The recording is now recording. Let me do a quick intro for those tuning in to the video later on. I'm Nick Lund from Maine Audubon. With me is Dr. Catherine Allen from the University of Maine and we are talking about climate change in the Gulf of Maine. I'll turn it over to Dr. Allen in a moment. She will go through her presentation and we're gonna save questions for the end. If you have questions, please type them into the Q&A box. You can see that down along the bottom of your screen on the two little speech bubbles and we will save time for the end for those questions. I think that should be it. This will be available via recording on our YouTube channel afterwards and that's all. Dr. Allen, welcome and take it away. Thank you so much. Let me get my slides up. Can you see everything? Yes. Wonderful. Well, it's a real pleasure to be here with you today. I am excited to share with you a little bit of the work that I've been doing here at the University of Maine and I will also, before I launch into that, be giving a bit of an overview of how the Gulf of Maine came to be and what's been happening from a broader perspective and then maybe what kind of insights that might give us into the future. And I am a paleo-synographer, which is a bit of a mouthful, but it means someone who studies the ocean and in particular the history, the long-term history of the ocean and going back before instrumental records. So I am a geologist by training and so you're gonna get some geology here, which you may not have been bargaining for, but I promise it will be worth it and highly relevant. I wanna start with the main message that from 2005 to 2019, over 90% of the heat from greenhouse warming has gone into the ocean. Some of you may recognize this image. There are many iterations of it, including in the most recent IPCC report, but really in terms of Earth's energy budget, there's a lot more energy being trapped within the Earth system over the recent decades. And like I mentioned, over 90% of that heat has gone into the ocean, into the upper ocean and increasingly into the deeper ocean. And if that heat had not gone into the ocean and had stuck around in the atmosphere, things would be a lot hotter where we live than it is currently. So we owe a lot to the ocean for taking the biggest hit here. And but I'm gonna be talking about how this fits into long-term Earth climate evolution and specifically with a view, with a focus on the Gulf of Maine. And I'm gonna be talking a little bit about how the pace and the magnitude will depend on what humans do next. Really, it's up to us. And I'm not here to spread doom and gloom. There is a lot that we can do and then we already are doing. And I want to share some of the science, the underlying science with you. The three parts to the presentation today, I'm gonna be talking about the underlying geology of the Gulf of Maine because it's really important and it really affects the conditions that we experienced today in this region. And then I'll talk a little bit about the modern oceanography, the observations that have been ongoing since humans have been present. And paleoceanography will round out the third part with what we are doing to learn more about the long-term trends in the Gulf of Maine and how the last century or two fit into that or not. And then I'll say a word or two about what kind of future work is in the works in store. Starting with the underlying geology. This image is a bathymetric map of the Gulf of Maine. I generated it using a global compilation of multi-resolution topography data. And you can see that the Gulf of Maine is semi-enclosed. It's surrounded by Cape Cod to the Southwest and our familiar coast of Maine to the Northwest and then Nova Scotia. And then there are some shallow areas that are essentially isolating partially the Gulf of Maine from the rest of the Atlantic Ocean. And these physical parameters affect the flow of water and nutrients and organisms in and out of this really important, really beautiful, really productive ocean region. Now, how did the Gulf of Maine form in the first place? Well, a very quick geology lesson. You may remember any of you who've studied geology in the past, hundreds of millions of years ago, there was a supercontinent called Pangea. And so Pangea was formed when continents were all assembled. They all crashed into each other. And during that process, there were several terrains or crustal blocks that sort of were sutured on or docked on to what is now North America. So if you drilled down into the Gulf of Maine, into the bedrock underlying it, sorry, that's my dog. You would find different terrains that are connected to each other and that form the basins, the underlying basin that holds the Gulf of Maine. And that is crustal rock. That is continental crust. And it's bounded on the outer portion by oceanic crust. Now, when Pangea broke apart, these terrains were rifted and faltered. There was a lot of stretching. There was a lot of basins that were formed. And then the oceanic crust extruded from the mantle and then cooled and hardened into what is now the oceanic crust as that whole process was happening, as North America was sort of waving goodbye to Africa and Europe. And on a longer time, sorry, on a broader perspective, you can see the, can you see my mouse when I'm wiggling it around? Yeah. Yeah, wonderful. You can see that here's Maine, modern day position or modern day geography imposed upon these paleocontinents. And the Atlantic Ocean opened. And then when that fully opened to the modern configuration, we are left with this kind of geometry. And you can see, you probably recognize, this is the modern day Gulf of Maine. And I have drawn a transect, a line from A to B from the continent here out into the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean. And what I wanna point out, the whole reason I'm going through this geology point is that a profile drawn from A to B, and here's Katahdin for scale. If you can see that little pointy bit on the continental block, Gulf of Maine is extremely shallow. And you don't really appreciate this in traditional maps. But if you follow this point from A to B from the Gulf of Maine out past the Northeast channel down into, down the shelf slope and rise, the North Atlantic Ocean is quite deep and it can get down to several thousand meters deep. Whereas the Gulf of Maine, the deepest part of it is just under just shy of 300 meters deep. And so that has two major consequences. It's waters refresh or flush relatively quickly. It's a tiny bowl connected to a giant bathtub, right? So it can be, its conditions are able to change and they're strongly influenced by waters that are flowing in and out of it. And the second major point is that it can also be really strongly influenced by atmospheric warming and cooling. I mean, it's this shallow, I wouldn't call it a puddle, but it's a very wide and relatively shallow compared to the North Atlantic Ocean body of water that can be strongly influenced by the atmosphere. And you can see the deepest point in the Gulf of Maine. This is in George's Basin sort of outboard on the outboard side of the Gulf of Maine. Even that is still dwarfed by our neighboring water masses. And so this is part of the equation when we're looking at what's going on today. Another major geologic factor is that the Gulf of Maine was glaciated. So about 20,000 years ago, the entire Gulf of Maine we think was full of ice. The Laurentine ice sheet covered much of Northern North America. And it also extended across Maine and New England and the Maritimes and into the Gulf. And it left a major mark out there. This kind of work has been going on, this understanding, this history has been going on at you Maine for several decades now. This is a map produced by George Denton and collaborators that shows Maine. And so these flow lines from this huge body of ice that used to be present in this area. And then there are ice streams sort of jetting out into, oops, into the North Atlantic. And then icebergs breaking off and flowing out into the ocean. This was the situation, geologically speaking, not that long ago. And another interesting point is that when this area was glaciated, a lot of water that used to be in the ocean evaporated and was locked up in ice on land. And so sea level was quite a bit lower during that time. As a result, some of these areas, including Georgia's bank, grand banks were actually not underwater. They were sub aerial or they were able to grow, have peat bogs and things that were able to accumulate out there. So the world looked quite different 20,000 years ago and the ice left a major mark as those of you who've hiked around Maine or driven around Maine and looked at our landscape, the signs of that ice are just everywhere in the shape of our islands off the coast in the shape of Katahdin, that's been sculpted by that ice and it's also equally dramatic in the Gulf of Maine. Now the ice receded or melted back in several steps over several thousand years and from its most extreme position that's farthest out, it then stepped back, perhaps having some ephemeral ice shelves at different stages but it eventually melted back and back and back to the present coastline and then ultimately back up into Hudson Bay area. In the process of all that melting back, the ice left lots of material within the Gulf of Maine. Almost all of the sediment that is in the Gulf of Maine has a lot of the underlying sediment has something to do with glaciers. There's a lot of glacial material till the really coarse, poorly sorted material that is just dumped out first when ice is melting back to proximal and transitional and then ultimately distal glacial marine sediments, they're layered on top of each other like an evolving cake and then what's shown in this image is one location within the Gulf of Maine that is a transect that used sound waves that from a ship that were sent down to the sea floor and the bouncing back of those sound waves was interpreted to indicate different lithologies or different rock types or sediment types underlying the sea floor. So the shape of the Gulf of Maine, the bathymetry of it, the sediments that are filling it and ultimately creating different habitats for organisms to live all have to do with this geologic history. And a lot of what I've been studying is that transition from glacial to interglacial conditions or to the modern warmer mode of climate. The sea floor in the Gulf of Maine is fairly complex that their glaciated shelves are heterogeneous and notoriously difficult to map. This is just one example from my colleague, Joe Kelly at UMaine of a side scan sonograph. Again, this is just one of the many ways that marine geologists use sound to map the sea floor, but it shows that it's very patchy. There are lots of different places, different types of material that you can find within a small area. And so there's quite a lot of work that needs to be done to understand what's going on down there. The big picture is that assembled from lots of work of several scientists working over several decades is that there is George's Bank is a largely sandy area that's sort of scoured by currents and these orange bits of some sort of gravelly areas. And then the inner bit is mostly clay where these deeper basins are filling up with finer grain material. And then there's the Northeast Channel which is an area of exchange of intermediate sort of depth slope waters with the Greater Atlantic where these waters are coming in and out. And this landscape or the seascape I guess is a result of both the underlying bedrock and then the later glacial processes that then shaped this. And then ultimately on top of that are layered the modern sedimentation from open ocean processes such as plankton living and dying in the water column and building up on the seafloor through time. This is just a zoomed in image of the seafloor around Monhegan Island. And this is showing a potential site that was assessed again by colleagues at UMain for not floating but for potentially as a wind energy area. And so the underlying rock types have to be mapped and you have to consider where is it safe to work and what conditions are present so that this underlying geology matters quite a bit depending on what you're hoping to do what you're hoping to achieve. And finally, I'll mention that in terms of the underlying geology over many years people have been working to understand how sea level has changed in the Gulf of Maine through time. And on this figure it's shown time on the X axis in calibrated years before present zero being the present. And then on the left-hand side of the graph that would be the glacial pre-glacial period where there was a lot of ice on land where the Gulf of Maine was full of ice and then we're documenting that melting back and then rising and changing sea level. So that process of changing sea level has affected both offshore and onshore. So where we live on land, actually for a time you was flooded with ocean and was accumulating marine sediments. So there's something called the Presumscot formation that is present all the way up to Bangor all the way up to where I live. And so that flooding of the land surface and then that gradual adjustment of sea level to what it is at present, this is that elevation of zero that's today, MHW means mean high water and that's in meters. And so that that changing sea level ultimately affected what was happening and what was depositing on this landscape. And so there was rapid accumulation of glacial sediment and then there was erosion of that sediment when the sea levels dropped. And then, let me go back. And then ultimately we're left with sort of the modern coastal rocky zones and then there's a lot more fine-grained material accumulating offshore. So all this is to say that there are a lot of long-term processes that have shaped this Gulf of Maine region. And what we're left with is this really complex relatively shallow basin that is filled with water masses from diverse sources. And any shift in the balance of those sources can really affect the conditions within the Gulf both for sedimentation purposes, for what ends up accumulating on the sea floor and also for the ecosystems and the organisms that are living here. That was your geology 101 at the Gulf of Maine. I'm gonna move on to the modern oceanography. So now that we've got our underlying structure sort of outlined, now I'm gonna shift a little and talk more about how the water is flowing within the modern system and also what kind of energy and balances there are. Today, the Gulf of Maine is filled by water that comes from different sources. Relatively warmer, saltier Gulf stream water comes up from the south and ultimately mixes in to other water masses and enters the Gulf of Maine via the Northeast channel. There is also some shallow shelf water. So this is called Scotian shelf water coming that's strongly influenced by riverine inputs. And so that's sort of a freshening influence that we get that freshens arctic sourced water ultimately that's coming down this area. Those are two of the three. And then the third is this Labrador slope water that comes down along the slope, appropriately named, comes along this slope and also enters the Gulf of Maine through the Northeast channel, this light blue. So these water masses all have slightly different properties. So I mentioned this one is slightly warmer and saltier, this one is slightly, can be slightly fresher with the riverine inputs in terms of the shelf water. And there also can be varying levels of nutrients that are delivered by these water masses. So any changes in these inputs can really affect this mixing bowl of the Gulf of Maine. Ocean temperatures in the Gulf of Maine have been a really strong point of interest for quite a while now. And I'm gonna review how we measure ocean temperature, what we know so far and maybe what we don't know yet what we need to keep working on. At the moment, we have many tools that are at our fingertips for measuring ocean temperature although some of them can be a lot of work going out on ships, for example, there are sensors that are deployed regularly from ships that measure conductivity which is a measure can be translated into salinity, temperature sensors and depth sensors. That is one way we can learn about changing ocean temperatures. Increasingly, the oceanographic community is relying on automated or robot sensors, including floats, buoys and gliders, sort of these devices that we can release into the ocean that can then send data back over different time scales. That has been transformational in terms of our understanding and the amount of data that we as oceanographers can now examine. And then satellites are another really important source of information because they can measure the temperature of sea surface of the ocean surface. And there was a paper in 2015 that made quite a big splash in you so to speak of this trend that was observed between 2004 and 2013 that the Gulf of Maine was warming more rapidly than much of the rest of the global ocean. And this kind of sparked a lot of interest in understanding what's going on here and why. A couple of things to keep in mind just regarding this one sort of soundbite that was produced is that the satellites measure the ocean's skin temperature. They are only able to access through that method, the very, very couple top millimeters of seawater. And it's incredibly useful because we can get these huge maps of properties that would just be impossible with we don't have as many ships or we don't have as many oceanographers as we would need to get that kind of coverage both in space and time, but it is limited to just the surface of the ocean. So it's not really the whole picture. And then it's just a short time period that was initially being studied. And I wanna emphasize continued monitoring is needed, especially below the sea surface because there's a lot going on down there. That's where most of the heat is going and most of the heat is accumulating there. It's passing through the sea surface, but a lot of the heat in our earth system is already left the surface, it's on its way. At the University of Maine, there's been a group that has been working for several years now led by Neil Pettigrew. And there are other, there are colleagues at the New Hampshire and elsewhere that have sort of a network of buoys that are monitoring and have been monitoring conditions in the Gulf of Maine over decades, which is so important and so useful. And this is just really a rich source of information. For example, there's a buoy can be deployed out in a location that the oceanographers choose. And then there can be an array of sensors on a wire that are just basically hanging below the floating portion. And those sensors can be continuously collecting information at different water depths, and then those can be examined through time. And what I'm showing in this diagram, these are publicly available data. You can download them and play with them too. The link is here. These are from the physical oceanography group at UMaine. And this is a buoy from Jordan Basin in the Gulf of Maine, which is a northern basin. And you can see that the temperature swings, the temperature and degrees Celsius through time, the surface ocean changes hugely on a seasonal basis. I mean, we all, we live in Maine or a lot of us listening, I'm assuming are living in Maine. And we understand this that winters and summers have very, very different temperatures where we live. The same is true for the surface ocean. It's a little, the temperature changes are more muted. So the surface ocean is shown here in red. And then the deepest part, the deepest part of the Gulf of Maine, and at least in this location at this buoy, the temperature swings are not quite as large, but they are also varying on an annual basis and there are also trends visible through time. And so it's really important to look at the whole ocean, both in space and depth, to understand what, to understand this warming. A recent compilation of both observations and modeling results shows that Gulf of Maine, bottom water on average is also, has also been rising. And since 1960, and so that, that is a sign that it's, this trend is not just skin deep, it's, you know, it's bottom to top. There's warming that is occurring and that it's persistent. It's, you know, there may be year to year changes. You know, it's not a completely steady rise, but the trend overall is up, both in the surface and in the deep. Another recent paper that came out from a group at UMaine, just is discussing why the Gulf of Maine is warming. Now, what is the role that the shelf slope and Gulfstream water masses are playing in this overall warming that we're seeing? And basically, I can distill it down into a couple of major points that this paper and also other studies have made. Gulf of Maine is warming because it's gaining heat from the atmosphere and it's gaining heat from ocean currents. And those two things, those two processes together are causing the Gulf to warm. And the reason it's warming so fast compared to a lot of other ocean regions is still being investigated. However, one factor which I mentioned in the first part of the talk is that Gulf of Maine is fairly shallow and it also mixes vertically fairly rigorously at least part of the year. And so it's susceptible to heat from the atmosphere. It is good at taking that up. And then also it's a restricted ocean basin and it sort of delicately poised between warm slope water coming up from the South and Labrador slope water coming from the North and is also including these shelf water inputs. And so any shift in the balance of those can have a big impact. And one hypothesis that's out there and is being investigated and has been proposed by several people is that the Gulf Stream is shifting North or at least there are portions of water, there's sort of Eddie's warm rings of water that are migrating Northward more than they used to and entering the Gulf of Maine at higher rates. And so not only are we just getting direct heating from the atmosphere, but we're also getting potentially, it's increasingly looking likely that we're getting more warm water entering the Gulf of Maine, advecting we say in oceanography from the South. So those two things together and potentially including other factors as well are really causing this area to be hypersensitive to change, global change. And I wanna share with you a little bit about paleo-oceanography because it's really vital context for understanding how we got here and where we're going. So when I'm talking about paleo-oceanography with school groups, talk about how did we get here and how does the system work on longer time scales? How, what could the future look like? We can't understand that unless we understand how the system works and the big picture, how the whole earth system works. And we can't understand how that works unless if we've only been observing it for a tiny, tiny portion of its history, its operation. So we're gonna go be detectives now and use clues that we have been left behind to try to understand what happened and what is even possible within the earth and climate system. How to travel back in time, in other words. I study mud, it's pretty much a dream come true that I get paid to play with mud. And there are different microfossils present in that mud marine sediment that accumulate through time that can be used to understand paleo climate or past climate. There are planktonic organisms that build little shells that they're floating in the water. They, you could scoop them up with a net. And I do, they're living here and recording the conditions in the upper ocean. And they're also what we call benthic species, shells that live either, or organisms that build shells that live either on or burying within the sediments as well. And so those two things combined can give us an understanding of what's going on in the upper water column and also on the seafloor. So we go out, paleo-synographers go out in ships. We take sediment cores, we pull up sediment from the seafloor and then we bring it back to laboratories and we examine it. And we sample it at discrete depths to look at, essentially look at different times and then try to piece together a history of that area of ocean. And one of the things that we can do, I mean, we can't go back in time with a time machine and stick a thermometer in the ocean. And I really wish I could, but the next best thing is using what we call a proxy. So a proxy is something we can measure now today of some material that is present that can tell us about some past ocean conditions. And I'm showing in this figure, what's called a calibration figure, a relationship between temperature of water, temperature of seawater in degrees Celsius, from cooler to warmer. And then the ratio of two different elements in these shells, these microfossil shells. So the magnesium to calcium ratio in these fossils from the sea floor, that ratio in millimoles per mole changes predictably with temperature. So in other words, we can extract or uncover ancient fossils, measure their composition, their chemical composition and then have a clue as to what the temperature used to be like thousands or even millions of years ago. I think it's a pretty amazing tool. So this is just one example of many things that we can measure to learn about the past ocean. So we, using marine sediment cores, this is a core that was collected several years ago by Dan Belknap and others at the University of Maine and they did some of the first pioneering efforts of understanding what was going on in the Gulf of Maine. They went out and collected sediment cores from Jordan Basin and Georgia Basin and way offshore to try to come back and then figure out what kind of properties have changed through time. And I love this image because it shows very dramatically just by eye, you can see that the bottom, these sections of core are red and then they change to gray and clearly something happened. And there are lots of other more subtle clues that we can look at in these cores to learn even, to learn more, to learn what happened. In 2021, I led a research cruise. It was the first one that I was a chief scientist on, which was exciting and also intimidating, but it all went really well. We took the research vessel endeavor out into the Gulf of Maine. We left from Rhode Island and we made this huge circuit around the Gulf of Maine, several different sites. And we did many things at these different sites. The whole point of the cruise was that we wanted to figure out how conditions in the Gulf of Maine have changed through time, way beyond the reach of modern observations. So people have been sticking thermometers into the Gulf of Maine for about a hundred years, give or take. And we wanted to understand on thousands of years, many thousands of years, how conditions have evolved, what kind of natural processes affect conditions here as sort of a baseline or a way of gaining new insight into what's happening here. So to do that, we took the ship and collected long sediment cores and short sediment cores and water and plankton and lots of different material to make this all possible. And we visited several different locations and then came home with literally a ton of mud that we loaded into a humane van that just barely made it home because it was so full. And this kind of work requires a major effort on a huge team of people. These are some of the people. This is the science party who are actually on the ship, not shown are the crew, the ship's crew, and then the many, many people involved who helped plan and fund and then also process material afterwards. But it takes a lot of effort to go out and do this kind of work. And so it's very much still ongoing. But once we got out there, we were looking for records, long-term records of material that could tell us about the history of the Gulf of Maine. And so we were sending sound waves down to the sea floor and they were bouncing back at us and there were sensors that were detecting them and then sort of drawing a picture of what was underneath us. And there were layers of sediment that had different properties. And so that affected the way that the sound waves were bouncing back and that shows up visually on this diagram. And sort of like layers of cake, they can tell you about, they were made of different materials and ultimately contain different clues to what the Gulf of Maine was like in the past. And there were many different kinds of sediment that we brought back, but sediment, these short cores, this is called a multicore. It looks kind of like a metal tarantula. We sent this down to the sea floor and then we brought back surface sediments. This helps us in kind of ground truthing our proxies or these geochemical tools that we use to reconstruct past temperatures and other properties by saying, okay, we know the modern ocean conditions because we can stick a thermometer in that and measure all the other properties. And then we know that the, or we can double check and by radiocarbon dating that the surface sediments, the very topmost sediments are modern. We're deposited under modern conditions and we can compare, we can check that our proxies or our geochemical relationships are working or giving us what we expect. So that's why we went for sort of shallow sediments. And then we also deployed much longer coring devices over 10 meters long, this one. And those were designed, these types of sediment cores are designed to go back as far in time as we can. So to punch through layers and layers and layers of mud to get to the oldest material that we can reach. And in this case on this cruise, we brought back some mud that was 19,000 years old, which was very, which was exciting. I mean, in terms of geologic history, it's not very old, but the Gulf of Maine it is because when the ice was filling up the Gulf of Maine, there was not a lot of deposition going on. And so most deposition was happening after the ice left. And this is pretty much when we think the Gulf of Maine 19,000 years ago was about the timing of when the Gulf of Maine started to open up. The ice was receding and material was starting to build up. So we basically went back as far as we could, which was very exciting. This is, I'm gonna show a very, very short video clip and I'm keeping an eye on the time. I wanna make sure we absolutely have time for Q&A, but I'm gonna show a very, very short video clip of one of these corn devices going down. We put a GoPro on it. And we had- Sure shark? Yeah. Whoa. The blue shark. Yeah, we had one of the locals checking us out. Holy cow. Pretty neat. Yeah, I work with single celled organisms that make microfossils. So I don't get to show images or videos of charismatic animals very often. So this is super exciting for us. Once we got the mud back on deck, we sliced it and sub-sampled it, put it into containers. You can see, you can even see by eye, these little dots are tiny, tiny microfossils. And those are what we ultimately will sieve out of the cores and then analyze. Here are some of my students on that cruise. We've split open a core and we're looking at what kind of goodies we've brought back up from the sea floor. We're taking little samples out and then those we have been in the couple of years since we've been just working, working, working in the lab. One of the things that we do is once we get the specimens out, once we get the microfossils out and clean them off, we dissolve them and run them through a mass spectrometer. And this is a device that allows us to figure out the chemical composition of the shells. So we figure out things like that magnesium to calcium ratio that I mentioned earlier, lots of other properties we can measure with this. And just one quick example of the kinds of records that are possible by doing this kind of paleoceanographic work. I'm showing here, this is a photo of Maddie Payton. Oh, and I forgot to put her name on here, but she was a UMain undergraduate student. She just graduated this spring and she's going into the Navy. She just got her commission. But she did a senior project with me studying this core on the Scotian slope. And what she did was she wanted to monitor the properties of water that are entering the Gulf of Maine from the Northeast. And so this core is strategically located right about to be bathed by Labrador slope water that is flowing along this contour, whoops, flowing along this contour and entering the Gulf of Maine. And so she measured, she first extracted lots of micro fossils. You see she's next to a microscope here. She spent a ton of time on the microscope with a tiny detail paintbrush like pulling micro fossils, identifying them and isolating them for analysis. And then ultimately she generated this record of oxygen isotope composition, which I didn't get into because I didn't have as much time as I would like to tell you all about paleoceanography. But essentially this property varies with temperature and as well as the oxygen isotope composition of seawater. And what Maddie found was that over time, so zero being the present on this X-axis and going back farther in time to the right in calibrated kilo years or thousands of years before present so that it extends to 20,000 years ago. That's the far right side of the graph from 20,000 years to the present. She saw some initial warming, which is probably the end of the ice age there where it was the Laurentide ice sheet was melting back. And then she saw sort of a bumpy cooling throughout the remainder of that record. And this is just preliminary work. It was done by an undergrad in the course of one year, which is seriously impressive. And I've got a PhD student working on this and we'll get a lot more data points here. But the overall trend is telling us that the Gulf of Maine, by and large, over the last several thousand years has been cooling. And these are Maddie's data from the Scotian slope, but they're also previously published data from the Jordan Basin, which is in the Gulf of Maine and the Labrador Sea, which is just around the corner. And those also show overall, they're bumpy because there's natural variability but there's an overall cooling through time. So the recent history is telling us the Gulf of Maine was on a cooling trend before the industrial era, which is essentially when the modern warming started. All right, I'm gonna wrap up here. I've got just a couple more things to say. For example, there's been a lot of exciting work on understanding this in recent years. And one of my colleagues, Nina Whitney, I've been to see with her before and she's been working on the Gulf of Maine for quite a while now. She and her colleagues did a really interesting study, not studying microfossils or forminifera like I do, but studying clam shells, which put on annual layers. She pieced together a record that shows that the modern rapid 20th century warming has reversed 900 year cooling in the Gulf of Maine. So for the previous almost 1,000 years, the Gulf of Maine had been cooling. And then in the last, in recent history, that trend has reversed and we've been on a warming trend. So that is important context in terms of understanding what's going on now is it natural, is it not natural? It's a departure we now know from what was happening before. All right, some take-home messages and just a brief word about future research that's ongoing. Again, I wanna emphasize that heat from global warming is really going into the ocean at the moment. It's the ocean is absorbing an enormous majority of that heat budget, that imbalance. And unless we change the equation, that is gonna continue, it's gonna keep going. And so it's really up to us to change the amount of heat trapping gases that are in the atmosphere. We know we can do it. We know that we're already doing it and there are noticeable impacts. So that's all, I actually feel really encouraged by what I've learned in recent years about what's possible when people really get together and make not just both make personal choices and also make policy changes, those both can make a huge impact. And so I think it's well within our power to bend this curve here. We just need to do it now. I mean, as Nick mentioned in the very beginning. And so like as I mentioned too in the part two of the talk, heat from the atmosphere and heat from the oceans are both affecting us here in the Gulf of Maine. This is a sensitive area because it's shallow and because it flushes quickly and because of where it is located in the broader circulation scheme of the Atlantic Ocean. And it matters. So the Gulf Stream position matters and the Gulf Stream is affected by the westerly wind position and the westerly wind position or the jet is affected by heat gradients in the atmosphere. And those are being driven by greenhouse gases that are trapping heat in the troposphere and cooling the stratosphere. And that's just spinning them up, moving them forward, both in the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere and the impacts are global. And then coming years, my students and I and our colleagues will be continuing to work on these materials that we brought back from our 2001 cruise. We're gonna be developing long-term climate histories from this region. It takes a long time, it's a lot of work. So it's, you know, stay tuned and we're gonna assess the modern trends that we're observing and feeling today in the context of this, these broader, longer ocean histories. I wanna acknowledge, I hope my UMaine team in particular, my two grad students, they have two PhD students and I couldn't have done any of this without them, really. Madeleine Woods has been crucial to this entire effort, was my right hand when we were out at sea and Cassie Sturpey has also been just a rock in terms of, you know, helping mentor the undergraduate students and training everyone and it's a team effort, it's a huge team effort. And my super undergrads, not even all of whom are listed here, this kind of work takes a village. And on top of that, it takes a village and also takes money. And it's harder and harder to find funding for it now. But we were fortunate to receive funding for this particular paleogeographic project from the National Science Foundation, Marine Geology and Geophysics Program from their career program and also from UMaine Center for Undergraduate Research. And I really, really have to wrap up now. So if you wanna get in touch with me, I'd be more than happy to answer your emails as soon as I'm able, my contact is listed here, Catherine.a.allin at main.edu. If you're a social media type, my students run an Instagram account called UMaine Paleo and they're having a lot of fun with that. So if you wanna keep track of our activities, feel free to check us out there. And with that, I'm absolutely delighted to have had this time with you and I'd welcome your questions and feedback. Thank you. Thank you. Doctor Allen, thank you so much. That was fantastic. I have never seen such a deep dive into this Gulf. We think it's just a bunch of water out there, but there is so much more to it. And if you have questions, please put them in the Q&A. I did wanna make a note about wildlife. You know, as you saw from Dr. Allen's presentation, the Gulf changes a lot, has changed in the thousands of years prior to us a lot and the wildlife has changed too. I actually recently spoke with Dr. Allen's colleague, Dr. Jacqueline Gill, about some wildlife that used to live in what is now Maine during different periods of glaciation. That includes mammoths and polar bears and things that we do not think of as Maine wildlife now. And I mention that because the wildlife we do think of as being Gulf wildlife now, there's nothing keeping it here, right? As the climate changes, those wildlife too will move on. So the puffins that we love in the Gulf, they are dependent on certain food sources, like sand lands and other fish that may not exist, that may not be able to live in a Gulf that's a different temperature. We already are seeing fish and creatures, black sea bass, smooth mud crab, creatures that are traditionally thought of as more southern species working their way into the Gulf. So, you know, we need to work to protect this because it'll change, you know, the animals will move on if we don't. Dr. Allen, I wanted to ask you a question about your micro fossils. Can you talk a little bit about what those are or were and sort of how they fossilized? Absolutely, yes. I'd be glad to. Let me see. Let me pull up an image so we can... Okay, I did also, while you're pulling the image, I also want to commend you on the credit that you gave to other researchers during your presentation. Everyone had a site and a photo of the person. I've never seen such a thorough job. What a good colleague you are. Oh, well, thank you. It's oceanographic research. I mean, that's what we have. It's the right thing to do. It's, you know, it takes a lot of effort by a lot of people and I, my own work is really built on foundational work by a lot of other people and I just, it's very exciting to be here at this time because there's just so much else going on. It's a really happening time. Okay, wait, let me go back and actually share my screen with you. Zoom, zoom, zoom. There we go. Share screen. Okay. In this image, I am showing a couple of different things.  I mean, they're so complex and they are really incredible and they inhabit lots of different depths and habitats within the ocean. As I mentioned, there are planktonic ones that float in the upper water column and those add carbonate chambers that accommodate the growing cell, you know, the growing cytoplasm as it keeps becoming larger.  When I was a grad student, one of my major activities was, one of my major projects was growing them in a lab.   That- Sea monkeys. Yes, exactly. You can buy them in the pet store. Yeah. We did. To feed to these guys.  I mean, if they were our size, they would be horrifying. They would be terrifying. So they are keep, they eat other organisms within the planktonic ones in the upper water column and the benthic ones that live on the seafloor. They eat a lot of detritus as well. They're kind of garbage eaters, some of them, but they eat nothing, very little is wasted in the ocean. So they're part of that. They're part of that system, but they build and you can see, they add these chambers as I mentioned, as they're growing and the calcium carbonate, which is, you know, basically what most shells are made of that you would pick up on the beach. These are made of very similar material. It's just very, it's just much smaller. They're about the size of a grain of sand, typically. Cool. Wow. And they lock into that shell material, isotopic and elemental compositional data that correlate with things like temperature and salinity and pH and nutrient levels and all these different things that we are interested in.  We have to figure out what it means, but it's preserved. So they think to the seafloor and they're buried or many of them are there. Some of them get eaten or dissolved or, you know, not everybody makes it to the seafloor, but the ones that do get buried and they reside there in this giant library of mud that we can go and sample later. Fantastic. So we are past the hour. We have time for one question. I think this is a good one from Karen. What are the projections for the continued warming of the Gulf? Well, there are multiple projections. All of them are on a warming trend. And I really think that a lot of it is uncertain because of the uncertainty regarding what humans are going to do in terms of what the, there are different scenarios that you might be familiar with, these different emission scenarios, these future projections that are sort of there's a worst case scenario. There's a business as usual scenario. There's a, you know, there's a sort of like, you know, we'll really, really do something about its scenario. And what ends up happening really depends on which path we take. And so that's the major uncertainty is really people in this equation.  So I would also defer to colleagues who really specialize in that. But I think it's up to us. Thank you very much. I wanna thank you, Dr. Allen, for joining us today. This was fantastic. For folks still watching, we'll put the video up shortly. If you wanna learn more about wildlife in the Gulf of Maine, climate in the Gulf of Maine, offshore wind in the Gulf of Maine, please come to the Maine Audubon website, Maineaudubon.org slash Osw to learn more about what we've learned about the potential impacts to wildlife from offshore wind and how we can avoid them. Thank you so much. Have a great rest of your week, Dr. Allen. Thanks for joining. And go yachtsmen or navigators, whatever it is now. FHS. Take care. So much. Have a good week. Thank you.


Welcome back to another vlog. It is Wednesday morning. Most weeks Wednesdays are kind of like my Tuesdays some weeks They're like my Mondays. It's my first workday of the week at the salon Things aren't going great so far this morning I'm running around like a chicken with my head chopped off and I gotta go. I'm running a little bit late. Luckily today I just have one client and then I have a bunch of errands that I need to run after and my client this morning Is one of my really good friends so it kind of worked out that this morning is a little crazy because even if I am a Little bit late. It's not the end of the world because she Were more friends. Oh my god, my cat Well, I have to go let her inside Okay, let's go Right on time, but you know me right on time is still late On this day, I was doing my friend Kelly's hair and she just came in to get her roots touched up So I use a permanent color on her and I mix equal parts 6r and 7r with 20 volume It was super quick and easy every so often I'll refresh her ends too if they need it But this time we just did her roots and this was her finished hair. I just love that shine. Oh my god, so beautiful I finished with work and I just ran into home goods as you can see behind me I had something that I needed to return But it was past the return dates I wasn't sure if they would let me return it So I figured I would get some things and just like do an exchange It was just overwhelming There was so much to look at and they have so much good stuff all their Christmas decor is out and they just have a Lot like the store is super super full right now It was so tempting like there's just so much cute stuff that I was like, oh my god. I want that. I want that I want that It would just be so perfect for my apartment But I know there's no sense in me getting it now because I'm not gonna have room to like, you know fit in the car when I'm packing everything up and there is a home goods I'm pretty sure where I'm moving so I Just need to wait, but I got Benny some Dog toys every few months I need to like replace his toys because he either choose them up and Stuffing goes all over the place or they just get like really gross and Disgusting and they're so cheap at home goods You can find like really nice dog toys for like five bucks. Anyway, my next stop is the vet I had dropped off a form Last week that the vet needed to just sign off for my apartment Just like verifying that Benny is like up to date on all of his shots and everything So they called me and said that that is ready to get picked up So I'm gonna go get that and then I'm gonna go to the tattoo shop because I got my tragus pierced a Long time ago like over a year ago and the earring that I currently have in it is like really really big and the post is Extra long because while it was healing it would kind of get a little swollen and it needed a bigger piece of jewelry So that it had like more room to breathe and expand and swell and all of that during the healing process But now it's completely healed and this giant earring drives me nuts My hair gets caught in it all the time and because it's so long in the back I cannot put earbuds in at all in this ear So I want to go and change it out for a smaller earring and I like for the life of me cannot Get this out anyway by myself. I like can't get a good grip in the back So I figure I need to go there to have the guy take it out for me Anyways, I may as well just like buy the new jewelry there and have him replace it for me Hi, I'm here to pick up a form that I had filled out by the doctor Perfect, thank you so much. Hello. It is many hours later. Here is my new piece of jewelry Don't mind my skin. I need to do an update on What's been going on with my hormones and everything since Getting off of birth control because my skin hasn't been terrible, but what I've noticed is I tend to break out like crazy Right when I'm about to get my period and then once my period is over. It's like all the breakouts starts Just slowly go away So that's what I'm dealing with here, but here is the New piece of jewelry. I don't know how well you can see it I do have a little bit of a keloid bump Which I didn't even notice was there because the other earring was so big that it just covered it completely And I honestly couldn't even tell But he told me to just make sure that I'm cleaning it really well and just put some tea tree oil on it every night Before bed and then clean it off really good in the morning and after like a week It should go away because he said it's not that bad, but it is definitely noticeable now And it's not the cutest thing, but that should hopefully go away. I've gotten keloids tons of times I had one on my conch piercing, but that's like completely gone away now I had my nose pierced two different times when I was in college and I got keloid bumps on that But I have no scar at all now, so I'm not too worried about that I know that will eventually heal, but yeah, and then that inspired me to just kind of like swap out Some of my other earrings when I got home. I just put in a couple hoops I already had all of this jewelry, but these Huggies in the third hole are from Ana Luisa These hoops in the middle are from piercing Pagoda and then these larger hoops in my first hole are also Ana Luisa But yeah, today was just one of those days where I was catching up on things that weren't like Urgent, but they had just kind of been things that I've been meaning to get around to for a really long time And it feels good to like finally knock that off of my to-do list and especially with my move coming up soon I'm moving officially in five weeks from today Which sounds like a lot of time But I know it's gonna go by quickly because the last couple of months since signing my lease have just flown by So I'm trying to like stay on top of everything I need to do and not like procrastinate too much because I know before I know it December is gonna be here and then I'm gonna be like Stressed and overwhelmed with a lot to do. So I'm trying to just like get everything done that I've been needing to do and at this point, I think there's only Maybe Things that I still need to do I mean obviously I need to pack and all of that stuff but as far as like scanning and emailing over The paperwork from the vet today to the apartment figuring out what internet provider I'm gonna use and just like little things like that. So yeah, I'm going to wash my face and get ready for bed Then tomorrow is gonna be one of my later days at the salon I don't go in until 2 30 and then I'm gonna have two clients So yeah, I will see you tomorrow. Good afternoon. It's the next day. I am getting ready to head to work I have to leave it about 15 ish minutes. I had a pretty like slow Lazy morning, but then once it was time for me to get up and start getting ready for work I just still felt very lazy. So it's always tough I do really like the days where I go into work later because I'm not a morning person And I really hate having to wake up early and then just immediately start getting ready and leave I like being able to Take my time, you know, make my coffee kind of sit around Not be in a rush to go anywhere, but then at the same time. I feel like on those days I end up just feeling like lazy and then it's like the more time that goes by the less I want to actually go out and leave the house. So that's where I'm at right now I know once I get there though, like it'll be fine It'll be good, but it's just I think because it's like really cold out today, too And it's kind of cloudy like I'd rather just stay Home in my pajamas in bed, you know, so this is one of my regular clients She's been coming to me for a few years now, and we've always made her some variation of blonde So I was very Surprised and caught off guard when she said she wanted to go dark So I mixed 5nn with 5nb And just a little like pea size of 7c For her formula if you've been watching my salon vlogs and you probably know I say this all the time Anytime you're making a blonde a dark brown You always need to add some warmth back in their hair to fill the hair Otherwise, you're gonna get a really flat dingy color So that's why I added that 7c into the formula So the goal was to get her as close to her natural color as we could But she still wanted it to be dimensional. So that's why I'm going through with foils I just did a bunch of like thick leaves and slices. She just had a baby last year So that's why she just wanted something that was gonna be more low maintenance So yeah, I just kind of visualized where I wanted to keep some of the dimension and Then I did a gloss. I don't remember the formula, but I know it was a Warm level six from Redken Jade ZQ And I just applied that to the pieces that I left out between the foils and then this was her Final hair. It looked so beautiful. You can see how nice and rich it is and the nice dimension that she has This is gonna be so much more low maintenance and easy for her I'm in our back color room currently. My first client went really well I now have an extra hour until my next appointment So I ran over to Starbucks to get a little coffee and I wanted to share this little hack I love an iced dirty chai latte, but if you order an iced dirty chai It's super super expensive. So what I have been doing is I get espresso over ice and depending on how strong you want I usually do Four shots in a grande cup, but obviously you could do less or you could do more and then I just add a few pumps of chai The chai at Starbucks is literally just a syrup and if you get a chai latte, it's super expensive But if you just add a few pumps of chai Syrup to your drink, it's only 60 cents So I got four shots of espresso over ice in a grande cup added four pumps of chai and then a splash of half And half you can customize it You know if you like yours to be a little bit less strong and you want less of a coffee taste Obviously do less shots of espresso could do more or less pumps of chai whatever you want But it just ends up coming out so much cheaper when you do it that way This was under four dollars whereas if I ordered it the traditional way it would have been probably like Seven so yeah wanted to share that little hack with you. But yeah, I'm just gonna send on my phone Do some Instagram stuff till my next client gets here Good morning guys See today was one of those days where I just got up Had my coffee, but then I immediately started getting ready and I didn't lay in bed on my phone So that little bit of energy that I have to actually like put a little makeup on I'm trying to ride that wave I think what I need to start doing is like get in the habit of When I get up just come straight to the bathroom Close the door and not leave the bathroom until I'm like pulled together Not necessarily like full face of makeup every day, but you know just like get ready for the day So that way even if I don't have to immediately leave the house to go somewhere Even if I have that time to like lay around and be lazy at least I'm already pulled together and then that way my Laziness and or depression can't get the best of me. It just always gets hard especially in the winter time because it's just so cold and my body does not respond well to Cold even if it's the middle of summer, but the air conditioners like cranked all the way up and it's cold in the room Can't do it and then with the way that it's like so cloudy and gloomy usually in the winter time If you have seasonal depression you I know you totally get what I'm saying And I really envy people who don't deal with depression at all and are just like You know can just function all the time. Anyway today. I am taking the day off I am heading to well. I'm not gonna be in Philly technically I'm gonna be right outside of Philadelphia, but I'm going to Ikea and the king of pressure mall I ordered a couple things from Ikea that I'm gonna be picking up For my apartment because there isn't an Ikea down there where I'm moving unfortunately and some things Are just so much cheaper at Ikea. You just can't beat the price. So For me, it's worth getting it now while I'm here and just bringing it down with me And then I am meeting one of my best friends at the mall with her job They have her moving to different cities all the time now. She's actually moving up to Albany, New York So she's going in the opposite direction as I am So I don't know when's the next time that I'm going to see her and then I do want to Possibly get a new laptop. I normally edit my videos on my iMac Desktop computer, but for a while now I've been thinking oh it would be so nice to have a laptop Because the days that I'm at the salon and I have an annoying break between clients like I did yesterday Or even this past Saturday. I had a two-hour gap in my schedule There's times like that where I'm like if I had a laptop This would be a great opportunity for me to get work done and do some editing Because then I feel like by the time I get home at the end of the day I'm just tired and I don't want to have to then sit at my desktop computer and do work You know especially with me moving to a new city I know for the first couple of months until I start you know taking hair clients again I'm just gonna be spending a lot of time at home in my apartment So if I have a laptop that'll be a good excuse for me to like go out and do work in other places Like just go to a restaurant or a cafe or something and just sit down Get some work done and bring my laptop to the beach. I just feel like it'll help me be more productive And I'm really excited because Apple actually just came out with new laptops that are more similar to The older models like my old one that I had from college Which I just like better. I definitely want to get it. They're just really expensive Oh, I don't know. There is an Apple store at the mall that I'm going to so I'm gonna go take a look It's many hours later. I just got home. I went to Ikea picked up my order. It was super easy I had already ordered and paid for everything online So I just had to like pull up let them know I was there and they loaded everything in the car for me Which was really nice. I'm very excited not looking forward to having to put it all together But I'm just really excited to have like an idea in my mind of like how I want to decorate everything But I also ended up getting some things From the mall while I was there. I went to H&M and Zara and then I did go to the Apple store I did end up getting the laptop. I still have it in the bag Um So I'm gonna open that up. So first I got two things from Zara. The first one is just a Basic cropped t-shirt, but it's a really nice thick material. That's like super flattering It just kind of like Contours your body a little bit I got a little bit of deodorant on it when I was trying it on and then I got this cropped Sweater, which is a really really soft nice material, but it's not like Too heavy or bulky where I feel like I'll be completely dying and sweating in it So I feel like even down south it'll work in the winter time and then from H&M I got this little button-up shirt, which I love button-up shirts like this with the v-neck because I just feel like it is So flattering I saw this oversized t-shirt Lord knows I don't need any more oversized t-shirts But this is only 10 bucks and I thought that it would be perfect for lounging around the house Whereas a sleep shirt or in the summertime, you know, I love an oversized t-shirt with just some bike shorts I got this black Sweater it's pretty oversized so I got a small and I honestly could have even gone down to an extra small because it's just like really Loose and stretchy.  Too thick for down south, but you know if there's like a real cold day. I get cold very easily so For me, I'd rather have too much on and be a little bit hot then You know not have on enough and be cold And I have this sweater actually in two other colors and I love it so much I just think it's just so cute and it just looks so cozy and I just wanted it in a neutral So I just got this like oatmeal Kind of color and then the last thing I got is this scrunchie which was like a really you know last-minute thing I saw it when I was in line But it's like a sweater material and just looked so cute. So that was everything that I got Clothing wise now. I want to open up my laptop My god so fancy they literally have a tab To peel the plastic off So you don't have to like Cut into it with your nail or anything. Oh It's just these things are so satisfying. It feels like Christmas morning. Oh my god, so cute. Hey, I see you later Let's see you later Can you even see him with the glare? Whenever I'm leaving and he has to stay home. He always just runs to that window so you can watch me leave I was trying to hook up my car mount, but I think the windshield is just too cold I wouldn't stick but hello. Good morning. It is Wednesday, I have one client today. There's some days where I have people booked for smaller appointments and I'll have multiple people back-to-back all day and I could have you know up to like four clients in One day or some days if it's a really big appointment like a color correction or like a full head kind of thing a big transformation I'll only have the one client. So, you know, it kind of varies day to day But today I just have the one client and then after work. I'm going to get a wax That's pretty much it. That's my plan for today. I gotta leave now. I was doing really good on time and now I'm like five minutes late. I'll see you at the salon This client was one of my regulars and she just wanted to get her blonde brought up higher But still keep it nice and dimensional at the root So I did a full foil on her it took a while because her hair is really thick but it was pretty easy and straightforward and This is what her finished hair looked like Why is that so zoomed in? Oh This lighting what is happening here? I just finished with my clients. We ended up doing a full foil and a haircut Styling her all of that it took about Four hours all together from start to finish including like, you know styling and taking pictures and all of that I have my wax at 415 and it is now almost 2 30 So I still have a lot of time to kill. So what does one do when they have time to kill? Go to Target.  I don't even remember the last Thing that I vlogged. So yeah, I think this vlog is just gonna end up being like a compilation of like my last few weeks at work leading up to the move because I Just feel like I've been picking up the camera recording a little here and there But I haven't been recording like consecutive days or being consistent I'm just holding you up as I'm driving to work right now because again It is absolutely freezing and I figured my car mount probably won't stick to the windshield again anyway And either way I didn't have time to mess with it, but I have two clients today at the salon My first one. I actually just did her hair like two or three weeks ago We made her pretty blonde, but it was the lightest that she had ever been and she was really nervous about it So I left a lot of her natural dark root out just so that she would still like feel like herself And she could like ease into it without it being too much of a shock to her And I'm so glad that I did that because she ended up really loving it and now She wants to go even lighter and she just wants to bring everything up and do less of a route. Oh, okay My arm was getting tired. I took a two week break from working out because my trainer was out of town and this week Monday, I started working out again and now Because I took that break I am so sore and we did some upper body stuff yesterday and like my arms just feel like absolute jealous So even just holding up this camera feels super heavy So anyway, and then my second client is just like a gray root touch up and it's gonna be a little bit sad because Today actually makes three weeks exactly from the day that I move.  I completely forgot to get a before clip of her hair But this was the after just brought the blonde up higher and toned her a little bit ashier Good morning. It's Friday. I just got out of the shower and my skin was so dry Especially my face.   It took me to find my camera My skin has already absorbed a Lot of the moisturizer I'm gonna let that continue absorbing and then I'll just like rub in whatever is left And then if it still feels really dry, I might put a second layer But anyway, I have worked today at the salon at 12. It's about 10 o'clock now So I still have a little bit of time Finally wash my hair. It feels so good I can't even remember the last time I washed it or the last time I brushed it because for the past several days I was just wearing it in a ponytail and a bun and I wasn't even like taking it out and brushing it in between I was just kind of like Redoing my ponytails I had like a lot of shedding because it was just hair that like naturally had shed throughout that period But because I wasn't brushing it. It was just all like stuck in there and all tangled up and oh It was gross. So anytime I washed my hair I just brushed through it and then I just leave it and I let it air dry as much as possible Before I start blow drying it that way I'm applying less heat to it And it also just makes the whole blowout so much faster I am going to have some coffee and some breakfast because then once I go to work. I have like a pretty Packed day today, and I'm not going to be done until like around seven o'clock So definitely want to make sure that I eat something first look at that all of the moisturizer Got absorbed. I didn't even have to rub it in. I just realized the date and I remembered that Adele's new album came out today Finally the full thing. I've been listening to easy on me like on repeat and I'm sick of it already So I'm going to Play this while I do my hair. Oh my god. I'm so excited by the way.  I had ordered a pair of jeans from Abercrombie. I think they were like the 90s curvy jean or something like that and I was saying how I liked them and I liked to fit in everything but there was just something about them that I didn't love and They were like 70 something dollars So I was like I ended up going to the store to return them and while I was there was looking in the clearance section And I randomly pulled these jeans out and I was like it literally was like fate like sisterhood of the traveling pants type of moment I pulled these off the rack just tried them on in the fitting room and they literally Were a perfect like they are my perfect pair of jeans. So anyway wearing those Abercrombie this sweater is I think from h&m. It's really old and then I'm wearing my steve madden boots And I'm going to throw a leather jacket On top of this. Let me grab it. I got this last spring In the clearance section again at h&m. There's my outfit. I'm feeling good having clean freshly styled hair and I How far did I get? Oh, it wasn't even playing. I think I was listening to the Adele album and it was shuffling through the song It wasn't even playing them in order. So I don't even know How many I listened to so far maybe like five songs out of 12 so far I don't know how I feel yet.  I need to play it again. You know, I haven't listened to the whole thing yet. So it's it's I I can't Give my full opinion just yet today. I have one of my friends I don't know what he wants to do last time I did his hair, which was a couple months ago We had did like a split color So on one half we did like a wine red and then the other half we did rose gold So i'm curious to see how that's looking now like how it's faded and What he wants to do next then I also have a consultation after him Then a color retouch Then a haircut after that Okay update on the Adele album The song. Oh my god. I think that's my favorite one That's one I can play on repeat, but I just got to work. I stopped on my way here to a local bakery I had a couple cupcakes because sunday is our receptionist's birthday and she actually She's only been Working as a receptionist here for the last couple of months But she has been like my boss's friend and long time client and I've known her Basically since I started working here three and a half years ago So I wanted to just get her a little something and then I went to starbucks I got an irish cream cold brew, which I've never tried before Actually, I love the pumpkin cream cold brew and I've heard that this is really really good So I imagine I'm gonna like it, but let's uh do a first impression sip mm-hmm That is really good. I don't know if I would order it all the time Like I don't think that's gonna be my go-to drink, but it is it's very good. All right I am gonna go in now. So this is what we were starting out with like I said last time we had did like a two tone color so on one half of his head, I had did a permanent wine red and then on the other side I had bleached it and then did a semi permanent color so To kind of like pull out as much of that excess color as I could I did a malibu cpr treatment It's just a clarifying treatment put it under a processing cap under heat for about 30 minutes And it did pull out a little bit And prepped the hair for lightening which is great And then I did lightener with 20 volume to lighten his roots And I also pulled it through the ends just to kind of like brighten up the ends a little bit more And this is what it looked like after that So I decided to use pulp riot, which is just like a direct deposit semi permanent fashion color And the half that had the wine red because it didn't quite get light enough. It was still pretty warm I wanted to make sure I was doing a dark enough color that it would fully cover So we did this dark navy blue on that side and then this bright neon blue on the lighter side I'm obsessed. I love it It just he's so cool and it just suits his style so well And then my last client of the day came in for a haircut. This is what her hair looked like before And she wanted to cut the back pretty short and have it be inverted So shorter in the back longer in the front and this was her finished hair Good morning heading to work Here's my outfit same jeans as yesterday sweater from h&m And these shoes are a couple of years old from target this rug Penny loves to run up and down this hallway and then the rug slides around Here we go It is cold It's saturday my last work day of the week at the salon and I'm really looking forward to the weekend Today should be a pretty easy day though. I have one client in the morning That is coming in for a color retouch I need to remember to wear my apron for that though because she does a like coppery red color And I definitely don't want To stain my sweater I I thought about it I was like I should have probably worn dark clothes today, but I already was dressed at that point So I think hopefully I'll be good fingers crossed. I'll wear my apron and I'll be careful and then my friend is coming in And I think we're just adding like some highlights being a little bit of a balayage I don't know she's like one of my best friends that I've known since middle school And she's the biggest pain in my She's just like always wants to change her hair never knows what she wants is always like indecisive She's my second and last client of the day It'll just be fun like hanging out with her and then afterwards you might go get dinner or something like that early dinner late lunch I don't know. I just I'm starting to kind of feel a little bit burnt out. It's like the little bit of like stress and anxiety that I have Knowing that like I have to move soon and there's still stuff that I need to do On top of still working. It doesn't really there's no reason for it to be that stressful, but I think I'm just kind of like stressing myself out when I shouldn't but yeah I'm definitely looking forward to the weekend and then after today I'm only gonna have two weeks left of work and actually next week is Thanksgiving So it's not even gonna be a full week.  I'll get some clips in case I forget to close out this vlog later I just wanted to say thank you guys so much for watching My next vlog will be part one of my moving vlogs and also happy Thanksgiving if you celebrate it I hope you get to enjoy some time with friends family or even just some alone time I'm gonna head to the salon now. I will see you there Look at these pajamas Hello So here's what her hair looked like before We had did a demi permanent color on her a few months back and at this point most of it had faded And the goal was to just do like a really warm golden balayage So I freehand painted a few panels throughout her hair toned with redkin jdq 7nw and 7g I want to say and this was her final hair. Thanks so much for the assistance


How are you guys doing today? Weller, huh? Incredible. This is not a New England December show. This is a New England summer. Like one day, two hours. Thank you, coach. Just heading into this one. You know, week 12, week 13, game 12, played room week two. What's the progress been like for the unit and your expectations for them going against Tom? Well, the expectations are like they always are. I mean, we expect to win and expect to play well. As far as from day, you know, week two to now, I think our guys have shown very good improvement. And like I said, when you evaluate things, it's the games what you watch the film on Mondays. It's usually never as bad as you think and it's never as good as you think. On days you think you really played well, you find things that maybe the office just didn't exploit. And then there's sometimes in games that you really didn't play very well or at least you didn't think you did and you see some things that are actually good signs. So it's never all one way or the other. I think we're improving. I think we're still working progress, but I think we are making progress. The bottom line is that the way to me I evaluate the whole thing is are the guys trying and doing as much as they can do to try to do what we ask them to do and they are. So to me, I'm pleased because these guys work hard. They study hard. They try to do what we ask them to do when we try to do it. And sometimes we throw stuff out because maybe we're just not ready for it. Sometimes we don't. We try to keep adding a little bit more all the time. Sometimes we look at it and just say, right now it's not the right time. But the bottom line is I'm, you know, I love coaching these guys because they work. And that's what else can you ask of somebody? Do your best. Rick, you know, we want to, you know, microwave them and so forth, but they got to be developed and so forth. And I'm sure y'all are taking time to do that with Darren and Richie. How's their development been going? How have they been, you know, moving along to where they, you know, got a lot of action last week? Like I say, the more they're playing, the more they're developing, it's just we got to be always careful just to not overload them and not do too much and let them play and not have to be thinking all the time. And so all those guys are progressing well. But I mean, guys like Hawkins, too, is only just a second-year guy who, you know, it's the same way. I mean, he's not a rookie, but he's only a second-year guy, but he's in a new system. And then I think sometimes, even when you look at guys like Eric Harris and Doron and those guys, too, I know they're not rookies and they know a lot about playing, but they don't always know a lot about this system. So they've learned it all, too. I mean, everybody's new to it. You know, the only two guys that have ever been in the system are means and Copland, really, with me. So I just think everybody is progressing very well. And like I say, I couldn't be happier with the way their work habits are and the way they study and the way they do things. And as long as you're, I don't know, as a coach to me, that's everything. If you guys are doing what they can do and working hard at it, it's like anything. How can you ask for more? How did Walker do in a tough spot last week? He did really well. I mean, Michael's always been that, though. I've always felt like, you know, we could put him in probably at any time because he's a guy that can answer. You could ask him anything during the week and he can probably answer the questions. He was ready to go all the time. Just, you know, he's playing behind Deion. I'm playing behind Foyer in there and we're trying to find a little bit of a role for him in some things, which he deserves. He's worked hard at it. But he's always been good communicator and I had the utmost confidence in him playing last week just because I knew that he would know what to do. How do you handle these... I think you faced him at different points of view in different positions, but hybrid players like Cordero, how do you approach keeping trying new things? Well, it's really tough because, you know, there's... It's really tough with him and guys like that, particularly... I mean, I can go way back to Metcalf with the Browns. He was a running back who was a really good running back, but a really good running back receiver out of the backfield. There have been guys like that, but they're still there, the running backs, they're just good receivers out of the backfield.  If he was in the backfield, we were treating him as a back. I mean, he was a wide receiver, number 10, but if he ended up in the backfield, he was a back because he could run the ball back there, too. Those guys are tough because you can put them everywhere. The other thing is what's hard from times on defense is the fact that, okay, you see him go in the game and you see him go in with another running back.  Where is it? What's he going to line up? You know, so you don't know. And then you get a guy like Pitt who's a tight end but kind of as good as a wide receiver. So now you got Pitt, and that guy in there and then you got Michael Davis in there. I mean, that's hard. When we go out here and practice, to me, it's hard sometimes. I don't know what the person is.  So it's kind of like, okay, better be fairly vanilla. Is San Francisco kind of like that? I mean, I was saying... Who? I know you're not playing for a couple weeks, but San Francisco kind of like that with Debo and then... Yeah, yeah. Oh, absolutely. Yeah, they're kind of doing the same thing. I mean, they guys... When he's in the backfield, he's a back. When he's out of the backfield, he's a receiver. So the problem of it is because a lot of times you used to have checks, like if they just threw a receiver in the backfield to just kind of mess with you and they were going to motion him out or they weren't going to really do a whole lot with him. You know, that was just... You just kind of dealt with that.  Well, somebody got covering.  How do you want to handle that? So there's a lot of different variations there. It makes it hard. It's kind of the evolution of the offense and of the offensive talent. Now people are using them. Switching things a little bit completely. What? I guess once they were valuable part of FOIA in this defense. To me, he runs the show out there for us up front. He's a very, very intelligent and a very... I'm trying to think of a good word. It means a lot to him. When you have a Mike linebacker, that guy, he doesn't necessarily have to be the captain. He can or cannot be a signal caller. He doesn't have to call the defense. But that guy has got to be a guy that can sort everything out and get everything right. And he's got to be conscientious. And that is one thing about FOIA. He is smart. I think he's a physical football player. I think he's a really, really good Mike linebacker. But he is super conscientious. It's important to him. And that's what you want when that guy there. The defense has only given up two touchdowns in the last two games. Is there anything that you guys are doing well that's made cross on the goal line harder? Not letting them score. That's kind of a simple answer. I think we're playing more sound at times and not giving up big plays and played better in the red area. That's obviously a key when you get down there. Situational football. We didn't play as well last week on third down as we had before, but we played better in the red zone. The whole thing about scoring, that's the bottom line. You can give up just a ton of yardage, but if you can keep them out of the end zone when you get down there in the red zone, that's the key thing. I just think we've been playing sighting better, just playing better overall sound. Do you believe in the concept of a week like this being a measuring stick because Tampa Bay's playing so well offensively, or do you treat every game as an equal value in terms of your evaluation of your unit? Every game is a measuring stick, I think. And every team's got talent. You let your guard down in this league any week. You're done. Just look around the league and look who beats who. I mean, every week it's two or three games that everybody's going. There's no way that team can beat that team, and they beat them. And sometimes bad. You can't. It doesn't matter what anybody's record is. They're talented. Obviously, they're talented. They're world champs. They're back on another run again. But it's not, you know, Bill used to always say, like when we were in New England, that we were kind of everybody's in a way, everybody's measuring stick because, look, you're playing somebody that's been repeating, you know, Super Bowl champions, that you kind of measure your program to theirs.  I think everybody does that. Arthur'd have to actually answer that question. But on defensively, we just measure how we play because every offense is a different style. So you can't really say, and some you actually fit up against better than others, just like every team. And then there's some offenses that we don't match up as well as we do others. And all you're trying to do is figure out how to do the best job you can to match up the best that you can. So it's really hard to do a measuring stick because then you've got one quarterback that's going to sit in the pocket all the time. And you've got another quarterback that's going to scramble all over the place. So how do you, what's the measuring stick there? It's just, we've got to keep this guy in the pocket and this guy, we've got to press the pocket. So it's just, every week it's a different week. How has AJ been this year compared to what you thought he might be able to give you? You know, Michael, I don't know that I would, you know, I know I'm going to invade the question because I don't know what I expected from him. I really don't. I just, I told you there were things I saw on film that are good, but it's just really unfair when you're a new staff to come in and measure a guy because you don't know what he was told or what he's playing.  And I think I probably gave you this example one time when I was at New England. The media beat up a corner that we had at New England because of a touchdown pass the Steelers scored on us. He was in cover two. It was a miracle that he was as close to the receiver when he caught it as he was. It was a great play by him. The safety was the guy. So nobody, the safety was supposed to be, the guy's in the back of the end zone and it's a rolled up cover two corner and he almost makes a play on the ball and he gets chastised all week about how he gave up this play. It wasn't even his play. So nobody really knows that. So to ever, and same thing as a coach, I don't know what the previous staff told guys to do. I don't know necessarily what they were supposed to do on a certain coverage. So to ever evaluate, all you can evaluate somebody on is if they got to tackle a guy, did they tackle him? Did they get off a block when they had to get off a block? Those things doesn't really matter what the exes knows are. That's just physical traits and you also can see how a guy reacts like one of the things I did like about AJ is I saw him give up a touchdown pass but I saw him come back to the next series and play well. Well that means he's got a short memory as a corner. That's something I like. But what he played coverage-wise, I don't know, everybody plays bump and run a little different. Everybody plays this coverage a little different. So it's just not fair to ever assess a guy. So I had no expectations other than I knew him coming out and knew he was a good, talented, tall, long corner and he has turned out to be a talented, long corner. That's what he is. Better to raise that down. When, what is, I guess, what is his play, the way he's been playing over the last six, seven weeks, allowed you to maybe do differently or maybe do more of in your defense? Not much. No, because I got another corner on the other side. So it's not like I'm going to, okay, you get to do this and you get, it's, I got to take the hole and I got safeties. I got a linebacker. Everybody, you got to take into account when you play a coverage, not just one guy. If you're man coverage, then you can say, okay, I'm going to lock that guy down on that and everybody else has got a different guy. But we aren't that. We're a multiple coverage thing. So it's really always, it's never really based on AJ. It's not based on anybody. I've already looked in the last couple of games. I saw that they were checking it down and forward that a lot and a little grunkosky a little bit. Heavy last week. Here's the thing about Tom. Tom is going to do whatever you allow him to do. I'm just telling you that with him for six years and I've played him another, I don't know, six or seven times since I left New England. And he is the same way he was at New England. He is going to take, going to do whatever he's going to do. He's going to study better than anybody else. He's going to know everything. You know, I always say he's got the chocolate and that's the way I kind of evaluate him. And if he's going to, you're going to give him a check down, take the other stuff away. He's going to take the check down. If you give him one over the top, you're going to take the one over the top. So he's going to take whatever you give him. And I've seen us go out at New England and run the ball 40 sometimes a game and throw it 20. I've seen us throw it 40. I've seen us go no huddle empty. I've seen us go no huddle three tight ends. I've seen it all from them. And I know that was New England, but he's still the same guy. And when I watched the game, even at Tampa Bay, there's a lot of similarities to what I used to see at New England. And when I played him at New England, too. Yes. Guys, good? And I'll ask one more question. Do you remember if we asked this going into week two, best time for Eastowner? Really, you know what, the best one I can remember kind of, I had just gotten there to New England and we were out at two-a-day practices and I didn't know much about Tom other than from Michigan and the stories that everybody else knew about being dratly, draft-backing and getting to play that one year and then they win the Super Bowl and, you know, when he takes over for boys. But I didn't really know much about him. I mean, to me, he just looked like a nice young man, you know. I didn't know how competitive he was till we got up in practice one day and he took his helmet off and I was swinging it at either Ray Bull or Willie or one of those guys. I mean, he went after him. Like, this is a quarterback. No wonder they love this guy. I mean, it really, he is, he's got this little boyish look about him. Trust me, there's nothing boyish about him. He is a competitor through and through and that's the first thing I just realized and now I know why they win. It is right there. All right, we're good. Thank you guys.


Hi, I'm Lisa Martin on the ground with theCUBE at Google headquarters for the sixth annual Cloud Now Top Women in Cloud Awards event. Very excited to be joined by one of the award winners tonight, Alice Steinglas, the president of Code.org. Congrats on the award and welcome to theCUBE. Thank you. It's great to have you here, but first of all, tell us about Code.org. It's a pretty big organization, so what's it all about? Yeah, so our goal is that every student should have the opportunity to learn computer science and we're focused on equity and diversity. I was surprised to learn that most schools today don't teach computer science and it's not that most kids don't take computer science. It's that even if they wanted to, most K-12 schools today, the kid can't even take a computer science class if they want to and this unfairly affects students of color, students in poor schools, they even have less of that opportunity today and so our goal is that every school should offer computer science and every child should have the opportunity to take it. That's outstanding. How long have you been involved in Code.org and what inspires you to donate so much of your time to this organization? Yeah, so I joined about a little bit over two years ago. I'd been working in the tech industry for about 15 years so I'd seen firsthand what the lack of opportunity looks like and I was volunteering in my free time, helping out in schools and I just really wanted to make that my full time job. I also think as a woman in computer science, I remember walking into my first computer science class and it's a lecture hall with 500 people and you just feel like you're sort of in the wrong place and it can be intimidating and I think especially when you don't know all the words or all the buzzwords, you can feel like if I don't know what that word means, I don't know how, I don't know what BBS is, right? So therefore I don't belong in computer science and it turns out you don't need to know what a BBS is to do computer science. It's basically Reddit and nobody needs to know Reddit to do computer science. But that's a really great point that there's a lot of intimidation from kids at young ages. Do I belong here? I like it, but like you said, there are things even that acronyms that can intimidate someone but some of the stats I was reading that 25% of students in the US have an account but this isn't just in the United States. You guys are doing some great things globally to get kids involved. So tell us a little bit about the global expansion of code.org. Yeah, so almost half of our students come from around the world and I think that it's not just about America, it's about every student deserves this opportunity. It's actually cool, most of our translation work, almost all of it is done by volunteer translators and we have organizations around the world like Programma Il Futuro in Italy who has translated all of our content into Italian and is working with the Italian government and making it part of the national curriculum in Italy. Working with partners in Mexico and all over the world who are doing great work and right here at home, right? And you don't have to go far away, right? We're partnered with the Oakland School District which is right here and we're partnered with San Francisco and all sorts of schools right here in America don't have that opportunity and so that's what we're focused on fixing because I was talking about it's challenging when you don't know it and giving the students an opportunity to learn that in high school gives them the confidence to go do this if they want to in college. I was lucky, I had a high school computer science class and I had a teacher who believed in me and it makes a huge difference. So we want to give all students that chance. That confidence that you mentioned really is key that if you can just help, you know, probably think one person just feel a little bit better that hey, if I don't know what this acronym is how many other people don't know? Right. And that can just kind of really build upon that. Something that I think is really cool that I've just learned about is the hour of code. Tell us about that because this is the perfect week to be talking about it. Yeah, you are interviewing me during CS Education Week and one way you can celebrate CS Education Week is the hour of code. The hour of code has become an international movement. We've had tens of millions of students participating all over the world. This week alone, there are over 100,000 different hour of code events that are organized and you can see a map of all of them all over the world. An hour of code is a way of letting a student try computer science because I can tell you too I'm blue in the face that it's fun or that it's interesting or that you can do it. But we see a much bigger impact when students actually try it. Last year we had thousands of students which we measured questions like I like computer science or I want to study computer science before and after they tried an hour of code. And what we saw was that it really makes a huge difference to try it. But you know the group that it mattered the most to? High school girls, high school girls. Fantastic. Yeah, because they had this impression that computer science wasn't for them but then after trying it they said oh you know what it's not about sitting around and coding the Fibonacci series. I mean you can do that with code but you can also make apps and you can design websites and you can create things that have this creativity aspect and they wanted to go on and take it. Most students who do the hour of code go beyond the hour of code and our goal with the hour of code is not to do one hour of code. One hour of code is it's not computer science. You're not going to learn that much, right? Right, getting your toe wet maybe. Yeah, I get your toe wet. But the real goal is to help teachers teach years of computer science, right? To go from that to saying I can teach computer science and it's about the students and helping them take it and it's about the teachers and helping them teach it. Most of what we do at code.org is helping teachers who never learned computer science when they went to school learn computer science learn how to teach it to their students because our teachers they didn't, you know they didn't learn computer science, right? And so we're asking them to teach the subject which is critically important in the 21st century. But it's the challenge. It is. Do you have any favorite stories of maybe a student or a teacher or both that tried this and were their eyes were open of wow this is way more than I thought it was. So there's a teacher, a local teacher near Seattle his name is Juan and he also was not a computer scientist. He had never taken computer science, he was teaching I think he was teaching political science, not sure but I think that's what he was teaching and he came to our workshops and he said, hey I can do this, right? I can teach computer science and we have one week workshops over the summer to help the teachers learn how to teach it and curriculum and professional development that we provide for schools at no cost to the school to help them get started teaching computer science and he took that leap and he did it and he said he went into one of his classes and the class was he's in a district that is mostly underrepresented minorities and he looked at his class and his class was all male and there were not very many of the underrepresented minorities in his class and he said, well I've got to fix this. So he went out and he went to the choir class and he found this woman, Aris Ali and he said to her, hey why are you not in computer science right now? And she said, oh, I don't know, I don't even like to sing. Oh my gosh, wow. So he just marched her right up, he got the form, he switched over to computer science, he got her friend Daisy, he got a whole bunch of women in his class and they loved it and Aris Ali took that class and she kept going and she took Python and she's applying to colleges right now and she wants to be a computer science major. That's amazing, recruit from choir. Right, and her parents never went to college, one of them never went to high school and for her, this is an opportunity to be part of, part of all the things that we see in Silicon Valley and I want to see her do it, so. That's a great story. Last question, the cloud now, and this is the sixth annual top women in cloud award. Congratulations on winning. How did you hear about this and what did winning this award, what does it mean to you? Oh, I think it's a great award. I really love that cloud now is doing work to encourage equity and to encourage women in the tech space and I think that is a lot of synergy with the work that we're doing at code.org, trying to encourage women and young women to be able to have this opportunity and be able to take these courses and it's okay if they don't want to go into the tech space, right? Most of them won't, but if they have the opportunity to see these courses, I hope some of them will be inspired and that when they are inspired, they'll have that background so that they can and for the other ones who go into all sorts of different fields, whether it be design or education or medicine or marketing or who knows, knowing how computer science works, I think is a critical set of skills for all people everywhere in this day and age. I agree, it'll be a great part of their foundation. Well, speaking of inspiration, you've been quite inspirational. Again, congratulations, Alice, on the award. Thank you for stopping by theCUBE. Thanks. You've been watching theCUBE a lot. We are on the ground at Google for the 6th Annual Cloud Now Top Women in Cloud Awards. I'm Lisa Martin. Thanks for joining. We'll be right back.