York City Made me feel important Even if I wasn't doing real art At least I was making it work in this city A long ways away from my parents' literal dairy supply business Ultimately, Andy wasn't showing any signs of giving up And I determined that this wasn't actually that big of a deal So I ran the mic up the inside of my shirt The cord was still warm from Andy's body The light shined in my eyes and I could barely see the lens It was cold, there was a little breeze We were alone on the sidewalk Are you ready? He said Give me that mic, I said, pointing to an open bag on the ground Your lav is speeding, you don't need it I had no idea what that meant, but I got the gist No, just as a prop so I can interview it Ah, cool, he handed me the mic Okay, I said Okay, I'm rolling That's the first chapter of my book Neat, right? I wrote a book There have been a lot of really cool things that have happened since the book has come out If you follow me on Twitter, you saw that I used a part of the advance I got for the book To fund a bunch of independent artists to make art based on the book I'm showing you some of those pieces right now, they're really amazing You can check out my Instagram if you want to find them all There's also a completely fan-led project called thecarlsarkcoming.com Where you can do paper-foldy versions of Carl's And then take pictures of them and pin them to a map And there are lots of them all over the world It's very cool And since the book has come out, I've just gotten so many great responses And thoughts from people and pieces of creation Based on my creation, which is, I think, the most interesting part of creation And I'm so happy to have that I feel so lucky to have that I have never had an experience like this in my life And it is really special and awesome So if you're gonna get the book, you already have it I really hope you like it And I can't wait I can't wait to do this more John, I'll see you on Tuesday


So what is service design? Service design is the design of services. It's why you choose Airbnb over a hotel It's why you choose Uber over a taxi cab It's why you choose any number of those fast-growing companies over what existed before but it's not just about technology companies Actually, it's about things very relatable things that you and I use on a day-to-day basis It's about why you go to this coffee shop over the other coffee shop. What are you to this restaurant over that restaurant? Why do you choose this airline over that airline because it's not always about price is it actually? It's about the experience and the reason why services I matters right now is what we're seeing It's a fundamental shift in business It's a shift away from companies that serve average products for average people to a situation where companies sell Specific and remarkable services designed in such a perfect end-to-end way specific types of people and the results of Course can be fantastic, right rather than taking decades to grow a company. It can actually happen very very quickly And here's the surprising truth when you when you apply service design. It's actually it doesn't have to be expensive It doesn't have to be Take years to do it's actually things that you can roll out right away now Why me? Who am I to tell you about this? My name is Thomas Cornwall over the past decade I've worked with fourteen five hundred brands. I've worked with some of the world's leading marketing agencies I've even worked with governments in the UK and around the world to design services that now impact the lives of millions of people What I've designed is an end-to-end system that you're going to learn in this course to take you from no idea What service design is why does it matter actually to a position where you can blueprint out a perfect business a perfect service? It's incredibly innovative that millions of people are going to love on a day-to-day basis Or if you want just something small something remarkable something that will mean that they'll choose you Over anyone else now. This is perfect for somebody who's just starting out. He's ambitious. It's a changemaker Maybe that's you looking to really disrupt things and offer something new different innovative It's also perfect for you if you're sat in a giant business You may be Nestle coca-cola whoever it may be you're thinking about how do we design our future in fact in a recent study The majority of CEOs agreed that actually their business models had less than five years to run How do you design that future so this design will help you get there and we do this all in plain English We're gonna have some great stories some great case studies some really practical tips that you can apply today And you can reap the benefits for years to come. So what are you waiting for? Let's get started


Okay, so just connect to this Wi-Fi, and you can actually go to <IP_ADDRESS>, colon 8000, and you can actually download everything from there. So, should I just write it here, or do you guys see my address? I think I should write it. I'm not seeing the SSID. Yeah, sorry. You are not able to see the SSID? Is it a hidden? No. If you are making an insertion, how would you compare me? You cannot understand Wi-Fi. We can see it in the security profile. Yeah, I can see it in the security profile. So, does anyone know how to close a Wi-Fi network? Okay, edit connections, I guess. Why? Okay, close. So, Wi-Fi security is set to none. So, you guys should be able to connect it without any problem. So guys, can anyone actually make a hotspot? Yeah, that one. Okay, you have one. I really have one. Okay, you have one. I have one more. So, I don't need any of this? You need all these people to sign for me next door. Okay, fine. Okay, fine. Thank you guys. Okay, can you adjust the screen? Do you have an icon for reading? Can you adjust the screen? No, I don't have one. You don't have one? Oh, it's another one. Okay, I have one. I think I have one. I should have an icon for reading. Okay, I will... Okay, so you're going to connect to South Asia? Send Wi-Fi there without any password? Okay. Okay. If you guys are facing problem, feel free to use... Let me just... I'm actually pretty sure I have one. I just think I have one. Yes, it's on the side. I think it's just at the end of the line. It's connected to South Asia. Yeah. Just take a look if that works, okay? If the website actually opens, just take a look. Okay, and there's actually a tutorial on GitHub. Here is the tutorial. If you guys are not able to see it, okay? So just go ahead and clone it. You guys should be able to access the Internet too. Can the Wi-Fi work? It's okay. Yeah, so the Wi-Fi is actually working. It's open and it has Internet access. It's for South Asia. You just connect to it and just go to my IP which is this one and download it. Okay. I don't know. Yeah, so... I'm not confident about it. Oh, no, I just installed it. So I think it's just not working. So all the details will be there on the GitHub. And then there will be this one. So you guys can go there, clone it, and it contains all the instructions that you guys need. Just clone it. And all the details are here. So let me give you a brief introduction about what this is about. So this is actually a combined workshop of Simpa and PyDai. And Simpa is actually a computer algebra system. So it actually does computations based on symbols. So it contains everything from calculus, mathematics, physics, and everything in between. And PyDai is actually... It was basically the physics module of Simpa, but it actually had so much extra which were not symbolic. So they actually created a separate organization which we call PyDai. And they actually... Simpa is actually one part of the SciPy stack. So SciPy stands for Scientific Python and it includes a Simpa in Empire, SciPy, Maclaury, and iPython. So that's about it. So you guys need to actually install the SciPy stack which you guys should be able to do by installing the Anaconda which is being transferred to you by the USB drives. So if anyone needs Anaconda, this is payment. Order. And it's available on the Wi-Fi too. It's working on the Macs at least. And after installing or actually running this script of installing Anaconda, you guys need to update your packages and here's the command on the GitHub. So we will be using iPython notebooks which is actually a very awesome way of running Python in your browser. And we will be doing tutorials over there. So it includes all the iPython notebooks that we will be using. This GitHub repository. So anyone fixing any issues there? I have access. You will be able to access it after the installation. So is there anyone who still don't have the Anaconda installation by the USB or the hotspot? You don't have it just once. You have the Anaconda? Yeah. Who doesn't have the Anaconda? Okay. I can try one of these. So it's probably even no good. I mean, so there's an EXT panel. Okay. And if you guys need, I can actually make an hotspot in my browser too. There are actually two hotspots. One is named Sahil and you can connect to it to actually access the internet. Another is AK Tech. Yeah. So there's two hotspots. One is AK Tech and one is Sahil. So you guys should be able to access the internet to actually connect to these hotspots. Okay. Yeah. But if you don't use, don't download torrents or just go to YouTube because we have limited internet access. So just go to this ID and just clone it. This repository on GitHub. Anyone facing any issues? Sorry. Are these dependent software available? Yeah. Most of them are. Yes. Yeah. No. All of them are. But it's actually easy to use an Anaconda. Yeah. Okay. Just thinking about it. Yeah. If you need issues, just make some noise. Just let me know that you're facing an issue. Okay. So until you guys actually download stuff and just have some setup ready, we can actually go through the basics of iFighting Notebook or the, I mean the basics in general. Okay. Okay. So here are some commands.  And it will actually open all the files which are in that directory. And the extension of iFighting Notebook is actually ipynb. So I don't know if I can actually show you guys. This is how an iFighting Notebook looks like. You can add new cells. And the cells can be just text, headings or code. And you can actually run your Python code in the Notebooks. Okay. And there are some shortcuts. If you press enter, it will actually add a new cell. And a shift enter will actually run the code in the cell. And you can actually run the code shift enter will actually run the code in the cell which can be just text or heading or the Python code. Okay. And a control enter will execute all cells in place and escape an edge to display the keyboard shortcut. So let's see here that this is up. This line is a Python code, right? And I can actually run it by pressing shift plus enter and actually import it. So I'm not facing any issues. What is that? Sorry? What is that? Jupiter? Type Jupiter Notebook. Jupiter space Notebook. Go. Jupiter space Notebook. No, no. This iFighting Notebook. Both of them. Oh, okay. Okay. iFighting Notebook command is the beginning. I'll show you. Jupiter space Notebook. Yeah. No, no, no, no. Inside the term, I'm actually correct. Oh, okay. I'm gonna put it here. So where does this thing say? I've got it. I've got it. I've got it. I've got it. I've got it. So now it's okay. People only, the files, they reopen that. And if the decisions are IP and NV, they will open them. There's no force. They say, oh, they look like this. They say, oh, okay. So essentially, all of this. Yeah. I know. You don't have IP, but it should be. It should be. Yeah.  Oh, and I wanted that. Yeah. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Yeah. Okay. So sorry. I didn't get it. So seriously. Yeah. I'll be in the desk. This is clicking. Just, it's even half. Okay. This is the shell? Because I love music on Windows. Yeah. I'm just being hesitant about, I'll experience it, I'll be back as soon as I'm open. Okay. It works for me to directly from, what does that mean? I didn't do anything. I just say, I can't open it. It's like, no force. I don't get it. Is it working fine? It's still working. Do you have, do you have, do you want to change that? Okay. Okay. Just, changing that, the entry, and just run, I've got to come through that. Okay. Okay. Okay. Like, see, there's everything that is, I've got to come through that. Okay. And then just run, I've got to just see what's going on.  I don't know what's going on. Because, I can't see what's going on. So, one is ec-take, and, if you want to do more than first, one is style, F. It's your only, if you need to, you should be working on it. It's open. Okay. Okay. One is ec-take, and one is style. Yeah, that's both of them. Okay, is it locked, locked out? You do, ec-take, and mine is, you always do, you can do more than first style, okay. So, you can do both styles, you can do both styles, you can do both styles, you can do both styles, you can do both styles, okay, yeah. So, it's a few points, so, maybe you can screw it again, or just control C and then, okay, and see if you can, it should be fast. It's not a problem. So, guys, if you're not able to access internet, just connect to the hotspot style, it's 40, and it's faster now. Yeah, so just go with the, I should be, so now we have both one boot, and you can actually open them, and if once everyone is done, now it's just, it's a stream area. So, it's a stream area, so, it's a stream area, like, version machine is a stream area, so, it's a stream area, it's a stream area, so, it's like a new engine model, and you can install, you can add like, yeah, so once you apply that, actually, all that, so, it's like, so like, you want to use, you're using the version, you can use the version, so, you can basically, which one you want to use, but you can also use the version, which is like, super, and then, you can just, like, you can add to it. Yeah, so, you know? Yeah, so, you can see, you can add further, and then, just run, or you just go from here, you can add further. Yeah, so now, I don't have, no, no, no, these are not, you need to clone that, you need to clone that, oh, I just, okay, okay, so, okay, awesome, awesome, awesome, awesome, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's, yeah, so just change, you can do this, actually, you can do it, and yeah, and then, install, just, run these commands, okay, so all the details are there, in the repositories, readme file, you guys can see, that, just, okay, so it's all there, into the readme file, so just, install the Anaconda, that was given to you, as a script, or an exe file, then run these two commands, and you guys will have, all the packages, you guys can check, if you have all the packages, by running python, check env.py, which is, into the repository, and, if it exists, without any error, then you know, that, you have, all the packages you need, to, once it's installed, you need to, run these two commands, run this one, inside the shell, and then, no, no, it's just, normal term, normal term, so, it's all there, it's just, I imagine, it's all there. The big, big, big, I imagine, is very awesome, and, if you guys, should definitely, check it out, by a code, or everything, other than, I'm certain, you guys, can, use, or, excel it, in run one, it will run all the, send it from, run one, so, once it's done, So the problem is that there are commands which are specific to, I think what looks like this. You can actually load the two files here by this. So once you load a file, the code, by executing that to HD, add the code to that cell, but you have not run that code. So if you do cell run-on, it will just import that code into your run-on. And the table will give you added in an excerpt. So it's better to just look at the ship enter. The ship enter will just run one. Just click on that. And just do ship enter, ship enter, ship enter. No, no. For the one, where you have to load that code, you will do it twice. And then you will do run-on. Oh, okay. Yeah, just that one cell. So this is a cell, which is the one. So you're creating the code. Okay, you're creating the code. Okay. How many cells are there in there? Which are? Which are some strange processing things. Yeah, I mean, I guess one or maximum two. How many of you have everything open running? We have everything open running. That's not a difference. How many cells are there? How many? How many cells are there? Well, we didn't check there. I was just wondering if you wanted to start an open running. Okay, it seems sort of cool. So this cell is the power thing? No, this is actually five cells. Oh, okay. So this stays at this? Oh, okay. So that's an effect, huh? Yeah. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay, guys. So who is not open running? It's not my idea. Okay, dollar. Okay, cool. Just one more thing, guys. Dollar is just a prompt that you get in your terminal to just let you guys know that you have to run this command into the terminal. It's not the power of the command. Okay. So you guys just run from the Conda. I don't know. Okay, guys. You can start yourself on this one. What do we do about it? You said it's worth running it. What is it worth? It's usually less expensive. Okay. Okay. I'm going to say the first thing about it, it's very annoying. And the second thing is, what do we do about it? It's like from a large number of cells to a large number of cells to a large number of cells. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. We are going to start a second while we are here on question start this part. So if you guys need the instructions, it's into the readme file, another repository that you guys have just flown, and we can just start it. So what do you think is up and running for you? So once you are up and running and you do ibyte notebook into that directory, you will see something like this. So it will contain all the notebooks. And if you are seeing a folder named notebooks, just click on that folder and you will see all the notebooks there. So we have a lot of stuff here. So let's just start here. So what we will do is actually not go into that much detail into the physics or the dynamics because we just want to give you an overview and I don't think it would be worth it. So what we are doing is actually, we are dealing with rigid body dynamics. So we know the Newton's second law, which basically comes down to forces with 2MA. And we know vectors, right? Everyone knows vectors here from that math class, that boring math class, yeah. So there are different things that you can do with vectors. You can actually do dot products and you can do cross products. So just to remind you guys, this dot product is actually a scalar, it's just a value. And the cross product is a vector which is perpendicular to both the vectors, okay? So I think you guys remember the right hand thumb rule and all that stuff, okay, cool. So in a vector, we have three unit vectors which are basically perpendicular to each other, right? So we have x-axis, y-axis and z-axis, which are basically perpendicular to each other. So here, as you can see, we have, we are actually using SimPy because SimPy actually contains all the things that actually use in PiDive because it was once a part of the PiDive and then we actually shifted it outside the SimPy because it was no longer uses only the symbols, it was doing numerical calculations and visualizations too. So it is actually capable to take differential equations and then just give some initial values like the G constant, the gravitational constant, okay? And then you can actually plot it and just visualize it and just see what happens there, okay? So I am just going to do that thing, okay, and then reference frame. So these are just the basics. So reference frame is something with respect to you actually define a vector, okay? So you do x-axis, y-axis, z-axis, so they are actually stationary in a reference frame according to reference frame, okay?  Okay, you can actually define a vector and here you can see that, okay, I have done actually n is the reference frame and x is the x-unit vector, unit vector is the vector whose length is 1, just some basic stuff, okay? And c is a symbol, it's a variable, okay? And we were not able to do that in Python before, okay? You need to actually use a variable. So what we are doing is actually we are multiplying a variable with a unit vector, okay? And then we are adding it and we are saying that, okay, this is a variable and this goes, this multiplies to a unit vector, okay? So it's like c-unit into this x-unit axis, x-unit vector, d-unit into the y-unit vector and e-units into the z-unit vectors. So here we are actually defining a vector, okay? So it is actually represented by this one, okay? Cool? Here we actually define another vector called vector b. Quick question. How are you getting the math symbols? Sorry? The math symbols. Is that auto-generated? No, no. It's actually mag-x. Oh, man. Yeah. Actually, it has a... Sympy has a pretty pretty support. So... That pretty pretty is when we are in the latex and the latex is done up by mag-x and pro. Yeah. Oh, okay. So what kind of syntax are you using in the code itself? So it's automatically generated? Yeah. So we actually generated mag-x and iPython is actually converting that mag-x and printing it in this code. Oh, okay. Okay. So it's... So because the n-underscore x or the sub-index, so that is automatically generated... Yes. From the mag-x. Yeah. From the mag-x code and iPython actually converted it to this code. Okay. Okay. So here we added two vectors. So as you can... As you guys know, if we add two vectors, we add the scalar symbols corresponding to that unit vectors. Okay? So like here we have the x-unit vectors. And so if we add a and b, we add c plus f into the x-unit vectors. Similarly, d plus g into the y-unit vector e plus h into the z-unit vector. Okay? So here we can see that. It is doing that. Okay? And you can actually scale a vector. You can multiply a number, two or three or a variable and it will be multiplied to all the unit vectors in the vector. Okay? So here basically multiply two to the vector a and two gates multiplied to all the unit vectors. And you can just multiply minus one and it will do the same thing. Okay? And we can do the dot product. So dot product was a dot b equals to mod of a into mod of b into the cos of theta, which is the angle between the vectors a and b. Okay? So we are able to do that into Python using SimPy. So this is just to give you guys what SimPy is actually capable of doing and what is actually happening behind the scenes. Okay? Because Pyta actually uses all these things and then a differential equation is actually created from the SimPy using the symbolic engine and then we actually give it some initial conditions. Okay? So let's say that we have a vector which is actually pointing downwards. Okay? So it represents the gravitational force and so if we imagine that this is the z vector which is going downwards and all the other unit vectors are actually zero. So we can say zero into x unit vector and zero into y unit vector and then we only have the z unit vector which is actually g into z unit vector because g is the gravitational constant. So into the differential equation it will be g because it is generated from the SimPy and then in the Pyta we actually give some initial value to that symbol. We say that okay g equals to 9.81. Okay? And then we can actually change it according to our needs. We can say okay this is not earth, this is moon. So we change that value but that differential equation does not change. You don't need to do anything to change anything. Just change that initial value and you are done. Okay? So here we actually use, we can do the dot product and in the dot product x unit vector into x unit vector is actually one and you guys can see here that we did dot a into b, a b i a vectors and we got the product here. Okay? And similarly, similarly the cross products. Let's say that these two are vectors, my fingers are actually vectors and you need to do a cross b. So you do a b and this is the direction of a cross b and its length is actually a mod into b mod into sin theta and theta is the angle between the vectors. Okay? And we are able to do this right there. So here you can see that we are actually using the physics module from SimPy. Okay? So we can run a cross product and it will give us a vector. So we have different vector properties. You can add it, you can multiply it and so on. Okay? So we don't have much time so I am just going to skim over it and just show you guys what the package is capable of doing. And you guys can actually run these notebooks on your own and just change the code whatever you want and all the docs are actually at, okay, okay, so all the docs are actually docs.SimPy.org. So you can have all the documentations here and if you go to the physics module, here is the physics module and we have everything here and this is basically the classical mechanics that Newtonian physics that we talked about. Here you can find everything that you need. Okay? So I am just going to skim over it. We will not go into deep. Okay? So we have NumPy and NumPy is actually for the numerical calculations. You can create arrays and so SimPy is like for the symbols and NumPy is for the numerical calculations which we assign numbers and then do stuff. So PyDi actually uses SimPy and NumPy. SimPy generates the differential equations and NumPy actually does the numerical calculations that we need. Okay? So to actually visualize something you need exactly the values that should be there. So let's say that we have a pendulum. Okay? Then you need to have the exact coordinates, let's say per second. Okay? And it will then be able to visualize it. So we use SimPy to generate the equation and then we have the NumPy. It will generate the array which contains all the values that the different points will be going through. Okay? So we will see that later. Okay? And we have Matplotlib. It's another library which is into the sci-fi stack and it actually generates graphs and you are able to visualize some awesome things. So we'll just go there and just see. This is the dynamics, right? Yeah. Okay. So Matplotlib inline is specific to iPad 2 notebook and it tells it that you have to plot the graph into the notebook. You don't have to create another window. Okay? So we didn't run all these cells. So just run all the cells. Okay? We'll see it. So run all. We'll run all the things that are there. And you guys should be able to see the graph. Okay? And this. Okay? Okay? So we have actually generated a graph using the Matplotlib and you can say, okay, the x-axis, the label in the x-axis should be x-axis and label in the y-axis should be y-axis and these are the colors that you want and you can place the legends anywhere that you want. Okay? So this is an example of Matplotlib. So the sci-fi stack is very awesome. It plays well together. So different people developed this but it is just awesome working with these libraries. Okay? So we're actually standing on the giant side. That's typical statements. Okay? So just back to the vectors. We have matrices. Okay? Just, and just skip this because a lot of people here are not just physics majors. And, okay. Sorry? You need it for physics? I'm not a computer. You don't really need it only for physics. Yeah, I'm using it for a lot of things. No, no. This is not a normal matrix. This is a directional cosine matrix which is specific to physics. Okay. Yeah. So this is just not a symbol. Do you say dynamases? Yeah. So this is basically a directional cosine matrix which is used into the dynamics. It is specific to dynamics. But yeah. If you use it very often, it's an optimization. Yeah. So I guess, so angular velocity and angular acceleration. So angular velocity is the velocity of something which is actually revolving. Okay? So it is actually a vector and it is actually perpendicular to the direction of revolving. And we have the angular acceleration which is the acceleration by which a body is actually accelerating. It's angular velocity. So it is similar to what we have the velocity and the acceleration which is for a straight line. But here we have the angular velocity and angular acceleration. So these are the basic things. So we have the velocity, we have the position and we have the acceleration which actually corresponds to this. So because we have a lot of material here, I'm just going to just talk about the main headings and just skip over it. Because we have about three to four hours worth of material here. Okay. So we have different forces, right? So yeah. So I guess everyone knows about force. So let's say that this is the bottle and if I actually put it from head to head, I apply the force into this direction and it gets from head to head. Okay. Similarly we have movement or togs which are actually the force which are actually applied to a body which increases its angular velocity and gives it an angular acceleration by which it gives an increase its angular velocity, right? And then the equation of motion. So Newton's second law states that the force is equals to mass into acceleration, right? This is the basic thing. And so the, so acceleration is actually the difference in acceleration between the starting position and the end position of a body. Okay. And it actually gives us the force. So we actually calculate the equation of motion of a body using SimPy. Okay. So let's say that we have a vector. Okay. Like the vector that we saw earlier called A and a vector called B. And we say that, okay, A is the acceleration of the body initially. And after we applied some force, its acceleration changed to a vector B. Okay. Then we can actually calculate the force. Force is actually a vector and it's equals to mass. It's basically a scalar thing and into the difference into the vectors which is B minus A. So B is the final acceleration and A is the initial acceleration. Okay. Yeah. So problem introduction. Okay. So we are actually, so, okay, we have a human body and it contains some points here and here. And we have different forces applying here. We have different, we have different talks and we need to balance it. So our aim is to have a balanced human body. Yeah. I'm already about time. So just, I'll define the problem statement and then see what happens when we solve it. Okay. So here we have a human body and, okay. So this is the distance to which we are applying a torque. This and here, here and here. Okay. And these are the points of, let's say, zero velocity with respect to each other. Okay. So this part is independent. It actually includes a reference frame of itself. It includes a reference frame of itself. And this point here have zero velocity in both the reference frames. Okay. So it is actually connecting two parts of the body together. And if you apply different talks here or then the body will actually move and it may fall. So like the human base, we have to stand straight. Okay. And after that, our aim is actually balance the human body so that it doesn't fall. Okay. So we have different geometry. So are you guys actually able to run the notebooks in your systems? Okay. Awesome. Okay. So just one more thing. We have center of mass. Okay. So center of mass is actually a point. Okay. Let's say we have a body. Okay. And its size is, okay. So let's say that we have this bottle. Okay. So center of mass is actually a point where I can imagine that, okay, all the mass of this body is there at a single point. And I can remove this body and place a point mass there with mass equal to that body. And I can just apply all the things on that mass. And the equation of motion will not change. So we have, we have a center of mass. So that is called a center of mass. So we know about gravity. Gravity actually works downwards. And it is responsible for the body. So this is the reason the body is actually falling. Okay. We have different talks. Talks are the forces which increase the angle of velocity. Okay. So let's just go to this, to the visualization. Visualization. Okay. Just see that, okay. Okay. So you can actually see all the documentations by running question mark. So we have a session on SimPy right after this one. So we're actually generating the equation of motion from SimPy. So we will learn how, what are the functions by which we can actually do different things using SimPy. But here is the pie die. And we have a module called visualization module. And it contains all the different shapes. Okay. So as we learned that everybody have a center of mass. And we actually assigns a shape to that center of mass. Okay. So let's say that we assigned a shape square to a center of mass. So it helps us to actually visualize things. Because you can't actually visualize things when they are actually masses at a point. Okay. So here we have pie die dot wedge dot shapes. And we are using cylinder and space to represent the body. So as we saw earlier. So this is the body. And it contains two points. We can actually call them joints. And it is actually connected to the ground here. And there are the three parts. So we will see that this is a cylinder. This is a square. This is a cylinder, square cylinder. Okay. And we have a visualization frame. So visualization frame is the main frame in which everything is happening. So everything is actually related. And so reference frame does that. So we have different scenes and scenes. We can add multiple scenes to a frame. Okay. So here you can see the documentation of something in the iPad notebook by adding question mark to it. So we have ankle shape, knee shape, hip shape and head shape as squares. Okay.  So this is all in the pie die. Okay. We can define a space. And these are the things that we have here. So we have visualization frames. We created different visualization frames for that. So we know that we... Okay. So we have reference frames for body. Okay. And we... And like we said that we have two parts and they have their own reference frames. And the point in the middle have zero velocity angle or the simple velocity zero. Okay. So we have different frames here. And we can actually define points. We can define the point that, okay, this is head and we can actually set its position. So we are actually able to set this position using NumPy. Okay. Because we have the equation of motions and we are setting... Okay. We're just saying that, okay, just go there.  So the advantage of doing that is that you don't have to actually use SimPy and do this stuff because it's very complicated. So here you can say that, okay, we have a point and you just set its point and display the visualization frame. Okay. And we do this for each part. We have head. We have lower leg. Okay. Okay. So we have this here. Okay. And this is a human body. We have a head and we have represented all with the space and the cylinders. And we can just run it right into the iPhone notebook. Okay. So as you can see that the human actually fall is actually falling because of gravity and different joints. Because the position was not actually straight. So if it would have been into the same position, it would have actually fallen. It would not have been fallen. Okay.  That's the last iPython notebook that we have. Okay. So here we actually balanced it. And you can actually display the iPython visualization right into the box. Okay. Okay. So this didn't work. Okay. So I just need to run it one by one. Okay. Okay. So now we've basically controlled the human being. And it is now standing straight. Okay. And all this is happening in the Python world. So if you are a physician, okay. So if you are a physicist and or a general researcher, so you can actually use a sci-fi stack and specifically PI die to visualize a physical system in which you can add different forces. You can create different bodies. You can then visualize it and see what happens. So we have different functions in SimPy which actually gives you the energy at a certain point. So you can say that, okay, just tell me what the kinetic energy of this body is. And it will give you that. You can say that, okay, just give me what the potential energy is. It will give you that. So you are generating it into the computer and just seeing what happens to the body. So that's it.  Okay. So now we have a talk from SimPy.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we discuss the following question which says constructive frequency table for the following. The observations are 3, 2, 5, 4, 1, 4, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 3, 1, 4, 2, 4. Let's move on to the solution now. The observations are 3, 2, 5, 4, 1, 4, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 3, 1, 4, 2, 4. Now that we need to construct a frequency table, so for that first we will arrange the given data in an ascending order. So we have to arrange the given data in an ascending order. Now we will put this data in a tabular form. So in this table we have the observations, the tally marks and the frequency for the corresponding observations. These are the observations 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Now in the given data we see that 1 occurs 2 times. So we will put 2 tally marks and as 1 occurs 2 times so its frequency would be 2. Now consider the observation 2. It occurs 3 times as given in the data. So we will put 3 tally marks and so its frequency would be 3. Then consider the observation 3. It occurs 3 times as you can see in the given data. So we have 3 tally marks with the observation 3 and so its frequency is also 3. Now consider the observation 4. It occurs 5 times. To represent 5 using the tally marks we put 4 tally marks vertically and we put a cross like this to show the 5th tally mark and so its frequency is 5 since it occurs 5 times. Now consider the observation 5. It occurs 2 times and so we will put 2 tally marks and its frequency is 2. Now consider the observation 6. It occurs 1 time so we will put 1 tally mark and its frequency is 1. So this is the frequency table for the given data. With this we complete the session. Hope you have understood the solution of this question.


I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education and today I am going to discuss an important topic in educational psychology that is Psychological Defense Mechanisms Mano Vagyanik Raksha Tantra and I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, SS Khanna Girls' Study College, University of Allahabad and it is my email id. The lecture will be in bilingual mode that is beneficial for both Hindi as well as English medium students and it will be useful for various teaching examinations as it is a very important topic to ask or discuss in examinations and do subscribe my channel too. So let's start, Psychological Defense Mechanism, so what is Psychological Defense Mechanism? In psychoanalytic theory, we all know that we know the theory of Freud, Sigmund Freud as psychoanalysis, that is why its theory is called psychoanalytic. In psychoanalytic theory, a defense mechanism is an unconscious, the most important thing is that it is all in unconscious, unconscious psychological operation, that is, unconscious Psychological Defense Mechanism, that functions to protect a person, from an anxiety producing thoughts and feelings related to internal conflicts and outer stressors, that is, in the mind to protect a person, which works in a good manner in psychoanalysis, it is called a defense mechanism or a defense mechanism. Then first described by Sigmund Freud, that is, in Sigmund Freud, first of all, we were told about Psychological Defense Mechanisms, before that there was nothing about it in psychology. In his psychoanalytic theory, when he was telling his psychoanalytic theory, in the same way he told that what are defense mechanisms? Function to protect against an anxiety, the person works to save the person from worries. This concept was developed by him and his daughter, Anna Freud. Anna Freud also has a lot of work in psychoanalysis and defense mechanism, so he and his daughter have developed this concept together. According to Freudian theory, defense mechanisms involve a distortion of reality. In some way, so that we are better able to cope with the situation. What happens according to Freudian theory, in defense mechanism, what happens is that distortion of reality, that is, the reality, we distort it a little bit, that is, we individualize it, so that the situation, the stressful situation, the anxious situation, it is ingrained, it can be dealt with in a better way. So, the distortion of reality is an unconscious psychological operation. Then, defense mechanisms in psychoanalytic theory, any of a group of mental processes that enables the mind to reach compromised situations, to conflicts, that it is unable to resolve. I mean, the conflict that is making it difficult for us to resolve, but what do we do?  The term was first used in Sigmund Freud's paper, the Neuropsychosis of Defense. In 1844, oh my God, in 1844, I was talking about this, which we still read and understand, and then it makes us crazy, it makes us romantic, that how these things were understood then. How old is it? Then Sigmund Freud mentioned his paper, the Neuropsychosis of Defense, in defense mechanism. Yeah, okay, a lot of defense mechanisms, I have only told 12, you will get a lot more, but in this, I have tried to cover a maximum of types, so when the theoretical question is asked, it is also asked a lot in defense mechanism, apart from that, it is also asked a lot in the objective question, because it is very similar to each other, there is a very minute difference between each other, like especially repression and suppression and rationalization and intellectualization, you will read it now, it shows a lot of similarity to each other, and it is often used in different places, so I have tried to cover 12, it is a maximum, you can understand it, there are some more, I have left it, deliberately. So, how many types of defense mechanism are mentioned, this displacement, means, perception, projection, means, rationalization, means, reaction formation, regression, repression, sublimation, which is also getting the practice of making it up, but it will go up, denial, somewhere you have to refuse, unacceptable, intellectualization is very difficult, introspection is very difficult, compensation is very difficult, and suppression is very difficult, so for repression and suppression, there is only one word in Hindi, hmm, so let's start one by one, displacement, what type of defense mechanism is in displacement and what does a person do in displacement? What does he do? Diverting threatening impulses away from the source of the anxiety and toward a more acceptable source. or more acceptable, what is its example, means, from where you are worried, towards the direction of your diversion, which is less threatening for us, more acceptable, you can understand from the examples, how a student is a possible behavioral example, I have tried to explain everyone's behavioural example, then it will be better to understand that a student is an angry at her professor, often when there is a marking or an assessment, the children sometimes get angry, we get less number, we have a partiality, what happened, what happened, such things can be very similar examples, so a student who is angry at her professor for a low grade, lashes out at her roommate, who is a safer target for her, means, this is a student, she is a girl who seems to get less number, but she doesn't get angry at her professor, so what does she do, when she comes to her roommate, she is fighting with her, she is shouting at her, because she is her safer target, she will give her something, she has nothing to do with it, and in this way, she is trying to get angry, so when the anger comes out, the mind calms down, then the person becomes calm, the problem was created from there, and that is why I reacted this way, so it is a displacement, we are diverting our threatening impulses, why, because we couldn't shout at them, so anything can happen, like we are angry with the boss, so the boss is shouting at his children at home, something like that, so that the safer target, by which we become our catharsis, and we don't have any harm, so this is a type of defence mechanism according to fright, then projection, what does projection mean, in Hindi it means, prakshepan, so what does it mean, disguising threatening impulses by attributing them to others, it is a form of defence in which unwanted feelings are displaced onto another person, means, we are hiding, disguising threatening impulses, those impulses can threaten you, by attributing them to others, we are giving them the name of someone else, we are giving the name of someone else, it is a form of defence in which unwanted feelings are displaced onto another person, meaning, we are giving that hope to someone else, you can say, prakshepit, for example, you have a strong dislike for someone, but you might instead pose that she or he doesn't like you, means we don't like someone very much, means we don't like them very much, so what we will pose, we will pose that they don't like us, meaning, we are hiding our experiences, why in front of everyone, because they are not socially desirable attributes, we don't like them when we don't have any logic, that's why we don't like them, that's why we do this, so what is all this, all this is conflict, stress, how unconsciously we try to do something in our mind that we can better cope up and what is the crux of this, that we have a guilt feeling, meaning, how do we say in front of someone that we dislike them, that's what we dislike, so socially desirable, that's it, so displacement is done and projection is done, projection means prakshepit, meaning, you are prakshepiting your experiences on someone else, then rationalization, rationalization means, rational will come, generating self-justifying behaviour for negative behaviours, meaning, what we are saying is, we will change the negative behaviour in such a way that we can satisfy ourselves and justify ourselves that we are not doing wrong, it is a substitution of a safe and reasonable explanation for the cause of behaviour, meaning what we are doing is, we are justifying our negative behaviour that it is safe and our tarqik behaviour is a tarqik behaviour, that's why we did this, self-respect, individuals maintain self-respect and avoid guilt over something they have done wrong what happens in this, the individual, the student, the subject what he says, that he can avoid guilt self-respect is maintained that he did not do wrong we try to rationalize his wrong behaviour for example, a student who is rejected from her dream college can explain that she is happy to be attending a school that is less competitive and more welcoming meaning, a child is coming he is going to be admitted so what he will do, he will not be sad he will try to explain to himself that it is okay, it is good that he got admitted in this school this competition is also here and I am feeling very good so in this way meaning, we justify our behaviour by including rationality and after the divorce, a man make convince himself that his ex-wife was not up to his standards and that this split is a blessing in disguise meaning, if someone got divorced then he will not be sad thinking that he did wrong he will think that it is okay that he was ex-wife so it is good meaning, whatever is wrong or our behaviour is wrong we try to explain it by rationalizing that is why it is called rationalization or yukti how we justify it then reaction formation reaction formation means in this, a person unconsciously replaces an unwanted or an anxiety provoking impulse with its opposite often expressed in a exaggerated or showy way meaning, unconsciously unconsciously what a person does meaning, it should not be an unwanted or an anxiety provoking meaning, it can be a cause of concern what we do is we show it through its opposite behaviour and it is also very exaggerated how? it is this fixation in consciousness of an idea effect or desire that is opposite to a feared unconscious impulse meaning, what we have done we have fixed it in consciousness, that idea that feeling, that desire we show it to the world like, a person who is angry with a colleague actually ends up being particularly courteous and friendly towards him or an alcoholic extolls the virtues of abstinence meaning, a person who is angry with his colleague then what we will show publicly that we behave very well with him we are very friendly with him but in money, we think of the opposite why? because publicly our image is not bad so this is all about our mind how do we deal with the state of our heart which is the state of the mind how do we deal with it all this is written in the book of fried in such a way that there are many more that I have not included that the mental and scientific protection is inside what is the protection in nature? we fight against the external enemies what is the mind fighting here? how is it fighting? how do we say that we do not like we either say that we do not like we either say that we do not like and in reaction formation what we say is that we try to behave very friendly with him from the outside or a mother who does not want unwanted child what she will do with him because she is very friendly with him very friendly with him means, you can say she will try to show that he is a bad mother or there are many examples but he drinks himself but when he sits in public he will say that he will not drink that he will not drink so this is the way we are showing reaction formation we are showing it something else is going on in the mind regression regression means repression means repression and suppression so what regression is saying it is a difference mechanism whereby that the ego reverts to an earlier stage of development usually in response to stressful situation it functions as a form of retreat, enabling a person to psychologically go back in time to appear when the person feels safer means this is the type of protection Anna Fryad proposed this which tells us that if we have a little problem in our life then we try to go on those stages of development where we were a loving caring atmosphere we were not scolding like kids often say it was good that we were small then we did not have to scold we grew up we started scolding we started going back or psychological stages of development we went to the next stage but we felt a stressful situation so we started reacting like a kid we were very scared we treat, enabling a person to psychologically go back in time we go back in time where we felt we are safe like an example of this while regression can happen at any point in childhood, but toddlers and preschoolers often do this like the first day a child is dropped off at pre-school they may cry and cling to her parent's leg even though she has not exhibited this kind of behaviour in months means if the first day she is dropped off then she starts crying even though she has not behaved since she felt it was good that she did not have to go to school she did not have to leave the house so this is the regression regression means going back we go back to the stage where we did not have to face this stressful situation then repression when there is a separation in the last then it is a minute it is a defense mechanism whereby unpleasur provoking mental processes such as morally dis-agreable impulses and painful memories are actively prevented from entering conscious awareness this is the type of protection in which unpleasur provoking mental processes are mental which we are getting morally dis-agreable impulses that is not good or we are suffering from these impulses so what we do is actively prevented from entering conscious awareness means we actively stop it from creating that it is not in our mind it is not in our conscious awareness it is not in our consciousness it is repression it is a central concept in classical psychoanalysis the psychoanalysis we read it has a central concept friared initially uses these terms repression and defense synonymously but then later treats repression as a distinct mechanism of defense when friared started working on this on defense mechanism he used repression and defense synonymously where defense was written but later on while studying he said that repression is a distinct form of defense we often stop we do not have to think about it so this is the principle in which we read repression this is repression what is repression? unlike repression which is an unconscious attempt to prevent memories and thoughts from entering consciousness repression is the conscious effort to avoid certain thoughts, feelings and behaviors or to keep them out of consciousness this distinction was first introduced by Anna friared it is the voluntary form of repression proposed by Sigmund friared in 1892 we stop our painful memories from entering consciousness but in repression this work is unconsciously we are not deliberately doing it but in suppression this work is consciously meaning we are thinking whether to think or not whereas in repression it is unconsciously that we have to stop it this is the difference between the two that is why I am telling this here repression is done now what can be the behavioral example of repression in case of hysterical amnesia in which the victim has performed or witnessed some disturbing act and then completely forgotten the act itself and the circumstances surrounding it a child who faced abuse by a parent later has no memory of the events but has trouble forming relationships meaning that the victim has some disturbing act he has done some mischief but he is completely forgotten he completely forgets what is the cause but when we try to forget the past consciously it is separation then sublimation what is called as Uddhati it is channeling unacceptable sexual and aggressive desires into acceptable activities meaning it is not called Udhya means the unacceptable desires we channel them into acceptable activities through sublimation people are able to transform unwanted impulses into something that is less harmful and often even helpful what does a person do is he tries to transform the wrong thoughts into something that is less harmful or beneficial like a person participates in sports to sublimate aggressive desires a person creates music and art to sublimate sexual desires sexual drives that some aggression is very angry we do not play so that energy channel out then denial we do not accept that this is wrong this is wrong it is probably one of the best known defence mechanisms used often to describe situations in which people seem unable to face reality or admit an obvious truth like a loved one's death something like that we are not ready to accept that denial is an outright refusal to admit or recognise that something has occurred or something is happening or something is happening a person does it for example after hurting someone's feelings you might refuse to think about it or try to find a way to blame them or for example you might say I would not have said that if she had not been acting that way by denying your actions you shift the blame to the person who has been hurt we have done something wrong so what we do is we pose the same thing that is why we are doing wrong in every situation in every defence mechanism we try to tell our act when we know sometimes it is consciously sometimes unconsciously sometimes it is deliberately sometimes it is non deliberately but it is just that we have to be away from our guilt because as long as there is guilt our mind will not remain calm so we try to get out of our guilt we do it while getting our intellectualisation intellectualisation uses abstract thinking why are we saying this in Hindi? we are saying it with intellect so what do we do in this? we use abstract thinking to detach oneself from feelings while rationalisation uses excuses and alternative reasons to cover up facts and motives both are different we use abstract thinking in intellectualisation so that we can detach ourselves from the painful memory while in rationalisation we use excuses alternative reasons in intellectualisation individual involves in grossing oneself so deeply in the reasoning aspect of the situation that one can completely disregard the emotional aspect what happens in intellectualisation the person gets so involved in reasoning, abstract thinking that he tries to forget the emotional aspect for example if a person is lost in many curves in the data sheet in excel sheet we have calculated how much we have to pay how much interest we have to pay we have made it so mechanical that we have detached ourselves from the emotional aspect this is possible what is introjection? introjection is sometimes called identification introjection is sometimes called identification it is also known as Tadatmi it has a different meaning in Hindi involves taking into your own personality characteristics to someone else because doing so solves some emotional difficulty what do we do? we try to accept someone else's personality we feel that stress is getting away from our life with identification a highly valued external object is regarded as separate from the client and the external object is blurred whereas in identification we are like that for example a child is being bullied at school what happens to a child unconsciously begins acting like the bully to avoid being further picked on so he tries to do it at this point it is just introjection but if the child then begins to identify with the bully acting like them in all respects thinking I am just like him we rule the school dressing the bully etc. then identification has occurred and if he acts exactly like that then it will be identification and if he unconsciously begins acting like them then it will be introjection, means one step ahead identification from introjection then compensation means we try to excel in some other area it refers to the client's attempt to make up for what they consider to be their flaws or shortcomings or for dissatisfaction in one domain of their lives means if we have any shortcoming or any shortcoming in any part of our life we try to compensate compensation can manifest itself in a few different ways overcompensation occurs when people overarking in one area to make up for shortcomings in another aspect of life for example a young man feels that he is a poor athlete he feels that he is not a good athlete so what he will do? and never gets picked for teams during his physical education class and the teacher never picks him up so he overcompensates by becoming deeply engaged in other school activities such as the drama club school news paper so he will try to excel in some other area that if he is not picked up in another place that's how it is suppression is done I think I have covered all ok suppression is the same unlike repression, we are unconsciously stopping painful memory from coming into our conscious awareness whereas this is happening in suppression like if you are grieving over the death of a relationship, you may consciously decide to suppress thinking about the situation to get on with your life something like this is happening in our life so we will suppress it we will ask for life we don't have to think about it and we have to move forward in life ok so I have covered maximum defense mechanisms with you and there is very little difference in rationalization, intellectualization repression suppression regression repression so if you understand this you will be able to answer many questions ok so thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel to find this channel in telegram scan to join explore education and join my telegram group to get learning material and ask your query and provide me feedback too ok done from me sir