Welcome to another suggestion for in-class activities this time dealing with vowels. The prerequisite for this in-class meeting is that our students have gone through the e-learning unit vowels and the two e-lectures, phonetics, basic segments of speech vowels one and vowels two prior to the in-class meeting. As usual, you should start with the definition of your central in-class goals. First of all, we will generally try to summarize and recapitulate the criteria to define the system of cardinal vowels. Then we will go straight into the first round of e-training. Together with our students, we will work out the various types of vowels and will exemplify them as well as possible using data from several languages. And finally, we will look at the vowels in present-day English seeking to define the positions of the monophones on the cardinal vowel chart. Before you start with the practical, as usual, you should dedicate about 25% or less of the in-class time for questions that the students might want to ask about the virtual session, the e-lectures or the workbook content. These questions, for example, could be triggered by you as a teacher. For example, you could ask the question, what is a rounded front vowel? And ask your students to produce one or several. U-U-Ö would be the result. Or you could ask the question, what is nasalization? And again, some students already know that, hopefully, that ë, like in French, linguistic, is a possible example of a nasalized vowel. Once this part has been finished, the phase of real practicing starts. Now, this is what I suggest to do first. First, I would try to recall the two central parameters of vowel classification and associate them with some vowels which students might want to classify along these lines. So, you should first of all perhaps ask the students for the central vertical parameter, and they would certainly come up with terms such as ëhighí and ëlowí. So, you have ëhighí and ëlowí vowels. And furthermore, you have vowels that can be classified according to the tongue position along the horizontal line in terms of ëfrontí and ëbackí. And now, you can interact with the students. Take an artificial vowel and move it around a little bit without using a symbol. So, this one, for example, asks the students what it is, and they would come up with an answer such as ëThis is a mid-high front vowelí, because immediately they would find out that here somewhere we have the mid-high position, and elsewhere we have the mid-low position. So, for example, if you move this vowel over here, they would say ëThis is a mid-low back vowelí. And what about this one? Well, here they would find out that we have forgotten one position, namely the central position, and we can define this as a mid-central vowel, and so on and so forth. Using this technique, you can easily show your students how you classify vowels, and donít use a symbol here. Now, the second task is just like the first. However, this time, we add the lip-rounding parameter and some of the secondary cardinal vowels to the task and explain to the students how to produce them, and we can do that together with our students. So, for example, you could ask your student what type of vowel is this one, and the first of all would come up, and now you explain, of course, to them that we use squares to indicate vowels that are produced with spread lips and circles for vowels that are produced with rounded lips. So, this would be a rounded high front vowel, and the symbol, of course, that we could use here is this one, and now, hopefully, your students are in a position to produce this vowel. They would come up with ù. Or what about this one? Now, here we have an unrounded high back vowel. The symbol that is used is this one, and the result is something which is very hard to produce for many speakers whose languages donít have this sort of vowel. And now, hereís the advice, produce a rounded one, which is easier, produce an ù, and then spread your lips. Keep the tongue where it is. ù, and there you are. Well, letís take a further example. Here is a vowel that can be produced in the low back region, so itís an unrounded low back vowel. The symbol would be something like this one, and the result is ù. So, depending on your time, you can do this exercise as long as you like. Just prepare these symbols in advance so that you can use as many of these circles as you want, and move them around on the board, if you have a wonderful device like this Promethean active board I have. Okay, now itís time for our first phase of ear training. To train the studentís auditory capability, I suggest 5 to 10 vowels in a consonantal environment with a sufficient amount of repetitions in each case should suffice. The students have to describe, have to transcribe, not describe, have to transcribe these consonant vowel structures. So, I will use something which starts with ù and then a vowel. They should transcribe this on a piece of paper, and eventually I will give the solution on the board. So, this is what I would do. I would first of all produce a combination such as ù, and do it several times ù. Now, once everyone is ready, I would continue with the next one ù. And again, now number 3 ù. And I could continue like this until I reached something like 10 vowels. And then I would give the solutions. So, we had ù and ù. And now you can ask your students whether they were right or wrong, and if they were right, they will love it. Believe it or not, students like these sort of exercises, especially if they are motivated in advance to achieve a good score. After a round of ear training, you could continue now with types of vowels. Now, one type has already been implicitly used, and that's of course the monofongs. And I always mention that an important part of the word monofongs is the fact that it contains two ù. So, here is a monofong, and now you could tell your students that already we can draw a distinction between two types. Between two types of monofongs, namely with long and short ones. And they should know that long monofongs receive the colon as an extra length mark. The next type of vowels is referred to as diphthongs. And again, two ù in the word diphthong are essential. Ask your students whether they know a diphthong, and in most cases they will come up with a diphthong ù, which is in fact a diphthong which can very well be used for the illustration of what diphthongs are. Now this is what you should do. You should first of all tell your students that diphthongs consist of two parts. Of the first part, the so-called onset. Here is the onset ù. In our case, a low central, unrounded vowel. And then diphthongs always have an offset. That is the second part. Don't argue with the students where it is. It's somewhere here. It is of course a mid-high to high front vowel, so this could be the symbol. And that is the offset. So we have an onset and we have an offset. And between these two types of articulatory postures, the tongue moves. And now this movement is generally referred to as a glide. Now depending on the direction of the glide, you can call it an up glide. So this would be an up glide here, from low to high, up, up glide. And the result would be ù. Or you can use it the other way around. And then you have, from high to low, a down glide. And if the glide is relatively short and only leads into the center of the vowel chart, you don't call it down glide or up glide. You normally call it in glide. And this is how you should illustrate the definition of diphthongs. Onset, offset, and glide. And the glide can be defined in terms of its direction and its final position. Up glide, down glide, in glide, front up glide, back up glide, and so on. The next type of vowel that has to be found in your list, now here's your list, should be the vowel that is nasalized. Nasalized vowels, and first of all I would introduce what it sounds like. So here we take a non-nasalized or oral vowel ù. And if we nasalize, we add this symbol, the so-called tilde, and it is ù. But what is nasalization? Well, I would tell the students to understand the following differences. Well, here is the clear-cut definition of nasalization in contrast to nasal. So we have two items that have to be explained here. On the one hand we have nasalization, and that applies to vowels. On the other we have nasal, the nasal manner of articulation that applies to consonants. Well, here are two examples. Let's use the blue color for nasalized vowels. Here is an example. And let's use green for nasal consonants such as this one ù. Both have in common that the velum must be open and that you have to produce a so-called velic opening. In both cases, the airstream uses the nose. So this is where the air goes in nasalized vowels. However, the interesting thing is it does not leave the nose. It only uses the nose as a resonance chamber, but it leaves the vocal tract via the mouth. So here is just a sort of resonance chamber for vowels. So nasalized vowels still use an airstream that leaves the vocal tract via the mouth. Nasal consonants, nasal consonants in contrast to nasalized vowels use an airstream that not only uses the nose, but passes through the nose and the airstream in the mouth is somewhere blocked in our case between the lips because we have amma, you could have anna and so on. So this is then the important thing. When all your students would need is some sort of illustration or exemplification, I suggest you use the VLC language index and exemplify nasalization on the basis of a language such as Polish. So here we have an oral vowel, nose, and here it's nasalized counterpart, again, that should suffice. The final vowel you want to list is a devoiced vowel or devoicing. Well, the example I suggest is always an example from Japanese. For example, you have vowels such as u and devoicing is indicated by a little circle underneath. And again, I suggest you use an example from the VLC campus to illustrate this. Well, here we are, a voiced vowel, and a voiceless counterpart, and here the same situation with two back vowels, unagi, and the voiceless counterpart, sukiyaki. You cannot really hear the sukiyaki, but it is there, but it is devoiced. By the way, you can all produce devoiced vowels, can't you? Just whisper, whisper along. There you are with devoiced vowels. The final exercise I suggest in this in-class meeting deals with present-day English. Let's say we want our students to find out the main monofongs in present-day English without any detailed phonological background knowledge. A good way to do this is the active plenary meeting in which two students come to the front. One is the writer. The only task this student has to do is write on the board, and the second student will collect the information coming from the audience. Their task is to find present-day English words with one vowel in it, define the vowel to the two students at the front, and tell the writer by means of a phonetic classification where to put it. So this is what they should do. For example, they could come up with a word such as red. And now hopefully someone would say, well, this is some sort of mid or mid-high front vowel. And then they would suggest that this epsilon could be a reasonable symbol. Or they come up with a word such as moon. And hopefully someone in the audience would point out that this is a high back vowel and that this could be a reasonable symbol, maybe even students. Some students would add that this is a vowel which can be considered to be longer than the previous one, air. And so on and so forth you could use words such as bat, where students would point out that this is a low front vowel. And you would tell them that this is really pretty low in present-day English and that the ash is the symbol that is normally used here. When ready, when all students have collected the monofongs of present-day English, that is the 12 monofongs, or even less, then the class instructor who normally sits back, sits in the back during the active plenary meeting, comes back to the front, optionally corrects and discusses the data collection by the audience. This is a very good exercise where you get the students involved in what you're doing. Well, the time required for all these exercises and tasks is up to you. According to my experience, students, once they have worked through the e-learning unit and the e-lectures, know so much prior to the in-class meeting that one can start straightforwardly. This gives you all the freedom to enrich the in-class phase with anecdotes about languages and their sound systems, or you could play the morphosyntactic part of a language from the VLC language index and have the students analyze the vowels in the data set. A very simple task, just give them the chart and they will be able to do it. Well, and if you want more exercises, just use the questions on the VLC practical sheet associated with the e-learning unit vowels. Enjoy your in-class meeting.


Welcome to JSA TV and JSA podcast where we're covering the latest stories trends and innovations from leaders and global connectivity Real estate and the networks within I'm Candice Ipo's with JSA and I'm here with Duke ask on sales director with at north one of the Great Nordic data center leaders. So we're really excited to chat with them today. Duke. Thanks for joining us Thank you for having us here. Yeah, absolutely. It's a pleasure So first of all we know that you're about to give a case study presentation in a couple hours here at the event So we were hoping you can give us a bit of a preview It's about kind of the intersection between Sustainability and profitability. So if you could just chat through that a little bit with us Well, yeah, we're gonna hold a little case study here What we're really looking at is long-term profitability and cost efficiency together Short-term your cost could be a little bit higher, but your long term cost will be much lower That's that's the goal of it and when we're talking about the costs. We're also talking about Holistic costs not only the cost of running an efficient data center But the cost of customer acquisition is we seeing that the consumer demand is for long-term solutions Yeah, and you can't cut our future generation's costs. Yeah. Yeah investment. We're doing. Yeah, absolutely I love that so so one line that really kind of stands out from that case study with BMP Is that it proves that green means cost efficient, which is what you're chatting about So and at north is really able to achieve both which is impressive. So could you tell us any more about that? Well, what we're seeing is that if we can work on the circular economics and ensure that we have a respectful use of Our national resources human resources and think about the future. Not only our short-term gains We've got a much better proposition to the market I appreciate it and when we can quantify it Customers can buy it. Yeah Okay, love that and in other recent news out of at north the company recently acquired Compu, which is the very exciting this had just happened at the end of August So we were hoping that you could just give us a little bit of an update on that I know a several new hires came as part of that And and tell us what our audience can expect from at north over the next year or so well at north We're in a tremendous growth phase Acquiring compute gives us more human resources in the HPC as a service part they add Value to our stack higher up above the above the bare bones infrastructure So we're really glad to have them on board and we see some great value coming there With the new hires what we've added some more talent to our human resource pool as Any company it's about the people so you have the right people people that want to drive things They can make things happen. That's where the magic is and the overall the company well I think keep an eye on us. We're gonna be a power player in the Nordics It's gonna take us two three years, but we've put all the puzzle pieces in place So stay tuned for using our services. Yeah, absolutely. Hey more human Resources is always a good thing, right? Excellent so great chatting with you. We'll see you around the conference and good luck on your case study presentation here in a few hours and To our audience as always happy networking Thank You Candice


The global navigation satellite system, GNSS, has been widely used to measure the electron density in the Earth's atmosphere. However, the GNSS pod, precision orbit determination, and ROPE, radio occultation, and TNE have been used increasingly in characterizing the global three-dimensional distribution and variability of ionospheric electron density, now. In this study, an optimal estimation, OE, method was developed to retrieve profiles from the slant total electron content, HTC, measurements acquired by the GNSS pod links at negative elevation angles, epsilon zero degrees. This method overcomes the large no-oscillations, sometimes negative values, seen in the onion peeling, OPE, retrievals in the lower ionosphere. The new OE results can also be validated against ground-based ionisans and radar observations, showing generally good agreement in no from all sites. The OE algorithm has been applied to all GNSS pod data acquired from the Cosmic-1, 2006 to 2019, Cosmic-2, 2019 present, and SP. This article was authored by Don Elwou, Nimoulin Swarnalingam, Cornelius Sarjoud H. Salinas, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Looks like the battle's been going on for a while. The front walls still hold. Some IELTS forces will be drawn there, weakening his defenses elsewhere. Wait, are you suggesting we sneak in? Good call, but that doesn't sound like it. It's strategic. Right.


What do I do? It's a compliment!  You are beautiful. Boring! You have eyelashes like false ones that I yearn to have. Think of something nice. You have really nice white teeth. Thank you. Your eyes are so blue, I could swim in them. You have beautiful, well-placed eyebrows. Your pecs are so big and muscly.   Well done! So technically I won.


This is very interesting to this perspective. Most investors understand that Abu Dhabi can be a large importantly entire region. Just looking at the flow of capital around the world, this is one of the fastest-going regions under the consistency of staying that way, getting the focus of a lot of investors. Most people, in the idealism of giving this category, before I met Sarah, before I came into that program, had no idea how to enter. They didn't know who to talk to, it was all kinds of assaults and eages that say they know what's going on, but they don't. This is a program that we're using now for a multiple time basis, because it just gets more interesting. And what's great about this program, for all of you, is that it's multi-sector. It's not as effective as just one sector. You're interested in technology, you're interested in agriculture, you're interested in infrastructure, yes, all of these. And for me as an investor, I'm multi-sector. So I'm really interested down in vertical farming, I'm very interested in husbandry for cattle. I work in both the United States and in Europe, and here, a lot of these technologies or ideas can be applied here as well, and you can take ideas from here and provide them to the US. So for me, this is a fantastic platform, and I tend to stay involved at Nausea forever, because it's such a great way to engage with the government here, engage with the regulator here, engage with cattle here. There's no other program like it, and it's obvious that there's some things there that's worked out very, very well, but what works is bringing individuals each time from multiple disciplines, from multiple sectors. So that's a great experience as well.


What are some of your earliest experiences with expressing yourself as a human being? You know right now acting people know you for acting. I want to take you back earlier point in your life. What are some of your earliest memories with expressing yourself as an artist or as a as a human being? There were the most powerful moments moments that I was able to feel in front of people. You did and see where I was brought up. They were not a lot of people. But when you start doing it bro it cleans you up of all of that. So it was it was a it was a release for me. It was a beautiful thing for me you know and then now shit I express myself as much as I can and with his acting bro the acting saved my life because I was able to do things and even though sometimes it would look like a weak character we're all weak in some parts of our life you know I'm saying you got to show them feelings you can't just be a hard dude all the time so now I'm able to laugh I'm able to cry and but now I do it without just being an actor I do just immediately better doing this and you know what it feels the most so much better you know. What are some of the things that some of the art that you look like that that you like some of the things that fill you up and fill you up? You know my thing is I go back to my old R&B man you know I'm an R&B guy you know and even though sometimes it takes me to a dark place I could always change the record now and bring back to a happy place you did.   Yeah two more things sons of anarchy man I think I watched that from beginning to end without blinking man that was a I couldn't stop watching it man and once I've got the first episode going I watched it straight through to the end because I heard about it later how you reflecting on that experience on being a part of that because I thought it was perfect man I loved every piece of it. You know what sons just to South the West what I read it I knew it was gonna do well because there was no shows I get out there you know and what it was Kurt Sutter actually put the bikers what you think a biker's life is what she could watch in the comfort of your home or the safety of your home you dig what I'm saying that's what made it good and but I like see Marcus Alvarez is immediately better 28 years ago you dig what I'm saying very hardest man very you know that's who I was so it's easy for me that's my love play Marcus Alvarez because I get to revisit that guy and not have to deal with the trouble you know I'm saying bro so it's nice for me. I have a lot of people who lost their life to addiction my uncle passed away those of his twins so when he died I tattooed his twins because that's all he talked about so it's like everyone asked me about my tattoos in my hand that was my uncle's twins and he died like not really being able to like experience full fatherhood and stuff but he was an addict he was an addict you know so he was also an artist you know so I feel like art could have saved him if he really believed in himself you know what's your advice to people who you know maybe struggling but you know also have a light in them that they haven't brought out yet. The thing is this you know at times that see the drugs man and is an easy way out.


Last class I just gave you the broad definition of cost and we need to understand that the definition of cost is for a cost object. So what is a cost object? Cost object is just the technical term that we use, just a technical term for the product or for the business activity or an organizational unit or any purpose for which we are measuring the total cost is the cost object and it has a context to it. Suppose we say manufacturing a particular type of car and that particular type of car is a cost object or the total cost involved in running the entire automobile plant in which this car is a part of that can also be a cost object. It can be as broad as the entire plant itself or it can be as narrow as one particular product that comes out of the plant. So the extent to which you either go very narrow or make it broad determines the actual cost that you are going to calculate because the cost object is differing based on your requirement. But whatever the case may be we need to measure the full cost of the cost object, full cost of the cost object. It means all the resources that the cost object consumes in its creation is the full cost of the cost object. In some cases it can be easily measured. Let us say you get into a shop and you purchase a pair of jeans for 1000 rupees. The full cost for you is 1000 rupees that is easily measurable because you just pay that 1000 rupees. Suppose the question is what is the full cost of manufacturing that gene? Then you need to look into various other components that get into the full cost of manufacturing this gene. In this case the genes the pair of gene is the cost object. Now to do that we need to understand that this cost is divided into two broad categories namely the direct cost and the indirect cost. Direct and indirect cost. So the direct cost of a cost object are all the items of cost that can be specifically identified and tagged on to be cost by this cost object. That is the direct cost. For example we are talking about manufacturing a particular type of gene. The fabric or the denim that is used in manufacturing a batch of genes is a direct cost of that batch of genes. As against indirect cost which could be one or more of certain cost types where it is not feasible to trace each of them individually to a cost object. In the same example the salary of the employer or the insurance that is being paid for the gene factory. These are indirect cost. Definitely a part of it goes to this but we cannot trace it in exactitude that it is because of this cost object. But also we must understand that in this example that I have cited the cost object here is explicitly stated that it is a batch of genes. If the cost object let us say changes and say that the cost object is the entire factory where the genes are produced. Then the employer salary the insurance that they pay for the factory is a direct cost because here the cost object is the factory itself and it can be traced to the cost object because the cost object is the factory. So we need a context to define the cost object and all costs that can be traced to this cost object are its direct cost and all costs that are being incurred but not being able to trace to a particular cost object are the indirect cost and we will understand it more when we actually split this into finer components and how do we do that. The most common cost object of any business is a product. Any business engages in delivering a product or rendering a service. So it could be a product or a service that is the most common cost object. So the common cost object for the purpose of our discussion is a product or a service. So product because it is a tangible that could be intangible cost objects if you are rendering a service. So we need to understand the product costing system how costs are allocated to the cost object and the most commonly used or the common components of the cost. I told you before two easily identifiable direct cost components are the material and labor. So direct material cost is that quantity of material that can be specifically identified to the cost object in an economically feasible manner which means that I am able to express it in monetary terms because I know that this much amount of material has been consumed in producing this particular cost object. So that is the direct material cost and invariably you would take the raw materials that you actually use consume to make this cost object as your material cost. And likewise your direct labor cost will be all the labor quantities that can be easily attributable that can be identified specifically for creating this cost object. And how do you monetize this? You just know the total number of hours that has been consumed and what is the rate that you are paying for the labor hours that has been consumed and hence it can be converted into monetary terms. And this you will be specifically able to identify to a particular cost object because you know for this particular cost object you are consuming this amount of labor which costs some amount x per hour or whatever is the unit that you are using. So the most commonly used direct costs are the direct material cost and the labor cost. And other costs in addition to these are the direct cost which invariably we call as overhead cost. The cost of running the unit, the cost that are not easily identifiable in definite measure to a particular cost object. Now typically if you look at this material plus labor plus overhead or your indirect cost, overhead cost with respect to let us say the production activities because there are other overhead costs outside the production activity that is your general selling expenses, administrative expenses that we look at it later. Now this is your conversion cost. So if you look at the cost components, the elements of product cost for a finer understanding I will just split these into let us say this is your direct labor cost, this is your overhead cost, this plus this is your conversion cost as I said before, your conversion cost plus let us say this is direct material cost. So this plus this will give you the full cost, direct labor cost, conversion cost, direct material cost. And if you look at your accounting that we learnt before this is what gets and sits as your inventory and it is after you incur some selling cost and some general admin cost. This is also a form of overhead actually all this put together will be your direct labor, this one was your overhead, production overhead, this one was your material cost, selling cost, general administrative cost. So all this put together will be the full cost. So this you just have as an imagery for you to understand that any cost object will have two major components direct cost, indirect cost and very typically cost that are associated with either conception of material or labor can easily be identified to that particular cost object and hence there is direct material cost, direct labor cost. And then the generic overhead cost which will be spread over different cost objects and all this put together will give you the full product cost of the cost object. Now with this understanding let us begin to understand what standard cost is. A standard cost is a measure of how much an item of cost should be, is a measure of how much an item of cost should be as against how much it actually was. It is more or less equivalent to budgeted cost except that standard cost is for a unit cost product whereas budgeted cost is for the total number of such cost products that are being produced. Now let us say we would like to understand what is the standard cost of a cost product, which means I need to understand what is the unit cost, the unit full cost of producing one unit of the cost product that is the standard cost.  Just have this in your mind and if the units that are being consumed in making that dish has some monetary value then you are consuming material. And the person who is preparing that also consumes some time and then he is paid for that then there is monetary value in the labor that is being consumed. And the fuel or the place in which he is working has a cost of operation then there is also this overheads to this. So you are able to add directly identifiable material cost, directly identifiable labor cost and that component of an overhead cost and all of them together to produce one unit that is the unit standard cost. And typically if you get into a manufacturing set up I will just give you an example of a standard cost sheet. So if you go to a manufacturing set up you will have a bill of material. Let us say I use this item material X part Y some component Z. So the standard quantity that I would be using to produce one unit of that material I first write. So the standard quantity of material X that I require let us say this is 120 square inch then 6 units and 1 unit of component Z. And all the standard quantity is available for a standard price let us say this is 0.05 this is 2.5 this is 24.5 as a result of which the total cost is 6 15 24.5. So my direct material cost is 45. Then when I get this material I will have to process this material. So let us say I have to do some forming of material X then I attach Y join with Z test and bracket. So these are labor operations. So I am talking about time let us say there is some standard time for this and standard time and standard price for this. Now to form this material I need to consume 0.6 hours at a price of 12.5. So the total cost of labor for this particular operation is 7.5 likewise let us say I am consuming different amounts of time at different rates to calculate the total labor cost that is involved. So this comes to 11.8. Then I said there is an overhead in this case I am just talking about the production overhead which is let us say 17.7 there is a basis for which I calculate this production overhead. This total is 1 hour. So let us say the overhead is for every 1 hour that is being consumed the direct overhead is 17.7 rupees. So the total standard unit cost is 1 plus 2 plus 3 which is 75. Now how did I calculate this total standard unit cost? The standard quantity of each item if you go just this here the standard quantity of each item of material input that is being used to produce this cost object to produce 1 unit of this cost object times the price of each unit of that material that is being consumed and the sum of all gives the material cost. Then similarly you calculate the standard cost of the direct labor input that is required to make 1 unit of the cost product. So the various labor operations that we saw here are listed and the standard time is determined for each of these labor operation which means I expect that to produce 1 unit of a particular cost product I will spend 0.2 hours to attach y 0.6 hours to form material x and these standard times are multiplied by the standard rates. So that they get converted to monetary terms and sum of these amounts of all the operations is a product standard labor cost. So you have the product standard material cost you have the product standard labor cost and by applying a predetermined overhead rate which is pegged to the direct labor hours or labor dollars whatever the case may be you calculate the overhead that is included in the standard cost and in this case the total standard unit cost is 75 rupees. Suppose I manufacture 1000 units I told you the difference between standard cost and budgeted cost is just the unit level and the aggregate level. The standard unit cost here is 75. Suppose I want to manufacture 100 units that the budgeted cost is 75 times 100 which is 7500. This is the difference between budget cost and standard cost and for all practical purposes they are used interchangeably because it is a unit level that gets expanded to an aggregate level makes it the budgeted cost. So now you understand that 3 critical elements get into the calculation of standard unit cost. Those 3 are material, labor and overhead. Now why is this important? It is important because I told you management accounting by itself is more internal from a control perspective. I need to understand vis-a-vis the budgeted cost how much was the actual cost that was consumed budget versus actual. Now to do that we need to make a comparison between the actual unit cost and the standard unit cost and if the actual is more than the standard then there is an unfavorable variance. If the actual is less than the standard there is a favorable variance. At a very broad level you need to understand that a favorable variance arises if the actual cost of the resources consumed for a cost product is less than what actually it was budgeted for and as I told you the standard cost represents what the cost should be. So the standard direct material cost is the cost of producing one unit of the product to produce one unit of the product of the cost product how much of material that I am consuming at a given standard price of that material that is for material cost. For labor cost how much of labor I am consuming to produce one unit of the cost product at a given specific labor price. So I just like to make sure that you understand this well to produce one unit of the cost product. How much material you are consuming at standard prices how much labor at standard prices. Remember this is the cost sheet that we saw before this is the cost sheet that we saw before. Now where do you think variance will arise let us go one by one let us say I am talking about direct material cost. Now as per definition the standard cost is before we actually make the operations before we start doing something we assume that to make one unit of this cost product we are going to consume some resources and we are assuming that we can get these resources at this price. So if I am interested in knowing what the direct material variances I should first be interested in knowing what can change from the standard cost that I have estimated what can change when I am actually engaged in making the cost product. Two things can change either the material that I am consuming or the price at which I am procuring the material, material usage or material price and both these cases they may change either favorably or unfavorably. I might end up using more material or less material I might end up buying that material at a higher price than I expected or at a price lower than I expected. But as long as there is a change then there is room for variance between standard and actual. So we need to calculate what this material usage variances what the material price variances and the algebraic sum of these two is the direct material variance. So direct material cost variance will be the algebraic sum of the material usage variance plus material price variance. Now what is the usage variance? Usage variances I end up using a quantity which is different from the standard cost from what I thought I would be using times the standard price. Price variance is I end up paying more or less there is a change in price for the actual quantity that I consume. Now I will just give you an example for you to understand this better. Let us say each unit of product x x is the cost product that we are considering. Now each unit of product x requires 9 grams of some direct material 9 gram of a direct material which cost 4 rupees per gram. Now let us say within a given time period that I produce 100 units 100 units of that material x was made and in making that 100 units I consumed 825 grams of that direct material and it was purchased at the rate of rupees 5 per gram. Now I need to calculate what is the variance direct material cost variance. I can calculate it because now this is standard data. Standard data says to produce one unit of that x I need 9 grams of direct material the raw material and each gram is available at rupees 4 and I am producing 100 units which means I need to consume 900 units and when I see here I just consume 825 units and I have to purchase each unit at 4 rupees per gram here I purchased at 5 rupees per gram. So you can clearly see that there is a change there is a variance both at the material consumption level and at the price level. So which means there is usage variance as well as price variance and we need to calculate how much is usage variance and how much is the price variance. So usage variance is as per our definition delta of the quantity into the standard price. In this case 75 times 4 which is 300. Now is this 300 favorable or unfavorable? Favorable because actually I should have consumed 900 units but I have consumed only 825 units. So this delta quantity is favorable and hence 300 favorable is the usage variance. Now price variance is delta price into actual quantity which is 1 into the actual that we purchased was 825 favorable or unfavorable because it is unfavorable here because actually I should have purchased at 4 rupees per gram but today I mean when I did this I purchased at 5 rupees per gram. So what is the direct material cost variance? It is the algebraic sum of these two 300 favorable plus 825 unfavorable 525 unfavorable. So this is the direct material cost variance. Now why are you saying that are we doing this? As a manager in the organization I need to understand why there is this direct material cost variance. So I look at this and I find that my people in the shop floor they have been able to reduce the quantity that was used. When actually I should have used 900 I have used 825 and positively contributed to the cost structure whereas my people in the purchasing when they were supposed to have purchased this at rupees 4 they have ended up purchasing this for rupees 5 as a result of which there is an unfavorable variance and that is why I am interested in doing this variance analysis to make sure that it is only those who are responsible for this variance are being asked for explanation. Otherwise in the absence of that you know that there is an unfavorable variance but you do not know who is responsible for it. But at the same time this is just a pointer and indicator for you to quickly go and diagnose the problem. For example let us say somebody ended up in the name of providing a favorable variance you ended up saying that you have favorable price variance let us take an example. You end up buying material at prices lower than actually it was budgeted for but ended up buying poor quality raw material as a result of which more and more raw material was consumed exactly the opposite case I am giving you. Then looking at the variance you will assume that the purchasing department has done a good job the people at the production have done a bad job because they have consumed more of the raw material. When at the first place the reason that I consumed more of the raw material was because I was given poor quality raw material because it was purchased at a price lesser than the standard price just because I had to submit a favorable price variance that is also possible. But a variance analysis is done to attempt at least focus our efforts to address issues where there is unfavorable variance and also to highlight those best practices that result in favorable variances. In the same example suppose I decide to give this as a small piece of a graphical aid let us say this is the quantity this is the price quantity is 0 to 900 and this is the price 0 to 4. So what is the this let us say the area under this is the total standard price standard price is 900 into 4 3600 and same thing actual is 825 quantity price is 5. So 825 into I am just juxtaposing both of these into one figure this is just another way of understanding this quantity 825 900 price 4 5. This will be the usage variance which is 75 times 4 300 favorable this will be price variance which is 75 times 4 300 1 times 825 25 unfavorable. So net variance 525 unfavorable. So now you understand that you can do a variance analysis to measure the difference between the actual and the budgeted in this case we have just talked about the material cost variance and how do we do that we know that direct material variance can arise because of two consequences either there is a difference between the standard or the budgeted conception of material and the actual consumed or there is a difference in the price that was budgeted versus the actual price that it was purchased. At times these variance analysis will be helpful to identify management focus to certain set of operations which have either positively or negatively contributed to the direct material cost variance. Now just as we had direct material cost variance another important component to the direct cost of a cost product is the labor component. So we know how to calculate direct material cost variance likewise we also have something called the direct labor cost variance. And in direct material there were two reasons why a variance arose one at the consumption of material and the second is the procurement of material the prices which was procured. Likewise labor variance also you might have two reasons for variance to arise one you expected that this operation could be completed within this period of time. But when actually it was performed it either consumed more or less time as a result of which there you expected that you paid your laborers this wage. But actually when the laborers were engaged there was a change either you paid them more or paid them less than what actually you thought for. So just as we had favorable and unfavorable variance in material you can also have favorable and unfavorable variance in labor when actually you either consume less or more time than you budgeted for or you paid less or more than you budgeted for. So just as you have a standard unit material cost you also have a standard unit labor cost which tells you that to produce one unit of the cost product you are going to consume certain amount of labor hours which is priced at a certain standard price. And remember when we saw the cost sheet before that total labor hours required to produce one unit of the product times the rate at which this labor hours was engaged is the total standard labor cost the unit labor unit standard labor cost. And if suppose we make thousand units times thousand is the total budgeted labor cost. Now how do we calculate labor variance we need to see the actual labor cost and the budgeted labor cost and see whether there is a difference to understand the variance. Just as we took an example to understand material variance next class I will be taking another example for you to understand labor variance. So that you will get a proper understanding of both material variance labor variance and the third thing is the overhead variance. And all these three put together will be the total variance of a cost product against the budgeted and the actual the difference gives you the total variance. And that will be more useful in channelizing your resources either to improve procurement price or labor efficiency or reduced overhead. So next class when we meet I will start with how to calculate labor


If you were in the NBA, who would you want as your teammate and why? Steph Curry, I'm just going to drive to the bucket, dish it out to him, get all the assists. Man, I don't know. I'm a big fan or a lot of players. I'm a Kevin DeRaff fan, Steph Curry, Zach Levine. I'm going to Jason Tatum. Steph Curry. I'm going to probably go with LeBron. Got to go with LeBron because LeBron can do a little bit of everything. Who would you want as your teammate and why? I'm going to have to go with Katie just simply because I've been my favorite player since, you know, since I've been growing up.


Today's video is going to be awesome because I am going to be calling Goose and we're going to be discussing how our 7-day vlogging daily video upload to YouTube went. Kind of a recap session for you guys. Well, dude, we made it the 8th through the 14th of September daily video uploading to YouTube. How'd it go? It went decently well. I made it. I had a video up every every day So I made it but I had to like and it was super fun And I know for sure that I love it, but I did not work out the entire week I gave up Frisbee which I've been playing twice a week, and I didn't hang out with any like friends and had to turn down some roommates to go and out to eat sometimes like dang So you actually was like definitely sacrificed several things to to do your you know to give up the schedule of daily uploads For sure, which is mainly because of the things. I'm currently doing like producing and some drum lessons and like some other side hustles that I have if I weren't doing those and this was full-on easy the content that you do is actually Pre-production and then post-production, which is I mean incredible like people don't understand like if you watch any Goose's videos It's like actually stuff that you have to work on like the lighting the program that he does for the songs like his actual Programming for what he does in Ableton, which is a software for musicians. It's a lot of work And I think you guys don't understand how much work that actually is so when you see his videos You go check them out leave a comment like saying great job Goose because it's a lot of work Thanks, bro. Yeah, and like I'm so on my end I had stuff planned out ahead of time because I knew like I'm right now I'm doing a product lunch, and I'm like doing brand work for other companies and so Plus a family that I have and I have to fit all that somehow between nine and five Yeah, so it's hard Editing part has to be done like from nine into like one or two in the morning in that sense It's hard then I go work out in the morning My workflow is just get as much stuff done that I can and vlog it in the day the tutorials Do that at night in the studio or you know during lunchtime and then go home and edit more of a hold on Hey, buddy, not the mud even thank you I feel like no no dig on your channel But like the stuff that you do it could almost like go viral and at any second. It's not a day. That's like that's a good thing, right? Yeah, I don't take that as a dig at all right right And I'm like no I'm like saying the stuff that you do is can go viral And so it's not easy in that sense But it's easy because you have cover songs to cover and I feel like my channel is Very slow growth like people have to like me as a person and how I educate and also how I vlog So I feel like that's more of a slow and burn kind of thing some of the tutorials though Have huge potential where people are just looking for information. I do it all the time I just want to know something how to do something on YouTube. I look it up I watch a video and then I'm leave and I'm done right and there's huge potential for high views if on the right tutorials If they're done well right right and there's a lot of youtubers that I look up to that actually have a lot of like really good Production quality to the videos and so when I do tutorials It's not that I like am opting out But I want to make sure every one of my videos has a cool Like feature to it as far as what I can do on video and not that I'm like a great video filmmaker But I just I like kind of those 30-second sequences that involve slow motion or some it's so some sort of You know you're you crush it like b-roll transitions like angles and lighting and like I feel like every main shot in your videos are just like Freakin perfect sweet you can tell it's like thought through and like the cameras in the right spot You're in the right spot. Yeah. Yeah for sure rule of thirds. I'm like I'm a noob when it comes to that stuff I'm like I just give me audio. Oh Yeah, like I would say this seven-day challenge I think we both were kind of like exhausted Slash kind of learned a lot, you know and as much as you know, we learned like I learned how much I could take and Learned better workflow. I guess.  I think for me, too I learned like how much is dang possible like I can do this I can Spend four to five hours on a video every day and like actually make it happen Especially when I announce it to the world like and there's stakes to it like if I don't I'm letting down everyone That's like paying attention. So right that was a huge part of it. And I also noticed like Yeah, my workflow I got faster at it and better at it and I learned like I mean by video like four and five I was I just knew the next step and now my workflow for these covers is like I sit down I play to it I figure out some parts that just feel good and I'm just randomly playing to it And then I make a rough plan what I'm gonna play then I go sit on my like desk which is like a table in this storage room and and program the lights and Um get Ableton ready for it and everything and then I sit back down and practice with that Right shoot it again and like that's worked really well. So just like dialing in all those small totally big question For you. What do you think is it sustainable? I do it. It depends like I think for my thing like as far as my channel it could be It's just a lot of work on both front and back end and I think I'm gonna try to keep on with a video Yep, I think I'm gonna try. Yeah, I'm honestly not Narrowed down on exactly what I'm going to do. I lean towards Monday Wednesday Friday though, right definitely and I'd love to have us a A schedule and consistent time that people know I'll be there and they they can expect a video and you have it up by like a specific days, but also a specific time Yeah, oh, that's good. That's a good idea. Yeah. Yeah. Well goose Uh, this was fun, man.  I'll catch you I'll catch you next time goose We did it. We did it man. See you soon. See you. Yep. See you And there it is guys the seven day challenge freaking love that guy Uh, I learned a lot goose learned a lot and I'm sure that you guys learned a lot watching from the behind the scenes Crazy and weird to think about that. You could do that in 2019 like you can try to make this your career It's crazy Well anyway guys, thanks so much for watching and I'll catch you next time. I'll let johnny get channel. Peace Oh, no, Ethan. Ethan. Don't do oh Ethan just body slam another child I'm just joking. That'd be hilarious though. All right. Peace


So my name is Sigur Kroll and I will talk today about Selenium and JavaScript, how to enhance your tests via JavaScript. So I'm a bit worried and it's pretty unusual for me to speak in English, even so far from home. I'm from Belarus, by the way, who knows where it is. Okay, not so many people, and of course it is to the north of Ukraine and to the west of Russia. So somewhere there. And I'm working for Wargaming.net, who knows what we are doing and what games we are developing. Okay, oh, even more. So we are doing games, so we are doing games which are related to war. Actually, the most popular game, our game is World of Tanks. It's pretty popular, but mostly in Russia. But, friendly speaking, I'm not game developer. I'm doing all the things which is related to the web in game development. So all the things which is working with the web, but is related to game. It is what I'm responsible for. I'm doing test automation for lots of years already, thousands of projects in different roles. Mainly, I can name myself as engineer, but try a few different roles like trainer, cloud manager, blah, blah, blah. Working with Selenium for more than five years, I believe from something like 0.9, I believe it was the first version which I've met Selenium. I've tried to share my thoughts on the blog. Unfortunately, English version is not so frequently updated, but anyway, if you will find something useful, I will be glad. So, what I'm going to talk today about, there will be two parts. One is theory and some reasoning, some general judgments. And I will present you some practical cases how to use this idea on your practice. So, firstly, I would like to show you this diagram about theoretical part. So, it is the same as test pyramid, but a bit different way. So, on the horizontal line, we have technical level. So, the lower level is to the left, the higher level is to the right. And amount of support and amount of testing that you should have, it is red line and green line. So, the lower tests we are writing, the lower technical details we are dipping into, the less support we have. And vice versa. So, Naresh few talks ago already represented this idea in different way, but I will not duplicate him. What I can see is that the majority of the projects are focused somewhere here. So, we're getting lots of support. That's why we can't throw out much of tests, et cetera. So, I hope after my presentation, we will be able to do at least some shift, at least some. So, I'm not trying to convert everything, but I will try to show you some practical steps how you can dig into technical details from the level where we are right now. Firstly, first statement that we should understand that UI tests are unstable. So, I don't see any company, any projects where UI tests were constantly green, like unit tests. Unit tests are more or less green, but if UI tests are green in 95% of times, it is great success, I would say. So, one of the reasons why it happens is more than user interfaces. So, we are not in simple web anymore. We have lots of these technologies, GWT, JQuery, Centra, XGS. All this stuff is within our browsers, and we are trying to handle it using our JavaScript, our Selenium test. Two features of these user interfaces. Firstly, they are complex, and secondly, they are asynchronous. So, this is the main cause of the problems. But it is not so good, so bad, just because modern user interfaces are based on prepared and already made components. So, we are not writing lots of, we are not writing new JQuery or new GWT. So, we are reusing it for our needs, we are providing them. So, the main goal of usage, if the problem was solved once, so our development world tried to not to solve this problem. Another one, that's why we have such many user interface frameworks. And already made components, they could be less tested by ourselves. So, we got some component which was developed by other guys, from open source, from some commercial framework anyway, but we got it already delivered, we got it already tested. That's why there is no need to test it by ourselves again. This guy is from Russian fairytale, who is so lazy, he drives this stuff. So, custom, even if you wrote custom components, they could be tested separately. They could be unit tested. I provided one example of this framework, but there are lots of them, or some of them were mentioned already. So, even if you wrote your own custom code in order to build your user interface, it could be tested separately. So, using lots of frameworks. But it is not what I'm talking about. The next statement which I want to mention is the majority of the modern user interfaces has internal API. So, it is apidquery.com. It provides lots of methods. It's hard to even understand all this stuff. So, you can do everything. And this API, what is their benefits? They are built to interact with user interface components. When someone developed a library, it is not just library in the vacuum. It is a library which should be somehow programmed. So, they provide the API in order to interact with these components. And what is more better, this API in most cases is synchronous, or there are methods to synchronize. So, we already, in addition to the already made components, we got API with these components. So, there were lots of different statements. In order to summarize what I said, we have majority of our interfaces are based on some bricks. These bricks can be left untested or tested separately. And components has their own API. That API is more reliable than WebDriver API. WebDriver API is excellent, but it is not designed to interact with that particular components. So, result, let's use JavaScript API instead of WebDriver. That's the main theoretical part of my speech. So, life example. It is not just general speech. There are proven cases by myself where it works. First example I want to say about Oracle Siebel technology. Does anyone here know about Siebel? Okay. It is a commercial tool with closed source. But this idea worked there. It's not about just some funny, agile companies. It is about pure commercial development for a great company. So, using the face of Siebel has different characteristics. It has lots of frames, which is even more worse. It has activities. So, it is what should be automated in this case. And initial solution was pretty direct. Like you should see, find element, click something, see in the browser what's going on. It was done via WebDriver API, which we are all familiar with. What were the difficulties? Interface was very asynchronous. And methods worked unstably. First run, it works. Second run, it doesn't work. I should wait for something, but everything is so close within ActiveX components so that I can't understand how to synchronize all this stuff. So, there were lots of frames up to five nested frames in order to reach control. So, you should switch to frame, switch to frame, switch to frame, switch to frame five times, and then click button. So, that was totally nightmare. And impossibility to work is with ActiveX at all. So, it stopped all beginning with Selenium. But the solution was pretty simple. If you will Google just what I can do with the user interface of Siebel, I found official Oracle documentation which describes how to write custom code on browser side using Siebel technology. So, Siebel logic could be implemented in both sides on server side and on client side in the browser. So, it is API which is provided by Oracle which enables developer to implement custom logic on client side. So, why not? There is an API. It should provide some abilities which I need for my tests. Examples. So, I got standard remote driver. It implements JavaScript executor. And instead of clicking buttons, I started to invoke methods, internal methods from Siebel, from the browser. So, using JavaScript executor, we can execute any JavaScript. So, it looks ugly, of course, because I need to concatenate lots of strings and there is a JavaScript within Java code. But anyway, it worked. So, it worked in this simple case or if I need to provide some parameters, it was a bit huge, but all these JavaScript pieces were encapsulated within the course of the framework. And outside, it was like regular script using business logic. I need to do this. I need to do that. But internally, it didn't click buttons. It invoked Siebel API methods. The result was quick. I didn't need to switch to frames. It was reliable because if this API is not reliable, this means that Siebel provides API which works unstable and even if developers wanted to implement something and the API unstable, the result will be unstable as well. And it was synchronous. So, it was really good results, but of course not without problems. As you might feel. So, firstly, methods were synchronous and if some method invocation causes outlets, and this can be done simultaneously. So, I can't finish JavaScript execution until outlet is not closed and vice versa. I can't close outlet because JavaScript execution is not finished. So, how it was solved? It was solved via this feature, Windows set timeout, who is familiar with JavaScript who knows what it means. Please. Yeah. So, we are providing some JavaScript and saying, hey browser, please execute this piece of JavaScript after setting amount of time, but without under some background. So, what we said that hey JavaScript, execute please, but after zero milliseconds. So, it is like multi-threading in JavaScript. It looks not so obvious, but it works. We lost 100% in user simulation because that driver concept is designed in order to simulate and use a behavior. When we are calling JavaScript, we are losing it. But at the same time, the whole user interface, it wasn't written by our developers. So, it is generated automatically by Siebel. So, it was tested by Siebel. It was tested by millions of users of this technology and why I need to do it one more time. So, that's why it is disadvantage, I understand, but it is not so critical comparing to the situation when we can't do automation at all. So, it was first case about the technology that you don't know, but it works. And let's talk about jQuery. Here, I have actually two questions for you as an audience. Who knows on which technology your user interface is built? So, I see about 50% of the audience. So, this is... If you don't know, you should know. So, that's the idea of this approach. So, it is the moment where you should even start. Understand what is under this black box that you are testing via Selenium. So, I selected jQuery as an example which will be more interested for everybody because official statistics show that jQuery is the fabric which presents on 60% of current web almost more than a half. So, whose site is built using jQuery? So, from 50% who knows, 60% raised the hand. So, let's talk about jQuery. How we can use jQuery and jQuery API in order to enhance our tests. Even if you don't have jQuery API, you can put it into your site. So, it could be injected on runtime. So, the first thing that is really good and there are lots of examples of this on the Internet, it is about synchronization. If you want to understand where the user interface is already rendered or not, so you can check this property. This example was in Java, this is C sharp, but it doesn't matter. So, what we're trying to check, we're trying to check internal jQuery property active to be zero. It means how many active operations jQuery uses and if your developers are not walking around in these jQuery things. So, this indicator will show that, okay, user interface is rendered and the next operations can be done. Next one. Oops. Looks like space. Sorry for technical issues. Just a second. I will reopen it. Oops, oops, oops, oops, where we are. Oh, finally. So, in order to interact with JavaScript or with jQuery API, you need to use internal jQuery objects. So, jQuery objects, it's not regular web elements, it's not regular DOM nodes. So, we need to know how to convert from, how to switch from web driver to jQuery and vice versa. So, it is a piece of code on Python which shows how to get jQuery object and convert it to web element. So, we are executing script, trying to find element by ID and this dollar, commerce, slash, hash. So, up to the dot get zero, it is standard way in jQuery to find object and then we are converting it to regular DOM node and returning it to web driver. So, and then it's regular web driver object which way we can send keys. This script is really replacement find by ID. So, it is the same. But using jQuery. And vice versa. If we found element, we can put it, we can provide it to JavaScript using parameters of JavaScript execution and using dollar brackets, we can get JavaScript we can get jQuery object from web driver object. So, it is the same example which sets the value for input which was found by web driver but input itself was done using jQuery. So, is it clear? Just it's basis where next example I built. Going next. The question yesterday was about how I can find, contains, about contains. Yeah, so contains is a method from jQuery and visible as well if we want to find element by ID which is visible. So, it is an example. So, and trying to do send keys, it will not work. Actually, we will go to an exception. It will not work. But we can convert the same to jQuery. So, we can find element by any set of classes from jQuery which are available and then use this as regular JavaScript, as a regular web driver object. So, that allows to do all, to use all the power of jQuery in order to locate elements. Another example is if I want to get parent element of, I can do it using expath, but if not, I can use, actually I can use any method of jQuery and one of useful methods is to parent. So, I can, I have my web element, then I convert it to jQuery element and get it parent and then return back corresponding web element which feeds to this jQuery element. So, it is an example. How to handle it? Even if you have something more complex, like calendar. So, a regular way how to pick date in calendar is to open calendar, select year, select month, select blah blah blah all this stuff. Hey guys, this calendar is retrieved from standard jQuery library. It was tested. We know that it works. So, why don't we emulate and use it in order to do all these month selections, all this stuff. So, it is an example how we found a calendar by ID and then set date using jQuery API. Without all these synchronization things, without all this nightmare, without all these algorithms. Thanks to Alexey Baransov, who is one Selenium Commitus, who provided this example. But it is not something magical. You can go directly to your documentation of your library and see how to set this date. This example is really not from, is not something extraordinary. It is standard method from jQuery. Even Google open jQuery and see how it works. So, it is not something which I really invented. Even if you have custom controls. So, it is example from my project where we need to select a country for user. So, we have custom controls. We are gaming combo box. That's funny thing, of course, but in order to select value in this combo box I need to click, drop down, I need to scroll to certain piece of code, to certain place, because there are lots of countries. And click, and then wait while this value is applied. All this stuff should be done and I believe it will work unstably. And I will debug few weeks in order to make it work. But what we have done, we opened sources. You can do the same yourself. So, you can see that even the developers of custom components, our developers, provided the description how to set this value programmatically. So, if you want to set this value for this control, call this code. That's it. And it's really an example how to select the country in this control. So, find and call the value which was provided by documentation. So, it is even if you have custom. Of course, you should write some additional scripts in order to, some additional tests, in order to test your custom component using any unit test tool. But for your end user test, it doesn't matter because you tested already control this, this widget or whatever you have. And there is no need to retest it every time when you are selecting value in combo box. So, summarizing. The general schema looks like the following. We have tests, we have visible user interface and browser who works with this user interface via HTTP protocol. But our visibly user interface is built on some libraries. We're not writing JavaScript code from scratch anymore. If you do, there are maybe questions to your development. So, and library in addition to some core and components has API. And using JavaScript executor, we are calling these API methods in order to interact with user interface. So, that's general schema how it works. Another way to apply this approach is to work around existing web driver issues. Of course, web driver has defects. So, for example, click doesn't work. And as yesterday already mentioned, we can do the same via JavaScript. So, this is pretty simple example. We are calling not really your components API. We are calling methods from regular DOM structure. So, but you should use it wisely. So, it is really important. Just I need to mark it really red. So, it is not the way how you should do constantly these clicks. You should not. Because in this case, we are evolutionary, we are coming back to Selenium AC, which was built on really on JavaScript. We are writing new Selenium AC using our framework. So, it is just way to work around. You need to do quick release. You know that click works. You don't have time in order to debug the issue, in order to fix the issue. But you need to have tests green. So, only temporary. And it's important to understand why standard approach doesn't work. Maybe even you have issue. It can be the case. But it is really reproducible. You know what it can be. You should deep into technical details. So, and after that, post a bug to, with an example, of course, to Selenium community to, in order to be, to have it fixed. So, okay. Summarizing what was explained, what I wanted to say. Digging into technical details allows us to write more reliable tests. So, don't look at your system like in black box. Try to understand what is within it. And you're learning, if you don't know JavaScript and you don't know what your library is used in order to create your user interface, it is natural next step in order to grow as engineer to learn what, how it built. Because we are dealing with this user interface. We should know how we, how it's built. But we should understand what we are missing and find balance. It's all about trade-off. So, we are getting something, but we are losing 100% end user simulation, all these things. Thank you. Questions? Any questions? It was so obvious. The question is, is it good or not? Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. You should understand your internals, what is built. What? So, the question was about the following. I have two drop-downs and one third drop-down is based on first two and we don't know what way to use in order to understand that third drop-down is populated. So, the answer is not, there is no common answer to this. You should understand how it's built. So, if there is no way at all to, so you should use explicit weight in order to see drop-down. But in general, it depends on your implementation, really. So, if it is pure jQuery, I give an example how to use it. But if it is not jQuery or your development work around in somehow this active, then it will not work, of course, and you need to do something else. So, the trick is in understanding what's going on with your user interface. Yeah. So, you have to put even some testing code into your application in order to do repeatable operations. So, not even to call it externally, but to have it within your system and to, am I right? Yeah, yeah, yeah. So, there is a method specially written for such kind of approach. Anything else, guys? So, if not, thank you all.


Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you all very much. And I appreciate this opportunity to be with you today. You may have heard that I will be speaking to the American people tomorrow evening on the very subject that you are discussing here, our responsibilities in this hemisphere. As members of the Council of the Americas, you've fostered cooperation and understanding between the United States and our neighbors in the South. Having been Governor of California, I've long been aware of the rich Hispanic heritage of our country. The Hispanic heritage that we appreciate so much in our Southwestern States reflects not just our traditions but on the many things which all the peoples of this hemisphere share. Simon Bolivar, the great liberator, saw this natural bond between all Americans. Early in the last century he said of us, we are a special kind of human being. We have a world apart. Building the ties between our people and the 380 million people in the 33 countries of Latin America has been of utmost importance to this administration. Our policies toward Latin America are aimed at achieving three consistent and mutually enforcing goals. First, we seek to encourage the development of democratic political institutions. Second, we want to see all the peoples of the Americas better their standard of living and improve the vitality of their economies. Third, we want to help our friends defend themselves from Soviet bloc and Cuban sponsored subversion. Some of the most inspirational heroes of human liberty emerge from the struggles for freedom and independence in Latin America. One of them, Jose Marti, a Cuban patriot who found refuge in the United States from a despotic regime in his native land, once said, like bones to the human body, the axle to the wheel, the wing to the bird, and the air to the wing. So is liberty the essence of life. Whatever is done without it is imperfect. Well, that spirit is alive and growing in Latin America today. Right now of Latin America's 33 countries, 26 with about 90 percent of the region's population, are either democratic or in transition to democracy. A decade ago, less than 40 percent of Latin America's population was so fortunate. Transition to democracy in Peru, Ecuador, and the Dominican Republic has been followed more recently by Honduras and Argentina. All of this should give us tremendous hope for the future. No longer can communist dictatorship be juxtaposed against rightist dictatorship as the only alternative. In June of 1982, I was honored to speak before the British Parliament, the living monument to democracy. I propose that the people of free countries take a more active role in encouraging and aiding in the development of democratic institutions, such as political parties and civic groups throughout the world. For many years, we'd been doing something similar to that by helping build democratic trade unions. Well, with congressional enactment of the National Endowment for Democracy, another little notice, yet nevertheless giant step forward, has been made. The National Endowment is now working to strengthen democratic parties, trade unions, business and civic associations, and other democratic institutions. The times we live in are as challenging and as exciting as any in history. There are people in Latin and Central America who are fighting for their freedom every bit as much as our own forefathers. Last Sunday, this struggle for freedom took the shape of presidential elections in Ecuador, Panama, and El Salvador. In El Salvador, unofficial results indicate the winner will be Napoleon Duarte, a Christian Democrat who for more than two decades has been in the forefront of democratic reform and in opposition to the Communist Left and the violent right. We look forward to a cordial and productive working relationship with El Salvador. The fact that the Salvadoran election was held at all rejects the, or reflects, I should say, the dedication to democracy and personal courage of the people of that troubled land. The Communist guerrillas warned people not to vote, yet the people defied the threat. The guerrillas mined roads and still many thousands walked miles to mark their ballots. Each one of these people who braved such threats deserves our greatest respect and admiration. A member of my National Security Council staff, Jackie Tillman, was down there last Sunday. She was accompanying members of the Congress and others who were there to witness the elections. She met a young 15-year-old poll watcher and asked him, 15-year-old, asked him how he felt about the voting, half expecting a typical nonchalant adolescent reply. And instead, he pointed to his heart, very quietly said, I feel this voting right here. Well, this is what my country needs, he said, to defeat the guerrillas and bring peace. That lad and the millions of other courageous individuals like him, people who've maintained their dignity and honor in the face of such adversity, are indeed heroes of democracy. The economic challenges faced in the southern half of this hemisphere appear as monumental as those in the political arena. Yet there's reason for hope. For the three decades after the Second World War, substantial economic progress was made in Latin America. Growth rates, in fact, matched those in the industrialized democracies and improved the standard of living of a significant proportion of the population. At the same time, however, a rapid increase in the population strained resources and left many in dire poverty. The leap in energy prices and the onset of global recession in 1979 was felt the world over. Few places experience more pain than Latin America and the Caribbean. While coping with worldwide economic currents must be the primary responsibility of each country, we're doing what we can to help. We increased by over 50 percent the level of bilateral economic assistance over the previous administration. We've continued to support contributions to the World Bank, the Inter-American Bank, and IMF programs, all of which are vital to Latin America. Discretely, with much care and consideration for political, social, as well as economic consequences, we worked with leaders in government in the private sector to encourage the refinancing of international debts. New York cooperation has been indispensable in this effort. And last year, the Congress enacted our Caribbean Basin Initiative, a dramatic and innovative approach to progress in Central America and the Caribbean. By opening up one way free trade to the United States, the world's biggest market, we're bringing the vast resources of the private sector to play in our efforts to improve the lot of 165 million hemispheric neighbors. There is no magic or instant solution to the economic woes that plague our neighbors to the South. But we can be confident because in the long run, freedom works. During the last century, a Venezuelan intellectual, André Bello, noted that liberty gives wings to the spirit of enterprise wherever it meets it. Well, I believe that. That's what America and I mean when I say America, from the North slope of Alaska to the tip of Tierra del Fuego, what it is all about. Liberty is, of course, something we can't take for granted. One of the greatest challenges faced by this generation of Americans is in Central America today. If we act responsibly, there's no reason we will not meet this challenge. As you're aware, a bipartisan commission on Central America, headed by Henry Kissinger, came to that conclusion when they reported in mid-January. In Central America today, freedom-loving people, our friends, are under attack by Soviet bloc and Cuban-backed insurgents. We're trying our best to help these courageous and decent people develop their democratic institutions and better their economic lot. But if we do nothing or not enough to help them protect themselves, there will be grim consequences to pay. It's not only their security, it's our security. If the communists succeed, if we face a flood of refugees in a direct threat on our own southern border, it will not be because we acted, but because we refused to do what was necessary to avert the crisis and make no mistake. Further communist inroads in Central America will undermine stability in the entire region and make financial problems far more severe. Together, we can make sure that doesn't happen. I'll be speaking more about that tomorrow night.  What a potential we have from pole to pole, and yet one should never expect anything worthwhile to come easy. It'll take all of us working together, acting responsibly, and having the courage to face challenges head on. But have no worry. In the end, we can, with God's help, accomplish great things. I thank you for letting me be with you today. God bless you. Carry on in what you're doing. Thank you, Mr. President, for that inspiring address.