Hi, welcome to our talk, Powerline Truck Hacking. Two tools for PLC, four trucks. We're going to talk to you today for about an hour. You know, who are we? What is PLC? How do you interface with PLC? What are these two tools, PLC for Trucks, GR2497? How can you adapt what you got onto the PLC connection? We discovered an issue. We're going to discuss that issue and the impacts, and then we'll show you some future work. So first up about us, I'm Ben Gardner. I'm a researcher with the National Motor Freak Traffic Association. Previously, I've done embedded systems development versus engineering. I've been an instructor at the Cybertruck Challenge and plan to, when it ever comes back, I also volunteer at DEFCON and SAE. Hi, I'm Chris Poor, an electrical engineer who has been hacking things and helping people get away with it for more years than I can count on these bloodstained hands. I work at Assured Information Security, headquartered in Rome, New York, with locations all over the U.S. AIS strives to be a driving force for technology and national security and has to combine professional experience that I believe is rivaled only by the space program. Contact AIS today. Next slide, please. It's not just a two-person effort though. We're part of a much larger team, a great team that we've been privileged to be a part of, comprised of Dan Salome, Christopher Poor, who you now know, Eric Thayer, all of AIS, and myself from the NMFTA. Also, this research would not have been possible without the support of the Motor Freak Carrier members of the NMFTA who sponsored us with access to their facilities and to their equipment. Thank you for that. First up, what is power line communications? Generally speaking, anytime you're putting data onto lines that are intended for power, you're doing power line communications. You might know some technologies that fall into this class, such as Greenfy and Homeplug. There's an entire interoperable family of technologies in IEEE 1901. The technology is found in automotive, most commonly under SAEJ 1772, which is for plug-in electric vehicle charging. There was some really interesting work by Baker and Mertonovic at Usenix 19, where they showed that they could remotely read traffic between the plug-in electric connection of a vehicle and the charger. But today, we're not talking about plug-in electric vehicles, we're talking about trucks. So let's rewind the clock a little bit, maybe a couple decades, and look at what trucks looked like around 1997. There were anti-lock braking ABS systems on trailers and on tractors, and these ABS systems are quite important to prevent, you know, rolls and reduce braking distance. It's really important for safety. So at the time, there was only a warning on the side of the trailer that showed you if the ABS was malfunctioning. There are regulators and fleet safety managers that really wanted to have some kind of a dash display that would show the driver if there was a problem with the trailer ABS, and this, of course, would help make sure that ABS is functioning and everyone would stay safe. Now let's look at how these trailers and tractors were connected. So back then, and actually as it is today, trailers and tractors are connected with a J560 connector. Here you can see that green pigtailed cable plugging into a bulkhead jack there. And that's a seven-way connector. You can also see a red and a blue cable behind the bulkhead here. Those are actually pressurized air, whereas the green cable here, this is electrical. So back then, you know, they had this tractor trailer connector. You can see a breakout here of the J560. It's got tail lights, right turn, left turn, you know, brake lights, a ground connector, and then this power for ABS and auxiliary power. So it's a fully populated connector. There's no room for anything else, but still, regulators and safety managers really wanted to have a way to show the driver when something was failing. Now an obvious option is to add another connector, but unfortunately, you know, for fleets, the lifetime of trailer equipment is very long and the cost of retrofitting is very high. So the industry took it upon themselves to design a technology that would let them send this ABS fault data up into the tractor without adding a new connector. And at the same time, there was a lot of other technologies that people wanted to get data from the trailer into the tractor. And there was things like axle weight, door latch, yaw sensors and things like that. So it was hoped that this technology could carry all sorts of information up from the trailer to the tractor, not just the ABS fault info. Around June 1998, AT&T actually approved PLC for trucks. This is the American Trucking Association's Technical Maintenance Council. They are responsible for making recommended practices in the commercial vehicle space. And eventually SAE published J2497 in 2002. And what they did was add high-frequency signals onto these power lines that run the length of the truck. So they would couple them onto there, either transformer or capacitor, just AC couple them, and send these high-frequency signals with a network voltage that they would propagate. Now, there was an issue with PLC for trucks that was actually patent-encumbered. And at the time that they started to work on this, they didn't know. Eventually it became known, and SAE actually at one point just cancelled the working group to create J2497. And eventually it was resolved. The technology was patented for a long time and there were royalties that had to be paid, but the standard did go forward. Now, if you go to SAE meetings or AT&T & MC meetings like I do, you've probably seen these patent disclosure and IP statements at the beginning of the meetings. I've been told that for AT&T & MC, those passages actually exist because of what happened with PLC for trucks. Whereas with SAE, those statements actually predated the PLC for trucks issue. So it took the industry a while to get it done. It was quite complicated. There was a lot of tests that happened over the winter and otherwise. And as I mentioned, there was other technologies that wanted to get like, you know, axle weighing and door sensors and things like that up from the trailer into the tractor. So they had interoperability tests. And it ended up being, you know, eventually it was deployed, but it was quite complicated to get it to that point. So the news media, you know, has been seen to call this technology expensive or complicated. There's a funny quote right here where someone's saying the most expensive light bulb in history. So it is funny to look at the technology that way, but it's also important to recognize that the calculus that the fleets were looking at was whether they would have to retrofit all their trailers, which typically have, you know, 30-year service lifetimes just to get another light up into the cab. So creating this technology, even though it seems like it was an expensive light bulb, still from their point of view, what they wanted was cheaper. And that's going to be true today as it was back then. The trailers last for a very long time. The connectors are still the J560 connector. And trying to change any of that might prove to be more expensive than anyone would want to spend. So now you know a lot of the history about J2497 and why it came about and why are we sending these high frequency signals on power lines. Let's talk more about what it is, how it's put together. You can think of J2497 like an alternate physical layer for J1708. And we're not going to go into J1708 a lot because there's another talk that will give you lots of details on it. Suffice it to say that it's a heavy vehicle network that predates J1939. J2497 has its own arbitration scheme that it employs around J1708. The PLC for trucks 2497 is always 9600 bots. And the way it takes these 1708 signals is it'll actually encode them into spread spectrum chirps. So another way to think about 2497 is by an analogy. You can see a couple analogies that I'm making here. J1939 is a lot like J1587. And J1939 can sit on top of high speed or low speed canned buses twisted or unshielded. So similarly can J1587 sit on top of either J2497 or just J1708 and you'll probably have diagnostics or some other applications on top of those. Which if you're not an automotive person you can think of it by an analogy to DNS which is built on top of UDP and UDP IP can run on either like Ethernet or 802.11 infrared for example. So let's talk a little bit more about these spread spectrum chirps. The specification of J2497 by SAE actually includes a definition of the chirp and they have to be sweet from 200 to 400 kHz then from 400 to 100 kHz and then from 100 to 2 to 3 kHz. You can see a picture here of a rendering of a couple possible chirps. Different possibilities result by how you treat these discontinuities here. The chirps themselves are about 100 microseconds total. They start and end at value zero so that they can be concatenated. And when they're transmitted they should be transmitted in amplitude between 2.5 to 7 volts peak to peak according to the spec. The transmitters on trailer equipment tend to send them even higher than 7 volts peak to peak just to make sure that they'll make it on one end of the tractor trailer to the other. The chirps are put together into frame encodings that will let them actually send J1708 frames and the way the frames are encoded is broken up into a preamble on a body. The purpose of the preamble is there to realize that alternate arbitration method so that if two PLC devices are trying to talk at the same time there's a way to determine who has the highest priority and which one should back off. It's very similar to CAN. It involves that very first byte being sent and the lower byte is the higher priority. So here you can see two renderings of frames. The first being OA00, the second being OBFF. The OA00 frame and the OBFF frame are the ADS fault information that we talked about, the impetus for J2497. So in the preamble you can see that the messages, the actual chirps have delays in between them and this is because the chirps are 100 microseconds, but the time for the symbols is 104 microseconds, these little gaps. In the preamble the presence of the chirp indicates the logic value, so logic 0 means chirp present, logic 1 is chirp absent. But then when you get into the body it's actually 100 microseconds with no gaps and the encoding is actually determined by phase. So this is phase shift keying in the body. The phase of logic 0 is arbitrary per device and it's actually given by the phase that's transmitted here in the amplitude shift keying section. There's a checksum at the end and then there's all these sync bits, you can see in orange and in green. And some of these sizes are variable, so there could be one to two initial symbols and there could be zero to four gap symbols. So why is it like that? Well J2497 was designed for J1708. This whole PLC for truck scheme was actually actually accomplished by a particular piece of silicon, the Intalon SSC P45. And this particular chip was designed to take J1708 frames and wrap them around with some extra information and re-encode them into these spread-spectrum chirps. So the Intalon P45 actually adds the sync bits and adds all the preamble highlighted here in orange. It will then send the actual encoded information in chirps as the body which matches exactly what you would see on the J728 line and then it adds these terminators with the gaps and the sync bits. So the checksum is actually part of J1708 and part of J2497. And you can see there's a duplication of MIDs. You can think of MIDs like arbitration MIDs in CAN. It's a first byte, it determines arbitration on the bus and the data is duplicated twice. It turns out that this information here in the preamble is used for arbitration of the PLC bus only and what gets sent on J728 is this byte that's put right here which means that you can send things where those two don't equal each other and you can override priority so you can send a very low priority MID with an all-zero PLC MID and it would barge in on top of anyone else that was talking about PLC. So a little bit about J1587, this is that next layer above. You can think of it akin to J1939. If you look at the J1587 spec there's a lot of really interesting highlights. They say that you shouldn't send more than 21 bytes at a time unless the vehicle is stationary. I wonder what happens if you don't. There's a factory test MID that should never be sent by any vehicle system. There are bridging and forwarding schemes defined in the spec. There's a dynamic address claim. There are cold and warm reset commands and lots of support for interesting kind of peripherals on commercial vehicles like toll systems and display signage and climate control. Now for some more details on how to decode J1587 automatically please see our team's presentation which should be up today or look at the pretty J1587 repository. Even though J1587 defines a lot of interesting things that could be in there all we've seen in our testing for the most part is the ABS fault lamp on and off messages and manufactured diagnostic messages. There was a report by the FMCSA that suggested that there should also be Axelway yaw sensor and door latch sensor traffic on the PLC bus but we haven't run into it yet. So how do you connect to PLC? There are some great options out there. The DG Technologies PLC test con is very rugged and reliable. I love mine. There is also a Nexik PLC adapter which has the advantage of being able to go in line on a cable so you can test it in place. The problem with these sort of classic diagnostic adapters is that they aren't cheap. You will need them for running manufactured diagnostic tools though. And also the Intel on P485 I'm told is becoming harder to source which is not going to help with the cost of these tools. Finally, the limitation of these tools is that you can't do anything strange to PLC with these tools because they just have an Intel on P45 chip in them and so you can't make arbitrary PLC waveforms. For example, you can't do different PLC MID from J178 MID on the bus. So how do you interface with J178 so that you can interface with PLC? The first one up is another one of those RP-1210 adapters such as the DGTEC DPA-4, DPA-5 or Nexik USB link. And these things are necessary for the manufacturer diagnostics. An option that I really like that's really cool that was presented here at Defcon 24 is the truck duck which is a Beaglebone cape by 6V and Haystack. There's been some revisions to this board since the Defcon 24 presentation. There's the 1.5 yeet version and the mega version. These Beaglebone capes enable communication with both J1939 or any CAN network actually and J1708 networks through the Pi HV networks module that Haystack authored. And we are going to talk about some ways to use these to write PLC. So our PLC writing tool, what we wanted was something that would be low cost. We wanted it to be open. We wanted it to be capable of doing weird things. We weren't so concerned about arbitration. The J1708 stack that Haystack put together for the truck duck originally didn't have any arbitration. It just had frame detect and it works fairly well on systems that aren't highly loaded. And we didn't want to worry about getting reed in right now and the reason for that you'll see will be clear later. So our approach that we elected mostly because we're biased and we like the truck duck is let's make some small mods to the truck duck and push them upstream and try to stick with very small bomb changes and hopefully 6V can integrate those into the mega mega yeet version of the truck duck. So bit-banging PWM on the PRU. Bit-banging is the process of toggling a GPIO in order to create whatever protocol you're after. GPIOs are general purpose input output pins of which there are many on the Beaglebone. And the PRU is a programmable real-time unit on the Beaglebone. It runs jitter-free like deterministic code with no interrupts stopping execution. 200 megahertz which is plenty for the 400 kilohertz-ish signal of PLC. And also the PRU was used originally on the truck duck for the J-1708 stack itself. So there's already precedent there for using the PRU in the system. It turns out that the truck duck J-1708 channel 2 has pretty much been broken since release which is actually good for us because it lets us reuse, repurpose one of the PRU cores for the PLC application instead. And in trying to find pins we needed to find one that we knew we could bit-bang from the PRU which is a certain class of pins. But we also wanted to eventually maybe get rid of the PRU if possible and use the integrated PWM unit in the Beaglebone although that hasn't been done yet. So trying to find the pin that would work was one of these fun processes I found it best to just do it with markers. We wanted to make sure that it could be accessed from the PRU, it could migrate to PWM. We wanted to make sure it didn't conflict with any other truck duck pins. So for synthesizing PLC we settled eventually on P928 and we had a backup. And then we also planned for doing frame detect and PLC read via an ADC but we haven't implemented that, that's just kind of allocated for later. So in creating PLC signals there's two main parts, you have to synthesize this PLC with PWM and then you have to couple the signal that you've created onto the PLC network so there's these two clouds that we're going to reveal. I don't often do this but I thought I would this time, I would try the dumbest thing first and my friends will tell you that I'm not very good at doing that but I did it this time. The first thing we tried was the dumbest PWM possible. You just turn it on when the signal that you're trying to realize is above zero and turn it off when the signal you're trying to realize is below zero.  So we said yay and moved on. The next part was coupling and you can see here in the DG Tech PLC testcon the coupling network they created is just gorgeous and compared to what we were using it is amazing because we found out that 100 nanofarad capacitor was enough and that was our filtering as well.  The results were pretty good actually. We did run into one issue with undocumented cycle counts for some of the instructions that we had to use in assembly but the results were fine. You can see down here the orange signal is a recording on an oscilloscope of the PLC signal that we synthesized after filtering on a receiver. Same with the purple, this is just a larger zoomed out trace. So this is post filtering of the signal that we realized. The signal that we realized is much more like these square waves up here in the tuning edge delays diagram and this is just a representation of how we had to tune some of the assembly instructions to make sure that the signal would line up all the way into the realization like bit 54 of the PLC chirp train that we had to create. So it worked pretty well. The code, you can get this tool. It's MIT licensed. It's available on GitHub as of today. What it does is it adds a new J-1708 server. That's the way that the 1708 was set up on the truck ducts is they receive and send UDP frames and will send or receive those onto J-1708. What we did was create a whole new one that's completely compatible but what it does is send PLC signals instead. We also created some command line utilities. The Pi HV networks that Haystack created has a really nice programming interface for Python but I just like to have really simple command line tools like dump and send so we drafted those and they're compatible with the existing stack as well. And so to get your truck ducts to connect to PLC you actually do need to do some PCB changes to your truck duct for now until 6V rolls us into the next revision. And this led to probably one of my favorite kind of bodge jobs because I love to do rework of PCBs and I also really like it when things have to be MacGyvered. When we were connecting this up to PLC we discovered that it would work when there was a really long length of cable in between the power supply of the truck duct and the point where we were coupling to the network and if we didn't have that long piece of cable the truck duct power supply just seemed to attenuate the PLC signals to almost nothing which led me to this great bodge job right here where I wrapped 40 inches of wire and soldered that down to the board in between the input to the power supply and the connector and that actually solved the problem which is fun. Okay, so next up we're going to show you how you can use some adapters to connect your truck duct up to the power lines. There's a lot of different options. The first is this J560 to DB15 and Deutch 2-pin. So these DB15 connectors you can find them in a lot of different diagnostics adapters the DPA4 and the truck duct both have them.  You can also plug them in the back of your trailer if you have an adapter to connect to the batteries up here on the Deutch 2-pin and the whole set is in the DG Tech PLC test con. Next up is these BatteryClip, the DB15 adapters and these ones can be found in the Nexick adapter sets on the internet. There's also these Y adapters for J560 where they give you a Deutch 9-pin connector in line with two J560 connectors so these can be used like in line with a tractor and a trailer that are connected. You got to watch out that some of these actually do contain an Intalon P485 and what they're doing is converting PLC to J1708 and routing that to the J1708 pins instead of PLC onto the power pins. Another one that's useful is one of these inline jack and plug which is very similar to the previous one none of these have the Intalon P45 inside them. You can also build your own umbilical so these J560 plugs you can take them apart by removing the set screw and you can wire any kind of a pigtail you like. I like to use these Deutch 2-pins because they work with the DGTEC sets and then you can close it all back up and you can have a connector that can be used with a tractor and trailer connected. So we also created a PLC reading tool and Chris Poore is going to tell you some more details about that. Chris? Thanks Ben. One of our goals was to develop a low-cost tool for reading J2497 messages with SDRs and open source software. We wanted a solution to let just about anybody tap into a line and see messages all for little cost. Next slide please. Again, the J2497 signals primarily consist of a series of 100 microsecond chirps that start at 203 kilohertz, ramp up to 400 kilohertz, quickly drop down to 100 kilohertz and back to 203 kilohertz. The 100 to 400 kilohertz frequency range is lower than most SDRs can handle. For example, the starting frequency of the RTL2832U dongles vary depending on the model but they can range from 500 kilohertz to around 50 megahertz. Next slide please. To get around this problem, we used upconverters. The hammered upconverter will take our signal and mix it with an intermediate frequency of 125 megahertz. I believe the spyverter uses 120 megahertz. Once it's near 125 megahertz, we can receive it with our radios and begin to condition the signal in software. We improved the quality of the signal. If we didn't tune our radio directly on 125 megahertz but instead at 126. This allowed us to use a bandpass filter to get rid of a lot of the DC noise associated with the hammered up. Next slide please. We achieved most of our success with an RTL and a hammered up but there are solutions out there that could be promising that don't use upconverters. We tried the Lyme SDR which starts at 100 kilohertz but the gain and performance down at those frequencies was too low for us. You can find schematics online for modifying RTL SDRs to get a lower starting frequency. They also make some that have a direct receive mode that can tune down to 500 kilohertz but they say the performance is reduced when operating them there. The AirSpy HF Plus is supposed to start at 9 kilohertz but it might not have the bandwidth to support the J2497 chirps. You might have some luck with oscilloscopes but then the price starts to go up. The Adom 2000 is a cheaper option you might want to consider. Next slide please. Back to our setup. When tapped to the line we used a coupling adapter to remove the 12 volt DC offset that exists. This was to be on the safe side to avoid any chance of damaging our up converter. Next, the output of the up converter went to the RTL SDR and was sampled and filtered in GNU radio. Producing a J7108 looking message like you see on the bottom right. Note how the preamble has visible silent periods and the body is the continuous section at the end of the message. Next slide please. We developed three methods for demodulating those signals into bits. One method examines the instantaneous frequency. The other two rely on correlating the signal with specific sequences. I'll go over them in the next few slides. Next slide please. Our first attempts took advantage of GNU radio's quadrature demod block to produce the plot you see in the bottom right. The sawtooth pattern you see down there represents the frequency over time for chirps in the body of the message. The circled spikes indicate sudden changes in phase at the start of a new chirp. This is what we use to distinguish the ones and zeros. No change in phase means keeps the value of the previous bit while phase change means flip the bit. We framed the start and stop of each message based on the amplitude and tried to ignore the preamble sections of each message since the body contains the whole J1708 message anyway. Next slide please. We started developing alternative methods because the previous one did not work well with noise and relied heavily on a consistent signal amplitude. To get around that, we correlated the signal with a 203 kilohertz reference. 203 kilohertz is the precise frequency where each chirp begins. If there's no phase change, there's a smooth 203 kilohertz signal which are the higher peaks you see in the output down there. However, when there's a phase change present, the frequency gets disrupted for a short period of time. It results in a value close to zero when correlated with the reference. That's why you kind of see those mini spikes ramping up and down as it approaches the location where 203 kilohertz should be in the chirp. Likewise, anything outside the message like the noise is going to be reduced to a value close to zero. We use a moving average filter on the correlation output to frame the message and ignore the preamble part of it. Next slide please. Now for situations where the signal is completely buried in the noise, the previous two methods are not very effective. Instead, we tried a new method which begins by correlating the signal with a Python generated chirp designed to mimic a real one. The result produces much larger peaks like you see down there, which helps distinguish it from the noise. We use this technique to frame the message and reuse the 203 kilohertz reference in the previous method to distinguish the ones and zeros. Next slide please. We call it all GRJ2497. It contains the blocks and flow graphs that will read the traffic and print out messages like what you see on the right. The values for the MIT data and checks them are pulled right from the messages. Additionally, there is an option built into the blocks to send the messages in hex over to a UDP port for other potential tools to use. Now, back to Ben to continue on. Thanks, Chris. So you've got G&E radio and you can now read your PLC signals, but how do you connect your ham it up or some direct receiver-ceiver onto PLC? Turns out, once again, just 100 nanofarad capacitor is going to do the trick. I have used and like to use the 100 volt ones just to be safe because we don't really want to get battery currents connected to our receivers. And then you just need a way to connect those PLC wires onto this coupling network. So all of those previous adapters that we talked about all apply in this case, but then how do you connect the wires up? And I think one of the nice solutions we came up with is modifying these Ballon 1.9 adapters so you can actually take the transformer off of the board and cut the trace right here at the back, replace that transformer with a service mount capacitor, bridge the ground here, and then cover it all with solder resist to avoid ever touching 12 volt at back battery currents for trucks. Another one that's an adapter that works is an antenna. You actually can read these signals wirelessly. We experimented with a whole bunch of different antennas, but we found that this form of active antenna pictured here works pretty good and is pretty darn cheap. The power supply that's here is fine, but it works well as well if you connect a 9 volt battery to it instead. And we believe that there's a lot more options out there because really anything that's made for 2200 meters or low FER is in the right band. But we stuck with portable options because a lot of low FER and 2200 meter stuff is giant masts and you're not going to move that around with you, but there are loops and whips and mini whips. But really if you just want to do quick and dirty, these mini whips were really great for the price. Over here you can actually see, you know, we're receiving a pretty clear PLC signal on top of the background noise using just this mini whip taped to the side of a box next to a truck. So we're able to read these signals wirelessly, but for how far? In our testing, we can reliably receive 6 feet away from a position next to the gap between the tractor and the trailer. Now this was using our first version of the junior radio receiver, the one that does the phase measurements and not the new cool stuff that Chris talked about with correlation. So we feel pretty confident that this can be extended. We don't know how far and, you know, post-COVID doing some more testing we're going to find out. Why do we think this works? It's a bit strange because, you know, these trailers or maybe the long ones that we were testing on were 40 feet. And half wave, you know, resonator 40 feet is really only 12 megahertz, which is way, way above the 400 kilohertz top end of the PLC for trucks. So it really shouldn't be a good radiator, but when we test it, it certainly is good enough at this point. And we think that may be a combination of factors, but possibly primarily due to that very large voltage that they transmit, that these devices transmit at to make sure they can make it across the whole range of the tractor and the trailer. So yeah, the long wires, the high transmit voltages, I think also contributing this is maybe PLC transmitters are actually left alone to be noisy. The spec for J2497 allows any conducted noise to be beyond any other restrictions. And then also FCC's regulations on unintentional radiators actually exempt vehicles, any digital device utilized exclusively in any transportation vehicle from the unintended radiator status. They do still have to turn off if they're found to be in violation, but it's hard to understand how that could be enforced with a large moving vehicle. So it seems like maybe these are radiators that are beyond spec and no one's been testing for them because they're exempt or because it's in spec. There are some impacts to this, but the good news is the impacts aren't very large. It's really a minor impact. On trailers, as we mentioned, really the main traffic is just the ABS fault information. And if that's the only information that's being disclosed by these radiators on a remote read, then you're not really losing confidentiality much. Now, if you are a fleet that's deploying other technologies like, you know, way axles or maybe even your door sensors, any canvassing technology in the trailer, this kind of stuff might be more confidential. You wouldn't want to have it disclosed. In terms of the impact in other technologies, other applications of the Intel on P485, we don't really know. Now, one of the reasons we wanted to do this talk is that there are future impacts that really matter. The ATATMC is working on putting together a new next generation tractor trailer interface. And one of the propositions include exchanging keys over PLC. Not that, you know, you can't do key exchange without guarantees of confidentiality, but we just want everyone designing those systems to be aware of the fact that you can't assume that what you exchange over these buses will be confidential. So it could be a problem if it's not implemented correctly. And then as we mentioned at the beginning of the presentation, this is not unique to PLC for trucks. This behavior is present in other power line technologies, and we encourage you to look at the work of Baker and Martinovic who showed that this happens in plug-in electric vehicle chargers. Now, what can we do about it? Presently, there's not a whole lot you could do on existing trailers because we think that really is these long wires and high voltage levels that are contributing to this. But for the future, there is something you could do.  If you are using Airway, if you are using door sensors or canvassing systems, you might want to be aware that that kind of information can't be considered confidential when your trucks are rolling down the road. You also should be aware if your maintenance departments configure your trailer ECUs to do any streaming of readings, which is possible on several of the manufacturers where you can configure them to continuously stream wheel speed readings or temperature or voltage readings, those wouldn't be considered confidential anymore on those buses. But for the future, when they're designing the next tractor-trailer interface, I think the main mitigation that needs to be taken into place is reducing those emissions. And that should be able to be achieved by using PLC on power lines only between the connections, where those J560 connectors are. We recognize that the J560 connector is not going anywhere. It's going to be too expensive to try to get fleets to move off of it. So if we only use PLC in between the J560 connectors, that should reduce the radiated emissions. If we all only use it in between those J560 connectors, it also affords designers the opportunity to use lower transmit voltages because the signals don't have to reach across the entire tractor trailer or multiple, especially multiple trailers in tandem. So this issue has throughout the process has been disclosed to various parties over the past eight months or so. We've been in contact with trailer equipment manufacturers, all three of the major ones. We have reached out to all the trailer builders. Only one of them responded to us. We have coordinated disclosure with the NMFTA members and our sponsors. We've also done it with what was previously ICS CERT, who now wants to be called the CISA Vulnerability Disclosure Program. They themselves also reached out to the trailer builders that didn't respond to us. At this time, CISA-VDP has assigned CVE-2020-145-14, and there is an advisory on this issue of trailer power line communications to raise awareness forthcoming. So in terms of future work, it's kind of got two different directions. I know our AIS friends here do a lot of industrial control systems work, and they're very interested in looking at applications of the same method to various other power line communication technologies, some of them listed here. On the transportation side, very much would like to improve those truck tuck features, get some PLC breed going, maybe use the PWM unit instead. I recognize that those DC blocks could be implemented differently, maybe capacitive coupling on one side of the transformer instead of removing the transformer. Also, the new Ballon 1.9s have really great screw terminals so you could have a much more rugged connection to the power line. We also would like to take Chris's receiver code and figure out just how far the reception can be done reasonably using one of these cheap active antennas and maybe some of the other more fancy active antennas that we've bought since then. Then there's also looking at the other places where you find PLC. We're told that PLC is also used in intermodal, which is where people take containers and put those on top of flat cars or put them on top of trailers on the road as well. We'd like to have a look at how PLC integrates in that space. There's also this thing, which should be really fun to look at. Someone took a trailer brake controller and of course added Wi-Fi to it because that's a great idea. If anyone wants to have fun with a trailer brake controller, check this one out. But also, at the car hacking village, we have two brake controllers hooked up to pressured air. I'll tell you about that a little more in a minute. In summary, in conclusion, we got you two tools. There's PLC for truck ducts, which enables you to write two PLC using one-bit PLC chirps that we did with bit-banging. You can make an arbitrary waveform. You can have different PLC MIDs than you do for the J17-8 payloads. Everything we put together is compatible with Haystack's Pi HV Networks modules. There's also the ability to read PLC traffic remotely, and this is tracked also internally as ICS-VU 227452, and I gave you the CVE earlier, and the GRJ2497 tool that Chris told you all about is capable of receiving this traffic at a distance of six feet. And also, that GR2497 tool is itself compatible with the Pi HV Networks modules from Haystack. So this is what I was trying to tell you about. We actually have a couple trailer brake controllers turned upside down, and we've connected Nerf Dart firing cactuses to the exhaust ports on the bottom, and we're running pressurized air on them so that if you can figure out how to do a valve test or do an ECU reset on one of these things, it should push air through that exhaust port, and you should fire those Nerf darts. And they're connected up on the Virtual Car Hacking Village System, so there's a Twitch stream and remote log-ins to the shells. We do hope that you log in and have a try, and maybe if you get familiar with them, you can get a look at the Wi-Fi trailer unit. I know I'd like to someday, too. What we did here was, you know, not the result of just Chris and I's effort, but really the result of a lot of people committing a lot of resources and assistance over the past few months, and I really want to take an opportunity to put all their names up here and thank them. Really, this wouldn't be possible without, you know, support of a team and a community, and I feel really lucky to be a part of both. So thank you very much for your time. I'll be over in chat with Chris, hopefully answering any questions you have, and I'll see you at the Virtual Car Hacking Village later. Bye.


The presidential candidate of the Africa Democratic Congress to make a ticket on Tuesday commended or commended the federal high court in a Buddha which sacked the S while chairman of the party Ralph Moso and his executive council. According to him, the ruling by Justice Binta Nyako was a Christmas gift to the entire ADC family who could now focus on rebuilding their party and taking the campaign to Nigerian people. Tachiku, in a statement, said he would build a party that would be the pride of all Nigerians just as Nyako had removed the Moso-led leadership of the ADC and nullified all actions taken by them from August of 21, 2022 till date. She also affirmed the leadership of Senator Patricia Aqwashiki, which conducted the primaries that produced Tachiku. While joining us to discuss this is Ahmad Bahari, his vice presidential candidate of the African Democratic Congress. Mr Bahari, it's good to have you joining us. Good evening. Hi. Good evening. Good to be here. Great. I'm almost certain that this is a huge sigh of relief for you and members of your political party, especially your presidential candidate, being that the last time you were here you were really trying to defend the position that your principle had taken in the problem or the embryoglio that you were having within the party and claims that the Estwell chairman had been chairman for almost 17 years. But I always start by asking, how did you not do your background check before picking that political party to find yourself in such a mess? But thank God, I'm guessing now you know better, do you? First of all, thank you for reaching out and for also commiserating with us for the victory in the coup. I think what is most important is we were never with all of the, we love to look from the former national chairman and national working company because based on the constitutional it was clear that there was no way we were going to remain in office if we were going to take it to court. They dared us and like we said, we were not the kind of people that we fear we're going to infight. So we have clearly stood by the constitution and I'm very glad that on this very rare occasion, the law has taken its course. All the prayers that we presented before the judge and the court were all granted and I can speak with you right now, we have taken over the campaign of the archivist and have expelled all the expired people. As I speak with you also, we're also working hard to put together a national convention that is going to invite new national officers to put the party onto the right path. Most importantly, I think what we have done is what Nigerians should applaud by standing against the same things that have actually helped us from the group that we want of the people of the country.  Now they are going around reminding Nigerians that they need the vote. I'm wondering in the interim, what do you have in place? Of course, the fraydness that need to be calmed, what are you doing in that regard? And expelling the people you call bad eggs or, you know, the people that you do not want in the party, how well does that work for you? I mean, I know that there might be people who are in support of the former chairman, but should there not be a regulatory move as opposed to let's kick everybody out? Yeah, we don't have anything against the national working committee, former national working committee members, or the former chairman, Rahul, so we have nothing against him. We're just calling for the country to be respected. As a matter of fact, I would expect them to include the members of the party. Those of them that are eligible to contest for the various offices can still contest. And whatever we're doing together to put in a convention that can set the party on the right path, could not in any way affect our campaign, and the message that we have for the Nigerian people would for all is, which of course was for us, but did all of this inner party growling? Now I'd like to quote your presidential candidate, Mr Domebi Kachiku, directly. He did say that Raul Fomosa did everything possible to destroy our party and our collective ambitions for all for his personal gain. But if I do remember, this man had been national chairman of this party for 17 years. It didn't crumble. Was it really about Raul Fomosa, and I'm not in any way saying what he did was right or wrong, but I'm just curious here, if he held that party together for 17 years, is it really about him or is it a squabble between the national or your presidential candidate and he? Because at some point he said your candidate wanted to take over the party and run it as opposed to allowing the party to run itself. I'm curious. Explain this to me. Yeah, you know, I honestly do not know why Raul Fomosa is so concerned about anybody taking over the party. Most of the amendments in the constitution were done by him to take himself in office. In fact, when Justice in Yako saw the constitution of the party, side by side, the fact that all that is in the constitution had been floated by Raul Fomosa, she was extremely disappointed and in her words, she said things like, these are the things, these are the small, small things around that stop our country from progressing. This is a man who has been given a responsibility just to manage a political party and he is refusing to move. Even Oba Sajedha wanted to go on a third term could not succeed and it is only when a party, especially the State Charmands of the Party, writes the notation that we actually get justice to the people, this is a democracy, it is not a monarchy. Yw y Prosesiadau Cymru llawer o nosion hynna o wneud am gynllun o wneud y ffost gunsiwys oedd o wneud paethol o dalol wneud o'r profeiblio'r gwaith pob rydych chi yn dderbynnol â dysgwyl uchgnwysiaid o gweithio, bwydwch yn fyrdi. Ond, o fedriwch eich hynny yn gweld y hwn yn ddigonol. Hydol yw'r gweithio'r Llyfrgellau Llyfrgellau Llyfrgellau a'r dweud o bobl yng Nghymru, ac mae'n gweithio eu cyhoedd rhywbeth antydemocratig ganchewrfa. Yn ymlawn cyfnodd ymlawn cyfnodd a dweud y port answers iawn i bod y peth yn fwynt ar y Nidgrimeis. Yn ymlawn, ond mae'n rhoi gydag ychydig yn ymloed, Again, sounds a little bit dictatorial to me, I might be wrong but, should there not be an interim leadership handling the party because you are a presidential candidate not necessarily the chairman of the party? I at least quite get your question correctly, but I think there are provisions within the Constitution of the party that allows for the Quad of Justice to quickly put together a Neck, Wel, rydych chi ddweud ychynedd ychynig i'r ardal y dyflaeth yma yma yw'r ddechrau hon o'r ll Doesolfedd Cymru Fyffordd, roedd ar hyn ac ymateb y maes arhaeddon ar gyfer y dyflaeth. Gwyl eich gyfaf yma, rydw i'r Ymddian âётol, yn oedd Ymddian yn y gwirio, I try to, as much as possible, see that justice is done. When we talk about these problems in Nigeria, unfortunately for most people, we neglect all these issues, which in my opinion collectively can actually solve it just from the hands of people who do not want us to progress. Rhaf yw Osu yn ysgolwt, os yw'r cyfwyddiadau, maeth i'r cyfwyddiadau, oedd yma, ond y ddoddau'r cyfrifol yw Clare. Mae'r ddoddau sy'n ddoddau'r cyfrifol yw'r cyfrifol, rhaf i'r cyfrifol yw'r cyfrifol yw'r cyfrifol, ddoddau'r cyfrifol yw Osu, a'r cyfrifol yw rhaf i'r cyfrifol, a'r ddoddau'r cyfrifol yw'r cyfrifol, yn ysgolwt mae'n ddoddau'r cyfrifol yw'r cyfrifol yw'r cyfrifol. Yn rhan oedd ar y cyfwyddiadau'r cyfrifol ar y cyfrifol yw'r cyfrifol, rhaf i'n bobl oedd yr unrhyw gwneud. Mae'r ddoddau'r cyfrifol yw'r cyfrifol yw'r cyfrifol yw'r cyfrifol yn ysgolwt. I'm saying, should he be playing the role of the chairman of a party or the head of the board of trustees as opposed to being the presidential candidate of the African Democratic Congress? Diolch yn fawr, Caerdych Llywodraeth Cymru. Diolch yn fawr, Caerdych Llywodraeth Cymru. Diolch yn fawr, Caerdych Llywodraeth Cymru. Or mae'n ychydig yn amlwg, a how much time do you have? Wel, I'm surprised you're asking me this question. We've been to about 16 states since we came to pick up from this state about two months ago, and we have tried as much as possible to have a lot of consultations with people that we believe are well wishers for Nigeria. Mae hyn nid oedd ymddangos cyfgol gyda'r ffodol mewn achos y ddisgrifennu, ond y gallu ei wneud yn ddiddordeb yn ffodol, yn ddiddordeb yn ddiddordeb yn ddiddordeb yn ddiddordeb yn ddiddordeb yn ddiddordeb yn ddiddordeb. Yn ydych chi'n fath yw, gallwn i amwysgol i'n ffodol, mae'n gofio ar y ddiddordeb yw'n ei wneud, a'n ddiddordeb yn ddiddordeb yn ddiddordeb. Ond rwy'n gweithio ar y cyfans o'r cyffordd gweithio, ysgol y gallwn. Rydyn ni'n gwneud yn gweithio yn gweithio, ac mae hyn sydd yn gweithio i fynd i'w ddechrau'r cyfnod o'r cyd-oherwydd. Mae'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod i'w ddweud. Ond mae'n dweud rydych chi'n cymdeithio'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod o'r cyd-oherwydd, ac roedd y cyfnod. Mae'n fysg eu cyfnod arfer gael y cyfnod o'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod. lowest-level, that is a number, kind of, of the least market markets that we come to see. So, what we have chosen to do in the last few weeks is to have the town hall meetings where we get to have one-on-one conversations with stakeholders, party members and the general public as to what our plans are and how we want to, you know, bring that Niger that we so desire to the people. Interesting, now we all know that there has been a PVC drive and a renewed one, not ar asteroid one, not just by ionic potential society organisations and a few political partners, isn't the ADC part of those parties, who are not just saying, come vote for me, but also joining hands to educate people on how important it is to get their PVCs and make sure that they protect it for their votes. Secondly, how responsive have people been throughout your campaigns? What would you say the ADC strunghold is? Yn yw'n credu cael ystod o'r rhan oherwydd y trafod yn ddangos i ddechrau ond y gwasanaeth y gwn ymweld a'r gweithio'n gweithio ychydig o'r newydd yma. I didn't even know the strength ABC had until I was invited to become a running mate for Dumebika Chikoo. So there are state chairmen in all the states, our activities in the south west is commendable. I think we have a lot of strongholds in the north. The middle belt, we have two house of representative members who are currently serving in the house of reps right now from the north center, from the north center. And when you put all of this together, it is not that strength really. However, I'm not going to shy away from the fact that our inter-party crisis has really sort of, you know, slow things down, especially with regards to contestant and supporters mindset as to whether or not Wonshu is going to remain or is going to be removed. Because for many of them, when you sit down and talk to them, they would tell you their sad stories and the encounters that they've had with Wonshu, how he has collected money from them, and you know, sort of dupiously manipulated them into contesting even though they know that you don't support their ambition. Okay. You haven't answered my PPC question, I'd really want to hear that. On the regard to the PPC question, that is something we've always done. When you go to our platforms, you see hundreds of videos that we have made trying to encourage people to, you know, to go out to vote, trying to encourage people to take the pain to get their PPCs and stuff like that. That is something that we're not going to be asked to do because we know that that is the only way we can get that silent majority that has never been really interested in going out to vote to take the pain to ensure that, you know, they are covered, especially as a consent owning their PPCs and their hands and going out on election day to exercise their franchise. Okay. Finally, let's talk about, I mean, we can't talk about this and not talk about young people. I remember there was a poll that showed that the ADC led mostly in, you know, young people holding offices or running for offices. But what is your usage in terms of the campaigns? How well have you been, you know, carrying them along and how well have you been engaging with them? And finally, I'd like for you to comment on the NOI polls that was just released and knowing that your party is nowhere close to the top. Does that affect you and the work that you need to keep doing going forward? Yeah, I'll start with the last part. I know that a lot of people will say, oh, we've run a poll, there's a poll we're running, ADC is not appearing and all of that. And I'm thinking in my head, we've also never sponsored a post. We have never in any way said, oh, let us put money and see how our social media platforms can get the attention that many people believe would be what the general public would be excited about. I think campaigns are really done at the grassroot level. I think campaigns really matter the most with the people that you intend to salvage, not how much, how many likes or reports you have on Twitter or on social media generally. I respect social media, but on this occasion, the campaigns are not on social media, and we must get that straight. I contested in 2019, I know the kind of balls we created when it comes to social media. I know how much followers we had, but I keep trying to remind everyone, apart from APC and PDP in the last election, collectively, all the other 75 contestants were only able to muscle out 315,000 votes. One would like to ask, Shawwre, Smogalu, Ahmed Wahari, Fela, all of us together, what happened that we couldn't do more than better than that? It means that really the arithmetic is not really on the social media space. All the social media space helps us to communicate the kind of plans that we have. Most importantly, the assignment is on the ground, and we must be on the ground, and that's what we've been doing. Well, I want to say thank you, Ahmed Wahari is the Vice Presidential Candidate of the African Democratic Congress ADC. Thank you so much for speaking with us and good luck as you go on the road. I appreciate it. Thank you. All right. Well, thank you all for staying with us, and that's it on Plus Politics tonight. We'll leave you with the highlights of the week, and don't forget, as you celebrate Christmas, may the blessings of the season be with you. I am Mary Annacoln. Have a merry Christmas and good night. I might be anywhere and when you tell people I had the unit out, but also people don't know the truth. If somebody confronts a team, the person is also a team. In this scenario now, our problem is not with anybody. That is why we don't accept that, that is why we want to talk to you, that is why we want to talk to you. So, if you want to be on this for the next time we are sitting here, we gather to OK, ddau i wneud ymlaen. Felly, y bod ni ydw i gyd, dyna'r cymryd gyffredd. Now, dd trong iawn y holl lwn. Felly, mae'r cyntCONFIKTulion Parado. Felly, mae'r cyntCONFIKTulion Parado. Rydych chi'n cyffredd. Mae'r cwydd wedi yw'r cyntCONFIKTulion parado. Ac oedden i amser oedd eich oeddem yn yr yw gofyniad yma? Felly, nid dweud hynny'n dda, fyddwch i anodd yr unrhyw o'r cyffredin o'r cyffredin. Byddwch, ei fyddem o'r cyffredin ar y cyffredin yma. Neu'r cyffredin o'r cyffredin ddd dechon nhw, oedd unrhyw o ddysgu. A i ddweud yr yma ymdannig, yma'r cyffredin o'r cyffredin o'r cyffredin. I won't cover up anything. No contract up. We have discovered over 100 billion both contractors. And that's what we did for years. They called it contract of financing. Ocean economy is so shallow. There's no money in the system. We are working on revolving loan schemes that we actually ensure that money actually revolve around within ocean economy. So that our people can run businesses, politicians, market women and men. The third one is people-oriented infrastructure policy. Labour-intensive infrastructure policy. Most of our infrastructure, most of them will be direct labour. We just technical support. The whole essence of it is to engage our people. At the time when OPPE was convicted, it said it had a parallel knowledge that it would be convicted and be given a soft landing. There is no way you can get convicted in the afternoon and then you can perfect the bill almost immediately with a view of not going to prison. Our system doesn't work like that. I agree that it should work the way it has worked for those of OPPE, for them to know how it is working for them. Except you already have an advantage of what the judge will be and what you need to do. It's quite amazing that OPPE could come up with a few million error within a few hours, couple of hours, to escape the same event in prison. And it still tells me, it raises the question about those who move into Labour Party when they will be moved into Labour Party are actually members of the same ruling class who have amassed so much wealth, and then move into Labour Party simply to take over the leadership of the party. But the way the attack happened is more like a reprisal than anybody who will go to ask around that area. They will tell you that there had been a chemical before this time and I know that they went to this attack that happened on Sunday. But I had expected that, by now, the relevant authorities in Cardinal 3 would have issued a statement as to the exact happening. So what we are discussing here is the snippet of what we have gotten from EDM community. And I will speak with you. We understand that those who are doing that attack are still hanging around with the local government where that attack happened.


What's up, everyone? Takedown here. Welcome back to the video. Today, we're going to be talking about the best PlayStation 5 video games. Some of these were released originally on the PlayStation 4, but did make their way over to the PlayStation 5 with better graphics and they are insane. Let's just get right into this. So first off, we're going to be strong with Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy. This game is amazing. The graphics is amazing. The storyline is amazing. Everything about this game is on point. I absolutely love all of the characters. Now, I wish that you could go and solely control each character that you want. Instead, you only are Star Lord and you're basically directing the rest of the team, which is great. I just wished that you would be able to become each member of the Guardians. That would be a lot better. For this game, I did originally play it on the PS4. The PS5 version, the graphics are just so much more improved and everything is so quick. With the loading times, this game is definitely up there as one of my favorite PlayStation 5 games as of right now. In my opinion, PlayStation 5 games are only going to get better. Next up is another one that I originally started on the PlayStation 4. I did have it on the PlayStation 4 and that is Far Cry 6. Whenever I got to the PlayStation 5, I was able to get a free upgrade to the PlayStation 5 version of Far Cry 6. This game is amazing. It's one of my favorite Far Cry games. I recently just beat it and the story is amazing. Now, still speaking of Far Cry, my favorite Far Cry game is still going to be Far Cry 5, the one before this one. But this game was amazing. My only real thing that it was iffy on was unlocking everything fairly quick. On Far Cry 5, it was more of a struggle and whenever you unlocked something, you felt like you earned it. Far Cry 6, you unlocked a lot of stuff early on and it didn't feel like you earned it like you did with the previous game. But the graphics was amazing. The story was amazing. The villain was one of my favorite villains in all of the series. It was a fun game and the graphics were even better for the PlayStation 5 version. Next up is going to be Spider-Man Miles Morales. Again, this is one that was insane. I had it on the PlayStation 4 and beat it on there and whenever I got my PlayStation 5, I got a free upgrade to the PS5 version and I did a second playthrough on the PlayStation 5 and I must say it was even better than the PlayStation 4 version. The graphics were amazing. The loading times was super fast and this game was a lot of fun. I loved both versions of it, but the PlayStation 5 version was definitely up there as my favorite one. It's one of my favorite Spider-Man games period that were out on the new generation of consoles and I can't rate for a play state or Spider-Man 2 to be coming out later next year, I believe. That's going to be a lot of fun, but this game here as of right now is one of my favorite PlayStation 5 games. Next is going to be Cod Modern Warfare 2. This is insane that the remaking sum from over 10 years ago, some of the color duties just with more graphics, guns and an online feature.  I absolutely hate that one, but the rest is a lot of fun. Now years ago, I did get out of Call of Duty and I just stopped playing it. I started playing other games, but now with this one here for the PlayStation 5, I started just to get back into it and I must say it is one of my favorite Call of Duty games of recent years and it is the one game that did get me back into the franchise, which does say a lot in my opinion. Next is going to be Horizon Forbidden West. This game here actually came with my PlayStation 5. Now ironically, it did have the code for the PlayStation 4 version and a free upgrade to the PS5 version, but I got the code with my PlayStation 5, so I thought that was weird that they'd include the PS4 version with the console and then a free upgrade. It just didn't make sense. They should have just given the PlayStation 5 version, in my opinion, but still this game here was a lot of fun. I loved the first one. Zero Dawn was amazing, but I never finished it because it was just such a long game. This one here, I'm just getting into now and I absolutely love it. It's a lot of fun. The graphics is amazing. The story is amazing and it's fun experiencing these games. Now it is a large game and will take time, but it is so much fun and I absolutely do love this game. The last game that I wanted to talk about is Ratchet and Clank, A Rift Apart. This is a game that I wish I did get with my PlayStation 5 whenever I bought it because I did have to buy a second game. Now this game here was not in stock at the time, so I couldn't get it. Luckily for me, for the Black Friday sales this past year, it was on sale for 50% off, so I did pick it up and I must say it's one of the best Ratchet and Clank games that I've had. The Rift feature was just really new to me and I didn't think looking at the trailer and that I was going to enjoy this game, but I must say it's a lot of fun. It feels not only like a classic Ratchet and Clank game, but all this new aspect with the new characters and everything else was a lot of fun and I'm absolutely loving playing this game and I highly recommend it. Now I think there is the PlayStation 4 version. I can't remember if it came out on the PlayStation 4 or sold it for the PlayStation 5, but on the PlayStation 5 I absolutely love it and in my opinion right now out of all the PlayStation 5 games I'm playing, this is one that I absolutely love because it's so iconic of a franchise, but it also has all of the graphics and everything else that you'd expect from a new PlayStation 5 game. It's just in my opinion best of both worlds. So I absolutely love this game and it is in my opinion one of the ones that I always go back to and start playing even more because it is so much fun. So these are the best PlayStation 5 games in my opinion. Obviously there's others out there, there's some franchises and some games that I just don't play that don't appeal to me that other people might absolutely love. So comment down below your favorite PlayStation 5 video game, but right now as of right now these are my favorite, but of course next year with new games coming out or in the next couple years with new games coming out there might be an updated video in the future with some new games on it, but these are my favorite and best PlayStation 5 games in my opinion. So I'll see you guys in the next one. Please take care. Peace.


What really matters to the narcissist? What is most important or significant to them? What really matters? There is something that matters most to the narcissist More than anything else and this can often be distinguished by certain behaviors They can make it look like they're actually interested in something else But really, there's only one thing that interests the narcissist They don't really care about things with purpose or meaning They don't care about anything beneath the surface They don't care about building relationships Or helping their family or friends They don't care about investing their time or energy into other people None of that really matters to the narcissist They don't care about making this world a better place They don't care about making people happy or improving people's lives None of that is a concern to the narcissist It's not a matter or interest of importance to them Because there's something else that preoccupies their minds Something else that they insatiably desire and that is their fuel Their supply The reactions they get from you or other people That's what sustains the illusion That's what props up their false self And makes them feel like there's something valuable It makes them feel significant The narcissist doesn't really care about you or anyone else It may look like they're trying to assist you But even then it's just for supply It makes them feel useful It makes them feel like they are significant or important It's not because they want to improve your life in any way They just like how it makes them feel by helping you Just like when a narcissist tries to flirt with you They're not really interested in you as a person Or even on a physical level It's all about how it makes them feel It gives them narcissistic supply by proxy From interacting with you They see it as though if there's a reciprocal interest That must mean there's something desirable or attractive Which is why they will go out of their way to get people's attention They will initially want you to attach to them Without ever attaching to you Attaching to you doesn't fulfill them in any way But if you attach to them it props up their false self it gives them narcissistic supply It makes them feel like they matter to someone They want to matter to you They want to feel like they are something significant in your life Which is why if they can't get positive interest from you They will sell for negative attention It still gives them supply Because all that really matters to the narcissist Is feeling like they exist Narcissists do not respect reality They don't care about the truth They don't care about facts or statistics They don't care about what is really going on Unless they can use it to get supply They will mould reality into whatever they need it to be And they will perceive you and whatever way benefits them So that they can get supply So that they can feel better about themselves It really doesn't matter about who you are Or what you did to get to where you are today Unless they can use it to get supply Which is why if you are a positive source of supply to the narcissist They will exaggerate everything good about you And they will minimise your flaws or weaknesses They will act like it doesn't exist While if you are a negative source of supply They will exaggerate your flaws or weaknesses And minimise everything good about you Or act like it doesn't exist Whatever serves them Whatever gives them supply Whatever makes them feel better about themselves Regardless of what the truth may be Because the truth only matters to the narcissist If it gives them supply If it makes them feel better about themselves If it doesn't It's of no concern to them It has no value And it's the same thing with the past or future None of that really matters to the narcissist It may look like it matters When they bring up their past or anticipate their future to get supply Or they will point out a fault or mistake that you made in the past And it may seem like your past or future has some significance to the narcissist But that is only how it pertains to the present moment Because really They can only get supply in the present moment Which is why the only thing the narcissist really values is right now They're always in the moment They're fully focused and mentally involved In what they are doing and experiencing in the present moment Because that's what's going to give them supply They will often ignore things that have been said or done in the past They will ignore the bigger picture They will ignore the most important facts about a situation And the effects of that situation on other things They will stray from an understanding of a situation That includes more than what is immediately apparent Because none of that is a concern to the narcissist Unless they can use it to fuel themselves All that really matters to the narcissist is supply And that is why you can't get through to them That is why you can't have a genuine conversation with them Because they're not going to care about anything Unless they can use it to fuel themselves And that's the only part they're going to listen to Whatever they think has the most useful and their so important to them Whatever they think will help them to feel better about themselves It's never about you They don't even see you People are just objects That either make them feel better or worse about themselves And all they're ever going to do is manipulate you Into seeing things the way they do So that they can get supply They're only ever going to brainwash you So that they can keep you under their control So that they can keep you as their source You're either a source of supply to the narcissist Or a problem They do not value anything beneath that They have no interest in relationships They have no concern for their family or friends It's all about how they can use you to feel better about themselves Thank you for watching I hope this video has it with you Please like, comment, share and subscribe If you would like to donate My PayPal link is in the video description Coaching Choirs You can email me at coachingatnarksviver.uk Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon


Russia begins mass production of Su-57 fighters. The aircraft manufacturer in Komsomolsk-on-Amore in the Russian Far East has mastered mass production of Sukhoi Su-57 fifth-generation multi-role fighters, and the number of aircraft produced by the company will keep increasing. Head of the United Aircraft Corporation, Yuri Slyosar said. This is actually the first year of the highly serial production of Su-57 planes in Komsomolsk and subsequently their number will increase. We reached more or less substantial production of these planes this year, the top executive said in a live broadcast on the Rosya 24 TV channel. The Sukhoi Su-57 is a Russian-made fifth-generation multi-role fighter designed to destroy all types of air, ground, and naval targets. The Su-57 fighter jet features stealth technology with the broad use of composite material, is capable of reaching a supersonic cruising speed and is furnished with the most advanced onboard radio-electronic equipment, including a powerful onboard computer, the so-called electronic second pilot. The radar system spread across its body and some other innovations in particular are a month placed inside its fuselage. The Su-57 AI system assumes some of the pilot's functions, including piloting and preparations for the use of weapons.


I'm excited about two main things in Portugal to develop the open science agenda. The first one is to develop a strong and robust infrastructure for research data management. We are quite mature in terms of publication infrastructure, our repositories network and our services for open access journals. But we need to improve the infrastructure to support research data management within research communities and also institutions. We try to align and to align with some facilities from European projects like OpenAir and LDAT. In fact we are already doing and trying to use some services but also providing some support to institutions and to domain specific communities with some providing some services. And also because of that another thing that is an important challenge for Portugal is also to involve institutions and to establish road maps for research data management to align with this infrastructure that we are trying to provide at the national level.