Income tax 2023-2024. Information returns. Get ready and some coffee so we can recognize the quacks while doing Income Tax Preparation 2023-2024. First, a word from our sponsor. Yeah, actually we're sponsoring ourselves on this one because apparently the merchandisers they don't want to be seen with us.  Like our, trust me, I'm an accountant product line. Yeah, it's paramount that you let people know that you're an accountant because apparently we're among the only ones equipped with the number crunching skills to answer society's current deep complex and nuanced questions. If you would like a commercial free experience, consider subscribing to our website at accountinginstruction.com or accountinginstruction.thinkific.com. This information comes from publication 334 tax guide for small business for individuals who use Schedule C tax year 2023, which you could find on the IRS website at irs.gov, irs.gov. Looking at the income tax formula, remember in the first half of the income tax formulas, basically a funny income statement. Most income statements having income minus expenses resulting in net income here having income minus various deductions resulting in taxable income. Notient the schedule C rules into line one income, which is a little funny because the schedule C itself is basically an income statement having business income minus business expenses. The net business income in essence rolling into line one income of the income tax formula. Here is page one of the form 1040 where the schedule C ultimately rules into line eight additional income from schedule one. Here is the schedule one additional income and adjustments to income part number one where the schedule C ultimately rules into line three business income or loss from the schedule C. Here is the schedule C profit or loss from business, which has basically an income statement format or P&L profit loss format income minus expenses. All right, so now we're going to be taking a look at information returns. So remember, we're talking about federal income taxes, the things that fund the federal government, which should be spent mainly on protecting us like the military, for example, primary funding tool being the income tax. The federal income tax. We have seen that we have other taxes. However, as well, those being like the equivalent of payroll taxes, social security and Medicare also on the federal side where if we file a schedule C having self employment will be paying in the form of the self employment tax. And then we also saw that we could have, of course, state taxes for state and local things, taking care of things like instead of the military, the police and whatnot. And then we saw excise taxes, which could be things for certain businesses regulating certain areas like the road or tobacco or alcohol and that kind of stuff. Now we have these information returns, which you might say at first glance, don't look like things that we need to do for our federal income tax purposes. Because you would think all I need is my income statement income minus expenses to fill out my schedule C, which will then to help me to calculate my federal income tax on the form 1040 as well as my self employment tax, social security and Medicare on the schedule SE. But the information returns are generally there to give information, say about other people who you're doing business with. So you can kind of imagine the IRS is coming after you kind of like you're a criminal and they've got the cops have you into the into the interrogation room.  Who are you doing the business with and so on and so forth? And you're like, Hey, I thought this was legal. And they're like, we know it is, but we still want to know who's who's in business with you. So like, okay, I hired Jane Doe and across the street. So she needed some money to support her for kids and whatnot. And they're like, okay, give us the information about Jane Doe. So we'll be seeing her at tax time. Right. But the idea, the idea here, of course, is that remember that the income tax system is based on when someone makes income. That is when the tax happens in every transaction typically has two sides to it. You've got someone that's paying for services and someone providing the services. So one person is receiving money for services provided income. That's where the IRS wants to catch it. And the other side is having an expense. In our case, we're a business. Anybody that were paying money to is something from our standpoint that could possibly be a deduction good for business, good for taxes at least lowering our taxable income. But to the person receiving it is income. And so where does the IRS have the leverage in order to track and make sure that everybody is reporting their income? They have it on the person paying. We're the business paying. Therefore, we have a tax benefit if we pay someone from the deduction. So the IRS is going to come after us to say, who are you doing business with? Who did you pay? Because the person receiving the money has the income and the IRS wants to go after them to make sure that they are reporting the income on their side. That's the general idea. If you keep that framework in mind, some of this stuff will make more theoretical kind of sense and be easier to learn. So if you make or receive payments in your business, you may have to report them to the IRS on information returns. The IRS compares the payments shown on the information returns with each person's income tax return to see if the payments were included in income. So you must give a copy of each information return you are required to file to the recipient or payer. So in addition to the forms described below, you may have to use other returns to report in certain kinds of payments or transactions. So for more details on information returns and when you have to file them, see the general instructions for certain information returns. So clearly, where are going to be some areas where you're most likely going to have to give information not only to the person that you paid, but also to the IRS? Well, employees for one. That's going to be the structure that the IRS kind of prefers an employer-employee relationship because then they have the most leverage on the person paying, noting that they've been able to force the employer not only to issue a W-2, basically ratting out the wages that were earned by the employee, not only to the employee but to the government. That's what they really care about. And they were able to actually force the withholdings to happen for both federal income taxes as well as the payroll taxes, social security, and Medicare. Now, if they're not an employee, then maybe they're still an independent contractor in which case you might not have to give them a W-2. You might give them a 1099. Now, you might ask, what if I don't do that? I'm still paying my taxes. I still did my schedule C. What if I don't give like a W-2 or I don't give you this 1099? Well, then the IRS is going to come after you, right? Then they're going to hit you with the sticks that we're trying to avoid, metaphorical sticks of penalty and interest. And when it comes to like payroll taxes and whatnot or willfully not reporting the information, it could be worse than just penalties and interest. They might have other kind of sticks. They could wield at you in those cases. Okay, so form 1099 miscellaneous then. So use form 1099 miscellaneous, miscellaneous information to report certain payments you make in your business. These payments include the following. So you've got rent payments of $600 or more other than rents paid to a real estate agent. Now notice when we think about the difference between a W-2 and a 1099, you might say, hey, as a sole proprietor, I would rather hire someone maybe as a contractor as opposed to a W-2 employee because if I hire them as a W-2 employee, then I have all this other liability and responsibility of withholding their wages and so on and so forth and reporting the W-2s and whatnot just from a bookkeeping and logistical standpoint being a very, you know, tedious task which is going to cost us money for sure. However, remember that you have to make sure that they qualify as a contractor versus an employee because if they don't, the IRS is going to tend towards them being an employee and if you're writing off a lot of money on like contractor expense because that's what it's going to look like on your Schedule C and expense for contractors and if the IRS says, hey, they're in a business where that looks like it would be W-2 employees, W-2 wages, then they could come after you and say, hey, look, you've miscategorized as a contractor. We think they're actually W-2. So you want to make sure that you have that distinguishment correct. And then if they are a contractor, then when you pay the contractor, you're going to want to expense the money. So meaning if it was rent expense, you're going to have it in rent expense. If it was other contractors, you're going to put it somewhere and like contractors expense it or something like that. The IRS is going to see that number, which will typically be significant and if you don't have any 1099s you provided to them to support that expense, that's when you can imagine they might kind of come after you and they're saying, hey, you've got so then you might try to bury the expense. What if I put it into miscellaneous expense or something or supplies? Well, that's going to look quite conspicuous because then you can have this huge expense amount in miscellaneous or something. So the point is that if you have a contractor, you have to issue the 1099s to support the expense that you have on the books. And if you don't, then you're not in compliance and the IRS could come after you with the sticks. Now, when do you have to issue a 1099? Usually you don't have to issue ones to people that are corporations because if they're incorporated, the IRS in theory already has their hooks in them. The IRS isn't really worried about Edison, the utility company not properly doing their taxes because they're so big and large that they're actually almost in business with the government. They're almost co-mingled. So they're going to be in compliance with the law without a problem generally. It's going to be the people, the little guys that the IRS is going to be worried about. So if you hire a contractor that's a sole proprietor, that's when it's likely you'll have to issue, say, the 1099, right? So if you had rent, it might be on miscellaneous prizes and awards of $600 or more that are not for services such as winnings on TV or radio shows. Now, remember the 1099 miscellaneous used to be the most common one, but they made a different 1099 now so that the miscellaneous is no longer the one that's probably the default one for normal contractor wages. So this is the miscellaneous. So royalty payments of $10 or more, payments to certain crew members by owners or operators of a fishing boat, amounts paid for the purchase of fish for resale from any person engaged in the business of catching fish. You got to keep those fish catchers in track, man. You also use the form 1099 miscellaneous to report your sale of $5,000 or more of consumer products to a person for resale anywhere other than in a permanent retail establishment. Okay, then we have the form 1099 NEC, most likely the most common 1099 form that small businesses, for example, and most businesses are required to deal with at the end of the year.  So we've got the file form 1099 NEC. That's non employee compensation for each person in the course of your business to whom you have paid at least $600 during the year in services performed by someone who is not your employee. So if you're thinking, are they an employee or not, if they're not an employee and you're paying them for services, then most likely you're talking about a 1099 NEC. So that including parts, materials, etc. And then cash payments for fish or other aquatic life you purchase from anyone engaged in the trader business of catching fish or payments to an attorney. So you must also file form 1099 NEC for each person from whom you have withheld any federal income tax report and box for. Now, normally with the 1099, you don't have to withhold the federal income tax. That's the point of having the 1099 as opposed to the W2. But if the person that you're given the 1099 to, for example, doesn't give you the necessary information to rat them out to the IRS, like they don't give you the Social Security number or their EIN number, the IRS can't go after them. So then the IRS is going to say, well, we want you to withhold the money from them for us in that case because we can't properly go after them if they don't give us that information and it's your responsibility to get that information because we said so. So under the backup withholding. If you use 1099 NEC to report sales totaling $5,000 or more of consumer products, then you are required to file form 1099 NEC with the IRS by January 31st. Then we've got the good old form W2. So obviously if you have employees, remember how complicated this has gotten over the years because I think people kind of lose track of what things were like kind of before and how much. Because if there were no laws that are kind of governing these withholdings and whatnot with the payroll, the payroll would be as easy as paying the utility bill for a business.  You just write a check, decrease in the checking account and the other side goes to utilities expense. If you had an employee back in the day and you're just like shake hands and you're like, okay, I'm going to pay you so much at the end of the week based on what you do, then the transaction from a bookkeeping standpoint would be very easy. We would just simply say, okay, now I'm going to pay you what I agreed on and we're going to say cash goes down and we have payroll expense. But we can't do that these days, right? Because they have to qualify for an employee and we need to withhold the money and we have to deal with payroll taxes, not only federal income taxes, but social security and Medicare. And we have to make sure that we are in compliance with any kind of employee laws, of course, that might go beyond bookkeeping. And we have to file these information returns not only to the employees so they can self-report the income, but also to the government so the government has the information for them. In other words, the government can probably do our employee tax returns their form 1040 without them actually filing a return because we basically did it for them, right? We filed their return on there. So that's the form W-2. So you must file form W-2 to report payments to their employees such as wages, tips and other compensation and withhold income, social security and Medicare taxes. So if you file form W-2 online for more information about form W-2, see the general instructions for form W-2 and W-3. Now, like we saw with the 1099, the 1099 is going to support an expense number on your Schedule C, which is probably like contractor expense.  And then the same with the W-2. With the W-2, you're typically going to have a huge expense on your Schedule C for wages expense. And obviously that's a huge indication that you had employees and the IRS is going to say, who are you in business with? Who are you working with? Who are you working with? And you're like, okay, here's the W-2. It's Mary Jane across the street with her four kids.  I give up. And then so you give them the W-2 form. And that means that the sum of the W-2 forms, the W-3 form, which represents all the W-2 combined together should tie out to what the expense is in essence on the Schedule C, right? Because you've given them those two documents that should kind of coincide. I got the deduction and I told you where to go to get the money with the W-2 on the income side of things. The law provides for following penalties if you do not file form 1099 Miscellaneous, form 1099 NEC, or forms W-2, or do not correctly report the information. So here's obviously the question. Well, what if I don't? What if I don't do it? I ain't ratting out Mary Jane. There are four kids over there. Well, for more information, see the general instructions for certain information returns. So failure to file information returns. This penalty applies if you do not file information returns by the due date due to include all required information or report incorrect information. Oh, really? So now if I don't rat out Mary Jane and her four kids, that's what's going to happen? Well, I mean, I guess it's really not that bad. Okay. Well, but still no failure to furnish correct payee statements. This penalty applies if you do not furnish a required statement to a payee by the required due date do not include all required information or report incorrect. Okay, I'll do it. I'll do it. It's Mary Jane and her four kids for crying out. Go, go after it. Just leave me alone. Waiver of penalties. These penalties will not apply if you can show that the failure was due to a reasonable cause and not willful neglect. So obviously when we get into the law, we get into this thing of what was it intentional, right? Was it intentional? If you intentionally broke the law, then it should be worse. That's why we got this willful neglect. So did you not file the 1099 because you didn't know you didn't know what you were doing? Or did you did you lie to us on purpose? Were you trying to were you withholding Mary Jane's information? And in addition, there is no penalty for failure to include all required information for more or for including incorrect information on a de minimis small number of information returns. If you correct the errors by August 1st of the year, the returns are due. So obviously if there is an error, if it's a small error, then you would think it would be less likely to cause a problem. But if you self correct it, you're more likely to have a lesser penalty than if, you know, the IRS comes after you and they force you to correct it. So the incentives are attempted to be set up so that you could so that so that you file the proper numbers. So a de minimis number of returns is the greater of 10 or one half of 1% of the total number of returns you are required to file for the year. Form 8300. You must file form 8300 report of cash payments over $10,000 received in a transfer or business. If you receive more than $10,000 in cash and one transactions or two or more related business transactions. So now we've got this limit of the $10,000, which used to be a lot of money. But then you've got the inflation hitting us these days. It's like with that $10,000, can we raise the limit a bit? That's not that's not what it used to be these days with all the inflation crushing. And anyways, the cash includes us and foreign corn and currency. It also includes certain monetary instruments such as cashiers and travelers checks and money orders. Cash does not include a check drawn on an individual's personal account personal check for more information. You can see publication 1544 reporting cash payments of over $10,000 penalties. There are civil and criminal penalties, including up to five years in prison for not filing form 8300 filing or causing the filing of a false or fraudulent return. Obviously, when you talk about those large dollar amounts, then they're skeptical that maybe there's fraud or something going on. And again, that used to make more sense when the dollar amount seemed quite high. But these days, it's not like out of the realm of business for a lot of businesses, you would think possibly. But anyway, going out of business checking. So the following checking highlights the typical final forms and schedules you may need to file if you ever go out of business. Now remember that setting up the business sometimes is actually easier than removing or stopping the business, especially if you have set up things like an EIN number and a separate legal entity rather than having a Schedule C like an S Corporation or an LLC or something.   And you're like, hey, I've stopped doing that business for good. So anyway, so if you are liable for income tax, then you may need to file Schedule C with your form 1040, 1040 SR for the year in which you go out of business. You might have to indicate on the Schedule C that this is the last year, for example. So file Form 4797 with your form 1040, 1040 SR for each year in which you sell or exchange property used in your business or in which the business use of certain Section 179 or listed property drops to 50% or less. In other words, if you bought equipment, depreciable assets, and you're stopping the business, you might be selling those assets, which means you're going to have to deal with the sale of depreciable assets and have to deal with the depreciation, which could include 179 calculations that you took when you bought those things. File Form 8594 with your form 1040 or 1040 SR if you sold your business. SE Tax, File Schedule SE with your form 1040 or 1040 SR for the year in which you go out of business. So sometimes people stop their business like in the middle of the year and then they just kind of like stop and there's like, I just won't do it. But you have to close it out because at the end of the year, you're still going to owe self-employment taxes on the portion of the business for the half of the year that you're still in business. And you certainly do not want to neglect the payroll taxes because that can really haunt you for some time into the future.  So Employment Taxes, so File Form 941, that's the quarterly payroll taxes for Social Security and Medicare for payroll and federal income tax withholding for calendar quarter or Form 944 for the year in which you make final wage payments. Note, do not forget to check the box and enter the date final wages were paid online 17 of Form 941 or line 14 of Form 944. File Form 940, that's also a payroll tax return of course for the FUTA Federal Unemployment Tax for the calendar year in which the final wages are paid. Now if you didn't have any employees, meaning you just had yourself and you paid your payroll taxes in the form of self-employment taxes, no W-2s and whatnot, then it'll be easier to wrap that up. But if you do have employees, do not neglect that bit because that, again, causes problems. You stop in the middle of the year and you're like, ah, I'm just not going to do payroll taxes for the next two quarters because I stopped in the middle of the year. And I'm not going to do my year in W-2s and the W-3 and so on. Not a good idea because the IRS will actually come after you saying not only did you not file the forms but you also had withholdings and you didn't tell us what the withholdings were. And that could mean that you actually took money from your employees in the form of withholdings. If you didn't pay that to the government, they see that as not only not paying your taxes but also not paying the employees' taxes, basically stealing from the employees even though you were required to withhold it. So make sure to close out that payroll tax. So information return. So you've got to provide forms W-2 to your employees for the calendar year in which you make the final wage payments. So that's on you. Even if you start to stop the business in the middle of the year, make sure to send out those W-2s. Same with the W-3 and the W-2 forms with the IRS. Provide the 1099 forms, possibly not as crucial, but clearly if you don't do the 1099 forms, you're trying to close this business up. And the IRS will still be coming after you and say you didn't rat people out with the 1099s properly. You ain't closing yet. We're going to hit you one more time before you close. File form 1096 to file forms 1099 miscellaneous and the 1099 NEC.


I know it's after lunch and it's long 90 minute talk and I don't want anyone to get sleepy so let's start with some video A test How many times does the white team pass the rubber band ball? So how many of you did actually notice that black gorilla? Like while counting the passes? Well okay, it's okay we haven't noticed that one but in our day to day life we do that right? We find such non-obvious things which might get crept into production and as a quality get keeper we do that job, isn't it? So I think we all deserve a clap for ourselves because we find such non-obvious things and we save those production crappy nights for us Right? Cool So I am Preeti, I have been working with ThoughtWorks since last almost 4 years now I have worked on complex web application I have contributed to different open source project as a part of Peeler 3 activity in ThoughtWorks And now I am into mobile domain and presenting something to you I don't know how useful it might be for you but I am trying to present my learning When it comes to work one thing I keep striving for is automate all the things I mean you feel it, what, how can one automate all the things? Well that's what I do, I sort of introspect my day, I check that what are the things I have repeated And is there any way I can automate that, save my time, improve efficiency and


as like I was just looking back and I was like Why is it why is it annoying me so much? It's like, what is it about us? The reaction was like, oh you wasn't at all like, uh, there he goes again Steve and strange it's like man like people are dying So that not quite, but I'm actually curious now you guys But if you think about her, why would I be especially annoyed at her reaction?  This isn't like his fault, right? Like this this monster just appeared like what do you what do you like rolling your eyes at here? That like dr. Strange is doing magic stuff like he didn't choose for the monster to show up. It just did It has been guessed in chat the reason Not any other things you've said so far Though although all the things all the things you've said so far are actually like totally I agree Um, there was one component and I it was one of those things where I was like someone's annoying me And I can't remember what it is and then I was like, oh Is it that it Sorry, it may be suggest that she's annoyed from attention being taken away from her wedding Uh, that's fair, but still no I have no idea what it is now I'd have to see it again to be sure but uh, well, this will be a big clue You wouldn't need to see multi-verse madness again. You need to see the first one again I don't uh, let me see. I'm trying to remember everything that I remember about pristine I I just can't I can't remember it's just been too long and I I don't remember pristine is a surgeon He's taken the Hippocratic oath as well And she would be more aware than anybody of what kind of damage happens after any attacks in new york city take place And what it does to people Is specifically a surgeon She's probably saved people's lives as a result of like the work that gets done. I think for example, um Any of the events That have happened in new york city over the years.  This is my wedding like people are gonna need help. I'm gonna help people. Yeah Ha, yeah That's a that's a good point very frustrating and it's Additionally frustrating because That's like a big point that the first film makes that that informs dr. Strange's perspective on life and death big time him being a surgeon but oh well Character assassination ever it's it's it happens a lot in this film where there's a different purpose being run And for that moment it's to make a joke. They wanted to have a joke. They they don't care if it gets in the way of anything else Yeah, that's unfortunate Yep Thanks monster for stealing the thunder in my wedding.  She's just doomed as a character That's Yesterday mocks one year since the untimely death of kentaro mera creator of bazook he will still be missed Um, also if that reminded to read bazook Yeah, as a read often gets recommended and um, it is a it is a calm. Yeah, it is a very common suggestion What do you guys think of the steam deck? I'm thinking to get one since I don't have room for a pc in a monster setup Thanks. Also. Hi rags Hi, um So I'm not sure what board is interesting, but I'm not sure I'd recommend getting a steam deck like as your primary means of playing pc Yeah, we're probably if you don't have room Then the laptop might be the route to go instead of a steam deck because steam deck strikes me as you travel a lot Like all the time are you constantly on the move at at school and work and whatever? Well, like that it's like an even more mobile version of a laptop if you need one But well something that's worth keeping in mind is the steam deck is like the first Product in this plane Do you want your primary means of playing pc games to be something that is to some extent an experimental product? It still has a lot of kinks that it needs worked out and Yeah, and you're not gonna get any You're not gonna get a pc experience out of the steam deck. No, no three. Yeah, that's the thing It's the worst way to play a pc And that is balanced by the fact that it is the most mobile and portable way to play pc in terms of playing a lot of indie games and things like that that are easy to run Yeah, those would be fine Absolutely, especially because you just take the jet anywhere you go But if space is legitimately a concern and you can't actually have a desktop Um, I would want to say double check and make sure you can't do this top Desktop, maybe you're overestimating the space, but if you can't a laptop is what I would recommend before a steam deck Yeah, I'm involved in that Uh Great end game video Fringy All right, thanks. Hi rags Hello doxels to race when? We'll figure something out. I do want to go back to it after a long time just because that would be funny Involve alcohol in some way. I don't know.   Oh, okay, great. I think he said that's how he found my channel. Uh, nice Makes so much sense If you don't like DS2 my videos are perfect for you Um It'll be painful, but it's a sacrifice. I'm willing to make. Oh, thank you One like equals one pray for dragonrider. Well, that's the thing man If we were to replay it, we would all be trying to get him to kill himself Because we feel like pre-soles I think I kind of remember how it works. I remember how you need to I remember how it works and you need to get like a is it bonfire aesthetics? Yeah Yeah, then you can respawn him and he's worth way more and yeah, it's just the best way to start the game off And get the the armor from that one merchant Because that gives more, uh, ruins. I almost had more souls right Uh, I think so Behold my awesome milestone. Behold. I believe they're referring to the membership stuff. Thank you very much actually, I think um Oh, hey, didn't didn't recently wait how long's he been a member for if it's too long We're gonna ban him.  Yeah anything over. Should we say anything over one month? That's a ban Yeah The longer the membership the more What's the dooku line The twice the pride double four is that we will twice the membership double the ban I don't know um Yeah, recently I think me and rags at least I don't know if you've got it as well for me And mel but the super thanks thing. I think it's been rolled out to way more channels now Yeah, I got an email for that. I haven't checked in on it yet though And I think it was only for one of my channels Like offline super chatting basically Yeah, kind of and I won't say no to more ways to make money, but I wonder how it actually plays out in You know execution Yeah, because I guess if if you're watching a video and you're like man, that part was real good I want to put a Super chat in on because it they tied a time stamps, right? Or do they just tie to videos? I think it's just It would be cool. I think I think it is legitimately just as simple as oh, I like that video. I'll throw you a few bucks I don't yeah, and then the yeah, I think and I think the comment gets highlighted. I think as well I think yeah, I think like in a premiere I saw it on I saw it on a different channel where like somebody who had done it had the number of the amount that they'd paid Like next to that comment So like they leave a comment and then it marks that they've given money to that video. Yeah well Interesting, I guess. Yeah. Yeah, I haven't activated it yet. So I I haven't tried I'd have it on Oh, it's it's like Uh, I think I had it on my phone the email and then it said like you literally just have to press off to on You just click a button. Yeah Okay I couldn't do that I thought I had to do some shenanigans for that Happy mother's day unless you wonder and high rags Hi And they got a little more heart there. Oh All right Why so harsh on this movie? I enjoyed it mostly Huh, well, I'm glad you asked We will be spending a lot of time explaining just why we hated this movie I was gonna say when they sent this in we would have been at least like three hours into explaining it Um, and that's just the beginning So Strap in folks More explanation to come Lord long bong of move to linkedin abbey. Have you given any more thought to a kung-fab of peter jackson's long kong And there's less going on Uh, it'll be movie fat for the ages. Yes. Hello waxy screeches for the good boy Oh, hello. Thank you very much. Yeah, I think that'd be a good idea. We should do that sometime I legit think that I think we had mentioned it was me I think you brought it up if we do end up doing it Then the only films that we will end up rewatching for efat movies will be godzilla movies By an incredible weird coincidence. That's just how it's gonna work out. We don't have to rewatch king of the monster They will be disappointed. Will they the people the people I supposed to be funny if we grab a whole bunch of new people and yeah This is the thing efat's been going long enough now. Well, that's the thing imagine we grabbed Like like rags, would you not want to show wish upon to a whole bunch of new people? I would love to do that. It would be pretty funny wish upon is yeah, and our commentary won't be the same Because you know, we've we've changed and evolved and grown is there's no reason why we can't do lord the rings again because If we have a whole bunch of different people like, you know, who knows what we'll talk about this time around Absolutely Yeah, efats getting getting to that point now folks where We're out of new films to watch just old and only ones we've already done Put a reboot. Mm-hmm. Yeah, we need the multiverse in efat. Yeah In your short moorler and cat rags Oh, no, okay Oh, wouldn't be too bad. That's right. That's our neat Hi rags Hi In tucky dobby is today and it's free comic book day. I hope you made it to your local comic store and got yourself something Oh, I feel like uh comic stores don't need the The burden of having to give out free comics Uh best girl objectively or subjectively zoos ziling sylvia or america the best objectively so it's So who america chavez versus sylvia. I'm pretty sure america wins And then I don't know who's the last one. It's wings in terms of like fighting um I assumed like just character in terms of Because like sylvia is like a horrible person Yeah, sylvia is terrible america is not great And I hate her but I don't know if she's not like on the same level as Uh I remember the food one was What well what did they say uh it's zoos ziling. I'm assuming that's how you pronounce that That's shang chi's uh sister, right? Oh I don't remember what a character was Yeah, um Who's the best out of them? I don't know Jesus I don't know Bring you over to help me out I Well, I mean she helped save the day You know, she was a hero, but isn't she like trying to reform the criminal organization? Well, I guess america wins then Right because she's not evil She doesn't really have a lot of agency in that film She doesn't make a lot of choices really so It almost feels a little bit unfair to the other two because they make more decisions And thus were more susceptible to becoming bad characters Because of marvel the more the more Because if you're in a marvel film the more choices you're presented with the more likely is that you become a bad character And the film might not even recognize it.  I'm a three So i'm slightly below average I I love that to be real. I very much hope is real Wiggs is such a The gold mine of course is wonderful. Yeah There is one thing that sorcery can't do make someone fly not including magical items Uh, I guess so yeah until it does Well, because dr. Strange doesn't Why for magic cake does it? And nobody else seems to fly. Yeah, you got the mortars booties.  Yeah Yeah, you have a uh, yeah You want to set up some magic rules like dragon age got it out of the way early depending if you go to the mage tower Early on you get to read the book in particular But they got the three rules of magic if you die you ain't coming back from the dead you cannot teleport And I think the third was something about the fade which is where which is like the dream realm and mages and dragon age When they dream they actually are like lucid dreaming They could go into the fade and they're cognizant of everything that's there like the spirits and the demons and whatnot They're aware of it. But yeah, why don't they just teleport to nope cardinal rule of magic? You can't teleport. Why can't we just bring back? Nope cardinal rule of magic No coming back from the dead anything that comes back It ain't that person. So It's like the force and flying.  They can Oh, yeah, good Like I could totally see wong being like, you know He swings his arms around a whole bunch of times and then he like does an enchantment You know like what did you do and he's like you can fly but only temporarily And I just be like, oh Okay, like you know if that happened in the movie. Do you think anybody would be like what? That's ridiculous Like no, everyone should be like, okay. Well, he's a wizard. So I mean whatever fly amazing Long can fly now guys. It was so cool.  I should be like, what can't they do really? Portals were a mistake I don't even disagree with you. I think if that's such a Oh, if you're in charge of that script and they said you got to bring that in and be like, do you know what this means? Do you know how importantly powerful these things are? This is no joke It fucks with everything all the time I don't believe they even showed him chop off the arm of that guy and infinity war was like, whoa You guys actually realize what it can do and then they don't do it ever again Oh It was a good joke, but it was a mistake Oh the invite to my wedding thing or Well, just I like that. Yeah, like it's it's cool to see wong be super duper confident and kind of pull these tricks But the problem is that like Portal was being able to do that is such a problem And I've already used my portal I gotta Really like if you just had and I don't even like them but like these D&D style rules or or I mean believe aragon had a good even though those books got super lame But the the magic system in aragon was super glass canony and dangerous to the user It required a lot of training and a lot of practice and using magic But expend like your energy and if you cast a spell That you didn't have the energy for you would just fucking kill yourself And there was a clear limits that were set. It's super powerful glass cannon stuff And I don't there's just no rules with this magic. You can just do whatever whenever you want Arguably worse with the portals than it could have been because there's no requirement really the proficiency Really like even you know nad picks it up really quick And so does dr. Strange to be fair when he's training for it and and someone might be like, oh come on He has he has to take like a few training sessions. I'd be like it's too quick Few training sessions for arguably one of the most powerful possible spells with A broad reach of usefulness. That is just a ubiquitously powerful spell I and what you need isn't like an understanding of most powerful books of all time and loads of experience You just need the little device that everyone has like they have loads of them And then yeah, that should be one of those things you need a ritual for There's there's so much to it that you need to add on to limit it but they made it a little ring that you can put on and Does it surprise anybody that every time anything happens in a movie that dr. Strange is in it's like Why aren't you using the sling ring use it?  We're moving on You've done it right. Or maybe they won't we don't care Ed Bundy walked so Monda Maximoff could run to be fair. Ted Bundy had to break out. She didn't Yeah, she just flew away and knew that no one could ever stop her. I'm just gonna leave now. Bye Mola's commentary is so much funnier on red wine Yeah, I guess this person has been drinking. I was supposed to say yeah I think it means they're drinking not that because I was like I don't think I've ever had red wine I think it's probably like all commentaries probably more Joyful on red wine I never would I was never a red wine guy I never I was I like the white wines the the the more sweeter wines are generally my thing I don't like those more harsh reds.  Appreciate you all massively Yeah, he's out of a job Sniper is out of a job Civil war. She's a kid. Give me a break this movie. She's a kid.  It's funny because yeah, you can cite other movies, but I would just cite the movie itself She's saying um America doesn't count as a child because she has the powers and it's like, what about your kids? They have powers What about yeah Like yeah, nobody's ever gone by that metric before why is she like and it's because she's metric She just wants to be able to kill her And for some reason this film continuously makes it so the dark strange cannot argue back.     Because I'm already losing interest in trying to explain it Yeah, it is it is very very useful for writing. Yeah, it can be whatever you want. Yeah Uh, the Wong trans transition had my brother laughing in the cinema Yeah, I I think it's it took me off guard completely his face being in the sky. I just like I don't know.  Okay.  I was not impressed by the music fight I don't know if I'm the only one because um, I mean it only Only the sense that you're like that looks interesting, but that's it Well, I guess it's just that um for as cool as the visuals may be it's just like What does it mean for a magic system to recognize written music?   They were using all kinds of instruments Uh in the music surrounding it and you can do whatever you want. Why would you be limited by whatever's on the sheets? That's such a weird thing Whatever you want. Yeah So, yeah, I don't know. I I remember finding parts of it awkward like when he fires the second Barrage of like and I guess they don't do anything Because like well, they sort of just hit him and he goes like oh It's kind of weird and then and then the second barrage he blocks with his own thing and it's like Bum-bum-bum But I just were being like this is A bit cringe. I'm sorry. I don't know um I've seen plenty of people say like oh ramy and I'm always just like I wonder if it was ramy. I wonder who's it could have been anybody for all we know I don't know anything by ramy that matches that Um, and if you're just gonna go with goofy fun, I'd be like, oh, okay So just anything that's in any everything is his then Yes, so It was like Miss fantastic getting his head exploded.  What's that? That's one of my next questions for most people Yeah, but if they actually cited drag me to hell as an example of how Him killing read richards is totally a ramy thing to do. I just feel like I still don't Follow really What character dying is a ramy Yeah Even blending horror and comedy because I just don't see The comedic element.  I feel like it's hard almost to explain it Um Where it's like, whoa, you went through another universe.   That's not what I've heard from loads of people Is the like it's totally a ramy choice to do that. Like I said, I don't really get it But um, I don't know. I feel like his name is being used as a as a way of evading criticism to some degree Yeah, I If you wouldn't want to you wouldn't want to criticize ramy, would you and it's just like, well, I don't even know that Why are we why are we just like assuming that every I thought the whole criticism was marvel was with the They fuck over the people who work for their movies exactly Hi, fringy Hey, great job in your latest video that in my honest opinion is probably the best breakdown of infinity war on youtube Oh, wow Thanks.  Yes Oh, it depends Did the bath salts come with a description and said it make her up because if it did that's your folks you read that She didn't know okay. It's not like there was a bazillion reasons to think that book was incredibly evil Oh During the be evil character at least in her opinion evil character had it and it's a giant ashy book with These embers flying off of it The whole like it corrupts you thing was that mentioned in wander vision. I can't remember anymore I can't remember either because I remember that wasn't there a thing about agatha was like hoping to make wander a little bit more Uh evil I remember wow, I think she wants to just take her powers, right? There's one there was an element of like she was trying to influence her to be more evil or something Like with the proximity to the book or something. I can't remember Man, it's just nice that book just bowled her out of a whole moral culpability Great. I mean, I just like I said, I don't even agree that it does With the way that they even describe it in the movies And the fact that she can go on an arc while under the full influence of this book I don't understand how that works Yeah Just had to go where kids wouldn't be happy with her being a horrible monster If again, it's just hard for me to I just don't I don't sound like Because it's like it's different than being told it I get that. Yeah But at the same time it's like was this really that much of a shock to her Wouldn't she just want to reset and be like fine. I'll just go to a universe with you know These kids are done now because they've seen it Yeah, I'll I'll play it smarter next time Yes Because maybe I'll even remember vision the next time who knows It makes me think that you want me to believe that she just had no idea that her kids would have been that disapproving of her actions She's like why Especially if we're eating her actual mom around. Oh, yeah Why are you scared of me? I know you almost killed my mom The book controlling her is the equivalent of bucky getting mind controlled not even close Like uh when bucky gets mind controlled. He's got like he's not even there As in like you can't recognize him. He is unfortunately having to remember everything that happens, but Wanda is like You can't even necessarily tell the difference. She's just a lot meaner For the fact that she's like still will it like where does the value of I would like to not have to hurt anyone come from If she's completely corrupted like what why is that even there?  It's like that What's happening there to be reasonable To believe that you're capable of being and one of my supposed to draw from I'm being reasonable when she's like Forcing horrible monsters to trample through cities. What does that even mean? Yeah, so like yeah, I uh It's it's explicit with bucky that he is like Puppeteered to the point where he's terrified of it ever happening again. I mean while It's confusing with her like whatever this any of this meant I don't even know if she's free of the dark hold Because they say like oh, she's gonna destroy an ever universe like well. It was already destroyed in the one She was using it so And does that make a difference to its effects on it, I don't know I felt strange should have mentioned peter when he trapped wander in the mirror versus something like you're no peter parker Slash spider-man and then walk away I don't think I find it cringe that spider-man beat him in the mirror versus. Let's not remember that Poor dr. Strange man. He just can't win He gets introduced. Come on. I sacrifice myself for five years. Can I have like one w please the ancient one?   You kidding me Jesus also high old hose Hello Hi And an extra high to rags Oh, hello. Hello to you.  Uh, yeah They canonized that his meme was correct I don't know why they did that but they did that high energy mortal. Hey, it's getting late. I'm getting tired. Okay. Yeah What about all the walking armory that is war machine? And remember strange and wong could transport all the heroes to them instantly on endgame dude It's even better than that like rodie was the one that actually Disabled her in civil war But uh, nobody wants to remember him because he's busy doing some other tv show probably This crappy movie killed george ripp you legend crappy movie killed a lot of people No, not my insanity my sanity Um where you sinister mugs attack folk for like in a movie yellow flash and all the bullying kids on twitter Losers marvel make bank and you lot depressed Bully people on twitter When do I do that bullying people on twitter how you just put pepe memes? I don't know if that counts as bullying Yeah, but if it does rip um two memes today on twitter and listen if yellow flash thinks this is a bad movie Then good for him High five as for uh attacking people for liking a movie.  I don't know. I just I it's so cringy because it's like What why why kind of just say you're attacking me for disliking it and then we can just play this game forever Yeah Um But thank you for the super chat boss. Thank you. Yes Remember when loki used his staff to mind control everyone and it was horrible But now wander does it to a whole town and no one cares also hello rags Hi literally when um When hawkeye he hadn't gotten his own show yet where they had to make him a good guy actually When he did the mind control to hawkeye, they made a huge heal out of it to the point where Hawkeye said it felt like someone reaching inside and just playing and uh, he fucking hated loki after that Perfect that's exactly how you'd expect it to go if someone uses mind control on you. Um Don't care about the citizens of west view. They're done.  They're not even in the boot. They got kicked out of the car. They're done. They're on the road and it sucks but um Writing can't stop to appreciate anything uh Because we talk about all the people in west view have been ignored It's like we're all the people in the world who ignored as a result of the blip In terms of the damage that did none of these films want to go over it Oh, man, the hearts don't prevent the blue shower cool if it Yeah Haven't heard anybody address that wander can just make a heck some recreator kids and vision on earth There was nothing special in west view that means she can't do it again without slavery my rags Hi um, well, we've uh suggested that and adoption and I don't know having a kid I don't think any point in this show they've said she's baron or anything so She really really really really really wants to do that. I prefer that that's what she do instead of kill people I don't know if you guys agree I mean, what about adoption? No, well that was one of my suggestions. Yeah Well As long as she makes things right Thank goodness at the end. She makes it all right I think she did the right thing whatever that is. Um, is star trek even worth getting into now? Well, I mean the all the old stuff. Yeah You know, however many star wars films they'll release the ot is still cool. Go watch it. Yeah Hawkeye would be furious at wander No, Hawkeye doesn't exist in this universe until As his own show where he gets to exist temporarily but outside of every other event Um, even Futurama comes with a multiverse explanation. So there's an infinite number of universes not just the one Oh, wait. Oh, no, no, no, they say no just the one I'm confused. I can't remember what um, how Futurama dealt with multiverse, but Futurama isn't even Like as grounded in any way people form as the MCU likes to try and be Um, but it probably is actually more grounded though. I believe it Um, why do you call it oven when you Of in the cold food and out or eat the food That was too many words one I don't think it's the amount of words. It's their combination and structuring. Um, yeah, that's fair one What I'll try again. I don't know if it's gonna work Why do they call it an of an oven when you of in the cold food and of out hot eat the food I don't know why your um, I guess your description of an oven Would I don't know why that would change anything What about the way you describe the oven would change what we would call the oven or make it seem strange I haven't googled oven etymology, but I'm sure it makes a lot of sense Well, I can do that. Let's take a look. Oh also high ranks Hi, um Why do they call it oven? Uh, oh refers to a nonsensical copypasta reading Why do they call it oven when you of in the cold food of out hot eat the food? apparently it's a meme Oh, well, that's fine. I just I was curious if I Why do they call it? Yeah, it looks like it's a It is it became associated with an edited garfield strip with john arbuckle saying the phrase Pausing it to be associated with the comic um So this is the of course the origin Of the meme his gentleman in 2013 said why do they call it oven when you of in the cold food of out hot Eat the food uh-huh Yeah I didn't like I said I wasn't looking for the origin of why someone would say that I just meant why they call it an oven because I don't actually know. Oh oven. Uh, yeah etymology Comes from the old english often And that I suppose Sure from an indo european root shared by greek hypnos So, yeah old english oven of germanic origin related to dutch oven though dutch ovens are different here If you call something a dutch oven, that's different than what you would normally call an oven Uh, do you know about the dutch ovens?   Good job. Good job. Probably you did well. Thank you so much. Well, so today's ones I'll grab them up and then we will be able to just knock out them with last week's ketchup ones in the next ketchup Um, believe it or not, we are actually getting closer and closer to completing the super chat ketchup In totality because uh, myself Reganatis and fringolio have been doing some extra bits behind, uh Slim flams, so you'll you'll end up getting Some that upload on moola that don't have chat in them. And that's how you'll know They're the offline ones, but they'll be labeled as such. So no, what is they will be titled Uh, to reference what exactly is they want it to but yes The uh, the next thing to happen I'm good old. Uh, ifap is to see us on satyr day I have the cast back and I think this time we should be able to go for a longer than five hours even because uh We got we got people with with schedules trying to open up a bit more because we can get through the rest of Dockers to strange Multiverse of men can be great um Yeah, I guess other than that I suppose, uh, I'll say that's that's a agenda You guys want to Uh, no, I'm I'm excited to talk about uh multi strange madness verse again Uh, there's a lot of things to discuss. It's going to be very fun And frustrating explaining why we feel the way we feel about this amazing flim Hmm Well that I'm doing a metals forge on friday with meme repository about under the red hood. Go check that out. It's going to be fun Wait, I remember I actually saw that one. I liked it. That's when we're john domagio was the voice of joker Yeah, yeah, well watch it a while ago and remember being pretty pretty neat So I'm hopeful to have something good to watch before saturday arrives Um, well, all righty then. Thank you all so much for watching and uh for the donations and this company God damn it. Not again. Don't worry. These will all be read out.   Yeah Good night everyone. We'll see you later


Computability theory, also known as recursion theory, is a branch of mathematical logic, of computer science, and of the theory of computation that originated in the 1930s with the study of computable functions and Turing degrees. The field has since expanded to include the study of generalized computability and definability. In these areas, recursion theory overlaps with proof theory and effective descriptive set theory. Basic questions addressed by recursion theory include, What does it mean for a function on the natural numbers to be computable? How could non-computable functions be classified into a hierarchy based on their level of non-computability? Although there is considerable overlap in terms of knowledge and methods, mathematical recursion theorists study the theory of relative computability, reducibility notions, and degree structures, those in the computer science field focus on the theory of sub-recursive hierarchies, formal methods, and formal languages.


Okay, so let's start this first day of the Fit4RI Final Virtual Summit, so our final conference. So we will have three days of conference or three mornings and welcome everyone to this first day. So I just want to highlight some housekeeping information about the way that we are going to organize our sessions. So all the events will be recorded and the presentations and the recordings will be available in the Heaven page where we have all the information about the program and also all the details to join the different Zoom sessions. By default we have all microphones off from the participants. You can also turn on or turn off your camera. I think it's better during at least the keynote presentation is better if you can turn off your webcam and then later you can enable your camera. So to participate, okay, you can use the chat if you want to put questions, you can do it in chat or if you want to exchange any comment during the presentations with other participants you can interact via chat. This is a normal Zoom meeting room. During this conference we will use also a webinar Zoom room for another session but this is a normal Zoom meeting room in order to allow more participation. If you want to speak you just need to raise your hand, it's close to the chat and the participants list. You have the possibility to raise the hand and then you can turn on your microphone and camera to put the question or to make any comment. So we will have after the keynote presentation we will have a moment for questions and answers so you will be able to join and to participate in the discussion. Use the hashtag RRI4Real to discuss also in the social media this event. If you want to also to make a mention to the project Twitter account you can also do it or just use the hashtag in the different social media channels, okay, we are more focused on Twitter but you can also use it in other channels. So welcome to this first day of our final summit today, it's our first day of the conference and dedicated to the RRI culture and skills. And for that we have three sessions, four sessions sorry, because we have two parallel sessions and then interactive session after the parallel sessions and we open with this first session where we have our coordinator Andrea Riccio to open the conference and to welcome you to this final conference. And then Kemal Hassan has a keynote to have a provocative keynote to set up and to start the discussion around these issues today focused on RRI culture and skills. So Andrea the floor is yours, the kickoff of our conference is done, so please join me and welcome to this to our final conference. Yeah, thank you Pedro and thank you everybody for being here, well I'm pretty excited. I don't know if it would have been even more exciting being present, we tried a lot but for safety reason we decided then to have a virtual conference. So I will start sharing my screen in a few moments, here we are, because I really don't want to talk about the project, because you will hear a lot about the project from my colleagues that really work in the heart on this, I just want to share with you some keywords and some key message that we really developed during this almost four years project because in the end we had an extension of the project of six months trying to be present, as I said. So, well let's start, when we started thinking about working on RRI and science, we had since the very first moments, it was back to 2016, just one simple idea in mind that science as all the biggest addition of the last century has entered a phase of deep crisis in terms of trust and reputation exactly as it was happening to all the big institutions and this crisis could have been caused, we really didn't have any answer and probably we don't have it even now, by as the results of some interacting factors such as globalization from one side but also individualism on the other and also the idea of, well, the upcoming new way of socializing and asking for a greater collective engagement in societal relevant matters, we thought that responsible research and innovation and open science could be the answer to overcome and manage the social transformation that we were seeing affecting science and innovation, but at the same time we know pretty well that we should move from an abstract and I would say also somehow romantic way of looking at responsibility that could be beautiful maybe but not necessarily useful towards our concrete approach of responsibility, grounded solidly in research funding and performing organization and capable of deeply involving scientists main actors to foster a process of realist divisional change, we really were thinking about this and we were trying to find out the element of a proposal and on a way of seeing the future of science that could represent this potential answer and especially this inner idea that we had, well, sorry, well, our desired recipe was based on some clear pillars. The first one was the desire to engage and put into relation all the actors involved in science and innovation according to a quadriplellic approach, so to bring together the academia but also the industrial sector together with policymakers and citizens but also to address relevant scientific issues through realist cases so to ground solidly in reality our RRI and the US approach basically on co-creation. We also wanted to foster transdisciplinary spreading the world of responsibility also in those sectors and in those disciplines that usually are not very keen to like the hard sciences. We also wanted to promote transparency and openness by producing open tools and resources that could be available for the growing responsibility and openness community and in hand we wanted also to focus on the governance dimension of organization in order to pave the way for real institutional change supported by responsibility and openness. We tried, I think, even successfully to reproduce this structure in our real working and so in our work plan so we can see that PIC for our RRI is based on three main strengths, we can define it as strengths that helped us in developing our idea. The first one is an analysis trend and we tried to work package one and work package two to see what was happening so the state of the art in terms of RRI in different sectors and in different countries then we moved to a testing phase where we tried to test possible solution through co-creation experiments and especially to develop also training tools to support these real cases and in the hand we were in production so we worked concretely on promoting changes through guidelines for governance. Each day of the conference is dedicated to one of these trends so today we will start for the RRI culture and skills then we will move to the part concerning more the institutional change and in the very end we will work on RRI policies so seeing how it is important to look at different steps and to have a concrete process towards real change. This is in a few words I hope not to be long how and why we decided to work on fit for RRI but the real idea is that this conference which is based on shaping the future of open science and society relation is not just an occasion to tell you how we worked because well this will not be useful in our mind this is thought to be a collective gathering to keep working on the future of RRI and open science because this is our urgency beyond the outcomes of the next upcoming European framework program and to this we will also talk with the European Commission in the last day of the conference try to understand how to shape this future but and so my idea is that indeed the best is yet to come because I feel the start and I think that all the fit for RRI members and I'm sure also you feel that this is the start of a new phase that involved the entire RRI and the open science community of practice. We want to build upon the bricks of our project and another similar one because we are in contact with many of you and your presence here is testified is in order to try to contribute to develop a novel powering for science then nowadays has to be open inclusive reflected and socially engaged. I want to thank all of you and especially to thank the fit for RRI on social because it's hard to find such a great partners to spend three years together discussing a lot and working a lot because without them this project wouldn't be possible. Thanks to everybody and now I think that I can leave the floor to our keynote speaker for the first day Kemal Azen. Good morning. Thanks Kemal for being here. Good morning I'm assuming everybody can hear me. Yes perfect yeah lovely. Well first good morning again I'd like to echo what Andrea has just said and extend a warm welcome to you all wherever you are. I'd also like to thank Pedro for his introductory comments as well. My name is Kemal Azen and Andrea asked me to help kick start the day with a few introductory words. I'm just going to talk for about 10 minutes or so. Admittedly I find Zoom quite painful so hopefully it won't be too painful for you to listen to me but before I start I need to enter a couple of caveats. First and I remember I was looking at Andre as a poster in the background. I'm not an RRI expert. I'm probably more of a critical friend or an observer. Second I've taken the liberty of changing the content of my presentation. It's over seven months since the original date of the conference in Rome and at the risk of stating the obvious a lot has happened since then. Rather than structure my talk around the original themes of a retrospect and prospect of RRI and the fit for RRI program in particular I want to highlight some things that I have observed in relation to the pandemic and tie them into the debate about where RRI might go. Third my approach is a mix of rhetorical and controversial. I think Pedro made reference to that. I will therefore leave you to take up any relevant issues in your work and in the conference over the next few days. And finally, as I think is quite obvious now, I do not have any slides or presentation notes to be gali with. So as a starting point I want to highlight the role of science and research in the current debate on dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. First one of the most dominant themes in the public debate has been the idea that decisions are led by the science. What we seem to have forgotten in the debate however is the infallibility of science and research. That is have we levelled with the public about the reality of how science and research can or cannot help us predict the future and control the world. Here there is an obvious issue of responsibility in and among the research community. Second, are all disciplines and research participating equally in the debate about the pandemic? Granted there is a need for modelling but I am still waiting for a more open debate about epistemology or even ontology because there has been a tendency in the narrative about tackling COVID-19 to adopt the language of war. It seems apparent that some of these issues for debate have been ignored or sidelined for the indefinite future. Third, I have been amazed and truly grateful for the sacrifice of many people to help us try and deal with the numerous issues that the pandemic has thrown out from clinical to economic. But at the same time, this is perhaps my controversial point, I have thought that at times some colleagues in the research community have allowed themselves to be hijacked by other stakeholders such as politicians for example. Now these three observations are not exhaustive but in terms of RRI they highlight two important subplots for me. The first is about power. Who has the power when dealing with the pandemic and how is it being distributed? Is power something you possess or is it relational? Critically does the research community have any power? Second, who have been the agents of change in tackling some of the issues around the pandemic? Have there been any agents within the research community and are these individual or collective? Fundamentally the question these raise is how has RRI been relevant? Now I want to turn to RRI itself. Definitions of RRI seem to cover different components, public and societal engagement, open access, gender equality, ethics, science education and governance. And these seem to involve the four main stakeholders of academia, citizens, government and industry. I think in an earlier slide we made reference to the idea of a quadruple helix. Now the temptation with thinking about RRI or the fit for RRI program is to look simply at the outputs that have been delivered. For example the reports that have been uploaded on the website or indeed this conference itself. For me the relevance of RRI or the fit for RRI program is not with outputs but with outcomes and impacts. Now admittedly people often struggle to understand the difference between an outcome and an impact. This is because the terms are sometimes used interchangeably and are often provided without any definition. For what we are seeking to do it might be easier to think of outcomes as the things that you will be measuring, for instance changes for your citizens or organisations and impacts as the things that other people will be measuring. For example changes in headline statistics at local authorities or health agencies, may record. Now the relevance for us is simple. I want you to consider what have been the outcomes and impacts you have been delivering both through this program and your day-to-day work. Now moving forward I want to bring the different things I have highlighted, the observations about COVID, the two subplots around power and agency and the need to move from focusing simply on outputs and looking to outcomes and impacts and start thinking about the future. First the most obvious thing is to ensure that we do not think about RRI and indeed open science as a program, discipline or a subject. In fact in many ways we need to ensure we avoid thinking about RRI as an end in itself. Here we must not see the demise of horizon funding streams as something sad but the opening up of an open source of knowledge and again making reference to Andrea's last slide, the best is yet to come. Second we need to have some honest discussion on epistemology, truth and knowledge in the research and innovation community and in parallel think about how this has translated into the outcomes and impacts we are trying to achieve. Where and when we have these discussions is still open to debate but they are needed ever more so. Third I think we need to celebrate our greatest achievement to date, creating a sense of community. Here we have started the process of recognizing common interests and working out what people care about. What we now need to do is think about how this translates into power and how we can act as agents of change. Here I want you to ask yourself was participating in the Fit for RRI program worth it and if so how are you measuring the benefits and how can these be used in the future? Now the last point is one of optimism and I would love to end my comments here on that note but I have to end with a note of caution around where and when responsibility ends in research and innovation and revisit the issue of power and agency again. Take for instance GDPR. Rightly there has been a lot of emphasis on privacy and protecting the interests of the public and I know from first time experience that there has been quite a bit of effort by companies for example to comply with GDPR rules but is it really relevant given the immense power of data and the hundreds indeed thousands of data points that are being monitored and scraped for information. Put differently does big data really need access to my medical records to know my medical condition and well be. Or take the growing field of emotion analytics where automated technology is being used to read our emotions. Now the automatic sentiment analysis and the wild project was a horizon funded project a few years back. Its main name I'm going to take this directly from the website is to deploy and capitalize on existing state-of-the-art methodologies models and algorithms algorithms for machine analysis of facial vocal and verbal behavior and then adjust and combine them to realize naturalistic human centric human computer interaction and computer mediated face-to-face interaction. Now granted that is a bit of a mouthful and clearly this research has commercial value in fact this is probably one of the reasons they have been successful in attracting funding and finance and my understanding is that this project has been successfully spun out commercially. Put differently it is an absolute gold mine for digital marketers. Now I have not read the terms and conditions of the use of the the use of this Zoom platform like most of you today I clicked on a couple of buttons to provide me access but it is quite possible indeed probable that our emotions are being captured read and analyzed as we discussed this morning and potentially for a marketing opportunity in the future. Now for me these two examples highlight how our futures are being shaped for us through research and innovation. Finally then if this is the case how is RRI relevant and what can we do as researchers and innovators to ensure that our futures are shaped positively. On that note I will end thank you. Thank you Kamal. Well I think that you raised a lot of like open questions and a lot to discuss about so I have some like curiosity about your talk but I would like to hear the audience before there is any question from the audience please raise your hand I will try to to give you the floor just carry them Kamal or if you want to write something in the chat so I will start. For example I will use the pandemic as an example in the role of the scientific community both in terms of powers but also in terms of responsibility because as you were saying sometimes science had to like lose lost his power in favor of like policymaking and so on in this pandemic while they should be while it should be like the most representative topic but on the other hand at least what from what I'm seeing in Italian debate for us science was more or less medicine while on the other hand maybe because I am somehow RRI biased I do believe that like scientific task forces working on the issues of a pandemic such the COVID-19 should be really interdisciplinary should engage especially anthropologists and social scientists and so on because apart from being how big like sanitary crisis this pandemic is especially a social crisis and not only a sanitary and an economic one how do you think that what do you think about this? I wasn't expecting to have to answer questions I mean I think I made reference to this issue that some of the disciplines that we've talked about are not being heard and and certainly if I was to take the the UK's an example we've had a lot of emphasis on for instance the modeling and this is not to undermine the the amazing work the modelers are doing but I think Andrea you made reference to anthropology one of the things that struck me is that we have been the behavioral scientists for instance in this debate why are our politicians scratching their head that actually people are not following the rules and regulations so I think you made reference to the need to engage with hard science and I think we have to accept that in times of crisis there is possibly I don't know what the word is but I suppose there is a sense of kind of priorities in terms of focusing around the clinical and medical aspect but also thinking about some of the economic but I think what I would look to therefore is that people who are representing for instance the clinical the hard sciences should also themselves try and reach out to the other disciplines and not let the other stakeholders within this quadruple helix steer the debate so I think there's something internally for us to think about okay how does the hard science that I'm always uncomfortable with that term you know how do we open up discussions for instance around you know artificial intelligence and you know how we nudge people's behavior you know we need we need to think about that I think just one final comment it's worth saying I suppose why I was making reference to my note of caution a lot of big business out there is already doing this I mean if you look at the kind of big data the whole big data where big data is going I mean they understand this perfectly why we are struggling in terms of a track and trace and trying to understand the modeling and linking the modeling is something about our institutions but we have to accept that there are other stakeholders within this quadruple helix who understand the need for interdisciplinarity so how we learn from them I don't know but we better do it pretty quickly or they'll just take us over okay thank you Kamal we have another question in the chat from Ron Yipofen he says and I'm looking for your comment we all know that science has limits there is a great deal of uncertainty in scientific outcomes how can that best be presented in public forums so that all confidence is not lost that's a good one thanks Ron I suppose I mean I don't want to answer that question I'm going to push that question back to you because you in a way you stated the really obvious challenge that you as RRI experts have to address so so Andrea I'm going to push that question to you and given the experience of the last three or four years how would you address that issue well that's not easy because for example going back to pandemic because well it influenced a lot its life one of my own question is how the science community could prevent fake news should they be part an active part of preventing fake news or just they have to to give their job well and who who others who which other actors should intervene in terms of fake news it's an open question what is important is that situation like this put again even if not as much as it should science in the middle and this is a very good chance to try to recover confidence and somehow I guess at least in the Italian context this happened we started to see again scientists at least but there is still a long way to do and I really don't have at the moment a clear answer but there are a lot of questions for you so I'm going to read the one that you received Fabio Fiodos say very interesting what you said about the sense of community again connected to RRI and what these means in terms of power and opportunity to activate change could you please elaborate more on that then we have hemahiris that say there has been an argument that covid has actually increased acceptance of open science and that already principle and tools for example preprints science communication rapid previews and so on how can we keep any positive momentum that we have gained and in the end uh Antonella Camisa asked to you Kemal in your opinion are negationists for example in UK against science or politics oh thank you one did you take notes okay yeah I've taken notes really making me work this morning I thought this was going to be kind of easy with my coffee and brioche and okay well let me look at let me let me kind of make let me comment on the second question first in whatever I mean I mean I think there is a there is a you know there is a if you read certain newspapers you know one would get the impression that actually there is now some positive momentum around uh I mean I mean I'm Phil now I have a slight regret that this is not this is not to be a covid 19 conference and what the role of RRI is so so I think we need to also put that into perspective um but but I think I think certainly if you read some elements of the press there there clearly has been some positive momentum in terms of um actually how we see the role of science um within or how we tackle the the debate um I would say that I would say that it would be quite interesting to to to get a feel for um for Joe public's sense of um what this all means so so when we have the the images of you know Brighton or Bournemouth Beach that are full of people and they've they've been they've been given the advice the scientific advice and they've totally ignored it so um I would I would hope that Emma is right personally I don't see that um and certainly not when I see the the the daily briefings or the weekly briefings I I don't get the the sense of that um but that doesn't mean it's not gonna that's that's not gonna happen um I mean there is clearly something that that's in parallel which I think has is important for the science and research community and that's in terms of actually how we're doing dealing with some of the some of the I guess effects of the the pandemic so this kind of low level of anxiety and clearly now we're having a debate around mental health and social isolation um but I don't have to answer that question I mean I think I am now I mean I hope you're right um I don't feel that um but anyway let's let's let's see um I mean the the last the first question was really about um communities of practice um and and I get the sense of actually what what what we can do um I mean one of the interesting things is is is I think amongst the science I I do feel that as you know we need to create our own communities of practice and I think we need to have honest debates about issues about truth and issues about knowledge and this um I mean it's interesting that we keep talking about science and uh there's an always debate around the philosophy of science is actually what do we mean by science and and it's no coincidence that when we think about RRI we're talking about research and innovation there are clearly other stakeholders other other agents that are involved in the discussion around research and innovation that perhaps we haven't kind of engaged with and you know for me the most obvious is actually the finance community you know do do we actually engage with in terms of the investors the funders the finance in terms of actually what you know what is the what is the issue about responsibility for for them um but I don't know I mean I you know the problem about me is I never know what I think until I've written it down so I probably need to sit down and think about that and I might come back to that or maybe somebody else will provide a far more intelligent answer to that I mean the third one was um I mean Andrea can you just kind of just repeat that again for me there the the round the the third question is we can't hear you Eurya sorry the third question was about uh uh the negationism of COVID-19 and other issues do you think that like these people for example from the perspective you live in UK are against that are against science or against politics um yeah I think I think you know my sense is people still you know we've been talking about the whole public understanding of science for instance debate for the last 20 or 30 years and and the reality is that although we've had lots of initiatives around citizen science and science within four what is it the the swaths and as you know I've been kind of involved in that Joe public still doesn't understand actually what is science I mean you know their understanding typically of technology is that bit of kit that they use to turn on their their their TV so I mean there's a whole issue about epistemology and philosophy and um and truth and knowledge which um the public um does not does not know about perhaps does not need to know about I guess where my concern is is that I think we in the research and innovation community haven't leveled with them we haven't told them that actually we can't solve this problem we're not doing that I mean we're we're we're we're in a sense we're playing God and uh we're not leveling with the public and I think what is always interesting is that when you you're quite keen to promote this issue about interdisciplinarity and multi-disciplinarity and one of the things that always strikes me for instance which is actually different culturally is for instance when you talk to some clinicians in certain countries they do play as God and and given the issues that the clinical issues around the pandemic um there is there is um you know there is this issue about you know culturally how we perceive for instance the role of science the role of clinicians in all of that but but I suppose that I suppose I think in terms of the UK and I'm not here to represent the UK yet because actually I'm not sitting in the UK right now I mean clearly I think the the public are just fed up with everybody I think they've just fed up with everybody that claims to be an expert or to represent them and and so you know we have to win the trust back. Don't think that now is finished because I say that René von Schoenberg raised his hand so I will give the floor to René but we also have a question from Raphael that say what we talk about with a power do we talk about it in the means of political power which is more or less top down and is it helpful for responsible science I would say no as we would become politicians and stop being scientists so what could this notion of power to foster urgently needed change mean maybe for a notion of a fluid power shaping discourse could be could help here or not keep it in mind and I give the floor to René von Schoenberg. Hi René, welcome. Hi Andrea, good to see you. I just have a small observation I you mentioned also in your introduction the word trust and it seems to me that it is this the concept of trust is rather loosely used in in in various meanings. I think it's important here to distinguish between trust in science as such as a system of information or you know science as a functional authority to other spheres of our society as Niklas Luhmann for instance saw it or trust in expert judgments and these are two different things and these two things are also related in a different way to RRI and open science. I think science as as a reliable source of information for other spheres for decision-making spheres for example so the trust worthiness of a scientific system and the type of expectations we can have from science to to produce the right type of information which we would need for decision-making is a total different issue than trust in expert adjustment. So in this first element of course as you already mentioned on covid this gave open science a real boost because we needed of course in a short time reliable information and and and covid at the same time it reveals that our system does not necessarily supply that if we don't operate with the type right type of public governance of science and that means that you let scientists share and collaborate very early in the process prior to publishing and that means another way of operating science actually and this gives really a boost to open science and unfortunately of course we see covid as an exceptional issue and probably post-covid we want to go return to business as usual but that would be a real pity of course in terms of open science as currently operated to a large extent in the covid realm. So trust in expert adjustment this is a completely different issue so trust in I mean obviously experts operate in in political arenas and in different policy contexts and the issue of whether they produce rubbish or sensible questions is an issue for deliberative democracy and the way we involve experts in advisory committees and so on so that's an order an order challenge I think we have we have improved ourselves on that front quite a bit actually in the last few years but on the first issue we haven't addressed this much and I think with open science we can help to make the science system as such better by having for instance addressing also the issue of reproducibility of data you know recent recent surveys in nature shows that 70 percent of the articles published in nature underlie data which are not reproducible by colleagues so this is this is quite significant and I will not give a lecture about what is the diagnosis of this you can read that in in the bookside published but this is an issue which we have to address and this is of a completely different nature than for example the the expert judgment trust I think which you predominantly seem to address so thanks for your attention sorry for for too long intervention maybe thank you to you Rene your intervention was like oh our right fold on the issue of data reproducibility but thank you because you raised an interesting topic that probably we can also keep working on in the next three days that we have to face and also in your double interview we will be back with this and I don't know if Kemal has some other quick comment on this no I think that I think that summed up I guess quite neatly some of the some of the blurring of boundaries when you're you're worried about the post day it's gone Andrea from here it's gone it's gone say bye bye to it no I think I think I think in the same way that you know you could ask you could you could raise that question about for instance the the notion of responsibility as well so I think I think I think I think no I don't really have a comment to that but that was fine okay so you have still just the last question which was the question that Rafa made to you about what we talk about when we say power did you kept note about this did you keep note okay or you want me a peek like a summary of the question well I mean I mean power is an interesting thing and and I think you know I think I'm sure even Renee's probably got some interesting comments about notions of power because I think they they do relate to issues of trust and knowledge I mean the key thing is in terms of power is to simply think of it in terms of political power now it's not a coincidence that I made a reference to I know I'm not a kind of AI or digital expert at all but as a as a kind of critical observer when I look at the power of I look at the power for instance of some of the large kind of big data out there it does make me wonder when we when we when the European Commission slaps a fine on a particular company whether it makes any difference so so for me power is not not necessarily something that a politician has I think power for me also critically is not something that is possessed but it's relational now how we in the research and innovation community understand notions of power and where we fit in within this landscape is I think important and and I think I go back to that positive note of optimism in terms of you know creating a sense of community you know in parallel to having a sense of community there's also a sense of there should be a sense of power and how we use that sense of community to affect change but yeah that's really my only comment to that thank you so I think that we can like hand up this keynote in this now because come on we really like asked you several things and you were great in answering so thank you again because in this way we will have time for like distribute the audience among the two parallel sections that will happen now the first one about the lesson learned from open science and our array but Pedro has the agenda so thanks to Pedro I had to remember everything in my mind I give the floor to you for keeping like yeah okay thank you for this great session and for this welcome to our to our conference so now we will proceed with the two parallel sessions so we we advise you to please have the the program page open in your in your browser check your email because we are moving from zoom session to another zoom session so it's not easy as we have different three different slots during the day so now we are moving to two parallel sessions our idea was to have a kind of five minutes of of a break okay you can have a coffee and then you join before I'll pass the 10 the the parallel session that you you want to participate so I'm adding here to the shot also the links of both fashions that you can copy and and use to to connect so you have already in the shot the link to both parallel sessions so you can select so we have one parallel session dedicated to the two are going to to share with you the main outputs and results from fit for our eye training activities but also we want to to do it together with another project Orion open science project both we are both arising 2020 projects that have started more or less in the same time and and run in parallel our activity so I think it's interesting also to share some of our outputs and some challenges and lessons learned from this process so this session is dedicated to the training activities around our eye and open science and then another session dedicated more to ethics so influencing policymaking with ethical evidence it's also a collaboration with another european project and run iPhone fan will support will moderate will will manage this this session so join us for these two parallel sessions you can you have the the links here you also have the links in your in your email and and then the also in the web page of the event we you can also you can also access all the zoom sessions so we will close this session in one or two minutes but you are free to to close the browser and open the other the other session so stay with us don't go for other kinds of activities don't check your email problems will be solved so join us in in one or two minutes we are already opening the other rooms and we will start at half past 10 okay stay with us thank you


Hi and welcome to the session. Let us just cast a following question. The question says find the indicated terms. In each of the sequences and exercises 7 to 10 whose innate terms are, tenth part is a n is equal to n into n minus 2 upon n plus 3 and we have to find a 20. Let's now begin with the solution. Given innate term is a n is equal to n into n minus 2 upon n plus 3, since we need to find a 20 therefore we will put n as 20 in the innate term.  Now this is equal to 20 into 8 sorry 18 upon 23 and this is equal to 360 upon 23 hence the required 20th term that is a 20 is equal to 360 by 23. This is our required answer. So this completes the session. Bye and take care.