Yeah, I welcome everyone to Python organizers panel So I want to start with the question to the audience who knows that Conferences like these and basically all Python conferences are run by volunteers. No, sir. Oh Well, very good. That's good Because it would be like a first message message to many people who are new in the community because they probably don't know that yet so and Here's a few of European and organizers from from Asia like from over and When we had the idea for the panel it was hey, let's let's just talk about what's the organizer experience? Where we struggling what's why what's the motivation? Why are we doing it? What's driving what's enjoyable parts of that and have like and just like I think it's called fireside chat nowadays But we don't we don't have we only have a monitor as a fire here So so actually we see a fire here, but you don't know. Okay, so anyway So I would just like start with the question. So just go around. What's your motivation being an organizer? Okay, and maybe just like one one back just like in short introduce yourself and what what what's your contribution to the community? Thank you. I'm Jimena. I'm president from Python Spain I working very close with by ladies and I'm always Helping to organize conference like the picon s Well for this almost two years as a president of a community a picon community My commitment is with the diversity Was the thing that is more important to me I want to empower women to join STEM to go to an event and This kind of thing but just not with women because diversity is we know is a lot of more things Because for example young people need to come to these kinds of events because we need people that We need to rest in some point And this is my my motivation my let's think that I must appreciate about my work what my volunteer work with the community Hi, I'm nice to meet you all I'm Alessia and I come from Italy and As such I have been involved in the organization of picon Italy for the past seven years now and I the year later I started contributing to the organization of yours. I buy the European conference for a pattern in science And I've also involved with by conde only one year though when I was living in Berlin last year And my focus and helping the the conference has been mailing on financial aids and communication with the community so emails social events social network social networks and Let's say a general overview of of things My motivation has always been about the people Less let's say about the technical content of the conference because you can get technical content Every day online. It's super easy. But what it the difference between reading a book or Watching another person speak on YouTube and a conference is Holding a twerking that happens in the hallway track as they say So in a way As they say You come for the language, but you stay for the community. I am David. I'm from Portugal My history is a little bit strange at least I I've been using Django since 2007 and started attending Django cons in 2017 and At that time I realized that I wanted to give something back So I applied for Django con 2020 and I ended up ended up with more than I bargained for I actually ended up doing 2020 virtual 2021 also virtual and Finally last year Django con Europe in Porto happened By that time we since we were organizing Django con for three years in a row most of the Years were already in place. So we ended up with a bit of spare time and decided that one conference was Easy enough. So let's do two conferences. So we ended up bootstrapping Picon Portugal last year and it will happen again this year and During that time we also I think For some communities and Django con in particular here in Europe. We are also struggling a bit to find new organizers For those of you that don't know it Django con Europe is based in is basically any any team from any country applies for hosting Django con Europe it the The submission will be reviewed and eventually accepted and you basically get Django con Europe in your hands and You get all the knowledge from previous organizers You get all the support for for the community but what keeps Django con Europe going is people willing to to actually continue Django con Europe because traditionally it The Django con Europe Stays in a single country each year. So we are we are skipping around around Europe last year when the last year no this year during April we were having a Zoom meeting with the old organizers and new organizers in a new potential organizers and It I felt by the end of the meeting that people are still not Okay, I was going on but basically my motivation was to give something back Hello everyone, my name is Honza and I am I'm from the Czech Republic I Help the local Python community since the very beginnings of it. So that's over a decade. I think 2011 something like that and My original I've been I've been a Meetup organizer A part of the conference team by con CZ Now I'm on the board of the local nonprofit Which supports the local? local community I Did a lot of things rotating over roles as I've I've seen myself fit and My original motivation was that I wanted to come I liked Python as a language. I didn't know the language, but it felt like nice language I wanted to learn it but there was no Python meetup in my Town I would I could come to and learn And somebody told me that I don't need to know Python to organize meetups So I said, okay, that makes sense I just invite people to a pub and we will talk and that is what happened and then that continued for Five more years and so on then I rotated over the roles as I've seen myself fit where I was needed so on and The motivation then was that I realized that it's It feels good to do something which helps other people Hi, I'm Barbara. I've been part of the Czech Python community since 2015 I attended a Django girls workshop one day, and then I joined the meetups in Prague and then it was also the first year of PyCon CZ in the Czech Republic and How it happened was that the PyCon CZ team was posted on Facebook and they had a lot of typos in there and I was criticizing that or like I told them Hey, you've got typos in your social media posts and honza actually texted me like, you know what stop hating it and join the team so here I am today and the motivation to organize events is Or generally to join the community is you get to meet new people. We have a lot of fun I have to say that some of the people in the community are really my great friends and I always look forward to meeting them and Especially organizing the conference is that I really like to see a huge group of people at the end You know clapping and enjoying the atmosphere and then the after parties legendary, so That's my motivation, you know, you work one year for something that lasts one hour then but it's I love the hype and So yeah, so that's my that's my motivation and I'm really grateful to be here as well Hello, I'm team. I'm from Taiwan and Around local Taiwan meetups since 2013 and I also chairman of PyCon iPad at 2013 and The motivation I think like others At the beginning I think our city need meetup, but we don't have so I so I held it so I hold it so I held it and I want to learn something but make what make me happy is that people in this in that place can make friends with others and Also, so for their problem and the people together make better and better. That's made me happy Yeah Oh, thank you very much. So I joined actually your Python was my first your Python 2014 in Berlin And I saw that's this the EPS organization. Oh, yeah joining is for free Let's let's go there and then there was voting and nobody wanted to do auditor and I said I can do that and Three week three months later. I was running Conference in Bilbao with strangers on email, which I could never imagine possible and actually made all my co-organizers When the day we opened the conference And this was very enjoyable the Python community was new to me as well I thought and I'm always like for me to motivation is I think I like the cross-pollination you I was say in The Python community you can meet astronomers to web developers I think it's very the driver is like to to enable people to Cross-pollinate talk different angles and the diversity and see see all these different things. And yeah, then of course I was Many years of your Python program chair Trying to board or some current sitting board members. So I came back and Eventually things happen during your Python. So we relaunched or my condi So I'm part of that still the product together with pie data Berlin is by condi is by data Berlin currently I'm also one of the core organizers and eventually people tracked me into your sci-fi as well So yeah, and I'm also a board member of the German software station and my motivation is I think I like to program Even more, but I think what I can bring to the table is I know I have like for my background business contracts Actually, I actually my wife. I actually used to study the law. I didn't finish but still So I think the best thing my best contribution is building structures processes and being like this Reliable backbone for the community because this is just like my motivation because I think that's the best contribution I can get a bring bring to the community and enable others to thrive. That's and it's very enjoyable Like even after 10 years now That brings us to the next question, so What are the challenges? Well, maybe sorry, what are the challenges? And then just pick the next person. Yeah, I think One of one of the main challenges that we usually face is There is a lot of will to help so you often get lots of Submissions to to volunteer but sometimes and that's partly our fault because sometimes you don't Give enough information about the details of the volunteering people have their own lives and they simply ghost the process and Everything falls after that so one one of the hard thing is keeping everybody to the point and So one of the important things to to have in any group of organizers of any conference is a small core team that will be there from start to end and then Use all the help that we can for for the volunteer team because they are willing to help us But they have their own priorities and sometimes the conference is not on their minds and that's That's okay Maybe Yeah, this year the challenge was to restart Picon after the COVID break so the last check Picon was in 2019 so it's been four years and Everybody wanted Picon CZ to happen But then the energy was really low like people were just asking like will there be Picon CZ and I was saying yeah Well, let's do it. Oh, well, I don't have time and so on so to kind of like put the team together And kind of try to bring the energy so that we really do the organization We're really you know finish so we started in spring Let's say and normally check by conness in June So we had to move it to September because obviously we wouldn't be able to do it in two months or something so that was the challenge this year and Oh because I feel like in the past years, you know, everybody expected that it's gonna happen every year So even the organizers were you know in the mindset like yeah, we will work again because basically you start organizing right after The event ends, right? So that's the challenge for this year. So I hope that We again kind of like jump on the train and have keep the energy for next years as well And for me the most challenging is when you are organizing and Amitabh The really thing that you are doing is many eight people that it's the most difficult thing that you can do And also you need to understand a big difference One thing is the community another thing is the assistant because the community Probably have the same vision and mission that you have you want to make the conference more diverse more open and That every young is happy and enjoy and is not just for the Python language It's also for the people but the assistance don't have this vision or not well not all the assistance and There is a lot of people there are a lot of people that these kind of things that you put more soft tax not just technical tax don't Don't think that is a good thing for the conference and also that you try to get more people from minorities they also is like I don't know why you are doing this with why the force of the community in these kinds of things so At the end haters gonna hate and you need to accept that communities Who are going to help you and you? Think that the people understand that the various it is important But you can't be thrown out for this reason these you don't get it. Well I think this is a mozzarella part. Well, I can add something at least from the perspective of Python Italy one thing that we struggle with is the lack of Documentation of our processes because well fortunately we have a core team that's been pretty stable over the years, so Let's say everybody kind of know what they need to do when they need to do it and how But it's always the same things that land on the same people so You get very experts in what you're doing for example running the program You know, you have a set of deadlines, you know, you have a set of things to do in a specific order But We don't have us a handbook or written down how we want to do things how they've been done in the past so it's hard to Get people in and have them up to speed fast So of course every year new people joined the organization in some leave But these new people need at least one or two years of running the conference alongside with the core team To be able to get things on their own so This for sure one thing that we can improve but of course it requires a lot of time and While we are organizing the conference. It's hard to spend time on Writing how you're doing it. Yes, I think currently we're in the stage. Oh the conference great This is everything we want to do basically after the conference to do better after the conference but then as this peek off basically and view the other and Suddenly say, okay, we need to relax on and basically everything falls apart until the next year And that's a real challenge with the documentation. I think one of the challenges is Actually are getting people together also I think one of the challenges is actually also to sometimes say no because like to have like to build a good team and committee Because we never like people having good ideas, but we need people who also Okay, what's the action plan who is going to do it? We we have enough of good ideas Yeah, so we we like we lack basically time and and and execution of good ideas so and Yeah, so actually, I think it's it's always the most of the biggest challenges Yeah, apart from the equation building a good team give it running expectation management I think it's something I learned which is which is really helpful and Yeah, and of course time because like sometimes there's peak times and this they are I sometimes have to say Yeah, currently I don't have any other hobbies Python community. So yeah, what's your challenges? so If I look back at the decade which I went through I think The the most prominent challenges has been repeating and it is Handovers and burnouts And I think documentation is a good example of think which is a tool in this basically like documentation helps handovers and and so on There are more tools like having a having a helper with every experienced person basically teams of two for each Responsibility and so on but I think the core challenge is Handover and burnout like managing of that in in the groups. I I have one personal rule and that is when I do something for the community I Can champion it in one person? In the beginning I can start something new and that is very efficient and then I become expert in that thing because that's what I do I mean if I do it for longer time I become the expert unlike the others who don't do it but Then my job is not done until I can Leave the thing and it survives The job is done when I hand it over to someone else and it survives then I created something nice Which didn't end with me and that is the hard part. I Find the most challenging is the incentive because we are all volunteer So not like normal companies, so I don't have any right to promotion No money. Yeah, so I always need to find a way to make others such as oh you You are you you like to meet new person and or you would like to be Meet some strong engineering strong engineer, so I need to know what they want and Give him so he will be very happy in the group Yeah, and and then I need to find the right one Some somebody you can find his patient He has enough patient to make things happen and somebody actually didn't clearly know what should I do So how should you do so? You need to guide him. Yeah, so I think it is the most challenging thing is to instant to motivate and Find the right one. Yeah Thank you So now we've talked the challenges. Oh, let's move to the fun part So what was your for funny and snows inspiring or heartbreaking anecdote? And ever so who wants to go first who has like something I can start. Yes, sure Well, my anecdote is actually how I entered the community Because okay, so I was 18 years old and I was with my high school Friends looking at the website of the conference of my country because we wanted to attend right and Well, the conference website was it still builds into different languages the Italian version at the English version, of course So everybody can feel included the thing is very similar to your experience the Translation had some errors so you were in the Italian version and you will get like a paragraph in Italian and a paragraph in English and the same for the for the English version So it was completely Ununderstandable so at the time we had this chat named all arc on the website where you could contact directly the organizers And I was like, hey, I'm trying to Book a ticket. I would like to join But be careful because the website has some errors and maybe it's not accessible to everyone and Five minutes later. I had an admin account on the website and they said like sure. Okay, come and fix it and that was it basically and Trusting me to do that. Like just a normal stranger on the internet, right No one's buying stories. It's all boring. Yeah, I just want I just want to share in one one thing that it It made me feel happy that It's very good that I I hold a mid up for ten years. I remember the first year a middle Middle school student, maybe just 13 years old.  It means he didn't enter the usual education system it means he studied at his home and he he every every month he attend our meetup and the Lens person and as time goes by he he tries to be a speaker and and His speech is better and the better and the more professional and Maybe maybe less than a year He he entered AWS as a as an employee. Yeah, I feel very happy that a local meetup can make up make a Small child become better and better. Yeah, so I just think it and a lot of people in this meetup Have a good job. I met fight fight a good job. I'll find a good friend in Izmir So I'm happy that I Have I held the meetup. Yeah, so we have many stories, but I'm thinking like what's appropriate to say here But um, so in one of the pythons that took place in Brno Which is the second biggest city in the Czech Republic and it's like 200 kilometers away from Prague So we invited the speakers We would you know, tell them just you know by our tickets playing tickets, whatever we reimburse you later and so on The address is here, you know, this is the schedule, you know when to come where to come and so on So the conference is on we're waiting for one speaker and we couldn't find her anywhere so we we start calling her and She says yeah, well, so I mean I'm here And we're like well here where like at the conference at the hotel or can we help you somehow? Can we go get you and she said yeah, well, I'm in Prague. So I'm here and We said well the conference is not in Prague, but it's one bus stop away actually There's a direct bus from Prague to Brno, but it takes I don't three hours or something and It was under one hour to go before the talk, you know So we had to switch the schedule and so on But it was funny because like she flew in from London and she just thought that the conference is in Prague because it's the biggest city I guess or I didn't ask her actually we were just happy that she finally arrived But she had a funny story to tell as well. So things like that happened This is a silly little detail but We to improve the Inclusion of the non-binary people we did for the toilets Some posters that we put the things you can phones inside inside the toilet Not the gender in mind like they pass you are in the Euro-european When you sit In front of the bathrooms You can see how at the beginning people is so like totally Lost Go inside one and running inside the other and taking a gun inside the other because it's like oh my god I'm wrong. I don't understand anything But at the end just playing what is the purpose of these kinds of things and more or less people understand and some people go to the What normally is not they? Corridor the specter bathroom just to say hey we can serve and because It's not important no matter whatever you can phone inside the bathroom It's just a bathroom and if some people is going to be more comfortable if we We are doing these kinds of thing. It's okay But yeah at the beginning is always in every conference so funny see people running away from the washroom to another So I I want to remind once what one story that we We wanted to organize by conceded and then the venue has kind of died before Like one or two months before something like that like it shut down the venue so we had to move the conference to a different venue and We had to announce to like everyone that it will be somewhere else They had booked hotels and so on and we even had to move the date because like one shift one day Somewhere, I think it was like from Friday to Thursday or something like that because you know the the venues were all booked and so that was really a funny story and And a similar story in my like when when I was still the main organizer Well, it was at the end of my organizing career of the Bruno Biden meet-up that I already lived in Prague, but I for every meet-up every month I came back to Bruno and and For the people but also for the meet-up. I wanted to still get it going and Even though there were people helping me I was still like I I'm not leaving you you know, I'm still helping you and I the moment when I realized I am not helping that much was that when I accidentally Organized the meet-up at two places at the same time It was a Christmas edition and it didn't matter that much but Then I decided well, maybe I should step down as the main organizer after five years How many because I'm probably not contributing contributing that much Perhaps like to the minus scale So I should move on to other things like writing the commendation So I think for me is always like inspiring the thrive and dedication Also to details and other people. That's that's I think the most inspiring and I might have a tear in my eye now happens Yeah, but I think the This is a tiny story that happened just like when we were on our way to the billion conference I was sitting with my colleague in the train. There was a total stranger sitting Opposite to us and we were talking about the conferences and sponsors and then the person said okay Spock, do you work for them because I'm I'm very excited and now we're running this conference and you know like I said, yeah, I know that I I originate from nabibia and I I learned watching the videos from your conferences and basically now I'm Machine-learning engineer and I have a job here and that was like oh wow It's like a random stranger just on the train. We basically say. Yeah, that was that was I think this year do the most Yeah, funny inspiring story, which was pretty unexpected Because here at the Python conference, I really know what to expect like really friendly folks and Dedication so what that was like really random Yeah, so What's the part? What did you learn being an organizer as well?  It's not a problem. I don't have a really good story. Oh, okay Okay, so what's your personal what did you learn being an organizer? First it's hard work And You interact with being a software engineer I'm more of a back the stages guy and this kind kind of makes me interact with people more and in a good way because Interacting with the customers is not that funny And It was a good exercise for for my team also to be able to to achieve all these things and In my case in particular because of covids, I think we were not prepared for that and it We were forced to to make something something out of it and we actually did something so it's something that I'm proud of Well, I learned how much stress you can take A few years ago because I'm part of two other conference organizing teams and I think it was 2018 what happened is that I was the main organizer for pycon CZ and Part of two other teams for two other conferences and I don't know why I did that really but It actually showed me that you can survive a lot and even though you feel like you're at the lowest You can always go lower, but I mean that sounds very unhealthy But I survived but the thing is that you actually really learn to not to Stress too much about things that you cannot change or are not so like huge problems So actually I call them like mistakes of two types So what whatever happens at a conference like a fuckup? That's the only you as the organizer knows that happened But the attendees don't know it. That's all right It's like learnings for next year, but like don't fret about that, you know and only focus on what's actually Affects in the attendees, you know So if you kind of like categorize these problems only focus on those like public ones or outside ones So that's the learning from when you organize several events during the day for me is to think One is that you are always going to have good and bad reviews. So you just need to be sure that you are Fine and feeling good with the things you are deciding and doing The other thing that is very important is that maybe People feel that you are a bit bossy, but this is a necessary path Because everyone wants to help But people is scared about taking decisions and someone needs to take the final decision In the other hand you can go and Make polls about everything that every young can decide everything both and these kinds of things, but this sometimes just don't work because the things are slower and not everyone join the Boats and things like that. So don't be scared about a bit of it bossy. It's okay. It's needed My takeaways Like I have so many like it's like half of my personality now Really, I like organizing things forced me to I don't know call strangers, which I didn't like to call But I would say I would say I learned a lot about like communities Which is important for me because now I Left my job and I I have my like full-time community. I it's my like small business I learned Volunteering work the mechanics of it and I Didn't realize it But when people started to come to me and ask me about it and and I had the answers I realized that I should write it somewhere on the blog or something because it's still repeating is the state say same still still the same things and I Think I'm much better with people and stuff like that. I Through the community work. I got so much I Like say privilege because you know like various doors open for me or connections and Opportunities which I totally wouldn't have if I Haven't Invited the few the first eight people to the pub like back in 2011 when it started It's like crazy how it took me Maybe can I add one thing?  Okay, let's we don't use phones like that anymore, right? so for example basically in the past five years I made maybe five calls During organizing the event, you know, so I always try to ask somebody else Can you phone the bakery or the you know catering company or whatever? Like can you do that? And you know you decide whatever but like you do to the call if I can do something over the email I will that's all right because you can do it whenever right you can do it at night But phoning it's like no so and then other things obviously But because as they may organizer you need to know about everything, but you didn't need to do everything You just keep an eye on that, you know, but you need to delegate stuff obviously Because I from Asia so the first challenging thing is the price of the ticket. Yeah, as you know a the good ability of Asia people is costum and When we've at the first year People always challenge us.  Why your ticket so surprising price so high and But from day one, we know We need we didn't consider about the price. We consider about the value. We tried to provide as much value As we can yeah, so Yeah, like in Asia in Taiwan, we we don't have so much core commuter. So we will try to invite core commuter to Taiwan and Compensate the travel expense and we have a very good food very good. Yeah, so But and after 10 years and the people get accustomed to it. Yeah, it's very hard for Asia country Yeah, because we have low price things and yeah, and in the next thing that Becoming an organizer in In it is big organization We sell promotion and the monies. I think I try a lot of weight to motivate others. Yeah, we just said and And I think I feel a little shy so Sometimes I'm very nervous nervous and I don't know and my my my brain will be blank but when I think that I watch I when I focus on the things that I can inspire people the things that can enable people If I think like that then I won't focus too much on myself. So then I can become novel and And deliver good thought to others. Yeah, that's what I learned. Yeah Yeah, I can conclude this So for me, I think it was So given that I Got introduced to the community that I was rather young. I was not even out of high school that was sort of my first chance of Interacting with so many people that are different from me So I think one thing that I that I learned is Respects for for people and things there are different from you and what you know so and in the end being part of this community and seeing how a Volunteer team that can be so so diverse can pull together something that is so beautiful and gives you so much energy and Makes goods It's so beautiful. I think I learned like I Never was a team player before to be honest. So I think I learned to be BPO team player now. I hope so I know I Sometimes I was a good team lead. I definitely know like in the first after conference like when we did Basically COVID ended we had a conference. I know I was not the best team lead. So thanks for him to ring me So but I I always appreciate the feedback from my surroundings. So so I think it made me like a better team lead also like I think it's It's it's also a challenge to motivate volunteers because it's not like it's different than employees So basically yes, so you need a call. So I think I'm way better like and also delegating because I'm also really bad at delegating I learned Not to look into every detail because there's also a thing we tend to do is to over-engineer on details and And we we forget about thinking do we do we have to actually the capacity to do that? Yeah, I mean I love to have every detail on the conference, but if we don't have The the means for that financially or more even on on our time Capacity so we have to let go of some things and say it. There's always another conference in another year So that that's what I learned. So I think and the first thing actually I learned when I entered the Bilbao conference 2015 I was organizing with strangers on email. So I thought like my German urges Like oh, you have to plan. We need a backup plan and then I said, okay Session sharing is just like in the open Google doc and this is this can fail But when I watched and especially in these communities was so amazing No, you did you don't need a backup plan. You just need to go around and if there's no session chair You just ask friendly people from the audience. Hey, can can you just jump in and the person and yeah, everybody We said yeah, sure and this was also for me and your experience who was tried to basically be a Perfectionist from from the very beginning to say no, let go. There's this there's friends and friendly people around in the community And I can also rely on so I don't need the perfect perfect perfect plan So we just need a good plan and perfectionism is can be or is the enemy of the good as well So that's that's that's my take. So can I add one more thing? I think you made a great point about the people being diverse or the teams being diverse I know it's a buzzword But the important thing is that if you have different people on your team Then it means that you are also making a conference for different people If you are all the same people on the team the conference will be the same as well You know like when I went to my first meetup, there were like 50 guys and two girls, you know now it's more balanced thanks to pilot these courses and It's such a different vibe and such a different atmosphere, you know so even though we kind of like don't want to talk about diversity because it sounds like such a buzzword and it's like Yeah, we hear it everywhere. I still think it's important just to think we are organizing a conference for various groups of people, you know beginners advanced Programmers and so on and so on so when we keep this in mind We really make it an event. That's really like colorful and and interesting for so many different groups of people Yeah, thank you very much. Now Time for questions from the audience. I see there's some fellow organizers in the audience. There's some As far as I know not yet organizers in the audience. So Yeah, just Let's open the conversation Yep, there's a microphone. Just go to the mic and Ask questions or give input Oh, does it now it works? Okay. You mentioned that Seems like you ever start from from scratch for every conference and I can relate to this We'll see And there's also it's difficult for the getting volunteers because there's not too much written things everything. It's just communicated really more or less But organizing an open-source conference or Python conferences very similar doesn't matter if it's in Czech or In Sweden or in Spain or somewhere else. So do you think Some common ground to work together to come up with some documentation how to organize a conference in general and some more specific and maybe even What tools to use or share tools or share resources in one way or there are some other kind of Kind of synergy effects you can have because everything's open source everything by volunteers There's nobody's selling anything to anybody. So there should be some way to start Maybe there's a low-level thing like visible wiki or some other documentation tool to write down things how we do it What would be the best? What tools to use how to communicate because people and so on and so on so what do you think about it? in context we at EPS Meeting in the open space yesterday and we're also discussing openly about it, but Yeah, it looks like I'm talking a lot But yeah, because when you prepare an event you have so many topics to take care of speakers catering blah blah blah And the whole book would be like this thick, you know, and nobody would read that right so What I believe in is to when you when you organize During the year you take on new volunteers every time so they become more advanced Organizers over time and so this is how you kind of like pass the knowledge on Basically face-to-face Let's say or in person because nobody would read a million pages on how to you know find a good catering company Or whatever so I don't really have a better advice You can always write down some bullet points, but then it's it might not be like Detailed enough, but if it gets detailed enough, it's too detailed so it's kind of like How many of you actually actually read instructions for anything? People jump try to solve the things and the they only go to instructions when something is going wrong So we need stack overflow for conference organizers. Yeah, it's something like that And I like well, you know, I'm Currently my role is pretty much the documentarian of the Czech Python community We have like docs dot pivots dot org It's in Czech, but we have documented like how do we do meetups how we do stuff like that how the nonprofit operates and I have to say Picon CZ is one of the hardest things to document because it's like every year. It's different. It's Like the the knowledge flashes The knowledge changes over time dynamically the people are like event one event driven there are many There are many Points in time which are like deadlines and so on they are basically always busy or Resting for one month after the conference And there is there is a good point that I think I think the knowledge is very locally specific that Conference in we had the conference rotating like Prague or no Ostrava and there were different suppliers different ways the team have been operating so I think even for one conference it wouldn't hold together and There is this issue with reading we and but there is also the issue with writing like a There is like like documentation Documentation is hard. Yeah, it's even for programming it. That's that's like yeah, 20 30 percent of Time should go to documentation and nobody does right now Documentation is better than wrong documentation. That's the problem and having outdated Documentation for by con would be that nobody will read it updated and it will be just waste of time So I think the the way to to do this for for conferences is to have the Padawan system Where you have a team of experienced people who one does communications one does I don't know catering one takers of Whatever For a few years and then finds a volunteer who doesn't know anything about it But wants to help and basically splits the responsibility It's like, you know apprentice apprenticeship and then you just pass it to the apprentice and do go go do something else Otherwise you burn out and I think even with tooling For example, ero python uses pre talks and predicts We also used it in Django con and Python, but it's it's not Fixed in all conferences Every organizer has their own opinion about these softwares, especially the ticketing system because it's something Really particular So you can suggest a couple a way of toolings, but things change and Everybody has their own opinion about the kind of tooling that they want to use for example Django con website Most of the times is not even written in Django. Oh really? Yeah We written it we decided that if we are doing a Django con conference, it will be written in Django But it's not common that for example junk on you So every team will use the the best tools that they know In the it's not necessarily common for every conferences My advice is that Getting spotted by other conference, but don't copy it because the cultural bias is so strong in any location Your volunteer your assistant your people is going to be different It's so different organize something in Spain that in Italy or in Germany don't really Don't work the same things you can Be inspired, but don't copy because you need to put the focus in your people Yeah, I think so my take on this. I think it's documentation some rough documentation guidelines is always helpful But I think more importantly we try to build more like a mentorship network Because I think sometimes just like a 10 minute or 15 minute conversation just say hey We have this challenge. What's your experience? And then you basically it's way more effective because we also have to consider even if we take the time to write the perfect Documentation it will be different across countries cultures different different things also documentation could too much standardized everything because If you look at your python, it's constantly involving bringing your things in it's never the same conference And I think that's important that we reinvent ourselves currently So I think just picking people with experience in some field Is is is the best way we can we can do and then yeah, but This is what I did also like with mentoring the new program team and the diversity team and at For this year's conference. I was very say hey, this is my experience, but I was very always emphasized and it's your call Yeah, I'm yeah I'm just here to give you advice and if you make another decision. Hey, you're all adults you're like Yeah, and if there's a mistake don't worry about it. It's like Yeah, yeah No questions. Yeah Oh Hi, so I'd like to know I think it's if you can share about approaching companies to be sponsors Yeah, I think so there's different ways 2019 we actually started outsourcing it for in in Germany So yeah, actually my company which I want to change as well because I think Sponsoring needs to professionalize you need somebody during the daytime sponsors Sorry sponsors, but some of you are very disorganized Yeah, some of you are already amazing as well. Yeah, and I don't know any names But some some especially sponsoring you very often have new new people who just have a new job and they'll know the community So I don't want to say basically you're trying now So there's there's a lot of communication going on and also like of course if you want out with international sponsors and they From if they're from abroad like across Atlantic So they probably also don't know how things work and like sizes like yeah different dean formats Whatever like there's a lot of things to work out And so I think it's the best way also that somebody's there during daytime be accessible Replying fast. So it's it's should it cannot you should not be off-loaded to somebody in the middle of night Answering a lot of emails. You need the best thing. There is a call and then of course for finding sponsors Of course, it's reaching out to sponsors talking to sponsors having a mailing list and I think the best advice I can give here as well as plan early because many sponsors do like the they do budgeting and By the end of the year or an autumn or in the first quarter like usually it's good To left and no there's going to be a conference next year before the end of the year And if they're interested they can at least plan for it in the budget on short notice It's hard because most of the time the budget is all allocated already and even if they love the conference There's no money left. They can allocate. So then that's yeah, that's Two quick tips that was for our conferences one if you want new sponsors don't go to the generic contact email go to someone across LinkedIn for example that maybe Can help you that is interested in your conference or in the things that you are offering and That this person sponsors you inside the company because if you go to the generic emails Sometimes you don't get any answer and the second thing Create your own contract because companies have their contracts and you sing it like okay We are providing this you provide that blah blah blah, but you need to put your own conditions like this is the End date to send the things. This is the date to make the pay things like that because You need to be also You are also important you are giving a lot of things to your sponsor. So put it in a Paper and they so see this thing to be more serious about that If I can have something We learn this the hard way please put a clause about having to suspend the event and How much money you will you give back to the sponsors because you will end up with some expenses that you cannot Avoid and for example we have the several down payments for Django con 2020 and We were lucky enough that they let that go to 2021 But it was out of their hearts because legally we didn't have any clause that Actually protected of us. So having a clause for all kinds of disasters In that situation we keep 20% for example for expenses. I think it's really important Yeah, I think it's good to have personal and like friendly relationships With the company so that it helps you that the next year You know you know who the person is to go to and because your friends with them So they come back and they're like, yeah, here are the money So that worked when we organize the event every year. So, you know, even the companies would know so they would account for that in their budget So it's good now after the break You know, it's it's been different also the economic situation is different now but still we always try to you know have at least like one gatekeeper in the companies and Be friends with them. So we invite them to after parties and such Yeah, unfortunately. Oh, you have something Yeah, all the small tip small tip that what I think helped us is that we have a local non-profit It doesn't matter if it's non-profit. It's like the main thing is that it's a it's a legal entity Which can take care of the accounting of the Contracts and stuff like that because if you're just like 10 people Volunteering for having a meet-up or a conference The company doesn't then have someone to do the business with so you can probably delegate it to maybe Python software foundation or something like I don't know but we have our own local non-profit which was like easy to set up It's harder to keep it going but Basically, it's only purpose is to be this Like it doesn't tell volunteers what to do It's the only purpose is to be the accounting entity and basically to the supporting entity So it's not like top-down that we have a non-profit and we tell people like what to do, but we are the service Service non-profit for the volunteers. So they come after us and say we need that and we will try to take care of that So Unfortunately, it's already and so we have to go out of the room scoffing break now. Thank you all for joining and sharing So openly everything you've learned. Thank you all for listening as well. I Think if you have any more questions, I think everyone's around where we're happy to chat outside with the coffee If you have like further questions or you want to exchange also like we also Multiple different, I don't know where social media where you might ping us or find us So maybe we can improve that as well And to be more reachable for advice. Yeah, so I hope you enjoyed the panel and yeah, have a nice coffee break. Thank you


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we discussed the following question which says, find the smallest number which when decreased by 5 is divisible by 1215, 20 and 27. Let's see the solution now. So we have to find the smallest number which when decreased by 5 would also be divisible by 1215, 20 and 27. We know that the smallest number divisible by 1215, 20 and 27 is their LCM. So let's first find out the LPM of 1215, 20 and 27. Now 2, 6 times is 12, 15 is not the divisible by 2 so we write 15 as it is. 2, 10 times is 20, 27 is not the divisible by 2 so we write 27 as it is. Then again consider 2, 2 3 times is 6, 15 is not divisible by 2 so we write 15 as it is. Now 5, 2 times is 10 so we write 5 here, 27 is not divisible by 2 so we write 27 here. Next consider 3, 3 1 times is 3, 3 5 times is 15 then 5 is not divisible by 3 so we write 5 as it is. Now 9, 3 times is 27 so we write 9 here. Next consider 3 again, 5 is not divisible by 3 so we write 5 as it is. Then 3, 3 times is 9. Now again 3, 3, 1 times is 3 since 5 is not divisible by 3 so we write 5 as it is. Now 5, 1 times is 5 so now LPM of 1215, 20 and 27 is the product of these numbers which is equal to 2 into 2 into 3 into 3 into 3 into 5 so we get LPM of 1215, 20 and 27 as 540 so we say that the smallest number divisible by 12, 15, 20 and 27 is 540 but we have to find the smallest number which when decreased by 5 is divisible by 12, 15, 20 and 27 so the required number would be equal to 540 plus 5 equal to 545. Hence we say the smallest number which when decreased by 5 is divisible by 12, 15, 20 and 27 is 545. So this number so 545 is our final answer. This completes the session. Hope you have understood the solution of this question.


Good morning cyber traders. Welcome back on this Wednesday, January 22nd Hope everyone's doing well ready to rock and roll this morning. Looks like we're having a little Little bit of a rally a little up 70 points right now. Good to see you Bonnie Dave Grant. Good to see you Phil Chuck everybody. All right Good to see you Cliff by the way, uh, Michael C Diepley I want to just make a little shout out for him like to thank him for the nice little post He did for us on Facebook and on Google Writing that's a really really nice review Mike. Michael really really appreciate that, you know, um there's Those reviews are very very important to us for everyone just to let you know If you guys that there's anything you guys can contribute We don't ask for a lot But if you can go to those websites Google trust pilot Facebook just kind of post up a nice review about us I know there's a lot of people out there that won't really trust a lot of people out there And don't know if they're really who is good and who's bad out there But there's only so much we could say and our best cheerleaders and our best fans and you know And obviously making you very successful comes from people like you so really appreciate that Michael Thanks a lot now on just a couple things before we get started and go through some of the watch list and what we traded Just want to just touch upon really quick. You guys did traders talk yesterday Today is a very big day. I'm I am going to Going to be on well 365. So I will be on at 6 o'clock tonight So guys come out there and look forward to seeing you all out there for the well 365 event I know it's a week long and it's like a big marathon and obviously everybody can't be there for everything But once again come out and enjoy and support it and look forward to seeing you guys there And also don't forget phase 2 starts today at 10 30 So don't forget to miss class and I'll be doing phase 3 starting next week now regarding about what's going on this morning And what happened first of all let's talk about yesterday yesterday was one Very interesting morning. There were a lot of good stocks that move. I personally got myself in trouble in one trade I'm just gonna tell you a very very unique situation. So I got into one of the positions that we traded and the VIVE and what happened was The stock is you know, listen, there are a lot of stocks that we trade that are moving And I know Josh talked about this in traders talk and he's gonna be teaching you this in class, but you know You always learn from your losers and what happened to me yesterday I bought a thousand shares of a stock of that stock in planning that all out of all of them I thought that was gonna be the best one that made its big move and sure enough, you know the stock didn't make that move and It was one of the flat ones out of all of them that that added all the ones that we watched that went up So unfortunately, I was the wrong one and for some reason it tanked on me So when you become a good trader, there's a time when you're in a stock where tanks that There's only and if you really feel confident in it You have really have no choice But sometimes you might average down but only unless you're a level four level five trader, you know how to do that Well, I bought the stock back and what ended up happening. I had a defaulted and What happened was I ended buying four Two thousand shares more I had four thousand shares of the stock now listen. It's a big block order It's not like every penny is ten dollars now every penny is fifty dollars So if that thing dropped ten cents twenty cents, you know ten cents is boom It's four hundred dollars in the blink of an eye, you know, I mean so anyway I did take a loss on it because the stock started going down and The one I where the price I averaged down actually broke even on that Because I thought I bought at a good price. So just at the end of the day, I just want to tell you just what happened I ended up losing like 250 on that trade and Thank God I got out of it because if I didn't the stock would have been a thousand dollar loss So the thing is One of the big things we always teach you here at Cybertry University And I just want to leave you off with this and then we're gonna go through the watch list It's okay to lose money. Okay, as long as you know why you did it You're not gonna do it again. It's part of the game You're gonna lose you can't think you get every trade you go in is gonna be a winning trade That just doesn't happen The goal is having more winning trades and losing trades and most importantly what you learn in class is how to control losses So I know while when you're in class today for all the students here These are one of the biggest things we stress upon not talking about hey look at this great trade Look at that great trade.  It's all about You know not getting dehydrated and then dropping out and blowing up your account. That's the big thing So that's the tip of the day. I want to talk about now Let's talk about what moved yesterday because we did add a couple of nice little stock first of all the nvax Which I want to talk about You could see that that stock was really the real big one that didn't make its big move But once again nvax right out of the gate, you know If you didn't get into pre-market where we're from 6 to 10 that was a killing a lot of people made a lot of Money on that I want to give me a couple of shout outs really quick because everybody early bird gets to worm First of all, let's give a shout out to Neil H. He made 77 cents and made another 96 cents Tony made 20 cents Bali made 43 cents Ben made 35 cents everyone did great on that trade, you know once again, it's not about making a lot of money It's about you know, it's like well it went from 6 to 10. It's not about that It's about making your day's pay thousand shares on 77 cents is $770 you do that every day there's your $200,000 salary. So anyway, you guys did great on that Give you a round of applause on that another one that we did. Oh well, too was F cell yesterday and This is this is this is a classic. So look what happened to F cell. All right, so it went from 250 the 320 and then right in the middle of Something happened around 7 o'clock this morning. It just literally got decimated. So this is why you can't go broke taking profits You know, and it's so funny. I'm hearing more and more people out there saying that You know, listen, I'm passing down the knowledge that I learned from my mentors You can't go broke taking profits and here you have an example why you can't get greeting get cocky Because you could lose it all in one trade that thing is down literally it was 30% from its high already But um, but you guys did well on it. I mean everyone did well Jason made 13 cents Mike made a 20 cents everyone did well on it. So those are really with the big winners personally I don't think it was a great day yesterday there was this other stock that I that um Uber You want to bring that up and you know, we've been watching Uber for a while and you could see that uber Has been just been on fire the problem with uber. Okay, is that it's it's got some nasty shakes I mean it really does don't think you can get away with uber And you know and the best way to trade ubers do not trade a lot of shares of that stock because you know One minute you think you're doing well next thing it will take it to the cleaners.  I took very very small losses did pretty well finally kind of hit the bottom here You know right around that's the 28 29. I got it right around 29 right now But um, I just will upset it and remember being a good day trader Makes you a great swing trader. Okay, usually everyone does the opposite So it's just being the right place the right time, you know what I mean?  Well, I don't understand what that's all about All right, so let's talk about some of the stocks I'm moving this morning So we got this big one that's moving pretty big right now the GNPX now We know this one from yesterday I forgot to mention this one too a lot of you guys did great on this one yesterday But you know, I'm not a fan trading stocks under a dollar because then you start dealing tents of a penny Once it broke the dollar move you can see the thing ran to $1 70 it came back down Which is normal didn't want to go past the dollar, but now it's starting to push back up now listen I guess you heard what's going on lately with all these pharmaceutical stocks I just want to bring this up now, you know on one of our big issues that we have with the pharmaceutical stocks is that it is So hard so hard that he get to them to get FDA approvals and you know I guess with with with all the new regulations that came out they kind of eliminate a lot of that I mean we were able to now a lot of these companies that would sit and try to send these FDA approvals somehow You know they basically you know lately you could see they're really rushing them in now and they say you know what you don't got to wait 20 years now, maybe to get it done in three or four years You know whatever the bureaucracy whatever it is. I mean That and that's another story in itself But anyway, a lot of these companies are doing really well because of it So listen pharmaceutical stocks guys keep your eyes open. They're doing pretty well So I know I know a lot of people who hear these great stories about these pharmaceutical stocks and coming out with this You know the next next best thing since life spread You know what they're actually let's keep a close eye on them But I want you to be very careful because Some of them also become a short squeeze. I want to just bring up the NNVC That one was a classic. So NNVC was another big winner. We had yesterday And I forgot like I said, I was looking down my list I forgot to mention this one. So this one went from six away to 13. This is your classic short squeeze This is your short squeeze right here. Look at this thing. Literally. It was at 375 the thing went to 13 Okay in one damn day and then and look at that boom the thing comes down to 375 So we all know about short squeeze guys greatest thing fun Always make sure you take a profit though. All right, so we got that one We got the you got the G the GNXP going on We also got this one right here. That's you know, it's a little cheapy, you know, and once again, you know I think it's a I think it's a pharmaceutical stock, too Let me change the slide. I got on a five-minute chart. Don't like that. Okay We got to make it to a two-minute chart gives you a little better perspective of seeing what it looks like Anyway, popped up pretty nicely backed right off. You see it's testing some resistance levels here, you know Once again be very very careful Dealing with some of these stocks, you know, some of these You know, I don't know I'm into my homework yet on it, but I just want to make sure it's not a penny stock Okay, and by the way, I wrote an article if you go on my journals No on my blogs. I know a lot of you guys starting to read my blogs. I'm starting to write up a lot of new blogs I did write I'm gonna be right. I wrote an article on what is a penny stock, you know It's funny. I'm reading other people what they write about penny stocks It's like they're kind of just reading out of Investopedia, but you know, I'm very familiar with penny stocks by trading them You know and seeing them all the time here and talk about them, but you'll see just go to my blog blog my blog page and Let me actually me bring that up for you guys, you know, like I said, we just started aggressively Hosting them up there. It's going to short version of Cybertry University CTU.co and Right here the blog page right here is all the articles You guys want to get a chance to read them or I'm just put the link up there for you So, yeah, we got all these new articles that we're writing up So have fun reading them a lot of fun I know you guys a lot of you guys watch my videos on YouTube But you know, I know some of you guys want to read some of the blogs. All right So anyway, we got that going on. What else we got?  I don't know maybe I'm going to change my mind on it It's only up 7% 140,000 shares at those little better. I might put that on second protocol I'm think I'm falling out of love that falling out of love out of that one mRNA that one I don't know what happened this one too another big runner up to this thing took a nice little pop at 730 this morning Came right back down from 24 to 22. It's got some support levels big support levels at 22. I'm seeing big iceberg orders out there That's another one. I would keep an eye on it too because once again, it did back off base The final frontier here we go space doing a great moving stock took a big hit back in November Thing has been up really really strong every day. This stock has not only I don't know if it's really I haven't been watching that much I don't know how much of a day trade it is so far, but I can tell you this has been a phenomenal swing trade So it's breaking all-time highs everything that we're looking for so that one Another really nice stock SP EC OSS another one that came up on my radar this morning one-stop systems. This thing is gapped up a little nicely right here It's up at 330. It's testing some major resistance levels back in October Nice move nice volume nice trend keep that Frile to our IL we're all very familiar with this one guys another pharmaceutical stock This one gapped up a little bit almost testing new highs to the stock was 50 cents Not even since November look went to 350. I'm throwing trial back on our watch list now Another one I forgot to mention that we also did really well, but you know we trade so many stocks So somebody you could trade Neo Neo guys looks like it's gonna be breaking out of its all-time highs now listen Everybody obviously here Can't afford Tesla. You're not gonna buy a thousand shares of Tesla 600 Okay, that's $600,000 and please don't tell me well I could trade the options Okay, well you could trade the options if you knew what's going on at the stock But you know what Neo we all know what happened to China deal. We know what's going on This is a copycat of test Tesla, which is fine. There's nothing wrong with that You know wait for Tesla and everyone else, but it's an electric car company for China It looks like they finally you know with the new China deal. Maybe something's going on there But anyway stock is moving up the only issue that I do not like about Neo it trades a lot of shares There's so many outstanding shares. I'm talking, you know 2050 hundred thousand share a lot orders So that's the only bad thing that that I don't like about Neo so but um But she is pretty damn strong and you know, that's what we're looking for and we all know what happens We break all-time highs so anyway You got there's your list now remember not a lot of them are gonna be moving some of them are some of them Oh, we always find new ones that pop up So cyber traders when you see something say something And then before we go just kind of recap what we got going on. Don't forget I'll be on well through 65 tonight at 6 o'clock p.m. 6 p.m. Eastern Standard Time If you want to be able to read the blog articles that we're starting to post Please go out there read them take your time if there's anything you guys Are interested that you want to learn something written about feel free to send us an email Let me know be happy to write about it I know more and more people or if there's a video that you will I think that would be popular that you like to see a little sample video on YouTube Let us know we will only do that too listen to faster you guys learn There's little little tricks of the trade the better you'll be and that's what we want And that's what we will all we want We guys want you to be the best that you can be and want to make Cybertrain University You know the best school out there that it could be also all right guys. Good luck today happy trading and We don't see you in class. We don't see you tonight. We'll see you in the trading room. Happy trading everyone. Good luck. Be safe


Hello everyone, welcome to the next lecture in the topic spectral reflectance properties of water body. In the last class we started discussing about the properties or the spectral properties of water, how water will transmit energy, how water will absorb energy and all. So today we will continue with that particular topic. So in the last class we analyzed little bit in detail about how vegetation will influence the spectral reflectance property of water. Today we are going to start with analyzing how suspended sediments will influence the spectral reflectance property of water bodies. So what exactly suspended sediments? What suspended sediments are? Suspended sediments are anything that is not dissolved but present within water body. Say you take a cup of water put some sand in it and mix it vigorously. So before settling down to the bottom the sand will be floating inside the water right, it will not dissolve and it will be floating. So such things are called suspended sediments. So after a flood like it will carry lot of soil particles, it will be depositing it in the nearby water body. That will be like lingering in the water body in suspended fashion for something or anything else maybe like some living organisms whatever. So whatever is present in the water body without getting dissolved we call it as suspended water bodies. So as the concentration of suspended particles increases the reflectance will change. We know that for soil like for soil we studied the reflectance of soil is actually like a linearly increasing curve. The reflectance increased with increasing in wavelength that we have already seen. Same effect will come even in water body because most of the suspended particles are soil particles. So when soil particles or the concentration of such soil particles increases the reflectance will increase in almost all the wavelengths that is given in this particular slide. Here you can see this is for clean water body clear water body the bottom most curve. As the concentration of suspended particles increases the reflection or the reflectance in all wavelength will basically increase. Even in NIR we will get some high reflectance because of the presence of such soil particles. And one more feature what we can observe is as the reflect as the concentration increases the wavelength at which peak reflectance occurs actually shift towards longer wavelengths. That is as concentration increases the wavelength at which peak reflectance occurs shift towards longer wavelength. This is one important property and also another important thing that we should remember is rather than the mass of suspended sediments per unit mass of water or unit volume of suspended sediment but unit volume of water what is most important this is the total number of suspended particles. So it is not the mass some particles may be dense like some suspended sediment may be really dense. So the number of particles may be quite low whereas for some other thing the number of particles in a given mass of suspended sediment may be very high. Say for example clay and sand clay is extremely fine in nature. So for a same weight clay will have large number of particles in comparison to sand. So what happens is the concentration here the number of particles increases the reflectance rather than the weight. So higher the number of particles present in the water higher will be the reflectance rather than the weight. So this important thing we should remember but in general any presence of suspended matter in water body will increase the reflectance in almost all the wavelengths. So here again in this particular slide one more example is given how the reflectance changes with increasing concentration. You can see like the wavelength of peak reflectance shift towards longer wavelength with increasing concentration. Then the next feature we are going to see is effect of depth of water column. I already told you that water if it is fairly shallow then some portion of EMR can interact with waters present on the bottom surface and it can come out of water body and that signal we may see. So let us assume say the water depth is something around say less than like 2 to 3 meters very shallow water body. Then what will happen blue and green wavelength can penetrate through and let us assume there is like a thick vegetation in the surface of water maybe some algae or something is present on the bottom surface. So what will happen if green is capable enough of penetrating through it and when it is it will be now reflected by whatever is present there on the bottom. If it is like vegetation then green will be reflected back or if it is like something some coating has been given in water body like in swimming pools they have put some colored tiles that may come up.  So an example is given in this particular slide. So here the effect of water depth on a stream channel is given. So the stream channel basically contains or the bottom surface contained some sort of like algae under different different depths. If the depth is fairly shallow then the reflectance from algae primarily came up. So here you can see the vegetation. In NIR portion and all you can see very high reflectance. Similarly you can see like a strong absorptance in blue region and so on. So essentially what happens is as the depth became shallow so the features present in the bottom of the surface will influence the reflectance. But if the depth is very high which is like if the depth is much more than the penetration depth of EMR like I told you blue can penetrate very deep in the order of tens of meters sometimes red can penetrate slightly shallow green will have penetration something around say 5 meters. So if the penetration or if the depth of water body is more than the penetration depth of EMR then we will not get any signal from the bottom surface. Everything will be absorbed as EMR penetrates through. But if the depth is say only like 2 to 3 meters then all wavelengths will get some signal about the bottom and whatever is being present in the bottom will give its own signal. Actually in the example I showed you about the reef example is what is actually there. In this particular slide you can see in green band what happens like reef means it may contain some sort of like living things or vegetation or something this is like sand or whatever soil is present. So in green wavelength we know like vegetation absorbs more in comparison with soil like if you compare the reflectance of soil and reflectance of vegetation in green band soil will have higher reflectance than vegetation because vegetation is a good absorber of visible portion that we already know. So that is why here in green band we are getting slightly lower reflectance here in comparison to this high reflectance indicates there may be like sand particles there whereas here there can be living vegetation there. Similarly in red if you see vegetation absorbs very high amount of red energy that also we know that is why there is not much of signal here only we are getting signal from the soil portion. So vegetation absorbs lot of green. So here in these portions like wherever I am marking now the depth of water column is actually less than the penetration depth of EMR in that particular wavelength and hence whatever is present there gives their characteristic signal and that will be seen in the remotely sensed images. The next important concept we are going to see is the nature of radiance coming out from water bodies and the importance of atmospherically correcting it. So we have seen now that water is a primarily a very poor reflector. So it transmits lot of energy and it absorbs good fraction of energy. So if you want to sense oceans then being a poor reflector not much of radiance will be coming out of such oceans. If the ocean is extremely clean no other like surface feature or surface roughness is present then what will happen basically is most of the EMR will be penetrating into it and they will be lost and they will be absorbed after certain time period. So the radiance of or the reflected energy coming out of water body will be fairly low. If you compare this scenario with land surface in most of the bands like especially in the visible NIR bands land surface has relatively higher reflectance than water bodies especially oceans. So if you want to send a sensor to space to sense oceans or deep water bodies then essentially they should be trained or they should be manufactured in such a manner they work in lower level of radiances that is they should be calibrated such that they see all the lower values of radiances. But if you want to study land surfaces then they should be calibrated to sense higher values of radiances that is extremely important. The radiance coming out of ocean water is fairly low. On the other hand to complicate matters more atmosphere adds a very high amount of path radiance to it. An example is given in this particular slide. See here if you see this the LT the line mark thus LT represents the total radiance reaching the sensor. Here people have used some sort of modeling to understand what will be the path radiance LP and what is the actual radiance that came out of water body. So if you split this we will understand that the actual radiance from the water is much lower and most fraction of the LT that reach the sensor is actually path radiance. So what this tells us this tells us that if we want to study about water especially deep oceans we should do a good amount of atmospheric correction because the signal from ocean is very low. Atmosphere adds a very large fraction of energy towards the radiance reaching the sensor. So it is mandatory for us to do proper atmospheric correction if we want to study about deep ocean water bodies. So now before we end this particular topic we will see quickly two examples about how the reflectance of water changes with different different substances. The first example is we will see about the presence of suspended sediments. So in this particular slide a natural color image is being given there where this is like suspended soil particles. So as the soil particles like this is being washed from a river this is a river delta we can see like as the suspended sediments kind of spreads away we can see the reflectance is drastically changed. We are having increased reflectance it is appearing brown in color because of color of sand. On the other hand if you look here and all where deep sea is there we are seeing it purely blue because nothing no contaminant is present there. So we are observing it as blue I already told you the reason for this blue will be scattered a lot. So essentially the presence of suspended sediments will change the color of water bodies similarly presence of phytoplankton. As I told you any presence of vegetation in the water will change its color it may give like a green signal it is appearing green in color because of mainly presence of phytoplankton present in ocean bodies whereas clear ocean water bodies appear blue portions of water where large amount of phytoplankton is present appears green in color. So as a summary for this particular lecture we have studied in detail about the spectral reflectance properties of water and how different factors influences this. With this we end the topic of spectral reflectance property of water. Thank you very much.


Welcome back. It's the business insight and plus TV Africa to my discussion segment. I have joining me now International Finance and Economic Analyst Mukta Muhammad many. Thanks for joining me on business insights Mukta All right yesterday I tried to do a bit of an explainer of the whole Naira float because it was actually like making headlines Everywhere, but today let me hear from you. You are the economist. Just try and break it down to me What it means to float the Naira? Well, what it means to float the Naira is that Justin can go to any Market and the market now is the bank and then go beside a prudy change and the price is buying In prudy change might be slightly different from the price is buying in the market in the banking But again at the end of the very soon Justin will be buying put what you can go to the prudy change It's five hundred Naira. You can go to the to to the bank. It's five hundred Naira and is ready to be labeled That's all the whole idea of floating the Naira. It's price mechanism Price is determined by demand and supply buyers and seller agreement That's just what it means to float the Naira. No more fix exchange rate. I'll fix it This is the amount is up as of the difference Okay, fine. It makes more sense now, but in the short run right now a lot of people are saying that They are truly buying Naira at a more expensive rate compared to what The official market price used to be so you really think floating the Naira is a bit of an advantage or What would you really say? You could see that happening like what is happening now Let's say the the import is what windows started with Naira floating at a Parallel market price of 750 at the end of the day close at 6.64 Then yesterday I think close at 7.01 and the parallel market is doing I think the product is doing 750 as a today now you expect that to Continue in the short term But in the long term you still stability night all depends on wanting equities Do we have enough of it in the in the in the official market or do we have enough of it in the parallel market? We have enough of it in the parallel market and a lot of people are Fee more comfortable into the parallel market because the slimy nation the slim less Nature of getting those effects. Yeah, you could see that Keep Going that will not be so much supply for them But if we have it in the official window, you know, people can go there and just get it and Transact their business. So it all depends on the availability of the of the dollar Especially the dollar not necessarily the Naira So if you have it available is just in the short term you could see all this market forces and driving it or driving it But they'll come to a point that it's going to be stable We've been this food before and the only challenge that we didn't continue with the floating in 2017 I'm President Buhari came in we had those yesterday they went to hide about 550 and the CBN got no floated and said okay, let's put the Naira the first day of the floating of the Naira It was 550 it went to but later on with the stabilizer And Let's just take it step-by-step and look at the impact on some verse categories of people and of course I'm key players for instance now I have actually gone to the bank to get some effects for my Maybe my nephews who are actually studying abroad and I've actually it was done at the price of the former rate, which was 460 there about term the official rate of the seabed. So what happens now to students are who are actually paying school fees? For those who have actually booked ahead before now and then those who are booking subsequently Now those if I think I need a clarification on that and I got some frustration that if your effects have been approved Before at 400 and something you get it Okay, that's right, but if it has not been approved is in you Maybe you apply that not been approved. Then by the time is approved. You get it at the new rates Okay, let's talk about business is not that you know have taken also some sort of you know dollar denominated investment in the past. How would they be? Affected that specifically from Nigeria that has some foreign debt. Does it mean that we would be paying more going forward to actually service our debts? Exactly will be famous Because at the time we collected at the baby at the last time they were calculating the calculating it at market price of four hundred and seven four hundred and sixty So now it will be calculated today. We want to use what we the close of market yesterday It's seven hundred and one three dollars. So definitely without doing anything without collecting any more debt our debt profiles gone up Wow So there's nothing we really can do So that means that we have to be looking at some other place to look for money to pay our debts Well Yes, but again What happened is that what we think we are losing in terms of the devaluation of the currency or the price mechanism of the currency We will gain in terms of not paying subsidy So that most of the money that we're going to subsidy would end up coming to our To our reserve and so we have enough to pay off some of our debt and also begin to attract foreign direct investor foreign investor remittance and Limitance on Nigeria in the diaspora and also the non oil sector will begin to attract a lot of FS from that sector Remember why we've not been able to attract FS from that stage sector is that when they bring in their effects Collected from them and giving them at the market official rate, which was 470 something and they are like why should I get So some of them created the means whereby you don't get this effects coming back into the system They reinvest it over there and then come back here and collect more effects And also when they collect Naira from CB and do their business and when effects is coming in the final year And so that will stop and you mustn't forget the Rx 200. That's another policy that was really Taking a lot of money out of the Reserve without us knowing the case of what these companies are I'm not at their contributed. I'm not at their collected with this new policy There's a little bit of transparency and so you won't see those Efforts going out and like they used to go out with that. So they'll find that we settle down the reserve And once you have enough of that effects in the reserve then you'll be able to Intervene let me tell let me make people clear Floating of the Naira does not mean that the CBN will not pump liquidity into the system when needed And it's a recipient feel that the Naira is underpriced They will put in liquidity into the system, but they will not be the one to fix it They also will be like a market player in the system. Also, that's what it is Okay, so basically what you're telling me that there's a good side for Investors specifically those who are actually exporting but it will actually discourage importation, right? It will I mean it will encourage It will discourage importation Is in a way, but again the government also have to have a woman face that we cannot produce all All we need just like the Kenya experience You could look at some of the goods that you think we normally need very well Again, then you begin to remove duties on them and they look at some of the goods That you think we can produce if we have the enabling environment But that is the most great enabling environment and begin to charge high duties on it like again You don't need to I mean the 41-pound items Instead of you burning them from having effects You just tell them that they pay high duty for bringing in those cost of goods and services That will encourage them to begin to think of Establishing it here in Nigeria instead of you telling them your band they'll find other ways to gain effects And most of these 41-pound items are items that Nigerians generally Want to make use of so you you need you need to also look at that also So it's a it all depends on the Implementation of this policy Alright in my head I'm thinking that another set of people that would actually be smiling to the bank or Would benefit from this Maybe the state governors are they likely to get more from their federal allocations Because I don't I hear that it is expected to increase by about 20% all things being equal. Do you actually agree with that? Exactly, exactly it will increase for them because again Like I said the RX 200 funds also that normally goes out will find his way into the reserve NNPC have not remitted a single cover for the past night almost over a year now Because they say they are using it to pay subsidy so subsidy is gone So those money will find their hand into the state coffer But hopefully we believe that they will be able to use this money where that's my only challenge But definitely the state government will end more now with a move out of subsidy All right, I'm okay. I know you and I had talked about the Naira devaluation when and this unified exchange rate Actually come on spring. Is that what is the case right now? And there are the effects because just yesterday the NB has released Inflation rates are for me and that we has dropped to twenty two point four one percent How do we see all of this impacting on the economy generally specifically? Inflation and that would are now the value or be devalued much later Okay, let's look at the let's look at inflation. I must say that inflation will go up the marginal increase that you see here now Was remember the president came in this inflation reports from me President made the announcement in May 29 So we just maybe just two days of those record added to the van of me and yet you saw those figures So by we will see a full Impact of his policy the mobile subsidy magnification of the exchange rate when the June the June Inflation a figure comes up now So when you look at that the strong will say okay inflation will go up because you have floated your currency is selling at it It's been gotten at a high high rates now, but don't forget that Over 90% of the manufacturers those that have FSO turns out their business getting from the parallel market, which is at 750 So it's not supposed to cost so much any so much impact on the inflation a figure because that is already priced in Now the other one that may be a challenge is those that normally have from the gop of men's side official window So they will have to hike their prices, but how many of them remember? The manufacturer Oh Then So what we see now if they are able to assess official market, which I think will happen Definitely some of these goods price will come down In the long run so before we let you go now for the common man in the streets who does not really Understand all of all this macroeconomic issues are almost to bring it to the microeconomics level Should they have anything to worry about in terms of food prices and all of that? Well, they should have something to worry about in terms of food prices when I said the price in I told you about Those important goods we price it in but those that produce good locally we look at the transportation Okay, because transportation has actually come up so they were pricing into their goods So definitely we'll see those price hike in Household items, especially those that are produced here because of the transportation as a result of the mobile subsidy Where price have gone up a transport and know that a majority of our transactions Transportation means a 2 pms. That's not my petro. So definitely you see price come up I don't expect them to be a total pass some of those boarding Onto the country muscle goods we go up But when we start having stability maybe when the palliative comes in whether political coming area of Reduction in order of taxes, you know, so you could see a drop in a food price But in it in it's a junior MBS report. I expect to see a Height inflation is parking inflation of a thing, but not so much like people think it will do Well, thank you so much a book time. All is a pleasure getting all of this useful Insight and analysis about economy from you would do appreciate all of them Thank you so much. Justin. I'll be pleasure week You too book time. Well, that's the size of the show for today I must say a very big thank you to all of you who have actually sat back to watch the show from Monday to Friday Business Insight will return to your screen 9 30 a.m. On Monday. Do join us again and have yourselves a wonderful weekend Bye for now