But I will get started then. Let me get my clicker at the ready. Authorized, it's not a yes-no question. We are probably mostly all familiar with the idea of knowing whether or not somebody is logged in. We can do things in our applications that will either work if they're logged in or not if they're logged out. We have this idea of authenticated. We also have ways of building these login mechanisms really easily. This is a screenshot from Laravel. But you've also got Django's auth capabilities. And even Flask has a login mechanism that will handle some of the underlying features of authentication and manage a username password type login mechanism. But the thing that all of these have an issue with, I've skipped one slide ahead already. The other option is just not even writing your own login form and going with something like a social login. So just log in with Twitter or Google or one of the other social media type logins. And at least that way, you know whether or not they're logged in and you get a little bit of user information about them as well from the social login provider that you're using. But like I was about to say, the problem with these is that you only get a yes-no answer. Are they logged in or are they not? We don't get any more nuanced information about who they are. We can't do things like, do they have permission to do something? We have no concept yet of whether or not they have these permissions. So my name is Ben Decray. I've been a software developer now for 21 years. That number keeps going up. And the little emoji that I've got there of the old man is certainly how I feel sometimes when I think about how long I've been a software developer for. But I do love it. It's something I have great passion for. I love the developer community as well. And I've been involved in the conference talks for almost all of those 21 years, probably about 15, 16 years. I am a huge, I'm hugely passionate for the developer and open source communities. And I'm also very passionate about privacy, advocacy, and civil liberties and all the things that kind of run in that sphere. So two years ago, almost to the day, what are we, the second of October now, 17th of last month was my two-year anniversary at All Zero. And I joined mainly because they love supporting the community and the developers, their inter-security. And it was another way for me to be able to go out and meet people at conferences and events back in. Do you remember when we still were allowed to fly? I barely remember it, but I hope it comes back again soon. So that's why I started working at All Zero a couple of years ago. But even before that, I was using All Zero, their products because, actually mostly because of the documentation. The product's great, but the documentation's just anyway. So like I've said, my name is Ben Dekrai, which means that my social media handle almost everywhere is also Ben Dekrai. Please get in touch any way you want to. I'm on LinkedIn and Twitter. I'm on Twitch and YouTube and just find me whichever way you prefer to communicate if you want to connect. My DMs are also open on Twitter, so we don't even need to be connected for you to send me private messages that way. It's a great way of getting in touch. Anyway, on with the show, let's talk about access control. There's predominantly two overarching areas that we want to think about when we talk about access control. There's a lot of subtleties around it, but there's two main things that I want to talk about. The first one is attribute-based access control, or ABAC, and the other one is role-based access control, or RBAC. You might have heard of these terms. Maybe you're even familiar with how they work, but let's have a look a little more deeply at what the differences are and what the features of each are. Let's have a look at ABAC first or attribute-based access control. When you come to looking at attributes, it's not just about the attribute of the user. It's about an attribute of many things. So the user, or in this case, the subject, is certainly an entity that we can assign attributes to. We also have actions. These are actions that take place. We have objects, which are the things we actually want to access, and then we have some more contextual information about the situation as a whole. So let's drill down a little bit further. As a subject, as a person, we might know which department you're in. Maybe you're in the HR department. Therefore, you might want to get access to personal records. Maybe you're working government and you have a certain clearance level to get access to certain bits of documentation. Or maybe it's a social media site and you can only use it if you're over a certain age or there are certain functionalities that are disabled if you're under a certain age. Or maybe you want to disable functionalities if you're over a certain age. I don't know. Whatever the reasons. Age is a perfectly acceptable and common attribute of a subject when you're looking at attribute-based access control. What kind of actions can we see? Although there are many we're probably mostly familiar with CRUD, create, read, update, and delete. Whenever we look at any kind of API interaction or developing models around data that we're storing in a database, these are the four actions that we do a lot of. So those are obvious actions that we can put attribute flags to in terms of connecting a subject to an object, what kind of action you want to perform. But then of course you can go at level further. They can be more process-related actions. Maybe you want to say whether or not somebody can take multiple bits of information and generate a report. Or maybe it's a workflow process where somebody is requesting and you will leave and you either can or cannot approve that. So it doesn't necessarily need to be about, the action doesn't need to describe exactly what you're doing to the data. It can be part of a process. So it gives you a bit more control, fine-grained control over the types of actions that you can define that can or cannot be done. Most importantly obviously is the object. This is the thing that we're stopping or allowing access to. The types of things that you might have in terms of attributes for an object are, well type is an important one. Is it medical records? That's obviously highly sensitive. Or is it public tweets? Probably less sensitive. Anybody can read a public tweet. Not everybody can read a medical record. What about clearance level? We've already defined that we could assign a clearance level to a subject or a person wanting to access it. But then we also need to store an attribute of clearance level against the object so that we have a point of comparison. And then you might have things like geographic regions or more location-based information. Perhaps you can only access things when you're in an office or from a certain country. Contextual is an interesting one. So this doesn't really relate to any of the first three but allows you to provide a bit more nuanced access control based on other things that might be going on. Typical examples of this would be something like time. Are you allowed to access things outside of office hours? Or maybe you're an accountant and you have access to your customer's accounting records and you do a quarterly return for them for them to submit to their tax office. You're only going to need access to their information for maybe a week or two right at the end of the quarter or probably actually just after the quarter. So maybe the first week or first two weeks of a quarter to access the previous quarters information. So you can do things at that level there. And then location. Obviously we know that we can lock objects down to certain locations. We need to know where the user is at a point in time. So if they're in the wrong country then they can't access information. So you can see there's a lot of stuff going on with attribute-based access control. And it allows us to really hone down and say we know that somebody wants to do an approval process. We know that they have the clearance level on the object that they want to do the approval process on. And we know that they're in the right geographic region to be able to do it. Therefore, we can grant them access. So you can think of attribute-based access control as a lot of if-then's stacked together that come out at the end of the day as a true or a false. It can be a very long chain sometimes as well. All right, let's move on to role-based access. This is gonna be a lot faster because it's not simpler. Essentially, we have three things that we consider. And whereas attribute-based access control had these four columns that were all quite independent of each other book could be linked. These are intrinsically linked. We have users, each user can have one or more roles and each role can have one or more permissions. A permission can also belong to one or more roles and a role can be assigned to one or more users. So there's all these many, many relationships but it's only between the two. Theoretically, it is possible in a lot of systems to have a user be granted permissions directly. Oftentimes, you probably want to do this because it makes maintenance a lot harder. If you know that a user is a member of a role, you can infer the permissions they have. If you want to change the permissions that all HR managers have, then rather than having to edit every user, you just edit the role. So by and large, you'll find that the role is not excluded out of these relationships. So an example of this might be Sarah. Sarah is a senior partner at a law firm. I've been watching suits a lot recently. So law is on my mind. And they recently, they didn't actually fire any of their staff. Their staff actually always left if any of you have watched suits. Just at the point now where Mike gets out of prison again. So, but Sarah is a senior partner and she is allowed to fire the associates. So this is a very easy to follow chain of permission. It's quite succinct. And at a glance, it's easy to see what's going on when you see these relationships next to each other. Whereas with an attribute-based access control, sometimes it takes a while to look at all the pieces and get them in your head and work out where the rules flow. So quick overview of comparison. I've kind of touched on these already. Attributes-based access control, it's really powerful. We saw in that final slide of the attribute-based access control how you can pick and choose each of the combinations of attributes that you want to satisfy in order to allow access or deny access depending on which way you're running this thing. It is complex though to define all of these things requires a lot of planning and a lot of thought because you could easily overcomplify overcomplexify the situation. But with that complexity comes really fine-grained access control. You can be really specific about one document because it's got a certain clearance level and it has to be within a certain region whereas anything else with that clearance level could be accessed from anywhere, for example. So it gives you a lot of control. Role-based access control gives you less control but it gives you that at the benefit of a lot of simplicity. It's also a lot faster. If you consider the whole if-then-else example that I gave in the attribute-based access control it can become a very long statement to calculate and imagine you're a computer and you've been told does Ben have access to this document? With role-based access control you can just look at the document and you know that the action is look at document so you can say does Ben have read permissions on this document? Well, he does if he's in a role that has read permission. So it's a fairly simple lookup whereas in attribute access control you've got to do all of these calculations and work out whether they're all true and then bring all of that together in one go to work out whether or not you have access or I have access to that document. Now computers can do that quickly but it's still going to be extra load so it doesn't scale as easily as role-based access control. So which one should you use? I love questions like this in conferences because invariably the answer is always both or either or it depends or there's no easy answer to this but generally when people ask me for recommendations on how to implement access control and which of these to go with I generally say look start with role-based access control because it's easy, it's simple it's easy for you to understand what's going on it's easy for you to train other people within your organization to understand how to configure the access control and to know who has which permissions. Now there will come a point potentially maybe there won't but in some situations there will come a point where role-based access control isn't enough for you it does just about all of it but then maybe you need a bit of extra refinement around some areas of control and for that you can then add access-based access sorry, attribute-based access control on top you can layer it so you can have all of these gateways gateways I guess in place to check whether or not the role satisfies access but then you can also layer on top of that yes they have access to edit on the condition that and then even start looking at some of the attributes as well. So it's a good way of minimizing the overall load remember RBAC is faster and easier to manage whereas A-BAC is more complex and is going to take generally more processing time to calculate all of these things so if you cannot calculate the A-BAC if you don't even satisfy the RBAC stuff that's going to save you time save you processing save you scalability all sorts of things like that all right demo time I think we are about 15 minutes in we have another 15 minutes so I want to go through and just show you an application that I've written in fact I'll just yeah I'll show you the live stuff I've got a couple of slides that kind of go into how I built it but I think it's probably easier just to dive straight in so let me make this smaller so I've designed this around the concept of a shopping system it's called the oldie shoppy because it's an old shop and I originally wrote this as a demo in React at the front end and I thought you know what I'll see whether I can repurpose it, redesign it really quickly in Flask I was trying to weigh up between using Flask or Django and I thought you know what I'll just go with the lightweight approach and I built this it's not necessarily perfect but you know I started this morning it's currently 11pm in Australia I have my coffee which has been keeping me awake and for any other Australians or Australian Australia files out there I have my packet of Tim Thames which is my chocolate sugar sauce to keep me going which is why I'm not asleep yet so we're good so far right so we've got this shopping site in here we've got three items which are pulled out of a database which are actually in a let me just refresh over here actually in an API that I'm running over on a different is this working properly of course it isn't normally when I get this demo it's in a single page app so you'd see it here but of course Flask is or Python is doing this on the server side so we can pull in our code over here and we can see down at the bottom that we've got an API over here listing on port 7000 and our Flask app over here listing on port 3000 so when we go to the website it's going to make a request to the API so don't kill me for the simplicity of the Python it's sometimes easier to just keep everything in one file we have our home page here which basically just goes off to the API and pulls in the JSON for the items endpoint and if we just open that up in a browser we can see here that we've got three items being returned we've got a burger, our pizza and our tea so we pull that out we pass that straight into the home.html and the home.html goes through and basically iterates through each of these items and prints out what we can see in the web page there which is basically the list of items what we want to do though is we want to be able to edit these items and add new items or rather delete and add so what I've done if we have a look over the server Python here this is following the standard quick start from Auth0 but it's not actually using any Auth0 SDKs it's using and if you've done any Auth stuff in Flask already you'll probably be familiar with the basically the Auth import here we're defining some variables which is configuring Auth to use the Auth0 identity server Auth obviously is a standardized protocol so it'll work against any identity provider that's Auth compliant then we're creating here an instance of the Auth object we're configuring it and then this is going to allow us to connect to or for the application to force us to log in and we can see down here when I hit the button here to admin that's going to take us to the admin route so let's have a look down here at admin essentially we've just got this requires Auth which is going to force Flask is going to force us to log in so when I hit the admin button over here you can see we're redirected to the login page this is hosted up here by Auth0 this will be whichever identity provider you're using if I log in now then I have access and we can see the page now the issue at the moment I'll be a little on the large side so if I hit the delete button here I'm going to get a you're not authorized to use this the delete function and if I try and add I don't know toast cost of dollar and it's yummy let's try that okay that's not going to work either I'm not authorized to create items so let's have a look at how goal-based access control works in Auth0 in order to give us these permissions we jump over to the Auth0 tab here we've got our applications I'm not going to go too much into depth on how to configure things for Auth0 I want you to get more of a concept of how the role-based access control works so you can apply it to whichever identity provider you're using obviously different systems that you use will have different interfaces but they'll probably have mostly the same kind of mechanism so in Auth0 here we've got two applications defined here's the single page app which is a different demo and here's a regular web app so this is where the configuration exists for allowing us to log into the Python app and then over here we've got our API the API definition allows us to set permissions so what permissions does the API want to know that the user has now remember when the user logs into the Python app Python is going to get an identity token which tells you about the user the name, email address is the email validated, things like that it's also going to get an access token and the access token in this case because we've linked the old shop here we've authorized this API to receive access tokens when logged into the Python app that access token can have information inside it that tells us about their permissions about the permissions of the user so let's create some of those permissions I'm just going to jump back over here because copying and pasting strings is a much better way of not getting typos so let's just jump up the API is actually written in Express but the theory is the same anyway so if we look at the middle way here we've got some permissions defined it's not actually in that one so look so in the router when we call the post endpoint for example then we check to see whether it has permissions create items and these here are actually just three strings so don't worry about how this works in Express you're not here to learn Express today but essentially what I want to do is I want to create, in this case because the Flask app only uses create and delete at the moment, we only need to add the create and delete so let's add a create permission so I'm going to call that create items description is create items I'm going to create another one called delete items the main reason I'm not doing update today is because I didn't get around to adding that into the app that I wrote this morning we'll add delete items so we now have the system permissions or scopes that can be requested or required by the API in order to allow things to happen so now we just need to jump down to user management roles we don't have any roles to find yet so I'm going to create a parole called editor and editor I'm now going to assign to some permissions remember a user has roles and roles have permissions so the editor has permissions I'm going to add permissions I need to select which API I'm giving these permissions for because there could be multiple APIs in this zero tenant but we've only got the one and I'm going to say editors can create items so we'll add that permission in let's go back to roles again and we'll create another role called admin and we'll add into this one both permissions because an admin can create and also delete items so we'll add that permission in there and now finally we need to jump into the users we'll find the user that we want to modify and in here we can, like I mentioned we can assign permissions directly but we're going to assign roles so if I assign a role here we have eight minutes what I'm going to do because we're almost at the end I'm just going to stop this for a second I'm going to log out and I want to show you in the React app what it looks like because we can actually look at the JSON web token if we dig in it's not working so this is a very similar application it's written in React I'm going to go to login over here which is going to take me to the same login page it's just logging into a different application before I hit enter I want to come in while I look at the network tab I'm going to log in here and then I'll filter by Auth0 so if you came along to the talk that I gave over the launch time networking session I was talking about how the Auth flows work essentially what's happened at this point is the single page app has made a request for the tokens in the same way as the Python app would do in the backend server to server so we can now see here that we have a response that gives us back our access token and our ID token so just very quickly let's have a look at what an access token looks like JWT.io JSON web tokens it's a system written by a colleague of mine I'm just going to paste this in I won't go if you want to find out more about JSON web tokens come and have a chat with me in the Auth0 booth afterwards or in the the adzulip and I'll tell you all about JSON web tokens but essentially what I just wanted to show you over here is there's no permission stuff in this access token at the moment so let's come in over here and I'm going to assign a role I'm going to give myself the editor role because I don't want to be able to delete but I do want to be able to create so now let's come in over here again and we'll log out and we'll log back in again the only reason I'm using the React app here at the moment is because I can pull the tokens out of the the network tab these are the exactly the same tokens that would end up in your Python apps so let's come down here and we'll look at this one let's copy that paste this in old one by the looks of it editor why didn't that work? Ah, live demos, you've got to love them let's try that one more time I'm going to clear this all right, let's log in ah, I remember why it doesn't work there's one thing that I've forgotten to do which is really simple and often overlooked so under APIs I just need to come in and edit my API again and enable down here role-based access control and I want to add the permissions into the access token that was the missing part of the puzzle all right, that's saved so now ah, I'm just going to go back and hit the login button again just to make sure that the process starts from the beginning now when we make a request here for the token we get this token and we will have permissions so we can see now the permissions array has come in this is what you would get in your Python app as well you get this permissions array in inside you can see the permissions that have been assigned to the role that have been assigned to my user so now if I come back in here and I go to the admin page now the Python app has a new token so I can come in here and try and delete but it's going to tell me I can't delete but if I try and add my toast back in for a dollar and it's yummy I create this item here now we can see that the item has been added because I have permission to do it so it's whichever identity provider you're using you should find that there's probably some kind of role-based access control built in one of the advantages here over doing it in say Flask login or the Django auth is that within your application you're defining the access control to that one application whereas because these permissions are going into the JSON web token whichever endpoint they're going to and in a service-oriented environment where you've got lots of systems that get touched on different platforms and different languages having the permissions wrapped up into the JSON web tokens means you don't need to re-implement your access control in each of the systems all you need to do is rely on the data that's in the JSON web token so let me just skip through this part here that I don't need to show you because that's the demo I just gave but I can thank you for your time I think we're pretty much three minutes left so I'm happy to take some questions I think the next session the keynote starts at half past or on the hour for the Indian time zone I'm happy to take questions just reach out to me on Zerik or in the booth as well if you want to ask questions after the fact and thank you for your time The keynote starts at 7 p.m. ISD so we can question any questions if you are Lovely There is one question in the chat if you want to take that up Is there a way to automate this process of assigning roles to users who sign in using social media accounts? Yes so obviously automating so far as you need to write the code for the automation component but essentially if I come in to where is it here? They've just changed the the menu system on the left there it is social so I can come in here you already saw when I logged in for the first time I could log in with Google I can add any number of other connections here to do any kind of social login what happens if I did log in with Google if we come back here under user management here you can see that the connection for the account that I created is username and password if I logged in with Google I'd get another user in here and the connection would be the Google social login mechanism so each user gets added into the system and each user will have its own ID within the Auth0 database they're represented in here even if the authority in this case Google for example is somewhere else so because of that because the users are actually stored in here that's where you would assign the user to a role now in terms of doing it automatically there is a management API and basically the management API is an API endpoint that you can hit that allows you to do everything that you can see in this management dashboard here so when you log into Auth0 here's where you do over configuration the management API allows you to programmatically do everything that can be done here in fact you can do more a little bit more but you can do more through the management API they can actually do through the dashboard so what you could do in your application is once the person's logged in obviously you're probably going to store that user ID in a database of your own if not there's a mini database against each user that you can use so there's this if you look at each user there's a app metadata and a user metadata area so you could store some information in here that allows you to know whether or not the roles have been set or you could just read the roles so conceptually what you could do is when the person's logged in in your application you can make a request via the management API to say give me all of Ben's roles and if Ben is not in the I've just joined role then put them in the I've just joined role so you could do that in your application the other thing you could do is you can put it into rules which again is in a different place now here we go so you can add new rules and I can create a rule that happens it's a little slow at the moment so there's an enriched profile there's a webhook, there's multi-factor I don't know if there's anything we could just click on as a baseline to start with but we could let's just do a search for group I could remember a directory group there isn't anything here right now but we could create an empty rule this is basically a JavaScript callback that gets the user that's just logged in the context which is basically information about how they logged in, where they've logged into and then the callback to carry on the chain of callbacks and in here you could say if the user's logged in have a look at the groups and assign them to a group if they're not already a member of group so that would be an easier place to put it because it's always going to run it gets run while the user's logging in you don't have to have it in your application but the API management would API API management API yeah the Auth0 management API gives you more flexibility you can do more there if you need to hope that answers your question okay good that answers your question is there any other questions I'm still going to be here for another line of minutes or so I'm happy to take your questions I'll also be back over the booth afterwards if you if you don't want to ask your questions right now I know some people don't want to ask questions in open so if you want to DM me on Twitter like I mentioned I'll just go back over here there's my Twitter handle again thank you for your time and I'll see you around one thing I'd just like to add though before I do go if you I'm doing another talk tomorrow on identity more generally on how login flows work so join me for that one that's over on one of the main stages Auth0 is also a sponsor of PyCon I'm really happy to to be able to do that as I mentioned I've been involved in in open source communities for a while I ran the open source developers conference in Australia for about 10 years and I love to give back to community so I'm really happy that Auth0 came on board and sponsored this event I'm loving the interactions I'm having with people I'd love you to come over to Zulu have a chat with me tell me about what you do from day to day there's also a couple of competitions that we're running so come over and you could be in the running for I think there's an AWS my AWS and Amazon gift card and some headphones so I'll see you over there thank you again spent it was a great talk and very informative okay I'm glad thank you for your talk tomorrow okay sweet thanks everyone have a great rest of the conference


Good morning Hank it's Tuesday. The first thing to know is that it's gonna take a while. If you rush you can maybe sign 700 sheets an hour but you're not a machine, which is one of the primary lessons of this endeavor. Ultimately when you account for the time spent sorting and collecting the paper and changing pens and so on, it takes around two hours to sign a thousand sheets. So this will take 300 hours, plan accordingly. Then there's the physical aspect of it. Hold the marker loosely. Remember what that physical therapist told you once. The sharpie is doing the work, not your hand. Keep your shoulder relaxed and don't hold tension in your neck. Occasionally you'll want to draw a spiral to mix up the motions your hand is making or else rate DFTBA. These little variations are important in keeping your hand from cramping too much. But the real question is not what your hand will do for these 300 hours but what your mind will do. What will you think about? Sometimes you'll listen to podcasts or an audiobook like back in 2011 when you signed the first printing of The Fault in Our Stars, you listened to Moby Dick, now you're enjoying Hillary Mantell's trilogy about Thomas Cromwell. But much of the time you won't listen to anything. You'll just sit there. It's good if you can spend some time thinking about why you are doing this. It's a way of saying thanks to people who will read the book for buying it of course but also for their attention, the hours they will give to your work. And it's good if you can remind yourself that you are absurdly ridiculously lucky to have this many sheets to sign. You will also think about whether all this signing is just a publicity stunt. Where is the line between wanting to share your work and commodifying yourself or your audience? That's something you will think about. And you will think that maybe you are just doing this because you enjoy it, or at least you enjoy something about it. Of course you'll think as well about the obvious psychology explanation for this endeavor. You will remember being nine years old and winning a writing contest that meant you could attend the Florida Young Writers Conference of 1987. And you will remember that a very famous author whose books you loved was the special guest at this conference and that you stood in line with dog-eared paperback copies of his books only to be told that the very famous author was only signing new hardcover books which you didn't have money to buy and how horribly you felt. And then you will think about how now you understand that this very famous author probably was not nearly as wealthy as childhood you imagined him to be and how you understand now the internal and external pressure that is on authors to sell their new books. But still it's not that hard to sign your name and you vividly remember being a heart-sunk nine-year-old and it is probably not a total coincidence that your first memory of authors was of not getting an autograph and now you sign your name quite a bit. If nothing else this is a small thing you can do that might brighten some people's days. What else will you think about? Sometimes you'll think about the signatures themselves, the little imperfections that you can't seem to rid yourself of even after all this practice. Sometimes you'll think about how many sheets you have left in this box and how many boxes you have left. But mostly you won't think at all. On the other side of monotony lies a flow state, a way of being that is just being a present tense that actually feels present. It's the consolation and pleasure of driving alone at night or getting lost in a story. You're listening to the Sharpie on the paper and you are. And this is Hank. I'll see you on Friday.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebrakes.com coming at you with Jaspy's nine box high-end playoff basketball mixer random team break number two featuring a box of NT first off the line So there are the different years right there. We got a couple of box of 2019 2020 a couple of box of 21 22 And then a couple of box of 22 23 so it spans Spans a few different years as well big. Thanks to this group For getting in on it. Thanks to the people who bought their spots straight up Congrats to the people who won spots in the fillers took a bit of time, but hopefully Your patience has been worth it. Good luck everyone fingers crossed for a strong break. Let's roll it Let's randomize it one out of five six times for names and teams one two three four five and six After six we've got JC all the way down to chat One and five six times for the teams one two three four five and six After six times we've got the Pacers down to the Clippers All right, JC you got the Pacers David with the Cavs J with the Thunder Eugene with the Rockets Patrick with the Warrior Scott with the Pelicans J with the Grizzlies Eugene with the Hornets Steven with the Suns Allen with the Sixers Michael with the Hawks Pascal with the Wizards Josh with the Kings Windsor with the Nuggets Scott with the Bulls Chad with the T Wolves Edward with the Raptors Excuse me. I had to sneeze there allergies are Bothering me here late at night Patrick with the Lakers James the Magic Eugene with the Pistons Scott with the Jazz the X-Line with the Celtics Scott with the Nets James with the Spurs Brian with the Heatnates and with the Bucks Mark with the Knicks Jeremy last Bob Mojo trailblazers Matt Johnson with the maps and Chad Coleman with the Clippers Let's alphabetize by team and we're in a positive video when we come back.  We'll do the break stick around BRB All right, welcome back everybody. There was a deal done Check it out Scott and James making a deal trading bulls and spurs So James is out of the Spurs spot and into the Bulls spot Put a tee there for trade and Scott is out of the Bulls spot and into the Spurs spot Let's see who draws first blood in the trade. Let's see if the trade evens out Or maybe both teams won't get anything. I don't know. We'll find out got to do the break That's why we play the game. We're out of paper Come on printer is hungry for paper. All right, so here's the final printout hot off the presses Here, thanks for spending a bit of your Tuesday with me. This is the final printout right here Thanks, everyone. All right, we'll start with the base heavier stuff first In my pocket and start with the two base heavier boxes first and we'll work our way to origins and court kings and then Get some encased going And then we'll obviously we'll close off close out the break with that first off the line Good luck, everyone. A lot of great boxes here made it. It's a pricey break for sure So with the quality of these boxes Let's see Let's see who can get out of here All right box one one two three four five six seven eight nine. Okay. Just making sure Got the right amount of boxes in this nine boxer Luka Donchage blue that is numbered the red ones aren't numbered the blue is 56 out of 99 for Dallas It's gonna be for Matt Got a Jordan pool rookie NBA debut insert That is for golden state. That'll be for patrick Tyler hero rookie Is he gonna make it back for At any stage of the playoffs? That's for the heat.  Nice start There's a john marant NBA debut. Oh, so no tyler hero rest of the way John marant going to jay in the gris There's a jordan pool rookie silver. Nice That's gonna go to patrick and the warriors And then we got more for the heat jimmy butler three out of 49. He's just been Just killing it in the playoffs I feel like his value was high And then it was low And then with a good playoffs and a good run with the with the Lakers that's back up again Pretty sure the Lakers gonna resign this guy. This is this is uh pascal with the wizards gets the NBA debut rui hachimura I don't know if his stuff is back to where it was but it's certainly Creeping back up Value-wise Julius randal red All right, one more of those boxes Yeah, I think uh, I think the Lakers coaching staff and You know just the team that hachimura is on really Unlock something in him Gets a full season with the Lakers That'd be that'd be pretty awesome I think for sure the sort of the post mortem for my Lakers It's like I'm pretty sure that Austin Reeves and rui hachimura are gonna be the big priorities And then after that, I don't know what else the Lakers are gonna add Yeah, I don't know what the wizards were doing with them. Eric. You're right They just kind of let him I feel like it weren't really deploying him properly They really they drafted him He used a first grab take on him. It didn't really I don't know. It didn't really develop to maybe they wanted him to play a different way But that made that made the player unhappy and then No one was happy and no one was winning except for except for the Lakers, I guess All right, we got a willy collie stein to 25 For the Warriors. That'll be for patrick Patrick saying wiz don't do anything right And an NBA debut mosaic Jordan pool for patrick and the Warriors All those add up rookie jordan pool Another NBA debut job morant. Hopefully he can get back things back on track Jay with the gris still looking for our auto in this second box of mosaic basketball hobby edition He's a tyler hero for the heat. That's for brian There's the auto. It's john stockton That's interesting two of those boxes two What it's tony parker hall of famer two hall of famers Two great old school guys here john stockton scott with the jazz There's a westbrook stained glass Forget if these were short. There's there's like some years where the stained glass are kind of plentiful and then some years Where the stained glass are a lot more short printed. I don't remember but then I'll I'll go to the rockets. That's rockets edition of westbrook. That's going to go to Eugene And another mba debut jordan pool All right, let's uh, let's Let's go to 21 22 origins Love the look of origins Great design The hits are these two cards These two cards these two cards these two cards It's cameron thomas and nice jalen green 30 out of 75 rookie card for the rockets Eugene cameron thomas remember when he had He went off I think for a week Let's go to the nets. That'll be for scott all right your hits we've got We've got usman garuba piece of his jersey for the rockets It'll be for Eugene and the autograph is franz vagner rookie auto for James and the orlando magic just what he asked for Before we started the break three out of ten Nice little number there at jasby's Have it your way And there's nicole yoke yoke itch who destroyed my laggers all right david's gonna ask for a little mobili All right, everyone's calling out there Everyone wants wants to shout out there. Uh, yes speak it into existence. What are you looking for? Patrick wants to step curry auto Boom there you go Oh, that's not the mobili auto But there's the evan mobili rookie card He specified auto But there's an origins evan mobili rookie card There's sabonis to uh to 60 that's still a pacer's edition for jacy there's devan booker luka donchich up there the relic is jared butler for the jazz Yoke itch does sign But very rarely You probably won't see him unless it's like a high-end set or something like that flawless nt And we got boom Ask and you shall receive evan mobili rookie auto three out of 99 right on the card at jasby's Have it your way A little bit of a soft corner right there Which kind of sucks, but hey Still an on-card evan mobili autograph This is this is why this high-end mixer is high-end ladies and gentlemen. That's the potential All right, let's flash forward to 20 to the current year 22 23 court kinks All right now patrick wants a step card This is 22 23 Walker kessler are the pretty decent season. That's a level two for the jazz scott Sometimes they hide the numbers on the backs of these colors. I don't want to miss any of that All right Your two hits we have a blake westley 33 out of 49 fresh paint autograph Spurs scott with the spurs Did james fall asleep? I mean he did not react to the uh, I feel like he didn't react to the To the valkyne earlier. All right, uh next carlity towns art nouveau relic A wild cat has appeared chat colman with that one. There's anthony simons It's a play of the whistle patrick Still plenty of time to even out that trade One nice hit out of that box Make up for the entire break Got a jaden ivy rookie card palo bancaro nikola jovic Mike connelly nice bancaro That's for james and the orlando magic jaden ivy rookie card For detroit that'll be for eugene. All right lukadancia dread foil reveals a malachi brand ham Another one for the spurs for scott 57 out of 99 And the lukadantage to 149 going to dalis That'll be for matt And there's a jalen brown relic art nouveau for boston. That's going to be for the x-line now Bulls not worried. Yeah, there's two in casebox in a first off the line Play to the whistle man Play to the whistle All right behind carlo anthony towns is harrison barns 177 out of 199 kings edition Going to the x-line and sacramento Got de angelo russell t-wolves edition 004 out of 199 rough series against the nuggets For delo, but I wonder if the lake was make a push to get him back for the regular season. That'd be nice And then we got charles oakley Five out of 10 charles oakley autograph. That's raptor's edition edward with torrano And did charles oakley envins carl? And treesome grating quite a quite a team carl if you've talons goes to chat in the timber wolves Let me rip the uh, we'll do both of the the encase the graded autographs After I show you this final one He does at the same time All right, you've got nine out 25 de montez a bonus for the pacers up top And he's going to reveal a jordan pool 194 out of 199 piece of his jersey going to patrick and the warriors There's lebron james piece of his jersey 125 out of 149 That's for patrick and my lakers Nice lebron And behind de montez a bonus is a kevin mckayle Old school boston selting going to the x-line Who uh, who lives to fight another day in that eastern conference final against the miami heat There's the bonus to 25. All right graded cards. What do we got? Hopefully some nice ones We always want these to be nice ones never rooting for bad ones sometimes it happens, but Nothing ventured. Nothing gained. All right, we got a nine five ten. That's a good grade nine five ten goga batatze scripted autograph 60 out of 99 for the pacers That's going to be for jacy All right, other graded card. We got a nine ten And that's another rookie pj washington jr for charlotte nine ten That's going to go to eugene And the horn and i jane said sorry next line. All right First off the line Fingers crossed here. Good luck everybody So we're going back to 21 22 Good luck everybody We got 16 out of 75 fred van vleet The raptors are probably going to engage in some sort of Rebuild right new coach. Maybe Maybe cycle some new players in and out We've got a plate Usually they're one per box It's a chris paul for the suddents. It's going to be for seven flat tried to trade couldn't trade mojo Out of fives and under get the train whistle All aboard the big hit express We've got a jail in suggs 69 out of 99 It's a rookie relic for james and the orlando magic Any god heaven mobly rookie jumbo materials two color patch four out of 25 Nice low number for a relic That's going to go to david may in the calves won that spot in the filler He's looking for a logo man We got a redemption definitive ink sga Nice and you got until 2024 to redeem it sga. That's got to be Okay, c addition in this set, right? It's not going to be clippers additional. It's been ages Since he was a clipper Yeah, she all shea gilgis alexander stuff is okay.  That's going to be a scary team That's right patrick. Okay c You might be lagging behind just a tad bit. Make sure you hit that live button We've got namia's quitta 44 out of 75 Three color patch in auto rpa for the kings The josh x-line the x-line I got david robinson 17 out of 99 For the spurs that's for scott Got the spurs in the tray. I don't think james is ever going to trade again The admiral Got c jim a column 55 out of 99 It's for the pelicans. That's going to be for scott A few more here. We got c jim a column autograph 12 out of 25 Uh, this is trail blazers edition the relic was pelicans edition For scott the auto is trail blazers edition. That's for jeremy last bod mojo A couple more to go here We got duncan robinson for the heat three out of 25 peerless autograph That's for brian frank in miami You're gonna try to close out in boston And the last one here is is 10 out of 24 evan mobley rpa Three color patch and on card auto Not the logo man david was looking for sorry to disappoint. You're out to settle for this Yeah, I guess i'll take it to i'm pretty sure that out of 24 Is exclusive to the first off the line if i'm not mistaken do some research on that Wow That's that's what was marinating inside this first off the line box boys and girls. That's why this is a high-end mixer This is why we play the game It's moments like this.  Hey david Thanks for it. He won that spot in the filler too. Thanks for getting in the filler Congrats on the evan mobleys And i'll see you next time and you and everybody i'll see everybody next time for the next high-end mixer. Bye. Bye You


This paper proposed a novel algorithm for estimating land surface temperature, LST, from thermal infrared sensor, TRS, data aboard Landsat 8. The algorithm utilized a modified split-window covariance-variance ratio method to determine the coefficients of the algorithm, which were then used to calculate the emissivity of the atmosphere and the fraction of vegetation cover. These values were then combined with the emissivity of the land surface to calculate the LST. The simulation results demonstrated that the algorithm could accurately retrieve LST with an error of less than 1K. Additionally, the algorithm's performance was compared to other existing algorithms and found to be superior. Finally, the algorithm was tested in various regions and proved to be reliable. This article was authored by Chen Du, Hua Zhongren, Qi Mingqin, and others.


The article discusses the challenges faced by African countries in their efforts to eliminate malaria. It highlights the need for increased investment in human resources and capacity building, as well as improved coordination between different stakeholders. The authors argue that this will be essential to ensure continued progress towards malaria control and elimination. This article was authored by Halima Mwinnisey, Charles Bogo, Nuria Kasimajana, and others.


And now stay tuned for the program that has rated tops in popularity for a longer period of time than any other West Coast program in radio history. The Signal Oil program, The Whistler.  I'm The Whistler, and I know many things before I walk by night. I know many strange tales hidden in the hearts of men and women who have stepped into the shadows. Yes, I know the nameless terrors of which they dare not speak. And now for the Signal Oil Company, The Whistler's strange story. Borrowed byline. The trip from Calcutta to Hong Kong had been hot and dulled. And Craig McKelvie was glad when the slackening of the ship's engines told him they were moving through Lyeemun Pass into Hong Kong Rose. At the railing outside his stateroom door, he could see the lights of Victoria rising from the jam-packed Esplanade to the luxurious villas high up on the peak, and off to the starboard other lights, marking Kowloon Point on the mainland. He was glad now that he'd taken the bulb of the horns and come here. Calcutta was a fine place for a year, even two, but six years had been too much. And when the opportunity for some quick money had come, he decided to take it and come to Hong Kong. Orders are no order. Five minutes after the gangplank had been lowered to the dock, there was a knock at his stateroom door. Craig McKelvie smiled as he turned open. Cylendrum hadn't changed a bit, still as prompt as ever. Well, Alphonse Cylendrum. Good evening, McKelvie. Nice to see you again. Yes, indeed. Oh, have a chair. Thank you. Let me fix you a drink, Cylendrum. Scotch and splash. You're very kind. Oh, on the contrary, I'm very practical. You always discuss business better over a drink, and I know the wire you sent me had a deal in it somewhere. I thought I made that clear. You're never very clear, Cylendrum, particularly where money's involved. And what makes you think there's money involved, my friend? You don't think I'd jump my job and take a long boat ride to renew an old acquaintance to him? Wait a moment. Jump your job? Well, not exactly, but my editor in London... Oh, Mr. Ames. All right, Mr. Ames fails to realize that at times a roving correspondent has to row. You might take a dim view of my sudden departure from Calcutta. I hope not. Huh? You see, McKelvey, your excellent standing with your newspaper in London is exactly the reason I wired you to come here. Here's your drink. Thanks. Your health, my friend. Ah. Excellent, Scotch, McKelvey. Excellent. You can thank the purser. I won it from him last night in a car game. Now, what are you saying about my job? I think perhaps we better discuss mine first. I've established a new connection, McKelvey. I see. Representing a British importing firm. Sounds honest. It is. Huh, strange alphonse. I've never known you. Ah, da-da-da-da-da. My past is a closed book, something to be forgotten. There's much to be done here, McKelvey. New worlds to conquer. The right man, the right set of circumstances. And the wealth of the Orient is here for the taking. Oh, tell me, my friend, how much do you know of natural history? Why? Do you know, for example, that on the slopes of the mountains to the west, there lives a species of deer, a small, hornless animal, unimpressive as a trophy, but worthy of the most skillful hunter who ever held a rifle? If you don't mind, old man. I'd be obscure again to make a long story short, McKelvey. This little animal is the source of one of the most precious materials in the world. A substance for which there is an almost hysterical demand at this very moment. Well, go on, what is it? Musk. Musk? An essential ingredient of the finest perfumes. What little there is is in great demand on today's market. That's all very interesting, but where do I come in? I'm coming to that. It seems there is a persistent rumor that a fabulous amount of purest Tibetan musk is floating around East Asia somewhere. My firm is most anxious to locate it. So anxious, in fact, that they've retained me for the past eight months solely to conduct the search. And that, McKelvey, is where you've come in. Oh, isn't it? A simple dispatch in your very reliable newspaper, indicating I have discovered the musk, would simplify my problem immeasurably. I'm still a lap or two behind. I know I can be frank with you, my friend. From the moment I accepted this proposition, my problem has been to persuade my superiors in London to advance funds to cover the purchase. Needless to say, my firm in London tends to be cautious, since the transaction will come to over a quarter million American dollars. Then you have found the musk? Oh, no. Yet you want me to file that story? Oh, come on, McKelvey. You haven't developed any moral compunctions after all these years? No, just being practical again, Alphonse. You'd never get away with it, you know. In the first place, they'd never send the funds without checking. In the second place, the idea of picking off a quarter million dollars and disappearing is simply fantastic. You underestimate me, my friend. After all, I haven't been at work on this for eight months for nothing. So all you need is a story over my signature and they'll jump. They do anything to close fast, prevent competitive bidding. You see, you realize, of course, that this kind of a sellout would finish me as a foreign correspondent. It should be well worth your while. How much? 25,000 American dollars. You underestimate me, Alphonse. Make it 50,000. It's a lot of money for a story. You're buying a career. Excuse me. Yes? Caprogram, sir? No, man. Here you are. Thank you, sir. Hold for arrival. Consider your impromptu departure from Calcutta inexcusable. Your services with this paper terminated immediately. Frank Parkesley has requested temporary transfer to Hong Kong, instructing him to replace you on arrival. Ames. Anything interesting in your cable grab? Oh, nothing much. It was from Ames. Just another raise. That's very fortunate. Your reputation with your paper must remain unimpeachable, until the story is filed. I realize that. Now, how about the price? 50,000 it is. Good. When do I file it? When I prepare the way in London. We must be cautious now. Can't afford to be seen together. I suppose I meet you tomorrow night at nine at the Twin Dragon Bar. Right. Well, Alphonse, here's to the story. Yes, my friend. Do your story. The high compression engines of many of today's newer cars are designed to perform best on a premium quality gasoline such as Signal Ethel. But if you're nursing along an older model, you may think Ethel gasoline wouldn't make any difference in your car. Well, if you'd see some of the vintage models that fill up at the Signal Ethel pump and hear the enthusiasm of their owners, you'd change your mind. For instance, a chap who lives up in a hilly section was relating, you should see some cars struggle when they try to pull my hill. But with Signal Ethel, my 41 model walks right up in high. Another driver of a 46 model remark, on cold mornings, I hear some of my friends complaining about hard starting. But with Signal Ethel, my car starts quick as a rabbit. Yes, folks, say mighty nice things about Signal Ethel, because this premium grade of Signal's famous go farther gasoline is engineered to bring out the best in any car of any age. So if you're not getting the fun out of driving you used to, why not try this little experiment? Do as new car buyers do.  See if you don't feel the difference, a wonderful difference in Signal Ethel. It's strange, isn't it, Craig? At the very moment it became clear that your position with the paper in London meant everything to you, with Alphonse Cylendrum sitting there in your state were ready to pay you $50,000 for that false dispatch. The crushing wire from Ames discharging you arrived to change it all.  Cylendrum's gone now, and you sit alone in your stateroom for a long time thinking. You remember that no one knows you in Hong Kong, aside for the time being it has to stay that way. A few minutes after leaving the ship, you check in at a nondescript waterfront hotel. You've never been one to apologize, Craig, but this time it's got to be. You hurry down to the cable office, scribble the message out and hand it to the clerk. Let me see now. Timothy Ames Fleet Street. Can't believe you're serious. Came here on tip-underground movement very active in southern China. No, you will allow me time for full report. McKelvie. Yes. Mr. McKelvie. Yes, speaking. We have received a cable for you from London. Oh, would you please read it? Repeat, you are relievedly arriving Hong Kong SS Malaya soonest. Ames. I see. Any answer? No, no answer. But at that moment, Craig, as you hang up the receiver, there has to be an answer. That the story must be filed somehow, even if you have to use Frank Parxley's name, that with $50,000 involved, nothing is going to stop you. You call the Porter's desk. Porter's desk. When is the steamship Malaya doing? Malaya Sunday night. Thanks. And Sunday night is uppermost in your mind as you sit with Selendrum later that evening in a dark booth at the Twin Dragons. Going over the text of the story, you know you'll have to file under Frank Parxley's byline. You've got that straight, McKelvie. Negotiations are underway. Mind you, nothing more. We must not imply the deal is anywhere near closed. Of course.  Rival offers higher bids. I see. When does it go? Tonight. Tonight, huh? Yes, we can move fast now. Everything's in readiness.  Why do you say that? Oh, it's very simple. The heaviest advertising days are at the end of the week. Our story might end up on the press room floor. Then what do you suggest? Sunday night. We can't miss if we aim for Monday's late edition. Well, I hate to wait now. You've got to wait if you want to be sure. Well, all right, McKelvie, I'll leave it up to you. Sunday night. Yes, Craig. It has to be the night Parxley will arrive on the Malaya.  On Sunday night, you're going to check out of the hotel Oriental as Craig McKelvie. You're going to move into higher circles in the Victoria as Frank Parxley. In between the two, there'll be a murder. Sunday night finds you at the dock waiting, looking up at the sleek side of the passenger vessel it just pulled in, the SS Malaya. You breathe a sigh of relief when you see Parxley, the linen suit, the thin, rangy figure, the same Frank Parxley you saw in Singapore years ago. Hello, Parxley. Huh? You don't remember me. I'm McKelvie. Oh, yes, McKelvie, of course. I'm sorry. No, we only met once. Yes, London, wasn't it? Singapore. That's all right. I wouldn't have remembered you if I hadn't been told you were coming. Oh, well, then they did inform you that I... Yes, they sent me a cable. I'm sorry, old man. I've been trying desperately to get out of Burma, but it hasn't anything to do with displacing anyone. Oh, I know. That's my own doing. And Ames, he agrees that I'm a bum. Well, I wouldn't worry about it. We all have at least one editor who can't stand this. Sure. Look, I hired a car. I'll drive you up to the hotel. Well, that's space boarding, are you, McKelvie? However, there's been a delay in getting my baggage off, and I'm afraid... Oh, they'll send it up for you? I don't mind. I'd rather wait. That past experience, you know? Somewhere in the Orient, there's a typewriter, three suits, and six pair of my best agiles. I know what you mean. So, we wait? Yes, if you don't mind. I insist. You don't know Hong Kong, Parkesley. But it's like the baggage. A man can get lost here. I was a little surprised when they named you as my replacement, Parkesley. What struck you to want to leave Burma? Oh, well, at the moment, I think there's more opportunity for me here. Oh, really? Yes. I say, isn't this the road to the hotel? Well, it's a roundabout one, but I thought you might get a kick out of seeing the bay. Well, it's a... Well, yeah, it's pretty all right. Yeah, it's quite a view spot up ahead. A friend of mine drove me out to it the first time I was here. Oh. Ah, here we are, just around this curve. Yes, I say, you're right. It takes in the whole shoreline, doesn't it? Yeah. Actually, we're not up very high. Just the way the island jets out here. Well, not many people could know this spot. It wouldn't be so deserted. I'll have to remember it, McKelvie. You listen as Frank Parkesley prattles on about the view. He's right, isn't he, Craig? Not many people know this spot. You're thinking that as Parkesley turns his head, looks away from you in the direction of the bay. Your hand moves down and tightens around the handle of a heavy wrench at your side. Oh, the lights over there, McKelvie. Glittering like the gold we mortals are always after, hm? Have you ever thought of them that... The drive back to town gives you your first chance to reel it at down since meeting Frank Parkesley. It's over now, Craig. You did it. Killed Parkesley and sent his body heavily weighted with stones over the side of the cliff and splashing into the waters of the bay. You're glad now that he insisted on waiting for his luggage. You have a use for it, haven't you? Yes, at Parkesley's hotel. But not before you return the rented car and pretend to a few things at your own hotel. Oh, you leave Mr. McKelvie? Yes, checking out, Sam. I'm getting passage on the Malaya. Here's the Hotel Victoria, Mr. All right. Here you go. Well, thank you. All right. Yes, sir? I wired for reservation. My name is Parkesley. Oh, yes, I remember. If you'd just signed this car, Mr. Parkesley. Very well. And it's room number 402. Here's the key. The boy will take your bags. Fine. All right, Sonny, let's go. Well, if it isn't my good friend. Solandrum? Yes, indeed, my dear man.  I'll be right up. You said yourself we shouldn't be seen together. I'm not here, not here. I'm in room 402. If there's anything to talk about, wait about a half hour and then meet me there. As you wish, my friend. Room 402. Hello. Hello. Yes, sir? Operator, I was talking to the cable office. Could you reconnect me? I was filing a dispatch for my paper. Oh, sorry. One moment. I'll get them again. Give me Mr. Parkesley. I'll give it here from the beginning again. Hong Kong, August 17th. The reports indicate certain Alphonse Solandrum, agent for a London importing firm negotiating for purchase of largest quantity Tibetan musk ever involved in single transaction. Solandrum. A few minutes later and it's over, isn't it, Craig?  You worked fast, didn't you? And it went through everything you said. The report will appear in the London paper. You've managed to keep your promise to Solandrum, haven't you, Craig? With the aid of Parkesley's arrival and sudden departure. Now all that's ahead is to wait and collect your fee. Hello, my friend. Come on in, Solandrum. I trust you feel free to talk now, my dear McClelley. Anybody see you come up? Well, you're so nervous. You're not at all the man of iron. I did a serious thing, I hope you appreciate that. You've already filed a dispatch? I have. What's the matter? Don't tell me it isn't going to work. I have better news, McClelley, much better. News that will preserve your integrity as a correspondent. Who are you driving at? Supposing I were to tell you that anything you said concerning the negotiations for my firm in London were true. Is that what you are telling me? Exactly. At long last, I have been contacted by letter. The man who has the musk wishes to discuss business with me. Now wait a minute, we had an agreement. Oh, please, my friend, I'm getting. Not for one moment. As you say, we had an agreement, a gentleman's agreement. And because of it, you will receive the amount I promised. But if you have to make a legitimate purchase... I'm not above such an action, McClelley. Not under the right circumstances. You're meeting this man tonight? He's coming here to the hotel, yes. I, uh, I must talk to him privately. You see, the margin of profit is accounted for by the simple fact that he did not come by the musk by entirely honest means. So he's willing to sell for less? I am buying the musk for exactly half the price my firm will pay. I see. Very neat, Solendrum. So you need have no concern over your shelf. I'll bring it here to your room the moment my, uh, I guess depart. Ah, sorry, Solendrum. I hate to be indelicate about it, but I'm in too deep. We'll wait for your man right here, together. Yes, Clark? Uh, this is 402. Yes, sir. Mr. Solendrum is visiting with me, but he expects a caller. If anyone asks for him, would you send him up here? Certainly, Mr. Parkesley. Thank you. All taken care of, my friend. All taken care of. Nothing to do now, but set me wait. Ah, yes. And the moment is close, McClelley. This will of the whisp I pursued these many months is almost in my grasp. Think, man, in a matter of hours, perhaps minutes. We both feel rich. And you are thinking, aren't you, Craig? There's a tense, nervous feeling inside you, and you know Solendrum senses it too.  Waiting. Waiting. You glance at Frank Parkesley's brown leather luggage piled next to the chair. Thankful that the initials of FP are facing you and not Solendrum. Too late to even wish now that you've thrown it into the bay along with the body of its owner. Eleven o'clock. Eleven thirty. Twelve. You're both wondering now. So many things could go wrong. So much could happen to a man alone in Hong Kong with over two hundred thousand dollars in his hand. And then... I'll answer the door, my friend. I'll visit her this year. If you're not getting a new car, you naturally want your present car to keep performing as well as possible. Well, the lubrication and service a car gets have a lot to do with its performance. And that's where independent signal dealers shine. With them, you see, servicing cars isn't just a temporary job. It's a permanent business in which they've invested their own money. That means signal dealers not only actually enjoy working with cars, but on the average have had years of experience. Experience which gives them valuable know-how that can make such a big difference in a car's performance and upkeep. Also, independent signal dealers are well aware that their success and very livelihood depend on how well they satisfy you. Well, naturally, this conscientious type of personal service can add a lot to your car's life and your driving pleasure. Good reason why so many drivers these days are switching to the friendly service stations that feature the famous go farther gasoline. Signal, that is. For a moment you can't move, can you Craig? Then suddenly you'll find yourself on your feet. And in the few seconds it takes you to cross the room. The whole nightmarish story flashes across your mind. The cryptic wire Selendrum sent you and Cal Cutter. The fortune in Tibetan musts. The false dispatch. Park Selendrum's body lying at the bottom of the bay. And above all, the fear. The terrible knowledge of what will happen if they find you here in his place. Yes, Craig, from now on you have to move fast. I wonder if I'm in the right room. Yes, sir. The man you want is inside. Come in. This is Mr. Selendrum. Good evening. I presume you're Park Selendrum. Park Selendrum? Yes, Craig, the man I've been expecting. That's very interesting, Mr. Selendrum. I'm Inspector Wilson. I knew Frank Park Selendrum wasn't working alone, so I've been following him ever since he robbed a trader in Burma of a fortune in Tibetan musts. Well, this is obviously something between you two gentlemen, so I'll just... No, my friend, don't go. You're in this too. You're quite right. You see, after tracing Park Selendrum this far, I lost track of him momentarily. It disappeared. Quite remarkable. Then this afternoon, some fisherman reported a body visible to flow tight in the shallow water of Crown Point. A body? Yes, Park Selendrum's body.  Oh, no. Wait a minute. We haven't seen this Park Selendrum. You registered here in his name? But we haven't seen him. We were waiting for him. Then how does it happen that his luggage is there by that chair? I'd know it anywhere. Or do I follow it long enough? You see, some of that luggage contains the stolen musk. What? I said that luggage contains the stolen musk. Interesting, eh? Let that whistle be your signal for the signal oil program The Whistler each Sunday night at this same time. Meantime, signal oil company and the friendly independent dealers who help you go farther with signal gasoline hope you'll remember. Regardless of what gasoline you use, you'll enjoy more miles of happy driving. If you drive at sensible speeds, obey traffic regulations, and avoid taking chances, you may even save a life, possibly your own. Richard and tonight's story were Bill Foreman as The Whistler, Jack Moyles, Marvin Miller, Ben Wright, Brayman Lawrence, and Byron Kane. The Whistler was produced and directed by George W. Allen, with story by Joel Malone and Harold Swanton, music by Wilbur Hatch, and was transmitted overseas by the Armed Forces Radio Service. The Whistler is entirely fictional, and all characters portrayed on The Whistler are also fictional. Any similarity of names or resemblance to persons living or dead is purely coincidental. Remember to tune in at this same time next Sunday when the signal oil company will bring you another strange story by The Whistler, Marvin Miller speaking for the signal oil company. Stay tuned now for our Miss Brooke starring Eve Arden, which follows immediately over most of these stations. This is the CBS Radio Network.


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I'll skip that. So in thinking about kicking off the discussion, I thought about obstacles and opportunities. I mean, this isn't the first time scientific community has thought about large-scale sequencing and cohorts. And so it has a history. So I thought we could think about what are the obstacles and how can we overcome them just as a way of kicking this off? I think Rick had a real nice slide toward the end. Sequencing costs are high, but they are coming down. And I don't think it's a good idea that we make an argument that we should weigh. I always harken back to the old PC days, as when should you buy a PC? Going through the XT, the AT, the this, that, and the other thing. And it's going to constantly evolve. And we're going to use the best technology for the question at the right time. Peter talked a little bit about this. I'm going to say more throughout this discussion about the IT infrastructure. One of the things that concerns me is the current biomedical, at least, biomedical IT infrastructure really isn't up to the task. And I'm extremely excited about this project to actually enable it. And being the catalyst that enables improvement in the IT infrastructure in the biomedical community. I think one of the things that concerns me is if we create, and I'm going to use the word scientific commons here in a couple slides, if we create this large space where we have large-scale phenotype electronic medical record and genomic and other omic information that's linked in a way that it can be adequately queried to answer questions, that there's only a few places in the country in the world that can actually handle that. And I'd hate to see genomics and biomedical research go the way of physics, that there's only two or three places that have the collider appropriate for the experiment. So I'm wondering if during the next, whatever it is, 16 hours, we can think about the use of the cloud. As an example, I'm not pushing the cloud, but use of creative IT infrastructure. So we not only are making these data available, we're making the data available so it can be used to answer questions.  It's actually a place where people can query the data to answer questions. Another comment I hear a lot about is the perfect study samples not available. You know, I don't think there is gonna be any one perfect study sample that's ever gonna be available, frankly. And but I think we need to think about ways that we can bring together collections of existing and emerging samples that will achieve the goals that we come up with over the next few hours. And stop thinking about the perfect study that we're all looking for as we can bring together. I think we come very close by bringing together existing and as I'm emphasizing there in emerging studies. Another is that, you know, this shouldn't be seen as a U.S. effort, both this meeting and I actually, I think another exciting opportunity is to rekindle the international spirit that the genome project had. And we can, this study should reach around the globe. I know there are initiatives being launched. I don't think just in NHGRI, but across the NIH in Africa, for example, obviously there's a lot happening in Asia. So I think this large scale cohort studies, you know, sequencing in large cohort studies should be seen really as an international effort. I think it's a great opportunity. I guess sitting in Washington, we have to address that this really isn't the right time. You know, people talk about, is this the right time to launch such a study because of the economic uncertainty in the country? My prediction is first that this kind of study will be done and if we launch it in an efficient and organized way and we're result oriented, at the end of the day we're gonna save money by giving it the structure of people around this table and again being very driven and being very efficient and not just piecing it together over time, which I think in the end would cost a lot more. So by creating this resource is the word I use for the scientific community in this commons, I think at the end of the day we'll not only save money, we'll promote better science and better healthcare. The other thing is that institutional and disciplinary silos are gonna undermine this effort and I talked about it at the other meeting. I think we really need to work hard to remove those silos and make sure that across the scientific community and the epidemiologic community, the genomics community, healthcare, the basic sciences, the leadership works hard to bring all those people on board, that we do a lot of community engagement, in this case not the community of the participants but the scientific community and make sure they're fully engaged and see the benefits of such an expenditure and try to think of ways from them and within that these data can be used across the scientific community. Whoops. Freudian slip. And I mentioned the scientific commons and I just threw some large studies out there just as examples. I think we need to think of ways where multiple of these studies, large studies, and I put the charge is a lot of NHLBI cohort studies coming together, UK Biobank is represented here, a large initiative of the National Children's Study, I think contribute, we should not think of this only as a study of the elderly but across the lifespan and there are many large cohorts that can come together and we should talk over the next day of what the scientific commons looks like of bringing these data together as Peter said, that has both genomic information, phenotypic information and it's growing and increasing in value over time because of the accumulation of phenotypic information and our ability to recontact and remeasure people have specific mutations that we've identified. And then I've already touched on two different analysis models. I think the typical DBGAP kind of models is this commons is really a data server and it's pushing data out for other people to analyze and we can argue about how well that works and it has been argued how well that works but really I think that's one model. What concerns me is this data is gonna be so large and complicated that's quickly going to outstrip the vast majority of investigators and I think we need to come up with more creative ways of which people on the outside are reaching into the scientific commons and actually analyzing it centrally and whether it's in the cloud or not I'm not an expert to argue but I think we need to find ways of which investigators across the spectrum of science can analyze these data when we create it. It will be an outstanding resource but if it's sitting somewhere and they can't download it and they can't work with it in their home structure it's actually even though we can tout that it's publicly available it's useless because it would overwhelm them so we need to create opportunities so they can ping the data from outside. And then I also think there's ways of organizing this. I've got several ideas. One is think about this as a cross the lifespan. I think one of the things we tend to think when we talk about sequencing and large cohorts and well represented around this table we're typically thinking of the elderly people with complex diseases of later life, cancer, heart disease, diabetes and the like but I think it's really wise for us in terms of engagement of the community is there a complex diseases throughout life? The autism's been mentioned several times. There are numerous complex birth defects and I really think when we think about bringing together and the criteria for cohorts to join us I think it would be a mistake to think about just later life. You'll also notice by the way that there tends to be a dearth of samples in the middle years. That could be because there's a dearth of disease in those middle years but we really should as we bring this together think about whether that needs to be filled in. And I'm repeating myself now we have to make sure that it's representative across ethnic and socioeconomics strata. I won't say more about data sharing that's already been hit. I think the other issue is we need to do better of recognizing our successes. We're trained to be critical and many of us are well trained to be critical but on the other hand we have in this community a large number of successes and we need to get them out to the community and make sure we tout the successes of genomic research and population based research. It has offered medical care a lot and so I think we need to, as we build this it's not gonna be built overnight but as we build it we need to think about the successes and get it out there. Then finally what we're coming together is really, it's quite a large ideal that we're trying to reach so I would encourage us to set big goals. I'm an optimist and I like big goals but at the end of the day we have to break those big goals into a series of defined steps and timelines and deliverables and the slide on the left is I think we've met the enemy and they're us and it's up to us really to well articulate those goals, bring the community along and define what are the steps to reach those goals. So that is my two cents to kick this off and the floor is open and I encourage others to contribute. One, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one. We can put some comments on Eric's talk. You wanna go and get plugged in and that would be great. Thank you. So on this issue of the adequacy of some aggregation of current patient resources. Yeah. It gets back to the question that we discussed a little bit the first round about the nature of the phenotypic data that you want and that's where I actually favor this rather first pass of broad phenotyping for some of the reasons that Francis articulated. That's where I see some weakness in the currently available resources. I don't know so much about some of the non-US ones but here the strong incentives operating primarily in the biomedical research community are to get a collection of patients that were chosen on rather narrow phenotypic grounds and to study the relevant aspects of that phenotype in great depth and I'm just not so sure that if we put lots of those things together we're gonna get what we need. I would agree with you but also there are sample collections of very deeply phenotyped individuals that have literally thousands of things measured on them across disease entities. It is true they tend to have a disease focus but they're not simply cases that were sampled from a clinical setting for example. They're very deeply phenotyped and they have been very deeply phenotyped over time and I think many of those would at least partially meet your criteria and then going back to the previous discussion I'm a big fan of once we then invest in the sequencing and we identify homozygotes for example with PCSK9 deficiency then you can bring those people back in into what we used to call CRCs, the CTSA setting and even more deeply phenotyped them in a clinical care setting. So going that route we'd presumably have to prepare for a lot of reconsenting and so forth. I just don't think that there are very many groups out there that are consented in a way that will fuel your scientific comments and so forth. I would guess there's probably 60 to 100,000 people that are well phenotyped that are consented for recontact. That's a ballpark. I'd like to hear more about them. I might just comment on a workshop think tank that we had held a couple of years ago asking the same idea, sort of new models for prospective studies and recognizing that many of the diseases, the incentives are or the cohorts, there is an incentive to focus on a specific disease but wouldn't it be cool if in each of those cohorts we could collect some core of information that is common or is maybe not common but is critical to all of the NIH institutes. So that in the cardiovascular cohorts you do collect cancer and mental health and not a lot of it but at least enough so that you can do some basic phenotyping and some basic evaluation of this course, pick out some interesting cases. And so that was a model that was proposed. I don't know that it's gained a great deal of traction but it may be something that we'd want to consider over the course of tomorrow. I hate to say this, can I bring up a point on that topic, I hate to say this with the gentleman to my right is why I think one of the issues we have is we tend, we have these institutes under the NIH and they have disease with the exception of a few, they tend to have a disease focus and the money goes through those and so we tend to have diabetes cohorts, heart disease cohorts, cancer cohorts, et cetera and that's one of the silos I think we need to, not to bring down but to restructure so we can phenotype across the NIH in a constructive way. And I think that's happening in the presence in the room of representatives from many of those ICs is just I think a very concrete representation of that recognition that the more we are doing things in a trans-NIH way the better we all are downstream. I think it's unlikely we're going to change the structure of the 27 institutes and centers given how much pain and suffering it was to change just one of them over the course of the last two years. So what you see is what you get but we can clearly work along the lines that you're talking about and I think there's a lot of motivation to do that. There was a click. So to follow up on your comment I think we all agree on the importance of longitudinal follow up of folks. I mean, how do you actually see that happening? Is it going to be through the research unit, through the healthcare provider, through patient-based or all of the above? Practically speaking, how do you describe models where that's worked? You know, the kind of cohort, prospective cohort model is one that's well in place within the NHLBI. There are a number of cohorts, Framingham's one I'm familiar with but you know where it's set up and you've established biobanks and have a lot of things in place to be able to go back to either samples or the participants and have consent in place. So that's sort of what you might call the prospective cohort model and maybe Rory can comment on the kind of UK biobank kind of model. Can I say that essentially the same thing is we'll talk a bit more about it tomorrow but what we're calling cancer cohorts, you understand, don't start with people with cancer, they just start with people. Two million of them enrolled in 47 cohorts and last year we pulled in a third of the cohorts in the club, pretty extensively go after a couple of other endpoints too. Not everybody does everything but what Dr. Collins was describing is I think what everybody who's got a cohort is trying to do, that's one. And then I would say and these are older cohorts, it's a mix of young and old but I'd say maybe a sixth of them also do have routine sequential re-contact. Some of the contact is as far away as 10 years but for the cohorts that can afford it then they go back much more frequently. So these things are pretty much what cohorts like to do, want to do, money permitting. I think it's done more uniformly in the biobank and maybe you might want to talk about that. I think in general one wants to embed these cohorts ideally in a setting where you can get follow-up of the widest possible range of health outcomes easily. You want to do it on a large scale and that was the basis for UK Biobank so we can link electronically to death, cancer, all hospitalizations and from the end of this year all primary care. So all of those data are coming in and being linked into the database and we have consent to then go back to participants to get more information about the health records but I think the general approach would be to embed the studies in situations where you can do that readily if you want to do it on a really large scale. I'll just echo what Rory just said. I think that to do this right it makes sense to link to health care outcomes and so my task tomorrow will be to talk about the electronic record and those sorts of issues but the electronic record is totally agnostic with respect to diagnosis and interesting things happen when you start to excavate in that set and it turns out that it's not really simple to excavate from that set but I think that that's another really, really promising approach. And I, Eric, I think you ought to add electronic record cohorts up there. I'm looking at my numbers and the Merge 2 has 313,000 samples. Or 313,000 participants, yeah, samples. Comments? So we have had, people will help me if I miss someone too. Individuals have come in during the discussion. Nancy Cox and also Gail Jarvik, so welcome. Did I miss anybody? Snuck in. Probably saw people sneak out.