Now, having discussed the reliability of a component or a device, where we are all assuming that it is a single piece, a single component. Let me now talk about reliability of systems, where there are more than one component. So, here again the treatment will be simple. So, that is why I have studied in the beginning only. The very simple cases will be considered, but once you learn the basic technique, then you can always divide, you know, break up a complex device into smaller systems and then you can try to compute the reliability of the whole system. So, let us see, we can, now here I am just beginning with this simple case that two components are hooked up in series. So, this is how they are, C 1 and C 2, they are two components and they are in series and so, in order for the system to work, both components must be functioning. They are in series, may be performing different tasks for the whole device and so, they both have to function. If any one of them fails, then the system will fail. So, this is the whole idea, they are working in series. Now, we also make the assumption and of course, this is important otherwise things will get complicated and we have learnt methods for handling dependence also, but right now we just assume the independence to show you the, how to develop, how to compute the reliability of the system. So, if they are functioning independently, then the reliability R T of the system can be obtained in terms of the reliability R 1 T and R 2 T of the two components. So, I am just denoting the reliability of the first component by R 1 and the reliability of the second component. I should probably write just this small t to choose the value of the, yeah. So, therefore, I can compute the reliability of the system in terms of the reliability R 1 T and R 2 T of the two components and this is a simple computation, we have already derived so many times. So, here you are asking for probability T greater than T and this would be, this can, this what it means is that your T 1 should be get that means, T 1 is the lifetime of the first component and T 2 is the lifetime of the second component. Then, we are asking for probability T 1 greater than T and probability T 2 greater than T, both must be functioning up to time t. If we are saying that the system for the system, the functioning time is greater than or equal to t, fine. So, now, because of independence, this joint probability can be written as probability T 1 greater than T into probability T 2 greater than T, right. This is because we assume that the two components are functioning independently and so, this is R 1 T into R 2 T, right. Now, because these are probabilities, so they are each of the numbers is less than 1. So, therefore, this product would be less than the smaller of the two, right. Because if R 2 T is less than R 1 T, then I am multiplying R 2 T by number less than 1. So, the whole product is still less than R 2 T, right. Similarly, if R 1 T is the minimum of the two, then I am multiplying R 1 T by a number which is less than 1 and therefore, the product is again less than R 1 T. So, essentially what we are saying is that the reliability, that function R T, here again I should use small t. So, R T is less than or equal to minimum of this. So, that means the reliability goes down, right. If you have components hooked up in series, then the reliability of the system goes down, right. Because this is less than or equal to minimum of the two. So, whatever the numbers, we do two numbers here, this will be R T will be smaller than the minimum of the two numbers at any time t, right. Now, one can now generalize this result and to say that if n components functioning independently are connected in series and if the ith component has reliability R i t, then the reliability R T, I have this habit of writing capital T, I do not know. Then reliability R T of the system is given by the product of the individual reliability, because we are assuming that the components are functioning independently of the other components. So, therefore, you have this general formula and you see the moment you have the components hooked up in series as many components, the lower the reliability, because you require all of them to be functioning for the system to function. Now, consider the case when n is equal to 2 and the failure law for the ith component is exponential. So, then your reliability for the system and two components will be e raise to minus alpha 1 t into e raise to minus alpha 2 t, which is this is e raise to minus alpha 1 plus alpha 2 t. And therefore, the pdf for the system for the failure time of the system would be minus r prime t, which is alpha 1 plus alpha 2 e raise to minus alpha 1 plus alpha 2 t. So, this is negative exponential with parameter alpha 1 plus alpha 2. So, again just repeating what we have already learned that if you have two exponentials distributions and the corresponding random variables are independent, then the sum would be sorry I mean no here we are asking for you are taking the. So, the pdf becomes negative exponential where the parameters get added up. So, this is exponential essentially this is. So, I have written it down here alpha 1 plus alpha 2 into e raise to minus alpha 1 plus alpha 2 t. So, this is what happens if you have two components and both exponentials both have the failure law exponential failure law and they are functioning independently. Then for the system if you want to make the computation for the reliability then it will be the parameters added up. So, it would be alpha 1 plus alpha 2 t and e raise to minus this and the pdf for the time to failure for the system would be exponential negative exponential distribution with parameters alpha 1 plus alpha 2. So, now we can look at some more examples and then we will look at some more another kind of system which is when you have components arranged in parallel. I have taken this example you know from a book which got published in 1961. So, this is Bazewski reliability theory and practice Prentice Hall. So, may be the book is not available now, but I have basically chosen the example because you know these figures are not easily available you know the failure rate for a silicon transistor composition transistor and so on. So, just for that reason and I wanted to show you the numbers because you see what we are saying here is. So, let me read out the problem first. So, you consider an electronic circuit consisting of 4 silicon transistors, 10 silicon diodes, 20 composition resistors and 10 ceramic capacitors in continuous series operation. So, they are all hooked up in series and suppose under certain stress conditions that is prescribed voltage, current and temperature each of the items has the following constant failure rate. So, that means the failure law is exponential. So, for silicon diodes it is in hours. So, the parameter is 0.0002 that means if you convert this into that means the mean failure time will be how much 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. So, you will have to write 1, 0.0002. So, it is a very fairly large number. So, this exactly so I thought that since you know Bazowski has somewhere got this data from and so we can use it and actually the example appears in Meyer's book which for which the reference I will give you at the end of the lecture. So, anyway so the mean failure time is you know millions of hours will be there 2, 4, 6 yes. So, thousands of hours you can say fine. So, similarly these are the various numbers. So, the parameters that means each has a exponential failure law follows exponential failure law and we are assuming that they are hooked up they are they are failure I mean they are functioning independent of each other. So, therefore, just now as we saw that we just add up the parameters to get the distribution for the parameter for the failure law for the whole system and that will also be exponential. We just saw it can be easily shown that of course I showed it you for 2, but the same thing will easily can be shown for any number of. So, if you have lot of components many components hooked up in series each is following an exponential failure law then the when you look up failure law for the whole system then that will be simply again exponential with the parameters added up. So, you have how many you have 10 silicon diodes and so the parameter is this. So, therefore, 10 times the parameter for the silicon diodes and silicon transistors they are 4 of them 4 silicon transistors. So, 4 times this parameter which is 0.001 plus 20 times you have 20 composition transistors. So, this 20 times this plus 10 ceramic capacitors 10 times this. So, the parameter for the exponentially distributed see the time to failure for the entire circuit is exponentially distributed and the parameter will be equal to since they are 4 of them. So, 10 into see the numbers are given to you. So, this adds up to 0.001. So, earlier in the computation I had written 4 0s, but actually when you do the addition multiplication and addition it will come out to be 0.001. So, that is your mu and thus for a 10 hour period of operation the probability that the circuit will not fail will be e raise to minus mu into 10. So, mu 10 right. So, the time period whatever the time period the parameter gets multiplied by that for the corresponding parameter during that period. So, e raise to minus 0.001 into 10 which is e raise to minus 0.001. So, the final answer was given correctly which is 0.999 and therefore, your e t will be 10000 hours. So, therefore, probability is very high obviously, because these diodes and capacitors have life time mean life time in 1000s of hours. So, obviously, for 10 hour period you do not expect the system to fail. So, the probability is very high. So, therefore, we would expect the system to with high probability the system will continue to function for 10 hours without any failure this is the idea. So, again you may say simple examples, but just to drive home the point that this is kind of things you can consider. Now, other system that we would like to consider is a parallel system. So, here the system fails to function only if the of all the components fail. So, you know so diagrammatically you can depict this for two components. If you have the components arranged in parallel then you see it is like this. So, the input comes and then you have either it can go this way or it can go this way. So, the system will fail to function only if both of them fail. Because as long as one of them is functioning the things can be the input can go this if this fails then this will go this way and then it will go out this way. So, still the operation will be performed and if this fails then it will go this way and so the operation will be still be performed. So, therefore, for the system to fail both of them have to fail. So, that is what we mean when we say that all the components have to fail. And again under independence. So, if we are saying that they function independent of each other and that is what is expected if you have in parallel then each component to functions parallely independently of the other. So, then if you want to compute the I do not know why I keep writing capital T here. So, this is if you want to compute the reliability for the system then this is probably T greater than T which is 1 minus probability T less than or equal to T. So, then in that case this is what you want that 1 minus probability T 1 less than or equal to T and T 2 less than or equal to T both of them should not be functioning by time T. So, therefore, because of independence you would write this as a product and therefore, this becomes. So, probability T 1 less than or equal to T is 1 minus r 1 T because r 1 T is probability T 1 greater than T. So, this will be 1 minus r 1 T into 1 minus r 2 T. And now when you open out multiply the two terms and then you get this and so this reduces to r 1 T because 1 minus 1 cancels out r 1 T plus r 2 T minus r 1 T into r 2 T. So, this is the expression for the and of course. So, once we get this expression which I can write because 1 cancels with the minus 1. So, you will be left with r 1 T plus r 2 T minus r 1 T r 2 T. Now, you see that this is the probability this is the reliability for the two systems because this is r 1 T into r 2 T and we are assuming that the two systems function independently. So, therefore, you see that this is a number which is less than r 1 T and r 2 T both. So, considering see for example, r 1 T is larger than r 2 T then this whole number is bigger than r 1 T. So, if r 1 T is the maximum of r 2 and r 1 then this number this whole number because r 2 minus r 1 T r 2 T is something non negative. And therefore, r 1 T plus something non negative this is going to come out to be and hence I can immediately conclude. So, that is what I have written that since r 1 T r 2 T is less than or equal to both r 1 T and comma r 2 T. Therefore, it follows that your reliability when you have you know system two components working in parallel. See, I have shown you that the two systems are working in parallel. So, in that case the reliability of the system become is greater than or equal to max of the reliability of the two components. And so that immediately shows that systems composed of components functioning independently in parallel the reliability will be higher than the reliability of the of each of the components that are in parallel. And so parallel components are often used to increase reliability. And if you want to now generalize it to n components which are functioning in parallel then this will be r T into 1 minus of 1 minus r 1 T into 1 minus r 2 T into 1 minus r n T. So, the same principle will be used and you can show that. So, this is the important thing that when two components. So, that means here we are considering the case when two components are working in parallel right. And the system has to fail only when both of them fail because all components have to fail in that case the reliability of the system will be greater than or equal to reliability of both the components. So, therefore, you know working in parallel having components in parallel and having components in series. So, this is the basic the way you make up the devices. And then you can as I said you can decompose them and you know into smaller these things where you can consider components arranged in parallel and components arranged in series then put them together. So, I will try to show you some more examples of you know systems you know system of components arranged in different orders. So, let us see take consider the example where two components are in parallel and each of whose failure law is exponential distribution right. And of course, we are assuming that the first component as parameter alpha 1 the other one as alpha 2 then the reliability of the system and since they are in parallel. So, the reliability is given by the formula we just obtained r 1 t plus r 2 t minus r 1 t into r 2 t because they are functioning independent of each other. And therefore, this will be your reliability function and then the E t the expected time to failure for the system would be because you know when you take the expectation you will be integrating each of them separately this t into d t this t into d t the integral of this 0 to infinity t into this each of them is exponential distribution.  And you can now since you have the whole machinery with you you can do all any computation that you want to do once you know the functional form of the you know of the reliability function you can make these computations. Now, again just to drive home the point that parallel arrangements of components definitely increase the reliability of the system. And I have taken this example from Meyer's book which again is a very old one, but a very good one and so see the thing is that yes. So, anyway I have just given the reference I will give you the reference, but the book may not be easily available does not matter. Suppose three units are operated in parallel assume that each has the same constant failure rate alpha equal to 0.01. So, they are identical components. So, all have the exponential failure law with parameter 0.01. Now, hence reliability of each unit for a period of 10 hours is e raise to minus 0.01 into 10 which is e raise to minus 0.1 which is 0.905 or about 90 percent. So, if each component is functioning you know by itself then the reliability is for in 10 hours period that it will not fail is you know 90 percent. Now, how much of an improvement can be achieved in terms of increasing reliability of the system by operating three such units in parallel. And so by our formula this is of course I am not looking at the expanded form this is 1 minus 1 minus p probability of t less than t raise to 3. So, that is what will be this is what you see that I got after opening up the brackets, but if you do not do it see this whole thing you wrote as 1 minus 1 minus 1 minus r 1 t into 1 minus r 2 t. So, this was the formula which then we opened up and then the 1 1 got cancelled and so on. So, I am just and since they are identical. So, it would be the same function. So, it will be 1 minus r 1 t square. So, in our case it will be cube and so this is 1 minus 0.905 because r this came out to be 0.905. So, 1 minus of that raise to 3 and that comes out to be this and therefore, this is equal to 0.99914 and therefore, the reliability has gone up to 99.9 percent. So, the numbers drive home the point and that is why it is important that you know individually if you just had one component in the system then for the probability of its operating for 10 hours would be only 90 percent. You expect 90 percent of the time it will be functioning still at the end of 10 hours period, but if you have 3 in parallel then you will almost be sure that the device with 3 parallel components will still be functioning at the end of 10 hour period. So, this is the idea and therefore, the reliability can be improved upon, but as I said that it has to be versus reliability versus cost, reliability versus the volume of the device and so on. So, you cannot just go on having components in parallel.  So, you have these 3 components here in series, these 3 components in series and then parallel. So, there is no problem because you can compute the reliability for this and for this and then you know how to compute the reliability for the parallel, because when they 2 are parallel.  So, what we have been doing so far right. Similarly, if you have a arrangement parallel in series then these are parallel. So, you can compute the reliability of this you can compute the reliability of this. So, this will be form your R 1 and this will form your R 2 and then you are doing it in series. So, that is what I meant that all complex devices can be broken up into you know whether either they are series parallel, parallel series and so on and then you want to put them together. So, most of the time you should be able to come up with a reasonable functional form for the reliability of the whole device and you know things can just and of course I will be discussing a few problems like this in the exercise which will follow. So, that exercise on problems related to whatever we have discussed about reliability theory. So, let me give you the references that are the books that I have been referring to all along in this course and yes I agree that some of them are out of print. But in any case the idea is that even though like this is a 76 edition and that one is 71 edition of course Hillier and Lieberman 8th edition has just come out and I think even the 9th one may be ready. But so anyway the thing is to get the basic material I had to refer to these old books, but certainly substitutes will be there and now lot of material is available on the net.  So, therefore, but in any case I just want to refer to these books because I have used material from these books. So, the first one is introduction to probability models 10th edition by Sheldon Ross. This is Elsevier academic press and this I think is a 2010 edition and may be see this one will keep coming out with new edition. So, therefore, no problem getting a copy of this book. Operations research principle and practice Don T. Philips, A. Ravindran and James Holberg. This is 76 book, but some treatments are some topics have been treated very well and so I have used lot of examples also from here and I have whenever I use figures I have referred to that part also. So, this is 76 book then introduction to operations research by Hillier and Lieberman 8th edition McGraw Hill and yes I do not remember the edition for this particular year, but this has been coming out with new edition. So, therefore, no problem and this is a McGraw Hill. So, cheap edition should be available easily and the fourth one that I have used is introductory probability and statistical applications. Second edition Paul Mayer again this is a classic book and very neatly and simply the material has been presented. So, reliability theory portion I have used this book and this is an Edison-Wesley 1971 book. So, in any case this is what my sources were and now you can as I told you Google search for any subject matter that you need and I hope you get interested enough in the topic to read more. Now, let me just discuss the last exercise 11 with you which is based on probability theory. Let us just look at question 1. Suppose that T the time to failure of an item is normally distributed with E t as 90 that is mu hours and standard deviation 5 hours. In order to achieve reliability of 0.9, 0.95 and 0.99 how many hours of operation may be considered. So, now you know the reliability function this is 1 minus phi of T minus mu upon sigma. So, this would be. So, for example, you put it equal to 0.9 and you know you do not know mu or mu is given to you sigma is also given to you. So, now, from the normal tables you are looking for phi T minus mu I have done problems with you like this is equal to 0.01 or sorry 0.1 1 minus 0.9 is 0.1. So, then given mu and sigma you can look up the tables and for corresponding to 0.1 what is the value here and then corresponding value of T will be available. So, similarly when you put 0.95, 0.99 you can accordingly get the values of T. So, how many hours of operation may be considered you can answer for all the three values of the reliable level. Question 2, suppose that the life length of an electronic device is exponentially distributed it is known that the reliability of the device for a 100 hour period of operation is 0.9. How many hours of operation may be considered to achieve a reliability of 0.95. So, first you the first data that is given to you you will compute the parameter for the exponentially for the exponential failure law and then once you get the alpha then you can compute the time corresponding to the reliability level of 0.95. Question 3, suppose that the life length of a device has constant failure rate C naught for 0 less than T less than T naught and a different constant failure rate C 1 for T greater than or equal to T naught. Obtain the pdf of T the time to failure and sketch it the sketching part I will leave to you, but see here all that is saying is that you have. So, up to T naught you have one failure law and then you after T naught you have another failure law. So, therefore, but at the point T naught the too much must meet right. So, therefore, you what you will say that C naught. So, you see the required density function will be C naught e raise to minus C naught T as long as T is between 0 and T naught because this is the failure law. So, the rate of failure is C naught and this exponential failure law. So, therefore, for the T less than or equal to T naught that means lying between 0 and T naught you will write this and for T greater than T naught it will be C 1 e raise to minus C naught T naught plus. So, this is e raise to I should yeah and then you see C 1 T naught minus T. So, since T is greater than T naught. So, when you write it as T minus T naught then it will be minus here. So, anyway so this is now this will be the probability density function. So, to show that f T is a pdf we have to show that it is integral from 0 to infinity would be equal to 1 and in particular. So, the first part we will integrate from 0 to T naught and the second part of the function f T we will integrate from T naught to infinity and therefore, the calculation shows that the integral comes out to be equal to 1. So, this is the required pdf right for question 3 and then you can try to sketch it. Notice that the failure rate Z is given by so now 4 is a special case of 3. So, here your time between 0 and A the failure rate is 0 and for T greater than A it is C. So, it is constant. So, again it is the same thing as 3 except that now your C naught is 0 and for C 1 is C and so therefore, you can because we have obtained the form for the failure law in 3. So, now just substituting the special values you can compute you can compute the so let me just see. So, here you have to find the pdf associated with T the time to failure. So, that you can find out because I have already obtained it for you and now you have to put in the values of C naught and C and of course, your T naught is A and evaluate E T. So, then you can also evaluate by actual integration. Now, let us look at question 5. Suppose that the failure law of a component has the following pdf.  So, for what values of A and r is the above a pdf? We can look at it I can look at the. So, suppose that the failure law of a component has the following question 5.  So, it should not be difficult because all you have to do is to and so you have to say that for what values of A and r is the above a pdf and I think if my this thing is right, then it really does not matter it is a pdf for all A and r because you see you simply have to write the integral as A plus T raise to r minus r minus 2 and then integrate from 0 to infinity and then you just have I think the values of A will cancel out and r will. So, you will get the integral as equal to 1 without specifying any values for A and r. Anyway, so now you can do this and then you can obtain an expression for the reliability function and hazard function and show that the hazard function is decreasing in T. So, I will let you do this problem. Now, question 6 suppose that the failure law of a component is a linear combination of k exponential failure laws that is the pdf of the failure time is given by f t is equal to sigma j varying from 1 to k C j beta j e raise to minus beta t T and beta j beta j for all j is positive. So, for what values of C j is the above a pdf. So, now when you integrate because this is a finite sum. So, I can take the integral inside and so when you integrate beta j integration integral of 0 to infinity beta j e raise to minus beta it should be there is a missing. Yeah, let me write it down I think your f t should be sorry this happens the typing errors they creeping. So, this is j varying from 1 to k and this is C j beta j e raise to minus beta j t this is for t greater than 0 and beta j greater than 0 for all j. So, this is beta j make the correction and so when you integrate this from 0 to infinity d t you will be integrating all separate one this is 0 to t d t. So, therefore, now this is equal to 1. So, therefore, this whole thing will add up to sigma C j j varying from 1 to k. So, this is the condition that all and of course, C j's have to be non-negative and then you say that sigma C j well actually it is a linear combination. So, I will just to be on the safe side say that C j's be non-negative and they add up to 1. So, in that case so this becomes a convex combination in that case of all these different exponential laws and so this is also again a PDF this will be a PDF. Then obtain an expression for the reliability function and hazard function obtain an expression for the mean time to failure. So, see here again because it is a summation. So, you will have to integrate if you have to compute this integral the same principle you will use for the reliability thing you will have to. So, r t when you do t to infinity so you again can integrate separately and so it will be a convex combination of or the separate reliability functions r 1 r 2 r k. So, it will be C 1 r 1 plus C 2 r 2 plus C k r k. So, straight forward there is not and then answer b and c beta j is equal to beta for all j and of course obtain an expression for the mean time to failure. So, the mean time to failure would be see for each of them it is 1 by beta j. So, it will be summation. So, the mean time to failure that means your e t will be summation C j beta j j into 1 to k. Now, let us go to the next problem then a question 7 expected life time is 3 by 2 years. So, which means that lambda is 2 by 3 again exponential failure law and probability that it is still functioning after 2 years will be e raise to minus. So, it will be e raise to minus lambda t which is minus 4 by 3 after 2 years. So, this will be e raise to minus 4 by 3. Now, you want the probability that 2 still functioning after 2 years. So, 2 still functioning after 2 years at least so that means you may have after 2 years either 2 of them are functioning or 3 of them. So, when 2 of them are functioning it will be 3 C 2 e raise to minus 4 by 3 into 2 because 2 of them are functioning and 1 of them is not functioning. So, it will be 1 minus e raise to minus 4 by 3 and or you have all 3 of them functioning. So, it will be e raise to minus 4 by 3 into 3 that means here this is so actually this will be e raise to minus 12 by 3. So, this will be the required probability. Now, this figure refers to problem 8, I think. Three independently functioning components are connected into a single system as indicated in figure above. So, two are parallel and then one is series. Suppose, that reliability for each of the components for an operational period of t hours is given by e raise to minus 0.03 t. So, now, by now we have discussed all this. So, therefore, you have to treat these two as parallel. So, then you compute the reliability of this component and then this together with this component C 3 in series. So, now, you can do it. You will have to first and they are all identically distributed the failure laws for the three components. So, therefore, you first compute these two in parallel and then it will be. So, which will be, I have given you the formula for this and then that into C 3. So, that will be multiplication. So, you can do that and let us see what else is asked. So, if t is the time to failure of the entire system, what is the pdf of t that you can find out? Well, you will first find out the reliability function or you can try to find the pdf directly. What is the reliability of the system? How it compares with e raise to 0.03 t. So, obviously, I think even your guess should be that it will definitely improve the reliability, because there are two components in parallel. So, definitely and even though, see the thing is that the reliability of this component consisting of C 1 and C 2 will go up. But, C 3 will have the same and since when you take the combination and series and you hook them up in series, then your reliability is the minimum of the two. So, therefore, you cannot say much. It will almost be the same. In fact, it will not be better than e raise to 0.0 minus 0.03 t. In fact, it will not be better than e raise to 0.0 minus 0.03 t. Now, I have given you a big system here. So, this is suppose that n components are hooked up in a series arrangement. Then k such series connections are hooked up in parallel to form an entire system. So, see the figure below is given. If each component has the same reliability say r for a certain period of operation, find an expression for the reliability of the entire system for that same period of operation. So, you should enjoy doing it. Just sit down, patiently write down the first for this series connection, you write the reliability function for this and this. It will be the same and then you do the parallel thing. So, there are k in parallel and you have how many n in series. So, just patiently sit down and you can write down the expression for the reliability function for the whole system should be able to do it. So, now I am saying that suppose that each of the above component obey an exponential failure law with failure rate 0.05. Suppose, further more that the time of operation is 10 hours and that n is 5. So, now I have given you the numbers and determine the value of k in order that the reliability of the entire system equals 0.99. So, you will enjoy doing this problem because so k is not given to you. So, but then when you write down the reliability function, it will be a function of k and then you put the value for 10 hours. So, your t is 10 hours. So, then you substitute that in the expression and put the whole thing equal to 0.99 then you will get the value of k. So, interesting problem I am sure you will enjoy doing it. Now, component has reliability 0.9 when used for a particular purpose. Component B which may be used in place of component A has a reliability of only 0.75. So, A has reliability of 0.9 for a certain period and component B which may be used in place of component A has a reliability only 0.75. So, what is the minimum number of components of type B that would have to be hooked up in parallel. So, now you can write down the reliability function suppose you take k number of B components and you hook them up in parallel. You know the reliability function and then you want to say that its reliability should be equal to 0.9. So, that also again you can using the formula that I have given you for computing the reliability when they are hooked up in parallel then and you know 0.75 reliability of 1 component and how many should be there so that the reliability goes up to 0.9. So, these are the kind of questions which I am sure you will that is it. So, I think this is the last lecture and effort has been made to acquaint you with probability theory basic probability theory I would say and then its applications and I have tried to through exercises try to give you a good insight into the subject and I hope you enjoy doing these exercises.


Alright, so let's go ahead and get started. Thank you for joining me today. This is a 30 minute workshop, but I will hang out a few minutes afterwards if anyone has questions and we can have a conversation. We're all here for the workshop setup Google Scholar to connect with library resources from home. My name is Gina Schlesemann Tarango and I am an associate librarian at the FAU library. I should note that we are recording the session you might have gotten a notification when you logged in but I always like to alert people to that fact. Again, if you want to use the chat today if you have any questions or there's a small group today so feel free to use your mic as well that's fine. So we're going to look at three questions today. The first is what is Google Scholar? I'll cover some misconceptions surrounding what it is and what it covers as well as address some of its affordances and limitations. We'll also briefly address how we can best search Google Scholar. I'll show you some smart or advanced searches and point out some of the features you might not be aware of. And then finally I will cover the meat and potatoes what we're all here for how we can get access to FAU library resources how we can get those to show up in our Google Scholar searches. But before we dive in I would like to take a quick poll here. You should see this on your screen now so I'm asking how does Google Scholar fit into your research. I only or mostly use it. I occasionally use it or I never use it so go ahead and make your selection. All right so I see one response I never use it. All right our second attendee might be having a little a little trouble with the poll. But that's great that gives me an idea of our familiarity with Google Scholar. And I should say to this workshop is not necessarily about advocating for against use of Google Scholar.  Okay second person says I occasionally use it great. I like I like to tell people it's not a bad tool to use it's just different from some of the traditional library research databases. I personally like to use them sort of in conjunction I'll run a search in the library databases and then do the same search in Google Scholar just to make sure I've covered everything. And I have a chat popping up here and end the poll and we look at that. Ah, got it. Okay, cool. Um, all right. So what is Google Scholar. It's scholarly, you would think right because it's got the name and the title. Well the answer is it's mostly scholarly. Google Scholar does pull pull up an index and display a lot of peer reviewed scholarly articles from academic journals and it does retrieve information from Google books and so you are getting some of those scholarly or academic books, but it's also pulling a lot of other stuff. So one of the places that it pulls information from is institutional repositories are institutional repository at CS USB is called Scholar works, and these are essentially archives of all of the stuff created at a university. And so for ours that includes things like peer reviewed articles that faculty publish and put on there could include also conference presentations. And Google includes things like student journals, minutes from various campus committees and meetings, dissertations and theses that graduate students produce newsletters I know the file library newsletter appears on Google Scholar because it lives in Scholar works. So just keep in mind that that is going to appear also non scholarly content from academic journals so things like news sections, book reviews, editorials announcements, those are going to appear to and so it's really sort of a mixed bag. Google Scholar we assume is expertly curated like a library database, not quite Google Scholar actually relies on robots behind the scenes to crawl academic publishers professional societies repositories etc. And it looks for documents that are structured in a certain way. Publishers can also request that their information be included and individual scholars can upload whatever they want I tested this the other day and I basically put up a blank document. So it's not curated it's all sort of happening behind the behind the scenes with with Google scholars. Robots that are crawling information so it doesn't have that level of vetting that something like a library database does. And finally we can say well at least it has everything. And that is not the case. I don't believe you. We should be skeptical. So Google Scholar indexes a lot of content and a lot of that stuff is content that our library databases don't have such as a lot of the open access journal content. However, there's content that you have to have a subscription to or have an account to for example that Google Scholar doesn't include. Also as I mentioned if a journal for example doesn't format their content to the specifications that Google scholars robots require to crawl and retrieve it it's not going to show up there. And so again as I mentioned Google Scholar and the library databases are best used as you know sort of two sides of the same research coin I like to do a search in a library database and do the same search in Google Scholar you're going to see a lot of the same stuff but a lot of unique content as well. Other considerations I'm always like to point out that Google Scholar is a part of Google, which is an advertising company essentially. It's part of the the alphabet company and so I'll just open this up really quick if you have concerns. You can visit their privacy policy and they, here's where they cover information about apps browsers devices your location information etc. And what you can and can't do about that so I always like to point that out. Google Scholar itself is not a product that makes money for Google, which is kind of interesting so that's why you don't see advertisers on your Google Scholar search itself, like you do if you're just doing a generic Google search. But it, again it's subject to the same sort of privacy implications. So let's go ahead and dive in. I'm going to start off by showing some Google search tips Google Scholar search tips and techniques and then we'll cover how to link library resources that we have at the file library to Google Scholar. Let me go ahead and open it up here. So when you land on the Google Scholar page and the URL is scholar.google.com. You see a search bar just like Google. The default is to search articles right here and you can also use Google Scholar to search case law and we're not going to have time to cover that today but just keep that in mind. I am logged in to my account you can see my picture up here on the right. If you, if you have a Gmail account, you essentially have a Google Scholar account. And you would just need to log in with your Gmail address to access that and I'll cover some of what you can do with an account later. I see recommended articles. These are based on my own library of articles things I published alerts that I'm signed up for. And then down here I see articles about COVID-19 if there's ever an issue that sort of trending or, you know, of importance like COVID-19. They try to highlight some of those things down here. So let's go ahead and do a search here. There's been a lot of talk lately about like uninsured children and school lunches right with all of the schools closed. I go ahead and type in my key terms and I get my list of results like in a library database to the left and sometimes to the right, depending on what database you're using, you're going to see what are called limiters. Now, in a library database usually there's a little checkbox that says peer reviewed article or peer reviewed journals and if you click that you can be assured that everything you see is a peer reviewed article. Google scholar does not have such a thing. There's no way also over here to limit by the source type so if I just wanted to see book chapters. I'm still going to have to look through all this if I just want to see peer reviewed articles I'm going to look through all this if I just want to see books. I'm going to have to look through all of that so that is one of the limitations is that lack of limiting by source type you also can't limit by subject. So in a database if I were to do this search. I would say the option to select. I want articles that are from health or medical journals or I want articles that are from a more sociological perspective, or an education perspective. There's no such thing here. So have instead is a date limiter so we can create a custom range if we want say we want content published from 2010 to 2018. You can do that. We also have the option here to include patents. So if I don't know if you're interested in patents you can do that. What they mean by citations here is that sometimes there are articles that appear on this list that you can't click on them and get any more information they're going to be listed in all black. And this one here says HTML and brackets it's going to say citation. It means that there's no full text that's available for us and there's also not even like a journal webpage that it can take us to to get the abstract, you're just going to get this the title and the authors and the name of the journal typically. I recommend that we leave this box checked, because if you see that you'll be able to at least search for it in the library's database and see if we can get it. So if you have it get it for you through in our library loan so I do recommend just leaving that box checked. The other thing you can do which I like to use is create alert over here. What this will do is it will create an alert for new sources that are added to this search. I created an alert every time a new source was added to Google scholar index to Google scholar about uninsured children and school lunches. I would get an update I believe I have mine set up to update me monthly. So I don't you know get emails every day, but that's a really useful way to sort of keep track of a topic, and you can set up an alert query for an author's name to so if you just want information by an author. That's a way to use that tool as well. Okay. So as far as searching Google scholar we can do a keyword search like we've done up here we can also search for an author. So the easiest way to do that is to type in author colon and then you can see I was playing around with this earlier. Sarah Ahmed that's an author I sometimes read her work, you're going to do Ahmed colon or comma Sarah. And that's usually the way we see names formatted in databases, but with Google scholar you, depending on where they're getting the information from it might be formatted differently so we could do Sarah Ahmed, or we could do. And so on and so forth. If it's a common name like as Ahmed, you might have to kind of look through. I know for example the author I'm thinking about is not writing about obstetric hemorrhaging. She's a women studies and cultural studies author so I know this isn't her. You might have to because Google scholar is pulling so much information you might have to sort of sort through these results a little bit. What you can do to is, I'm going to remove this is go over to this, they call it a hamburger icon but these three lines on the top left, and we can pop down to advanced search. This is where we can get kind of fancy here. I'm going to go ahead and remove what I had already typed in so here we have the options to find articles with all of the words we type in, or an exact phrase which essentially means you want to pull up words in a certain order. Or you want articles with at least one of the words so let's say I were doing research on, I don't know, like house cats or something. I might want felines or cats or house cats or domestic cats. But I without the words I don't want anything about tigers or lions, right. I'm not interested in big cats. You can also search for your words to appear anywhere in the article or just in the title, I'm going to go ahead and select just in the title. And then here you can also search by an author, you can search for a journal and then your date option as well. I'm going to go ahead and narrow my results down. Alright, so I can see up here I have 51,700 results. And just like a library database your results are going to be different depending on the order of your keywords. So, it's always good to sort of mix those up and play around with synonyms or related terms if you're not finding what you like. A couple of things I mentioned if you are logged in to Google you, you have an account I know I'm logged in because I have my image up here it might be your initials however you have that set up. But one, one thing that I like to do with Google Scholar is if I find sources that I like I'm going to go ahead and star those. And when I do that. That means I'm plopping them here in the right top right into my library, and then this is where they'll live. What's nice is that I can create labels and that's essentially like creating little folders for for different sources that I like I can sort them by time frame and so this is just another way to sort of organize your research. Other options under the sources here your results is we have our site our quotation marks this allows you to create a citation for the source that you find. I'm just like in our databases it will create them in different styles for you. However, I think Google Scholar citations have a lot more errors than the ones I've seen in the database citation generators, a lot more. So, just like with those you're going to. It's fine to copy and paste them but you'll just need to clean them up to adhere to whatever citation guidelines you're using. If you use Google management software. There are options down here to export your citations bib text and note ref man and ref works. Unfortunately, I know a lot of us use Zotero. Google Scholar isn't linked up to Zotero at this time and I'm not sure if they're ever going to do that. I'm hoping I'm hoping they do, but I personally use ref works and it does work pretty seamlessly with that. I'm going to do some citation chasing in Google Scholar and what I mean by that is here it says cited by 3,635 if I click on this I will get a list of items that site this book. And so that's a good way if you're a professor you can share this with your students or if you're doing your own research to kind of follow the scholarly conversation forward and see who cited that item. I'm going to go back here. It also will give you a list of related articles which is helpful, and then all 11 versions will just take you to different versions that they that Google Scholar has found online so it might be a publisher it might be a version from maybe the author has a professional website they uploaded it it might be a version from an institutional repository. And so if you're interested in that you can just click on that, and then you'll get the list of the versions here. It can be a little overwhelming like this has 11 versions and you might be a little confused about which version is the best one. If that ever happens to shoot me an email and I'd be happy to help you determine which one to use. Um, so the other thing I wanted to show you before we talk about accessing the information is author profiles. So if you notice on this third result we have J Sirbel the author and it's underlined. What that means is that this scholar has set up a Google Scholar profile. And here's James. And it tells you he's a professor of animal welfare at University of Pennsylvania. And what I love about this is it's a quick way to get access to all of their stuff and I say stuff because again Google Scholar polls a lot of different content so this could be scholarly peer reviewed articles he has published it could be books he's written could be conference presentation materials he might have uploaded to his institutional repository or a personal website. But what's great about this is this cited by again we can see all of the sources that have cited this work. And what it does by default is it pops the item that is cited the most at the top so we can see that this is his most popular or most cited work. Um, the year is 1996 he has more recent stuff but that's not showing first because it doesn't have as many citations over here on the right we also have a list of co authors and these are folks who have Google Scholar profiles. And so just another way to follow folks I find I love to point grad students to these because you can find things again like conference presentations, maybe pre prints of articles that you wouldn't find in a normal library database search. Again, these folks can also upload whatever they want so you do want to be a little cautious. I'm going to pop into my profile. Let's see here. My profile and show you that I can upload whatever I want so on the bottom here I uploaded test and it's it's nothing so just just be a little careful. I haven't necessarily heard of this myself but I imagine you know if there was a scholar out there who wanted to sort of make it look like they published more than they actually have they know they might add stuff there but like I said I haven't personally heard of anyone doing that. All right. So, as far as getting resources, let's go ahead and do a search here I'll continue with my uninsured children in school lunches. Now, when you are looking at your result set if you're if you find a title you're interested in and you want the full text you want to read it. What you're going to want to do is look to the right. And this over here on the right where it says PDF or in this case HTML. This tells you you're able to access it. You'll simply click on the item, and it should open up. And here it is. If it's a PDF a PDF file will open up and you can download and save it. Now, there are sources this one for example where I don't see anything to the right. What's going to happen is we're going to click on the title. We're going to take into the journal, and we'll see the abstract. And we're thinking, Oh, great, I'll just download the PDF. See here, it will tell me. Okay, log in give me your institutional log in or in this case pay me 25 bucks for this article. The reason is that I'm going to go back to Google Scholar. The article is simply indexed here meaning it is listed it at the full access is not available here. And so what you can do to sort of help you work around some of these cases where you encounter this is we're going back to our top left our hamburger icon, and we're going into settings at the very bottom. We're going down to library links. And what we're going to do is add the file library. So if we have access to it, are able to link to it through our library databases that shows up in your search. I'll show you what I mean in a moment. I'm going to type in CS USB library. And click on CS USB library find it at CS USB. This is going to appear in our results that where we're able to link to the item. By the way, if you perhaps teach at or attend another university, you can type in that university. The library links, most libraries do have the setup there is will show up as well if you're simply curious about, I don't know, for example, what Harvard has. You could add that to, you know, unless you're able to log in to their resources you're not going to get it but I sometimes just play around with this to see you know who has what, but we're going to leave it at CS USB library. If you want to see the defaults to open WorldCat library search you're going to want to leave that that just allows this library function to function so leave that alone as well. I'm going to hit save. And so now we can see on the right we're seeing find it at CS USB find it at CS USB. I believe that one yeah the one that we clicked on. Let's click on find it at CS USB and see what happens. And now is popping you into one search. And unfortunately it says file library does not have you have a copy of this one. And the first thing you see is check for a version free version Google Scholar, you're not going to do that obviously we were just in Google Scholar. But what you can do at this point is click here get this article through interactive library loan, and we will get it for you for free from another library. I know we have a partial campus closure right now due to COVID-19. But if you're requesting an article we can absolutely still do that. Those are all PDFs are going to be sent electronically. What we can't do as far as in our library loan is books and book chapters unfortunately, but articles are completely fine. Let's go try to find one that here we go find it at CS USB that we probably are able to get for you, or that we have. Again it's popping me into Google Scholar. Ah ha. And this one it says available online at science direct journals I would just click there it would plot me into our database. Since we're all home you're going to be prompted to sign in with your Coyote ID and password but after that point. The full text will be available to you, either as HTML or a PDF for you to download. So that's really it just making sure again I'll walk through that again we went in the top left or hamburger icon and we went down to settings at the bottom. Library links, and then typed in CS USB library and made sure we save that in our settings. And so it's a pretty quick process. If ever. Don't see. I'm going to forward a few pages here. This one for example example at the bottom. We don't see a CS USB get it find it at CS USB and that's simply because it's what's happening behind the scenes we're not able to parse the link. In that case what you could do is copy the title do a search and one search on our homepage and see if we have it and if not you'll be presented with that option to request it through inter library loan. Okay. So really quickly I just want to point out and we do have a library guide for Google Scholar. This is the website and I'll go ahead open that and I'll plop that this link into the chat so you have this. Here we go. And this really walks you through how to set up that library link, as well as things to consider about Google Scholar and this is a lot of what I covered in the beginning of today's presentation. So it's just about 1230. The final thing I ask is that if you have a moment if you would just please complete this quick survey I'm going to plop this into the chat as well. And it should just take a moment but we always like to get feedback so we can improve our improve our presentations. And then I'll also take any questions if if you'd like me to cover anything again or yeah anything that came up I'm happy to answer that now.


My name is Nathalie Fannes and it's my pleasure to be part of this honorary ceremony where we recognized distinguished women in various fields in St. Lucia. So we are here for the launch of the book from inspiration to creation. St. Lucia women sustaining lives and livelihoods through the arts and it features and celebrates 40 St. Lucia women artists who exemplify excellence in the arts including entrepreneurs, art educators and advocates for the arts and this was done to commemorate the 40th Independence anniversary of St. Lucia. So we are here to recognize and to celebrate and to also give some background to this publication. The project under which the book was done is entitled publication on St. Lucia women sustaining lives and livelihoods through the arts and that was funded by UNESCO through the St. Lucia National Commission for UNESCO under the participation program request 2018 to 2019 in the amount of US $23,000. This publication is dedicated to women in various creative and artistic disciplines who have created opportunities for themselves and who maintain their livelihoods primarily through the arts. The book is expected to be distributed through the public and private school system to be used as reference and research material for students and will also assist them in preparation of the journal component of the school-based assessment for the Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate CSEC Visual Arts program. You will hear more about this later but let me especially welcome you to this and let me invite Ms. Jenny Joseph to offer some brief remarks. Ms. Joseph is the Acting Director of Gender Relations. Please welcome her. Lady Janice Compton, Mrs. Signer Grease Francis, distinguished, recognized persons in the book. It is an honor to have been invited to give brief remarks at the launching of this groundbreaking publication that focuses on women and their stories of how they have been able to sustain lives and livelihoods through their self-expression in the arts. It is a proud day for women, for those who pursue the advancement of women and those who work towards achieving gender equality. One of the greatest pleasures in life is to wake up every day with the ability to do what you love to do. One of the most liberating of opportunities is the ability to make money through doing what you love to do and one of the most rewarding experiences is the ability to sustain your life and create opportunities for employment and the development of others by doing what you love to do. If women are really the natural carers that they are stereotyped to be, then the 40 women highlighted in the publication from inspiration to creation, St. Lucian women sustaining lives and livelihoods through the arts, have reached the elusive pinnacle of self-actualization in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. For indeed, women who sustain lives and livelihoods through the arts have found a way to merge and synergize productive and reproductive work in a creative, fascinating and beautiful way. One of the global challenges in achieving gender equality is valuing the work that women do because women all over the world spend at least twice as much time engaged in reproductive and community work or unpaid care work when compared to men. In St. Lucia, women's engagement in reproductive and community work compared to their male counterparts appears to be even higher than twice. Although some of the disciplines in the arts have for some time now had a productive value such as architecture, interior design and decorating, many of the arts such as culinary arts, dance and even arts education tended to be largely unpaid. It is therefore very encouraging to see as many women in the publication sustaining their lives through culinary arts, dance and arts education as those in architecture, interior design and decorating. It demonstrates a shift from unpaid activity into paid activity. It is a very small step but a significant one as the economic autonomy of women was not always perceived as a right. I therefore applaud the St. Lucia National Commission for UNESCO and Mrs. Greaves Francis for choosing to highlight women who are making livelihoods out of the arts and in so doing giving permission to other women to tap into that abundant opportunity that exists for them to become economically independent. I further commend the National Commission for UNESCO for supporting the dream and inspiration of school of art and design St. Lucia and Mrs. Signo Greaves Francis. This partnership like the publication itself materializes a journey from inspiration to creation. I have no doubt that the author, Mrs. Greaves Francis, has done a wonderful job bringing to life the journey of all these inspiring women who were able to take their ideas and inspirations and make them into reality and further to make them sufficiently productive so as to sustain their lives. It is my hope that the same passion and determination that drove the women in this publication will inspire the users of this book to make their ideas become a reality as well and then like the author of the book and the women featured in it make these now real ideas take them to the heights of economic independence. Congratulations Mrs. Greaves Francis on your achievements and congratulations to all the strong and inspiring women who are featured in the publication. I thank you. Thank you so much Mrs. Joseph for those remarks. I think you gave us great context here. It went beyond just thinking about women in the arts but the position they hold in the society the historical context for us in terms of not being paid to now being able to sustain our lives. Thank you very much for that comprehensive education in a very short time. So now we want to focus a bit on the book and you've heard mention of Mrs. Signer Greaves Francis who is also responsible for the School of Art and Design that has been teaching children how to develop their skill and how to appreciate art. So we would now want to make a few presentations of complimentary copies to a few women in the audience and I would invite Mrs. Greaves Francis. Sometimes when you go way back you remember the name that you are accustomed to using and we don't get past that. So there are a lot of women who have inspired us and this first recipient is certainly I think has the title now of the mother of the nation and she herself has produced females who are artists in their own rights and who are going to be celebrated here today as well. Ladies and gentlemen the first recipient of a complimentary copy please help me welcome Lady Janice Compton. Make sure the cameras are getting back. I promise that was not the intention. All right so we'll get a little softer with the music we like the background touch. The next presentation is to the lady we just praised for giving us all the context that we needed and that is the acting director of gender relations Miss Jenny Joseph. So the music you're hearing in the background is is very important and timely unfortunately Miss Barbara could not be here today but she still wanted her music in few so you can pretend she's here alive playing her sax as we honor our women. There's also a complimentary copy for the Ministry of Education. I'm not sure there's a representative here. No okay but we will put it aside for them and now ladies and gentlemen for as many of the 40 women here as possible who are represented we are going to call out the names just to recognize them if they're not here and if they are we will welcome them or a family member to accept the book on their behalf. We begin with accessory design and we call on Kale Cassius, Teriba Donacimento. Her mom is here so we invited to collect on her behalf. The mothers have to take a lot of praise for what our ladies have become so I'm going to I'm going to be a little bit of a director and I would really like for you to step onto the platform to receive your book. So Jennifer you will demonstrate for us so well how to do that. Jennifer, Jalice and Louis it is your moment take your time and receive it. We're still under the category of accessory and design and I invite Terille Nicholas wonderful work by all of these women. I wear some of their pieces and have their handbags so we look good when we buy their stuff. In the field of architecture interior design and decorating Miss Daria Faswa, Miss Andrea Jirau and Miss Dwayne Greaves her aunt will accept on her behalf. We move on now to art educators. You know it's bad of me to say something about some people but I have to do this to this time you understand why she's been an art educator since I was in primary school and I know I look young but I have a lot of years on my head. Primary school listening to her on the radio so we didn't have art educators in each school but she was ingenious and she found a way to reach all students. Ladies and gentlemen honor Miss Joyce O'Geest. She didn't know how to talk. Miss Denise Joyce O'Geest. Another woman who's been doing this for several years. I hear she's celebrating the affordable and I think that is so significant. In dance Miss Teresa Laurie Collamore. This next woman is actually my age. She's my contemporary and she has the snack for reaching young people and getting them to create. I think she's been an educator for her professional life. Please welcome Miss Delthia Natrum. We also want to recognize posthumously and I was hoping her son would be here to collect but Miss Petronella Deterville who needs no introduction. The award will be made to her family but her son was invited to be here to collect on her behalf. So give her one of applause to the art educators, architecture and design and decorating and accessory design that we've heard so far. We move now to the area of craft textile design and we invite Miss Irina Alphos to collect her book. Miss Alphos here. No okay we will get it to her. The next lady who needs no introduction is Miss Lynn Bristol. Her work has traveled beyond the St. Lucia and she has set the stage for so many who came after her. I know of designers who will tell the story of how she is very eager. One just touched her to share to share her craft. She doesn't feel like it's competition. Miss Katharina Osman at present and Miss Daphne Stephen. Okay but we celebrate them nonetheless in the area of craft textile and design. In culinary Miss Edna Butcher on her plus for her Miss Simona June Leo Morrill. We celebrate her in the area of culinary and of course our culinary ambassador Miss Nina Compton and we ask Lady Janus to collect on her behalf. We move on to the category of dance and all the women identified here have had a long career in dance and again from the time I was a child so maybe that says something about their age this time. We call on first Miss Rosemary Etienne Parris from Shyamalayan. Her sister is here to collect on her behalf. I remember the Shyamalayan dancers so well and they actually participated in the 40th anniversary display that we had at the sub last year. Next we celebrate Miss Christine Samuel. She has transcended dance and moved into other areas that you see her wearing now but very influential in many young lives and the dancers that we currently see she had an input in their work. Postumously we recognize Miss Virginia Vergi Alexander and also Miss Teresa Hall who can forget those two women in our lives again from very young. We move on to the area of fashion now and we want to recognize Miss Regina Edward Edward. Her daughter is here to collect on her behalf. Miss Keitha Greaves. Miss Esma Jamari. Her sister will collect on her behalf and Miss Hilda Michelle. Her son is here to collect on her behalf if you were wondering. In the area of film theater arts those people need no introduction. Miss Matheryn Emanuel gone beyond the shores of St. Lucia and making her mark as a filmmaker. In theater Miss Virginia Frederick. Another of my contemporaries that I'm so proud of as is Miss Davina Lee making her mark in the area of film as well.  Miss June Frederick June King Frederick. Miss Daliya Faswa will collect on her behalf 30 so we have 10 more but we could go on because this is so rewarding. In the area of music and musicians Miss Frances Marlin Baptiste. Oh she has her exhibition going on now at the city hall for is it 30 years in in Calypso so we recognize Lady Lynn if you didn't know who I was talking about that is her real name. Miss Barbara Cadet who we said could not be present today and extends her apologies and we're hearing her music in the background. Miss Shirley Ann Cyril Myers she has made her mark in the world of gospel music celebrated for that and posthumously in this area we want to recognize Miss Marie Siliffa Cessan Descartes. Miss Samuel will collect Miss Samuel will collect on her behalf or her family's behalf. In the area of painting this first one I know was also an educator she was in the schools for a while but now she is independent Miss Shalon Fadler. Happy to know that you're home. I think she made it just in time she's now based in Canada so we're so happy that she exhibited some time ago some really really loved your work so we're happy that you made it here for this Shalon. Miss Donna Grandison applause her she is overseas currently and Miss Sabrina Romulus celebrated as well. Our final categories in the area of photography and digital media and we go back to the family of the Comptons Miss Fiona Compton so Lady Janice you're up there again that's for Fiona you have to give it to her every time. Miss Nakita Dussoze and Miss Colleen Jules early women in the area of photography and digital media. Ladies and gentlemen we just heard our 40 names of outstanding women in the arts please another round of applause for all of them. We have a few more complimentary copies to present this time for the Cultural Development Foundation. Miss Frederick should we ask you to collect. Responsible for the development of our arts. Misses Yolanda Michelle Burton from UNESCO. Misses Crystal Riviere and Miss Elder Juanita Michelle and we thank them for the support that they have provided as this book was being developed. Before I hand over to Mrs. Grieves I see two students and I'm happy to see the student representation here today as part of the the purpose of of this publication is also to provide encouragement to young people in the arts and to really make them understand that you can make a living of this and you shouldn't let anybody deter you from those dreams because we had a culture tradition here where you couldn't make money from the arts and we discouraged young people to participate so I hope when NTN shows this that we ensure that young people particularly young females are able to witness this and that in the schools it's placed in a prominent position and it's used in the classroom so this kind of inspiration can really filter through our young people. We're almost at the end already ladies and gentlemen short and sweet to give the vote of thanks I invite creator Miss Signer Grieves Francis. Good morning and let me personally say again welcome and thank you for being here. Can you all hear me? All right wonderful. In 2011 I began with what is now school of art and design St. Lucia and we started with 50 students during a summer program and after thinking and planning for four years I decided to finally get the initiation or get the school started. Initially it seemed impossible and overwhelming however I did some research and found out that many art institutions which exist in the US today were either started by one person a husband and wife or a group of artists. Once I had discovered that I felt reassured that it was possible so far so after sorry much research and years of planning I finally got started. I recall when I sent out my press releases Mr. Guy Ellis of the mirror called me and he said he didn't just want a press release. He said he wanted to interview the mad person who would think of starting an art school of all places in St. Lucia. After the interview he encouraged me and he told me that he wanted me to invite him when we had our official opening of our establishment. Well now it's 2020 and I'm happy that although we stopped for normal operations and I keep telling everybody that we stopped for normal operations in 2016 we continued with our summer program but now we we finally have a home which is in Marysil. So we stopped to move from San Susi where we operated in the Karelek building and now we are in Marysil and I'm very very happy for that achievement. It is our location it belongs to us. The deed has the name School of Art and Design on it. So it has been a great milestone and it took much hard work to get that and to get that achievement and I think one of the things I had in mind when I started the first thing I thought of I remember somebody telling me how could you think of possibly having a building when you just started and I was like well um that's my focus that's my goal and that's what I was looking forward to and now it has become a reality. It has always been our objective to promote aspiring artists and designers and this initiative today fits right into that objective. From inspiration to creation, St. Lucian women's sustaining lives and livelihoods through the arts was actually part of the celebration of St. Lucia's 40th Independence Anniversary and I tell people that we're bringing the curtains down with this piece of artwork. It was said that we'd be celebrating for the year so we're closing it and it's most fitting. I would like to think that what I've created is a work of art. I am an artist myself and what a better um let's say um token to have but something that you can have and and look at and be proud of it you know. You put artwork on the wall um and and so forth so you you'll have it right there on your coffee table. The whole process was quite an experience. As much of the work I endeavored to do myself an effort to benefit the school and its potential students. I really wanted most of the funds to go towards the school and towards the realization of us having an established home and this is what actually happened. So I did most of the interviews. I crafted some of the bios not all and did all of the legwork running around etc etc including the design and whatnot so I was really on the ground with this project trying to ensure that we keep the costs down and to have this the money go towards what we would have as an established home for future artists and designers in St. Lucia. First let me thank UNESCO and the National Commission for the opportunity and all of the assistance that they provided through this process. I thank you so much and I think that everybody here will be very pleased and very happy for the product that we at School of Art and Design and myself have created for you. Lady Janice, thank you so much for agreeing to write the forward. I thought it was a very very fitting when I had to think of somebody who would actually contribute in that way. I could not think of a better person. Sir John obviously was the the one who brought this country into independence 40 years ago and I could not have seen a better person to have write the forward especially since you have two young ladies represented in the publication as well so I thank you for that. Crystal. Crystal assisted me with the bios rescripting crafting and so forth. Most of them were her handiwork and I did call crystal and I did put pressure on crystal when the time was getting down to the wire and I want to thank crystal so much and her husband is next to her Kimani and I have to thank him as well because when crystal could not go any further you know due to circumstances I had to to get up at crystal I do appreciate your all of the effort and I do appreciate Kimani for whatever you had to go through while crystal was going through this process. So thank you so much for that. Juanita elder but I call you Juanita. I want to thank you so much I know I put pressure on you as well having to edit and to re-edit and so forth and I'm probably not giving you enough time to go through everything but I think you did a wonderful job. I think we worked well together I was calling her and we were messaging each other and I think you made the process a very smooth and seamless one for me so for that I do thank you to all of the women who agreed to be featured to the families of those who are not alive who contributed I want to say thank you because without you there would be no publication. I want to thank you for your hard work I want to thank you for being an inspiration to the future generation that is to come and I want to thank you especially for in our society where whatever area you're in we know how art and and and so forth or the arts is viewed and there is so much that could be derived from it so I want to thank you for whether you are nurturing whether you're inspiring whether you are endeavoring to do this on your own by being an entrepreneur. I would like to thank you for that because it it helps others to look up to you and because you can do it they can do it also so I thank you for that. I also want to thank the other persons who contributed who were behind the scenes those I called and asked for photographs I saw Joan you entered that's right thank you so much some of the I had to I had to call people and said can I do you have photographs of this person's design that they created etc etc I had to interview family members and and and so forth so I want to thank you especially and I would like to thank Joyce Ogies who when I told her about the project she was very very excited and I had a little stumbling block and she really really came through with providing me going into her archives and getting me photographs because she really wanted to see the publication come to fruition so for that I thank you so much. To Leah Monroe's, Mario Monroe's, Nikita your family I want to thank Nikita especially. Nikita when I was speaking to her about you know doing the launch and so forth and Nikita is actually one of our instructors she teaches animation and when I was speaking to Nikita and I called on Nikita I said Nikita I need your help again it's like no problem signal what do you need and every time I call on Nikita Nikita is always there to assist in whatever way she can and Nikita I want to thank you so much for that I appreciate what you do for the school tirelessly effortlessly without looking for reward so I thank you so much and I want you to convey to your family um everybody is going to benefit from the refreshments that they sent so I thank you and I want you to extend that thank you to them for me thank you so much I also want to thank Mega J they provided us with the drinks that you're going to enjoy as well so I want to thank them as well for contributing contributing that and I notice we have a representative of Bank of St. Lucia in the audience Anelysia Anelysia thank you for attending on behalf of Omari Bank of St Lucia has been a supporter of ours I will tell you from the very beginning from our very first summer program when we opened the school with the summer program I remember somebody else was there and she came in and we we asked for support and when we had our um exhibition she came and she was so impressed with what she saw she was actually on her way out but she spoke to them and she said listen you'll have to continue the support of this school and I can see that they have continued the support and they support our sidewalk festival um some people know the sidewalk festival more than they know the school so if they haven't heard about the school I said have you heard about the sidewalk festival oh yes and then I say we're the ones who actually have this um activity every year at Easter time it's going to be coming up again okay so um thank you Anelysia for representing the bank here today if I forgot anybody um I may not remember everybody's names like I said most of the initiative the work was done by me and so I had to be typing this speech last minute and as you can see I ended up writing some so if I forgot anybody um I think I have acknowledged you in the publication um so I would like to thank everybody who contributed in whatever way my friend Marlene and Juliet my co-workers thank you for the encouragement as always when um things seemed almost impossible when things um sorry things seem a bit difficult I got encouragement for them so I want to thank you for all of the support um so again I thank you for being here I thank you for coming um I think the turnout is is wonderful and I do appreciate I hope you enjoy the publication and I hope you treat it as a piece of a piece of artwork it is my artwork to you okay thank you so much and Mrs. Greaves Francis I think we all thank you for the work you put into this publication and we congratulate you for taking on this feat and seeing it to the end


When it comes to entering our address, we often wish that we lived in a place with a shorter name, simply because we are too lazy to write the name or to type it. Now imagine you lived in a place in Thailand whose name is Wait a second, there's more. This is the longest town name in the world with a staggering 160 letters in it. You must admit this is a bit of mouthful, but get the translation for this. The great city of angels, the supreme unconquerable land of the great immortal divinity, the royal capital of nine noble gems, the pleasant city with plenty of grand royal palaces and divine paradises for the reincarnated deity given by Indra and created by the god of crafting. Well, that is the longest city name in the world. Can you guess what is the longest city name in India?


To splash cold water all over my face because you know recording at 2 a.m. Is not ideal But it's one piece live-action time, baby ladies and gentlemen welcome back to the channel My name is Jack the Buster. Hi, Shinobi you guys don't know me I'm currently reacting to one piece here on this channel almost 500 episodes in on my YouTube reaction series And now one piece live-action is here, and I'm very very excited if you haven't seen my reactions to the trailers leading up to This I've been rooting for it from the get-go. I hope it's successful I think a one piece live-action could be a very beneficial for the series in general being sort of a Bridge for people that don't watch one piece to maybe get into it, but I'm not gonna waste too much time We're gonna hop into episode one called romance done very apropos drop a fat like on this one of your hype for one piece live-action And let's get into the first episode The Great One Oh shoot Sixth Island, Samus region. Is this Roger's narrating? Blow Town Where it all began According to their own I'm already getting sort of like Pirates of the Caribbean vibes. I don't know why I mean Pirates, but you know There he is boy Roger. I'm trying to look for there's dragon some of the trailer I'm trying to look for a little Easter eggs and whatnot. Look at the smile Was this garb talking I've been sentenced to death. I know that's garb. What a beautiful accent I mean he literally did See oh my gosh that young me Hawk. He's like, oh, no. Oh, no But he looks familiar that actor Young young shanks Take to the seas My treasure is yours to find garb new with it at that instant everything would change She's And chaos chaos begins by the one piece Who is that the blonde kid? I felt like I should recognize some of these people Across the seas to find the pirate kings hidden treasure God dang dude, so it begins Still I think they said like one of the most high budget Netflix shows of all time pretty sure He's not a barrel straw hat looks good That's what he said Who's bro talking to? I'm trying not to get like two head over heels, but I'm it's good sign so far. It's looking good The low town scene was done immaculately. Oh here he goes into the barrel. Okay, and he goes First day off he drifts. There's Alveda ship. I can't believe all eight episodes are already out, bro Where's my where's my scrawny young boy Kobe? There she is. Oh I like that very stylistic now. I remember the choreography of the trailer of her kicking there. I think swinging and hitting the guy I Love that I like I said I love that the way they did the bounty with the poster than the number God dang brother. I'm one violence. Give me violence. Oh She's looking for sore was that one of those quagrapper thingies Okay, yeah, get a grip Alveda.   I can't get over it Oh, I figure things will be done a little differently like now. I guess he's gonna meet Luffy But it's just nighttime. There's nobody like like no one nobody attacking the ship or anything She's still eating Not all of them We get a flashback. Yeah, dude Yeah, baby. That's what I'm looking looking for shorter glimpse of shanks and the trailer to Oh my god, is that was that yes up? Oh my god. I think it was Oh my god, it's gonna be the iconic scene Kids Do the angle on the trailer did shanks dirty good-looking guy. Oh Why did he do it up there the scar I Want to see them what the devil for it looks like I get Harry Potter vibes from Kobe. Oh, just leave Is that a thing It's just I'll beat us snoring. Oh, I ain't no way Should it land in a few days? Oh Kobe's not going with him Oh, no, bro, everybody's instantly woke up Never heard of you.  Oh, no Come on, we gotta see a stretch. Oh my goodness This stretchy guy not the CGI looks good by God, bro.  Oh meanwhile What was this sixes island this is where Zora was no?  Ah down these stairs Oh people said mr. Seven an organization known as Baroque.  Look how stoic Don't even need his blades, bro That is choreography. He's good Every candela. Oh, mr. Seven not scared yet, bro Rolled into smoked Well Oh my god, we're gonna see the devil fruit. They're playing big sake.  Where's the devil fruit? It's in the chest Oh, no What's in there? Oh God it does not look yummy. Oh my god, bro Take a bite It looks about how I pictured it. I got it's green. That is so gross these goofy goopers. Oh, he looks wait He looks so similar to his as counterpart and then there she is. I forget her name the waitress Uh-oh Where's uh Ben is the striped shirt ben beckham. Oh, there. I think that's ben on the right side of the bar Yeah, yeah, that's 100 him The noble shanks Knowing how powerful shanks is bro. That's why they laughing Oh my gosh.  I love it yucky so much, bro This better not make me cry, bro. I swear to god the the anime already does enough Oh, we're not asking Okay, buddy super stealthy Not me Not me This is where she's come eyes the first come eyes. Oh my gosh This poor girl. Oh my gosh Ship jacked easy peasy. It's a cute little ship too There's the maps Any teases can I pause? Like I said, I really wonder how many little subtle easter eggs and foreshadowing they've hidden Oh shoes morgan's made dude. It looks beautiful I want to see morgan, bro. Oh my gosh the sign they actually just walked in Bellamy Oh my gosh, bro. We got to get to season four for foxy, bro They are not paying for any of this Oh, shoot. Wait. He ain't even locked up Ha, oh, there's mr. Seven In a body bag. God damn That is that is very dark. Holy Oh, that's buggy's guy, bro. This is so dark.  I'm all about it, but jesus Oh my gosh, we were all here Wait, not me. Are you not me? I'm six six two I'm not asking the next guy. Dang, bro. W. Riz What's this?  Oh my god, why does his hair look decent? How mapo?  Sorry Oh my gosh Uh, I see how zoro ends up.  Seven's body is still just sitting there in the chair Aw, this poor guy thought he had a chance Oh, she's taking the uniform Who's your daddy captain morgan? He's in charge of the marine base Yeah, they did pick a great actor for hell mapo. Where is he? There's the axe Oh, he looks good God the jaw looks sick.  Seven here. I got his little sword like hell, bro Kind of got my oh, that's number two. Ah, so he takes it. Okay. Okay. I actually like the way they've done this Like I mean contextually it does make kind of kind of make sense. He wouldn't become a pirate Oh crazy kobi Right it's all it begins Good marines bad marines. They're gonna be good marines and bad marines too. Gotta be one of the good ones kobi The city looks so beautiful behind them He's getting a bland dude.  He literally brings them pirates. Oh my gosh Makes sense at least to still be a bounty hunter. It makes sense to give himself up You're a great fighter I said that together we'd make a pretty good team. He longs for more I made a promise to someone a long time Oh Down these stairs.  Okay, buddy He's just got to see him fight first Good luck on the sword thing Can you close this behind me? Yeah, but he doesn't I swear. There's like a fight scene from the trailer here. Nami's huge. I mean, maybe they end up back here What's she gonna find? Hey Oh, I want to see stuff Captain morgan sent me to find a map of the grand line ahead of his security briefing this afternoon A map of the grand line Oh my gosh, it's the guy he's like do I still have a chance Oh boy, it took him long enough to draw a whole lee Power pool. It's not clean. It's hacked, but it's uh, it's we're getting there Oh my gosh, this is it Nami chill, bro Okay, buddy Shoot yourself buddy just goes walking in I'm hoping they'll tease more like even more like future stuff. I know they've got stuff. I'm looking Up so begins Hey, no way, what do they call a max hand? We need a plan. I can't always say the wwe wrestler cody roads.  What's wrong? Oh She knows her lore her numbers Nice guy. He looks so good My god He's a geeking Surely if he's already eyeing two future crew mates the true cap burglar I hate pirates because you don't know me yet. He'll grow on her by the end of these eight episodes Maps so badly anyway. That's pretty easy question. Oh that poor trip What's your dream the snail transponder sale a secret nice. Oh the snail woke up Nice So did they actually find a map of the grand line here? Oh, you know Uh-oh They've been to go out the window It's contagious surely kidding They actually took his hat off for that. I guess to put his ear to it. What are you just gonna stretch up? Oh, she'll learn My god, I I guess you landed on him. Thank you Oh, shoot. He's going down now, baby. This is where they find the courtyard We'll see a gattling, bro.  It looks so good He's just leaving. No, no, no, you know There's the safe right in the middle Old and smoked.  Oh, where is he now? Is that is that curl's nickname thousand plans? Oh, shoot Shra has v. Morgan first boss fight Oh wait, this could be gas My god, we're not me. Oh shoot Like that ain't happened before they morgan kind of cracked actually gotta give us some respect In this slide, it's like a mixture of reality and kind of like like very exaggerated He's got this Actually saved. Holy My god Ah, bro, bro the hit when Zoro hit him. Holy Gigi easy. Oh my god, bro. Let's go. I like that a snap inch collapses Or just open it. Oh my god, bro Or we can do that Oh, they're first heist. I actually didn't wonder what is it actually a map.   Oh Oh Feels good, man. Bye kobe the adventure begins Grand poppy garb The shell the transponder snail. Oh my god. It's so real There he is Wait, that's the guy from low town I love the urr Uh-oh, dude the ost. He is banging Ah No reveal yet though. Hmm. Who's the straw hat? Shoot He looks good 15 million. I love that anime. Oh my god, it's done so well Oh my god, bro to say the least what a debut episode like that was firing on all cylinders, man The cinematography the acting like I don't know if I'm just in over my head or I was rooting for this really hard That was a A fantastic way to start this a fantastic episode the entire time I'm just thinking like what would somebody that doesn't watch anime or anything or I've never seen one piece What would they think about this and I could see someone enjoying the hell out of this I did and I know what happens But they also did keep us kind of on our toes for a lot of it like the way things happens Zoro giving himself up to still be a bounty hunter them finding this this map So it kind of keeps a sort of continuity between the episodes a little bit stronger So that the average viewer that doesn't know what happens is is more like hooked in for the next episode Standout thing by far was the way they do the bounty signs too with the the bounty and then him like knocking it out of the way It just looked clean stand out just actor in yaki by far I'm rooting for this kid and he knocked it out of the park for episode one He just has this contagious smile man. I just they couldn't have picked a better luffy But with that being said we were in for a ride because this is eight episodes long each one I think is an hour if you're new to channel again Don't forget to drop a sub so you don't miss my reaction to the rest of it But most importantly let me know down below what you thought of the episode give me your critiques of it as well I'm gonna hold off on really going in on it until like I'm completely done So I can really gather all my thoughts, but fantastic start can't wait to see what's next That being said have a fantastic rest of your day and I'll catch you in the next one. Peace. Peace


Have you ever thought about who owns a coal, oil, or uranium resources mine in Wyoming? Because minerals occur at varying depths underground, they are often owned separately from the surface above. This is called severed minerals or the split estate. The United States is one of the only countries in the world where mineral rights can be owned by individuals instead of the government. The history of settlement in a particular region has a lot to do with how mineral rights operate today. While it is possible for the same person to own both the surface and mineral rights known as a unified estate, in many parts of Wyoming mineral rights are severed. Due to the railroad and homesteading history of our state, much of the mineral estate in Wyoming has been reserved and is owned by the federal government or the Union Pacific Railroad. This could include the mineral rights under your neighborhood. If you are curious about mineral rights on your property, a good place to start is a deed or title, but it may take more digging with the help of an attorney or a landman. If your property is in a split estate situation, there are some protections for surface owners, but a surface property owner cannot prohibit access to mineral rights below. Because of the complexity of mineral ownership, it is best to consult an attorney if you have questions. The laws governing mineral rights and extraction will vary by the type of resource in question. For the University of Wyoming Extension, I'm Milton Geiger, Exploring the Nature of Wyoming.