In this tutorial, we will learn how to create a very simple React web app in under five minutes. We'll learn how to code component tests by using React testing library, how to shift right by adding automated visual testing using WebDriver.io and Screener, and finally, we're going to put it all into a CI pipeline using GitHub Actions with staged execution and true continuous integration. My name is Nikolaj Galakian. I'm a Principal Solutions Architect at SoftLabs and creator of UltimateQA.com. Let's go have some fun. Alright, so let's go ahead and start creating our React app. You can see that I'm here in a folder called React Web App, where I've only got a license and a readme, so let's go ahead and do an NPM in need to set up this directory. And so now we have added our package.json. If you don't already have it installed, we should install Create React app. It's an easy way to create React applications from Facebook. Once you have Create React app installed, you can actually use Create React app to create a new React application. So let's go ahead and do that. And we're calling this app MyApp. Wonderful. So once that's done downloading and installing, you can see a bunch of commands that Create React app provides for us to get started and they tell us exactly what we can do is to cd to MyApp. And then in MyApp, you can see now if we open this up, we now have a MyApp folder, has its own node modules, has a bunch of code here that we will explore in a moment. So let's actually go ahead and start up our app and see what that looks like. And here is the start of our wonderful little application running on localhost3000, that's also pointed out in the logs here. So the really wonderful thing about Create React app is not only does it build us an application that's ready to go and ready to be modified, it even comes with a test that we can execute. If we look at package.json, we can see that if we run a NPM test command, it's going to run some tests. And so what we can do is open up a new tab here and do NPM test. And that's going to execute a unit test here that we have an app.test.js. And this test is actually using React testing library. But what you can see here is we have a test that will render the Learn React link. Here we use a method called render and we are rendering our app component. And next you can see that we are using the screen to get an element by text called Learn React. And then finally we are expecting that link element to be in the document. This is a just expect and to be in the document is the React testing library assertion. That's fantastic because now we have a unit test that's already ready for us and it can run regardless of whether our application is up or not. So if I close down our app and then come back here and rerun the tests, they will still continue to work because they don't need a server. We are actually going to go ahead and push this up into CI. So the easiest way to get started with GitHub Actions is to come over here to the Actions tab in your GitHub repo, making sure that you have one created and then you can come and say a new workflow. GitHub Actions will provide you some suggested workflows and then it notices that we are obviously using Node.js and so then it can recommend us a potential workflow. This one right here looks fantastic. So let's go ahead and click it. It already comes with a bunch of steps that have been configured for us. And the other nice thing about creating your YAML file here is that you also get a little IDE that you can use. For example, you can see that if we don't do something right, let's say we do something like this, the UI automatically highlights anything that may go wrong. And so it says that we're missing a runs on here and so then we can do runs on. And then now it says that the value cannot be null and then that's where you supply the value. So this is what our CI pipeline should look like. And let's go over it step by step.  I'm calling our CI pipeline CI. You can call it, of course, anything you want. And then at the very top, I am setting three environment variables. These environment variables are the screener API key, source username and source access key. They are coming from secrets variable that is part of GitHub actions. And then coming from the key called screener API key here, source username and source access key. So the value from here is retrieved and stored in the environment variable on the left hand side. So where are these values coming from? Let me show you that it's very intuitive in GitHub actions. You come to settings, scroll down to secrets. You can see I have three keys that have been created here and inside of them they have the corresponding values that will then be set in here. Okay. Next, we are saying that we want this CI to run on push requests and pull requests whenever we do that to the master main branch. Next here, we are defining the jobs that we want to execute. We're saying we're going to run on Ubuntu latest. There are multiple types of different kind of VMs available for you to execute on. And I'm going to be running on Node version 14. You can execute on other node versions if you want, of course. And then we are using the steps. A lot of these steps were previously provided for us and I've made some modifications to help you get started faster with your CI pipeline. So the very first thing we want to do is install dependencies.  And so we would have done CD my app, right? And then done a NPM install. However, I'm simply using NPM CI, which is actually faster in GitHub actions because it ends up caching our dependency. So this is the recommended action to take in CI. Next, we're going to build the app, right? This was just seeding to my app and doing a NPM run build to make sure we have a production version. Because whenever we do an NPM start here and our application comes up here in localhost 3000 and we take a look at our React developer tools. We can see it's red and it says this page is using the development build of React, which we obviously don't want to use for production. We want to use the production build and so that's how you do with NPM run build. Next, we're executing our component tests. After our app is built, we simply do the same thing by navigating to that directory and running the tests exactly as you saw before. And then finally, we are starting up our application actually starting the server by doing NPM start. And then we're doing a wait on command that will wait for the app to start up for up to 60 seconds before airing out. And we will expand this pipeline as we expand our testing. So once it's ready, the only reason I recommended to use the UI was to help you with the IntelliSense. But ultimately the best way to do it is to come to my app and then make sure we're going to add a github. We're going to do that github slash workflows. Oops. And then we're going to add a new file here. Let's call it ci.yaml. It will look exactly as I showed you here. I actually named it to ci2. So that we can see, let's quit our tests and do a push. And once we do a push, that should start executing our CI pipeline. Let's come and take a look at that. We'll see that I have this new branch open. So let's go ahead and do a PR with this branch. I made one mistake here. I should have put github workflows in the very root, not inside of my app. So what you'll see is I moved that to the correct location, did another push. And so now we have a CI pipeline that started executing. Here's the name called ci2. Exactly the name that we gave it in the yaml file. And it did fail after nine seconds. So let's go ahead and take a look at exactly what happened. So the air says that we can only install packages with a package log json or npm shrimp drag json. So let's go ahead and fix that in order to do that. What we need to do is come to my app and do an npm install, which will create a package log that json. And then let's go ahead and add it. And we can watch our CI rerun. Here you can see we just committed 14 seconds ago. Here's a little yellow circle that shows that our CI pipeline is running. Let's go ahead and take a look at the details. Wonderful. So there is our CI pipeline that is not only able to build our app and start it up, it's also able to even run some component tests against it. So if we take a look of where we are in our testing journey, you can see based on this table that we've actually got a pretty long way to go before our app is fully tested. It's a really tiny app that we haven't even made any functional changes to. And so far, the only thing that we know about this application without testing it manually is that a URL with the correct text does exist in the DOM of the application. We've validated that with a component test, which came with our app create react app. And we did that using react testing library and just how about actually knowing whether the URL is correct, right? It may be there with the right text, but does it go to the right location? So let's go ahead and write up another test for that. The very first thing that we want to do is make sure that we are running our test suiz here in. And then we can add a test that looks like this, where we say where that we're testing that a URL is correct, rendering our component is before getting our link element is before. However, now we are going to validate that the href of the link element will contain ultimate qa.com because that's where we want our URL to navigate to. And then once we hit save, watch this window in the bottom right. It's going to execute all of the tests in this file here. The first one passed, which makes sense. But the second one failed, the URL is correct. It's saying that we expected ultimate qa.com, but we got react.js.org. And that's because we need to make an update to our application to go to ultimate qa.com. So let's come here and go to app.js. And we will change the URL to ultimate qa.com. We're going to hit save. Our tests are going to rerun. And now both of them have succeeded. Also, while we're here, we this link text is no longer correct because we're not going to learn react. Instead, we are going to learn testing. So let's put learn testing and dev and hit save now. And our tests both have failed. And the reason that they both have failed is we can take a look at our logs. And it's saying that it's unable to find an element with the text learn react. And then it spits out the DOM for us here showing everything that is visible. And of course, this is the text that exists. However, this exercise also showed us that having text as a check in our tests is not really a good strategy because we can often change the text of our links. And so we can instead use a better strategy such as supplying a data dash attribute. And so here we can do a data dash test ID. And we can call it a learn link. We'll hit save here. We'll come back to app that test. And now instead of getting by text, we can get by ID. So let's go and do that. Let's give this a run. And now everything passes because we are getting our element by test ID. And of course, if we decide to change the text, our tests continue to work. Let's go ahead and push this up into our CI. Here's our commit. And here is our check. We can check on it back in a moment. So our CI pipeline has executed successfully, which is wonderful. So let's see where we are in our testing journey. At this point, we have now tested that the URL is correct. Now how about making sure that our application actually renders correctly? We can do a this test as well as making sure that our application looks correct on Web and mobile using two different technologies. We're going to use Web driver IO and shift right by testing our rendered application later in the stage of the development cycle. And we're going to use visual snapshots to check our application in different resolutions in the browser to make sure that our app is responsive and that it looks correct on different types of devices. And for that, we are going to use Web driver IO. Let's install Web driver IO. Let's configure Web driver IO. You're going to get a nice handy menu that allows it allows you to decide what you're going to do. So we're going to execute in the cloud using sauce labs. Yes. So this will be our username and this will be our access key. No, we don't want to do that, which is the default. Once you've selected all the options. Now you're going to wait for Web driver IO to install all the appropriate packages. So once all the installation is done, the only other thing that you'll need to install is the WDIO sync service. And so once you have anything installed, this is what our package JSON looks like everything that we added. If we look at diff, you can see we've got a few WDIO services added for our testing purposes. Web driver IO tests by default go to test specs directory. And in here I created a visual dot spec.js file. And in here we're going to have our visual test. This visual test uses a standard describe it format. And then the commands come from the browser object, which is a global object from Web driver IO. We navigate to a URL and then we execute two important commands. First, we do an init, which will provide a name for the app that we're testing. So we can say my react app, for example. And then the next one we're going to do is a snapshot. This is capturing a snapshot of the page that we want to test. And so in this case, it's our home page. And so we are calling it home page. So the config file for Web driver IO lives over here. And there's a lot going on in here, but we can take a look at only the important components. So here I've created two constants called visual options and sauce options where I am setting some API keys. Here I'm setting the screener API key. I am providing a project name. I'll show you how that correlates to the actual UI. And then I'm saying to scroll and stage screenshots to enable that to true so that when my apps are pulled up, the entire page is scrolled and stitched together. Next, I am enabling a sauce connect, which is an HTTPS proxy that allows me a secure connection from local host into the cloud execution environments for screener and sauce labs. This is telling us where the specs are for our tests. And then finally, the most important part of this, I would say is the configuration to run on multiple different browsers and operating systems. So I'm running this on the two of the most popular browser resolutions. The very first one is this one here on this viewport size, which is the most popular desktop and running on Windows 10 and Chrome. And then the other type of browser that we're running on is Mac OS Safari on this resolution, which is an iPhone X viewport size. And of course, we can have a lot more resolutions here. And what's going to happen is our visual spec is going to run on both of these platforms at the same time. We can, of course, run it. We can run our tests using this command here. But instead, let's add a test script to our package JSON. We can come here and add and then ensuring that in a separate terminal, you have the application actually running on local host 3000, because it has to be up for us to do end to end visual testing, we can now run our visual testing command. At this point, we can see that it's executing two specs. And of course, that's our Safari and Chrome specs. Let's go take a look at the screener UI to see what's going on over there. So we can see that here is our new app dash two that we've started. There are currently tests running. The build has failed. And the reason why it failed is because we have two brand new snapshots that we've never accepted before. What screeners currently telling us is that, hey, I've got these two snapshots of these resolutions of this page here of the home page. And I don't know whether they are acceptable to you or not. So we can open each one up and take a look. Does this look good to us and correct? Yes, it does. We can come here and set this as a baseline from this point forward. Every single automated test will validate against this version of the baseline. And this is the bigger resolution here. And this one looks fantastic to us as well. Let's go ahead and accept it. And so now from this point forward and new executions, we'll run against those baselines. Let's also now add this visual step to our CI pipeline and see that execute. Here we are back in our CI YAML. We've added a brand new step our after application has rendered to run visual tests and performing the following commands. Let's go ahead and check all this into CI and see what happens. We've got a new commit here for adding visual tests. And here is our CI pipeline executing. So here's our pipeline after execution. We can see our visual tests have executed successfully with a check mark. And if we scroll all the way down, we can see that two tests have passed. So the current version of our application, it's a little boring, right? Let's make it a little bit better and actually see the power of visual testing. So we're going to replace this logo with another logo by coming into app.js. And we can see that up here at the top we're pointing to an SVG. Let's change this SVG and instead we're going to point to mia.jpeg, which is a nice file that I've uploaded. So let's save that and watch our application render.  Her name is Mia. And of course, we can also even change this link right here to be instead of learn testing. We can change it to something else. We can say learn testing with Nikolai and Mia. Fantastic. Our application rebuilt. And this is what it looks like. And we can even run our tests to make sure that everything is working as before. Our component tests, both of them working successfully. Because remember, we added that nice data test ID attribute. And now we can check in these changes and see what happens to our visual test. Here's our change in GitHub. Let's see what's going on. So now if we look at the screener UI, we can see that our new app too has two changes. Let's click take a look and see exactly what happened. And so what screener shows is two visual changes that have occurred. A screener uses a smart hybrid div meaning that it analyzes the DOM and element shifts. And it identifies exactly the two elements that we have changed. And so now it's for us to decide whether this is a valid change or not. And yes, this is a valid change and it looks fantastic. And we want to use this as the new version of the baseline. So we're going to accept this one. Looking at this page here, we like all of the changes here as well. And we can accept that as well. And with all of that said, we are pretty far down in our coding and the testing journey. We validated pretty much everything about our application. We validated that the app renders correctly and that the app looks as expected. On Web and mobile using our visual DOM to database tests also known as end to end tests. And we did it with the following technologies. There is still a lot further to go and a lot more to test. However, this is all the time that we have today. And this is where we have to part ways. So thank you so much for tuning in today to watch my tutorial. In summary, we learned how to create a simple react web app using create react app. We added component tests using react testing library. We shifted right by adding visual test using web driver IO and screener. And then we put it all into a CI pipeline using GitHub actions that execute on push and pull requests. It's been my pleasure. If you want to learn more, you can always reach out to me at ultimate2a.com or my social medias and I'd be happy to connect. Have a wonderful day.


Why? So I say that there's lots of promise here. And academic groups, what academic groups do, because we can't afford to spend a million dollars on all these test rights. So what academics groups tend to do is that they tend to pick a protein that we have a known binder. And I know that this drugs bind because I've seen it in an x-ray structure. And then I do simulations to show that I can really predict how it moves in and how it binds. And then you write the research paper showing that we really understand something. And you do understand something. But this is post-addiction. We already knew that this molecule bound. The really interesting thing, could you show this for a completely new say orphan receptor or something? And the people working on that, they're in the pharmaceutical industry. And why don't they share their results? Right? Because to them, this is intellectual property. If my company can come up with a smart algorithm of doing this that you don't know, that translates to money for me. Because that means that I can go after receptors in a way that's better than you do. So I think that this will likely take 10 years before we see whether these methods are successful in industry too. I will show you some more examples of that in a second. But to be a little bit more concrete, I'm going to show it for GPCRs. So these are the membrane proteins that I said were so important that most of the drugs were targeting, right? This is such an outdated slide. You do not have more genes than you had two years ago. Forget about that number. It's probably 100 now. The other thing is that this is an example where we have pharmaceutical companies that have determined structures that they have not deposited in public databases. Because if I have my fancy XYZ receptor, and if I now spend a billion dollars to determine a structure of this so I can make some drugs, I would be completely insane if the first thing that I did was to share this with the world. So what happened, even with some of the first structures here, they were initially funded by the pharmaceutical industry. So some of them were public, other structures were kept secret for a year because they wanted a head start to design drugs. The way GPCRs works is that there are these seven transmembrane helices, and then you have some sort of neurotransmitter or something that binds here on the outside. And then this entire protein goes through a protein earthquake. It changes its confirmation. And it's a G protein coupled receptor. The coupled part is this G protein that sits on the inside. And when this molecule changes its confirmation, it creates a signal on the inside. And that's again because there are signal transmitters, right? And that's why they're so remarkably nice to target. And there's a whole, there's a super complicated network of these, there are probably more up-to-date versions you can find online. The structure of these you already know because they're similar to the very first membrane proteins that was discovered. That sounds a bit stupid, right? How on earth can be they be so important if the structure is similar to the most simple membrane proteins? Well, the devil is in the detail. We know that they are 10 transmembrane helices for a very long time. These were so difficult to determine structures of that a lot of people, me included, thought that we will possibly never ever have any structure of G protein coupled receptors. Had you asked me about that when I was a student? That would have been my prediction. Then through various reasons people finally managed to determine structures. But the problem is that everything that decides first how it binds, second how it moves, and third how it signals on the inside. It's going to be tiny details, single amino acid changes, so that which way is that loop pointing? What binding site do you have here? So what specific molecule will this receptor bind? And that's the hard part. At first sight they're going to appear to be almost identical, and once you know what the difference is, it's going to be obvious that that was the difference, but you can't predict that merely from sequence. And it's also an example that any bioinformatics model will give you something that looks roughly like this. But the bioinformatics model will not tell you what the specific position of that loop is or exactly how the binding site here looks like. And if you want to determine a drug, you better if you want to develop a new drug here, you have to know exactly what the binding site looks like. And that's why if you're running a pharmaceutical company you could spend billions of dollars determining the structures. So what happened in 2007 is that within roughly 10 days you had two structures published of the human beta 2 adrenergic receptor. Kind of a coincidence, right? So this nature and science are the two top journals in fundamental natural science. So can you imagine what happened here? These groups were competing fiercely. At one point in time they actually collaborated and then they broke with each other. And I think in particular Brian Kubilke is the guy who had historically been the expert on understanding GPCRs. Ray Stevens is an amazingly skilled crystallographer. So they were initially working together, but at some point there are lots of rumors about how this break happened and that one group tried to cheat on the other. I have to confess that I'm biased because I've worked in the same department as Brian. I really like Brian. He's an amazingly nice guy. But and again that on both sides here they have company ties and everything. They Ray Stevens, they've done tremendous amount of work of mapping out the entire space and structures the 10 following years here. But there's a lot of money involved here too. Possibly lawsuits. We also know that this, once you know the structure of this, we've been able to determine very specific drugs, how they bind up here. And you see that this is a binding site you have identified. And that requires you to know exactly what residues are pointing into this binding site. And if you think that this is dry and boring, I think if you're running a pharmaceutical company this is where you start to seeing dollar signs before your eyes. Because you know the binding site of something. And what's happened since then is that you start to have an explosion of high-resolution structures of various receptors. In particular the G-protein coupled receptors, which are the no sorry they're not sorted by G-protein coupled. But basically from 2011 or something we've had the whole difference here is that we have more and more G-protein coupled receptors. That in particular means that we today we probably have close to 100 different structures. You start having a bunch of different human ones. You have quite a few from mouse or rat and everything. And you can, if you go online and look for this, you can actually even see that how they've gradually mapping out the entire tree of all G-protein coupled receptors. Because at some point you can start to use bioinformatics, right? If you have a structure known with 90 percent sequence identity, then you can probably build a good homology model. But the cool thing that's happening now is that every time you have a new structure in a new branch of this tree. And David Shaw and Ron Rohr, they have even simulated G-protein receptors and drug binding here. If you're doing simulations over here, we're one microsecond already. That's a fairly long simulation. And I think this simulation took something like 10, 20 microseconds. So here you see the small drug binding. When this drug bind bound, you actually saw some of these healers is moving. So they can see the entire activation of the receptor, how the activation happens, what transition stages go through and how it finds the new structure in the activated sense. And again, then you really start to be able to predict not just the first step is understanding that the drug binds and that it binds well, right? The second step, can you design a drug that induces a specific motion in your protein? And if you, after those studies, people have determined the co crystals at an x-ray structure of the receptor together with the crystal. So the pink one here is the simulated structure. The gray one is the one you got in the lab later on. Pretty decent match, right? And again, it's very easy to say that computers are slow.  But in this scale, you're happy to buy a supercomputer for a couple of million dollars or tens of millions of dollars. The other thing that you should remember with computers is that they get twice as fast, probably every 18 months, right? There are a few other experimental techniques. So when I started out as a student, when we could run a 10 nanosecond simulation, we were thrilled. Today it's 10 microsecond simulation in any thesis. So that's a like a 1000 fold improvement in less than two decades. And that's going to keep paying back. So we will have, we will very soon wait 10 years and simulation like this is going to be commonplace. You're going to see them everywhere. You're also starting to see more and more simulations where people are actually studying what happens when things bind because that's where if you're, as you might have seen in the previous simulation, that you had the molecule being up here and then it spent some time waiting there. We can show the movie again. So you see in the binding, do you see that is waiting up there? That it spends quite a lot of time here, but it's not really happy. Now it's waiting and then eventually it's going to drop down here. So what do you think that waiting states corresponds to if you compare that with protein folding? You're going to have some sort of intermediate here, right? Where it's a relatively low free energy, but it's not the best one. And of course, if you now want a good binder, you would like something where the transition states should be relatively low so that you can bind quickly and you should quickly reach the bound state. And that bound state should have the lowest free energy. So this is really all the same thing as protein folding. It's something we historically haven't thought of as protein folding because it has been too expensive to treat that way. But again, wait 10 years. This is how you're going to design drugs in the future. And what they can show that they can even show that by changing things, they can influence these barriers and show that it binds faster or slower, but I won't go into details there. I think this is another example of, oh, this is just another drug where they show that, in this case, I think they actually showed the full activation and that they showed that they could achieve this with another drug. But in the interest of time, I will skip that. Brian Kubilke in particular has continued this work in the receptors and they've been able to show not just what the structure of the receptor is, but they've shown how these entire interaction networks work, how they're binding the proteins that are on the inside, how these proteins, how the structural change in these receptors induces structural changes in the yellow and blue parts here, and really how the entire activation networks on the inside of the cell happens. And I say that this is still very much work in progress, but they've been able to start deciphering the first part of this signaling pathways in the cell. And I think I've touched upon this a couple of times, but do you see the point that all these things we think of biology, cell signaling, cell division, it's all caused by proteins interacting and binding and forcing something to happen. And of course, this happens in a millisecond or something, and then you have quite a lot of time for the cell to repeat this with trial and error. In particular for the deep protein couple of receptors, people have been able to show really that it's particular one helix that's involved here and how this helix is moving and changing position as a consequence of binding a ligand in the outer part and that this causes things to activate. And I think that they had, yes, they had some 20, 30 microsecond simulations that they showed later on how the helix really changes place during activation, where you're going from active to intermediate and inactive states. And I won't, I'm not going to spend too much time going through that in detail. Yep. That's a super good question. We can make it more general to make it. So the question is once a receptor binds a ligand, why doesn't it stay bound forever, right? Because that's a low free energy state. Let's think about what that would mean biologically. Assume that I have my small, I'll use an ion channel because I think it's easier to understand. But so I have my ion channel and by default cells, cells should not be leaky, right? So by default, most ion channels are closed. And now for whatever reason, I have something that binds up here that causes my own channel to open and now ions are flowing through here. And then ions keeps flowing through. So all we managed to create now is that the cell keeps leaking. That's pretty bad. That would be horrible in biology. So what virtually all these receptors have developed, their properties that that state when it's open is not the lowest free energy state. That's an intermediate state. So what, and again, we only know this because we see it in nature. So what happens is that you're having some state that looks like that. So that is the open state. And this is some kind of desensitized or inactivated state that eventually you stay here for a little while, and then you continue to some other state where it's closed again. What now happens, remember that we have an equilibrium here, right? So that in particular, if you now change the confirmation of this molecule or something in this particular state, the protein might now have changed it so that it's not as advantageous for this molecule to bind anymore. And at some point, I'm going to have the law of mass action that some of these ligand will bind and they will eventually unbind. It's not until this ligand unbinds that there is receptor will recycle and go back here. And this could take a second or two seconds or 10 seconds. But because this protein, in the meantime, I've kind of disqualified this channel so you can't participate in being open because it has gone to this deactivated state. And eventually when the ligand releases again, because it might have a lower affinity in this state, then it will go back here. So the point is that when the ligand eventually dissociates, typically when in the case, this would be the case when you have the ligand bound, right? What would typically have, if you don't have the ligand present, you would have a free energy like to look something like that instead. So without the ligand bound, that should be the lowest free energy state. The reason why this works is that you don't have a uniform concentration of ligands in your cell. If you have, say, the synapse, if you have been one, sorry, one nerve cell here, and then I'm not going to get any prize for my drawings, if you have the nerve signal coming in here, and you have the neurotransmitters being released so they gradually open up. Initially, you're going to have a very high local concentration of the neurotransmitters here, right? And that will mean that lots of them might bind to my small ion channel on the receiving side here. But what will happen with those neurotransmitters about a second later? They will diffuse all over the place, right? They will diffuse out here and they will diffuse out here. So the local concentration of this small molecule will very quickly decrease. Well, very quickly. That might take a second. In the meantime, we have put the receptor in a deactivated state, so that it's not open. And eventually, when these have diffused away, we're going to need to use energy, because at some point, they're going to need to reload this whole thing to fill these vesicles with new neurotransmitters. But to do that, we will use energy. So the reason why this works, it couldn't work completely in equilibrium. The very fast opening or closing of a channel, that is something that happens, because when you're binding a drug, we are changing, we are altering the state that has the lowest free energy. So when you have bound the drug, it's better for the channel to be open. When the drug eventually releases, because again, this drug is now bound because we had lots of it present, right? If I significantly reduce the concentration of the drug, it's this equation again, A plus B, AB. If I am significantly reducing the concentration of B, the equation will go that way. So if I, as B is diffusing away, they will gradually reset the receptor. And when B is no longer bound, the receptor here will say, oh, I no longer have that ligand bound. It's now better for me to be in the normal open state again. And it will recycle. So I just find it amazing that this works. Trust me, it does work on the molecular level, which is basically the last 15 years we found out. Until 10, 15 years ago, there wasn't, actually, forget 15, 10 years. Until 10 years ago, there was not a single protein that we knew in both open and closed states. The reason we know this today is that we have structures where we can see that it's either open or closed and how it changes. I just have two more slides. I'm going to show you just so that this is work in progress. Already in this work, sorry, as a consequence of this, Brian Kabilka got the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2012. Whom did he get it together with? No, he got it together with Bob Levkovic, who is his old advisor for the study of GPCR biology and everything. And this is the both fun and challenging things with Nobel Prizes. Their decisions are secret for 50 years. You don't know how they reasoned, but of course, I would guess that their reasoning was very much focused on that the people had actually done all the important biology, the overexpression and everything. That was Brian Kabilka and Bob Levkovic. And while Ray Stevens' work is second to none, it's an amazing work. They probably mostly saw his work in crystallography and everything. It's not the most important biological contribution. So we won't know exactly, right? But the price can be split over up to three people. So when they decide, in the occasions when they decide to only award it to two people, although there was a third obvious candidate, that sends a very strong signal that they, for whatever reason, they didn't think that the third person was as worthy.  If you're interested, you can find some of the some of the price motivations are public after 50 years. And that's the 1960s we're up to. So you can actually find the price motivations, for instance, for the DNA structure. I might have told you this earlier in the course. So when did Watson and Crick discover the DNA structure? When did they get the Nobel Prize? 62, nine years. Why on earth did it take nine years before they were awarded the Nobel Prize for this? They were not even nominated until 1960, which is, this is, you could argue, this is the important discovery in molecular biology in all of the 19th century, right? We know that. Oh, sorry. To get the Nobel Prize, you have to be nominated. The Prize Committee can also nominate you, but nobody even thought that this was a Nobel Prize-worthy discovery until eight years later. The important science is obvious in the rearview mirror. In 1959, it was not obvious that the DNA structure was important. It was, of course, important, but it was not obvious that it was a Nobel Prize-worthy discovery. Think about that. The things that you think are obvious are the things you see in the rearview mirror. It's hard to do science looking forward. And just looking forward, there are things that are happening all the time here. In nature, less than one month ago, April 5, Ray Stevens Lab had a new angiotensin-2 receptor, which is related to angiotensin-1, which is related to blood pressure. New GPCR structure discovered by free electron lasers. Super cool new technique. The first GPCR structure that I'm aware of that's a free electron laser structure. And in this case, they actually show that one of the helices behaves in a different way. This could very well lead to important blood pressure medication in the future. And related to that, also in April, small European GPCR drug firm, 800 million euros. So just to give you an idea, this is a small startup sale. They basically have one or two drugs in the pipeline, looks promising. And then you have some headhorns show pharma firm going in and spending almost a billion dollars and getting them because they're so concerned about making money in the future. That's all I have for today. What I would like you to do until tomorrow is think about because the challenging thing is that this is not mentioned in the book. Look through these slides, search on Google if you want to, and think if you're, first, what's the problem with the old way of designing drugs? How are we designing drugs today? And basically, if you were forced to sit down and design drugs, what are the tools we could use? Think a little bit about that because you might be there sooner than you think. 1203. Let's meet one PM at PsyLifeLab.


We're anti-trump. We work for Soros Go look up the Bilderbergs. I'm like, yeah, okay good And the funny part is two or three lines down with there They think we're Trump's biggest supporter around his payroll, so we're doing a good job of being unbiased. I think Yeah Yeah, I think we should bring that up and in Yeah, we should today and say, you know, yep Well, I'll say I'll say our usual thing, you know, hey, it's you know, it comes to see him Didn't Greg I'll say you guys think and you guys got anything to say and then let's just get that in discussion Hey guys, we we as a matter of fact we avoid things that we know we're consciously really biased up. All right, here we go I'm scott rouse of a body language expert and analyst that train law enforcement in the military In interrogation by language. I'm also a keynote speaker and a trial consultant And Greg and I have a course called body language tactics.com. If you want to learn a little bit more about body language mark I'm Mark Bowden. I'm an expert in human behavior and body language I help people all over the world stand out win trust and gain credibility Every time they communicate including some of the leaders of the g7 Chase Hey, I'm chase Hughes. I am a body language expert And behavioral expert I teach influence and persuasion to 20 years in the u.s. Military and wrote the number one best-selling book on behavior profiling and influence the ellipsis manual Greg I'm Greg Hartley. I'm a former army interrogator interrogation instructor resistance to interrogation instructor I've written a few books on body language and behavior I have a bus a business book called the most dangerous business book you'll ever read and the really My best book a book called how to spot a liar. I mostly spend my time today in corporate american wall street Excellent well today, we're going to be talking about is joe biden and we've been uh baselining some politicians President trump is when we did last time and this time we're going to do joe biden It's from an interview you did in 2016 with gloria I can't remember her last name. What was it uh, borgger Borgger gloria borgger And so we're just going to take a look at his body language and talk about what he looks like when there's nothing Heated happening nothing big going on and as we go through this it's important to remember That we're not politically we're not on one side of the other side. None of us are We're apolitical when we do this we call them like we see them if we see something that that looks like Uh deception will say oh this looks deceptive here here and here and here's why We see something looks truthful. We'll say this looks truthful here here and here and here's why So that's what we're doing. So and don't don't think that we're for one person or for another person That's not what we do Greg you had something to say about that as well a couple things number one We're here to get a baseline and what we want you to have the ability to do is to read the person when they're talking They're a handful of things I want you to think about if you're coming to the four of us to ask for voting advice shame on you I mean we're good behavior experts and people experts. We're not politically aimless. It's not how we're wired We really go out of our way to be as unbiased as it's humanly possible So I want you to know that the other piece I had a good conversation with a friend today And he asked me can you tell whether they're lying or telling the truth about their Campaign promises they're moving for us. Nobody can tell that because it's a campaign promise Even if they have all the intent in the world of doing it the next thing you know things change because reality is not their dream They're not emperors no matter if some of them want to be or not They're not emperors. They can't get away with whatever they want. So we're not going to tell you who to vote for We don't want to try to influence that we want you to have the ability to watch people when they're talking And see the difference in their body language based on stimulus Mark do you have something No, not at all. Well, other than you know, we do see comments every now and again saying hey You're on the payroll of this organization or that person or this, you know international cabal Please could they send the money? Because I haven't seen any of it Yet if this isn't enough we'll stop I'll take mine in chick-fil-a cards or in starbucks gift cards So, yeah, no kidding. Yeah, that's the part that wigs me out. Everybody thinks we're on the payroll for something All right, so we got that part done. So what we'll do now is we'll go through and we'll look at that Four or five little clips of joe biden and we'll tell you what we're saying so it can help you baseline his behavior for the upcoming Uh debates with president trump. Here we go. Let me ask you this then uh Bernie sanders senator sanders says a history on this he he has in the past Voted uh to protect gun manufacturers from liability Is this a shot across the bow at bernie sanders? Well, bernie sanders has said that he thought the president's approach is a correct approach Bernie sanders said that he thinks there should be liability now Well, he said he's recon might reconsider his position. Okay, but he look um One of the purposes the president has and I have we want to affect the attitude of the nominees We've worked too hard the last seven years to uh Take the party to a place in the country the place we think it should be And so uh what uh what little influence I may have and he may have on Who the nominee is and what the nominee says we're not going to be ashamed So greg you want to go first? Sure, I don't have a whole lot on this when they're handful of things to watch for biden has a very specific thing Remember he's been in public life since 29 and this is the peak as far as he knows at that moment of his career He's been vice president for this is the end of it. This is a five-year-old video And he's engaging gloria his face. You'll see his brow rise when he's starting to make comments That doesn't mean he's lying. It means he's looking for that approval back or as ekman would call it fishing for resonance He's looking for resonance making sure he has connection with her. He breaks a smile That's patented for joe.  You see him moving his hand You'll also hear one of his anchor words that he uses constantly He is he says now look look isn't means nothing for him except for a filler word and he's using it But also watch his adapter. Remember what adapters are as a way to adapt to your environment Take control and you are rubbing or releasing nervous energy to be comfortable He has his hands together and he's adapting and so he has a barrier and an adapter and I refer to that as sacred space It's a way to take control of your space and then make yourself comfortable As you watch him talk to her you can hear his lilt as he's asking for approval It's asking as he goes to the end. This is not negative or positive. That's his normal He's been in public life a long time and he has lots of sub routines that he uses Chase So we see a good example here more his visual home is during some of these normal questions And he looks down into his right Most of the time and this goes back probably 25 years some of the videos that we've watched His visual home would be down in this direction look down this way We also see gloria doing two major major mistakes if you're interviewing somebody number one She's extremely permissive Number two, she's asking tons of leading questions that start with the word so So she'll sum it up and then Put a completely different idea in there and say so this Which is a horrible idea for an interview. Maybe ask somebody to clarify And we'll see some other mistakes. She makes I've never seen anyone interrupt Someone during an interview as much as she has during this interview, which is awful Uh, we also see a simple Uh, right-sided shoulder shrug when he says he is Sharing the same views with the current president who's uh, obama at the time And we see a lot of digital flexion at the end when he's saying we want to have influence over over the nominees So we see his hands squeeze up just a little bit So we're just getting a sense of what his baseline is. Maybe he does that all the time. Maybe he doesn't I'll give you the answer here. He actually doesn't do that very often. He does it when he's under a lot of stress We see those fingers squeeze in into the hand and he's also doing the adaptive gestures that uh, Greg talked to Scott well, here's what I got i'm and Take this for what it's worth. See what you guys think about it may sound crazy I think we're seeing the hallmarks of Of someone imitating an alpha I mean, he's being still he's doing all the things you're supposed to do Whether he's been coached to do that or not. I think he's old enough been in this a long time But I think having been around obama.  He comes down sits down. It's like bang And I couldn't as we got to talk about that as well He sometimes because it was unbelievable how this cat just like laid into it and you were like, holy smokes, man He's totally in charge And I think I think that's what's happening here is bite and has seen that enough times where he's trying to to Imitate that nothing nothing. It's bad. I'm just saying that's what that's what we're seeing him trying to imitate Imitate the alpha and then I mean the thing to point out here when you're talking about an alpha is if there is an alpha in an organization Where there's a business an army special forces team But any any team the other people are going to emulate that body that body language because it's a behavior pattern That gets recognition and positive reinforcement And so of course I think it's important to say that because you can tell when people have been in a cloistered environment You can pick up the body language of the alpha on everyone around them. I think it's a good. Yeah, I've seen that That's why I'm saying I just can't I can't call him on it because I don't see the We're seeing the hallmarks of alpha behavior, but we're not seeing the alpha in there I don't know how to explain it, but that's that's why I think it's been imitated and chase I think when that half shred comes up He's repeating what he's heard obama say and he wants to be part of that like we're saying this which is fine That's what he's supposed to completely back him up. That's what right. That's what vp does And he's calm and guarded and And again, we see the hand Greg you covered his adapters there But he gives that confirmation smile when he when he starts talking during smiles were big that like you agree with me, right? That thing so that's kind of it's not manipulative But it's one of those things that that helps her stay quiet because she will not Stop it man. I mean, it's it's she's this close to being rude. I to me It's it's the one of the worst kinds of of interviews You see that one where it's all one person and they're all That you know that the one shot of just the person asking the question and then the person's already answering the question They kept back the person. We miss everything This is the other counter. They just won't let him answer the question He's right in the middle of some of these things that she butts right in Mark, what do you got? Yeah, so I would say in this interview the interviewer is trying to double bind him up get him in a bit of a position So in terms of looking at the baseline, we we do see these These adapters here and here which I would say a self soothing gestures. So we've got to decide Is this Normal behavior for him given that he's had a million and one interviews or is this pressure on him Let's just suggest. I think at this moment that it is Enough of an aggressive interview and it's going Already into places. He maybe doesn't want to go just before this. We saw his chin lift up to show a sense of Not really arrogance but being up for the fight We saw him push his tongue around a certain subject before this where he was putting a bind around it I think he doesn't he already doesn't like Where this is going I'll leave it there and one quick note on The alpha behavior and especially obama's alpha behavior As far as behavior goes just behavior He was one of the coolest nonverbal communicative presidents we've ever had and If there's one guy that's hard to outdo in that Arena is jerry Seinfeld And him and jerry get on a show together called comedians in cars getting coffee jerry drives the white house And you can still see it obama is still Owning the room so to speak and I think that joe has learned to emulate a lot of those behaviors over His his time in office with obama When I when I teach people body language of alphas. I always say alphas don't strut their competitors do And that's a obama is a perfect example of that that Just doing his thing and doesn't worry about what anyone else is doing.  I'm staring at myself most of the Stupid making sure my head's I I think like most I think like most of the comments we get I I can't stop looking to chase his eyes Get closer to the cameras. That's the hypnosis You know what bugs me god I think it's I think the the thing is about about The girls is I think he gets too much attention How much does that cost you man and can I work and I order one? I'm gonna sell this on ebay Is this a chase? What do you got on the back? No, it's just another picture of you so I can look at Okay, here we go Uh, as we all know you were thinking long and hard yourself Uh about running for the presidency and you decided it was a no-go And you've said you regret it every day. Yeah, tell me well in response to a question I I did say that look I made the absolute right decision for my family And I made what what what I regret is and I'm still going to be able to do it is I care deeply about these issues I've spent my whole adult life. I was 29 years old Working on foreign policy and domestic policy and I care deeply about it and so I regret to the extent I regret not having a louder voice on it But we're I'm the vice president of the United States for another year in office And we have an opportunity to get a lot more done. We've done a great deal not with standing the fiction on the other side We've done a great deal. We've taken this country from Chaos to recovery. We're on the verge of resurgence. We genuinely are better positioned than any nation in the world economically and politically and so there's so much we can do And the opportunities we have in life sciences and the opportunities we have in the Breakthroughs are gonna occur in the next four to six years are astounding. Let me ask All right chase what you got Uh, so we have another thing here that uh with eye movement that we're gonna see is personal story recall When he's thinking of an actual personal story that happened to him We see an upward head and eye movement together So skull eyes moving together and unison, which is great See another use of his tagline word of look when he starts to answer stuff, which I will say There is an app through google I don't know what it's called where you can look at the presence of words that start sentences Especially on media. This is a huge thing don lemon on cnn Sean Hannity on fox news They all started doing this within the last three or four years where they Want to sound like they're making a really good point. So they'll start it with look And then they'll start talking but he is a visual speaker even though he's using the word look He still is a visual guy and that does speak to his visual nature one thing We see a little Freudian slip here Instead of the word friction on the other side. He says the word fiction On the other side And we see him using his left hand to gesture towards The republican party or the other side when he's saying fiction on the other side And right after that we see his right hand move when he's saying we've taken this country from chaos to recovery And then he's going with his right hand using that right hand again We're going to see this many times throughout this interview anything negative is going to be over here with his left hand And again This interviewer I don't think biden gets to complete any of his answers here. He's getting interrupted He doesn't even get halfway through any of his answers before she goes, okay But and then just just starts talking at him and just asking a whole new question Which I think is a horrible technique here and like scott says just borderline rude if not Fully rude Mark, what do you get? Yeah, so here's what I think he starts to do in order to control that interviewer is when he gets onto a set piece He goes symmetrical. He does what we might call squeezing the melon So he kind of holds this kind of ball or melon. I love I love that description Yeah Squeezing that melon and that's a way to create what I would call a moderator which says I've got the ball now I've got the melon. I'm holding this big heavy object here. You aren't going to interrupt me however She does interrupt and then he goes back To this self soothing mechanism that he's got going on which is why I might say I think this is a baseline for him around Self soothing but it is a baseline around their stress In this conversation. So in debates, for example, I would be looking out For this to start happening because I'd be thinking now. Maybe he's under a little bit of stress and concern Around this squeezing the melon that's training. That's that somebody has said to him, you know what? Open palm gestures Get them symmetrical Because that's going to be calm and assertive and it will hold the conversation So so what's interesting here for me is a baseline is though. He's had training at this point He's not very good at holding on to it I would say under stress and pressure and he's going back to those self soothing adapters under stress and pressure That's a bit of a red flag for me in terms of how do I think he's going to perform under stress and pressure of debates There's my take on it Okay, great. What do you got? Yeah, so a couple of things. I I really think he meant fiction in this case chase because I think he's saying they made this up You know, there's a lot of attacks from the left. That's what I mean from the right That's what I think he's actually saying He does what I call sacred space the thing you're talking about milling his hands Often when he hits emotion what you're calling home here I think is home only in this interview because I've watched some other interviews with him and the home here That's emotion I of all the eye movement stuff that people will tell you and they'll try to give you absolutes The only one I ever think is very solid is when you feel emotion. You look down into your right. That's humans That's just how we're wired and some of these topics are very emotional for him as he gets into the conversation She's also talked to him about bow a little bit in this conversation I believe so you've moved him into the emotional But when he gets emotional he does close his hands and he does mill and he does relax When he's on message to your point mark where you call it compressing or holding the melon squeezing the melon where they call it that or accordion or whatever he's doing. Yeah Well, Trump is more the accordion. Yeah, Trump is the accordion because he's playing the polka while he's down What I've coined is monkey symbols. Oh, yeah, that's even better monkey symbols So but he what he's doing is this is a guy who has been on message his whole life You know, he's had to be in front of people people asking me who lies the most I say politicians They have to keep enough people happy the right people happy to keep them in office so they have to be able to Nuance the truth when they're talking not saying he's lying not at all I'm saying when he's on message his hands his body his face His words are all working together and if you look it's a congruent message And the other thing he's doing is I call it I usually call it a plaintiff whale or the or the biden wine When he gets to where he's trying to convince you when he's frustrated He gets more whiny in his voice and it's an approach he takes as he's drawing you in to listen to him He's changing the tone of his voice Overall, I think he's all together Illustrating and effectively with his hands when he's doing that the melon or the accordion or the whatever you want to call it And he's effectively delivering a message.  Anyway back to emotion closes puts his hands together That's what I have Scott what you got I'm seeing him.   I mean he's doing that So yeah, he's he's great at this. I think he's really good at it staying calm Even though he's feeling I think a lot of the motion we're seeing is coming from him being frustrated I think that's when you hear the voice Wow, you know starting to change when he gets frustrated you hear it in every interview where he gets frustrated. Yeah Uh, as we all know you were thinking long and hard yourself Uh about running for the presidency and you decided it was a no-go And you've said you regret it every day. Yeah, tell me well in response to a question I I did say that look I made the absolute right decision for my family But do you agree and I may well what what I regret is and I'm still going to be able to do it is I care deeply about these issues I've spent my whole adult life. I was 29 years old Working on foreign policy and domestic policy and I care deeply about it and so I regret to the extent I regret not having a louder voice on it But we're I'm the vice president of the United States for another year in office And we have an opportunity to get a lot more done We've done a great deal notwithstanding the fiction on the other side. We've done a great deal We've taken this country from chaos to recovery. We're on the verge of resurgence We genuinely are better positioned than any nation in the world economically and politically and so there's so much we can do And the opportunities we have in life sciences and the opportunities we have in the Breakthroughs that are going to occur in the next four to six years are astounding. Let me ask Okay, we're good Let me ask you about the race. Yeah, that you're not in And now we see that Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton are actually running neck and neck In Iowa and in New Hampshire Why do you think Hillary Clinton is struggling? Well, first of all, I I've been of the view and I don't know that you and I talked about it I I don't want to say that for certain but we may have I thought for the last six months there were neck and neck in both places I never bought the idea that there was somehow that Remember and he was up by 15 points in New Hampshire and he was down by 15 points That's not that's not the way this process works as you and I both know I'm much older than you but you've covered a lot of this and And so I'm not surprised that it is viewed as neck and neck But I'm also Will be surprised if if the plunders turn out to be right. They hardly ever are in Iowa, New Hampshire So I I'm not why is she so here's what I got out of this one when she starts and she says so You know the race here. Let's talk about the race then she says the race you're not in the first part makes him smile So that's a real smile. I believe that's a Duchenne smile the second part where he we see him force that extra smile because it's On his last nerve and sort of embarrassing for him I think because maybe he said he wanted to to wish he can he continued And we'll notice as when he Smiles the big smile that comes down to the other one when she starts talking about hillary and bernie Which gets that next subject. You'll see that smile go away way too quickly Now when having grown up with a blind person Although it tells you about my dad's bff doc watson I noticed a lot of times when he was really thought something was funny His smile would stay when we tell what I knew my joke would hit good because his smile would stay It would slowly go away when he was trying to be nice to someone nobody ever said to him Hey, man, you got to keep that smile going because because he would smile and then it'd be gone And it was it's odd behavior and that's what that reminded me of when I saw that because Which suggested to know what's indicates? he's he's See these other two his competition which they were and which he did and they were all talking about each other and all that so he had to be A man and not be bad mouthing him but be cool about it as he goes forward talking about him and i'm sure that's tough So I think that's why the smile went away because he's thinking in there Jesus here it comes now. I gotta say something without getting up You know without getting after him or saying something bad about him And again, he's staying very calm during all this. So I thought that was really cool. Greg. What do you got? Yeah, I don't have a whole lot on this one when he when he starts to look If you'll notice when he usually does the smile that he uses to control something It's the other side of his face where it starts in this case it starts on the right and then spreads across his face So I think you're right There's probably either a nervous or some kind of a natural smile that comes up and then he remembers Oh, yeah, hey because that's kind of his trademark because he's got strength in it The other thing he does is politician 101 Is he starts by shuffling and filling a lot of words that really have no meaning now look about about it I've said many times that's just filler So it gives him time to shuffle get ready to move to the next step And you can use that in your life Lots of great speakers have filler words if you consider last Tuesday to be an important day in your life Then well I'd say anything and they have filler words that have no Meaning the other thing he does that I think is artful is he almost calls Gloria Borgger old And then he suddenly realizes it and goes oh, I'm a lot older than you but you've been at this a while And I think he realizes and he's graceful in backing out If you want you'll also see the hand you'll see chase already brought it up He gestured positively was right negatively was left and you can see that working here But not a whole lot other than that pitch in the smile I think his patented smile starts on the left his genuine stuff starts on the right and he adjusts quickly And I think it's a little bit of a nervous smile and a little snarky when he does that Kind of weird look at her Chase where you got When she says the race that you're not in One thing in addition to that smile it kind of starts on the left side of his face is eye blocking We see a we see a rapid increase in blink rate to where he's not really making any eye contact That rapid increase in blink rate is not a stress Indicator as if it were going up in response to a subject that is more of an eye blocking behavior than a stress Blink rate gradual increase from a stressful subject Right when Bernie Sanders and clinton are mentioned we see a hallmark classic digital flexion His his fingers in his lap you see everything kind of squeeze up and clinch up there Which is a great indicator and one of the things I always teach is I wish I could cite the source But it's not me But the further a body part is from the head the harder it is to control during anxiety Desmond morris that's Desmond morris Desmond morris. Thank you And we see more ght up by 15 points He's using his right hand punch and he's just left And he does something which we call which I call digital extension Where his where his fingers come out? But they come out all the way into this gesture as he's doing this to the interviewer Which is what I refer to as a stop gesture So if you're trying to talk anyone out of doing something even if your hands are down at your side Your fingers will extend as you're trying to talk someone out of something So he's saying like Don't attack me because I I made this mistake. I'm going to fix it real quick and he can get some more time And right afterwards we see his little hygienic gesture. He does the stop He's a Adjusting his tie and when I say hygienic gesture just any behavior designed to improve physical appearance Adjusting your clothing picking lint off the clothes licking your lips adjusting your hair and that kind of stuff And it follows with my contact avoidance, which I think is Unusual for that situation Even when he's talking he doesn't look at her. He waits a few minutes to look back at the alpha in the room So to speak this interviewer And yet again, biden gets interrupted. Holy moly His expression a facial expression disappears And it shows us this could be false true facial expressions This is the work of uh, dr. paul ekman True facial expressions will fade off of the face and false ones will usually disappear just like scott was saying And Finally when she interrupts his hands are up here He's he's speaking confidently and she interrupts him And right when he gets interrupted his hands fall to his lap and surrender. They just dropped They dropped into his lap because he's getting interrupted again. This is a Very bad interview Interviewer I will say you guys are winning. No friends at cnn All right mark, what do you got? Yeah, so here's what I think is the is the premise of the question Is why is hillary clinton struggling? So what he's trying to do is avoid Answering that premise that there's a struggle involved. That's what he's trying to stay away from I believe what we see there Is is not just a as you say chase. There are hygienic gesture. He goes or as I'd say hygienic gesture But he goes into Both of us So first of all, he avoids that whole premise by saying I discount The premise due to the media not really having the right figures. He then says look, I've been around a long time You're very experienced. So he tries to level them out at that point Then I believe he goes here for the tie and does a little pull down or a dust down Because that's a signal of status to go. I'm I now own this and I think chase We've seen that before with his jacket That he that he does so so I'm kind of I'm gonna baseline from this that when he wants to show us He's in charge He's gonna go for a roundabout the sternum belly area and do some kind of adaption There possibly I'd probably like to see a bit more data to prove that assumption of mine But but I'm I'm hedging my bets on that that it's his way of going. I am in charge Um, I mean one of the things about the tie is that we maybe don't understand now is that ties Are made from one piece one piece of Italian silk And therefore they're super expensive to make and one of the reasons people Traditionally went for the tie is to go look how expensive I am look at all the authority the power I must have let me flaunt my tie in front of you and now it's it's shown into I mean often we see people Display the insides of their jack that is the inside of my jacket actually is Italian silk So it's to display, you know, look at the power that I have this will have cost me a lot of money You should pay some attention to me because I think he is under stress Here and he is being railroaded somewhat by this interviewer Maybe we'll find out a little bit later what she's actually Trying to get him to talk about here. Let me ask you about the race. Yeah, that you're not in Uh, and now we see that Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton are actually running neck and neck In Iowa and in New Hampshire Why do you think Hillary Clinton is struggling? Well, first of all, I I've been of the view and I don't know that you and I talked about it I I don't want to say that for certain but we may have I thought for the last six months there were neck and neck in both places I never bought the idea that there was somehow That remember and he was up by 15 points in New Hampshire and he was down by 15 That's not that's not the way this process works as you and I both know I'm much older than you but you've covered a lot of this and uh, And so I'm not surprised that it is viewed as neck and neck But I'm also Will be surprised if if the plunders turn out to be right They hardly ever are on Iowa, New Hampshire. So I I'm I'm not why is she Okay, we're good I'm I'm not why is she struggling? I mean you I you say I mean we consider she was an overwhelming favorite and Well, I I think that's part of the reason. He's a democratic socialist Yeah, but if you I mean, you know if Bernie Sanders never said he was a democratic socialist Based on what he's saying people wouldn't be calling him a democratic socialist That's how he characterizes himself in sort of european terms the democratic socialist parties in in europe, but But why is she having trouble? Well, I I think that That bernie is speaking to a yearning That is deep and real And he has credibility on it and that is the absolute Enormous concentration of wealth and a small group of people with the middle class Now being able to be shown being left out there used to be a basic bargain If you contribute it to the profitability of enterprise, you got to share in the profit That's been broken productivities up Wages are starting. All right. Well at the top of this you can see when she says uh why she's struggling She gets to the part where she says he's a democratic socialist That's when we see The jet the chin jet and his chin go back a little bit of the tongue coming out because he's doing the On the inside of his bottom lip there and that suggests it denotes that he's not only not into it makes him a little bit angry So as it is he's coming he's coming forward with it and then uh, he begins preening You know like pulling on the side of his pants when you when you're You want to really get on someone's nerves and you and you're talking to him they're telling you something you start this That's that is such a big disrespect number I don't know if he's pulling on his pants as a disrespectful thing that he's trying to Keep it all in or if he's doing that again out of uh using it as an adapter So it's one of those things that i'm not really sure which but i'm sure it but i get the vibe It's it's it's more of a preening the issue there and then all these these um everything we're seeing all together in this situation all these Tight quick little things in that one spot Tell you that he's or denotes that he's uncomfortable Indicates he's uncomfortable and I think he's he's not fed up with her yet But I think she's on his last nerve Because she's just keeps Jumping in and and won't don't let him answer well and and then she'll he'll start to answer She'll jump back in and say something else. So i don't know if she's trying to to mess with her what's going on, but It's it's just the like che you said chase is the worst way Uh to do an interview. So what do you got greg Yeah, so here he starts to show why he is a career politician and been successful His regulators meaning how you control the conversation start to pick up now He has been sitting there and listening to her run over him. He starts using his hand. He points at her with his finger That's a control mechanism and he starts to put her on notice whether she consciously knows it or not He's put her on notice Then he kind of does kind of a snarky smile when I see the Anger around branding. I mean the anger around the the democratic socialist I think what he's really angry about scott is that bernie figured out how to brand himself in a way that gave him real credibility with people I think that's where the emotion is Because if you notice he kind of has a little crooked smile when he says only because he calls himself that if people associated him with that But his regulators start to be controlling you see him moving his face and Engaging her in a big way as brow is there. He even leans in close to her So he's allowing himself the opportunity to talk and I think there's a lot of regulator that comes out of here One quick thought, you know, he does a lot of this scott. We're I mean scott Chase, where have you seen that snatching your coat down? That's a very military thing Oh, yeah I want to demonstrate authority and you're around if you're around marine corps Army navy air force officers all the time and they're snapping their coat That's an authority thing and I think that's some of why he does it when he's getting on the ropes Or he's trying to control so I think you're seeing him broadcasting that he wants space Taking that space and starting to do this and saying look bernie Is not doing anything anybody else hasn't done when he starts to talk about bernie has found a space that nobody is talking to His eyes drift down to the right again back to that emotional space I think probably what what he's thinking there. This is me guessing Is hey, this guy's got a thing that we didn't figure out and he's got he's running with it. That's my opinion All right, so chase what you got I get to say it So Surprise he gets interrupted a few more times And there's discomfort with the topic. I think His pulling of the pants is less of a broadcast desired attempt to broadcast I think it is what scott said. I do think it is kind of a pacifier Or some kind of a what greg would call an adaptive And when he's saying the democratic socialist party, we see a huge increase in blink rate almost to the point of what some behavioral people would call an eye flutter Which may or may not classify as eye blocking behavior here He uses positive ght side to discuss the small populace of the rich She uses his right hand to discuss the rich. She doesn't kind of lean over and say there's this small populace You can still use the right hand, but if you're going to something negative you might lean over here That's your negative side See people do that all the time. This is not just debate profiling prep. This is not just biden baseline You can use this every day I think biden likes to lean in when he knows he's got a real good point He's excited that he has a very coherent message And this is just like when trump does this big nasal inhale when he goes Before he starts saying something he knows he's he's gonna win everybody over biden does the lean it and I think he's also doing that to prevent her from Interrupting him again. Well, she does again at the end of this And I think he leans in because he knows he's got a good point. He's reasserting his control over the conversation And he at the very end here we see him get uninterrupted once again Mark. Yeah. So here's where this has been leading Is that uh, you can't even beat That or or or she She can't even beat a democratic socialist Which you know, my assumption would be in in the u.s. You know, if you can't beat a democrat an old school European democratic socialist like what's what's going on here The interviewer here has got me in a real bind and this is where she's been leading. I believe all the way which is And and we see at the second Time she says she she goes. Why is she? So she does the stress on the s and then does three ease afterwards She's trying to tell him look what I want you to talk about here is is gender And character. So essentially she's lulling him. She's trying to bring him into which is really, you know Was trump's idea which is that woman? The problem is the woman and specifically That woman now he doesn't want to go anywhere near this And that's why I think he does that that that self soothing gesture on the trousers on his pants At the side because this is now a real problem for him Um And we do get that lean in and he comes right down the center of his wheel plane there So right down the center to go. I've really got my thoughts together on this I'm leaning in something we see more from trump These days that are consistent lean in all the time on the interviewer because at this point He's going to totally moderate this and control this Because it's it's out of hand. She's now pushed him into an area He doesn't want to go which is to throw his colleague Under the bust based on being female and a specific type of character Of female he's decided he's not going there. That's what I'd say about it. I'm not why is she struggling? I mean you I you say I mean we consider she was an overwhelming favorite and Well, I I think that's part of the reason. He's a democratic socialist Yeah, but if you I mean, you know if bernie sanders never said he was a democratic socialist Based on what he's saying people wouldn't be calling him a democratic socialist That's how he characterizes himself in sort of european terms the democratic socialist parties in in europe, but why is she Having trouble. Well, I I think that That bernie is speaking to a yearning That is deep and real And he has credibility on it and that is the absolute Enormous concentration of wealth and a small group of people with the middle class Now being able to be shown being left out there used to be a basic bargain If you contributed to the profitability of enterprise, you got to share in the profit That's been broken productivity is up wages are stagnant. All right, so is uh Is everybody good? Yeah Wages are stagnant talking about that as well It's but it's it's it's relatively new for hillary to talk about that hillary's focus has been on other things up to now and that's been bernie's No one questions bernie's authenticity on those issues and they question hers Well, I I think they question everybody's who hasn't been talking about it all along But I think she's come forward with some really Really thoughtful approaches to deal with the issue, but I just think and look You know everybody You know, it's the old thing no one Everybody wants to be the favorite. No one wants to be the prohibitive favorite And so it's an awful high bar for her to meet that she was the absolute prohibitive favorite I never thought she was a prohibitive favorite. I don't think she ever thought she was the prohibitive favorite Favorite, so I think it's I think it's you know, everything's sort of coming down to earth Just settling in but it's not over. So all right chase. What do you got? Let's pick on a couple things here when he says hillary's been focused on other things. He's moving that off to his left side And when he says she's been focused on His like how his character is incorruptible And how nobody can question him as he's saying she's been focused on she goes about We see biden do this And biden's saying nobody can question him. So he's saying hillary's been focused on other things But mainly, you know, there's a focus on and is pointing towards towards himself as he's saying That nobody can really question Which I thought was really interesting and at the end here. He's using look again to illustrate a point which may become a little bit repetitive and If the clip was not trimmed to this if you're watching this youtube video, guess what happens at the end after this clip biden gets interrupted again I'll leave it to scott. What do you got? Yeah, here we seem I think he's starting. This is where she's she's already on his last nerve She's there and he's starting to get fired up He's he's controlled is is what would be a little bit of anger because apparently because greg said that he knew this girl that uh Biden she and biden were were friends earlier something And then uh So maybe she's trying to maybe he's trying to hold his His anger or something or being frustrated in So I just I just see I just see this this finally come this finally come out I know y'all got different ones. Everybody wants to cover a different thing on this someone gonna hog it all But that's what i'm seeing. He's built up to this point where he's It's finally coming out a little bit. I think so that that's what we're seeing mark. What about you? Yeah, I think he's now using look as a way of changing direction. It's a good segue for him It's a good pivot a good fulcrum to to legitimately move to something else He puts up his hand and pushes away just as as chase noticed Before it's his way again of moderating and saying he says it I think on thoughtful approaches He he pushes Puts up his hand and pushes away I think he's now decided this has got to stop. I don't want any of this anymore I'm taking control of this and he's gonna start. I think now on to to try and shut this one down Greg give us what you got. Yeah, so chase not only does he do this When he says he's beyond reproach roughly whichever language he uses He's got a lot of requests for approval or brow or resonance fishing whatever you want to call that He's looking with a confirming glance, but his face is all wrenched up as if he's needs approval on that one He also when he's talking about about Hillary to your point. He's moving her away as he's talking The the the final piece to watch in his eye movement You talked about home for him home for him in the motion is down here But when you at least calling recalling something he's talking about he's over on the left side of his head Here he gets into a bind where he has to navigate what he's going to say about bernie and about her because who's the next president? He's not sure who's the next nominee. He's not sure and he's gonna have to eat those words probably You watch him go off to the right as he navigates the words It's not that's not a home spot for him over here as he's thinking about what to say next In general, I think his gestures his illustrators all of that are open. He's pushing He's leaning in he's trying to regulate the conversation. I think you're right He is past frustrated and gloria berger is you know, she's not the trump fan She's not the other people fan. She's just doing a job She may not do a job the way we would do it But she's certainly pushing hard topics and and pushing him into a corner and you can see some of that And he uses those patented canned things that look what I was surprised not to see is the big smile You would expect the big smile Yeah, that kind of goofy thing is he had his forehead involved But he didn't try to push her off with that use his hands He controlled the conversation with open speaking and I think you're starting to see a little bit of frustration here Wages are Talking about that as well. It's but it's it's it's relatively new for hillary to talk about that Hillary's focus has been on other things up to now and that's been bernie's No one questions bernie's authenticity on those issues and they question hers Well, I think they question everybody's who hasn't been talking about it all along But I think she's come forward with some really really thoughtful Approaches to deal with the issue But I just think and look You know everybody You know, it's the old thing no one Everybody wants to be the favorite. No one wants to be the prohibitive favorite And so it's an awful high bar for her to meet that she was the absolute prohibitive favorite I never thought she was a prohibitive favorite. I don't think she ever thought she was a prohibitive favorite Favorite, so I think it's I think it's you know, everything's sort of coming down to earth Just settling in but it's not over So so now we're going to throw it around the room and see what everybody thinks about what we've seen at this point And give our impressions of of in whole about what we've seen about joe biden's behavior Greg you want to go first? Sure Yeah, I think when you see biden on message his hands are illustrating what he's thinking his body is open His head is engaging. He's making eye contact. He's using regulators illustrators adapters all of that When you push him into a point where he's uncomfortable He closes his hands he starts to mill creates sacred space And he starts to then do that patent to joe smile the tafflon smile that pushes people off I think when you're watching the debates, you should expect his home to be recall recall recall And then when he gets into an emotional issue where they're pushing him on something he's uncomfortable with You'll see him look down into the right. None of that's deceptive. None of that is wrong That's simply him looking from a normal open speaking pattern that he's used for 50 years To when he's pressured into a place where he has to go back internally and start thinking of answers that he's not prepared You're going to see him scramble and you're going to hear him do the patented things He's going to regulate by controlling you with his head movement. He's going to push his hands forward He may mill to block and he's going to say look and flash that smile when he's feeling stress That's joe Uh mark, what do you got? Yeah, so here's what i'm going to be looking out for is I think we can say with a little more certainty now That these gestures this gesture here and this one here is self soothing He's got good training to stay open even if it is openness just of squeezing the melon There he's got some good training there, but he easily springs back to these emotional responses Here i'll be looking out for that if I were on his debate prep team and believe me if that happens I will let everybody know i'll let you know i'm taking a check or i'll bow out and go I can't be part of this at the moment i'm not but if I were I would be lobbying for Uh debates where they do not have a lectern or a podium whatever you want to call it Because if he's got somewhere to put his hands He's more likely to go here. So certainly when i'm training people I don't say hey don't do that What i'm trying to do is set up an environment where they're just less likely To go to the behaviors, which aren't going to play very well very hard to help human beings not to do stuff It's easier to put them in an environment where they don't do it So uh without a lectern or a podium. He's more likely to stay open and less likely to go into these repose gestures So certainly I would be now looking out for that as a signal of stress or not liking where the The debate is going. There's my piece on that. Uh chase. Give us what you got That's great. And if you're making a list of all these this is what you want to look for for biden's Entire baseline what to look for on the debate and all the stuff we're saying right now You could fit on to a note card And watch the debates with it. We could have a family game night during the debates who can spot what? I think that would be a great family game night. We do it at my house But here's what to look for First look for that eyebrow flash This is when he's needing approval either from the audience if he's looking at the audience and those eyebrows go up Or he's looking at the debate moderator and he wants a little bit more time Or he wants the debate moderator to stop the other person from talking Next look for that ght Is he gesturing over here to say one thing and over here to say another that's very important Because if he says I really like this person, but he's using his left hand That's noteworthy. That is a noteworthy thing that's taking place right there Next what we saw just in this video and almost every other video he's ever been in in the last 30 years digital flexion He's in trouble. The fingers go in Even if his hands are at his sides, you'll see the fingers what I call retreat towards the palm A little bit and if you want someone to stop talking You'll see the hands go all the way out into a stop gesture even if his hands are at his side So take a look at during the debates for that behavior and finally when does he adjust his clothes? And when do all these behaviors happen not just okay? I spotted someone doing something that's meaningless unless we understand This was being spoken about and then we saw this behavior in response And that is what's going to make you a champion debate profiler and I'll pass over to scott All right, great. So Well, since everybody's covered everything I'll just talk about His behavior when he's confident everything seems to be small when he's when he's talking about things But when he starts to be coming upset or he gets a little bit out of shape He's things start to get bigger. So I think when when as the stress builds as he's during the debate one thing to watch out for This is he'll be turning more toward that person. I think in his Illustrators and gestures will get larger as we see him as we see him go along So the larger watermelon is what your oh, yeah, the watermelon gets a little bigger giant pumpkin Yes, big pumpkin. So and he'll and and that's when he was really getting a bit out of shape That's when the his gestures and illustrators were coming forward So all of a sudden an attack mode like like sort of like what Greg was talking about earlier So that's that's I've got there on the end one So we go it up to that point Yeah Yeah, I'm just looking forward to the to the bingo card the lotto card I'm looking for the ebay thing. I don't know who's gonna get this. I don't know who's gonna get it Hey there mark here. Thanks for watching and watch more videos click and make sure you subscribe