Greetings from the National Archives flagship building in Washington, D.C., which sits on the Ancestral lands of the Nacotchtank peoples. I'm David Ferriero, Archivist of the United States, and it's my pleasure to welcome you to today's conversation with James R. Gaines about his new book, The 50s, which looks at the 1950s not as a decade of conformity, but as a time when motivated individuals pressed for change. Joining the authoring conversation is journalist Margaret Carlson. Before we begin, I'd like to tell you about two programs coming up soon on our YouTube channel. On Tuesday, April 12th, at 1 p.m. Cost of Kennedy brings us his biography of Jackie Robinson titled True, which focuses on four transformational years in Robinson's life. A letter Robinson wrote after an incident on a bus while he was in the Army in Texas. He's on display online and in the National Archives in Washington, D.C. through April 20th. And on Thursday, April 14th at 1 p.m., Michael Meyer will discuss the story of Benjamin Franklin's parting gift to the working class people of Boston and Philadelphia, a deathbed bequest of 2,000 pounds to be lent out to tradesmen over the next two centuries to jumpstart their careers. Four days ago, on April 1st, the 1950 population census records were made public. At a minute past midnight, the National Archives activated a website where anyone anywhere can freely view, search, and download the census schedules, filled out 72 years ago. We may associate census records with genealogy and family history, but taken as a whole, the census gives us a snapshot of America on the cusp of a new decade, the 1950s. James R. Gaines takes us further into the 50s in his new book and brings us face-to-face with individuals who had the courage to ask questions and call for change. They lay the groundwork for the advances in gay rights, feminism, civil rights, and environmentalism. As Gaines states in his book's introduction, these solitary figures, though isolated by their personal histories, idiosyncrasies, flaws, and gifts, have in common the courage, the vision, and the profoundly motivating need to fight for change in their time and the future. James R. Gaines is the former managing editor of Time Magazine and the author of several books including Evening in the Palace of Reason, a study of Johann Sebastian Bach and the Early Enlightenment, and for Liberty and Glory, Washington Lafayette, and their revolutions. Margaret Carlson is a columnist for The Daily Beast. She was formerly the first woman columnist at Time Magazine, a columnist at Bloomberg View, a weekly panelist on CNN's Capital Gang, and managing editor of The New Republic. Now let's hear from James R. Gaines and Margaret Carlson. Thank you for joining us today. Let me thank David for that introduction and for the opportunity to interview Jim Gaines, who used to ask me all the questions when he was editor of Time, and I was a lowly columnist. Let me begin by asking Jim, we're celebrating the 1950s census arriving at the National Archives, and you brought the 1950s to life, again and again, chapter by chapter, person by person, in your book. Tell me how you came up with the idea to do the 50s, because I was very young, but I remember them as boring years, as opposed to the years after. And how you came up with these people who just rocked the world, but they were ordinary people who did heroic things. Yeah, and it took a bit to find them, because right, the 50s were kind of dull, but I write about people in what is called the long 50s, 46 to 63, from the end of World War II, and I have to say, I was right, I wrote one book before I wrote this one, and it wasn't published, but I did the research for it, and then I became so enamored of these special individuals, each of whom were fighting their own battle with their own conflicts, as a result of which they changed the world, or they changed our country anyway. So in terms of the 1950s census, there's not much that that census can say about the people in this book, because they did the census at about the time when, about the time when my period, 46 to 63, began. I think if you want to find what these people achieved, it will be in the 1970s census, because then you will have seen these movements that they, you know, struggle to start actually have some effect. So Jim, most of your subjects tried to conform, you know, Medgar Evers, the soldiers that you talk of at the end of the book, the last chapters, they loved their country more than their country loved them, and they wanted to fit in, they wanted to succeed, but they had to push back, and your first subject, Harry Hay, he led a very conventional life until he couldn't any longer. And then you end that chapter with Frank Kemeny, who's the opposite of Harry in some ways, because he's more conventional, and Harry becomes less conventional as he goes along. But this idea of the conformist then taking on this role in life that they never expected to have, how does that happen? It takes, it takes time for those people, even in those people's lives for that to happen. Harry Hay was a very thoughtful person who at about the time when the war ended, realized that he could no longer live the life that he was living.  But she didn't believe that, that anyone could resist her charms, I guess. She thought that all homosexuals needed was a good woman, and he realized that that was not the case. At the time they had two adopted daughters who were very young, whom he loved. And the idea that he would have to leave them, even just moving away, but still seeing them, made him enter into what he called his period of terror. When he had awful dreams about sliding down mountains, and hurting his children, and hurting his wife. It was an awful time for him, especially because he was also not only attached to his family, but he was a very active member of the U.S. Communist Party. And it meant the world to him. And the Communist Party of the United States cast out gays just as everyone else did. You know, it's troubling, and it's something I did not realize, that Nazi Germany in the United States had the same view of homosexuality, which was that it was a felony, and it was punishable by imprisonment.  Because we felt if they had legitimate sentences, they should serve their time. And beyond that, they should serve their time with no credit for time in the camps. To me, this was just amazing. And to be homosexual in the United States was a felony in every state, but New York. And it came with life prison terms in a few states, and 10, 20, 30 years. I mean, it's almost impossible to believe from this vantage point that that atmosphere existed. Have I answered your question? I don't know. In some quarters, some of it still exists to go back to another day. You know, what's in that chapter? The it's almost like a novel because the heartache that went in to going from conforming to what society wanted of you to not came through in the breakup of that marriage and the family. And each of your each of your subjects has that to go through. And you know, whenever I watch a movie or a series, as I want, I watched during during the lockdown was a French village. As it got towards the resistance, I kept asking myself, would I would I have resisted? What would I have done? And I came up a little short. These people didn't they they didn't come up short. And I'm I'm just fascinated because there there is a novelistic part of your of your book. It's all true, which is remarkable. But just character how it how it works, how you get the gumption to do that, like Pauli Murray. So one of one of the things about people is that that they all seem to have a secret life. Pauli, Murray, Rachel Carson, there was a secret life that they had, they wanted to come out. Rachel Carson's didn't come out. And and you know, maybe she didn't have a secret one. But I read Jim as if she did. But is there is there a uniting characteristic to the heroes that change the world? Yeah, I think the there are a couple. One is just stubbornness. Just a an absolute determination. The the the real one is you mentioned Pauli Murray. I mean each of them had conflicts that were heinous with regard to the to the rest of the American culture.  She was a light skinned black woman who who always thought her of her race was in between because she was a you know, light skinned and she was made fun of in school for being light skinned. And later got no benefit from having light skin. And she was also somebody who was conflicted about her sexuality. She thought she was a man. She thought she she wrote these awful, I mean, in endearing but but awful letters to doctors, spelling it in detail why she felt that way. And asking them, can't you help me somehow? And doctors saw her. But you know, some of them were were just aware that there was nothing they could do about it. And so she she was tested on on both race and gender. So she but she was very strong. You know, her mother died at three when when she was Pauli was three. She was born Pauline. She changed her name to Pauli Pauli as a gender indefinite. Her father was brilliant, a pianist, a constant reader. But he was also insane, at least according to the people who put him in an insane asylum. And she only heard the stories about her father that were complimentary. But when she went to visit him at age nine and wanted to pour out her herself to him about how good she was in school just like him. And he was he didn't know who she was. And the next time she saw him was at his funeral when he had been murdered by one of the orderlies who found him uppity or bigotty as the word was at the time. So she lost her mother and her father at a very young age. And she lived with a very strange couple, her grandparents, her grandfather fought for the union in the Civil War and her and her grandmother was very proud of the plantation where she was a slave. So she was living in between the north and the south as well. But she was strong and she was really smart. And her and her aunt Pauline, who was she was named after, managed to get her to Hunter College. And she she got her degree. And then she started working for Philip Randolph and in his March on Washington movement. And, you know, one night she was she was presenting a case before an audience that included Thurgood Marshall and the Dean of Howard Law School, who offered her a full scholarship. And from there her career just took off. She she wrote her for her final thesis in law school. She wrote the argument that eventually overturned Plessy versus Ferguson. And she helped Thurgood Marshall win the case of the Brown versus Board of Education. And ultimately, her great gift was to write the argument that Ruth Bader Ginsburg, who was still then a lawyer, used in the case of White versus Crook to overturn to make sex discrimination unconstitutional. I mean, that's a trajectory that doesn't just happen. It is like joining the resistance.  I don't know whether we were lucky or unlucky in that respect, but we didn't. And it took people who were that troubled by what was deep within them. And and there was and there was made them a scourge of American society in the 50s that that pushed them along the path to a better United States. Jim, another thing that they had in common, Polly with Gerta Lerner is that what's that old saying about Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers? She had to be she had to be as good as he was to do it backwards and in high heels. They're they were brilliant. And the scholarship plus persistence saw them get where they get where they did. But not without a lot of sorrow and and I think still feeling slightly in the shoulder of the road, especially Polly before she turned she didn't take a conventional route. She simply she wrote her way through. She wouldn't have made it if she if she'd gone the Yale Law School route to a law firm. And so tell us a little about Gerta Lerner.   And her father wasn't much of a father. And they lived separately with their paramours. And it stayed together only by a legal document. So she really didn't have good parents. And she was jealous of the kids she saw walking to school, who were in the orphanage, because they were laughing. She made herself a tiger it to sustain herself in that environment. And and when they left, she she was able to get to the United States. Her parents were not. By that time, she was about 19. So she could hold her own. But when she got here, she was not befriended by the German or Austrian community in the United States, because she was Jewish. And she wound up in Harlem for a variety of reasons. And her only friends were the black women who lived in her building. And they too were kind of standoffish until she related her issues to theirs. They were all in flight from discrimination. They were all poor. She was dirt poor. She was hungry most of the time. There was no work for her. She spoke English because she had learned it in Austria. But she was determined to make herself of something and to and to apply feminism to in terms of race and gender and and to make it long story shorter. She ended up being the first woman to start a course of women's studies in an American college, which was Sarah Lawrence and the first woman to start a PhD program in women's studies at the University of Wisconsin. She had gotten her PhD at Columbia while she was writing books and taking care of a house. And she too was a member of the Communist Party of the United States. Briefly, but her husband, the film director she married, was a real member of the Communist Party. She was nominally a Communist until she she joined up and started something there called the Congress of American Women, which actually changed the position of the Communist Party of the United States on women's issues was much like the position of the average man. They should stay at home after children. Not going to work.  And she was determined to change that and she helped. And so the Communist Party, it's kind of a standing, though, because when in 1950, the Congress of American Women turned up on a on a list of subversive organizations that Congress put together. And the Congress of American Women decided to fold rather than go through a lengthy investigation that wouldn't benefit no one. And at that time, she decided to quit the Communist Party because it had it had because of, you know, McCarthy had spoken to the Republican women in West Virginia and he'd spoken his peace to the Congress and it was quite clear that the witch hunt was on. In anyway, she she never mentioned her past in the Communist Party until she published an autobiography toward the end of her life. And she then, you know, blew it open and talked about how she had she had burned papers in her fireplace. Everything that had to do with the Congress of American Women, as she had helped her parents burn documents in their home in Vienna.  And communism was not popular. She so she ended up being an amazing scholar on feminism. And one of the things she undertook first, actually the first big undertaking that she did was to her attempt to get a women's studies program going, where was where the men of the history departments who said there's not enough. There's not enough that primary source material.  And she published a very thick book of writings by black women. And it was that I think as much as anything that got Sarah Lawrence and, and, and the British Wisconsin, and all the women who are who gave her credit for adding race to the issues implicit in feminism. You know, all of these people broadened their causes. It's, it's amazing to me that it wasn't until the 80s that feminism inflected by race, class and gender could be described by Kimberly Crenshaw as intersectionality. But and they were still these people were still I mean, girl learner and Pauli Murray were both instrumental in second wave feminism, the Betty Friedan feminism, until they discovered it was never going to be anything but white middle class women. And they pulled away. This would been 1963, 64, to start this new kind of feminism, which didn't really get defined until 1986. I mean, it's, it's, it is amazing. First of all, how long things take, you know, Martin Luther King was not wrong. The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice. You know, we see today, we see, you know, we have the Emmett Till, we finally made lynching illegal. How is that possible?  No, it's, you can't imagine.  I mean, really? You know, how many years is this? This is, you know, give me arc also bends backwards. It can. Yes. You know, the in speaking of scholarship and persistence, it took a lot for you to find and learn enough about Pauli and Gerda to make this as incredibly interesting as it is. I know read it twice. So I attest to that. And I, and I, when I knew I was going to do this, I read a couple of book reviews and one in the New York Times said something that I agree with, which is it's the only book I wish were longer. I've never heard a better compliment from a book reviewer, especially in the New York Times than that one.  I mean, it's, we take it for granted now, because I think the arc is longer. It's longer more than it bends. So these are, these are remarkable stories of success in the end. Should we move on to Rachel Carson? Sure. Who, you know, I, there seem to be gender issues in, in like at least four of these people that, that you talk about. And I was very interested at the end of that chapter about Dorothy Freeman and the letters they wrote. It reminded me a little of Emily Dickinson. But Rachel Carson, we, we, we know something about, and you had to bring to life somebody that we know something about, which I think is, is sometimes harder. Yeah, I agree with you. I worried about that as I was doing the research. But fortunately, there is a lot of research that hasn't been used before. And, and she was, she's a very interesting character because her, her books of the fifties, the sea around us, especially in a book she wrote before that and a book she wrote after that were about the invulnerability, the, the, the awesome kind of spiritual quality of nature that wasn't susceptible to our implications or, or anything. I mean, we, we lived among a natural world with which we couldn't do any wrong. So it was very difficult. I mean, these were her best sellers. It was very difficult for her to change gears in her last book. It happened that a friend of hers was suing the the Fish and Wildlife Bureau for having sprayed their garden several times with a DDT, which was known to be, by that time, was known to be a poison.  And she didn't really want to cover the, the trial, even though he asked her to. So she wrote her friend at the New Yorker, who had been one of the first people to write about DDT, E.B. White.  And he sent his, he sent her letter to Sean, the editor of the New Yorker at the time.  He was smart enough to know that she should do this, this story. And so he assigned her to it. And she did. And she did an amazing job, I mean, of research, the kind of research she would hate, because it proved everything she, not everything she wrote, but it proved to her general view of nature had been misguided. So anyway, she set out on this, and she did very painful research into the actual effects of what, of our synthetics and our, our practice, our our agricultural practices, and put herself through that at the same time she was dying of cancer, of unknown origin, but very severe cancer, which she had all through the writing, the publishing, you know, all the the passes that come back at you and, and she had very little help. Her mother died at about that time, and her mother had been the person who helped her through everything. So it took great courage for her to do this, but it was that important to her. It's, it's interesting, I dedicated this book to my grandchildren, partly because of Rachel Carson's last appearance in Southern California, where she was giving the graduating class of 1962 their, you know, graduation speech, their commencement address, and she ended it by saying something like, I'm sorry, I can't tell you that we dealt with all these problems. It felt, it falls to you. And even my, my daughter is now in her late 20s, told me about 10 years ago how angry she was, what, what we had left her. You know, why hadn't we done more? And I left, I addressed my grandchildren because I wanted them to know that hope is always a good idea, because we are addressing it now, it's decades too late, and there's still forces, you know, amazing forces against it, but we are addressing it more than we ever did before. And you know, we aren't perfect, and it takes us time to find the right path, but sometimes we do. You know, I love that line, it falls to you, because it does. I'm, you and I, Jim, we've mostly, we've done our part to the extent journalism accomplishes much. And hope is good, but hope is not enough. So, you know, onward and upward for your grandchildren and mine. Well, exactly, I didn't mean just hope. No, no, I know you didn't. I know you. Go in and get them, you know. I just can't tell you how much I enjoy filling in your sentences instead of you. So just, just involves me a little bit. That's great, thank you. So when, when, I love that chapter, I was, you know, the idea, she was in a race against that cancer there, and it was so sad that, that chapter is so sad. I thought you were going to ask me about Norbert Wiener. No, yeah, tell me about Norbert Wiener. Aside from the unfortunate last name. Yeah, right. This is the one chapter where the various characters are not from the same place generally. Rachel Carson was a biologist who worshiped nature and studied nature in the raw, as it were. And Norbert Wiener was all in his brain. He was, there was an article on the, in the Sunday World, Joseph Pulitzer's newspaper, in 19, mumble, mumble, that called him the most remarkable boy in the world. And certainly he would qualify because the reporter said, Tim, do you do anything that normal children do? And he said, oh yes, swimming is my forte. But when I've done those things, I like to return to my, oh God, what did he say? My Aristotle, which he read in the original Greek, and my Ernest Hegel, who was a mathematician and philosopher of mathematics, which is the, which is the career he took up. He was not, he was not in any physical science. He was all cerebral in the, in the kind of, you know, philosophy of math, studied with Bertrand Russell, told Bertrand Russell that one of his papers was inferior to his. He was, I mean, the stories that told him about him at MIT were hilarious. I mean, he was known to walk down the hall with a finger reading, but with a finger on the wall, so he would know where to turn. And he was known to go into a classroom when he came to it, all the way around the classroom, back through the door. And he, he, he swam with a cigar. Because the cigar helped him think, so he did the backstroke. I mean, crazy, man, but brilliant. He did a lot of World War II work because he was a mechanical person as well. And he devised a way to, the Luftwaffe were very fast, very high-flying, nothing we've ever seen before. It used to be that you could do it with a, with a mechanical slide rule or something to aim the cannon in the right direction ahead of the airplane. But this was moving so fast, you couldn't do that anymore. So he devised what he called his predictor, which, I shouldn't go into this because it takes too long, but it, it joined human capacities for, you know, human movement to a, a circle of information, which came from the gunner, to the gun, to the airplane and pilot, and made of one, made of that activity a single thing. The pilot was part, the German pilot and the, and his plane was part of the ground control. It was all one thing, and I can't describe it any better than that without taking up all this time, but it was brilliant and it, and it had, it was called cybernetics eventually, and it had, like, un-numb, un-numberable applications in the space program, in the nuclear, in, in, what was the thing called, the global, the thing that looked for Russian ballistic missiles coming at us. I forget what it's called, but anyway, it had, it had applications everywhere. And, but, but he got tired of that and started going into other things like prosthetics. He developed a prosthetic because he had fallen once. I mean, just an amazing mind, but the, the, the interesting thing about this is that Rachel Carson from her perspective and Norbert Wiener from his very different perspective arrived at the same point, which is, don't imagine that things we develop will be innocent. Remember that any weapon, this was Wiener talking, because he had, he had foresworn any military work after, after Hiroshima. Don't imagine that any weapon we create will not be created by our enemy. And he would have nothing to do with that, with that. He wrote books that, at the time when labor was seen as all communists, the, the great strike wave of 1946, 47, he stood up for labor and he was just a genius. But, but he, he agreed with Rachel Carson that they never met. And, and I don't think he ever read Rachel Carson's book and I doubt that she read his. They arrived at the same point, which is that this world we live in is one thing. It's not them and us. It is one thing and we, we risk our own lives. Particularly this was Wiener. We risk our own lives if we don't see that. He was a great man and a great, a great public figure. So, Jim, it was, it came to me that with the Rachel and the, and the Mr. Wiener, that great minds think alike if they're, if they're brilliant enough. But what made Wiener different, I think, I, I love the going around, you know, corners with his, his finger on the wall, is that he was a man, so he got to be eccentric. So, he was almost the liveliest character in your book in some ways. Well, Harry was too, but, but, you know, that he, you know, mostly men get to be eccentric, I think, because if you're an eccentric woman, as Polly and, and, and Gerda could tell you, then you're like the doddy old aunt who shows up for Thanksgiving. So, just a little aside there about the, the man. So, can we go on to Medgar Evers and, and, you know, what, what remains to this day, which is this lax, love their country more than their country loves them. Yeah. And it was never truer than in the military in World War II and beyond. Yeah. What, you know, they, Frederick Douglass suggested that Blacks joined the, the Union cause, fighting for the Union cause, because it would, it would, it would help give them, demonstrate their right to citizenship, self-respect, and respect of their communities. And down, every generation since has said the same thing. Well, not every generation since, but what we're talking about. So, naturally, Black, young Black men, particularly those without jobs, and there were a lot of them at that point, joined the military. And, but the, but the odd thing was for them in France and Europe, wherever they went, they were treated just like anyone else.  And they, and they were treated on the battlefield by their comrades as equals, because they were, they were fighting together against a common enemy. So they, Colin Powell called it a breath of freedom for Black soldiers. But when they came home, there was no breath of freedom. They were met at their trains that, you know, if they were in uniform, they were warned not to wear their uniforms anymore, or they'd be killed. Their uniforms were sometimes the only clothes they had that were, that were decent. And so one, one man that we know of wore his uniform again and was shot and killed. I start that chapter with Isaac Woodard, who was coming home after, after the peace, after 18 years, 18 months in, in the Pacific theater. And he was on his way home. He had no clothes with him, but his uniform was just our papers. And, and he was on a bus sitting on the, at the rear of the bus. When the, when the bus stopped for lunch, the White Passengers got off and had lunch, and he could not, he knew he could not, he didn't even try to get off. But at some point he went up to the bus driver and said he needed to go to the bathroom. And the bus driver just said, no, sit down. I don't have time to wait for you. So he did. He went and sat down. And then the bus driver called ahead to say he had a problem with somebody on his bus. And at the next stop, the police chief and deputy were at the bus waiting. And the bus driver said that they wanted to see Isaac Woodard, was his name, you know, outside. And he went outside and he started explaining. And the chief of police hit him over the head with a baton, which was a special baton made for extra force. He, he started taking him off to jail. They rounded a corner where no one could see them. And Woodard got the baton away from the chief of police. Just then the other cop raised his gun, you know, appeared and raised his gun and said, drop that baton or I'll drop you. And so he did. And then the police chief started beating Woodard again and then dragged him off to jail. At some point during that confrontation, the police chief ground his baton into each of Woodard's eyes, blinding him for life. That happened, I mean, and worse, obviously. People were lynched very frequently after World War II, soldiers especially, speaking of which it's never mind. And Woodard went to New York and the rest of the rest of that chapter, until I come back to Woodard at the end, is about all the all the black soldiers who came home and felt exactly the same way. Medgar Evers and his brother Charles felt like and started amassing weapons for a race war against the United States to get their rights by force. Fortunately, they didn't, they gave up that plan because they would have obviously been killed pretty quickly. And Medgar, by securities' root, became the first NAACP officer in Mississippi. Because the NAACP did not want to come to Mississippi. They thought it was too dangerous. And so Medgar Evers took up that challenge. And as we know, was assassinated for his trouble and not even a decade later. And his murderer was tried three times.  And the third time was with a jury with, I think, four or five black members who convicted him. But Medgar Evers had by then been dead for decades. And he was only one of the people in my chapter who proved how lethal it could be to stand up for a good cause. But there were many like Medgar Evers, and that's what the chapter's really about. It's about all that the black veterans of World War II gave to the civil rights movement, the nonviolent civil rights movement. The nonviolent civil rights movement needed people like Medgar Evers, and Jose Williams, and Floyd McKissick. They had a snick, and no, sorry, I guess I'm confused. But anyway, almost all of the leaders of the black civil rights movement came out of the military, including Jackie Robinson. I see that the National Archives is going to be doing something about Jackie Robinson soon. And they will find out that he was a member of the Black Panthers, which was the nickname for the 371st Infantry Battalion in World War II. And that's where the Black Panthers got their name. Jackie Robinson had been offended by treatment that he received at his base, and he got into a physical fight and was court-martialed. But those stories were, I mean, there are so many stories like that that it's just a blizzard of research. And I keep thinking about the people I wrote about, and I don't want to get caught up in too many asides, but one, for example, is God, go ahead. Oh, I was just going to say we're kind of running out of time. And the Woodard actually makes you cry, because he didn't see himself. He was just like Rosa Parks. He's just on the bus. I mean, Medgar Evers took up the cause and lost his life to it, and Woodard lost his eyes to it.  And at what point did you say to yourself, in which I see is the crucial point in all of this, okay, I love doing this research, and now I have given over an entire room of my house to this research. And now how do you then, you know, every week I try to get something into 800 words, but you had to get this book here into this. I love the author's story. Just a few minutes on, did you love the research more than the writing? It's my view, nobody likes writing. They only like being done writing. How did you feel about that in the end? Well, the problem was I did twice as much research as I used. No, no, no, I did many, many times. But I was researching a book initially that was about all the various rebellions of the 1950s, especially in culture, which were real rebellions. They accomplished what they tried to do, abstract expressionism, jazz, free jazz, challenged heroes of books like you know, like Holden Caulfield in Catcher in the Rye, and you know, just rebellion in the arts was easy compared to this. So I threw out all that research that I'd already done to concentrate on these people, because there's a theory about change, which I heard from literally Clinton, and I think I heard it from Bill as well, that you don't make change by changing hearts and minds. You make change by changing the laws, because then hearts and minds will have to follow. I just, I just, I never made, it never made sense to me. And in this book, I certainly proved the opposite, which is that you, that it's hearts and minds that change the minds of the citizenry, and they change the minds of their representatives in Congress. You can't do it without, without them. And these people proved it. I just think, I just think it's a wrong-headed way to approach. In fact, it's impractical, because you can't convince Congress to do almost anything, but you can't expect Congress to move to the, you know, to the left of the, left or right of the people. Well, you can sometimes count on them to move to the right, I think, more than, more than the left, because change, change is scary, especially for members of Congress who are reading the polls. Right. That's true. So you just kind of drag people forward, I think. Yeah. But anyway, go on. We have just a couple minutes left. Yeah, well, just, just that. I mean, that it takes people who are, whose lives are deeply affected by a, by a flaw in our society to really do something about it. Because it's, it's so stressful. It's so difficult for them.  I can't imagine having, having had a life like that. And, and I'm not sure whether we're the lucky ones or the unlucky ones. Well, Jim, on that, I can't answer that question, but a cause, a cause is a great thing to have. And maybe we can leave, if there are any young people watching, read the book to know what it was like when things needed to be changed. And let me say in 2022, it falls to you. So thank you for listening. And thanks to the National Archives. And thanks to Margaret Carlson. Appreciate it.


Hey, everybody, it's Brett, and today I am extremely excited to go over this brand-new 2023 Dodge Charger Scat Pack Daytona 392 Edition. This is stock number 23D164. I'm here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, your new and used Dodge and Dodge Charger headquarters. And excited to do this video just because this is a last call edition. This is the last year that you can get a Dodge Charger with the 6.4 Hemi in it, gasoline powered engine. They're going to be doing hybrid models and stuff like that. So this is the might be the absolute last Scat Pack Daytona package that we ever see here at Summit Automotive. So I wanted to get a video of this because it's brand new and these might be collector cars someday. So I'm going to go all the way around and show you all the options we're going to take a look under the hood. We're going to start it up, listen to the exhaust, show you the interior and just the designs on this one. Speaking of that 6.4 Hemi, you get 485 horsepower, 475 foot-pounds of torque. It's going to get you 25 miles per gallon on the highway. So if you're doing a lot of highway driving, this might be a car to consider. 15 city and an average of 18 miles per gallon, everything under the hood that you need to touch is in yellow. You get the Mopar cold air intake here, you get the powered by SRT valve covers there, and then you get the charger last call badge right there. That blue is a protective film over that so it doesn't get scratched or anything. We leave that on for the first owner to take off or they can leave it on. But kind of sad that these cars are going away as we know them. 6.4, there's your emissions sticker. But like I said, we're going to start this up in just a little bit so stick around for that. Now you don't know that it's a Daytona package other than this badge right here and then the stickers or the graphics on the back of the vehicle. It does have the true cowl induction hood, which I like. It has a black Hemi decal on the hood too. All these LED lights are super bright, I'm going to turn those on at the end of the video so stick around for that. You get these special, I'm sure they're special Daytona wheels, they're nice and black. You get the black Brembo brakes, it has Pirelli P0 Nero tires, all season tires. These are 275 40 ZR20s. You get the 392 decals on the side so those are decals. If you didn't like them you can take them off. I don't know why you would do that on a potential collector car such as this. It also has the vinyl wrapped roof so that looks pretty good as well. And then you get the Daytona graphics on the side here. Once again those are just decals. I guess if you didn't like them you could take them off but what's the point of getting a Daytona then? Get the chrome tip dual rear exhaust, the LED tail lamps, the backup parking sensors but I want to show you the original window sticker here so you can see everything that the Daytona package has to offer and the standard Scat Pack package here. So 2023 Charger Scat Pack Daytona 392. Destroyer gray is the color on this one, paint coat is PDN if you were wondering. The interior is the Daytona logo Napa and Alcantara seats which I'll show you those in just a minute. Probably my favorite part of the Daytona package. Everything on the left there is your standard equipment for the Scat Pack package. And then the optional equipment starts right here with the destroyer gray exterior paint which is $95. The Daytona edition group or 21W so that's the package name and it's a Daytona edition group $5,885.  Total price is $60,795 to get your summer price with all the rebates and incentives on this car and availability in the upper right hand part of screen as well as linked in the description below is a link to this vehicle on our website to get all that pricing information and if it says sold in the title then it's probably sold if it doesn't say it's sold in the title then it might be available. Three or 36 bumper to bumper, five year 60 powered train and then there's your miles per gallon, your greenhouse and smog ratings and then safety ratings the chargers have always been very safe vehicles five and four stars up and down the board with a five star overall vehicle score definitely feels safe driving your family around in this. There is the Daytona badge on the dash so we'll get to the interior here in just a second because my favorite part of the car you get the low gloss spoiler on here you get the trunk popper right there which is nice there's your locking lug nut kit that comes with this car, tire inflator kit and there is your battery those seats do fold down for extra storage can't wait to start this thing up it does have the capitalist fuel fill which is really sweet but let's get to that interior so the Napa leather with the Alcantara and they Daytona stitched into the backrest very good you get these kind of the ribbed effect on the seats really like that auto head lamps power tilt and telescopic steering wheel and then you get those power windows locks and mirrors memory driver seat Alpine premium sound system but let's check out that Alcon or the carbonite trim pieces here so you get that around the dash around the radio around the instrument cluster is this carbonite it's actually textured so it's kind of neat and then it's around the center console for the shifter here I don't know if we can get can kind of see the etching on there I guess you could say the texture of it let's turn the radio on or turn the ignition on I should say which will turn the radio on you get the charger animation there digital speedometer get your digital odometer there and also you can change those corners to read pretty much whatever you want instrument cluster looks really good nothing to that says Daytona on the instrument cluster a little bit disappointed in that has the heated leather wrap steering wheel cruise controls on the right Bluetooth and information center controls on the left paddle shifters on the back and audio controls nice thing about Dodge Chrysler Ram Jeep all their steering wheels are pretty much identical all the controls are very similar so you can go from vehicle to vehicle in any of the lineups and know what you're doing all the radios are very similar and this one has the Uconnect 4C radio so it has AM FM and Sirius XM radio capabilities you get your heated seats cooled seats and heated steering wheel controls your climate controls are here as well you get all your different apps including the performance pages projection manager you can project your cell phone to the screen so while this one doesn't have the factory navigation system it has Android Auto and Apple CarPlay where you can project your cell phone up there if you've got a nav system on your phone such as ways or Google Maps put it right up there it's like you have nav on the screen I did a demo on Android Auto I think that works way better than the factory nav in these radios and the problem with these radios on a use side that we see a lot is that navigation system after a while goes bad doesn't even know where you are anymore that stops working for no reason then you got to get a whole new radio there's no reprogramming it or anything it's really kind of a headache on the used end but so I prefer it not to have the nav in the radio I like doing it with the Android Auto I just protect project your ways or Google Maps up there and it's really easy to use let's go to the performance pages they take a second to load so while they're loading you get your push button start your climate volume and tune controls there as well including your dual climate controls eight-speed automatic shifter you get this storage area I guess for your key fob has remote start on there which we're gonna remote start in just a second you get the illuminated cup holders and really too much not too much inside that really says you know Daytona on it a little disappointed I wish there was more would maybe even consider this car if it had more stuff to it making it a Daytona worthy of the fifty nine or fifty eight hundred dollars maybe like a numbered car they use the number of I wish they still numbered them personal preference doesn't take anything away from this car so here's your performance pages you get your home screen you get your timers the different gauges on there you can change these widgets out to be other stuff you can take pictures of it you get your g-force your engine and your dyno of course when it's running of course that'll work better see if I can show you anything else otherwise that's pretty much everything on get your different SRT modes so you can do track sport custom set up any way you want steering so it's a little bit tighter and sport mode paddle shifters if they're on or off and just all the different stuff that you can do there really cool radio all right so I'm gonna go start it up and then we'll listen to that exhaust and then I'm gonna turn on all the lights like I said and do a final walk around on the car actually we'll turn the lights off started up and then we'll turn them on I don't want to mess up the remote start here so I gotta have it locked and I'm gonna grab my microphone here and then you get a press really love how the 64 heavy sounds one of my favorite sounding engines by far you can really you can even feel you know the engine going by standing back there so now to get it actually started you gotta have the key inside put your foot on the brake press start and now it's actually started now we can go take a look at all those lights in the front I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video you've been able to get a really good idea of the overall options looks and styling on this particular Dodge Charger and see those LED lights are very bright also one thing to note these bumper guards they're actually screwed on underneath but you can take those off obviously but some people like keeping them on let me know in the comments below what you prefer I think if I own the car I'd leave them on anyways we'll do a final walk around here with all the lights on and I personally like to thank you for checking out the video let me know what you think in the comments below and remember to like subscribe and share to the YouTube channel very good-looking car unfortunately the last call for the Dodge Charger with the Scat Pack 6.4 liter V8 Hemi and to see more pictures of this car or one of our other 550 new news cars trucks SUVs minivans wranglers sports cars chargers challengers mustangs Camaro's Corvette to name it we got to go to the website right there's summit auto com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle all at summit auto com if you like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto click the bell notifications get updates on the videos I do each and every day as well as having access to one of the largest catalogs of vehicle and sports car walkarounds on YouTube fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to my YouTube channel the upper left a link to all the Dodge Charger cars I've ever done in the upper right a link to this vehicle on our website and lower left and a link to one of our latest YouTube videos and lower right click those checks out we're super excited to be offering the 2023 Dodge Charger Scat Pack Daytona 392 edition in destroyer gray clear coat thank you so much for checking out the video remember to like subscribe and share on the YouTube channel let me know what you think in the description below or in the comments below and thank you so much for checking out the video until next time


Felly, ydych yn ei gweithio, mae'n bwrdd yma, yn gyntaf, rydyn ni'n gweithio i fynd i gyffredinol a'r dda i'r Minister dr Helena Dalley, Minister Ffwrdd i'r llawd yn ymddangosol, i'r ddweud o'r ymddangosol, a'i ddweud i fynd i'r Minister, ac mae'n ddweud i fynd i fynd i fynd i'r ddweud. Gwyddo serfodd i wneud hyn a wneud hynny'r hwnnw i ddod, rydyn ni'n deall eich bod yn gweithio'r gwybod a'i gilydd arddangosol yn rhan, ond mae'n cael ei gwybod a'u blaen oherwydd a'r gweithio'n yn rhan. Y dweud hyn yn ddweud hynny'r hynny'n bwysigol ar yr oedd amser, ac yn ffwrdd y cwestiwn ar gyfer, yn gweithio'n ddwylliant, iawn i chi'n ei ddweud o'r llyfrnod gyda'r ddwylliant? Mae hynny, ond mae'r ddweud o'r ddwylliant, ac mae'n ddwylliant, mae'n ddwylliant. So, mae'n rhaid i chi'n bwysig oherwydd yma bod yna mae'n gweithio'n union euch ymgyrch. Mae'n gweithio'n ddwylliant erioed, a mae'n ddwylliant i'r llendid, a'n ddwylliant i'r y frontiw ychydig i'w eu yw i'w gweithio, ac yn y rhan fyddech chi'n gallu ydw i'w fwy o'r challengeau sy'n gobeithio i fynd i gael, ac wrth gwrs, wneud hynny yn ymwyaf i'r ysgol. Mae bywyr yma hwn yn ddysgwyl eich cyfnod. Mae'r bywyr yma i'w gweithio'u cyfnod o'r ysgolol eu ddweud yma yn ymgyrchol i'w gweithio'i yma yn ymgyrchol i ddweud yma yn 2017. maju yn cael llaweru'n ddweud eich ysgolwll maes gwaith yn y Tym Mhau Pwyllwr yn 1996, ac thosebydd yn comprehensive yma ar y hefyd. Gwyl yn diogelu maes i unigallu amdano, oherwydd mae wedi'i gwneud o lapios hwnnw yn fwyaf ac oedd yn cefnodol cyllidebeth. Maelodd Eir ben does yn ffliwgol yn yr iawn, oherwydd mae gweinwch â'r ffliwgol yn ysgolwfu iawn, oherwydd mae'n bwyl iawn, oherwydd mae'n brydol ysgolwyd Flau ym Mewn Mwlta. In 2013, in 2017, I think it's of interest that his Minister for Social Dialogue, Consumer Affairs and Civil Liberties under the direction, her direction, the government introduced several laws and policies to strengthen equality. The Minister was the first Maltese nominee and winner of the European Diversity Award for her work in human rights and equality at the local and international level, so a hugely distinguished curriculum. As I said, many of the issues facing Maltese society as a frontier member of the European Union such as a regular migration, maritime and energy security and the need for social cohesion obviously require European solutions. We would obviously be interested, Minister, to hear your view of the renewed focus on migration and how the EU can deal with these issues, but of course any of the other challenges that we with you face in Europe as we go forward. So Minister, the floor is yours. Thank you. Thank you and good afternoon. Thank you for coming here and thank you for inviting me. I'm very pleased to be here today at the Institute for International and European Affairs to talk about the future of the EU. I really thank you for inviting me and I must tell you how much I enjoy being in your beautiful country where I feel very much at home as you make visitors feel very welcome. So this is something which I had discovered many years ago when I first came here on a family holiday and the people's attitude to visitors hasn't changed. So thank you for being so welcoming and I say this is not a platitude because I honestly enjoy being here. And I hope I won't change my mind after this session. Malta and Ireland share many commonalities, not only because as your Prime Minister had stated and I quote here, geographically we are at the periphery of Europe but I don't see Ireland in that way. The way I see us is as an island in the center of the world. This is what the Prime Minister of Ireland said. So I don't know what I'm going to say is possible that is regarding how many centers of the world they can be. But guess what? As Maltese feel exactly the same. Is that here the word Lilliput here? No seriously, our Prime Minister too insists that we should strive to be the best in the world, so the center of the world as well. So we have to decide now who is the center. But apart from both being the center of the world, we do have a lot in common. Our island status, the official use of the English language, progressive legislations such as that in the area of equality, also religious culture and especially that of the Catholic Church whether we like it or not. And also like with you the influence of the letter and how it is being put into question. Archbishop of Dublin, Reverend Martin last year said the cultural influence of the church in Irish society is difficult to define. The Ireland which many looked on as a bastion of Catholic influence was the same one which in 2015 approved marriage equality by an overwhelming popular vote. And this couldn't be closer to home. Catholic Malta for three consecutive years holds the first place in the European rainbow index compiled by ILGA Europe with regard to LGBTIQ rights. So it's the same dynamic here which the Archbishop was pointing out and it is happening in Malta as well. An anthropological study on the cultural differences between EU member states divides us between those who prefer a siesta in the afternoon from those with a Protestant work ethic. I'm saying this because understanding and appreciating anthropological, sociological and cultural diversity is of the essence and can be a useful tool for conflict resolution and the strengthening of unity. We are all speaking about the unity of the EU and unless we understand these anthropological, sociological and cultural diversities it will not be easy to have unity. Yet more pertinently to talk about the future of the EU we cannot ignore the present or the road that we have so far travelled. Today, according to recent Eurobarameter survey, Irish citizens are those most supportive of the EU and the multi citizens are those who feel that membership has benefited them most. In fact our membership of the EU since 2004 and the social economic policies introduced by the current administration since 2013 have translated into improving social and economic wellbeing. Malta now has unprecedented low levels of unemployment and high levels of economic growth coupled with progressive social policies. This is the blueprint we envisage for the EU's future and which we seek to achieve and contribute to. The EU's success inevitably has its fits and starts. The EU of 27 post Brexit will be a relatively new state of affairs and though we are optimistic about the transition we could have done without it. Nonetheless, the silver lining is that we now have proof of what can happen if citizens feel that they are not being listened to. Many feel that they are disconnected from the political class and the institutions. We need to empower people and shape our relations within the European Union according to their preferred outcomes. The process must necessarily be inclusive, thorough and decisive. Citizens at the heart of the EU were in fact a priority of the multi's presidency of the council last year and it is still the essence of our vision. In my address today I shall outline the three cardinal tenants of Malta's perspective on the future of the EU. We believe that to ensure the joint success of our nations within the bloc we need a European Union that respects, that invests and that protects. A European Union that respects citizens' dignity, their voice and inclusion through the ALO but also that respects member states' competencies. A European Union that invests in a targeted, sensible and coherent manner in order to address imbalances and enhance prosperity that believes in and prioritizes its youth policies. A European Union that protects its citizens and their security, mainly dealing with the burdens of regular migration while showing solidarity. Politicians have always achieved their greatest success when showing profound respect for their constituents. The EU is a political project and must thus respond to such ethos. Citizens are calling for such response. The following are some ideas where the EU can and should do better in this regard. Following successive enlargements and especially that of 2004 when Malta became a member, citizens are faced with an increasingly diverse EU. Furthermore, a different EU to that which perhaps the citizens had in mind. A European Union that respects is built upon social rights. The Charter of Fundamental Rights and the Pillar of Social Rights Framework is an excellent basis for this across member states. Yet these rights are also best guaranteed in collaboration with member states and their citizens. They are best set in motion through dialogue and the respect for national and citizen competencies. You will recall what happened with the Constitutional Treaty even though the European Convention that drafted it in 2002 was more representative than the customary intergovernmental conference. It still did not pass the threshold of popular support. Taking cue from such events, Citizens Dialogue is now becoming a centerpiece of EU relations. Furthermore, subsidiarity is fundamental for decisions to be taken as close as possible to a citizen. And in line with national competencies. In Malta we aim to lead by example. We are strongly committed to promote equality and foster a society which embraces everyone. United in Diversity, a motto of the European Union, is not just about different cultures but also about differences within the same cultures. Gender, sexual orientation, disability, minorities, all different yet all equal. We seek to tackle current challenges such as social exclusion, marginalisation and the emergence of radicalism and build active societies which foster inclusion and diversity. Why is dialogue with citizens so important? Walking a few paces in the shoes of the other and empathising can be of immense help to policy makers. For instance, as a result of consultation exercises, Malta introduced marriage equality including equality in the right to parenting. In the same year, Malta introduced the neutral X gender marker for official documents, made reparative therapy a crime, introduced rights to transgender and intersex citizens. These initiatives complemented other ones which were introduced in our previous legislature including the Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act as well as changes to the constitution eliminating any form of discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. We advanced because we listened and learned yet more can certainly be done at both national and EU level to foster an equal society. The Maltese government welcomes the different EU initiatives for a more fair and social Europe yet some of these are best served by national governments who are most in tune with their citizens at a national regional and local level. Subsidiarity is necessary and needs more vocal support if we are to have the concerns of our citizens properly addressed at the EU level. In terms of dialogue with citizens, Malta has a very strong ongoing dialogue on EU matters and is among the member states which favour broad discussions on the future of Europe in accordance with national workings. Malta has a shared commitment to European values and principles and to the vision of a strong, stable and united Europe underpinned by our historical, cultural and geographic ties as well as our mutual political security and economic challenges and interests. Along such lines, our Prime Minister has emphasised the need to listen to people with different ideas, including those who disagree with some aspects of the EU and those who feel excluded. It is important to listen to everyone and know their expectations. The Malta EU Steering Action Committee, a public agency, is entrusted with stakeholder and civil society dialogue and scrutinises proposals in addition to the national parliament. Treatment to our success in terms of citizen involvement is the consistent high voter turnout for European Parliament elections, which at 74% in 2014 was the highest where voting is not compulsory. We look forward to continue to involve our citizens and engage with them along these lines. A final point on respect is that for competencies, the vision of competencies goes hand in hand with subsidiarity and is important for citizens. The EU is a structure that facilitates permanent negotiation between the member states and why its centralized elements can be beneficial. There should not be central overreach. The EU is not a separate entity, but the sum of its parts which together lead to a greater whole. Our insistence on the vision of competencies is grounded in our belief in representativeness and subsidiarity. It is also a new principle that decisions should be taken as closely as possible to the citizen. This feeds the legitimacy of our action and enhances appreciation of the European Union. A European Union that invests. For Malta, the principle is for the EU to both allow investment and contribute to it. The investment should be in the member states ability to operate and allocate resources in terms of national priorities while aiming EU contributions towards fostering cohesion. National taxation prerogatives are key for us. Centralization and common taxes supplanting national taxation would immediately undermine the support of the smaller member states for the EU system. It is also much more effective for small member states to address their citizens through targeted investment, stemming from the resources they are capable of generating. We believe strongly in the diversification of economic growth and as a small country with few natural resources it is only through our hard work that we can survive and thrive. Generating competitiveness means being efficient and open for business. We will appreciate that countries like Malta within the EU have a particular social geographic context. Furthermore, as an archipelago, its smaller inhabited islands have needs unto themselves. Like Ireland, we believe that the MFF should continue to adapt to the EU's evolving priorities such as migration, but at the same time we should not lose sight of the value and contribution of traditional policies such as cohesion policy and rural development. In terms of cohesion, this is crucial for the European Union of Equals. This is where the EU should invest best to address imbalances, some of which are caused by permanent characteristics contingent to member states. A level playing field across member states and the quality within would go some way to enhancing citizen approval for the EU project and allow for greater unity. The discussions on the MFF, which will define the first post-Brexit budget, we seek an outcome which is fair for all member states and keeps periphery of the union well in mind. Our economies are in transition due to our specific characteristics. Although we are no longer amongst the less economically developed member states, we have a continuous challenge to sustain conversion and the progress achieved in the past years. Furthermore, a European Union that invests prioritises sound youth policies. The development of skills and education is necessary both for the present and for the future. In this regard we welcome the commission's proposal to more than double programs for young people such as Erasmus Plus with 30 billion euros and the European Solidarity Corp with 1.3 billion. A European Union that protects. Citizens look to national governments and the international organisations they form part of to address challenges such as irregular migration. We are duty bound to protect citizens and legitimate asylum seekers alike from the scourge of human trafficking. Recent incidents in the Mediterranean are sadly not the first and unlikely to be the last. The humanitarian aspect is vital as is that of legality. Malta stance has always been that to address the issue which affects the EU as a whole but especially the frontier states, there needs to be a European solution based on fairness and solidarity. Malta in fact has one of the highest recognition rates for asylum in the EU. Our calls for burden sharing are due to the nature of being a frontier state and we seek the completion of a genuine common European asylum system. We welcome the fact that the recent European Council specifically underlined the need for all vessels to respect applicable laws and not obstruct operations of the Libyan Coast Guard in which the EU has invested considerable efforts and resources in training. Malta considers it important to ensure that implementation is taken forward on all aspects external dimension borders and internal dimension in parallel. Focusing exclusively on the external dimension and border control will not be sufficient. We look forward to the planned way ahead as regards the concept of regional disembarkation platforms, the strengthening of Frontex mandate and the reform of the common European asylum system. To be naive however to think that efforts on the external dimension and border control can put a total stop to migration so a system of responsibility sharing remains necessary. The Dublin regulation must thus be reformed. Moreover we must protect the Schengen area. More than any of the EU's achievements the Schengen area of borderless free movement has gained the support of most citizens. It is a tangible and cogent benefit which they value. While there are provisions for restrictions to movement within Schengen these are intended to be temporary, limited and of an exception of nature. Prioritising success stories such as Schengen also brings to light such a positive contribution of the EU project. The future of the EU has many hurdles and its path. Starting from Brexit. Yet there is reason to be optimistic. The EU 27 have showed that we can unite around our common interests. Support for the EU from citizens is at its highest in 35 years. Indeed improved dialogue with citizens can certainly help this upward trend and allow us to forge ahead with a European Union moulded by citizens. For this to occur the EU needs to respect its citizens and ensure that nobody is left behind. Listen to citizens and include them in rule making processes. The EU also needs to invest in citizens and give them the economic tools to shape a good and better future. As can be judged by Malta's progress in recent years, economic well-being is key for citizens to feel valued, prosperity with a purpose. Helps us strike a balance between the economic and the social. We cannot have one without the other. We also need to continue investing in the aspirations of our youth. We need to see and believe that their future is now. A European Union that protects is also necessary, protecting its member states from being alone and facing external burdens such as regular migration and coordinating responses within a European Union that upholds solidarity. A social progressive Europe is our vision for the present and for the future. In meeting such aspirations we will meet our joint success. I hope this has contributed to the IIEA's quest for further identifying European policy trends which will inform the work of Ireland's decision makers and business leaders. As you can hear, I have read your mission statement. Thank you.


Today I have the great pleasure of hosting a panel of some very distinguished leaders in the forestry reform sector in Indonesia. And we'll be talking about factors affecting the devolution of forest rights to communities in Indonesia. I believe you have a goal of devolving 12.7 million hectares of rights by 2019. So that's just three, four years from now. How's it going? What kinds of problems are you facing? What kinds of successes are you having? Thank you. 12.7 million hectares is a huge allocation. And we are preparing the proposed map for 12.7 million hectares, working with CSOs and partners. This map is including the area of production forest, which is free from permit, also in the production forest. And that area is already included in that map. What's your sort of observation on how the implementation of the program is going? First of all, I'd like to give my respect to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry for letting the policy of giving around 10 percent of forest areas for the people. Even though as part of Indonesia's civil society for us, it's basically below our expectations because in the process of influencing the mid-term development national plan for Jokowi presidency, we actually proposed for around 40 million hectares. Why? Because we know that the imbalance of land control in and outside forest areas in Indonesia is very, very sharp. So we can see that, for example, in the production forest, it's less than 3 percent of the forest allocated for the people. It means that more than 90 percent allocated for the companies. So the issue of poverty, the issue of human rights violation and many other issues happened in this area. So we need to stop this problem. The existence of the map is very, very important. And to produce the map, it means that we need to negotiate between the government and the people and also among the people themselves. What's the perspective from the indigenous communities that you're working with with respect to how the process is going? First, we understand that indigenous rights are constitutional rights in Indonesia. And our constituents also say that indigenous rights are human rights. The challenge for us right now because we don't have the administrations for that kind of rights. For 50 years already. And we don't have the operational procedure to, for example, to register that rights. So we have to start from zero in terms of the administration systems and also institutional arrangement. So what we need right now is not only political will from the president, but it's also how the president's leadership to reform the bureaucracy. For us in Amman, to produce map clearly from the field is not difficult. Now we already map almost 10 million. This is a map of rights? Yes, of the indigenous territories and communities. So we also believe that with these governments, what do you call it? Ask help from indigenous peoples like us. I think 12.7 million is not too heavy if we put it in our solar together. Not only governments, but also civil society, indigenous peoples. From our optimistic view, even we can get there in 2019 with 40 million hectares. For indigenous peoples itself. Because we already started since 15 years ago with mapping. We just need a place where to put this map and who will verify the data, you know. And that's all. And then if there is a conflict, claim there. Let's work together to find out the way, you know. You're building a new architecture of forest governance. It involves community rights, it also involves local government. Regulations are clearly part of that, but it's a whole new structure. It seems like it's needed, but is it being conceived in that way? What is interesting is when we, especially in the social forestry context, we work, we revise the regulation by involving many series of dialogue with the civil society, but CSOs and other partners also across HLON, one in the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. So this is the new culture. That is very important. Start from the beginning that we already opened. My observation is that this is a giant project actually. If we talk about the change of the bureaucratic culture, so what I understand in the Ministry of Environment and Forestry is that it has not been a system yet. Means that we have good persons, we have champions such as Viratno and others, but in terms of numbers actually, they're very small because there are others, there are minorities actually, to be honest. And there are many officials that still have different views actually. So the first challenge is how to protect even these minority groups, how to help them to articulate this change adequately. So they have to win over their colleagues? Yes, they have to be the winner in this game actually. But the other issue is that we do not only deal with the Ministry of Environment and Forestry for achieving the 12.7 million, there are other ministries. For example, Ministry of Agrarian and Special Planning, Ministry of Social Affairs, for example, Ministry of Home Affairs. As Abdon said, we cannot wait and we cannot work one by one with them to change. So what we need now is the leadership of the President because he is the one who set up the target. He is actually, I mean the 12.7 million is his target. So he needs to be responsible for the target by leading this process, by asking other ministries to do that work properly and also to ask local governments to be in conformity with this policy will. It takes time to bureaucratic reform but it is not impossible. We will put a presidential degree for the proposed area for social forestry and the presidential degree there is several ministers included in there as their mandate also Governor and the head of district to support the national agenda. It is important to make sure that it is not a political number. 12.7 is really a big number of course but it is not a political number. Now the challenge is also how to work with the local government where the social forestry at 12.7 will be implemented. So there is also a challenge to work with them but there is a hope that there are many provinces that already show their interests like West Sumatra and South Sulawesi and Nusa Tengara. They are eager to work with this new policy. This is the policy for their own people. So this is also a very interesting progress right now. Pa, Abdon, what would you add to that? Actually we are now discussing in Amman this new strategy from confrontations to engagement. But now this discussion in Amman 2 we call it the share power. Share power? Yeah, power share. Now we have it with Nawa Chita but how to make it work we need power. We start that with selfishness, that Nawa Chita. Six points, six commitments from the president. But we have to become together from the enemy to be dialogue and then work together. So really working. Yeah, share power. In that strategy that's why we propose to have the presidential tax force. Because presidential tax force is the instrument for the president to lead the process. Because we want him to do that because he has the commitment. So we work with the presidential office to put this rights issue into the core of the political process. What we are doing with Viratno and also with Abdon is to continuously talk with each other. We know that sometimes we are different but that doesn't matter because we can learn each other. As a civil society we also need to understand about the way of the bureaucracy work. Because we cannot propose ideas from the sky and then ask them to implement. If this does not happen with their organizational structure, with their authority and also tasks. And for the civil society the challenge is how to transform the ideology into practical steps that can be adopted easily by the government.


We also praise Allah on this day of Juma, on his day when he's brought the hearts together on a day that's called the day of gathering. Just as he brought our hearts together on that primordial day of Yom Alast, Yomul Mithaq, on that day of the Covenant when Allah asked us, Alastubi Rabbikum, am I not your Lord? And we testified, Bala Shahidna, indeed you are. This gathering then is a reminder of that previous gathering. Just as it is a warning of the upcoming gathering of Yomul Qiyamah, when we will be questioned on whether we remain faithful to that original Covenant. Allah rhetorically asked us in his noble book, in the Quran, he asked us, So where are you going? Where are you heading? And this is also a reminder for us, because he's asking us about our actions, about our deeds. Are your deeds, are your words, are your intentions, do they align with where you are going? Or are they going in one direction and you are going in another direction? Do you act as though you're going to live infinitely and that there's no end to this life? And yet, you know, that death is your destination and my destination and all of our destinations. Or is there alignment or is there misalignment? Do the words that we express on our tongues, do the words that we say, do we say them without a thought about our being held accountable for them in the Akhira, when we know that the Hissa, the Allah's accounting, is our destination? Are our words aligned with our destination or are they misaligned?  It's our benchmark for how we are doing. And Allah continues, he says, So where then are you going? This is only a reminder to the world. And so this question should cause us to ponder, should cause us to think, to become aware of what we are doing rather than sleepwalking through life, slight sleepwalking through our Ibadah. And that's Niyam, who is narrated of the Prophet, that people are asleep and when they die, that is when they wake up. Allah in this verse is telling us to wake from our slumber. What are you doing? Where are you going? Where is your intellect? Are you aware of what you're doing?  Where's your reflection? Where's your conscious engagement with your Lord whom you've created to worship? Can you count the number of times in your life that you said, or the number of times you said, What does this mean? Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. Okay, we can translate it as in the name of God, the merciful, the compassionate. But what does that mean? What does it mean that we do something in the name of God, the merciful, the compassionate? What is it to do an action in His name? And why do we add ar-Rahman ar-Rahim? What's the difference between ar-Rahman and ar-Rahim when they derive from the same root of Rahmah, which is mercy? Are these just sounds that we emit from our tongues, from our mouths? Or are there deeper meanings that these basic translations are hiding? Deeper meanings that we ought to understand, that we should seek to understand? It's narrated of the Sahabah al-Rabbiullah an-Hum about their prayer, about their Salah, that when they used to pray behind the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, they would stand perfectly still, neither turning left nor right. Neither leaning forwards or backwards. As though they were birds perched upon their heads. This was their khushua. It was a type of ay, a type of dread of Allah. They were worshiping Him as though they were seeing Him. And they would weep when the Quran was recited. As though Allah Himself was speaking to them until there's not a dry beard left in the crowd and left after their prayer. This is what presence in the prayer means, as our teachers tell us. This presence of the prayer is not from the beauty of the sound, although the beauty of the qiraah, of the qadrah can help. But it's not from the beauty of the sound. It's not the harmonious cadences that the ear hears. But it's the beauty of the meaning that the heart hears, that the heart is affected by. Their hearts were being opened up to meanings that they had not comprehended, that they hadn't known before. And that's why they were weeping. And so when the Quran, when there are ayahs in the Quran that the qiraah recites and the Quran speaks about paradise, and the Quran speaks about Allah's mercy, they will weep peers of joy. And when the Quran, when the qiraah would recite verses about the naar, about the fire, and about Allah's chastisement, they would weep peers of fear. And when the qiraah, the reciter would recite stories of past nations and civilizations, those who were destroyed before us, they would beg Allah in earnest to be like the righteous in those civilizations, the righteous people who followed the prophets.  And so Allah destroyed them. This was their presence in the prayer. And how would they do this in the prayer, or outside of the prayer would have been read in the Quran, by repeating the same adhqar, the same words and phrases that we always repeat. They would say, A'udubillahi min ash-shaytan al-rajim. They would say, Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. They would say, I seek protection in Allah from the accursed shaytan. But for them, this wasn't just words, it wasn't just I seek protection, and it's the same everyday meaning that I've always heard. No, they understood that seeking protection from a shaytan isn't just seeking protection from the devil or from Satan himself, but also from every one of the minor shayateen, from the demons, dominions of shaytan. And this is because shaytan, in the original Arabic language, refers to المتمرد الحالك المخلق, which is anyone who's rebellious, who's ruinous to himself, and ruinous of others, destroys himself and destroys others. And so to seek protection from the shaytan is to seek Allah's remembrance. I seek protection in Allah in His remembrance. As a means of warding off anything that distracts from Allah. As a means of warding off anything that makes you seek other than Him. As a means of warding off anything that might diminish or delay your appointed meeting with Him, with your Lord in Jannah as part of the Ru'iyah. And so they used to say, I seek protection. I seek that you would surround me on all my sides, preventing any of these demons that would distract me from the purpose for which I was created to worship you. That would distract me from doing everything for your sake. That would cause me to rebel. That would cause me not to seek you, not to know you. What I would be like Him in our shaytan regime means is Allah, I seek your light. Your light that dissipates the darknesses of the shayateen. The darknesses that would otherwise engulf me and engulf those around me, that would cause me to be destroyed and would cause others around me to be destroyed. These are the meanings that should be present to the heart when we say, This is what should be in the forefront of our minds when we recite the words, And the converse is also true. The converse being when we see this meaning, when we see something that causes us to rebel against the will of Allah or may cause evil that we recognize something that causes evil and destruction in ourselves that causes evil and destruction in others. And that's what you could call it, that when we see something of that description and that thing that would distract us from Allah, that thing that would cast us into darkness is effectively a shaytan in meaning. And so we should say to it, And when we say shaytan, we mean that thing. So this is what we intend when we say, If it is your cell phone that's distracting you, that's tempting you with darkness and rebellion. Then say, I seek protection in Allah from this Chris shaytan of the cell phone because only Allah who can render its effects void so that it has no sway over the heart.  If this thirst for revenge is distracting you from Allah, say, I seek protection in Allah from this Chris shaytan who would distract me from my Lord by involving me in these petty quarrels and these petty fights that mean nothing. But I seek refuge in Allah from the temptation to transgress this man's rights even though he has transgressed my rights. And I seek protection in Allah's light from this darkness that he's trying to cast in me. It is he who I ask for protection because it is only he who can protect me. One of the secrets of the wording of Audhu Billahi min al shaytan al rajim is that it's a dua that gets at ultimate reality. Because what we are saying when we recite it is that we are saying that we as creatures are returning to our Creator, that we're acknowledging our complete need and our dependency on our Creator who himself is free of need, who is entirely self-sufficient and who is perfect. Allah says in the Quran, So flee to Allah, run to him with dry, with earnest, with energy as though you're fleeing from shaytan, attempting to escape him. And so we flee to Allah because otherwise we would fall into the clutches of shaytan or one of his minions and so we would become like them with the madrid, halak, muhlik. And if we do not flee to Allah, we would become rebels defiant of his command and we would have destroyed ourselves and we would have let others down the path of destruction. And if we do not flee to Allah, if we wallow in the depths of these darknesses or we would rather wallow in the depths of these darknesses because we would have turned away from Allah's light. And so in a hadith, the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam says, Inna Allaha La Yaqbal al-Dua'a Min Qalbin Khuaq al-Sahin But dearly Allah does not accept a dua of a forgetful inattentive heart. Because how can you forget your need of Allah?  Because where did you come from? You came from a primordial realm. The Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam says, Inna Allaha La Yaqbal al-Dua'a Min Qalbin Khuaq al-Sahin Dearly Allah does not accept a dua of a forgetful inattentive heart because this is one of the most basic facts of what it means to be human that you're in need of Allah. In every moment you are in need of Allah. And where you came from, where did you come from? A primordial realm where you took a covenant with your Lord. And where are you going? To Yom al-Qiyamah when you're going to stand on a plane with everyone here before your Lord and he will ask you whether you remain faithful to that covenant. Fafirru ilallah. Flee to him because you already depend on him. Flee to him because his presence is where you are going anyway. It's your natural destination. And how do we flee to Allah? By being present with him through these common adhkar, through these common du'as. These words are light on the tongue but heavy in meaning so we should grasp onto the meanings. Learn them well, learn them deeply. And say, A'udhu billahi min ash-shaitan ar-rajim and when you say it, bring all of these meanings to the forefront of your mind and intend them in your heart. That you seek protection in Allah and with Allah and by Allah in his light from the darknesses that would otherwise engulf you, these darknesses of the accursed shayateen who would cause you to perish, who would cause you to be distracted from your purpose in life and prevent you from fleeing to Allah. And whenever you see someone or something that matches this description of the shaitan and say, A'udhu billahi min ash-shaitan ar-rajim I seek protection in Allah and I am fleeing to him Inna lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un. Indeed we belong to Allah and to Him we return.


Hi, I'm Anke from Noble Nails and I'm going to do a B-flex manicure with the color Dreamy. I finished the B-flex manicure dreamy in 34 minutes. And this is the result. What I really like about the B-flex and B-strong line is that it's very quick and easy to use.


Now let's look at this figure. In the center you have this box. This box actually represents a router. What does a router do? A router is an endpoint of a network or in other words it connects two different networks to each other. A router may have multiple interfaces but on each interface it is a separate network. So you can think of a router as a post office where the packets from one area come and then they are looked up and sent to other areas along different routes. So let's look at one side of this network. So on one side you see addresses of the form <IP_ADDRESS> and so on. At the bottom we see that an IP address is nothing but a 32 bit number. So it's a 32 bit binary number which for ease of human comprehension is split into four octets. So each octet is now read in the corresponding decimal form. So that's how one side of the network becomes what is called the 10.1.1 network. So the network is often referred to using the name that is given to that router's interface. So <IP_ADDRESS> is the router which is catering to the entire network of the other IP addresses that we see. So each of these can be machines or they can even be local networks inside that. We will see how that happens a bit later. So what this router is doing is it's connecting the 10.1.1 network to the 223.1 network. So what does a router have? Suppose you look at the machine which says okay <IP_ADDRESS> wants to send a packet to the server which is at <IP_ADDRESS>. So essentially what will happen is that the machine which is there at one end of the network, it knows where to send the packet in order to reach the router. In the router there will be a table which will say that okay if a packet comes on this line with this IP address and wants to go out to that IP address then it has to be sent out on that line. So this is a very conceptual level of explanation. Essentially the routing table is simply mapping the input link, the input IP address to the corresponding output IP address and the output link. So the router knows which is the link on which to send the packet or forward the packet so that it goes towards the <IP_ADDRESS> machine. While this is a very simplistic example, we have only considered one router and two interfaces. The same idea keeps on extending in order for us to reach from anywhere in the internet to anywhere else in the internet.


Here we go. So Yesterday's game Lamar Jackson against the Broncos. He was in there for a short amount of time Got sacked a couple of times but on the last sack that the last sack was the one that took him out For the game that ended his game And that put Tyler Huntley in Lamar Jackson He went to the medical tent and then from the medical tent. He went to the locker room They showed the video him walking up the steps on the way to the locker room. It didn't look too good It looked like he was in he was in some significant pain And I mean it just We're just in the dark right now when it comes to Lamar Jackson's injury and really the severity of the Lamar Jackson injury But the Ravens with this signing in my opinion, they shed a little bit of light on Lamar Jackson's injury The reason I say that is because I feel like if Lamar Jackson's injury If it was not significant and at least not significant enough to keep him out of any games Then they would just keep everything as is Tyler Huntley would be the quarterback And also they still got a Anthony Brown on a practice squad So they would have just continued rolling with those two Because obviously when one person on the depth chart is out You have other people that move up and they step up in that absence of the previous person ahead of them But with them actually signing Brett Huntley This leads me to believe that Lamar Jackson Definitely won't play against the Steelers. Definitely won't play against the Steelers Beyond that we'll see but just based off of this signing alone I think really for this week. It's really the only week that we can really determine anything Of course John hardball. He's gonna have his presser later on Going over everything and you know That's probably gonna be like the first question that he gets asked unless he already addresses it because you know He comes out with his opening statements and whatnot and then he asks for questions but I'm sure he will bring up Lamar Jackson's injury because Missed everything that happened yesterday and what was a just a very interesting game a lot of different Pieces moving and whatnot. I'm sure John hardball will be asked about Greg Roman He'll be asked about Lamar Jackson's injury. He'll be asked about a lot of that stuff But Lamar Jackson's injury is probably the biggest Storyline from the game yesterday. What's going on? What's gonna happen? How long is he gonna be out for? What is the exact injury? But um, we'll we'll wait and see what hardball says in a couple of hours when it comes to that But Brett Huntley he's somebody that is familiar with the Ravens course He was with the Ravens this offseason when they had their four quarterbacks Again Lamar Tyler Huntley Brett Huntley and Anthony Brown And he it was no surprise that he didn't get kept I don't think anybody expected him to be retained by the Ravens when it came down to cut down and the Ravens They retain the quarterbacks exactly how we thought they were gonna retain the quarterbacks We obviously knew they were keeping Lamar and Tyler Huntley They were gonna be on the active roster then we a lot of us figured that Anthony Brown He was gonna be the one on the practice squad and they were gonna cut Brett Huntley and that's exactly How things went down now but now with them bringing him back as somebody that's familiar I'm surprised they didn't bring back Kenji Baha Unless he's somewhere else right now, but I'm surprised they didn't bring him back You know with him they will sign them then cut them then sign them then cut them then sign them then cut them They're starting to cut them. You already know how it went But yeah, this is a not good news for Lamar this week, but hopefully Hopefully beyond this week since Lamar's feet probably gonna be out But beyond this week. Hopefully the Ravens can get good news when it comes to Lamar Jackson So today to be Tyler Huntley again. Well again my opinion. I think Because nothing's official yet, but it's looking like it's gonna be Tyler Huntley again versus the Pittsburgh Steelers and it was a tough game last year last year. Remember week week 18 The last game of the season They came very close. There was some missed opportunities here and there. There was some drops here and there It was just they came close. It was a tough game But they just couldn't quite finish. It's gonna be very interesting to see I mean it was very interesting to see the difference in the way the offense was called For Tyler Huntley yesterday, it's gonna be very interesting to see now a four week of preparation for Tyler Huntley as a starter And how they call the offense for him Knowing that he's gonna most likely knowing that he's gonna be starting From the start to finish and he's he won't be the backup anymore. So just pay attention to that I'm sure a lot of y'all caught wind of the snap counts from yesterday and just the difference With the snap counts with the personnel, especially with Pat Ricard That's probably the one that stood out the most but anyway, we will talk about all that later on So, yeah, expect Tyler Huntley to be the starter this week against Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh So that should be a interesting game Now again, like I say with backups backups backup QB's they They I think they could be more lax And they can be more risky or take they take more risk because they don't have anything to lose They don't have anything to lose and I like Tyler Huntley is gonna be the long-term starter at least this year for the Baltimore Ravens So it's we got nothing to lose But the season is still like alive, which is a beautiful thing the Ravens are sitting at 8 and 4 right now Of course, they could have had a much better record also could have had a much worse record, but For the who the Ravens are for what their issues are I I'll take 8 and 4 I Will certainly take it for who these Baltimore Ravens are but yeah, man, so Huntley this week look like honey gonna be up and And Hun Lee I will be on the team as well in that supportive role So we'll see how it goes same keep it clean. I love y'all I appreciate y'all and like Lamar Jackson. Hopefully will not be too much longer beyond this week We out