The talk was initially announced as hacking, and it's going to be more like society and politics. I'm a legal advisor, I'm not a hacker. I will not be able to provide you with many answers, but more questions. So if you're looking for a technical presentation, there will be only technical questions here, not technical answers. And part of my task is to try to formulate the right questions. So it's more like a society and politics lawyer stuff. And this guy is the last great lawyer, really. I don't know if we have some time, Edwin Hubble. Okay, I'll take over. Something I would like to ask you right now is that after the talk, please take out your trash and all the bottles that you can find. For the talk, he already said it's Peo. He already told you that this is not a hacking talk, it's more a political talk. So if you came for the hacking thing, you might want to leave, I don't know. But maybe you want to stay and hear what he has to say. He just wanted to avoid you being disappointed. The talk will last for about 40 minutes and after that we will have a Q&A session. So if you can think of questions, please do so during the talk.  I won't hand it out. So please give it up for Peo and Electronic Money. They wrote to Bitcoin and it glimpsed forward. Thank you very much. It's an honor to be here and it's a form that I learned a lot from. So I should start by introducing myself. What do I do? As I started, I'm a legal advisor. I usually work for IT companies. In the last four years, I've been working on payment system, payment services and mobile electronic signatures. What do I specifically find the most useful doing is finding legal problem and solution to technical matters. So if you have a technical solution and you think it's ready for the life or exploitation, you usually come to me or if you work in a company and you go back not as happy as you came. Because I'll find a lot of problems and a lot of new questions. And this is what I'm going to achieve. I'm going to define a problem, propose a solution and ask for your help. I'm here to find help in your competence and your understanding of the matter. But why first find the topic important? Otherwise than the people out on the metro station, they gave me a leaflet which was calling for turning back the Deutsche Marker, separating the investment bank, getting back the gold standard and that kind of stuff. The moment is right to get the electronic money right. Electronic money and the ways of doing payments is something very important. I'll compare it to the great work that the guys from Tor are doing. It's the same as the right to express yourself to search and disseminate information. When you do payments, when you conclude contracts online, you express yourself in the very same if not in the very more specific matter. Just imagine Google who has made all these huge databases and put all these efforts in collecting marketing information, which is basically information for your purchasing habits, your buying behavior, what if, and they do have your purchasing information. And the problem is that electronic payments have not been done right. They have too many flaws and too many problems in them. And I'm going to talk about anonymity privacy, making payments anonymous and keeping your privacy as a value that we already have when we use paper money, something that's well known. And freedom that we lost when we switched to electronic payments. This should not be this way. It can be done better. It has been already done better, but the people who made the solution failed somehow. And now we're up into a system which just gives all your information for commercial purposes. Just as a short example, we're for marketing processing companies which process credit card purchasing information and a short advice. If you buy alcohol with your credit card, never buy a cheaper alcohol than you usually buy with your credit card because it would set an alarm bell somewhere in the US. They'll know that something wrong with your credit rating because you're still addicted, but you don't have the money to support your addiction. Another simple example, do not buy food or basic necessities on credit. It would set an immediate alert. This information is very important. It's processed very carefully. Your stereotype, tip is analyzed. I don't know. I don't have to explain you what you can do with that kind of information. And as from point of privacy, we lost that privacy when we switched to electronic payments. So what I'm trying to achieve with this specific talk, this is a very new topic. So my main contribution will be to define a problem. If we ask the right question, if we ask them for different perspectives, we might just simply be thinking in the right direction to get the right answers. I'll propose some solutions, but this will be kind of arrogant because the professor from the university, they were able to identify a lot of problems in the current system. They did not kind of try to propose solution, but I've looked to the current state of the art, at least, that I know, and I see some things that might work and some things that might get better. And finally, the most important, I will be asking for help because this is something that I am not even close to solving myself. So I'm not any kind of leader that just might claim to have all the answers. And because I'm a legal guy, this claimers is the most important thing. First, the thing, I'm not trying to solve by electronic money the economic. So I'll be talking, I'll be focusing only on electronic money as a tool. Any built-in economy like deflation or fair distribution like the guys from Bitcoin do, I'm not interested in the economic part. So I'm not going to tell you how to fix the Euro crisis, how to do anything else. This is something that I'm not going to do. Second, very important disclaimer, what I'm going to tell you, especially in the legal part, it's optimized for time and audience. So do not take it as a legal advice.  These are more like the legal and societal and political concerns that any solution will be facing. This is judging from my experience. So I'll just kind of stop with the disclaimers and now start with the definition of electronic money. When we talk of electronic money, the definition is taken from the Financial Service Authority in the UK. This is a text which is transposition of the European Directive for Electronic Money. And I'll just give a quick reading of it and ask you to pay attention. So it's a monetary value. It's something that it's equal in the cash that's in your pocket, in the money which is in your bank accounts. So it's just something like an aggregate condition like the water. It's not a nice, it's not a vapor, it's a different state of money. Start on an electronic device. It means that they are outside these containers usually of money. A very easy way to determine if you're dealing with electronic money or some other kind of weird payment instrument is the mind test that if you lose the device, do you lose the money? So like when you lose the banknote, you lost the money. So when you lose the token that you might be keeping your money in, if you when you lose it, you lose the money, so it's very likely an electronic money. Issue it on receipt of funds. So usually you exchange it for money from another condition. This is something which is not true on the other example. The other examples that I'm going to give and accept it is a means of payment by person silent in the issuer. So it has some societal value. Let's put it that way. And I'm going to give you another alternatives to electronic money. All these examples I've tried to select. Most of them are from Germany. You can easily see one. But the first one is my favorite. This is the Wirt Schaft, Genossen Schaft from Switzerland. It's a remarkable alternative to money. I urge you to take a look and research it. It's very interesting. I don't have time to describe it right now. Then it's a societal currency, which is on a hub culture. And all the other ones are German local currencies. You might be familiar with them. You might have used it. I haven't seen them. I only read about them. These are the regular gelt, which seem to be very popular in Germany. So if you have an experience with any of these things, or kind of know what this is, and Bitcoin is amongst them, sure. They are alternatives to electronic money. And here I'm going to start by defining the problem by the statement that money is hard. People do not understand what money is. And the problem is that it's hard from various perspectives. It's used in so many ways that it has so many implications that it's way from technical thing. And it has, most importantly, the basic human perspective. It has the technical perspective of how do you make the tool, what kind of properties the tool has, and how it works. It has enormous legal and political perspectives. You can see just by reading the news, it's all about money most of the time. And you have a lot of cost-related business perspectives, which are hard to be ignored because usually your project, your money project fails or succeeds on the cost part. It's usually again about the money in different way when it determines whether you succeed. So each and every perspective imposes its requirements to the general problem of electronic money, and you have to be able to grasp them all and if there is a solution, you should evaluate it from old and different perspectives. So when we talk about, let's say, Bitcoin, because this would be like something that I'll be turning around, it's very good from one perspective, but from others' perspective, it's not good at all. And all the critics that Bitcoin has received, usually they come from different perspectives. It's not like crypto attacking. It's from human, legal, technical, because you have to solve them all. And solving all and making everybody happy, especially when it comes to something that has to be as concessional as money, is very hard. So I'm going to start with a brief description of the human perspective, which I find to be the very basic thing that we all know but we tend to forget. It's so closely integrated into our society that we tend to forget them. Identification and authorization. When we make any kind of deal, we usually would like to know or somehow identify the person that we are dealing with. It depends on the medium that we are dealing with. We usually know who are we dealing with. And identification is the first and very important stage of being able to conclude any transaction to use money. So it's something like a prerequisite to use money. Authorization, if they are not in your pocket, you need to somehow be authorized and identification is a prerequisite for this. Achieving consensus and easy dispute of resolution in a group. This is something, again, that the law is really concerned about. When we do find a solution to a problem, it's not a solution until we agree. In the case of money, we have to agree each and every coin. Let's say if it's a physical coin, it's easy for us to reach a consensus where it's in this current moment. But if it's an electronic one, it's very hard to determine in a not disputable way where this value is, who is the owner and how does it move. It's easy to sense the coin, but if it's an electronic form, it's tremendously harder to achieve consensus in this whole group, which is a good one, where this money is. And if we have some kind of dispute amongst us, if it's here or if it should be here, we have to have an easy way to resolve all disputes amongst us. So when we talk about achieving consensus in a group and dispute resolution in a group, it's something that the law solves this basic problem. And don't forget that if you want to achieve consensus in a group, you should be able to identify all the members in the group. So identification is, again, the first part of a question. Ben Laurie, I have a bibliography list. He has a very good paper on this, which states in a very clear manner about the consensus in a group. Determination of the state of the system at every given moment. This coin is in my possession at this very moment. We should all be able to determine this. Easy when it comes to something physical, way harder than it's come to something not tangible. And like in Bitcoin, they use all this computational power just to do this, to create value and to determine where is the value at every given moment. And it's something that Bitcoin spends most resources on. So electronic money is not expensive, not a cheap thing. And trust is as short here in my presentation as this way much important, because money is a matter of trust. It's a matter of reliability and stability. If we do not trust in the tool that gives us monetary value and how we use it, it's completely lost. It's not good for everything. And this is one of the main reasons, trust, because why the revolutionary method would not work for money. It's a tricky problem, but if all of the society, all of the group is not convinced and sure and safe with the way the consensus was achieved about where your money are and that they are yours, if you do not trust this method, you're completely lost. So this is from the very broad human perspective, which a system brings us to the system or just plain technical risk, which they boil down to two ways to secure, issue money to mint money and to use them, to use them as a payment tool, which brings us to these basic problems. Counterfeiting, how do I know that you cannot provide money? How that I know that you cannot double spend it? How can I know that you should not repudiate your payment statement? Secrecy, anonymity, men in the middle, they're all the familiar risk. This is something that I should not be talking to you, are able to get these from common sense. And actually they've been set up as the risk metrics, which has been set, I've used this as a basis, from the micro mint protocol, something that had been set in 1995. So these things are easy to figure, at least among technically aware people. So this part of the question is not easy to be answered, but the question itself is not that hard. And even that we have the question formulated as the problem, it has not been solved really well for this long time. Because we have a lot of top of legal and political problems on the top of them, which are completely unconnected with them. We have requirements about the entity. Now I'm going to present in a very brief way, it's actually impossible, I'm going to talk the mindset of the regulator, when they give a permission to an entity, let's think a bank or an electronic money institution, to mint money. They have very strong requirements to the people or to the organization, actually the organization, both organizations, the people who are going to run it, who are going to use and actually regulate, issue electronic money. So the people and the organization should be clear. So the responsiveness should be there, somebody should be controlled, somebody should be put in jail, somebody should be stopped. And entity requirements, they talk really directly to the features of anonymization, distribution, decentralization. These current requirements make it a little bit harder to make distributed anonymous currency at Bitcoin would be. Because the great risk is the settlement risk. If I have to explain it in a very simple matter, the settlement risk is the risk for you to give me the money and not giving you the goods. This thing, this exchange, if it's a remote, it has a lot of implication when it's done over the internet or when it's done not in presence. And to avoid the settlement risk, a lot of safety and precaution develop, a lot of legal framework is developed, just for this settlement risk. And talking about Bitcoin, in the very paper, it said that Bitcoin does not address the settlement risk. So if you just pay, you have no warranty that you get your stuff back, which in my opinion, it's called as hard currency, with no warranty currency, and which makes it less applicable to the various conditions that might arise. Counterfeiting accusation, I'm going to talk a little bit more about just minting legal payment tenders. Money laundering and financing of terrorism. You know the magic word of terrorism that stops all thinking. When they say there's terrorism, and whatever they say, they don't have to argument. And this is the bad part in the last 10 years. They have been just stopping all the projects and all of the researchers saying terrorism, terrorism, terrorism and money laundering. These two magic words have stopped a lot of research and they can just stop you because usually you cannot dispute the actions of the authorities. They should preserve the order and actually they should preserve our liberties too, but they mostly tend to shut things down. Tax evasion prevention. This is something that should not stop our tax system for working because even when we talk about Bitcoin, I can easily think of ways that we can use this virtual currency, the ability to make payments all around the world and to convert them immediately, how I can evade taxes, how I can create stuff from nothing, how I can use it to pay for services, how I'm not kind of obliged to put it in the balance. And there are a lot of people who would think of tax evasion schemes for all their life and they would welcome it to Bitcoin very good. So it's a legal concern for the tax administration in the whole country that electronic currency which is not regulated and not made compliable with everything might be used for tax evasion, which is something which just puts the very foundation of the state in question. I don't know if it's a good thing or bad, but it has this property. Consumia protection requirements.  If you used a hard currency like Bitcoin, you just don't. You might not get your stuff delivered out, so it's a settlement risk, or you'd just not be able to get your money back if it's corrupt. Ways to negotiate to conclude a contract. I'm not sure if you want to get into it because this is a complete set of problems, but this is how do we conclude and how do we understand each other from long distance and how do we fulfill these contracts, how we fulfill our obligations. This is a complete set of problems, and usually if paying is one part of the contract, it's a big issue, the way that it's going to be paid. Auditability, the way to turn back the time and check what's happened with our money if you give your money, and how the burden of proof is distributed. Another big question, because when you paid something, or something has been paid on your behalf, willingly or not, you need a good way to prove that you've been cheated, you've been robbed, or you really did it. So this is another set of questions that, let's say, immature virtual currency like Bitcoin is not able to answer in a very convincing manner. Why the legal part is important, you most probably hate the law and for a reason rightfully so, but in this case of electronic money, I would like to stress that you should not go in the revolutionary way because it's a matter of trustability and predictability. If you're brave enough, you can risk everything. You can put all your savings in Bitcoin. I would not care. But if you want to do everybody from the society, the value of the payment method comes from its widespread usage. So if you want to propose a solution, it should fit to the widest group possible because the more users of it, the more it's more way useful. I don't know if it's a really good explanation, but stability and predictability is something that being illegal does not give you. And okay, if you're brave enough, it doesn't matter. But if you're completely illegal and you do not achieve all your payments in your way, in your virtual way, the opposition will be funded by your other payments.    And solving the wrong problem, when studying the history of the payment protocols, I found that the problems that they've been posed, all the academics' work of how to make an effective protocol, how to mint money in an effective way, and they compete and they develop and they made slight and major improvements all through the years. But they look from only one and technical perspective. And there is the question amongst the cryptologists. We figured it out. David Schoenfer's publication is in 1992. He has already the idea of the complete system. It's 20 years ago. Still haven't figured it out and still haven't worked. And the good part is regulation is immature and it can be made better. Which means that regulations currently the European Parliament haven't taken to do the dirty stuff and to abandon anonymous distributed money. It's kind of, it has been stopped for 10 years. And now recently we have an additional amendment to the database, but electronic money directive, which is, again, it's not forbidden to have an anonymous digital currency. And if we have the consensus, if we can push the regulators, it can be made better in a way. So feedback on the legally, I'm just going to scary additionally by just giving examples, quick examples actually, of what happened if you are illegal or how illegal electronic money have been concerned. In the US, FBI and the Liberty Reserve, a guy has been running something which is qualified as completely OK electronic money. FBI crushed on him, they sentenced him for treason, terrorism, counterfeiting and something like which sounded like national terrorism and undermining the legal foundations of the American society. And they were pretty harsh, I have it as a link. Again, you can read the statement from the US Attorney. It's not a pleasurable thing. And having in mind that US interprets its jurisdiction like all of the world, they might just come and find you if you are not alignment with them. Deutsche Bank, it was curious to know what your regulator thinks about this regular currency. It's brave enough to refuse any comment. I'm not going to comment on the issue and which is OK. They are still allowed to exist. It's kind of borderline legal or illegal, doesn't matter. The regulator doesn't care. Swiss National Bank on Veer, I pay attention to them. Swiss are OK. These kind of tools which achieve similar results to the regular guilt, they say they do not affect our monetary policy, which is one of the best way. We know them, we monitor them. They are actually founded in 1933, I guess. So it's pretty old, it's pretty stable. Take a look at a little study. It's formidable example, my favorite one. UK financial services authority, the last three are on Bitcoin. So it's something relevant. UK states it's not electronic money, but it might be a tool for money laundering. So it's not what we give you, but it might be legal. It might be legal because they are asking financial services authority. A French court says there was a trial led by the French banks. They said again, it's not electronic money, but we don't know what it is. So again, it might be legal, it might be not. And the most unfortunate part is the electronic frontier foundation. They received a donation in Bitcoin for a very while and after this while they received a statement that they do not understand the legal nature and the legal implications of Bitcoin. So they stopped. They said that this might not or might be illegal, so we rather stop it. So this is the position and I trust and respect them. They know better. Just another perspective, before I get into the so-called solution spot, it's the cost. It usually takes money and this is the best where Bitcoin is the best in.  You have a lot of cost going on. Bitcoin did something really formidable. Like from Alice in Wonderland, actually in the mirror world, Bitcoin thought of six impossible things before breakfast or before Bitcoin. And it somehow revived the idea and as the professor from Darmstadt said, it's the first working electronic currency perhaps since David Chaum's DigiCash, which died in 1999. You should take a look and study it too because it was something working and it just went broke. So when Bitcoin appeared and all the hype is not for no reason, it just spread again the hope that you can have a decentralized currency and it's anonymous, independent of what has been already told by the developers itself, confirmed by the lecture that we had a few hours ago. It's anonymous to a way that you cannot prove it. You might have an indication who the guy is, you might have just a positive, but you not have the proof. So it works kind of. There are levels of anonymity. We'll talk about it later, but it kind of does some good job and it might be approved. Operational costs, this is why all the banks and financial institutions are really hurt. Nobody spends money, real money, to run Bitcoin. Everything is done from some incentive base and this is one of the most formidable things about it. It's an open platform. It's not just the source code. The whole system is made this way that you can build services above it. So if you want to protect yourself from settlement risk, you can build an SQL service or you might build an organization service. You might somehow integrate and expand the whole system. So the original design, it's a core, but you might build around the core. This is something which is really a great feature and I don't have to tell you about being open and being accessible to be written and made better. It's something really important and marketing model included. This is something, the economy part, which I just enjoyed that much because people just got it, they started using it and they loved it. Now I'm going to give around some proposition of how can we make it better. So the first problem is that Bitcoin burns money to create money. Actually people would like to make it cheaper to issue money and now we are spending computer power, spending cycles, which is something which is not cheap to create value. Again, Ben Lowry in the linked talks explains it very well. Usually people try to find the cheapest way to do something. Bitcoin does this proof of work to do it. It's not the most rational way to do it. And change for fiat money or buy something else valuable. This is the genuine electronic money approach. They don't want you to create your own currency. They would like just to have you another way of storing your money. So if you exchange for euros or for whatever currency you have back in your country, this is the way that it might be electronic money be issued. I owe you credit debit principle. Examples for alternatives electronic money, they have a lot of different methods of creating value and exchanging value. I owe you this is our debit principle. I'll give you a favor. We'll value it for that much and then you'll give it to him and then he'll give it back. Something which builds a society, something that builds a community, something that is very typical for the German local currencies in Germany. And this is the principle that drives them. Some fair or random distribution. If you want to do initial distribution of wealth, name a distribution and you'll do it cheaper than Bitcoin. Just if you have an idea what a fair distribution according to you is, you might just do it in a cheap way than identity base. Identity base is something that is the concept that every creature is entitled to some money for dignifying existence, to keep his dignity. So if I'm a living creature, I should receive some of this electronic currency. Consensus in a more effective manner. Again, the big problem of Bitcoin is that it spends a lot of its resources, a lot of resources on the network to achieve consensus where the money are and what's the transaction history. Again, this is something that should be optimized. The first thing is the easiest thing. It's the approach that we've known so far. Authoritarianism is cheap. You are appointed dictator which says you have that much money and this is the cheapest to keep a strong central authority.  So decentralized trusted backbone. This is something that Bitcoin does currently. It started as an attempt to distribute currency but then by introducing the trust points in the chains, it became just these trust points. It makes it somehow with a trusted backbone. So we have a decentralized but distributed currency. The points of trust might be distributed in various ways and people might look at it as a way for compromise. OpenPGP, we are going to the schemes of trust. You're familiar, I assume, with the PKI hierarchy with OpenPGP which is more like a web of trust way of I trust my peers and trust them that much. This is something that the Ripple project, these are guys who gave lecture to the summer camp. This is the social identification. I know you, I trust you so I will accept information from you about them. This is something like distributed identification which is something relatively new and I'm looking very with great expectancies from the guy who tried to do social networking in a better way, in a non-Facebook way because the social networking case has its great advantages but not at the cost that current so called social networks that offer them. Something really simple. Germany has a way to identify a piece of data legally, electronic data existed in the certain amount of time. Instead of using distributed time stamping like Bitcoin does, can we simply use official time stamping to get a proof that a certain transaction or a certain contract existed in a point of time? And this we can use, this is the so called a signed receipt from a triple account technique that we might use as a proof that something happened at certain amount of time. It's way cheaper than having this distributed thing. Having a point that we'll just sign one thing and will give us back the proof. Practical Byzantine tolerance, this is a method which has been first published in 2001 Miss Barbara Liskov. This is again a way of achieving consensus in a group. I wanted to make some benchmarks if it's going to work better than Bitcoins but it's way above me to make a decent benchmark. So if somebody wants to benchmark practical Byzantine tolerance implementation against the current system of saying who has how much money in which moment of time this might be a great benchmark which results I would like to know. Better anonymity. It's complete anonymity possible. Do we need it first? First when we deal, I told you we need to know who are we dealing with for various reasons. We might just have different grades of anonymity. I know who you are. I know really who you are like say about your face and everything of yours. I know your pseudonym. I know who you are but I cannot prove it. This is something very important from legal perspective. There is in blind signature based schemes like in DigiCache it was something very tricky that if you cheat then your identity is revealed. Just pay attention into the David Chow's paper. He describes an algorithm that if you cheat and if you double spent a coin, an electronic money coin then your identity is revealed. And this is a way to somehow preserve your anonymity if you are fair enough. This is something that might work or you can escrow your ID. There are practical ways you are achieving. I would rather... I don't like the internet that it's right now. So if we have a dedicated layer of anonymity on which we can step, something like... So there is a system which is called eCache. It was active something like it would be three or four years ago which was all completely built on Tor. It was Tor dependent for anonymity. And if you take a look you might find very interesting ideas like the laundry services. Currently Bitcoin has laundry service which is basically if you can identify me by the serial number of my banknotes I would just give you my banknotes and you randomly give me other coins at the same value. This is the money laundering service. Something like a mixing bowl. eCache implemented it first. Now there is a Bitcoin laundry which works as some commission. When it started it was 0.5%. The last time I checked it was 4.5%. So it's getting more expensive with the time. So legal, purely legal and organizational perhaps a role and knowledge separation is something which is important. You all familiar with AirBug and how if I don't have an access to information or if I have to ask somebody to achieve a task or just my competence and the need to know role this might be a good way to preserve anonymity. Euridicinal independence might be. Liberty Reserve was based in Belize. I thought first it was in Africa it happened to be in Latin America. A vague jurisdiction where the strong countries do not have physical control but they happen to have had. So if you have your think or your bank on your remote island you might be safe until you're not too famous. But combining it with other methods it might get better. So I think this is the short list of recommending reading. I should have included way more and this is not a good practice to give you just these few things to read. Micropayment transfer protocol this is something that lays the foundation of payments. Ben Laurie it's a great guy I just enjoy the way he writes. On Bitcoin he has two papers which I just quoted several times I tried to mention him. They are really a must when you understand the basic problems with it the other things are the statements that I'm trying to prove you just please read the FBI statement Liberty Dollar it would scare you and the other things are something that I found from Bitcoin forums. Yeah the FSA statement EFF it's good to know that it's completely new area and what I'm talking about I'm completely not confident if it's what I'm telling you it's right. I have my own opinion I have an experience I have a knowledge of how the regulators work but it's still an opinion and I can't state it in a complete certainty. And the triple anti-accounting and everything from young Greek it's on his side I would highly recommend to read it. And by reading it you ask yourself better questions and perhaps have some better answers than I'll do. So now we should go in the QA if I might be helpful. A round of applause for Peo and we'll start the Q&A session now as I said before I'd like you to raise your hands if you have questions I'll come to you I'll go inside the rows we also have a signal angel here now so questions can also be asked via IRC please do that for the people who are watching the streams we get a first question here Yes I thought I should mention there's a project called Open Transactions that tries to combine show me on digital cash with Bitcoin by backing it with Bitcoin so it could be advantages from both sides. I'm familiar with the project thank you it's a good reminder if you want to read more legal opinions about the legality of electronic money OpenCoin have made a legal study and it has really important answers really important questions the answers are not valid since the adoption of the electronic money directive but if you want to know you should go read OpenTransaction a great project which is kind of laying the foundation of all these things Next question over here You said about the court cases in the UK and France can you maybe somehow sum up how they reasoned that Bitcoin was not money It's easy to reason that because of the properties that I mentioned in the very beginning UK because the French court decision was translation the lady which answered from the financial services authority she said that somehow you make money out of thin air and the very definition is that you somehow transfer other money like cash or stuff for bank accounts into money and this and other stuff and that's made her unsure this is very important as an administration they usually let's say they are not proactive they don't want to do something unless it's urgent so if they can dodge the ball and say this is not our responsibility they would do it I find this in the Deutsche Bank answer too and there is a link you should read it better I'm not able to reproduce it but obviously the fiat currencies come from nothing it's a long discussion I told you I don't want to get into economy because we'll get just there is no answer there there's another question here I think we're somewhat blinded by the fiat currency system being one system so we're kind of looking for one system one thing that I've taken away from this conference and other places is that we'll need a number of different alternative systems and we now have Bitcoin it's not going away and now we need like 20 different other systems to compete and to have a whole competitive field this might be a solution but as I told you we need a consensus in a wide group a good way to reach consensus is the natural selection yeah, there might be a lot of system which would survive the better, they'll combine themselves actually what I did here is exactly that when I just stated how the problem might be solved better I referred to the tricks and tools that have been applied in previous electronic cash system so this is the way to go actually I would love to see people who just go I should have included a list of all the projects that are worth referring to but like the most DigiCash, please remember that DigiCash is the electronic money system based on blind signatures something else is Shamir Paywort and MicroMint this is another groundbreaking tool in, I should write it down somehow in electronic money because they just laid a foundation I might just give you again, do you see anything hardly it's a bit small no but I'll give you more and more links about the previous works because I'm not just figuring out this out of thin air this has been a previous research which is attempts, failures we should learn from them you're completely right in this any more questions please raise your hands so I can see over there I couldn't hear all the talk but I would like to know what kind what examples you have of use of Bitcoin in transactions what is the most nothing legal nothing legal the first impression that I had about Bitcoin is what I can use it for nothing legal this was my instinctive response because this is the first question that I would like to use it for these properties and I need untraceable cash do you think it's needed to legalize Bitcoin too? I would rather go with the legal part this is why I just paid so much attention on why do you need to be compliant why do you need not a strong opposition if not compliant you don't need a strong resistance these different things there's another question in the fourth row if I understand you correctly you couldn't think of anything legal to use Bitcoins on I've used Bitcoins for a long time and never anything illegal so what's your illegal uses of Bitcoins? I'll use it for tax evasion and money laundering escaping of the regimes of transferring money through boundaries if I want to transfer money to the United States it would take me three days and it would take me something like 15 Euro in expenses this is the first thing that I'm going to use I'm going to buy Bitcoin and where I am I'm going to sell them in US I'm going to transfer monetary value nobody would know nobody would trace me this is not considered legal to transfer monetary value via boundaries if I want to buy something and not know anything anybody not know I'll combine Bitcoin with Tor and I'll try to hide myself as best as possible to purchase it I'll use it for tax evasion like having something like a black cash black pocket I don't know the word in English something which is not in the books I'll use Bitcoin currency to pay somebody and I'll receive value out from Nautica I will not pay taxes on these transactions I'm impaired to have in mind I'm legal guy and I see it too and I'm just starting thinking of ways to exploring it this was my first instinct I'm not saying that it should be used for illegal or it can be it has only illegal this was my first instinct harder, more expensive What did you just say? Could you repeat that? Hold on You can use normal cash the same way it's just examples of how you can use money illegally Okay, but I don't have to carry it the way that avoiding international money transfer regulation I would use it better and it would work better Okay, there's a question on IRC Hello? Yeah, okay A question from the internet Does electronic money automatically mean that we have one Global Century Bank? Are there systems where I can decide who to trust with creation? Again Okay, it's a double question basically Does electronic money automatically mean that we have one Global Central Bank and are there systems where I can decide who to trust with the creation? No way, no way decentralization should be a very important part of it so nothing like one central authority this would be faulted by design, it's completely it's not the way to go it would be the easiest thing to do in the style of solving all our problems just delegating to some other authority, no but this would be completely stupid if we should do it I'm completely again putting some limits on that but you talk about money laundering and this sort of bad stuff would a limit on transactions make a sense like alright, you cannot transfer over that sort of amount you cannot move that sort of amount of money in that sort of amount of time would that sort of make sense? Yes, there is such limitation like micro payments if you take a look at payment service directive and the transponition you have a different and more lacks on micro payments so if you have a limitation like that even the regulators might be way more to look easy on you micro payments the risk is not that big so you're right, this might be a solution if we set the upper threshold to it's currently something like 30 euro per transaction you might easy get virtual currents but this is a hack with the current regulation We have a question in the third row Yes first off I just want to comment that some of us might think those are legal features not legal problems the other thing is when it comes to discussing decentralization it's important to separate the issue of how you define database integrity and where the database is stored in previous tries to make electronic currencies you've had a centralized database that also defines the integrity that you say you have a few columns and you say this owner here that authenticates by this password has this amount of money in his or her account in the case of bitcoin you have a decentralized time stamp server where the definition of database integrity is whatever more than 50% of the network spent their CPU time on and I think it would certainly be possible to create a bitcoin like system instead of using this distributed time stamp server which is also the creating more money mechanism way of expanding the money supply you could create a bitcoin system where you have the total money supply from the beginning defined by some kind of root key let's say the high bank of Germany and then they start distributing the money and through that you know but then they would define the database integrity your idea might be developed in more detail in open coin they have a paper in which they consider because they use blind signature and the blind signature idea is centralized by design but they have proposals how to split the database in parts and to make it at least decentralized so you might want to take a look at that it just might give you another additional ideas are there any more questions please raise your hands anyone nobody at the back of the room nobody don't be shy the front anyone else yeah over there to what extent has the bitcoin transactions be used so far to what amount in what amount in terms of amount of money oh no you can check this online I don't have statistics right now you mean something like global statistics yes in general just a rough idea I'm not sure you're able to have a right statistics no rough I would rather not I have checked them something like months ago no way anyone else please raise your hand so I can see you anyone no more questions we have another one over there yeah I'd just like to elaborate on the legal aspect that you brought up because I really hope that whoever is designing new monetary systems they might be right here should not care that much about the legal aspects and just do whatever you can to work because the legal aspects are definitely important but one shouldn't be constrained by them pre sort of the system being set up we just have to test different things and get them going and apparently bitcoin is good for some uses and then we'll have to in an organic manner find whatever fits accounting needs legal needs and all those needs I completely agree I did try to restate it currently it's not forbidden this should be okay for you to go it's forbidden usually by the regulations of the central banks who apply the directives into their licensing and monitoring regimes of the electronic money institution so at the legal level at directive level at low level it's still not forbidden which is important to go you don't have to have your business model written in a law you don't have to be good to go from the very start completely agree with you so this might be an important message it's not illegal make it working and if you can prove societal interest big enough to have a lobby these directives can be changed the law can be changed the regulation can be flexible if until there is significant societal interest there should be something to step on so I encourage you to play with it but do not solve only the technical problem just have in mind that there are lots of other problems that just might come and get you read the US guys they are the most unpleasant ones and they'll scare you right away so you know how I have in mind is there one more question we have time for one very quick question otherwise I would ask you for another round of applause for Peyo and electronic money thank you very much


Silver nanotechnology has been gaining traction in the field of wound healing due to its unique properties and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Silver nanoparticles have been shown to enhance the healing process by reducing inflammation, promoting cell proliferation, and preventing biofilm formation. Additionally, silver nanoparticles have been used to treat burns, ulcers, and other skin conditions. This article was authored by Federica Paladini and Mauro Paulini.


In this session, we are going to discuss polarization and conflict. It is very obvious reality that every society face conflicts on the basis of polarization. So firstly, we have to discuss that what is polarization. Polarization is the process that causes neutral parties to take sides in a conflict. If someone wants to or does not want to, sometimes someone has to take sides of a party or perspective. This is the social reality. So it also causes individuals on either side of the conflict to take increasingly extreme positions that are more and more opposed to each other. Why is there a conflict? Polarization means that there is a division. People are taking sides of a party or taking sides. But in conflict, polarization then converts when there is a very extreme division. That is, there is a compromise between the two. So then polarization converts into the conflict. So political polarization thus fuels a perception of society as a struggle between us versus them and may yield high levels of mutual conflicts between ideologically opposing groups. For example, liberal versus conservatives in the US or in the West. Then political polarization can manifest itself in a various ways. And the political polarization is not only in the developing world. We can see that the developed world, the political world, sometimes on the basis of ideological affiliations, they divide themselves. So state as a major concept is under discussion. And definitely the polarization and conflict automatically influence state and the institutions also. So the macro sociologists, they have the important perspective that historically if they may evaluate, then there are interstate-interstate conflicts. There are many historical evidences that people on the basis of their loyalties, people on the basis of their perceptions towards leaders or their ideologies, historically they also divide. So the political scientist also played a pivotal role in bringing the state back. So we can observe that political scientists have the perception that the state is important and if there is some issue, if there is some conflict, but the central force to collect all the groups where people will be united, what is that force? It is the state. The state by force also efforts to end the conflicts of many people. Sometimes people even threaten the state on the basis of their own interests and on the basis of the nature of their conflicts. So we can say that in the modern global society, when the world is also experiencing the rise of civil societies, now that typical state is not happening. Now everywhere in the world, whether it is a developed world or a developing world, civil society is rising. What does civil society mean? It means that those people who voluntarily present themselves, wherever there are issues, wherever there is a problem, they have to handle those issues and raise their voices on them. We can say that polarization is the reality because everyone has his or her liking, disliking. Now what can be the basis of liking and disliking? Sometimes it can be the basis of affiliation. Sometimes we think that we are right and the other is wrong. Similarly, the other thinks that he or she is right and we are wrong. So this fight between us and you, and it is present in every society. The developed world has linked it with many factors. In which there is so much city, there is language. And the developed world has told it that there is an ideological debate, there is a liberal debate, there is a conservative debate. And that is why there is a division in our society. But this division, when there is a conflict, then many other forces have to be united and active to settle down the situation.


Moist air enters a duct at 10 degrees Celsius, 80% relative humidity, and a volumetric flow rate of 150 cubic meters per minute. The mixture is heated as it flows through the duct and exits at 30 degrees Celsius. No moisture is added nor removed, and the mixture pressure remains approximately constant at one atmosphere. Determine first the mass flow rate of dry air through the duct, the total rate of heat transfer into the duct, and the relative humidity at the exit. So I will begin to model this, and I will recognize that I have what's called a simple heating process. When I say simple heating, I'm referring to the fact that we are adding heat and not adding or removing any water. All we are doing is adding heat.  I know the temperature and relative humidity at the inlet. T1 is 10 degrees Celsius. T1 is 80%, and I know the volumetric flow rate. Quick question for you is that the volumetric flow rate of the dry air, the atmospheric air, or the water vapor. Secret to question, the answer is yes, it is all of them. Because when we're modeling psychrometric behavior, we are using Dalton's law to approximate the behavior of our air and water vapor mix together. Dalton's law assumes that all of the species in the mixture occupy the same volume. Therefore, the volumetric flow rate of the atmospheric air is 150 cubic meters per minute. The volumetric flow rate of the dry air is also 150 cubic meters per minute. And the volumetric flow rate of water vapor is 150 cubic meters per minute. At state 2, I know that the temperature is 30 degrees Celsius. And I need two independent intensive psychrometric properties to fully define my state point from which I can look up anything else. And the other state point comes from our mass balance. Just like in the adiabatic saturation chamber, I can set up a mass balance on just the dry air, just the water vapor, or the atmospheric air as a whole. The atmospheric air, generally speaking, isn't very useful. So if I set up a mass balance on the dry air, I recognize that I have steady state operation of an open system with one inlet and one outlet. Therefore, m.a1 is going to equal m.a2, which I'm just going to call m.a. If I set up a mass balance on the water, I can say that the entering water has to leave again. The only opportunity for water to enter is as water vapor at state 1. The only opportunity for water vapor to exit is as water vapor at state 2. So the mass flow rate of dry air doesn't change, and the mass flow rate of water vapor doesn't change. That means the humidity ratio doesn't change. So the other psychrometric property is the fact that m.a2 is equal to m.a1. I like to visualize these processes on the psychrometric chart. I think that that is the easiest way to kind of keep track of what's happening in your head. And on the psychrometric chart, heating represents movement to the right. Cooling represents movement to the left. Those are horizontal processes. Humidification is vertical movement up, or vertical displacement up. Dehumidification is vertical displacement down. So if I have a process where heat is added and nothing else, no water is added, no moisture is removed, I have a horizontal line going to the right. If I have a cooling process, I'm going to go left until I reach 100% relative humidity, at which point I would follow the 100% relative humidity line down until I reach my desired temperature. The fact that there's some vertical displacement in the downward direction implies that dehumidification would occur. We would be removing water from the air. If I have a heating process with humidification, that's going to be movement to the right and movement up. And just like when we analyze projectile motion, it is usually more useful for us to model the horizontal component and the vertical component separately, even though they actually don't behave separately in the real process. So now let's set up an energy balance. We have studied the operation of an open system with one inlet and one outlet. There are no opportunities for work and heat transfer is only in the inward direction. Furthermore, I'm neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy. So this is going to simplify all the way down to just m dot h in plus q dot in is equal to m dot h out. So if I account for the enthalpy of the atmospheric air as it enters, I'm going to write that as m dot a1 h1. Why did I write m dot a1? Because the specific enthalpy of the atmospheric air is defined per unit mass of dry air. So to write it as a total energy term, I have to multiply the specific enthalpy of the atmospheric air by the mass of the dry air. Same goes for state 2. I can write the total energy leaving at state 2 as m dot a2 times h2. Since the mass flow rate of dry air is the same, I can factor that out and write that as m dot a times h2 minus h1. So quick question. We have a heating process of air. Can we just plug in cp of air times t2 minus t1? I mean, that's what we did in thermal 1, right? We can't because we have to account for how much energy it takes to increase the temperature of the water as well. And even though there's not much water, the water has a higher heat capacity, which means that we have to account for the energy increase and not just neglect it. That's the whole reason that we are modeling this as atmospheric air instead of just dry air. So we need to determine m dot a and we need to look up h1 and h2. So using my two independent intensive psychrometric properties t1 and phi1, I can determine omega1 and h1. I can either use the calculations for that or the psychrometric chart. And then using t2 and omega1, we can determine h2. Again, I can use the equations for that or the psychrometric chart. I'm going to assume that it's okay for me to use the psychrometric chart as a lookup because I have a pressure of one atmosphere and because that'll get us close enough for the purposes of this analysis. But don't get too comfortable with the psychrometric chart. It's useful. It'll help us work through more example problems. But you still need to know how to calculate these psychrometric properties by hand. So from my mass flow rate of dry air, I'm going to take the volumetric flow rate of dry air and divide it by the specific volume of dry air. The total volume of dry air is going to be the same as the total volume of the atmospheric air, which is just 150 cubic meters per minute. And the specific volume of the dry air is going to be what I get when I look up the specific volume of the atmospheric air because that's expressed per unit mass of dry air. So I can add to my list of lookups specific volume at state 1. That will give me enough information to determine m.a1, which gives me m.a, which allows me to determine the total rate of heat transfer in. So T1 of 10 degrees Celsius and a phi 1 of 80% relative humidity. That's going to occur right about here. Highlight those numbers. 80% 10 degrees Celsius. And we are heating to 30 degrees Celsius by a direct horizontal process until we encounter the 30 degrees Celsius line. So at state 1, I can look up my specific volume first just because that happens to be a direct line. So I know that's 0.81 cubic meters per kilogram of dry air. H1 is going to be about 26-ish. And the humidity ratio at state 1 is going to be... I'll follow that all the way to the right. It's going to be 6.1, 6.2. I mean, this is 6. This is 7. This is 6.5. This would be 6.25. So maybe 6.125. So 6.125. That's going to be grams of water per kilogram of dry air. And at state 2, we want the specific enthalpy. So I'm going to follow that back right about here-ish. I'll say that's 42, 44, 46, maybe 47. Let's call that about 47 kilojoules per kilogram. So plugging in my specific volume of 0.81. Again, that's cubic meters of atmospheric air per kilogram of dry air which is equivalent to cubic meters of dry air per kilogram of dry air. These cubic meters are going to cancel leaving me with kilograms per minute. And let's convert that to kilograms per second. Calculator, if you would please. It's 150 divided by 0.81 times 60. And we get 3.086 kilograms of dry air per second. And then armed with that mass flow rate, we can multiply by the difference in specific enthalpy. 0.8642 kilograms of dry air per second. Multiply by 47-ish minus 26-ish kilojoules per kilogram of dry air. Kilograms of dry air cancels leaving me with kilojoules per second, which is a kilowatt. So if I take 3.08642, that very accurate number, and multiply by about 47 minus about 26, I get 64.8. So this heating process would draw about 64.8 kilowatts. So that gives me the answer to part A and B. The last thing I wanted to know was the relative humidity at the exit. Let me pose that to you as a question. Is the relative humidity at the exit the same? Is it still 80%? It is not. The humidity ratio doesn't change because the mass of water and the mass of air don't change. But remember that the relative humidity is the proportion of water that's in the air to how much water the air can hold. Even though the water that's in the air doesn't change, the amount of water that the air can hold does change. As the air is heated up, it can hold more water, which means that the relative humidity is going to drop. I can see that on the psychometric chart. As I go to the right horizontally, I'm dropping my relative humidity. From the chart, I can see my relative humidity at state 2 is going to be about... What do you think, 23%? Let's call it that. Arbitrary precision B2 is about 23%.


నినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినినిన ಗೊ್ಲ್ತುಗ ಮು ನೀಟವ ಬಾನೊಲ್ರಿ ಬಾ ರಮಡ್಺ುತು � గోనిసియో ఆరిికని జినలానికులానూవానూవా నర్నిక్కిమిసంవిల్మికిస్లానియాలునికా ఴమలానూవికికాానిత్యలత్తిమినవ్తానిజరికానిక ఆరిని మ్ర్నించునితూని. పగినింనిసంంని . పగిసహిమంని . ప౗ినిఆనినిద్ంనానిని. మార్కాదంచానిని. నిమియచద Realmటకమం. మికంటకపెనించకా. పద Before I strike, I take time and I prepare myself and I do all my work knowing that once we start, we have started. So look at this, that night what happened, I decided to keep quiet because of wanting. What save I do is for the people, it's not about me. Anything you see me do is for the love of the people, not for me. Including the ministry, including anything, once anything you see me doing, I don't do it for myself. I do it for the people. And once the people are suffering, once the people are crying, I don't feel good. I feel very very bad. Why did I not proceed with that live broadcast? It was simple, it was just one thing that happened. Number one, if I come to you and tell you that okay, HHS has failed. Who are we going to replace HHS with? That is, we must follow this very very well. Who are we going to replace HHS with? Is the next president coming from PF, who is he? Is the next president coming from SP? Is the next president coming from DA or what? Who are we going to? I don't want to be like those people that tell you, that one is a first prophet. See, I want to say first prophet, but they cannot point you to the reprofit. When I come to you and tell you that this one is not good, I must present you with an option. I don't want to create problems and there is no option. Just like people who rise up and say that one is a first prophet, don't go there. But they cannot point you to the reprofit where to go. I don't want to do that. I am a very very intelligent human being that when I tell you to say this is not good, let us go with this. Just like I came and told you to say, Edgalungu is not good. Let us go to HHS. I presented the person to you. So if HHS must go, we must also have a replacement. And this is where my problem with PF came. This is where my problem with Edgalungu came in now. Edgalungu lost election in 2021. We just had a little bit of network problem, hope it will not happen again. So Edgalungu lost election in 2021. And after he lost election, for the first time in the history of Zambia, a political party that lost election was intact. People were not leaving the party. The party was actually growing. What they needed was a way forward. They needed a leader. They needed somebody that could lead them. Edgalungu held onto power. He wanted to come back and be the president. Now this is where African leaders fail. This is where they make a mistake. There is what is called a president. And a godfather to the president. Every powerful person on earth has a godfather. I'm the one speaking to you here now. I have a godfather. Everyone that is doing well on earth big has a godfather. You can never be greater than your godfather whether you like it or not. You can never be greater than your godfather. You will always respect your godfather. What Edgalungu was going to do to the PF was to play a role of a godfather. This is very simple. It's just that we allow our emotions sometimes to take better part of us. If not, you have lost election. You have seen that your party is still intact. Your party is still powerful. Almost all the people that served as ministers in your party are still with you. You are supposed to live and allow a convention. In that convention, you have already secretly anointed the person that will take over as a godfather. That is where he made a mistake. That is one of the reasons why I couldn't do that broadcast. Because I cannot say let's support this kind of death. Let's support that kind of death. When I know that they are not going anywhere. Edgalungu is not coming back to Ruzambia. You can just mark it somewhere. It's not coming back to Ruzambia. But there is a way he could come back in Ruzambia. It's very simple.  For example, he picks Mundibil and said we are going to convention.  I am your political father. I am going to guide you to tell you what to do. Remember, he already had over 1.8 million people that voted for him. 1.8 people that voted for him, they were intact. In fact, they are intact. They voted for him no matter everything that we did against him. He still had 1.3 people, 1.8 people that believed him. Anyone he announced automatically has 1.8 million votes. That one is not even negotiable. Now, during the campaign, when we were campaigning for HHS, there are a lot of promises that we made for people. Which many of them were not fulfilled. Out of 2.8 million people that voted for us as UPND, how many people are disappointed? I am not even going far. I am not even talking about the population of Ruzambia. I am talking even from UPND themselves. The food soldiers, the cadres, how many of them are happy today? How many of them are disappointed? So, you can see that 2.8 million already is not 2.8 million. Why this guy is having 1.8 million? Are you following what I am saying? The problem is, instead of doing the right thing, you go and consult Sunday Sinyangwe. Who is Sunday Sinyangwe? A fool that his church is like a person that don't have up to 100 people in his church. He is failing to mobilize his church. A church that he has held for more than 20 years and he has not achieved anything in his church. It is a person that a former president went to consult. What does Sunday Sinyangwe know? He cannot help himself. He cannot help his family. Then Edigalungu go to him and he is telling Edigalungu. God says, forgive the people. Forgive people for what did the people of Ruzambia do to him. Edigalungu stole a lot of money. That one is guaranteed. No one is even done. If you go to Swaziland today, almost all the shopping malls are owned by Edigalungu. Edigalungu has a construction company in Swaziland. The biggest construction company in Swaziland is owned by Edigalungu. How many billions did he carry from Zambia and took outside the nation? The guy looted the country. That is guaranteed. If there is anyone that should be asking for forgiveness. It is not the people of Zambia. Edigalungu should be the one asking for forgiveness.  Edigalungu also. You say had the courage to go out to his church and he tell you forgive the nation. Who are you forgiving? You yourself, people need to forgive you because you... I don't want to fight today. Like I said, this we are just starting. I am just laying foundation. War doesn't start from the first day. I am just laying foundation. I just want to help the opposition to sit up so that we start moving gradually, gradually. It is a gradual process. But I can guarantee you that this battle, you see this one, we have won it. I swear upon Godfather. You can come back to this broadcast and tell me if what I am saying will not happen. I don't need even to talk about that. But let us proceed. So, you are supposed to allow a conviction anoint a candidate. You can actually say, I am anointing Brian Muntybile to come and take over. And secretly you call your ministers. Your top MWATWAT members, committee members say they see as you go for a conviction vote for Brian. Anyone you speak to will definitely vote for your Godson. And once that is done, PF will now have a president. And because you have a president and you are already strong on the ground especially in the rural area you will not start mobilizing.  And be eating your thing. The problem is that, let me tell you this. The problem somebody say you want to fight Lungo again. No, I am not fighting Lungo again. I want to help him. The problem is that you don't learn. Ropia Banda was your godfather Edda Galungo, but he was hiding. He didn't come out openly until the time of election. You can actually be a godfather to maybe for example Bowman Lusambu. Push him to be PF president. I am giving an example. I am not a Bowman Lusambu person. But I am giving an example. But let one person come from PF you be a godfather.  In fact more. It happened in the United States of America. John P. Dean was a nobody. People voted him because of Obama. Obama was a former president. But today Obama is a political godfather because he wanted to implement when he was in power that Trump could not implement. The moment Biden took over power those things were implemented.  You decide what happens from within. But unfortunately what happened you blew off everything because you are greedy.  You wanted to come back and become a president. What are you going to achieve that you didn't achieve in 7 years? What do you want there that you did not achieve in 7 years? Let me tell you this what you don't know. When Satan died you took over power out of sympathy. You didn't do politics. You are not a politician. You and the HH are just the same. You are not a politician. You don't read anything. That's why I'm looking at HH today. I'm laughing because my HH is not a politician and those that call themselves political advisers don't even know anything about politics. So Edigalungu is not a politician. You are not a politician.  And then you came into politics and stayed many years. You didn't learn anything. If you were a politician by now you are still going to be the president of Zambia. I'm telling you the gospel truth. If you were a politician by now you are still going to be the president of Zambia. But the problem is you are not a politician.  So you brought in the mentality of lawyer just like president has brought in business mentality and we are seeing how things are going. I'm coming there any moment from today. Now this is what supposed to be now. Allow a confession. Even with your own money you have money. You have a lot of money.  Sponsor that kind of debt that you want. He comes in through PF and PF may not win the election alone. Now there is president member the SP. There is Kalaba. There are so many other opposition political party. You come together. If you did that by now PF was going to be running. Mass sample was not going to hijack my sample is a lunatic. My sample is a mad person. They are taking PF anywhere. Somebody who somebody who Sorry let me block this. This is my name to scam people. So somebody who who cannot even since he became the PF president he cannot go out and mobilize his party. He is afraid. He is afraid outside the country. You can see that it is a lunatic. My sample is not even an option but what ever happened in PF Ediga Lungu must be blamed. Ediga Lungu must be blamed. For somebody a tout like my sample to come and hijack PF is because Ediga Lungu was greedy. He didn't want to do the right thing. He didn't want to allow convention. He wanted to come back in the rule but unfortunately that is not possible. He can never never come back and rule. For him to rule he must come back through another person. Now people of Zambia the opposition parties in Zambia still have one year in between to organize and come and do the right thing. For Ediga Lungu my advice to you before I catch this broadcast like I said I just came to lay foundation before we proceed the main broadcast is coming I didn't announce main broadcast is done at night by 9pm that time everybody is in their house waiting to hear. This one I just came to the office unfortunately there are a lot of people here that I must attend to but I've been looking at PF Ediga Lungu opposition parties in Zambia I've been looking at them IPPT for them because they don't know what to do they don't know where to go they don't know who to run to they don't know exactly the button to press that's why I came to select me for you people that are in PF especially Ediga Lungu you still have an opportunity number one to step away from PF PF is dead with what has happened I can assure you that PF is gone while you still have support register a new political party and not you registering it let somebody from PF that has a good record registered the new political party support that person speak to your ministers those that are loyal to you secretly let them support that political party PF is gone in 2025 when we are going to start the campaign properly when you do it start mobilizing once you register maybe Moundible registers it a person that has a good record a good track record you register the party start mobilizing it on the ground you don't show yourself all you can do is bring a finances to mobilize that party to support that party I'm telling you it's easy it's very very easy this is not what God can do for you this is what intelligence and political intelligence will do for you while that party is PF is dead you can never get PF again leave it and beside PF already had a bad name register a political party call all the people that are loyal to you to start supporting that party start talking to people in 2025 next year when campaign will start before you know it it's a revolution this day with media with social media you don't need to work so hard for you to win an election it's easy within 8 months you can organize a party and win an election very easy so register a party not your name appearing you now a godfather that you must take it or leave it you are now a political godfather you can never be a president of Zambia again but there is something bigger than being a president it's called godfather I myself no matter how big I am when I see the godfather I bow godfather is the greatest authority so if you become a political godfather the person who is going to be the president it's your son hey my son this campaign came here give them contract they will be giving a contract the same privilege you are enjoying when you are president you will still enjoy it and in 2025 manage that party with SP socialite party you come in agreement I will come and advise you again I will come and help you you match with SP and leave the rest for us anyway I am so sorry that many people thousands of people we are waiting for me to come life and teach them about Africa and so on especially those that are not watching from Zambia you are disappointed because I am talking politics today it's very important that I help also people politically people that need help next week we are going to continue with our african thing but any moment from now this week I am going to announce we are going to start our life broadcast politics but take this advice that I have given to you if you are in Zambia this is for your good even for the government the government may say see a one has turned against us again it's for your good when there is strong opposition you do well if there is nobody opposing you if there is no one giving you advice how are you going to do well so take it also good on your side then from your side you wake up and do the right thing I have fought for you as suffering people that suffered for UPND are suffering let me tell you again and again people that fought for you are suffering your own members UPND members are going through hell UPND members are dying of hunger just your members not to talk of the major population of Zambia if you don't wake up that's your own concern I have nothing to lose I've never lost anything before and I will never lose even if you bring the entire government of the world to fight me it will not succeed it better take my advice and we progress how can you tell me that in the year 2020 2021 Chishin Bakamburi was dividing the nation of Zambia Chishin Bakamburi was planting the seed of division in Zambia Chishin Bakamburi divided the country into two members against Tongas Tongas against members Chishin Bakamburi acknowledged his mistake and went to Chief Monse for dividing the nation he was forgiving later he continued in fact before the election Chishin Bakamburi was a certain he was a lucifer he was an agent of destruction he was the devil that he was the devil himself he was so bitter his boys killed a lot of UPND guys Chishin Bakamburi with a deed in Awakui and so on kidnapped a family set them up against HH now few years down the line because you have power you think that you are wise HH you think now that you are all-mind you decide what happen you wake up you say forgive this person they didn't kill your children they didn't kill your wife you are intact you wake up you want to spend money millions to evacuate Chishin Bakamburi that is very rich how many drugs does he have is he the only sick person in Zambia go around the hospitals in Zambia UPND supporters are littered in the hospital they don't have money to buy medicine as a president as a government you want to take Chishin Bakamburi the one that stood against the people the one that divided the nation the one that destroyed the nation you rise up today you want to take him to go and kill him abroad at the expense of your people your people are suffering your people do not even have food they don't even have what to eat you go to all the UPND bloggers you see that people are going through hell two years down the line UPND people are suffering you abandon them the man that boasted that he can have breakfast in Zambia and have dinner in New York is the one that you want to spend what happened to you people when you take over power it's like when you take over power your brain disappears just like when somebody give their life to Christ they become fools they don't reason again man of God will tell them anything and they believe man of God will say give me your entire salary in January you believe you don't reason you don't ask yourself what is my children going to eat if I give you my entire salary it's what happened when you take over that seat you become fools look at a man he is nearly set Zambia on fire if you want to do something good for him he is a convict you can pardon him he has money he can go and treat himself abroad why do you want to waste government money a government that is struggling a government that is limping you still have money to go and take the shimbak and go outside the country what is wrong you provoke me intentionally there are people there are people two years down the line I don't want to go I don't want to fight UPND you can see that I am diplomatic in what I am doing if I go there if I go there UPND it will take only about one month it will collapse people's eye will open I don't want to go there now you abandon the people that fought for your party your men bath they can't even afford twice in a day they don't eat many of them are languishing in the streets you carry millions to go and take the shimbak and go there to go and have treatment outside the country who is he he is rich he said he has drugs in Congo that's why poor people when I tell you to become rich do everything possible to become rich you think that you want to seek the kingdom of God and you want to die poor my dear if you are poor there is no justice for you rich people don't care about you rich people you don't exist where they are if not tell me how can how can shimbak and go there who claim to be rich he drives the latest Lexus he open his mouth and say he has contracts running in Congo contracts are running in Congo for him his children are abroad his wife is abroad he can afford any life that he want people are dying on the street and the president want to take money to go and send him abroad at the expense of poor people that money you want to spend on shimbak and give it to your members if you don't know your members are suffering how many time have you visited your secret there is no food in your secret nobody go to your secret don't provoke me please if look if you go there you will never last you cannot even finish your dinner people are suffering what are you talking about people are suffering people are going through hell and you want to send shimbak and go abroad for medication she said I told you people that woman please hey this thing that you want to start ask edigalungu ask edigalungu ask bowman they will tell you that crossing the part of sea one is the greatest mistake that you can make we are going to please don't go there don't go there there are people that need help in zambia there are a lot of them if you have a lot of money in the government start taking care of your members the other day Lily Mutambo who contested who wanted to contest on UPND ticket bought million mail I don't know if it's 10 bags or 20 bags and took it to UPND sector if you see the way the people they are rushed the million mail I was looking at you I said these people are the cadres of the ruling party shimbak and we are supposed to be in prison as we speak today but if you go to so many prisons today you will see UPND cadres who are in prison for not doing anything many of them are still going to court for doing absolutely nothing please let's not start this thing I beg you in the name of god father I still have a soft spot for you when that spot goes ask edigalungu you will tell you you will know everywhere will be hot for you I don't want to start that do the right thing


Hey everyone, I'm Natalie, and this is the bizarre history of dieting. And who better to start with than the first celebrity diet icon, Lord Byron. Pale, thin, and obsessed with losing weight, Byron worked hard at maintaining his image as the quintessential romantic poet. His go-to slimming tactics, wearing layers of clothes to sweat, staving off hunger by smoking cigars, and eating flattened potatoes soaked in vinegar.  But one thing the romantic period didn't romanticize was carbs. Nearly 200 years before Keto in 1825, a French lawyer and politician, Jean-Anton, I don't think my mouth works that way. Nearly 200 years before Keto in 1825, a French lawyer and politician, Jean-Anton-Briand-Severon, recommended the first low-carb diet, and his advice was actually pretty solid. In his popular book, Physiologie du Gou, he wrote the cause of obesity is too much starch and flour-based foods, and he recognized people should eat in moderation and exercise. Wait a second, that's actually really good advice. Then where are we still coming up with crazy diet trends today? Well, it might be because his book also included lines like, a dinner without cheese is like a pretty woman with only one eye. In the US, things were a little more uptight with a minister named Sylvester Graham, who lectured to crowds about the advantages of a vegetarian diet and the evils of alcohol. Not only was Graham basically the first wellness Instagrammer, he's also responsible for another dietary innovation, the Graham Crocker. What about these as healthy, they're literally cookies. The idea behind the Crocker and his whole diet was to help repress sexual urges. So yes, we can thank Graham for laying the foundation for s'mores, but let's not forget the whole point of these celibacy crackers. You know how grocery aisles are packed with gossip magazines filled with personal diet tips from the stars? Well, it was like that back in the 1860s too, but instead of gossip magazines, it was pamphlets. And instead of taking advice from famous people, our great-grandparents got diet tips from an undertaker. Specifically, William Banting, who wrote about how he lost 46 pounds through a protein-rich, high-fat, low-carb diet that included wine at every meal, even breakfast. His diet was so well-known, it became its own verb. Joe's drinking has really gotten out of control since he started banting, but he looks great. Wait, I know what you're thinking. All these diets seem a little too mainstream. I'm looking for something that will let me grind my food into liquified gruel while ensuring I never poop again. Well, you're in luck. Flutter, Fletcherism, the early 1900s diet promoted intense chewing. As in, chew your food at least a hundred times until it becomes a liquid and all trace of taste has disappeared. Then, spit out whatever's left. One, two. A key sign of success in this diet was a lack of bowel movements. Oh. Oh. Oh. Mmm. Mmm. That looks good. Self-bragged about going number two once every two weeks. Ugh. The turn of the century in the Industrial Revolution brought a massive shift in not only who was dieting, but how they were doing it. Before, being overweight was mostly a middle and upper-class problem, but working-class people were now moving to cities. They had a little more cash and were eating fewer fresh foods. Couple that with the arrival of semi-modern medicine and you've got the perfect recipe for the quick-fix diet fad. You can find a magazine anywhere in the U.S. in the early 1900s and you'd see ads for diet pills and drugs and some were just plain dangerous, like loaded with small amounts of arsenic dangerous. But if you didn't want to choke down dangerous pills to fit into your flapper dress, they were alternatives like cigarettes. Lucky Strikes started an ad campaign encouraging people to smoke instead of reaching for that cupcake. And if smoking wasn't your bag, you could have tried this chewing gum that's laced with laxatives. That rolls off while you chew. As the early 20th century brought a wave of scientific and industrial progress, some weight loss trends seemed downright medieval. This led to a whole mess of mechanical, vibrating contraptions that supposedly slimmed you down without you having to move at all. Then, in the 50s, diet pills made a huge comeback. They were known as Mother's Little Helpers and filled the medicine cabinets of mid-century housewives everywhere. Most of the pills were a mix of amphetamines and other questionable chemicals and some people died from using them. By 1970, 8% of all prescriptions in the U.S. were for amphetamines. But amphetamines had a few problems. What with the fact that they stopped working after a while and, you know, killing people? So companies started to get creative. Diet industry madmen brought forward a head-spinning array of pills, books, and diet systems, along with celebrity faces to market them. Since then, so many diets have been invented, it'll probably take me 10 minutes to name them all. Prepare to fast forward! The cabbage soup diet, weight watchers, the grapefruit diet. Whee-ah-wah-wah-wah-wah-wah-wah-wah-wah-wah-wah-wah! As you've probably noticed, the bizarre history of dieting is pretty repetitive and it's sustained by two things. People who are dying to lose weight and companies that are more than willing to help them thin out. They are wallets. In fact, the weight loss industry is now worth $66 billion. So how do we break the cycle? Well, we could remember what that French lawyer said all the way back in the 1800s about eating in moderation and exercising.  Hey guys, thank you so much for watching this video. I had a lot of fun making it. I'd love to hear your ideas for future episodes for bizarre history. Please comment below and let me know what you think. If you want to watch some other episodes we've already made, you can find them right here. And as always, don't forget to subscribe to attention on YouTube. Thank you.


So everybody, welcome to the Vermont State Senate Committee on Institutions today is September 9th, 2020. You're here to talk about H880. I'm Joe Benning, the chair of the committee, we have Senator Mazza from Grand Isle, Senator Lyons from Chittenden, Senator Hooker from Rutland. Senator Rogers from Essex Orleans is usually with us but will not be with us today as I understand. We are picking up our conversation from yesterday in which we began to talk about the bill. As a result of our conversation yesterday, we've asked Ellen, how do you pronounce your last name is it kick chowsky chai cow ski chai cow ski. Thank you. I asked Ellen to take a look at it and give us some different language, I want to give her lots of credit because I sent her that message late last night. And I don't know what time she actually did it but it was on my computer when I got into work early this morning so thank you very much for that. It has been passed around to the various stakeholders who were testifying yesterday. I understand that the folks who were with us yesterday are all in approval of this I'll add that I had a conversation with Representative Tom Stevens, who chairs the House committee that originally brought this bill to the floor of the house and then to us. And I understand he is in favor of the concept changes as well but Ellen if you could just give us a brief rundown to what is now a to paragraph bill. Please to let us know what the changes were since you weren't here yesterday to give us the walkthrough I should probably turn that over to your good service. Sure, but you didn't seem to need me you guys did a great job discussing the bill, and it is pretty short so that does make it easy. So there are sort of three changes. But it is a strike call just for ease of reading so. So in section one, which is the statutory citation here. In the prior version, there was a subdivision a and a subdivision be and so I've struck subdivision be, and that was the language that had the Commissioner of Forest Parks and Recreation adopting rules about what to do if there were multiple rulings. So currently, the language just reads the Commissioner before installing new signs or placing existing signs in a state park shall consult with the Vermont Commission on Native American Native American Affairs to determine if there is an avanaki name for any site within the park. If the Commission on Native American Affairs advises the Commissioner of an avanaki name, the avanaki name shall be displayed with the English name. And that will be the new language in title 10. And then. So, I amended these the section to which is the session law provision relating to what the Commission on Native Native American Affairs should is to do so. Honor before March 15, 2021, Vermont Commission on Native American Affairs shall prepare a list of places and landmarks with avanaki names. If there are multiple spellings, if there are multiple names or spelling variations for a place, the Commission shall select a name or spelling to be used on signs in state parks. The Commission shall present the list, the Commissioner of Forest Parks and Recreation in order to facilitate the construction of signs as required under 10 VSA 2613. The Commission shall also determine if there are sites outside of state parks with avanaki names for which new signs should be considered. And this is also a change from the prior draft to sort of clarify what those additional names should be used for. And then finally the effective date section was changed so that the action that take effect on January 1, 2021. Ellen, just for the edification of our listeners who may not be familiar title 10. Can you tell us since these changes are being made to title 10 what does title 10 normally cover title 10 is conservation and development. It is the title I spent most of my time in which is largely all of the environmental and land use sections. And so specifically this chapter. It's about regarding forest parks and recreation. And so this will appear under the other sections related to the commissioners powers and duties as commissioner. Thank you. Committee I'm just going to add a comment regarding the last line on actually this is lines two and three on page two. As presented to us the commission was charged with having to come up with a list of names that might be outside of the state parks in the language originally read for which new signs would be required. And it also occurred to me that there might be a fiscal note that might be required with that should some agency be tasked with required changes to places on signs that were outside of state parks. And in other words, to have the commission come up with a list of names that might be suggested for any other place named signs, but I didn't want to have it come up in this bill which might lead to a further glitch where appropriations might have to come up with questions. So the commission can come up with a list. They may want to advocate for something down the road a piece, but that'll be in a separate bill in a separate time when maybe some of us will be back to talk about what should or should not happen. Other than that, does anybody have any questions for Ellen. Move the bill. Okay, can I just ask Commissioner Snyder if he's okay with this language. No. No, he'll just get us in trouble. Easy now Senator. As you know from yet thank you for the record Michael Snyder commissioner for parks and recreation. As you know from my testimony estimate yesterday the very enthusiastic supporter of the intent here. Originally, and I'm seriously grateful for your consideration of the request to change. I'm even more comfortable now and even more enthusiastic about getting abenaki place names and state parks as appropriate so again thank you for the efforts. Sorry to hold you up but I think that was the right thing to do and I feel good about it. Thank you. I'm happy. I'm happy. Commissioner the Senate institutions committee always aims to please. I've noticed duly noted. Senator Mazza has moved that we adopt draft 2.1. Is there any discussion. Hearing no discussion are you ready for a vote. I'm not sure whether we need to do a roll call on the draft changes. Let's do it for the sake of doing it.  Okay, Senator Lyons. Yes. Senator Mazza. Yes. Hooker yes, Senator Benny. Yes. That was on the amended version of. Which is actually draft 2.1 of 880. Now is there a motion to move the bill out of committee. So move. Senator Mazza has moved to send the bill out of committee. Cheryl would you like to take the role again. Senator Lyons. Yes. Senator Mazza. Yes. Senator Hooker yes, Senator Benning. Yes. Yes. If it's okay, I'll report the bill. I can't wait to see what kind of flack I get on this one. But we will handle it. Okay. And Senator Benning, you just need to get the bill. And the vote up to the secretary. Yes. I think. Ellen, this is still in draft form. Okay. I'm going to take the highlighting out really quickly and then I'll get it to you. Okay. Very good. Is there any other business to discuss? Oh, I see that representative China is here. I'm going to tell you we've already passed the bill. So now you can go back to wherever you were. How's that? Thank you. And I appreciate you taking the time to make the change and get it moving. So thank you. Well, it's now coming back on your shoulders. I'm going to go back to the Senate, assuming they adopted it's going to be back to the house because we've actually modified it and did a strike call. So you're going to have to explain to the house how to get it moving through there. All right. Well, thank you. Good luck. All right. Committee that does our business for today. Thank you very much all.


Some experts fear that mother and child may become too close. Women who choose to do that do it because they have a tremendous need to be loved. Without really thoroughly thinking through, you know, what it may mean to a child. Their relationship between them and their mothers might be so intense. And the mother may have such a great need for these children to achieve, to succeed, to prove her own adequacy that these children might be under a great deal of pressure.  At the age of 10 years old, he became a 30-year-old woman's perfect man.