Sir, could you please tell us what is a clustered primary key? What is a clustered primary key? Clustering is actually a physical property of how the relation is stored, whereas the primary key is a logical notion. So, a primary key uniquely identifies a tuple and it is chosen by the person who designs the schema. Now, when you store the relation on disk, the order in which the tuples are stored can have a significant impact on performance. So, supposing you want to find out all students in a particular class, if the relation which takes is sorted by the course ID and the section ID and so forth, then all the records for a particular section or a particular course offering will be together on disk. So, with just one disk I owe you can fetch all of them. On the other hand, if the takes relation is sorted by the student's ID, it is easy to find out what all courses the student has taken, but if you want to know who all have registered for a particular course, those tuples may be scattered all over this. So, the idea of clustering is that you sort it on certain attributes. Now, if a relation is stored sorted on the primary key, then that would be called a clustered relation is clustered on primary key. But you can have primary key being something, but the relation may be stored, sorted or clustered on some other key for efficiency. So, that is what clustering is about. Does that answer your question? I have another question. Is there any difference between composite primary key and clustered primary key? They are separate notions. The composite primary key is a primary key which has more than one attribute. So, in our case, for instructor and student, the primary key is ID, so that is not composite, but if you see the takes relation, there are many attributes which together form the primary key. So, there the primary key is a composite key. Composite simply means there are multiple attributes and so you can have a clustered composite. You can have any combination. You can take a couple more questions before we start on today's topics. Professor Meghe, Professor Meghe, is there a question for you? Database system stores each relation in a separate operating system file. Then operating system uses it as authentication schema. Which kind of authentication is there, sir? So, first of all, a database system may or may not store a relation, each relation as a file. So, we will come to this when we look at database internals, but many databases keep multiple files per relation, but each file corresponds to one relation. That is a common situation. Now, you are talking of authorization. So, there is database level authorization and then there is operating system level authorization. So, typically all the files used by a database system have the same user at the level of the operating system. And then the authorization, the control which we discussed yesterday, is imposed by the database. Now, of course, if you are a super user or administrator on the operating system, you can look at any file you want. So, authorization can be defeated by bypassing the whole thing. But of course, you have to control passwords and so on. So, you cannot bypass and become administrator. One last question before we start on today's topic. Vishwa Jyoti, Kerala, please go ahead. My question is, is it possible to do a join between two tables from two different databases? Okay. So, the question is, can you perform a join between two tables which are on two different databases? So, many database systems allow you to create a view of a relation which is on a remote database. So, now when you create that remote view and then you do a join on the view, the database system will actually fetch the records from the remote database and then do the join locally. So, many databases support this and it is widely used to integrate data from multiple databases. Let's start on today's session which is entity relationship modeling. Many of you will be familiar with ER modeling. For the few of you who are not familiar with it, let me say a little bit in introduction. ER modeling is part of design process for a database. So, we have seen a university schema with many relations. How did we come up with all of these? How did we decide what was the relation? How did we decide what are the attributes? A good way of doing this is by starting at a high level and understanding what is it that the database is modeling and the entity relationship modeling approach provides a nice basis for doing this. In this approach, we think of a database as modeling a real world system which has entities and then it has relationships between entities. So, what is an entity? It's an object that exists and is distinguishable from other objects. It's a very loose definition. It could be a physical object such as a person, a company, and so on. It could be a logical object, for example, a course or a course offering. It's a logical object, it's not a physical thing. Course is defined by a number of attributes starting with a course ID, a syllabus, and so forth. But it doesn't physically exist anywhere, but conceptually it is a meaningful entity. So, a course would be an entity. Entities have to have attributes which describe them. For example, for people, there may be IDs, names, addresses, and so forth. An entity set is a set of entities of the same type which have the same property. For example, the set of all people in the thing which you're modeling. I don't mean necessarily all people in the world or all things in the universe. But your ER model is for some particular thing. It could be a university, it could be a company, it could be a website like Piazza, which lets people sign up. And each of these would have its own notion of what is an entity set. And what are the different entity sets? So, here is a small sample of entity sets for instructor and students. This is showing a few attributes. Again, in our relations, we have a lot more attributes, but we just shown a few here for simplicity. So, moving on, we have a notion of relationships and relationship sets. First, the relationship is singular. It's an association among several entities. As an example, students have advisors. So, an advisor is a relationship between a student and an instructor. So, here we have student identified by the ID, whose advisor is this person identified by this ID. So, an advisor relationship exists between this student and this instructor. Now, a relationship set is a set of relationships of the same type. So, the advisor in our example is treated as a relationship set, because there are many instances of student-instructor pair, where the instructor is an advisor of the student. Note that there may be other relationships between a student and a instructor. Advisor is just one possible thing. Maybe there is another thing, which is something completely different. Maybe it's a project guide, which is different from the advisor. Advisor may be a faculty advisor overall. And then for your project, you may have a guide, which is another relationship between students and instructors, which has a different meaning. So, formally, a relationship set is a mathematical relationship amongst n, sorry, single relationship is a particular instance. A relationship set is a relation in the sense that, in the mathematical terminology, a relation is a set of these instances. So, it is not a relationship, it could be a single instance. The relation in formal terminology is basically a set of couples. We already know that from the relational model, but this is a formal mathematical notion of a relation. So, we would say that, in this case, the ID is used to identify the student as well as the instructor. So, we would say that, this ID and this ID is an element of the advisor relationship. We'll drop this distinction between an individual relation and a relationship set, because it's fairly clear from the context what we mean. So, we will just say a relationship and not bother about the fact that it's a set or a single relationship, because it's common, it's easy to understand from the context. So, again, the same advisor relationship set shown here using lines. So, there are lines connecting Crick with Tanaka, Cads with Shankar and Zang and so forth. So, this is a relationship set, advisor. Note that, because it's a binary relation between just two things, a single line property, if it were a ternary relationship, then you would have to use a slightly different terminology. But, we're not going to use this loose terminology, we're actually going to use a more formal terminology or diagraming representation rather for denoting entities and relationships. Now, why is the diagraming important? If you look at a text page, it takes a lot of while to read through it and understand what is going on. The same information, which is shown as a picture, usually makes it a lot easier to understand what is going on. So, for the first cut understanding of what a particular database design is about, it turns out that a pictorial representation is actually very nice. That's why we showed you a pictorial representation of the relation schema. Now, the entity relationship modeling looks kind of similar, but it's not the same. You please don't confuse the two. Later on, I'll tell you the differences between those. But, an ER diagram is a diagrammatic representation, which is at a higher level than the lower level relational schema, even if that is shown as a diagram. So, here we have the same two entities and the same relationship we saw with a few extra attributes. Instructor has attributes ID, name, salary. Student has attributes ID, name, and total credits. And, advisor is a relationship between the two. So, how have we shown it? We have shown rectangles for entities or entity sets and diamonds for relationships. Again, a relationship set technically, but I'll just say relationship, it should be clear what it is. So now, within the entity set, we show the name of the entity set at the top and the attributes below. Again, there are many notations. In fact, up to the fifth edition, our book used an earlier notation called the Chen notation. But, we found that in the industry, people use UML notation, which is different from ER notation, to often model the same things. And, we found that the old Chen notation for those of you who are familiar with it, was a little cumbersome. There were a lot of ovals and took up a lot of space, which meant you could put fewer things in a page. It was harder to understand the big picture. So, we changed to this notation, where the attributes are simply listed one below the other. And, an attribute, which is underlined is a primary key. So, we have to choose one or more attributes, which will uniquely identify an entity in this set. So, that's that attribute or that set of attributes is underlined. So, that's the first entity diagram. Now, here is a small extension, which shows that relationship sets can have attributes too. This is a toy example. Supposing, along with the advisor relationship, we wanted to track a date. Maybe that's the date when the student started being associated with that advisor. So, maybe initially the student was with some other advisor. Now, that relationship changed. We want to know how long this advisor has known the student. So, then what are the first date? In reality, you may have more complex stuff and the schema may actually change as a result. We'll come back to some of these tricky issues later. For the moment, there's just a single attribute. And here is how we show it diagrammatically. This, again, is based on the UML notation, where from the relationship diamond, we have a dashed line to a box, which contains the attributes. Now, for those of you familiar with UML, UML also uses diamonds to indicate relationship. Its relationships are usually between classes, whereas we think of these entities. They're very similar notions, classes and entities. Now, coming to the attributes of an entity, we can have several as we have seen. The domain of an attribute is a set of permitted values for each attribute. So, the domain of name is a set of all possible names. Now, in India, people pretty much give any name they choose. But in some countries, the domain of names is actually restricted. As I'm told in Germany and in Iceland and a few other countries, they have a finite set of names, and you can only pick from those names. So, you can't choose any other name. And this is a funny incident where somebody protested against the system. And when her daughter had to be named, she said some name, and they refused to accept it and registered the name as no name. And on all official records, that person's name is now no name. So, it's a funny situation, which incidentally also happens apparently in Maharashtra. When South Indians moved to Maharashtra, they were asked to give a surname. And apparently, this person didn't have a surname. So, he said none, and of course, his surname soon became no name. So, yeah, there's this issue of null values here. Should have been a null value, but since maybe the database didn't allow it, or the human operator didn't allow it, they got a weird surname. I shouldn't say weird, it's a perfectly nice surname, but it was weird when applied to a person without a surname. Okay, so moving back, domain is a set of permitted value. Sometimes there are constraints on this. For example, if you have salary, it should be generally a positive zero to a positive thing, although occasionally people pay to get a job, as we know from recent incidents involving the railway ministry. And for that matter, at five-star hotels, there are these people who open car doors. I'm told they get so much money from tips that they actually pay for the job. They don't get a salary, they pay to get that particular job. But leaving such weird things aside, you may have a constraint that a salary should be positive. So the domain would be positive, maybe numerics with up to two decimal places, up to the PISA, not beyond that. Okay, then you have other types of attributes. You can have simple attributes versus composite attributes. You can have single-valued versus multi-valued. You can have derived attributes. So what are these coming up in the next slide? So here are composite attributes. Name may be broken up into first name, middle initial last name. Address may be broken up into street, city, state, and postal code. And further, the street part of the address may be broken up into, this is street number, but in the Indian context, it's the house number, the name of the street, and the apartment number, which is very common. So these are composite attributes with parts, and the component attributes are the parts of the composite attribute. And attributes which don't have parts are simple attributes. Now multi-valued attributes are also common. For example, you may have phone numbers, there's a set of phone numbers for a person that's pretty common. And address books, mostly you're allowed to add more phone numbers. If you go to your address book on your mobile phone, you're allowed to add many phone numbers for a particular entry. Finally, derived attributes can be inferred from others. In India, for some reason, all our official forms ask for age. Which is rather silly if you think about it, because age keeps changing, and your ration card or whatever other document gives you a raise as of when the card was issued, and people are supposed to add the number of years since then and figure it out. That's the wrong way of doing things. Age should be a derived attribute, which should be computed from date on birth. Maybe they did this because many people didn't really have a date of birth. And many people, of course, don't age. They prefer to be whatever age for the rest of their life. Either on paper, and of course some people, mental or emotional age, remain fixed for many years, or maybe reduces. But leaving such things aside, it should be a derived attribute which is computed from the date of birth. So here is how we represent these situations in our ER diagram notation. Again, unfortunately, there are many standards for this, and we created our own standard. So this is not something which you may find other people using. But our goal here was to get something which is like UML as far as possible. But add some features which UML doesn't actually support in order to be able to do full ER modeling. So the specific extensions to UML here are things which are not in core UML. But UML itself is in some sense extensible. You can always add a notation to UML, and in some sense, that's what you're doing. You can think of it as extended UML a few weeks. So what we have here is instructor has an ID underlined, so it's primary. Name has a subpart, so it's composite, whose components are first name, middle, initial, last name. Address is again composite, one of whose components is street, which itself is composite, and so forth. So the indentation shows the level of next thing. Coming down here, phone number is shown enclosed in curly brackets to indicate that it is a multi-valued attribute. And lastly, age is shown in parenthesis to indicate it's a derived attribute. Now this last part, derived attribute, is actually part of UML, because UML class diagram include methods, and this is just a method. Now we come to degree of a relationship set. So binary is the most common situation, which involves two entities. And in real life, most relationships, but not all, are binary. Now, there are many relationships which at first cut may appear non-binary, but in fact, they are binary. So we will come to a concrete example of a ternary relationship in a little bit. But before that, let's take some instances of a relationship, which may appear non-binary, but maybe are not. So let's say that a person has a father and a mother. Maybe we could think of a ternary relationship between person, father, and mother, but if you think about it, there are some issues with having a ternary relationship between person, mother, and father. What if we don't know the father of a person? This does happen, or maybe we know it, but it's not represented in our database. So we don't have an entity in the database corresponding to the father. But we do have something corresponding to the mother. How do we represent this? Now in the year modeling notation, or year model in fact, not just the notation, in the year model, a relationship must identify a set of entities. You cannot have null as one of the participating entities in a relationship. So if you don't know the father, and we only have a ternary relationship, we cannot represent the fact that we know who's the mother of this person. And in fact, it makes more sense to have two relationships, mother and father, which relate a person to their mother and to their father. In fact, we can even have one relationship saying parent which relates a person to their parent, and if you have the gender of the parent, you can figure out whether it's the mother or the father. Or if you want to make it explicit, you can have an extra attribute in the relationship which says, what is the role in this relationship? So whether it's a mother or the father. May not be meaningful for parent, but for other things, this is meaningful. So ternary relationships, what look ternary, may be better represented really by binary, but not always. So let's look at this situation. Supposing students work on research projects under the guidance of an instructor. This happens during summer, many times, and sometimes during summer as well also. So we have a project guide which relates a student and project guide and the project itself. The student, instructor and project are related. Now, should this be ternary or should it be a combination of binary? So what we want to represent to this instructor is guiding this student on this project. Note that we have assumed here that project is an entity. If project were not modeled as an entity, then maybe it's just the attribute of relationship between student and instructor. But we do in this case want to model a project as an entity. Maybe there is other information about the project, so it is an entity. Now, how do we represent this? So as a ternary relationship, no problem. So a student is connected to a project and an instructor and it's also mandatory in our case, let's say to have a instructor for a project. If not, we can have a separate relationship between student and project indicating the student is working on the project. So let's keep that aside. So this ternary relationship, if you try to break it into parts. Supposing we break it into student project and student instructor. What is going to happen? We know the student is working on this project. We know the student is working for this instructor. But is this instructor guiding the student on this project? It could be that a student is working with two different instructors and on two different projects. But which instructor is guiding the student on which project? We don't know. So we break it into two binary relationships. Therefore, in this case, a ternary relationship is more appropriate. But it turns out it's a little hard to come up with examples. I'm sure you're thinking in your mind, this is a very artificial example. Isn't there a more natural example? And we try to come up with a more natural example in the university domain. And we couldn't come up with a very good one. This is a little unusual, little contrived. But it just reflects the fact that most relationships are in fact binary. It's hard to come up with truly ternary relationships. So this is a diagrammatic representation of the same thing. We have instructor, we have student, we have project as entity sets. We have not shown the attributes of project. And project guide is the ternary relationship shown as a diamond linked to all of the above. So here is a quick quiz. This is something which I told you a few slides earlier. And we are talking of a person entity set and the relationship between the father and mother. And I've already told you two binary relationships are the appropriate thing here, so hopefully all of you were listening and got that answer already. I already explained why a ternary relationship is a bad idea. Because if we don't know one of the two parents, we can't represent it. The last one, I mean, sorry, the third one, an entity set parent linked by three relationships to person, the person whose parents we are noting, the father and the mother is actually an option. Technically it is not incorrect. We can always take any degree relationship and create a fake entity set representing the relationship and then relate it to each of the participants. I'll come back to this later in the talk, but that is a valid thing. And we will see why it is valid later. But in this case, it is inappropriate because in the first place, the ternary relationship was inappropriate. You could change a ternary relationship to a set of binary relationship, but in this case, it is inappropriate. And finally, an entity set with attributes person, father and mother is totally inappropriate because of the following thing. We have person entities that we want to recognize as entities. If we store an entity as an attribute, not as a relationship, we have lost track of the fact that this attribute represents an actual person in the database. If you just store the name, the name is there, but maybe we don't know who that person is in the database, the model does not show this. So in the model, to make it explicit that the relationship is to a person who we are modeling in the database, it should be a relationship. It should not be an attribute. This issue comes up repeatedly and it's in fact, sometimes it's a design choice. For example, should you treat a phone as an entity or just as a phone number, which is just a value. So many times, a phone number is just a value, it's not an entity. For a person who is keeping a phone book. But for the phone company, a phone is not just a attribute, it is an entity, a phone number, either it's an entity. Because there is a history to the calls made from that phone, a bill, and so on. It is truly an entity. So it depends on who's looking at it. But if you actually have an entity, and instead of creating a relationship with that entity, you put an attribute representing that entity. That is a design flaw. So for example, if we take this particular scenario, let's go to binary, this is better. Yeah, this diagram I've jumped way ahead, but the goal was to show you a situation where for student, if you recall in the original relational model, we had department names stored with the student. But when we come to the year modeling, we have modeled student as an entity set. We have modeled department as an entity set. But we have not stored the department name here. What we have done is, we've created a relationship. Forget all the other notation. Just look at this fact that there is a dimension to the relationship between student and department. So that's what we should do. We should not store department as an attribute of student. It should be a relationship. Yeah, so that was related to the last point where using person, father, and mother as attributes of something is wrong. It should be relationship. Now some more terminology and notation. It's usually very important to keep track of cardinality constraints on relationships. So for binary relationships, the constraints are one to one, one to many, many to one, and many to many. This expresses the number of entities to which a given entity can be associated via an entity set. So this is shown pictorially here. This is not a year diagram. This is just showing actual entities and the lines of relationship between the entities. In this case, each entity on the left side is associated at most one entity on the right side and vice versa. Note that you may have some extra things here which are not mapped. So this is one to one. One thing on the left can be associated at most one on the right. And similarly, one thing on the right can be associated at most one thing on the left. Some may not be associated in this. This one is one to many, which says that one on the left may be associated with many things on the right. On the other hand, a thing on the right can be associated with at most one from the left. Again, in both sides it's at most. The figure doesn't show it, but you can have extra elements here and here which are not mapped. That is, they do not participate in the relationship. Many to one is just a symmetric version of one to many with the two sides flipped. And many to many is the most general thing. There are no constraints basically. So anything here can be mapped to any number of things on the other side. So here we have A1 mapping to two things. And similarly, B1 and B3 mapping to two things on this side. B4 is not mapped to anything. So that's conceptually the kinds of things that can exist. Constraints on the relationships that can exist. And in the ER notation, we show the constraints as follows. There are again many different alternatives for showing the notation. And we can express it by a directed line with an arrow. There is an arrow which says that the thing on the arrow head side is one. And the other side could be one or many. And we'll see that in a moment. An undirected line with no arrow signifies many. So let's see this notation by an example here. Here the relationship between instructor and student, the advisor relationship is shown with an arrow on both sides. It means one to one. What does it mean? A student can have at most one advisor. And an instructor can have at most one advisor. Now in most engineering colleges, we have an advisor system. This is not meaningful because an instructor may have many students being advised by the instructor. But postgraduate medical rules are a little bit different. I think they may be getting changed. But at least some time ago in a medical college with post grad, I believe an advisor could have only one advisor. That is, a person could be guiding only one student, not more. In that case, the advisor relationship would be one to one between student and instructor. This is a diagram showing one to many, which shows that in this case, an instructor, the arrow is in the direction student to instructor. This means that a student can have at most one advisor. But there's no arrow in the other direction. So an instructor can be advising many students. So this represents the more common scenario where a student may have at most one advisor. But an instructor can be advising many students. This one is the converse where the arrow is from instructor to student. Here, an instructor can have at most one student being advised. But a student can have many instructors advising the student. This is pretty unrealistic. It's just to show the notation. There are other scenarios where it's useful. And finally, many to many relationships where an instructor can have any number of students being advised. And a student can have any number of instructors advising the student. This is a common scenario for our PhD, for example. There are often joint advisors, two people together advising a student. And so it's many to many. A student can have many advisors. Advisor can have many students. So those are the cardinality constraints on binary relationship. There's one other kind of constraint called the participation constraint of an entity set in a relationship set. So this is illustrated using a different example. Here, we are actually jumping ahead on some notation. So don't bother about this double diamond notation. That's coming up a little bit later.  Focus on the double line here. What it is saying is that a section has a relationship with a course. Because a section is for a particular course. And every section must be associated with a course. It makes no sense to have a section where you don't know what course it is associated with. And that is indicated by a double line here. It says the participation of section in the relationship with course, that relationship is called sec course. So a section must have an associated course, not also the arrow here, which says that a section can have at most one course. So it must have exactly one course. At most one and at least one, so it's exactly one. It makes no sense to have a section which is representing two different courses. Therefore, we have this arrow. So verbally, we say that the participation of section in the relationship with a course is total. Partial participation means that some entities may not have a relationship, may not participate in that relationship. So going back here, you can say that an instructor need not be an advisor to any student. So the participation of instructor in the advisor relationship is partial. In this case, we've even allowed the student's participation to be partial. That is, we may have students who don't have an advisor. If he insists that every student have an advisor, at least one advisor, this line would become a double line. Now, there are a few other alternative notations to this double line and arrow notation. One which is very commonly used is to put limits, cardinality limits on the line here. So in this case, instructor participates zero dot dot star, meaning the instructor may not participate in advice at all, but the instructor may participate in many advisor relationships. On this side, the one dot dot one means the student must participate in at least one advisor relationship, and in at most one. So students must have exactly one advisor. So let's come back to the quiz shown in this slide. The alternative notation here, I'm not going to ask you to solve it. It's straightforward. This particular thing says the relationship is, the options are many to one from instructor to student, one to many from instructor to student, one to one, many to many. So in this case, a student can participate at most once. So it's clearly not many to many. And is it one to many from instructor to student or many to one from instructor to student? So this can cause confusion. So think of it this way. If you want a many to one from instructor to student, that means many instructors can be associated with one student, which is not correct here. It's actually the other way. One student can be associated with many instructors. So it is one to many from instructor to student. So one instructor can be associated with many students, but not the other way. So the answer is two. Okay, some more terminology. We have keys for relationship sets. We also have keys for entity sets, which we already saw underlined. Now a key for a relationship set is a super key for a relationship set is the combination of primary keys for the participating entity set. Now what does this statement mean? What do we mean by saying that the primary keys for all the participating entity sets form a super key for the relationship set? It means that a pair of entity sets can have at most one relationship in a particular relationship set. Now this may be equally confusing. So let me explain this by example. We had the advisor relationship between student and an instructor. Now that relationship can be many to many. That's not an issue. But the point to note here is that a particular student and a particular instructor can occur only once, at most one, in the advisor relationship. They cannot occur twice. To think of it as a table, there can be only one row in the relation advisor between a particular instructor and a particular student. Now why would we want it to appear more than once? So sometimes people want to represent an attribute for the relationship set. So in our case, we had a date. Supposing instead of date, we want an attribute which is maybe every time that the student met that instructor. We want to track how many times the student met the instructor. So every time the student met the instructor, we have a date. So let me switch to the whiteboard. So we have instructor, we have student, we have advisor in between, and we have a date here. So now this allows just one date in here. If you want to have more than one date, you may be tempted to say, well let's just say there are many relationships between the same instructor and the same student with a different date. So if we think of it as a relational table, instructor ID, student ID, date. This would be the relation which we create in the end. We have not yet come to how to translate it, but this is what we would have in the end. Now the previous slide, what we said is that the primary key of instructor and the primary key of student together form a primary key for the relationship. So what we are saying is that this plus this together is a key for the relationship. Therefore the date cannot occur multiple times. So we cannot have two rows with the same instructor ID and the same student ID in the advisor relation. That is exactly what that constraint means. So if you wanted multiple dates, what would you do? Well, you create a multivalued attribute. How do you translate that to a relation? We will see, but the net effect will be a relationship where date is also part of the primary key, but that is a translation process. It will come later. In terms of the diagram, if you want multiple dates, make it a multivalued attribute. This part just says what we just discussed. Now what we have said is that the combination of primary keys forms a super key. We did not say the combination is a primary key because there may be extra attribute. We do not have a slide on it here. But let us say the same advisor relationship. Supposing we had a constraint that the student has at most one advisor. Then if you come back to the white board, if we have a constraint that a student has at most one advisor, then the primary key of this thing should be just student ID. Instructor ID is not required because student ID by itself uniquely identifies a row in this table. The combination SID, IID is a super key, but it is not minimal. Then we should have just the SID. This is the case when we have an arrow this way. Student has at most one advisor. Then the primary key chosen will be just student ID. What this means is when we choose the primary key for a relationship set, we have to take into account the cardinality constraint. If there is many to one in this direction, then the primary key will be the thing on the many side. If it is in this way, in the opposite way, then the primary key will be the other one. The last case is if it is one to one, then this combination, IID, SID is the super key. But there are now two possible primary keys. IID by itself is enough because there is only one student with an instructor. SID by itself is enough because there is at most one instructor per student. And you have to choose between these two to decide what is the primary key. Which you choose, there is no clean way of choosing based on the one to one constraint. You may choose it based on whatever other things there are. But either of the two, IID or SID would be a choice for a primary key. This shows mistakes which can happen when you come up with an ER diagram. So I have kind of mentioned this particular thing earlier. When I said that if you have a relationship between instructor and department, that relationship you are going to call INS department. We saw this diagram earlier, actually. Relationship between instructor and department. Now if you have attribute department name in the entity set instructor, that would be wrong because there is already a relationship between instructor and department. If you try to fix this by removing the relationship and only storing the attribute, that is also wrong because we lose track of the fact that the department is actually an entity set. And if you store it as just an attribute, we lose track of many good things. In particular, when we convert to the relation schema later, we will have foreign keys corresponding to relationship. And we will lose that if we make it an attribute. So then you can store any old value as department name, not necessarily a valid department name. So we don't want department name as an attribute. We want it as a relationship. However, when we convert the relationship set to an actual relation in the database, that thing may reappear as indeed happened. In our relational schema, department name was an attribute of instructor. Couple of other notations. We have a notion of a role. Pre-requisite is a relationship between course and itself. One course is a prerequisite of another course. But which one is the prerequisite of what is indicated by role, identification on the edge coming out of the relationship. So one of the edges is labeled course and the other edge is called prerequisite. Similarly, for advisor, one of the edges is called, well, there it's okay. We have separate instructor and student, a separate relationship set. Here, because both relationship, both edges are to the same entity set course. We need a role. So that completes the basic here notation that I want you to cover.


Active field theories are powerful tools to explain phenomena such as motility-induced phase separation. The authors report an active analog to the quantum mechanics tunneling effect, showing similarity to the Schrodinger equation, by introducing an extended model applicable to active particles with inertia. This article was authored by Michael T. Evrutt, Tobias Fruff-Halsmann, B. L. Heffetz, and others.


What's up guys, Ruxen34 back with another epic opening. Yes guys, we have, you see it before you, all kinds of crazy stuff and that's not all we're gonna be opening. We're also, not only are we gonna be opening, that by the way, that is a first edition Dragon's Allegiant pack. That's a first edition Dragon's Allegiant 2 pack. This is a Montage Dragon 10 with not one, but two first edition, the Duelist Genesis packs, Chance of the Ghost Rare Stardust. We have 24 first edition Battles of Legend Armageddon packs and not only that, but we have a Labyrinth of Nightmare E.N. pack. We've got a reprint Dark Crisis. We've got a movie pack, Duelist pack Astrophoenix, first edition Force of the Breaker, first edition Enemy of Justice, where we pull a clock tower, first edition Lost Millennium, first edition Lost Millennium and the three European first edition tournament packs. All of these are gonna be opened in this video, guys. Yes, insane. We're opening so much. Yeah, I took a day off yesterday, no video yesterday. So I figured, you know what? Today we're gonna go big. We're gonna have some fire. Hopefully we will pull something insane. Chances to pull like Toon Kingdom, Ghost Rare Stardust, Ultimate Rare Stardust, Labyrinth of Nightmare cards, you know, a first edition Lost Millennium. We could pull a Met Chaser out of the tournament pack. You know, we could pull 10K Dragon, all that kind of stuff. It's gonna be crazy. So make sure you guys like the video and subscribe. We are pushing for 18,000 subscribers. We're almost there. Tournament pack two, English, non-European. Well, actually, I don't think they had European in tournament pack two, actually. But yeah, so it's just regular potential morphine jar.  It's gonna be crazy. It's gonna be awesome. So make sure you subscribe for that. And then the 20K special, of course, is gonna be absolutely insane, like $10,000 for the products. It's gonna be awesome. So here we go. The giveaway for this video. I'll be giving away these three cards, a Jim and IELTH. Yeah, one of you guys requested, I show all the cards. So there you go. From Invasion of Chaos Special Edition. That is a Metal Raiders Caribo. And a first edition Dark Ruler Hades from LOD. All you have to do is like the video. Be subscribed and let me know your favorite card from all of these openings, guys. So we're getting really close to 18K. So hit the subscribe button if you're not. A lot of you guys, check this out, are watching but are not subscribed.  All right, let's get into it. Okay, let's start this off with a nice Battles of Legend Armageddon. And let's see if we can pull a 10K dragon. You know how it goes, guys. We're just searching for that big hit, that 10,000 dragon, and obviously Chaos Inver Dragon. Utopia, of course, is gonna be a great hit. It is way cheaper than 10K dragon, but I've never pulled it. So that would be equally as good for me. Okay. Yeah, and obviously, guys, when we open those Duals Genesis Packs, we're going to be praying that we pull the epicness of the Go-Tourist Artists. Yeah, so for the, I'm not going to go too many of these in a row, but I'm going to get, because there are more of these, so I'm going to do a lot of these kind of at first. Okay, what should we do first out of here? Let's be thinking about that. I'm thinking we go with maybe Enemy of Justice. By the way, if you guys have not seen me open Enemy of Justice, I've done quite a bit of it. Oh, wow! Chaos Inver Dragon, check it out. That is a good start to this video. Chaos Inver Dragon, Dragon of Arm again. We have pulled a lot of these because we've opened so many boxes, but I love this card. I think it's really awesome. One of my favorite new cards that isn't like Super High Rarity, like Starlight or anything. I think this just looks really good. So that's a nice pull. We'll set that aside with the good pulls. So that's a good sign to hop into. How about Enemy of Justice? We've opened, I opened nine booster boxes in this set. Hobby Boxes. You don't know what hobby or retail is. It's up there in the eye. Yeah, because a lot of people do not know, but open hobby boxes, they're the ones with the chance at ultra-ulties. If you don't know what that is, make sure you check out the video. I just pointed out. But yeah, and we didn't pull anything good, basically. It was it was rough. We pulled Clock Tower every video. So let's see what we can do here. Oh, Oversole. Macro Cosmos is a good comment, so that's actually good. And a Harpy's Pet Baby Dragon. Okay. Harpy's Pet Baby Dragon, I used to have an Ulti PSA 10 at one point. So that was pretty cool. Okay. So nothing of the first older school pack. By the way, these first edition Dragons of Legend packs, the, oh, Numeron Network, back-to-back nice packs. The, this one has the chance at the Dark Magician Girl of the Dragon Knight. If you guys saw the tin case, that's what you guys remember when we pulled that. Also, the Dragon's Legend 2 has Toon Kingdom. So there's just insanity in those packs. There's a nice sun, yeah. So so far we're having pretty good luck with Battles of Legend. Let's go into a Dark Crisis. This is a Dark Crisis, Unlimited or Reprint pack. So here we go. Let's see if we can pull something cool here. Battles Guard. These Battles Guards. Archfiend Soldier. I used to have this in my deck. This was a solid 1900 attacker that you could get out of Dark Crisis. This is just a rare instead of, like an ultra rare like Luster Dragon or a secret rare like Gemini Elf. So that's pretty cool to pull that card. Just a rare, but really cool. Okay. Yeah, naturally guys, I know I'm still on the hunt for 10k Dragon. I can't help it. There we go. Fireflint Lady. It's just an addiction at this one. I have all these boxes laying around. I'm like, why not open them? Why not see if we can get the 10k Dragon? I really shouldn't open them because they're worth a lot more sealed. Medulche and Jelly. Nice. But people open so much Battles of Legend. Like they're just everywhere. All right. Here we go. There's a nice Utopia, the Lightning. Heart Earth Chaos Dragon. We love that card. Okay. Let's go into, let's try Lost Millennium because we have two of them. We do have three of those Turnip packs. So I need to try one of those soon. Oh, wow. Good start. We already have Elemental Hero Avion. Okay. Here we go. Mindful eruption. Sparkman. Oh, it went straight to it. Card of Sanctity. That's a super rare. Okay. So we did get two of the Elemental Heroes right there. Card of Sanctity. Let's see if we got another one. Okay. No more Elemental Heroes. We did get a King of the Skull Servants. That's pretty sweet. Sleep of our super rare. Pretty nice. That's a really cool ultimate. Yeah. So if it was a hobby box, you could get an ultimate of that card, but you can't in a retail box. And I'm guessing these are retail packs. There we go. I'm probably going to set those commons aside. Those are nice commons. Okay. So another Battles of Legend Armageddon. Yeah. If you guys are enjoying the video, make sure you guys like the video and subscribe. There we go. We got a Numeron Wall. And don't forget to use my TCG Player and eBay affiliate links. All you guys out there using those are clutch because that definitely, that I literally, I get the money from there and I get more stuff for the channel and it is very clutch. Come here. It's like mega fleet. So having a little bit of extra money from you guys using that link, especially when, since it costs you guys nothing.  So thank you guys who are doing that.  So that's pretty nice. Okay. Enough of that. Let's get on to what we're here for. 10K Dragon and others. Okay. Let's go to this duelist pack. Actually, no, no. We said we'd do a tournament pack. All right. These should not be open probably, but why not? First season of tournament pack. Oh my goodness. Come on. Here we go. These are European. So they're worth a little bit less than the regular. But still pretty cool. Maybe we can pull the mechanical chaser. If we pull that, that'd be absolutely insane. Wow. Warrior plays World of Warcraft. That's funny. Corotan shark, the statue of Easter Island. That's pretty cool. I mean, look at those. They're, they feel a lot different than the regular North American print. So I'm going to set these aside because I'm going to put them in their own sleeve because they are tournament pack one. While they are Euro, so they're worth a little bit less. Still European and tournament pack one. So pretty cool. Pretty cool to open those up. I've never actually done it. Wait. Oh, I just confused myself. Artifact, Ignition, Secret Rare. We're on a little bit of a dry spell for a battle of some legend. That's okay. That is okay. We had a great box already with Network and Chaos Emperor Dragon. Chimeritech Megafleet. Okay. I'm thinking next we do a dualist pack Astrophenix. Danger Jackalope. Okay. Let's go to that dualist pack Astrophenix and see what's going to happen here. I really don't know what's in this pack, but it'll be fun. Whoa. Okay. Calm down there. Oh man. What's going on? There we go. Guard penalty. That's Nero Dasher. Oh, Fearmonger. That is in, was that in CPO 6, I think? Okay. Give us the luck. The 10K Dragon. Can it be done? Twice. Nope. Now, Hard Earth Dragon can be done about a hundred times though. Next pack. Give us some fire. We're on a little bit of a cold streak here. Nothing. Let's switch it up and go with the movie pack. Can we pull the Blue Eyes Shining Dragon? There's only four different cards in here. Water Pawn, Pyramid of Light, Blue Eyes Shining Dragon, and Magician, no. And Dark, no. Sorcerer of Dark Magic. Why are they all the exact same? Okay. Shonen Jump. It should be behind this. Can we get the Blue Eyes Shining? Water Pawn. This is probably the worst one to be honest. But that's cool. It's always fun to open the movie pack even though I'm in pretty good condition. Even though it has the same, you know, four cards. Okay. Let's see what we can do here. Miracle Rupture. That's a nice card. All right. Let's go with another tournament pack. Let's go in a tournament pack one. Let's see if we can pull the fire. Okay, this one's not ripping so well. Give us fire. Shining Friendship. Classic. Wing Dragon Guardian of the Fortress No. 2. That's really cool. Annakaroting Shark. Three more commons. That's usually how it goes with tournament packs. Even getting rares is pretty tough. So nice commons there in the tournament pack. Okay. Continuing on. So far we've had decent pulls. Our best pull is definitely the Chaos Emperor Dragon. Numeron Calling. Nice card. It has gone down quite a bit since the beginning but still pretty cool. Okay. Three more battles to legend. Are we going to get 10k in this video? Are we ever going to get it again? That's the question. That is the question. Elemental Hero Eskiedal. Two more. And then we get into some more old school packs. Oh nice. Artifact Sanctum and Numeron Network. Check out the damage. Straight out of the box. We got a damage Numeron Network. It is light play already with that ding. Maybe we can straighten it out a little bit. Oh, that actually looks a lot better. Okay. Artifact Sanctum. Okay. That's a little bit sad but still a good pull. All right. Next and final pack. Last chance at 10k in this video. Medulche Angel. That was actually an extremely good box. We got a lot of good cards there. Okay. We've got all of these. Let's go into Dragons of Legend 2. Let's do this and try and pull a Toon Kingdom. And then some of the other Toon cards in here actually were like 20 bucks. The Toon card just went up like crazy. I opened a booster box to this on my channel. Check that out. It was like right before the LOB video got super popular. So I had like a thousand subs. So it was a lot less than now. But it was pretty sweet. Aquarium set. Toon Briefcase is actually worth a little bit I think. Aquarium Lighting and Goddess Bow. Okay. That's not one of the good ones. Unfortunately, No Toon Kingdom. We're going to sleeve this up though. It's worth a couple bucks. First edition, Dragons of Legend 2. Okay. Let's go into the Lost Millennium. While it is probably a retail pack, you can still get Ancient Gear Beast and Ulti. You can still get Ancient Gear Golem and Ultra. Let's see what we can do. Okay. I don't like how these do this. See if we can pull more. Wow. What just happened? Spartman? Wow. Those do not stay together very well. Okay. We got Rosalyn and a Spartman which is pretty cool. Spartman is nice even as a common. Okay. Let's go. Let's do the Labyrinth of Nightmare. This is an Ian pack. It should be. That's what one of you guys told me. So we're going to see. It does have the banners like it is. So I just ripped the pack wrapper. Great. Saint Joan. Oh, it is not Ian. Okay. So they must have been incorrect about that. These are super slick. These are probably from the Blisters with these are from the Blisters with Tactile Evolution. Lady's Salem of Flames. Emperor Mantis. Spirit of the Flames. Infinite Cart. It's actually a good rare. Jam to Finner is a really cool common. It's a Hollow and Retro pack too, I think, which is pretty cool. We're going to sleeve this up. I think it's actually worth like a dollar. So that's pretty good. All right. So yeah, no Hollow there. That's okay. All right. Next, let's go Force of the Breaker. We still have the tin left, guys, and we still have Dragons of the Legend. Also, I've turned my back. We got some crazy stuff left. Let's see if we can pull something good. Mass Hypnosis. Merukau, Master of Barriers. Crystal Blessing. Hard Selling Zombies.  Okay. All right. Here we go. Let's go into the turn of the pack. Maybe we can get at least a rare would be good. Maybe we can get a rare. That's our goal here because Hollows are one in 18. That's super difficult to pull out of three cards. So here we go. One 18 pack. So pretty low. The Judgment Hand, one of my favorites. Oslo Hero. And all we did get one, Versago the Destroyer. Rare card. Let's sleeve that up on its own. Versago the Destroyer. That's a pretty good rare pull. Pulling a Hollow is almost like impossible. Out of turn of the pack. It's really hard to do. Unless you've like scaled the packs. It's like the only way. Okay. Dragons of the Legend. Let's go into the Dragons of the Legend. Then we'll go right into the Montage Dragon 10. That's gonna be insane. Can we pull a Dark Magician Girl the Dragon Knight? We've already pulled one. Can we do it again? Check that out. Awesome. Let's see if we can pull the fire. Lily Bot. First card. Shadow Impulse. Number C106. Giant Red Hand. Guardian Yachtos. And here we go. Black Sonic Secret Rare. I don't know anything about this one. So I don't think it's too good. Okay guys. We're going into the Montage Dragon 10. You can get some absolutely fire stuff. Look at these packs. Two Firstition Duelist Genesis. Phantom Darkness. Two Light of Destruction. Talk about a stacked lineup guys. Stacked lineup. So we're going to need some fire. Our pulls have been okay. They were really good out of Battle of Legend. They weren't too good at anything else. So it's pretty much coming down to the Montage Dragon 10. Really take this video off. Give us some absolute fire. Here we go. There it is. We broke the seal on the 10. Hopefully our promo is not damaged. Montage Dragon. Let's check this thing out.  Back looks pretty good though. This one looks pretty nice. Montage Dragon. That's a really cool card. Boom. Super sweet triple headed beast. And then here we get into the collection. First edition Duelist Genesis. We got two of those. Two Light of Destruction Unlimbs. And a Fan of Darkness. This is going to be crazy guys. And then we got these tokens I think. So we're just going to put those back in there. Put this 10 back together. This one doesn't have a window though which is a little bit sad. Windows are very clutch. Just to see the 10 card. Okay obviously those are going last. Those are extremely expensive packs. Let's go into a Light of Destruction to start off and then we will do Fan of Darkness. Okay. Light of Destruction. There are so many good cards. You know Ghost Honest. There's Judgement Dragon. All that stuff. It's going to be crazy if we pull anything like that. So here we go. Space Gift. Cross Porter. Sanguine Swamp. Short Circuit. And Froggy Force Field. Okay Arcana Call. And Interplanetary Invader A. First pack. DUD. But that's kind of what we expect from Tens. All right. Sometimes we have pulled fire from Tens though like Errors and Misprints and stuff. Okay. Dark World Grimure. Imprisoned Queen Archfiend. Instant Neospice. Sequelala. What do we want from Fan of Darkness? Dark Arm Dragon obviously. Dark Nephys Ultra Rare. Okay. That's pretty good. That's a pretty sweet card. Check that out. Ultra Rare. I will take that. That is pretty awesome. Ultra Rare Pull out of a Tens is always good because you're not guaranteed that stuff. One more Light of Destruction then we get into the Crazy Packs. The first edition of Duelist Senses. Can we pull something big? Summon. What is this? Limit. Good start. That's a good comment. Set that aside in our good pile. Space Gift. Cross Porter. Sanguine Swamp and Destruction Jammer Rare. We got a Golden Bam Booster. That's pretty good. Lucky Chance. Okay. So pretty good comments out of that pack but nothing too crazy in the hollow spot. Guys. The Duelist Senses first edition. Potential Light. Over $5,000 card in here. If you get the Starter's Dragon Ghost. If it grades a 10. The chances are about zero to pull it and then about negative zero to get a 10. But yeah. It would be crazy. So here we go. Ghost Gardener. Space Gate. Telekinetic Shocker. Your Town. Grapple Blocker Rare. Okay. Junk Barrage and Remote Revenge. Nothing in the first one. So that leaves us down to the final pack of Duelist Senses guys. Give us some luck. Here we go. Can we do it? Can we pull? Do the unthinkable and pull a Starter's. I would lose it. All right. Silent Strider. Hit the like button for luck guys. We need the luck to pull a ghost. Space Gate. Ghost Gardener. Is that a sign? Noisy Nat. Come on guys. Oh. De-synchro. I think these might be European packs. They're super glossy. And Destructo Tron. Okay. Nothing out of those first edition Duelist Senses. But fortunately we did get an Ultra Rear. So that's good. And our promo is in nice shape. So actually not too bad if it's in. I've gone over five with a damaged promo before. So this feels better than that. Overall pretty decent video. We didn't have any insane pulls this time. We did pull the Chaos Emerald Dragon. But more epic videos to come. I hope you guys did enjoy it. Hit the subscribe button guys. We were almost 18k for the epic TP2 opening. Yes. So I'll see you guys later. Thanks for watching. Peace.


What's going on, man? It is Kory and welcome to, y'all ready, man? We finally got a name for this, y'all ready for this? Welcome to Count on Kory, man. That's what I'm running with for the name of this show. Count on Kory, shout out to my godlaw, man. He suggested it on the very first episode of this. And for those of you who don't know, this show right here is pretty much my take on a couple of topics and things that have been going on in music in the past couple of weeks or the past week. And I pretty much just want to bring it here to the Brand Man Network platform so I can get you guys opinions on some of these things. We can talk about it, we can debate, we can get some discussions going on, all of that cool stuff. And also, before we dive into the video, for all of my producers watching this, make sure you stick around until the end of the video. I have a very important announcement to make that will impact you. It's probably something that you want to do, man. I'm telling you, you're gonna want to get in on this. So make sure you watch until the very end of the video. Until I'm done, get those details. But with that being said, let's go ahead and dive into some of these topics. So the big story of the week, what I feel like it's been pretty much the biggest story of the week is this Gold Link, Mac Miller, Anderson Pack situation that's been going on. Now, for those of you who have not seen about it, who have not heard about it, Gold Link and Anderson Pack had a little bit of a beef this week, man. They were going back and forth. Well, it wasn't really a back and forth. It was more like one statement dropped, another statement dropped, and then media speculation like always right. So, Corey, what are you talking about, man? What's going on here? So on, I think it was Tuesday, Gold Link took to Instagram to post a post about Mac Miller. And in the post, he, I won't read the whole post because the post is very long. If you want to read it, it's on Gold Link's Instagram still. He's bold, he hasn't taken it down, but it's a very long post. So with me not going over that whole thing, what Gold Link pretty much said, or what the post was about was, it was a weird, it was a weird post of him kind of paying homage to Mac Miller. At least that's how I took it. Actually, I'll read a little bit of it. So it starts off Gold Link saying, I'll be lying if I said I was surprised that he that you died on us. Not because you were necessarily troubled, but because you were special and because of that you were troubled.  He continues to go into the post and then he starts to talk about how he felt like the Divine Feminine, which was Mac Miller's last album that he released before he passed, was inspired by Gold Link's first mixtape. I can't think of the exact name of it. Let me find it. And after that, we didn't talk. So the post is pretty much Gold Link saying that, hey man, I know that we weren't always on the best terms, but I do consider you a friend. I do, even though I feel like you copied or you may have stole concepts from my project for your project, I still love you. We're still friends, all that stuff. That's what I got out of the post. That's what I got out of that very lengthy post. Like I said, I would recommend you go read it so you know completely what I'm talking about, but that is what I got from the post. Now, Anderson Pack responds, not immediately, but damn near immediately, man. And his post was on the offensive side or on the defensive side, I guess. Maybe he's defending Mac Miller.  Why you would do it? I can't even understand it.  He talked about how they both had a song with Anderson Pack that sounded the same, all that stuff. And my boy ain't here to respond. I'ma say it like this, you ain't the first to make an album inspired by our relationship. You ain't the first to make a song featuring Anderson Pack, but you are the first to disrespect my friend who is no longer here for absolutely no reason and I can't stand for that. Anderson Pack goes in to this lengthy post, pretty much coming at Gold Link and calling him out for disrespecting Mac Miller, all that stuff. Now, a couple days later, Gold Link had a show. He put out footage of him at this show, pretty much saying like, I don't care who this spreads out to from here, I'ma speak my piece. And in that piece, he called Mac Miller one of his best friends in the industry. He said that he was one of the few people actually looking out for him when he actually made it into it and that he would never go on to disrespect Mac Miller than them. Like I said in the beginning of this, I didn't really see too much wrong with the post personally. Maybe it's the way he started it. I mean, starting a sentence with I'm not surprised that you died or I wasn't surprised that you died doesn't necessarily set the tone for a positive conversation, right?  I still support you and I'm glad for everything that you could accomplish. I could see how it could be taken as jealousy, especially once you start bringing in plaques and awards and it's a lot for an artist to accuse another artist for even being inspired specifically by that project. It's just a whole thing with artists, right? Cause at the end of the day, it sounds like you're saying, yo bro, you copying my work. So I could see it, I get it. I understand the outrage and the fan tweets and everything about it. But I personally just reading that didn't really, it didn't sound disrespectful. I didn't feel like there was malicious intent behind it. I don't know. Let me know what you guys think in the comment section below. Like I said, this has pretty much been the talk of the week since it's popped off. Let me know who side you fall on in this. And speaking of beef, man, speaking of beef, our boy, Lil Uzi Vert is back in the news for some controversy, man. I guess it's not really new yet. I didn't see too many major media outlets picking this up, except like academics. But, so Uzi took to Twitter yesterday, Thanksgiving, you know, Thanksgiving night to arrow some grievances, man, arrow some grievances and to answer some fan questions.  Uzi signed to Generation Now. Generation Now is owned by DJ Drummond Don Cannon, meaning that he signed to DJ Drummond Don Cannon. He does not like DJ Drummond Don Cannon. He's made it very, very clear before and he wants us to remember it based on these tweets that he put out.  Niggas need me to drop to pay bills. My best friend, me ain't got more money than drummer. I swung on everything, he not even in the industry. I wanna let my family know and I say family because all the fans left a long time ago. Only family stayed, so if you stayed, I'm thankful for you. We're gonna party so hard in no time. EA, I love you. I swear, time's just been crazy. I'm okay now. That's a lot, man. Uzi's basically like, look, bro, DJ Drummond Don Cannon wanted this album out because that broke. He then goes on, and this one I say, man, it just became like Uzi just calling people out, bro. So then he goes in on Mali Ra, who produced a couple of Uzi's first big breakout hits. I think he produced a majority of his first two projects, if I remember correctly. He was pretty much like the peanut butter to Uzi's jelly sandwich, you know what I'm saying? In the very beginning of his career. But apparently they're not even on good terms anymore because he took to Twitter again, like I said, in this same rant, and pretty much called him out.  And what he said exactly was Mali Ra's snake too. He tried to run off with 20 bands back in the G. Wonder what that turned into. Mali Ra comes back, man. I feel it, bro. Don't let these rappers be out here slamming your name unless they got proof, bro. Nigga, what? Speak facts when you speaking my name.  Exactly why you ain't answering. You know the real.  You just be running off with the plug. He then went on to accuse one of his old friends of being the one that was leaking and selling his music. Which, if all of this is true, right? If it's true that Mali Ra and his friend, I think, Lake Show, and his friends were around that time selling his music, which if you remember, man, that 2017 to even early last year, there were a lot of carton, a lot of Uzi leaks coming out. So it means that if this is true, they were making a good amount of money off of him. And I feel Uzi, they need to be checked. But if it is not the case, or even if that is the case, man, I feel like this is one of those things that should be handled off of social media, man. We don't need to know about this. We don't need, the fans don't need to know that y'all are beefing, unless you feel like it's gonna push into a narrative or something. But man, I'll take that back. I guess I did handle that, man. Uzi must've been feeling the Thanksgiving wind a little bit. A fan then jumped into the conversation and asked, what about you and Carti? Y'all still good. To which he responded, no, but I'm not a tough guy. I don't beef. We could have a dress off, though. And I'm a Uzi fan, right? So when I see this, man, when I see the pictures of him on the football field and the designer's skirts, or even like these tweets of him just calling people out, right? Because he does this, I will argue like every three or four months. He just started randomly calling people out on Twitter and then he ducks off for like six months. Bro, I just wanna hear a ton of talk at this point. I'm almost to the point where I no longer care about your grievances because, and like I said, I consider myself a fan. I can send myself in that family. We talked about in that first week because I still keep up with this man. Bro, I still follow this man. I still look out for new music. But I checked my Spotify released radar playlist like once a week, hoping for a new Uzi song. But it is to the point where I feel like his fan base, we're starting to get tired of the anthics because there hasn't been enough music from him to justify him calling these people out. It's different when you're putting stuff out or you know, you're being active and it gives us something to rally behind. It's like, yeah, man, let's defend Uzi. But it's like, man, we ain't got nothing, bro. We ain't got nothing. And it's hard for me to believe that it's a thousand percent done Canada and DJ Jumbals fought because it's like, if they really want to end to put a project out because they were broke and they were trying to make money, they're his label heads. There's nothing he could do about it. They could upload that joint to Tunecore and Heartbeat and there's nothing he could do about it. Which makes me feel like there's some deeper issues here, so I don't know, man. Hopefully the next time we get Uzi in the news, man, it's for some music, bro. Like, hopefully it's me talking about his project that's coming out or something, so, you know, I guess we'll just stay tuned for that, see what happens from that.  So let's move on to this story that's been making its way through the rap community this week. It's actually old, but we gonna get into that. And it is BBC named Young Thug, the most influential rapper of the decade, I believe. Oh yeah. Young Thug is, he, they named Young Thug 21st century's most influential rapper. Now this post or this article came out about a month ago, I think like late October, but for whatever reason, the rap community is just now talking about it. Like, people have just now caught wind of it and are like, what? Young Thug is the most influential rapper of the 21st century, huh? And Lil Wayne responded like, no me, Young Thug being the good sport he was. Wrote back like, yeah, you're right.  But I wanna dive into Young Thug even being considered to be the most influential rapper of the 21st century. And I will say this. I don't 100% agree. One of the most influential rappers of the 21st century, 1,000%. There's no rapper now, especially coming from Atlanta or anyone who wants to be Southern sounding that does not imitate Young Thug to some extent. I will argue that a lot of his label mates, like the YSL people are like his offspring. They're like, if Young Thug split into like clones from some weird Jimmy Neutron machine, you would get Gunna and Lil Keed and they would be the same, but kind of different so they could do their own thing. That's how I see it. That's how I peep the label. So the most influential rapper of the 21st century? No, cause you're leaving out artists like Kanye.  Wayne was still in the 21st century. Kid Cudi, there's so many people that I feel like could be put in that same box to where you could make a compelling argument. One of the most influential rappers of the 21st century, 8,000%.  Some of your most favorite rappers are just now starting to get a century. This man been a century since he came out, bro. And being in Atlanta, watching him come up, knowing what he kind of had to go through from a brand issue to just not even that, but just like what the music in the city was sounding like at the time of what was being popular versus what he was coming out with. Definitely man. One of the most influential rappers 21st century, I agree. The most influential rapper? I don't know man, I can't give it to him. I can't, I can't all the way give it to him, bro. Like I said, I keep thinking of Drake and Kanye and Kid Cudi and just some of these people who changed the landscape of music to make it even possible for someone like Young Thug to come up if that makes sense. So I don't know man, I encourage you to go read the article. The article is really good actually. The journalist, what's his name? The journalist Jeff Weiss that wrote this piece actually made some good points man. He did a little history man. He did some digging man. He went into the whole little backstory of Young Thug and he made some valid points on why he thinks he is the most influential rapper. I'm just saying bro, one of the most I'll give you top five, maybe even top three if I really thought about it but I would give you top five most influential rapper of the 21st century. The most influential rapper? Nah man, you don't have to debate me about it. Let me know what you guys think in the comment section below. Do you have Young Thug in your top five? If not, why? Is Young Thug one of the most influential rappers of the century? If you don't think so, please let me know. But I'm telling you man, I'm ready for this Young Thug smoke cause I kinda, I agree with it a little bit but just not enough bro, not number one. And lastly, I wanna kick it off with some, this isn't funny news, it's not funny at all. All this news has been pretty serious. This was a slow week for music news man. There's been like no funny news.  But Jay-Z is suing an Australian book company for using his likeness and his lyrics without his permission. Now the publishing company is called Little Homie. It's an Australian online based retailer that has been selling like these children educational books. And the book in particular that he is talking about is it's a children's alphabet book. It's designed to teach kids the alphabet and the book is called AB to Jay-Z. Now, apparently they've been selling this book since like 2017. They raised money for it from a Kickstarter campaign and put it out. Jay-Z caught wind of it early last year and his lawyer is alleging that they've been making cease and desist and take down since March of last year and they've just been completely getting ignored. And Jay-Z is like, no, bro, y'all not gonna keep making money off my name and I don't approve of it.  Now, when I first saw the headline for this, I was like, man, Jay, bro, you gonna sue the children's book, the book company that's trying to teach kids ABCs using rap. But I started to look into the story a little bit more and apparently this goes way deeper than I thought it goes. So there are also articles calling out the owner of the company. Her name is like Jessica Cheese or Jessica Chice. I gotta find her last name and figure out how to say it. But there are pictures of her and her husband on Facebook wearing black face, saying the n-word, like going hard on the n-word. Like not like, not like, yo, you know, what up, blah, blah, but like going like hard with it. And even her, there's like a portion in the book that says something about like how they, this book was made by her and her baby daddy who to like make money for their little hood, right? Or something, talking about a kid. So what we're seeing here is an extreme, extreme case of cultural appropriation from this white Australian retailer coming out, taking these rap concepts, profiting off of it, putting the book out and then not only not cutting the rapper in on it, but then, you know, being a person that we, you know, the rap community is mostly black people. So it's like, that's our culture, right? So then not only is it not coming to a profiting from someone in the culture, it's also been made by someone who we probably would never allow into the culture.  So once I started looking to that side, I went back to Jay-Z's side.  And then you should put the book out, bro. I hope Jay-Z sees this as an opportunity like, man, there are people out here who are into this. Let me go out and find someone who's trying to take this exact same idea, do it from a better place, do it from a better place in their hearts and help them get it done the correct way.  The book name is hard from AB to Jay-Z. That's a hard book name. I can't even knock that, but everything else. Look, man, I got a picture on that page.  Like it's crazy, bro. Like y'all have to look this story up. And I'm saying this stuff about the black face but looking to it, man, Jay-Z is suing his book company. Hopefully he gets it taken down. I'm on Jay-Z's side with this, man. Get this book out. We need better representation when it comes to this type of stuff, man. Maybe we should do a book. Maybe a brand man network should do an educational kids book. I don't know, man. I'm gonna talk to Sean about it. That might be a lane. Yeah, that might be a lane. Other than that, there's not really too much music that I'm personally excited about that's coming out this week. I know the game has an album coming out. The weekend is slated to drop some new music. 21 Savage is dropping some new music. I haven't heard too much about projects. It felt like last week was the big project. We got Y&W, Melly, Trippy Red, all these people, man. But it's not gonna say, it's been a pretty slow week this week. But if you know of anything that's coming out, if you're high for anything, drop them in the comment section below. I'm always looking to be put onto new music. I love hearing what you guys are listening to outside of your own music. Don't just send me and plug your own stuff. The music you're actually listening to. Always love to check it out. Now, let's get into this thing that I was talking about in the beginning, right? For all of my producers who are watching this right now, we at the Brand Man Network are doing a contest specifically tailored for you guys. It is going to be a beat submission based contest. Like $2 a upload is going to be a fan voting process. And we'll also vote on it, pick our favorites out of the bunch. And you'll actually win some really cool prizes. So we're giving away the top prize one that gets access to our cutting out the middleman course that me and Sean are going to be putting out in a couple of weeks or putting out pretty soon actually, maybe like today or tomorrow. And that course is pretty much a marketing agency in the box. It teaches you how to not need marketers like me and Sean pretty much giving you the foundational structures to do all the marketing things in your own contact list. All this stuff that we really should be charging all the grip for, but we're not charging all the grip for it because we love y'all. And we just want you to submit some beats into our contest and try to win it that way. And then not only that, man, you will get some exposure out of it. We're going to be running ads on the campaign, email blasts, all these things that will bring you some customers, man. You know, the rappers follow us, bro, they love us. So if you're interested in entering that contest, the link will be in the description below or it's brandmannetwork.com slash beat battle. Go in, sign up. You have like two weeks as of me making this to submit, I think the deadline date is or the deadline date is December 15th, 2019, man. You got until December 15th to get those submissions in. That's where like two and a half weeks, two weeks. So like I said, a link will be in the description below. Go and check it out. And other than that, man, as always, if you like this video, please like, share it, send it along to your friends. Come and talk to me as always about some of these topics on Instagram, on Twitter, or whatever at Kory Disabled. All those links will be in the description. If you didn't come here to just get some entertainment, you wanna learn something, go and check out my segment, The Digital Dash, also on the brandmannetwork. Lots of good game on there, check that stuff out. Other than that, I will see y'all next week. Peace.


What's going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overload here So we've been going over a few things in this video primarily here today regarding the Halloween franchise We'll be talking about some insider thoughts on this upcoming Halloween cinematic universe is being envisioned now that Miramax has rights to the film franchise and TV rights and We'll be going over this pitch one of the rumored pitches I've had shared with me as it pertains to what a Halloween forward legacy sequel could look like if it were Decided on as the next route to go So this Halloween for legacy sequel pitch was shared with me as one of the rumored stories They have an opportunity to become the next Halloween film that revives Michael Myers. There's a Deckboard and a pitch that's already been written up if you recall earlier this year Miramax won TV rights to the IP which that series as reports detailed is envisioned to potentially launch a cinematic universe Spanning film and television now before I go over the basics of this pitch I did want to recap some skepticism from insiders about this franchise's upcoming cinematic universe approach This comes from Los Angeles magazine. This is also written up by Jeff Snyder who for those of you know, Jeff Snyder You know that they have been right about a lot of things in the past So Halloween is one person said Halloween is a dog of a purchase a veteran screenwriter known in horror circles Los Angeles magazine I understand why someone would want to get a hold of a nightmare in Elm Street of Friday the 13th But we just did the big Halloween trilogy that was supposedly the thing fans wanted this whole time And I'd argue that those films were a fucking drag Then someone else said there is no rich Lord or Explorer. There's no deeper story left untold It's the terminator at this point a franchise in name only where all the meat has been stripped from the bones and All that's left is an endless retread of the same tired formula Then someone else said Halloween as a franchise has rich mythology, but I'm not sure there's enough there for a new movie and a TV show This is from a studio exec who pointed to the franchise's diminishing box office returns now that it is true If you if you recall, yes, they were still profitable, but each subsequent return after the 2018 film was a Diminishing return Financially granted though, of course these are slashing films and not being made for anything overly expensive. So that's why they always still remain profitable, but it's not It's not Like basically you still would have to acknowledge that there is obviously truth to what they're saying each film after the 2018 film Financially the box office return was not the same. It didn't surpass what the 2018 movie did It was just a diminishing return time and time again They're lucky, of course that it was not any expensive films that they were putting out because otherwise these wouldn't have been considered profitable Anyway These comments were collected again by insider Jeff Snyder for those of you who know that is know that he had been reliable in the past I go back to the point about it about someone saying this is being like Terminator at this point where we get endless retreads of the same formula I mean, yeah, but if it ain't broke don't fix it I can appreciate the shake-ups in the formulas that help keep things fresh at least I would argue it's the execution of certain films that can be improved is all and obviously Do not have a team of people like David Gordon-Green and Danny McBride who also then bring in Scott teams who clearly don't want to do anything that is innately more horrific as it as opposed to jump just something that is filled with scares and Comedy as well not that there hasn't been comedy in the Halloween franchise in the past But I would argue that when you got to Halloween kills, which I think is the one that included Scott teams That one was the jokey is one of them all it had a lot of serious moments But Halloween ends was a step in the right direction granted the narrative structure isn't what I agree with mostly when it comes to that movie I think that could have been the first entry in the trilogy and Halloween 2018 could have been what Halloween ends ultimately was Which was the conclusion to the trilogy, but I digress anyway, let's get into this legacy sequel pitch for Halloween 4 So this story again was shared with me From someone who is involved with this process Now this is one of the rumored pitches this would have included the return of Jamie Lloyd It's decades after she attacked her foster mom Michael has been presumed dead Rachel is back in the fold Mika is back from what I recall Jamie's whereabouts from for now are made clear, but let's just say she's been rehabilitated if you will Michael's absence or presumed death in the town of Haddonfield is rooted in the new origins that are explored for Michael because again This will serve as a direct sequel to Halloween 4 It's disregarding all the things that happen in five mostly all the things that happen in six So there is no thorn in all that crap so Michael had some interesting decisions that he made at a very young age And that's what triggered the bloodline must die trend that we see from him during the thorn in H2O timeline Michael's appearances in this pitch are also described as almost similar to Jason's in the Friday the 13th and new blood which I believe was part seven forgive me It's been a while since I've rewatched that franchise The reason for this is because he's just been lying in that mineshaft ever since the events of the Halloween 4 shooting finale Jamie's exit from Haddonfield kept him dormant But her return causes her uncle to be revived and the story goes from there now the logistics of all of that as we have been getting presented as Soon as early as the Halloween 4 opening with just her name mentioning Waking him up all of that gets explained in this pitch. I'm just not trying to go into all of the spoilers Now nothing about this has officially been picked up Rachel's inclusion exists to simply Rewrite the wrongs of Halloween 5 and this legacy sequel would have no thorn lore at all like I previously mentioned But Jamie does have a fiancee in the story and there's still something that happens to her That is reminiscent of what you see at the beginning of Halloween 6 Just not by her uncle if you know what I mean, you know what I mean So all the lore again is connected to this revelation about Michael's decision He made as a young boy and then we also meet a major newcomer who is connected to Michael's childhood I'm preserving a lot of specifics because that will that's what was asked of me But what do you guys think about the basics surrounding this pitch so far? And do you think a Halloween? Cinematic universe would be a bad idea like these other insiders have commented these comments were from October I just didn't really see too many people making Making the rounds about this article because it's from October. It is written up by Jeff Snyder Jeff Snyder again has proven themselves to be reliable in the past So I figured it was something worth talking about the skepticism that's already out there surrounding this approach I know that a few fans are already like well What would you even do for a cinematic universe with something that should be very simplistic as? Michael Myers other than possibly opening up the multiverse in some capacity and telling different stories and stuff like that But even that seems a little bit cartoonish for this for a slasher franchise But we'll just have to wait and see what do you think about the basics to the Halloween 4 legacy sequel Let me know about all that down in the comment section below if you haven't already of course Make sure you go ahead and subscribe turn on post notifications so that you never miss a video in the description I'll have links to all my social media accounts. I'm on Facebook Twitter and Instagram You can message me there of course to let me know if there any movies news or reviews You'd like me to cover in the future and with all that in mind guys. I will see you in the next video