I started collaborating with Thibault at about the same time as Hermann, so 20 years ago, and it has been one of my most fruitful and enjoyable collaborations, fruitful because I learned a lot of things, not only the material, but also the way to address physics problems, and cheerful because, well, it's a pleasure to work with Thibault, he's always enthusiastic and he's never in bad mood. When he does physics, at least. So, well, we worked on the subject that Hermann addressed already in the previous lecture, the Berlinsky-Liftschitz-Kalatnikov of general relativity in the vicinity of space-like singularity, which was in the work of BKL, Cosmological Singularity for Definiteness, but that can be a space-like singularity in the future, and actually the analysis might be more relevant for such singularities. And I will address this problem not by following, let's say, the standard point of view, I will follow a different point of view. Well, after all, as we learned from the previous lecture, we are a bit stuck, so I think developing alternative approaches to BKL and understanding BKL and the implications of BKL, I think, should be welcome. And also, historically, it's actually the way I got interested in BKL a long time ago. So that has to do with the so-called ultra-relativistic limits of gravity. And that can be, so I'm not sure it will be useful, but I think at least it's fun. So if you look at the Poirier algebra, which describes relativistic physics, it has many contractions and there are at least two interesting ones. One which is rather familiar is the Galilean algebra, which you obtain by taking the limit where the speed of light goes to infinity. Of course, you have to be more precise when you define the contraction. You have to say which generators are perhaps after a definition kept finite and which are not. And so this is a bit sketchy, but you take C go to infinity and you redefine the boost generator B, B-I, and the energy E, as I've shown on the slide. Let's see if it works. And so if you do that, you find that the boost now commutes and also the energy momentum relation, so the commutation with the boost of P-I and E are modified. You get a zero here. Well, actually there is also the Batman algebra, I will say one word, where there is a central extension, but I will say that on the next slide. That's the limit which is familiar to us. So velocity is small with respect to the speed of light. And then there is another limit and another contraction of the Poirier algebra that you can consider, which is the opposite contraction where the speed of light goes to zero. And so if you make these redefinitions and keep the new generators finite in the limit, well, you can show that again the boost will commute. Well, there will be a C squared here and C goes to zero, so you get a zero. And the commutation of the boost with the energy and the momentum will be changed, but now it changed somehow in the opposite direction. So E with B is zero, and P with B produces E, so it's the opposite to that. Now, the Galilean algebra, or actually really the Bachmann extension, which has a central charge, so in the commutation, when I say commutation relation, here I'm really, well, you can use the generators and it's really a commutation relation. If you are Hamiltonian minded, these are the Hamiltonian generators and the Poisson bracket relation. So, well, whatever they are, so let me use the word commutation relations of P with B. Instead of having zero, you can actually allow for a central extension, which is the mass, and this leads to the Bachmann algebra. Well, it is well known that this is actually relevant for the non-rativistic limit of Einstein theory, so the Newton-Carton gravity. And the carol algebra is relevant for its ultra-relativistic limit, the opposite limit, which is sometimes called carol gravity, because the carol algebra, well, because it's based on the carol algebra. And the term carol algebra was coined, I should have said it on the previous transparency, by Lévi-Leblanc, who was studying the possible contractions of the Poir-Carré symmetry. And actually, and this is why I'm talking about the carol algebra here, the ultra-rativistic limit controls the dynamics of the gravitational field near a space-like singularity, so the so-called Belinsky-Kalatnikov limit, VKL limit of gravity. And as we heard in the previous talk, it has revealed intriguing connections with infinite-dimensional Katz-Moudi algebras, which in the case of maximum tripogravity is E10. And so I would like to describe in this talk some more carol invariant theories and briefly review the connection with the VKL behavior. And so I will first discuss carol causality, so causality in carol invariant theories, which is extremely simple, and I will compare and contrast it with the causality in Galilean invariant theories. And the main point that I want to make can already be illustrated on a very simple equation, on a simple system, a scalar field in Minkowski space, which is Poir-Carré invariant and described by the Klein-Gordon equation. Here is a Klein-Gordon equation where I kept the factor of C explicit. And we want to see what are the limits of this equation when C goes to infinity and when C goes to zero. Well, in the non relativistic limits, so when C goes to infinity, time derivatives are dominated by special gradients and the equation reduces, well, you drop this to the familiar Laplace equation for phi. If there was a source, it would be the Poisson equation, which implies instantaneous action at a distance. If I have a source here, rho, and modify the source, immediately the phi will feel it and will adjust to the change in the source. So this is the familiar non relativistic limit of the Klein-Gordon equation. And in terms of geometric structure, one can understand this as the fact that the line cones completely open to the hyperplanes x0 equal to constant. C goes greater and greater in the limit the aperture of the light cone gets maximum and light cones become hyperplanes. And so causality is very simple. You have to move forward in the future light cone. That means just forward in x0. Okay, so any motion with x0 is causality. Possible. Now let's look at the opposite limit, Karol invariant theories. So in the ultra relativistic limit, it's just the opposite. So if I go back to the Klein-Gordon equation, now this term will... So time derivatives. So this is meaningful when time derivatives dominate spatial gradients. And so you drop spatial gradients in the Klein-Gordon equation. Interestingly enough, you can still get something that depends on time. So it's still a dynamical theory. It has actually the same number of degrees of freedom as the relativistic expression. But you see that... Well, it's a very simple equation. It's just an ordinary differential equation with respect to time. And that is the opposite limit in which the light cones, instead of opening completely, they completely collapse. So they collapse to what? To a line. To the lines. At each point, xk is equal to constant. So there is a tangent vector d by dt. And so with Karol causality, the field at time t... Well, it's very... These are ordinary differential equations with respect to time. It will depend only on the field and its first time derivative at time t is equal to zero. But at the same spatial point. So nothing is... The equation goes from one spatial point to another one. You have to propagate along the line cone, which in this case is just the line xk equal constant from which you start. And so for that reason, sometimes the word ultra-relativistic or ultra-local is used for ultra-relativistic because you stay at the same point. And more generally, if you consider a more complicated system and I will illustrate that with p-forms, which is relevant to the analysis we did with Thibault, dynamical equations in Karol invariant series will reduce to ordinary differential equations with respect to time, so that the field at one point and some time is completely determined by the field at the same point at the initial time and some of its time derivatives. Okay, now actually when I was discussing the Klein-Gordon equation I wrote things in such a way I could discuss easily the electric limit well what is now called the electric limit of the Klein-Gordon equation there is another way and there are probably many other ways to take by appropriate rescaling limits where c goes to 0 or c goes to infinity and another one actually is called the magnetic limit which has also similar causality features but the Klein-Gordon equation will reduce to some other equation compatible with Karol causality and this actually has been discussed and goes by many people and goes back to the work of Le Bellac and Lévi-Leblanc of 1973 where they show that for electromagnetism there are actually two limits, electric and magnetic and then that was extended to Karolian electromagnetism by these people more recently well, interest in Karol group actually arose also because it's connected with the BMS symmetry since it acts on null hyposurphases and on null hyposurphases till the intersection with the light cone is aligned like here and the generalization of this construction to general theories in arbitrary dimensions has been considered more recently by almost simultaneously by these two groups of authors ok, so I will actually illustrate the other limit, the magnetic limit in the case of P-forms and the best which, so I'm now considering P-form gauge theories in arbitrary dimensions and the best way to discuss these limits something is happening with the microphone the best way to discuss these limits is to write the theories in Hamiltonian form and then one clearly sees what is kept in the various limits and why one is called electric and the other is called magnetic now the Hamiltonian action for a P-form reads as follows so the P-form is described by the P-form potential which is a P-form in the Hamiltonian description only the spatial components and they conjugate momenta define the phase space A0 with a time index are Lagrange multiplier for constraints so the Hamiltonian action or the action in Hamiltonian form will contain the spatial components of the P-form conjugate momenta that's a characteristic PQ dot term of telling us that P and A are conjugate pairs and then there is an energy density which I called H and there is a constraint which is a multiplier which is A0 it's a gauge theory and we know that in any gauge theories there are constraints at least some of the constraints the first class one generates a gauge symmetry but that's the only thing we have here and so here is the explicit expression the energy density first well it's really the analog of the electromagnetic case that we know very well where the energy density is E squared plus B squared which is the square of the electric field is the electric energy density the electric field is is really pi so I get pi squared for the electric energy density then the magnetic energy density is the square of the magnetic field which is B squared but here we have P-forms in dimension so that's spatial components of the curvature F so that's for H it has two E squared plus B squared that's electric magnetic and then there is a constraint which is really Gauss's law for these P-forms that tells us that in the absence of sources which is the case I considered the divergence of the electric field is equal to zero of course if they were sources that they would be sources okay whoops how much time do I start it late no 15 now well maybe I should have stressed C so you see that the velocity of light so I naturally with this choice of variables naturally appears here C squared and there is no velocity of light here so if you take the magnetic click-mit is actually the one that you obtain by the direct C goes to zero limit of that expression and you cross out then this term the magnetic energy that survives what is the gauge group here sorry what is the gauge group here the gauge group is the group it's adding to the P-form the exterior derivative of a P-1 form and you can show that if you take the bracket of the variable with the constraints sandwiched with the gauge parameter of that transformation I just described so a P-1 form is the gauge transformations so that's the gauge symmetry it's a billion now the electric limit is well you have to do first some rescaling of the fields to put actually the speed of light to transfer the speed of light from the electric energy density to the magnetic energy density so you do this rescaling and this opposite to rescaling A with P should be one and not C or one over C so you want to keep that this is the way you normalize things but then you can make this transformation and then take the limit and in that case instead of dropping the electric energy density you drop the magnetic energy density and you remain with the electric energy density both limits are compatible with gauge invariance because the electric field and the magnetic field are the same invariance so you are not spoiling gauge invariance by taking the limit and it takes the same form there is no C in the constraint and actually it's so it's compatible with carolin invariance that's easy to check you can write the transformation of the field and verify gauge invariance but a more direct way to check gauge invariance sorry carolin invariance in the Hamiltonian formulation there are invariant theories so in both case limits that I considered the electric field sorry the electric energy density only contains the momenta so momenta with momenta is 0 so the bracket here is clearly equal to 0 and in the magnetic limit the magnetic energy density only contains the Q's and Q with Q is 0 so you get this bracket relationship the energy density at two different special points commute in carolin invariance theory so which is in contrast with Poichard invariant theories where you would get here the momentum density as was explained long ago by Schringer and Dirac the commutation relations of the energy density and momentum density reflect Poichard invariance well in our case they reflect carolin invariance and it's simpler it's 0 here instead of having terms proportional to the momentum density and it's clear that this will imply straight forwardly when you compute the total energy and the boost generator which are obtained by integrating the energy density that's for E and integrating the energy density but with the first moment with XK to get the boost generator because E with E is equal to 0 E being either E electric or E magnetic when you compute these brackets you clearly get 0 which is indeed what you should get in a carolin invariant theory so this actually implies the characteristic brackets of carolin invariant field theories in the case of Poichard we would not have that and so the brackets here would be the ones of the Poichard algebra now I described the limits in the case of electromagnetism and P form theories so I will start with the and again it's easier to do it in the Hamiltonian formulation and I will only describe the electric limit and so I will start with Dirac and Hamiltonian action for Einstein gravity which reads well let me as follows so you have the spatial metric and its conjugate momentum the laps and the shift which are really the temporal components of the metric which acts as a Lagrange multiplier for constraints there is a surface term we talked about it yesterday so I don't have to talk about it today it depends on the boundary conditions and I am not going to discuss the behavior of the field at infinity in this talk so it's not right the boundary term that might be there if necessary now the Hamiltonian constraint and this is a so-called momentum constraint and they have the following expressions and well I have already simplified the expression of H2 by redefining the fields and redefining the laps actually this will be shown on the next transparency but I want to make the point first and then I will discuss that issue if you rescale appropriately things and redefine variables this is what you get for the Hamiltonian constraint and the momentum constraint the Hamiltonian constraint has two terms one which is quadratic in the momenta where the width super metric is the inverse of the super metric since we are working with the momenta here which was discussed in the previous lecture and then we have the curvature which come and they come with different powers of C and you can adjust these things to be that way by appropriate rescaling and so you see that if you take the limit C goes to zero you are just dropping the spatial curvature so spatial gradients and this is a consistent limit because it does not spoil the number of gauge the number of gauge symmetries it will take a different form but you don't spoil it because all the constraints which are first class in Einstein gravity remain first class in the limit and actually these ones become even simpler because they are just they just commute in Einstein gravity this would contain HK but here we get in the limit zero so they are first class carol electric limit of Einstein gravity is just the kinetic term in the Hamiltonian constraint now as I said you have to do some rescaling so if you put back all the constants and don't rescale so N is the unrescaled laps and H would be the unrescaled Hamiltonian if you rescale things which actually I was already doing this is the expression you get I mean if you keep everything and I have rescale to make so you get we know that in Einstein action we have the gravitational coupling constant G we have C and there is some numerical factor and this is actually the expression of the Hamiltonian constraint once you have rescale the laps in this way so I pulled out some factors in order to have one here but then this is what you get really in front of of the special curvature you see that actually you get indeed the C squared but you get also a factor of 1 over G squared and there is this factor epsilon which has been called by the Hamiltonian signature of spacetime because he was asking the following question suppose that I want to write the Hamiltonian formulation of Euclidean gravity so I change the signature of the spacetime metric what would be the expression of the constraints some people thought that this might change the signature of the DeWitt super metric which has Laurentian signature but it doesn't so this stays unchanged it remains a Laurentian actually it's a metric on the symmetric space a GLN over SON so that you are not going to change but the signature comes here and actually it will reflect there is an epsilon which comes here but of course when you take the limit and so this is really the Hamiltonian signature of spacetime for Euclidean signature you get a minus sign for Euclidean signature you get a plus sign so this is how you can tell from the constraint whether you are dealing with Euclidean gravity or mid-constant gravity and so because of all this you see that the limit C goes to 0 which I was considering the Karol limit is actually equivalent to the limit where G the gravitational coupling constant goes to 0 and actually that was considered by Isham even before and he called it the strong coupling limit because of that reason it was just setting G goes to infinity and that was the terminology used by Claudio, epsilon is equal to 0, you go halfway between Euclidean and mid-Coskian but actually that's precisely where the light cone collapses to 0 before even completely disappearing and so that was also called the 0 Hamiltonian signature limit of general relativity in all cases which is consistent system but that's also equivalent to the Karol limit I just wanted to point that out This K in the previous Friedrich metric, is it the same as N? Which? D I J K M and there is a generalist momentum by M N Oh I'm sorry you are very you are really reading everything so indeed K M should be K K M here I mean thus it summed let's see did I yes so it's really a copy and paste of an incorrect formula all the way through okay I'm sorry so indeed all indices are saturated now it turns out this is just an aside remark that this action that I just wrote in Hamiltonian form in the Karolian limit can be written co-variantly but the objects are not Riemannian metric they are actually degenerate metric but then is the metric is degenerate is determined is zero you don't have a volume element so you have also to bring in a volume element and you get the same number of degrees of freedom of independent fees as in Einstein gravity in the Hilbert action formula and you can write the action in a covariant way in terms of the lead derivative of the degenerate metric along the null vector I mean defining the light cones normalize this way so this is an aside remark but that's actually my interest in Karol from some time ago now there is also a magnetic limit in which actually you keep the special curvature and drop the kinetic term in the Hamiltonian constraint and that has been considered recently but also by other authors so why is this relevant to the BKL limit it turns out that in the vicinity of a space like singularity 5 but now I am on known territory and Hermann covered part of it the description of the gravitational field coupled to P forms as in extended supergravity models can be described in very simple terms doesn't mean that the motion itself is simple but you can tell which motion it is in simple terms because time derivatives dominate and so if you in the limit where you drop special gradients the description of the dynamics will be just ordinary differential equations with respect to time and at each special point you would have the generalized customer solution I am saying generalized because there will also be some expression for the P forms in which special gradients are set equal to zero so you get a homogeneous solution of the Einstein P form equation at each special point and this is the BKL limit and it leads to it turns out that this dynamics can be re-expressed by change of variables to the dynamics of a ball moving in a billiard the billiard itself being in a region of hyperbolic space okay but this is precisely the ultra relativistic carolian limit where time derivatives dominate special gradients so the limits of the Einstein equations close to a space like singularity is precisely controlled by the limits which is compatible with carol invariance now I should say that for pure gravity so it's important to have the P forms to have this statement 100% correct so correct in other words for pure gravity the special gradients cannot be set equal to zero for all times as you go to the singularities there is always a bounce to some curvature walls so the curvature plays an important role it can be replaced by an effective term that depends only on the fields but nevertheless it cannot be completely set equal to zero however in the presence of P forms it turns out that the bounce is due to the so-called curvature walls while the curvature walls are subdominant with respect to the electric walls so if you keep the electric energy density of the P form which is what the carol limit does you can consistently drop the curvature walls and the collision with the electric walls take into account the dynamics to leading order you get a complete carol description now actually it turns out that for the for gravity you have always to keep the it's always the electric limit which is relevant near a space like singularity if you couple to P forms sometimes it is the electric limit of the P form Lagrangian that you have to take sometimes it's a magnetic limit it depends on the spacetime dimension and the rank P of the P form but in both, in all cases you can have a carol description so in the particular case of 11 dimensional supergravity which has a particular interest so maximal supergravity the bosonic field content is 11 dimensional well is a metric and a three form and turns out that it is the electric energy of the three forms that dominate in that case the limit is equivalent to taking the electric carol limit for both gravity and the three form so in which you keep in the Hamiltonian constraint where now we have also the energy momentum density but you take so you keep the kinetic term here and the electric energy density of the three form now there are also terms in general in the full theory there are terms which contain the curvature as we have seen actually it's multiplied by C6 the curvature and I think B squared is multiplied by C squared and the moment the magnetic energy density but in this carolian limit they disappear and this is the correct limit as you go to the singularity and you can actually also keep the chance I must term in the carolian limit that it survives in fact now and this dynamics is in that limit as we have heard has been shown to have remarkable properties because the billiard that you get is not just any billiard but is a fundamental value chamber of E10 and this exhibits well at least points to remarkable connections with hidden symmetries but this is already this is true in the carolian limit I mean you are not losing this important feature on the contrary you see it more clearly in the carolian limit of the theory so let me conclude so we know very well since the early days and from our teaching that the non relativistic limit of gravity is quite useful in general relativity and very powerful methods exist to control developments in powers of 1 over C the opposite of travesty limits as I try to argue is also useful because it is connected to the B and so physically relevant because it is connected to the BKL analysis in the vicinity of space like singularity actually it appears also in other gravity related context and cosmology for instance in that recent preprint where they argue that the energy momentum tensor of a perfect grid in the carolian limit should have the equation of state P this rho is equal to 0 which is relevant for dark energy but a systematic expansion in powers of C remains to be more fully investigated there is some interesting work by dotcour from some time ago but I think that this deserves to be better understood in the context of the BKL limit and before I thank you maybe I can close by saying actually this last transparency shows the range of interest of Thibault in terms of the speed of light it goes all the way from C goes to infinity the non relativistic limit to C equal to 0 the BKL analysis so thank you very much thank you very much for the nice talk and keeping the time for a lot of questions there is a question please if you just replace this true by non-Avelian if you impose some duality between magnetic and electric component then we get SL2z and then the solution of this wheeled gravity equation psi as in in the previous talk then if we impose SL2z invariance then we get an automorphic form is it true or something I would think that this is true too because you see the curve here we have the same wheeled super metric just the dynamics is different but I would think that all these constructions based on symmetries remain valid so just imposing a non-Avelian will be set I'm not sure there are probably two things involved in the questions we can talk after if you want last quick question there is nothing on the chat so thank you very much thank you


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Professional chess player and coach Babatunde Onokoya says chess saved him, now he's using the game to educate children in slum communities, who joined us to share in the smartness from slum story. For the first time, Nigeria crossed 1,000 new daily COVID-19 infection that without fatality, and we inch in closer to a fourth wave. And like always, we will be reviewing the top stories in the dailies with an analyst. Many thanks for joining us on the breakfast and plus TV Africa. I am Justin Akadunye. Merci, good morning to you. Yeah, good morning Justin. It's good to be with you. Yes, it's a great weekend, and I'm sure a lot of people are actually bracing up for the fun ahead and of course the relaxation for, you know, the weekend. I will be starting with some top trending and one of the stories in the news right now is no promotion for airing judges. You know, the Chief Justice of Nigeria, Tanco Mohammed, has actually announced that judges who have been given conflicting judgment and rulings on most cases that we have had over time, you know, will not actually be getting any promotion. That's because, you know, the judiciary, as they always say, it's the hope of the common man. And the problem that we have, like we constantly talk about is not the fact that we don't have laws. We do have laws in our country, right? But the implementation of these laws and obeying the laws is what's actually, you know, a major challenge for us. Now, and if you remember vividly, it was within a week that you had different court orders, you know, from the one from Kebi and then River State and also Cross River State. Now, do you want to talk about the national judiciary of, what's it called, the NJC now? The Judicial Council. Okay, apart from the fact that, apart from the fact that, you know, the council has a responsibility of advising the president and governors, they also have a responsibility of disciplinary function. And that's what it is. So it is quite commendable the fact that this should serve as a deterrent. It should serve as a deterrent to other judges and to everyone in the practitioners. Because we can't constantly just wake up. That's, it threw the country into a serious commotion and confusion. And a lot of persons were totally, you know, concerned about the fact that how can this come from, you know, the judiciary. Now, the function of a judiciary in a democratic dispensation can never be disputed.  You know, they also ensure, tells us and protects groups and people, you know, from the government. So you can't be the one, you know, giving different orders when you understand what the law says and, you know, acting contrary. So yes, I think it's a step in the right direction, the fact that this punishment has been put out. And I hope that it serves as a deterrent to every other person, you know, in the judiciary. Yes, it is a welcome development. I couldn't agree more because as some of these judges, they end up causing more than chaos to the judicial system in Nigeria, not just the judges themselves. Sometimes even the lawyers, you know, they tend to make the matter, you know, or the matter is worse when they know that there has been maybe a particular judgment and that they go to another court on even of the same jurisdiction to, you know, file applications, you know, feed of it and of course, export to motions there and there, knowing that it should just cause some sort of a delay in the dispensation of justice. But I agree with Tancom Mohamed. No promotion for Aaron George's. This couldn't have come at a better time. All right, another story trending right now is the Chinese government is actually sending investigation experts to help Nigeria in its fight against insurgency and security generally. Merci. This was a fallout of an agreement. You know, the Chinese government had Nigeria sometime October 1 this year. There was some sort of a Nigeria, Nigeria, Chinese, you know, friendship or something like that. And in all of this, they say that the fight against terrorism can may not be entirely handled by just the country and its people. Sometimes there is the need for international aid and help.  A lot of people have greeted that particular, you know, development with mixed reactions. Some say that it is a welcome development. Others are saying that, you know, there may be some close to it if the Chinese government is bringing their experts. What's the need for them, really? Exactly the question, because we also need to understand the politics that happens outside, you know, when nations come together. You always need to understand that everyone would want to represent their interests. And so China would not just wake up and be interested, you know, in Nigeria's security. Did we invite them or did us head back and thought that we need to extend help? As much as we say no one should live in isolation, you can't get it all by yourself. And that's why there's a message for globalization and, you know, global peace and prosperity. At the end of the day, if you look at the reality, you'll find that everyone is looking out for their interests with their policies at the end of the day to protect their own country. So first of all, as much as one would say, OK, yes, do we need some collaboration? Do we need help? Is it OK to ask for assistance and help in combating, you know, the security challenge? We also need to begin to look at what kind of challenge we're combating here. I mean, security concerns. We have internal issues. And let's not forget that we're a sovereign nation.  Right. So being a sovereign nation, being the fact that we have security concerns, these are internal issues. It doesn't, I don't know if we understand that we know, we know exactly what the problems are. We understand the dynamics. They're just not, it's not just, you know, it's not just limited to a particular, I mean, if you want to begin to categorize them, you will talk about the issue of kidnapping and banditry and what have you, you know, to the northeast in part of the country and you want to come to, you know, the south, south region of the southeast. You talk about the issue of marginalization that is causing, you know, the agitation. Which is also causing, yeah, which is also causing all of that challenge and pockets of issues around. So the issues are, you know, internal issues. And whether or not we have, you know, all of these experts come from wherever we're going to bring the best brains and bring all of them. When it comes to implementation, it comes to doing, so we have them train the officers until we do what we ought to do. It wouldn't change anything. So it's okay to say, yes, we're coming to have this expert exchange knowledge. Yeah, that's good. That's applaudable. Who would be implementing them? The Nigerian police, the Nigerian army, or what have you, the security agencies, as long as, because it's the same thing as saying you could read something, you could have information and you do contrary to what you have. So the problem is not about, you know, the information. I think that we have what it takes to take care of our security concerns. Yes, I know that some people would not want to agree with that and say, okay, in terms of, you know, in terms of weapons, we depend so much on the Western world for weapons and weaponry. And this has always been the case, you know, for us as a country to some extent. We have always been very dependent. I remember a time where Nigeria was, you know, faced with the particular war where we lost out on that one. And that's because the sanction that was placed on Nigeria, I think it was, you know, in Kensahari, it was an execution when we had all of that, you know, military, I mean, the sanction on Nigeria. We threw all of the might. So all of the countries that gave military support and weaponry and all that, we drew it. And that's what happens when your dependency is so much on this country for almost everything. But it boils down to the fact that whether or not we bring, you know, the, I don't even know what to call it. I don't know who they bring up. Intelligence. As much as we are the ones implementing it. Because we'll see, these things are not going to be implemented, the arrests. I mean, we've talked about the fact that we have identified the persons who have sponsored. It's not like we don't know. So we say we know those who are sponsoring terrorism and the bandits in our country, we know. We're not supposed to, the federal government has said, we know the sponsors. I say supposedly because they're not doing what they're supposed to do. The federal government is also saying, oh, we are aware that people are collecting taxes. This group of persons are collecting taxes. We know ex-wives. So why haven't we arrested? Why haven't we had people, you know, going through facing the law as it were? Mother is mother. And so we're beginning to say, let's begin to create other laws.  And the constitution makes provision for the issue of mother. So I really do not understand. So whether or not we're going to, because we don't, we have a police force. We do have a police force. Don't we have, you know, security, we have different. There have been several bodies that have been created, states, joint effort and what have you. So why aren't we arresting?  What do they do differently? When they're gone. Does it mean that we will now start affecting arrest? Well, I think in my opinion, I think in my opinion, you know, the best they could do, they could decide to offer their support, you know, whatever it is. But Nigerians actually, Nigeria should have the final say in what direction it wants to drive its own security or, you know, tactics and all of that. If it means buying weapons from or getting tanker ships or whatever it is to combat. That's not necessarily the problem. So basically when they talk about China coming to support us, it's as though we're actually just leaving ourselves to the mercy of the Asian world. Whatever, you know, they bring to us, we just accept and hopefully we might get the solutions that we need. But I don't think that's the way to go about it. We'll leave that for a bit now. We'll talk about the final. Talk training. It actually makes me laugh. I am laughing right now, but some group of people or some residents from some Asian countries would not be able to laugh for the next 11 days. Not drink alcohol, you know, because they have to do that in respect of their leader. I'm not laughing. I'm just wondering how you could just go about mercy. Can you imagine going one full day without laughing or smiling? Well, it's possible. It's possible not to laugh. I know you so well. It's possible not to laugh. For 11 days, mercy. It's possible not to laugh. I mean, if you live in that country, so let me put it back to you. If you were in South Korea now, North Korea, if you were in North Korea, tell me that you would not obey that law. Some knows, I don't know, would be hard to build. Would you just be in perpetual sadness? The truth with North Korea is the fact that they have stringent laws. I mean, it's a totalitarian nation. It's crazy. And so you have the leadership. There are laws that have been classified as unusual. We're talking about those laws as unusual because we live in a democratic dispensation. And that's why I would always say, and I would follow the people who argue that the worst form of democracy is still better than the best form of any military government. Now, there are several rules. Do you also know that it is also a crime to make calls? There are too many unusual laws, international call, in North Korea. In 2007, if I'm not mistaken, a man was actually executed for that. Women are not even allowed to drive. I don't know if that has actually changed. There are too many issues. There are several laws. You're not allowed to listen to foreign music. You're not allowed to wear jeans. You're not allowed to... There was a time where... They're just existed. They're not even living as it is. And that's why at some point, so you need to take a breather and begin to appreciate democracy. Some people have argued that democracy is not the best form of government. And I will always say that as the worst form of democracy that you would have ever, it is way better than... Would you just have your freedoms? It's way better than living in a system. You're not even allowed access to the internet. You know that? They don't have access to the internet. And those people who have access to the internet adjust to select few. And that is highly monitored. So they don't have access to internet, no mobile phone connection. And even if they do have all of that. So I'm entirely not surprised that there's been a ban. The death of the leader of North Korea is also a huge issue also. So there are too many laws that, like you have described, draconian and they're not very, very surprised. There's also a time where, you know, leather jackets were being banned. Did you see that report? Yeah, because people were actually emulating, copying that. The supreme leader. So you're not even allowed to sleep. It's also a crime for you to sleep while he's making a speech.   Sometimes we watch them on TV, even in the National Assembly, they're dozing off. You know, when they're having serious conversations and deliberating and making lots. Too many people would have been dead. But you see, it's time for us to sit back and appreciate the fact that we're in a democratic dispensation. As horrible as we think it is. But you know, it's better than any, any world. So we're feeling is weird right now. We're feeling is strange. It is weird. Yeah. The fact that I can laugh. The reason you're feeling that it's strange and weird is because you leave. Yes, you don't leave there. We practice a different kind of, you know, democracy. And that's why I mean, we practice democracy is not a different kind. So that's a system where, you know, the draconian laws is a totalitarian, military, authoritarian kind of government. And that's what is expected. So you see, for those who would always advocate that kind of law, you don't even want to say it. I mean, my parents and my grandparents who lived, you know, during that era. They lived in North Korea. No, not in North Korea. I probably would have been in North Korea by now. I'm just saying. You're not even laughing right now. No. I would still laugh. Unless you would not laugh. You can still hide under the people. You're not laughing. You will not even try.  Nobody would be there to see you when you're laughing.  Maybe somebody goes out and say you were laughing or take a picture. Okay, they don't have access to the phone. So how do I take a picture? It is really strange. I can't imagine it. No, I'm not surprised. I want to laugh. I can't laugh. For those who actually take alcoholic and beverages, they can't. There are some people actually who believe in alcohol. No, but it's very also close in Nigeria.  I know that. But the part of not laughing. So how do you explain the fact that there are other laws? I should laugh when I want to. You can't listen to foreign music. You can't do anything. No comedy show. I mean, there are several laws. I'm not surprised. Christmas, you want to go for comedy shows. You can't do that right now. It's a different country entirely. Different laws. I want to laugh. And I thank God that I actually have the privilege and the freedom and the right to laugh. I'm right now happy that I am from Nigeria. But that's as much as we can take on our top trending in a moment. We'll be back with the press and GB Johnson will be joining us in a minute. Don't go away.


the delivery of the census in Scotland for all the reasons that we have talked about. We made those recommendations to ministers and ministers agreed them, but it was not ministers asking us to delay the census by a year. Ultimately, it is not a decision for the Parliament as to when the next census is taken, but we have to reflect that the census has only been moved out a step twice in its 200-plus-year history, one of which is for World War 2 and Scotland for the pandemic. I appreciate and understand entirely why comparisons are being made by what happened in England and Wales. We have to remember that 71 per cent of the countries in the world who were planning to take a census in 2020 and 2021 delayed it. That included Ireland, Germany and Italy. It was not an unusual decision that was taken here. It was a decision that many nations across the world, including western democracies, were taking at that very same time for that very same reason. On that point, I wonder, firstly, a hypothetical question, but based on what you have been talking about if the decision had been taken to go ahead with a census at the very low point or high point, however you want to look at it, of the restrictions around the pandemic. You have indicated how difficult it would be from a practical point of view to organise that, but would it also have created some very strange data for historians looking back as well? Thank you. That is a very insightful question. One of the purposes of the census is to gather data that asks the same questions of people at the same time, but is also reflective of society as it exists and is then usable in future years. One of the challenges, and obviously a source of criticism by some academics of censuses that took place during pandemics, was that they gathered data at an unusual point in society. On one hand, people can say that it is really helpful to get data about that really unusual thing that happened. On the other hand, others will say that that is not representative of society, it is representative of society in a lockdown or a near-lockdown position. You do get into difficulties because, for example, students are not in the same place that they would be normally. If it was to take a census in 2021, the population of St Andrews would look and feel very different. People were working at home so that the data that you get in relation to where people work, how they travel, how they get there that informs transport decisions and other decisions is skewed. I know our colleagues in O&S, one of the things that they have had to do, and they are a hugely capable organisation, and they have done it, is to make adjustments for the fact that the population were not in the same places doing exactly the same things during the pandemic in 2021. My other question, convener, was about household visits. I see in the data that you have provided, it suggests that there were over 1.5 million household visits across the country by field staff. Can you maybe explain for us what a household visit constitutes? For instance, in my own local authority area, it suggests that over half the households had such a visit. What did that constitute? I will perhaps hand over in a sector to Anne, who is our operations director and managed the field teams. However, 1.7 million address visits were undertaken, so that could have covered situations where people were not in at the time and can talk about the protocols and what was done under those circumstances. I hope that everybody can hear me, but let me know if you can. Our field force would get a note of the addresses that they were to visit on a daily basis. A household visit would mean that the field force person would go to the household and have no attempt to make contact with whoever was living there. If they did make contact, they would talk to them about the senses and the different ways that that can be completed. Before the extension period, they were directly contacted by our contact centre. If there were issues in doing telephone data capture to assist digital, they would offer the household a pay-per-form and they would be able to make sure that they knew how to complete the census online. They were making sure that the household was aware of all the channels. They were also exploring whether householders had any barriers to completion and what else they could do to help them. In some instances, the household would complete the pay-per-form questionnaire and the field person would arrange to go back and collect it for them and post them and all sorts of things like that. If the householder was not in when the field person needed contact with the doorbell or whatever, they would put a calling card through the door that had some information about the senses on it and the phone number for our contact centre if they needed further help. However, we had a system that recorded that there would be no contact made, so that address would then come back and to be subsequently enumerated hence, as I mentioned in other explanations, that often householders had to have more than one visit. Certainly, in the first instance, there were roughly about 70 per cent contact, 70 per cent non-contact, rather, and 30 per cent contact. That dropped slightly when we moved into May. Possibly, as a result, there was better weather and things, and often more people were out. I hope that that gives you everything that you need to know. I'm just going to go online for the final question, conscious of time, though, as Mr Ruskell wanted to ask a question. Yeah, thanks. I appreciate the technical nature of the evidence this morning, and, as you're saying, it was a technical decision to delay rather than a political one. I think that most of my questionnaires have already been answered, convener, but I did want to pick up on one thing that Paul Loh alluded to earlier on, and that was just to perhaps change attitudes within society towards these kind of censuses. I don't know if you could expand on that. Did I pick you up correctly that there may be a changing attitude at all? Yeah, I mean, I have to be careful that some of this is understanding of other data with the census, but I probably have to reflect that there are a significant number of events that have happened in the past year or two. We've had over two years of people living under very considerable Covid restrictions and having to follow government guidance and government rules and instructions. There's some data out there that suggests that that's starting to have shift society's attitudes and how they interact with government and officialdom. There's also information that people are currently or recently distracted by a number of different things happening in their life—the post-Brexit landscape, what's happening in cost of living crisis and various other things. Going back to that survey, that survey was based on 1,213 households who agreed to answer in the last week of the census, and 35 per cent of those people just said that they were too busy to do the census. Certainly that also chimes with some of the feedback that we were getting at the doorstep. People didn't see the census as important enough to them to do or that they would do it, but they would do it at a later time, but that later time never came. We changed the design of the census as we ran because we saw this starting to happen. We ended up issuing five reminder letters to people who didn't respond. We were originally planning—an O and S believed to—a couple of reminder letters. We added in three additional layers of reminder letters, and we had to extend and add in additional advertising activity that we hadn't planned to do. In particular, our colleagues in O and S hadn't had to run with. There are a range of things that we had to build in to try and deal with the fact that we weren't getting the response rates that we expected, but I'm highly surprised that about a third of the high-proportioned people phoned up or contacted us to request a paper form, who then didn't return it. Those are people who are very proactive in requesting them but didn't send them back for whatever reason. I think that there are some really fundamental questions that might not just inform future censuses but, indeed, future engagements with the public and a range of different policy issues and how we do that in the future. If you were to sum it up in one word, would you say that it is a sense of fatigue? I think that there is certainly an element of that at play here, yes. Mr Loh, I thank you and your officials this morning for attending the session. We will quickly close as we have a further agenda item in private. Thank you very much.


So we're done with the gym. I've just smashed chest and a tiny bit of triceps. I want to show you guys what I look like at the start of this cut. I'm not disappointed with how I'm looking. I'll weigh in for you guys straight after this and see what my waist is. But hey, this is how we're looking with a good chest pump. And you make up your own mind as to what body fat percentage I am. At the end of this series, I do plan on doing another depth of scan and seeing exactly where I'm at, which will be interesting. I'm aiming for 10 to 12% body fat. So this is how we're looking at the moment. That's a little bit of fun. That's how I'm looking. You can imagine how I'm going to look in eight weeks time. So I'm going to put the impressive by the end of this series. So that's the gov. That's how we're looking.  Actually no, I'll talk to you guys outside. Alright guys, we are back. And I just thought I'd show you what the weather's like today because, you know, the weather's like this every single day and it's an absolute stunner.  That's the gym. Come over here, you can see the pool. So yeah, there's units going all the way along there, all the way along there and all the way along there. So this is my, this is my one. And look at the contrast guys, the purple and orange against the blue. I mean, this is what the sky's like pretty much every single day of the year here, man. Completely crystal clear blue sky, not a cloud in the sky. Check out this zone. Anyways, let's go inside. Actually, let's test out the zooming. Oh, that's meh.  I've got to be honest. But either way, I thought I'd just show you guys my post workout meal. Now, well, it's actually my first meal and most days this will either be my first meal or if I train fasted, it'll be my post workout meal, obviously. So, and it's going to be a shake. Now my shakes when I was bulking are going to be completely different to the shakes I'm doing now. When I was bulking, it's funny, you know, as soon as I decide wholeheartedly in my head that I'm switching from bulking to cutting because there's no point doing neither because you're just standing still and I spent far too long doing that. So I choose to either go wholeheartedly into bulking or wholeheartedly into cutting. And obviously, as of today, I've flipped that switch in my head and I'm going to start cutting. So, you know, my whole mindset towards food completely changes. And it's funny, I can change it just like that. But it's because I know what I need to do.  So before my shakes were, you know, as much in there as possible, because, you know, I was, I was struggling to get them down, to be honest. And, you know, I wanted, if anything, I wanted them to be smaller in volume. Right now, funnily enough, I want them to be as big in volume as possible with the complete opposite, with the lowest amount of calories.  And so I took them out. And right now, obviously, I'm going to want something that does that exact thing, volumizes it, makes it all thick and fluffy. And so frozen mixed berries are coming right back. So with that said, you know, I don't want the carbs to be too high. I don't know, I don't, I don't know exactly how, how many carbs or how many fats I'm going to have. I know that protein, I want to be 200 or above. I know that my calories, I want to be 2,500 or below. And, you know, if I stick to those two things, I'm going to be pretty sweet. I know that I need a good amount of carbs to sustain myself through my training sessions. I need a good amount of carbs in my diet to still get a pump, you know, still have glycogen in the muscles, still feel, you know, full and satiated. That's just my body. So I don't want to cut out carbs completely.  I'm not going to do that either, although that would create a drastic amount of weight loss. If I needed to drop weight really quickly, I probably would do a keto diet. Right now, I don't need to. I'm feeling pretty good where I'm at. You know, you guys saw me in the bathroom there. I'm pretty happy where I'm at. So post-workout anyway, we're not going to go, I don't actually have too many carb sources to be honest. So all I'm going to do is two scoops of whey protein. I'm going to put some egg whites in there and we're going to put some mixed berries in there as well as some water. If I've got almond milk, I'll put that in, but it doesn't look like we do. So all it's going to be is half a container of egg whites, which is the equivalent of four serves, which is about 30 grams of protein. As well as that, we've got whey protein over here and I'm going to put two scoops in, which is another 50 grams of protein. Now, you guys might say that 80 grams of protein in one serve is too much and your body might not absorb it. Well, you know, I believe that that's complete bro science and I think that, you know, as long as you don't eat again too soon with a huge amount of protein, I think all of that protein is going to be used and, you know, it's just going to sustain your body for longer, really. I mean, why would you want to eat, you know, 50 grams of protein every two hours when you could eat 100 grams of protein every four hours? That's the way I say it. Anyways, I'm actually running out of protein, so that's one and a half. Okay, that's two. I'd better get some more. If I could recommend one flavor from MTS, it would be this one, peanut butter cookies and cream. It's absolutely delicious and it's my go-to at the moment. So we've got that, we've got the half a container of egg whites and the berries. Where are we? Not there. I'll bring you over to my freezer. And like I said, I want, like, honestly berries have got to be one of my biggest diet tips. This whole entire pack of mixed berries has approximately 270 calories for, you know, 500 grams of frozen mixed berries. Want something extra low? Go with strawberries. They're even less calories. These ones are slightly higher because, you know, you've got blueberries in there. There's actually grapes in there as well. So they're quite high in sugars, but strawberries are quite actually low in sugar for the volume that you get. Any mixed berries, to be honest, are pretty low in calories. So for a good diet tip, I would say snack on these, to be honest. Some people don't like them. I don't snack on them frozen. The only time I use them frozen is in a shake. If I'm going to eat them by themselves or with ice cream or with yogurt or something like that, I'm going to defrost them first because when they're frozen, the taste is pretty bland. It doesn't, you know, it doesn't really taste that much. You need to defrost them for the taste to come back. But they seem to, when they get broken up in a shake, the taste seems to come back anyway. So I don't know. That's a bit of bro science for you guys. But we'll put a good amount, but for probably half the container, 250 grams, which is going to be probably about 25 grams of carbs, no fats, and like one gram of protein. So all up, I think the protein powder has five grams of carbs per scoop, six grams per scoop, four grams of fat per scoop, and 25 grams protein. So we're sitting at 80 grams of protein. We've got 12, we've got 37 grams of carbs and we've got eight, eight grams of fat. So basically I need more carbs after that. But for now, this is going to be a good, a good shake. I'd love to put some more stuff in there actually, but I don't even have it. If I had a banana or something, I'd put it in there. If I had some oats, I'd put it in there.  So we'll fill it up with some water and see how we go. Let's do it. And there we have it until this is going to be absolutely delicious. Berries mixed with protein, with this flavoured protein powder. It's like a dessert, honestly. That is so nice.  No, what is it? 42 grams of carbs and eight grams of fat. Bull. All right, so right now guys, I'm probably going to call it a day to be honest, and we're going to turn on the TV and hope that it's perfect timing for the NBA finals to start. I think it's game two in the NBA finals. So whenever you're watching this guys, I know it's going to be a few days late, but let's see what's on.  Game two, Cavs vs. Golden State. And have we missed it? Here we go. What's the score? Oh, well, Golden State are up one game, so if they win this one, then they're two nil up. And that's not good. But anyways guys, we're going to call it a day here. I'm going to watch this. I'm going to watch this with my post workout shake that you just saw me make. I couldn't say what my next meal's going to be. You know, I've never been able to say what my next meal's going to be. That's the kind of diet that I am.  I have a huge amount of bananas in my diet. Yeah, so that's how things are going to go. We did chest and shoulders today. I felt pretty good. I know that my performance is going to suffer in some workouts. It's just the way it is when you cut. You know, when you are feeling flat, if I've had a couple of days of low carb or whatever, my performance is going to suffer a little bit. But you've just got to have faith that at the end of the cut, you know, however flat, however weak you're feeling, you know, a couple of thousand grams of carbs and you'll be feeling like a complete different person, probably looking like a complete different person too. So, you know, one thing you do struggle with when you cut is feeling flat and I'm just going to try and ignore that, I guess. I know what to expect. I know that it's all part of the process, especially being natural and I'm looking forward to it. So with that said, I'm going to get onto the shake, enjoy it and then watch the NBA finals. So it's going to be a nice day. I've got the day off. I did night shift last night. We've killed today already. You know, I've been to the gym. I've got my diet on point already, so I'm feeling good, feeling positive and I'll let you guys know how we're travelling in the next few days. But until then, have a great day, train hard, eat well, all that good stuff and I will see you guys in the next one.


Hey guys, it's Amy and I'm obviously not in my home, and I think you can tell but I'm also not using a proper recording device No, I just landed in Zurich about an hour ago Probably about three hours ago when this video goes up, but um as you guys know if you follow me on Twitter or Instagram I was running around Kennedy Space Center on Thursday and Friday flew back to LA on Saturday And now I am in Switzerland Which means that I actually Completely ran out of time to record the vintage space video that I did have written and was really excited to actually do for this week so Sorry and instead of making you guys suffer through an episode of vintage space that looks like this With horrible sound because I'm just using my phone in a dinny hotel room, which is beautiful though I will say I thought I would just throw together something a little bit fun and cheesy because I'm very tired And I desperately want to go look at spa in a sick hotel So here is a montage of weird footage I found of astronauts looking super bored learning how to fly in space because when you think about astronauts You think it's all super exciting and it's gonna be just like, you know High flying training and cool simulators and stuff But really there was a lot of class time and a lot a lot of times I see that footage of the astronauts and they look kind of what I imagine everyone always looks like in high school We don't really want to be there. So I promise you guys I will be back with a proper episode of vintage space next week I just didn't want to leave you with absolutely nothing in your inboxes this week So sorry again guys that I just ran out of time. My schedule is insane this month, but um Proper episodes coming next week in the meantime I am also going to be recording some stuff about this ridiculous insane trip dessert that I will be able to tell you about soon Okay. Have a great week guys. See you next week


s and have delivered it. It is their achievement of winning that argument convincingly. To get to the point where all political parties are signed up to that position is a particular achievement for the young people of Scotland that there is the climate of the debate that we have today. In getting to that point, we have received from young people in Scotland across a whole range of different interventions. A lot of representation is on this point. Whether it has been from the Scottish Youth Parliament, which I have to say to Parliament, has been one of the great innovations of Parliament. I met some of the members of the Scottish Youth Parliament this morning in advance of today's debate. The organisations such as Young Scot who were also participating in the discussions that I had this morning and NUS Scotland, all of whom have given comprehensive evidence to the Parliamentary Committee to inform the debate and to marshal the argument why it was right and appropriate for young people to be able to exercise their right to vote in parliamentary and local authority elections within Scotland. That right has been aspired to and delivered by the energy and the commitment of young people in our society today. I thought that Duncan McNeill raised another interesting factor and implication of all that. It has not just been about young people essentially turning up to vote on a particular day. It is about a degree of participation that, frankly, many of us have not seen in our country for some considerable time. That is something about which we should be enormously encouraged as a country. Young people believe that they have an active and participative role to perform in our society, not just on the particular Thursday that happens to be that we all turn up to vote in elections, but also to participate in formulating some of the wider thinking about the direction of our country. If we look at some of the issues that Parliament addresses and considers, almost invariably our deliberations are informed by the input, the view and the perspective of younger people being able to contribute in that way. We should look back on the whole process of how we have arrived at the situation that 16 and 17-year-olds are going to be able to acquire the right to vote in Scottish and local authority elections by unanimity of this Parliament in just a few minutes' time. I recognise that that has been created by the aspiration and the willingness of participation in our democratic and civic process by the young people of Scotland. I think that we should, across the spectrum, unreservedly welcome that point. It leads, of course, on to a further challenge for us, because we should not allow it just to stop here, and we have to find the other ways that Malcolm Chishol made this point in his contribution of how we encourage and motivate young people to be very active participants and engage participants in a wide variety of different elements within the democratic process. Over the course of the exchanges in the debate today, I think that the one issue where there has been some further additional new thinking has been on the question of political literacy. I hear what Annabelle Goldie says about the terminology. I suspect that I would prefer a different term, because I find it rather difficult to say political literacy without pausing for too long. Perhaps we will work on a different term, but I am determined to make sure that we do the proper work that is required to make sure that we have a much more consistent approach on the question than the one that Annabelle Goldie expressed to Parliament during the stage 1 proceedings, which I think best was inconsistent to be charitable across the country, and it needs to be more consistent. I would like to make two final points in concluding the debate. One of them is about the process, the political process that we have gone through here. There are more Conservative members here for the debate, but I am sure that Ms Goldie will share with them the generous remarks that I was making about the Secretary of State for Scotland and the process earlier on. It goes to show that where political will exists on both sides to make progress on the devolution of powers and responsibilities can actually happen in a pretty straightforward, orderly fashion. I simply put on record my hope that, as we go through the further stages of the devolution of responsibilities under the Scotland Bill, we perhaps try to learn the lessons of the Scottish elections reduction of voting age bill and apply that to some of the processes that, at the outset, look to me as if they are heading for pretty tortuous discussions in advancing the way in which we can devolve responsibilities to this Parliament in a way that is more efficient and more effective and enables us to make the necessary progress on acquiring the powers and the responsibilities where the evidence and the information and the consensus of stakeholder opinion enables us to get there in a quicker and a more decisive fashion. That will be an approach taken forward by the Scottish Government, but I do hope that we can see some of that from the eraethau Cymru. I am grateful to the Deputy First Minister and I share the view that positive intergovernmental relations will be very important to the period ahead, but for the avoidance of doubt will he confirm that the Secretary of State for Scotland to pass the section 30 order forward so quickly and efficiently is not the same as the Secretary of State for Scotland to be. I am not sure whether I have followed Mr Macdonald's point, but I do not think that there was. I am pretty sure that all of this was done under Mr Mundell's stewardship, but I am not going to get distracted on this particular point. I am sure that the record will speak for itself, but I do hope that we have. I am not sure whether that was Lewis Macdonald trying to salvage something for Alistair Carmichael, but if it was, it would have been a good luck term. I think that it is important that good intergovernmental work can speed up the process. The final point that I want to make is that, as we have been debating the issue, and as Parliament is about to vote unanimously to extend the vote to 60 and 17-year-olds, I am led to believe that the House of Commons voted by 310 votes to 265 votes against extending the voting franchise to 16 and 17-year-olds in the EU referendum. That is clearly a democratic decision for the House of Commons to arrive at, and it is their entitlement to do so. I think that it is something that illustrates the different political culture and different political debate that is going on in Scotland today. We have to look at that debate in a fashion that allows us on this question. We are going to come to a different conclusion. I think that there are plenty of other issues on which we can come to different conclusions. Members of Parliament need to think about the basis on which we are taking our decisions, the things that are influencing, the questions that are influencing our decisions, the factors and the evidence and the attitudes that provide within the community in Scotland that say that it is absolutely a total given that 16 and 17-year-olds should be voting in parliamentary and local authority elections, and to recognise that has been different to the prevailing culture elsewhere within the United Kingdom. Simply reflect that different simple political culture in the decisions that we arrive at and which we are about to take in Parliament this afternoon. That concludes the debate on the Scottish elections reduction of voting age bill. We now move to the next item of business, which is decision time. There is one question to be put as a result of today's business. The question is that motion number 13529 in the name of John Swinney on the Scottish elections reduction of voting age bill be agreed to. Are we all agreed? The motion is therefore agreed to and the Scottish elections reduction of voting age bill is passed. That concludes decision time and I now close this meeting.


Ladies and gentlemen, the story you are about to hear is true. The names have been changed to protect the innocent. Drag Nets. A hold up man has been hitting the banks in your city. After two months of following down leads, you get a possible identification. Your job? It was Thursday, July 25th. It was warm in Los Angeles. We were working the day and watched out a robbery detail. My partner's Frank Smith, the boss of Chief of Detectives, Thad Brown. My name's Friday. We got our way out from the office and it was 10.42 a.m. and we got to 896 Dwayne Street. Front door. I'll get it again. You see in that window? No, can't see anybody moving around in there. I was trying to back. Right. Run this way. Uh-huh. Hey, sure pretty isn't it, Joe? What's that? Rose tree there. Bella Portugal. Sure pretty. What? Faye's got one started out by the back fence. Isn't that big? But we got roses on it already. What'd you call it? Oh, Bella Portugal rose trees. I'll pick a couple for you. Bring them in the office. Thanks, Frank. I don't know what I'd do with them, do you? Well, you can give them to Ann. She'd like them. Yeah. I get it. See anybody? No, looks like there's someone on the lawn chair over there, doesn't it? Miss Clark? Yes, who is it? Yeah, come on. You miss Viola Clark? That's right. Police officers, Miss Clark. This is Frank Smith. My name's Friday. Well, how do you do? How do you do, man? What can I do for you? We'd like to ask you a few questions. About Louis? Yes, ma'am. I'm sorry. I'd rather the neighbors didn't know all my business. All right, fine. You can talk in there without anybody hearing. Yes, ma'am. Share a beautiful morning. Hot. Mm-hmm. We're planning a little trip down to the desert this weekend.  Yes, ma'am. I was trying to get a tan before then. Mm-hmm. Well, come on in. Thank you. Just go on through the kitchen. We can talk in the dining room. All right, thank you.  Yes, ma'am. Well, I do anyway. It makes me feel self-conscious, like. I see, ma'am. Well, just go on in and sit down. I'll get us something cold to drink. No, that's all right, Miss Clark. Thank you. How about you, Mr. Smith? No, ma'am. Well, I'm going to have something. Bill, that's my husband. Brought me a case of that new kind of drink. You know, without any calories? Yes, ma'am. All kinds of flavors. Supposed to be for people who are supposed to reduce, of course. I don't really need it, just that Bill bought it and all. Mm-hmm. Thank you.  He's your brother, is that right? Well, yes. Actually, he's my half-brother. You see, his father died and our mother remarried. I see. He's my half-brother. Why don't you see him last? Oh, let's see. I guess it was before the trouble I'd make about ten years ago. Mm-hmm. You heard anything from him since? A couple of times. Different people have told me they saw it, though. He always said it best.  Well, no. Not in ten years. Would you excuse me a minute? I forgot the bottle opener. Yes, ma'am. When Louis got into trouble, we sort of stopped seeing each other. I tried to write to him when he was in prison, little talky-talk letter. But they just seemed to separate us more. What was that again, ma'am? I didn't hear you. I said that I tried to write to him when he was in prison. Sort of a, you know, a talky-talk letter. But, well, they just seemed to separate us more. I see. Did you see him when he was in prison? Oh, no. It was during the war, and I was pretty busy with other things. Mm-hmm.  Just never seemed to get around to seeing Louis. Oh, I thought about it, but just never quite seemed to get to it. It's a new flavor, pineapple pie. Kind of tangy. You sure you don't want any? No, thank you. I've got some little crackers. Low calorie. Would you like some of them? No, ma'am, thank you. Well, when Louis got out of jail, I heard he went back East Salt Lake, I think, got a job with a paint store back there. Mm-hmm. Did pretty good. Something happened, though. He quit or got fired or something. Anyway, he came out here again. Do you have any idea where your brother might be staying? No, last I heard it was in some pretty room down on Pico. Would you have the address? I'm afraid not. Do you have any idea where we might be able to get it? Not the least. Mm-hmm. What's he done this time? Well, it'll be better if we talk to him about it, ma'am. Well, it seems to me I'm the sister. You should be able to tell me. I'm certainly going to cooperate with you. I think it'll be better if we talk to him, though. That's what you're going to handle it. There's not much I can do. Does your brother have any hobbies, anything that he might try to work at? No, not that I can remember. Well, when he was a kid, I think he used to collect stamps, but then I guess every boy does that. Mostly, though, he used to read a lot. Always had his nose in a book. Mm-hmm. Had a big collection of those books you could buy in the five and dime.  Yeah, I kind of know what you mean. I guess he had just about everyone that was ever published. There was a big thing with the kids in the neighborhood. Well, Louis had about a hundred, all different stories. He built a case for them out in the garage out of apple boxes. I remember that, out in the garage. Yes, ma'am. Had a library going with little cards and everything. Charged the kids two cents to read the book. Real-going business. Mm-hmm. Oh, he was a funny kid. Always trying to figure out how to get somebody else to do the work for him. He'd say that if he had his way, he'd get what he wanted without really working for it. I wonder if being in jail made him change. If he still feels like that. Mm-hmm. That he can live the easy way. He's still trying. 11.31 a.m., we left the house and continued checking out the friends and relatives of the suspect Louis wrote. According to his book, he'd been arrested for the first time ten years previously on charges of 459 burglary. Five counts. He'd been sentenced to San Quentin. He'd been released four years previously. On June 11th, he walked into a bank at the corner of Reservoir and Montana streets and robbed the place of $1,180. He'd hit again on June 19th, July 12th and July 23rd. In each instance, the victims were shown mugbooks, but they were unable to make a positive identification. On July 24th, we talked to a cab driver who had driven the suspect away from the latest hold-up. He was able to give us an identification of the suspect, but when we checked the area where Rode had left the cab, we were unable to come up with additional information. The other victims were shown Rode's picture, and all of them made a positive identification. Locals and APBs were gotten out on him in all places he was known to frequent were checked. Still, we couldn't take him into custody. Two days passed while we looked for the suspect. On Friday, July 26th, the bank located on Hollywood Boulevard held up for $1,800. The suspect matched the description of Rode. From one of the people in the vicinity, we got the number of the cab the suspect was supposed to have taken. We got in touch with the traffic manager of the cab company and got the name and stand number of the driver. 9, 20 p.m. Frank and I drove out to see him. The car at Hollywood and Loma Linda? That's right. Bank near there. What time was it supposed to be? Well, the way we got it, about 5. Tonight? That's right. I don't recall the guy. You sure it was me? Well, we got the number of your cab. Let me check the way, though. All right. Take a look here. Yeah, yeah, here it is. Loma and Hollywood. Where'd you drop the fare on? 2,000 block on Sunset. That'd be near Echo Park? Yeah. Can you tell us anything about the man? No, like I told you, I've been pretty busy tonight. Well, it's pretty important. Well, what kind of things do you want to know? Well, what'd he say to you when he got into the cab? Oh, not much. Seems to me he just told me to drive right down Sunset and then he'd tell me where to let him out. Was there anything about him that stood out on the accent, maybe? Scar, birthmark, anything like that? No, it doesn't seem to me that there was. I could only get a glimpse of him in the rearview mirror. He was kind of sitting off to one side. Kind of hard to see. You don't remember anything about him there, no? No, nothing. I had to help. You say where he was going? Well, not that I remember. Just told me to drive right down Sunset until he told me to stop. Well, he got out of the cab. Did you see where he went? I didn't notice. He said something about getting a drink and asked me if I could name a good bar for him. Did you? I couldn't. I don't know the neighborhood very well. I told him they were all probably pretty good. So he seemed drunk to you? Well, he had more than a couple. I can't tell you how many. You know, some guys can hold more than those without showing it. Yeah. Well, he was like that. Hard to tell how many he'd lifted. Say, something might help. I just thought of it. You know, what's that? He had a kind of a mole on his face right by his mouth. On which side, do you remember? Well, let me think now. I was looking at him in the mirror. He was on his left side. The mirror shows things on the side that they're... Yeah, yeah. It'd be on his left side. Yeah, I always get mixed up like that. You know, when you look in the mirror, if you got something on the right side of your face, it's on the left side of the mirror. Yeah. Well, I was looking at him, the same size I saw it. Yes, there was the left side. Where was the mole? Right here, right by the upper lip. Not real big, so you'd notice it right off. You know, I forgot about it until just now. Well, when he paid the cab bill, what'd he use? You mean the size Billy gave me? Yeah. A 20. I think I got it right here. Real new. Yeah, yeah, here it is. He had a whole fistful of those, just like this. All brand new. Mm-hmm. I asked if he was going on a trip. You know, people draw a lot of money out when they're going to take a trip. I figured maybe that's what he was going to do. What'd he say? He said he wasn't. Said he just made a withdrawal from the bank, but he said he wasn't going away. Well, he's wrong there. Huh? As soon as we find him, he is. The cab driver identified Rote's mugshot and at 10.08 p.m., Frank and I drove over to the 2,000 block on Sunset Boulevard. We checked at several bars, but we were unable to find the suspect. One of the bartenders said he thought that a man answering Rote's description might have been in, but he couldn't be sure. In each of the places we left our car and we asked the owner or the bartender to notify us if the suspect should come in. 12.26 a.m. Frank and I checked back into the office. You want to check the book? I'll sign us out. All right. Yeah. You got a message here for Faye. Yeah? I want you to stop by the drug store and pick up a refill prescription for the baby. Oh, it says she's already called him. You just have to pick it up. Oh. Well, that blows the coffee in. Well, I ought to get home anyway. I could get a good night's sleep. All right. See you in the morning, old buddy. All right. You gonna have breakfast at home? I don't know. I'll say it was up half the night where the kids might be better if I'd let her sleep. Well, why don't you meet me in the morning? Good deal. About seven, huh? That'll be fine with me. All right. Go on ahead. I'll get the lights set. Hold on. I'll get it. Robbery Friday. Yes, sir? No, sir. We're the ones. How long ago was that? I see. Right away. What do you got? A bar out on Sunset. Yeah. Suspect's there now. Turn the place up. We left the city hall and we drove over to the bar on Sunset Boulevard.  The suspect had left the scene and the broadcast was put out to all cars in the area, carrying his description and the description of the clothing he was wearing. When we walked into the bar, the bartender was sitting at one of the tables in the back of the place, holding a stake to his left eye. The place itself was a mess. Bar stools were scattered over the floor. Tables were upended. The back bar was smashed and the mirror that ran along the length of the bar itself was broken. Frank and I checked with the officers from the unit and then we went back to talk to the bartender. Why don't you guys tell me about him? Sir? Why don't you tell me who he was? I didn't know. Look at this place. Look what he did. What started the fight? I don't know. Did you recognize him when he came in? All right, off. He sat down, ordered a drink. Next thing I know, the place is coming down around me. The ones you know he was the man we were looking for. After he bailed the fella next to him, that's when I knew he called you right away. He should have told me. He was rough. He should have told me. We told you not to try to take him yourself. But you did make a point of it. I just thought it was something you told everybody. We were having a nice night. Pretty good business. Sitting there watching the fights on the television. Nice and quiet. Pouring good. Looks like a good night for the till. Yeah. Door swings open and then comes this guy. I didn't pay any attention to him. Walked over and sat at the bar. Right there in the middle. Sat at the bar. Mm-hmm. Ordered a high ball. He had a couple. I should have known right then. Had been in this business any time at all. You should be able to spot the ones there like they caused trouble. What did he ask for in the drink? Bourbon and ginger. I mixed it. Collected for it and then went back to watching the fight. I always take the white corner with one of the regulars. You know a couple of bucks. Mm-hmm. I'm standing there watching the fight. All of a sudden there's one going on in the room. This new guy in the fellow next to him. Going at it hot and heavy. All right, boy. This, do any good, you know? What's that? Holding a steak on a bike eye. Supposed to take a swelling gun. I wouldn't know, sir. Sure hope so. Got to lay a bottle on my cheek before he brooks him. You want us to call a doctor for you? No, I'll check one later. Other cops ask me the same thing or more. Yes, sir. Would you like to go with me? Not much more to tell. Places just seem to explode. I jumped over the bar. I got a billy club in the back. Grabbed that and jumped over the bar and tried to get the two guys apart. They were throwing everything they could lay their hands on at each other. Well, look at the place. You better if I just put a lock on the door and open up someplace else. It'd be easier. Just to be sure, would you take a look at these? Just the man who caused the fight. Wait a minute. I can't see them good. Yeah, that's him. You're pretty sure? Yeah. Louie wrote. That's the fella. This afternoon when we talked I didn't make much of an impression then when I saw him in person. I remember it. Well, he was in here earlier then. Yeah, same guy. Did you hear him say anything at all? It might help us find him. No, but you ought to talk to the guy you had the fight with. You know. He went to school with Rote. We got the name of the man the suspect had the fight with. We drove over to his home and talked to him. He explained that he'd been enrolled in a night class with Rote. We went on to say that they'd met at school when both of them were studying criminology at one of the colleges in the office. We tried to contact the school but we were not able to reach anyone who could check the registration records for us. The next morning we called the head registrar and asked her to check the records in the college night extension courses for a Louie Rote. Thirty minutes later she called back with the suspect's address. Frank and I left the office and drove out to the place. A two-story boarding house on an Adams Boulevard. Rote had moved but he'd left a forwarding address. We drove over there and found that he was still registered. We got the number and Frank stood on one side of the door while I took the other. Yeah, what do you want? Police officers, you're under arrest. For what? Espission robbery. How'd you get to me? We did. Can I get a coat? No, you tell us where it is. We'll get it for you. Closet over there. I'll get it. There's a bottle of aspirin in the pocket there. Make sure you don't drop it. Hang over, I got it. I'm going to need something. Yeah. Don't think I ever have a headache like this one. Terrible. It's worse. Her show up was arranged and all of the victims of the holdups were present. They all gave positive identifications of Louis Rhoad as the man who'd held them up. A complaint was issued by the district attorney's office and on the following Friday, August 2nd, a preliminary hearing was held in Division 34 of Municipal Court. Rhoad was bound over for the charges filed against him. September 2nd at 10 a.m. the suspect fled guilty to robbery in the first degree. Two counts. Rhoad asked for immediate sentence and the judge sent him to San Quentin where he went through the clinic. On recommendation of the authorities at the prison, the board ordered him sent to the penitentiary of Chino, California. Seven months had passed since his arrest and from what we heard Rhoad was a model prisoner. During that time we cleaned up a string of loan company holdups and Frank's children had gone through the chicken pox and several types of virus. On Sunday, February 23rd, Frank and I were in the office trying to catch up on the detail work. You got the L.A. one, six, eight, nine, four, seven. Six, eight, nine, four, seven. I'm sure I mean one. Yeah. Terrible way to get in. Oh, man. Robbery Friday. Yeah, Savage. Mm-hmm. Well, when did it happen? You know how I did it? All right, we'll check into it right away. No, no. Send it down, will you? Right. Bye. Tell a type in from Chino. Yeah? Rhoad just broke out of jail. The immediate watch was put out on all the places Rhoad was known to frequent. All officers in the field were supplied with descriptions and pictures of the suspect. From the story as we got it from the prison officials, we were able to piece together the method of Rhoad's escape. Several months before he'd started on the bank robberies, he'd gotten work as a day laborer up at Chino. He'd managed to bury a gun and several hundred dollars in a watertight container in the prison grounds. When his arrival at the prison, he'd waited for the right moment and then he dug up the weapon and the money and made a break. He'd picked Sunday, a day when the prison grounds were crowded with visitors. Fortunately, there'd been no one hurt when Rhoad had escaped. However, we knew he was armed and he was to be considered dangerous. Two days after his escape, a man answering his description held up a grocery store. From the clerk, we obtained a positive identification of Rhoad. The next day he hit again. This time he beat one of the clerks in the store when the man refused to open the cash register. Additional information was forwarded to all law enforcement agencies throughout the area. Rhoad's picture was carried on the police television show and the daily newspapers cooperated and carried his likeness and description. Calls began to come into the complaint board from people who thought they'd seen the suspect. In each instance, the information was checked out and several of the reports appeared authentic. On Wednesday, March 4th, we got a call from Calvin Niles, the bartender who'd given us the original information on Rhoad. Frank and I drove out to see him. I tried to hold him here, tried my darnest, but he wouldn't go for it. Did he talk to him at all? Yeah, I had a couple of words. What about? Mainly about the fight he had before he got him. You know, when he broke up the place? He talked about that. He said he was sorry about it, told me the other fella caused it. He said he'd like to be able to pay for it, but he didn't have the money. I thought he was going to hit me up for a loan. Well, he acted and all. I thought sure he wanted to make a touch. You seen anything at all about where he was staying? Not a word. Didn't give me any indication. Nope. Was he driving a car? Nothing I could see. When he walked out, I went over the door to see if I could spot anything, but by the time I got out from behind the bar, he disappeared. For a cab stand around here? A couple of blocks up the street. You think he might have taken the taxi? I'll check it. I don't think he could have gotten that far on the time it took me to get to the door. I can see that far, and I didn't see him. I don't think he took the taxi. Did he come in alone? As far as I could tell, he came inside, I ordered a highball, drank it up to the left. I don't think he was here more than five minutes all the time. But you're pretty sure there wasn't anybody with him, are you? Yeah, I hadn't been out of seeing him. Did he look like he was going to meet anybody here? Not especially. You give me any reason for coming in? Not right out, he didn't. How do you mean? Lucky I did it now, I guess. I didn't plan it that way. What's that? I told you, I thought he wanted to make a touch. I told him I'd just taken the money to the bank, dropped it in the night depository, said I'd cleaned the place out. He left right after that? Yeah, finished up his drink and walked out. Sure he got a lot of nerve, if you ask me. What do you mean? He comes into the place once, breaks it up, then comes back to try to hold it up. Well, you're not sure about that, are you? As far as I'm concerned, that's what he came in for. Can you give us a description of what he was wearing? Uh, plain blue suit. Looks like it was gabberding, two button. How about a hat? No, he wasn't wearing one.  You know the kind of me? Yes, sir. One of those. All right, Mr. Niles, if anything more comes up, we'd appreciate a call from him. You got it. I'll tell you one thing, Sergeant. What's that? After that fight, I did just about everything I could to help business, help pay for the damage. Yes, sir. This is one customer I want to lose. For the next two days, the search for the suspect and staying were checked. Friends and relatives were interrogated. Al Gaten down in San Diego was notified, and he alerted the authorities at the border in the event road tried to escape into Mexico. In the meantime, our rolling stakeout was set up in the area where the thief had been hitting. Two more days passed without activity. On Monday, March 9th, Frank and I were in unit 1K80, cruising on West Pico. Sure as a quiet night. Yeah. Be glad when it's over. I'll get home and hit the sack. How you coming with the books? Huh? What do you mean for the sergeant exam? Oh, pretty good. All units. Attention. All units. A 211 has just occurred at the grocery store at the corner of Pico Boulevard and Ottawa Street. Unit 1R13 handled the call. Code 3. Better hit it. Yeah. I'm going to just leave it there, are you? Having it for a while. Four counts and violation of section 4530 PC escape. Robbery in the first degree is punishable by imprisonment and the state penitentiary for a period of not less than five years. Escape from a state prison is punishable by imprisonment for a period of not less than one year. Said second term of imprisonment to commence from the time the prisoner would otherwise have been discharged from said prison. You have just heard Dragnet, the authentic story of your police force in action and starring Jack Webb, a presentation of the United States Armed Forces Radio Service.


Now, Lars, I know you've made lots of good decisions to get to where you are today, but what is probably the best decision you've ever made business-wise? That was when I in 2001 was offered a job in London and made that move. That was really the best decision that I ever made. Let's flip that and talk about some of the most difficult decisions, or maybe the most difficult decision you've ever had to make in business. I think the most difficult decision relates to the best decision. So that was actually leaving London was really a hard decision. The other one, if anything, was to admit defeat. So I was working out in Singapore in 1998 and the currency crisis had killed the company that I was working for and had really, really set my nose up to a career in Asia Pacific for a number of years. And seeing the end to that that I wouldn't want to take a local position was quite the defeat and returning back home in shame back then was really tough.