I'm Jay Fidel, this is Think Tech and more specifically, this is our Community Matters series. Okay, and we're talking today with Laura Hosman. She is from Arizona State University and she joins us today while she's here in Honolulu for about a week. She's a visiting scholar, I would say, and spending time at the East-West Center, am I right? That's correct. And doing various things. But Laura, can you tell us what you do at Arizona State because I ran out of paper in my printer before I could print it all? Give us a summary. Thanks Jay. I'm an associate professor at Arizona State University. I have a dual position in the School for the Future of Innovation in Society. I had to take a deep breath before saying that one. And the Polytechnic School. So it's a mix of innovation and engineering. And then I also hold a position in the Julianne Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability as a senior sustainability scientist. So when I looked at that, I thought to myself, well, which one is on the top? Which one? Put it this way. Which one do you care about most? I couldn't possibly say that. Wrong. In politic. The one I care about most is Arizona State University. It's a very multi-disciplinary focused place. It's the perfect place to launch an initiative like Solar Spell. Let's get to that. Okay. I'm going to talk about your travels because then we'll get to Solar Spell. So number one is you just came back from Kenya from a, let's see, a refugee camp. That's right. What's the name of the refugee camp? Kakuma. Kakuma. And you know, that really touches me because I'm fresh off watching Human Flow, the iWayWay movie about all these camps and refugees in the world today. There are 65 million people in camps like this and not enough people like you go to see them and engage with them and help them. So you were there in the camp there in Kenya. What were you doing there? Investigating whether this offline solar powered digital library that's a learning tool that can be brought to places that don't have internet connectivity, don't have electricity would be a good fit in this refugee camp. And what did you find? Well, I believe it's going to be a great fit there for primary schools in particular. You know, we've heard about computers that cost $100 or something and big computer companies sometimes make them or maybe small ones as an LMO's in every matter. But this is even, you know, on the far side of that and you have one on the table. That's right. So can we talk for a minute about what that thing is on the table? It looks like a box of sewing equipment, but it is not a box of sewing equipment. No, it's not. So this is what we call solar spell, which is an acronym for solar powered educational learning library. In academia we love acronyms. You can see the solar panel here. That's the trick. You know, when you turn it over it begins to reveal what's going on. The solar panel, the waterproof plastic case, it's important to protect what's inside when you go to places where the elements are an issue, sand, wind, humidity, heat. So we're protecting it even though we're inspiring curiosity because you can see through the plastic. And then the wires come off of the solar panel into a battery. We have an on-off switch. That's a black object as a battery. That's right. This is a battery. It's storing power off of the solar panel. It's also giving power to this micro computer, which is called a raspberry pi in the fine tradition of naming technology after fruit, apple. And we have pre-curated the entire contents of our library onto this micro SD card. So basically we take what we think is some of the best of the internet offline. And we're broadcasting it to places that don't have internet connectivity. And even without the solar that we have, they don't have need of electricity either. So we can go to places where it's been very difficult, if not impossible before, to bring internet-like technology. We're also building internet-ready skills before the internet reaches the 53 percent of the world's population that doesn't yet have internet connectivity. Wow, 53 percent. It's worse than that. 95 percent of schools across the developing world don't have internet connectivity. That's not good. And yet. That's their big tool. But that would, yes, it's the best place to teach safe, right, technology and internet-ready skills is at school.  The world. Yes. You know, I mean, we had talked before about the Congo and Ebola there now. And the people don't know about the value of being vaccinated. So they fight with those who would like to vaccinate them. I mean, really fight as a result that doctors without frontiers closed down in the New York Times this morning. So if they had the internet, they might know more and they wouldn't do that. They might. But we also have a phenomenon called fake news now. Ah, yes. And so if you don't have information literacy, it can be hard to distinguish between what's fake and what's real. Yes, absolutely. So there are skills that also need to be taught in order for people to have that savviness about what's real and what's not. Isn't that the truth? And let me also say that fake news doesn't have to be on a computer. That's right. You can deliver totally fake news without ever having a computer. Very true. Bad rumor. Okay, let me just get my polytechnic head around this. So battery charged by the solar cells. That's right. And the solar has to be in sun or can it be in an ordinary hazy day? It will get a charge on a hazy day, but it charges much faster if it's in the sunlight. How long? So that depends on how direct the sun is, of course. But a battery like this, which is a 10,000 milliamp hour battery, can probably charge in about six hours. Six hours. Okay, then you can use that battery for how long? And that also depends on usage. So if we have a classroom full of kids watching videos all at the same time, streaming them on their tablets or their smartphones, then we're talking about four hours. However, if they're reading a textbook or a PDF file, this could last for days. So it definitely depends on usage and how many people are using it at the same day. Does this connect? Would you like to connect with your phone right now? Sure. Okay. My phone is on. That's right. So we're going to take you offline. So Wi-Fi and the Internet, believe it or not, are two separate things. We use the word Wi-Fi to mean the Internet like we use Kleenex to mean a tissue, right? It's a shortcut word. But Wi-Fi stands for wireless fidelity, so it is wirelessly connecting you to something. And in this case, this computer, yes, it's operating as a server and it's serving up the information. So you're going to use Wi-Fi to connect directly to this little server. Okay. So you're looking for Wi-Fi signal. So you're looking for Wi-Fi signal. Yep. Called Spell. Again, for Solar Powered Educational Learning Library. Wi-Fi. To see all networks turn on Wi-Fi. Okay. Turning on. It's scanning for Wi-Fi networks. Spell. There it is. It's right there. So you seem very confident that this would work and you're right. I've done this before. I imagine so. Okay. Internet may not be available. And that's true because we're not using the Internet. We're just using Wi-Fi to connect to this. Okay. All right. So I now have Spell up. You're now connected. Open your favorite web browser, whether that's Safari, Firefox, Chrome, whichever is your favorite. All right. Here I am. Yeah. And then you'll type in the numbers <IP_ADDRESS>. That's easy to remember 10. That's what we were aiming for. Okay. <IP_ADDRESS>.10.10. And then enter or go. Go. There it is. That's on the Pacific Islands version of our library. Catch this. So those of you following along at home, we have this live online as well under Pacific schoolserver.org. coolserver.org. So we have it offline, we have it online, and we have all this included. You've got a menu of creative arts. I'm clicking creative arts. So the categories that we have information under our creative arts environment. Oh, there's all kinds of information here. Health and safety, yes. There's an old menu system. Yes. There's many levels deep. Right. So everything on here is open access. It can be freely shared. You can download it to your phone and Bluetooth it to your friend in a true spirit of being a library except that you get to keep it actually if you want it. So oh, you can save it to your machine. That's right. So what's the range on the hotspot? If we were outside, it would be a football field. Wow. Once we're inside, the waves have to go through walls and so that cuts it down. So we call this a classroom version because of the size of a classroom. And about 25 people can connect to it at the same time without any degradation. Yes. Okay, that's pretty interesting. And after 25, we just start to see hiccups, but they can still connect. We can still do it. Now you have to have a phone. You have to have some device, yes. So any smartphone, tablet, laptop, desktop, computer, as long as it has Wi-Fi capability. As long as it finds wireless, that's what you have to do. So we've met a whole lot of people actually across the Pacific who have smartphones but didn't necessarily know how to use them for data or they can't afford data so they don't know how to use Wi-Fi. And as you said before, it's a step, it's a ramp up thing where you learn how to do the internet even without having the worldwide web. Exactly. But you can, you get information just like it was the internet. Right. And you can teach a lot of people quickly. Very much. On the fly. You don't have to bring wires with you. That's right. Right, no. So this was designed to fit into someone's backpack. And in fact, you can fit a tablet. We always put a tablet inside to take advantage of the precious real estate that's in this box. So there's a tablet in there as well to make sure that there's always a device that can access this. But we consider this a bring your own device model because we started seeing smartphones even out to the edges of the earth, even to the most remote islands. And so we're taking advantage of that because maybe eight years ago when I started working in the field of technology and development, we were seeing desktop computers that have fans and moving parts and they would invariably fail after a few months because of the high humidity or the gecko got inside the machine or the dust or the wind. They're not protected in a climate controlled environment the way we take for granted in the United States, for example. So I wanted to have no moving parts. But then people were also afraid to use computers back then because there were so many parts to them. They were so complicated. But once we started seeing smartphones in nearly everyone's hands, we realized, okay, maybe what we need to do exactly, they have their own computer. They're not afraid of it anymore. So let's just bring the content. And so we work to localize the content. So what you were looking at is a Pacific Islands library. We're on version four of that now because we are always improving it, always getting more and better content. But we also have local information for each country where we're working. And to update it, all you have to do is update that chip in there. That's right. That little SDH. We just bring a new envelope of chips every time we go to the, every time we return to the field. Oh, sure. And then you switch the chips. Right. That's right. So, okay, it looks like the box came from, what, Lowe's hardware? Something like that. Hawaii? Where'd it come from? Plastics US, I think. Okay. Or US plastics. And the battery, that probably came from... Everything else came from Amazon. Amazon. And that's on purpose. We wanted to be able to order things off the shelf, assemble them, and make sure, for example, if for whatever reason one of these parts stopped working, you could get another part and make it yourself. Now that doesn't apply outside of the US where Amazon doesn't deliver. But at least for our purposes, we actually assemble these at Arizona State University on a given Saturday once every semester. We have about 45 volunteers and solar-spelled students come together and build 100 of these. So they're, at this moment, they're still student-built. So the Raspberry you can get from Apple. Actually that also comes from Amazon. Amazon? Mm-hmm. The, now you have to have a solar, a solar array there. Where'd you get that? The solar panel comes from Amazon. And the battery as well. And the connection of the solar panel, you need some kind of... Right. So this is the voltage regulator. It takes the voltage from the 12 volts that's coming off of the solar panel down to 5 volts so that we can plug it directly into the, to the battery.  So it's a phone-charging battery. You could get a bigger battery. We could. But we've actually, it's important to us that you can charge and discharge at the same time so that you could put this in the, in the sun and use it because a school day is usually during the day. So it's important to be able to charge it and use it at the same time. And so there are a select number of batteries that have that capability. The majority of batteries out there you can charge but not use at the same time. And you have the velcro on the back so that it doesn't bounce around. That's right. That's right. Nothing falls out. Ah. Oh, clever, clever, clever. I am so impressed. Do you have degrees in engineering, in electrical engineering? No, I don't. So one of the beautiful things about working in a multidisciplinary setting is that I have a lot of engineering students who have skills that I don't have and I have skills that they don't have. So we work in teams every semester to make improvements, of course. But I truly enjoy having the light bulb moment go, you know, happen for the student when they realize, oh, the history major has skills that I need in order to understand why my perfectly engineered solution may or may not work, right, in the field. So. This is so sophisticated. And yet, it doesn't look sophisticated, right, so it's not scary for people. It reminds me, I have to say, we're going to take a break in a minute, but I just have to tell you. It reminds me of one of our earliest shows here on Think Tech. It was a company called Safe Water Systems. Okay. And it was all about a packed valve.  And this little system, yay big, $100, went all over the world to developing countries that didn't have water in a given town. It was brilliant. It was this big. It was like a Hawaii company, believe it or not. Wow. Yeah. So same thing. It's elegant in its simplicity. Well, it's great. I know this was a digression, wasn't it, because we still have to get back to what you're doing here. That's Laura Hosman. We're going to talk some more about that when we come back. Hi, I'm Rusty Komori, host of Beyond the Lines on Think Tech, Hawaii. My show is based on my book, also titled Beyond the Lines, and it's about creating a superior culture of excellence, leadership, and finding greatness. I interview guests who are successful in business, sports, and life, which is sure to inspire you in finding your greatness. Join me every Monday as we go Beyond the Lines at 11 a.m. Aloha. Aloha and mabuhay. My name is Amy Ortega Anderson, inviting you to join us every Tuesday here on Pinoy Power, Hawaii. With Think Tech, Hawaii, we come to your home at 12 noon every Tuesday. We invite you to listen, watch, for our mission of empowerment. We aim to enrich, enlighten, educate, entertain, and we hope to empower. Again, maraming, salamat po, mabuhay, and aloha. Okay, that's Laura Hosman. She's with Arizona State University, and she's got this fabulous gizmo. Before we leave the gizmo, you have 270 deployed right now in Africa and in the Pacific Islands, and you have to go out there and show them how to work it. Am I right? What do you do? So, up to now, our main collaborator in the field has been the U.S. Peace Corps and their volunteers. So, a typical training for us looks like this. I bring ASU students with me to the field, and we bring the solar spells, and we have about a one or a two-day training with a full cohort of, let's say, 30 or 40 Peace Corps volunteers and their local counterpart teachers, who are locals, and they're all from rural areas and they teach in the schools and they know the needs there. We carry out a training on this, but the technology itself is the easy part. We can be trained on that in five minutes or less. We instead spend the rest of our time talking through, this is a disruptive technology. You're going to be bringing it back to your village. First of all, who's the first person that you should be introducing it to and talking to? And second, how are you going to use this as a teaching tool? If you've never had a library before, if you've never had access to an independent source of authoritative information before, this isn't an obvious thing that you would be in need of, right? What do you need a library for if you've never had one before? So, the technology part is always the easy part. This human behavior change, that is the long-term commitment. And you have to get them, you have to get them to be familiar with what's on that chip. That's exactly right. So they can deliver that information somehow. Right. And if you're not used to consulting, let's say even the internet before, then you don't know that you need to go and look for something that you don't know about before you teach it. If you have been a product of the memorize and regurgitate education model your entire life, that can be a big change to make. So one of the reasons that we have been working with Peace Corps is they are facing the opposite challenge, right? They probably have been using Google all their lives and so suddenly they get to these remote rural places where they're serving a mission and they don't have Google anymore. What do they do? So they've also been serving the role of teacher training. So part of Peace Corps mission is to help professionalize those counterparts that they're paired with. So it's been a really great working relationship there. A footnote question is, are there gizmos like this that will charge a cell phone? This does charge a cell phone, actually. If you plugged your cell phone into the other USB port, you could just charge your cell phone. Or the tablet that we include here. Charges from this. That's right. Now, it's not designed for that. You'll get a little bit less life out of the library, but it can be done, absolutely. The other thing that you said before that all you had to do was bring a new chip with more information. That's right. Well, this, I mean, there's a world of information you could put on that chip. Yes. I mean, I'm sure that's in your future story. What is the future story? Yes. Well, in addition, I mean, look at how much room we have here. You could have a library of libraries, right? Chips after chips after chips. So there's plenty of room to expand. So on that note- And the chips are getting higher capacity all the time. They are. They are. We had been using 64 gigabyte SD cards and now we're using 128. The price has come down to almost the same as what the 64s used to be. So that's been a nice development, of course. You could do anything on it. Make your own internet. That's sort of what we're doing. So everything on the library right now is either a PDF file or an MP4 video because we've found that smartphones out to the middle of nowhere can use those or open them without needing any software. And we're presuming a reality of no internet connectivity. So we have the goal of adding much more interactivity. HTML5 games that can be educational learning games for kids. We also have plans to expand to far more locations. So you mentioned refugee camps. And actually, so we're in five Pacific islands, PG, Samoa, Tonga, Micronesia, and Panuatu. And then in East Africa, we have solar spells in South Sudan, Rwanda, and Komoros, another island community. Speaking of islands, islands face unique challenges, especially with the climate change realities that we're all facing. But islands have a unique challenge. So my heart goes out to islands. And I really want to reach those who are really at the forefront of being affected by climate change. And one of the reasons that I'm here in Hawaii this week is because I believe that Hawaii has a whole lot to offer and a whole lot to share with other island nations. They're a front runner in terms of the Aloha plus challenge and knowing what to do about climate change. If you haven't had access to any information about why suddenly the typhoon is coming out of season, it had never hit in March before. And now suddenly it hit in April. And so a lot of information needs to be conveyed in order for people to comprehend what's happening and be able to react or adapt. And we got a special request from Fiji to please bring more actionable climate change information on the libraries. And so we're working very hard to not only localize it but respond to requests from the people that we're working with. So we never presume that we know what people need on the library. You have to look at it through their eyes. That's exactly right. So we always work with our partners to figure out what content it is that they need. Oh, this is huge. Well, I hope so because there are so many people who are not connected or not usefully connected. I mean, if you have connectivity but you can only afford the basics, you're not using that expensive data to surf for educational information that you don't know exists. And there's a whole industry, even assuming that this gets better and better as a device. By the way, what does it cost? One unit. Well, the hardware, and this is with volunteer student labor, the hardware itself comes to about $170. But that doesn't include all of the work that's gone into curating the library. So that's the sweet value about that. So even assuming that this is going to get better and better, I'm sure it will. Although it seems to me it's mature technology right now. It's fabulous for its deployment. But the library is going to change. And I bet you there's a lot of people out there, teachers and educators and academicians who would love to do this as their gift to humanity, don't you think? Yes, I do. So that is the second reason that I've come here is to try to recruit, especially educators, teachers and those who have a heart for this, to help create lesson plans to help the teachers in the schools that will be using this possibly for the first time having access to a library and localizing the content so that Micronesians can see themselves in the content. And Fijians can see themselves in the lesson plans and have hands-on activities that get them outside of their classroom and into the great big world. That's the most challenging thing. I mean, finding the right materials to put on the chips because it's going to have a relatively big effect on people. I also think that when you study the internet on a specific targeted number of subjects the way this offers, it's different than surfing the internet and getting a wash in things you don't need to know about. I get emails every morning, thousands of emails that I don't care about. I delete, delete, delete. But if you have this, then you can have a much more efficient experience learning. Precisely. You hit the nail on the head. So even though I frequently hear the argument that, oh, I have the internet. I don't need this, there are parents even in the United States who come up to me and say, boy, I wish my kid had one of these so that they're not going off and searching in places that they shouldn't be or getting viruses or seeing inappropriate content on the internet. And so I thank you for bringing that up because I think that that's so important. If you have, especially for first-time users of the internet to have a curated, especially for them, library with information on it, then you're not facing this scary monster that can be the internet, right? Because there is so much information online now. If you are just starting to navigate it for the first time, how do you start? So this is supposed to be an entree, a help with starting, and it's all educational information. So teachers aren't scared to let the students surf it and they're not going to get distracted by going off to places that they shouldn't be. But here's a question for you. It's possible to hijack the information highway on this. So I go to some place with a device like this which anybody could make. They could make this in Russia, just the same way. And I put propaganda on those chips instead. Instead of teaching them real educational material, I teach them fake news and propaganda. So that may be a side effect of your invention here. In truth, yes, people could make these, but the reality is that it's such a difficult task to curate information and then figure out how to put it on a chip and how to make it useful. So believe it or not, we're not the first people on earth to realize that we could curate information and take it to places that don't have internet connectivity. Some of the things that make solar spell unique are it's solar powered, it's curated for localities, basically. And we have librarians, we have College of Education teachers and students working on making lesson plans that are relevant. So that is truly the heavy lift. And yes, anyone could build this box, but the amount of work that needs to go into making a quality library is, that's generally a bridge too far for those who have just done it. Yes, right. Right, but that points up the fact that we need people of all skill sets working on this. So even though I say a library is never finished, actually we have students from all majors working on this from across ASU every semester. We have about 50 students and their majors could be computer science, software engineering, but they could also be marketing, nonprofit leadership and management, history, anthropology, because we also have to understand the users. So it's a true multidisciplinary project. It's a move into an area we really haven't addressed before. Right. So one other thing is that if I wanted to help you, if I wanted to be part of this brand new, so promising, this promising adventure into education and delivering information to the developing world, how do I reach you? How do I present myself? How do I volunteer? How do I become part of this movement? I would encourage people to visit our website, which is solarspell.org. We also have a Facebook page under solarspell, so everyone's free to like us and figure out how to come and work with us, Twitter page, et cetera. So we can be followed on social media, but probably the easiest way is to just look for our website solarspell.org and contact us through the email which is team at solarspell.org or there's a contact us page. One last question I would be remiss if I didn't ask you. I know that you're leaving in a few days, but in the meantime you're going to Mao Farms and Wainae. What has this got to do with Mao Farms and Wainae? Okay, so that is our first spin-off, if you will. We will be continuing to use it as a library, but I have software engineering students here in the field at Mao Farms for the first field test. This will now become a data collection hub for solar powered sensors that are in the farmer's field on moisture level and temperature level and phosphate level, and they are going to feed that information to this, which then becomes a data collection hub. There is, of course, computing power in this computer, so it's going to be computing the data, and then that data can be in the same way that you just used this, broadcast out to the farmer's smartphone, and they can find out what's going on in their field, but if they have questions, then there's a whole library that they can also access with, we're working to curate more and more relevant localized information about their agriculture. So, as we always do, we come with version one of what we think would be useful, and then we start working with partners to identify and help curate and create more localized relevant information, so that's exactly what we're doing at Mao Farms. Students are testing in the field the soil, and seeing whether it can, and it worked, feed into this as a data collection hub, and then feedback out to smartphones. I'm so glad I asked. I was blown away when you opened that box, but now when you tell me about what you're doing in the fields, I'm double blown away. I'm going to need to take a nap after this show. Thank you, Laura. Laura, husband, wonderful time to meet you. Thank you, Jay. Thank you so much for having me. Aloha.


Greetings and welcome to the Introduction to Astronomy. In this lecture we are going to talk about the neutron stars and pulsars, what is left over after a supernova explosion. So neutron stars and pulsars are really the same thing, and it just depends in one way how we're seeing them. So let's look at what happens first after a supernova explosion. A supernova will leave behind a remnant from the outer layers of the star, so that is expanding out into space. The core is compressed and can form one of two things. It can form either a neutron star or a black hole. We'll come back to black holes later. We're going to be looking at neutron stars right now. And there is a neutron star at the center of the crab nebula, that is the image we see of the crab nebula here today. How did we first discover these? Well, a neutron star very tiny, very hard to discover. However, Jocelyn Bell pictured here discovered an unusual radio emission that she detected from space in 1967 as a research student. They were extremely regular pulses. Here's the period, 1.33728 seconds. So those are significant figures. That is how accurate and how consistent these pulses were. That's really unusual how what can possibly pulsate once a second out in space. Objects are so large that they can't pulsate that quickly coherently. So like a star like the sun could not spin once a second. It would rip itself apart. So what kind of object could do this? Could they even kind of whimsically name the first one LGM for little green men? Could this be a signal from space? And that was one possibility, but then it was found that no, there was also another option that was quickly found, and that was that this was a neutron star, the compact core of the dead star that is about the size of a city. So as I said, no ordinary star could spin that fast and not rip itself apart. And then as we began to find similar objects, of course that kind of ruled out the little green men hypothesis because we're finding more and more of them. And then we found things spinning even faster. The crab pulsar was spinning 30 times every second. So it's hard to imagine what could possibly spin this fast. And the only thing that would have enough gravitation holding it together to be able to withstand that kind of rotational speed without ripping itself apart is a neutron star. Now how do we detect radio emission from it? Well, this is the pulsar behaves like a lighthouse. It is beaming out material. So as it collapses, the magnetic field intensifies. The magnetic field gets stronger and stronger so material can only escape along the axes. It can only escape along these two axes. The beams of particles cannot go through all of this magnetic field. This would be a donut shape going all the way around and only through these two parts where the magnetic field goes into the neutron star itself. So those beams of particles we can see only when the beam points toward Earth. So only when that happens to point toward Earth we get a pulse. So as it spins around we could get one pulse and then it could get another pulse as soon as it spins every single time. And that means that a lot of pulsars will remain invisible to us because their beams never point to us. If their beams never point in our direction by this model we will not be able to see them and that makes it very hard to detect them. So we're fortunate with things like the crab pulsar where we can detect the pulses from it. And there are many others showing us that there are many, many neutron stars out there and likely many more that we simply cannot detect. So how do we go about testing? Here's our model. How do we test our model? What is the evidence that pulsars are rapidly spinning neutron stars? Well we have a couple things. The masses measured for pulsars are in the correct range. So they have to be less than about three or four times the mass of our sun because that is the maximum that the neutron degenerate degeneracy can hold the star together. The pulsar beams will energize the nebula and keep it from keep it to keep it glowing. So where does it get the energy to glow? Well the rotation is gradually slowing. So we said it was that accurate but it is slowly slowing down over long periods of time. Now because it's slowing we can measure this and we can calculate the energy loss of the pulsar. If we compare that to how much energy the nebula is emitting they should be the same and that's what observations show. The energy loss from the pulsar is equal to the energy being emitted from the nebula. So again it helps us to confirm our models that everything seems to work out here and be consistent with a neutron star being the source of a pulsar. Now what happens? How long does a pulsar live? Maybe ten million years or so. They live a relatively long time not as long as many stars but a relatively long time. They finally slow down enough that the pulses cannot be seen. Remember that's where the energy is going. They are slowing down and eventually the pulses are no longer going to be visible. As the energy decreases the pulses are no longer going to be seen at short wavelengths. Right now the crab nebula is still pulsing in the visible light and in higher energy light. The nebula will only be radio pulses so the pulsars are slowly changing over time. Neutron stars themselves are really hard to detect. So the pulses are not pointed to earth. If they've slowed down too much to be able to produce pulsars that doesn't mean they cannot be detected. There is actually one that was detected by Hubble Space Telescope in 1992 and it is 400 light years away. We can measure it as 14 km in size and it has a temperature of half a million Kelvin, extremely high temperature. Remember the hot stars were like 30,000 and 40,000 Kelvin. This is much hotter. This is getting to be extremely hot not as hot as nuclear fusion at the center of a star but extremely hot for the surface temperature of any object. Now one other type of object that we get that is also related to these is what we call the magnetars. In a magnetar, first of all in a pulsar the magnetic field is extremely strong, much stronger than magnetic fields that we've dealt with so far. In a magnetar it's a thousand times stronger. We see from this one object known as Sagittarius 1806-20 something 40,000 light years away that it released a burst of energy, more energy in a fraction of a second than our sun will release in a hundred thousand years. So tremendous amounts of energy. It's thought that these might have a neutron core so it would be a neutron star at the core but has a mile thick iron surface above it and stresses on this. Think about the intense gravity. You could not stand on this surface. If you could somehow land on this you would be crushed flat by the intense gravity. That's how strong gravity is there. So while it's a solid surface it's not only is it extremely hot but even if it were solid and it cooled off enough if you tried to stand on it the intense gravity would just pull you down flat. So stresses within that iron surface produces cracks and star quakes on a scale unimaginable with earthquakes here on earth and that can release tremendous amounts of energy out into space. So these are some really really intense, pulsarly really intense objects but not really, I mean we have a rough idea maybe this iron surface does something that magnifies what we see for a typical neutron star or pulsar. So let's go ahead and finish up with our summary and what we've looked at is the neutron stars were first discovered as pulsars in bursts of radio emission. We looked at the lighthouse model to explain the pulsars. It also tells us why we do not see all neutron stars as pulsars and these neutron stars slowly lose energy as they age. Eventually the pulses stop and just the neutron star remains which would then be very hard to detect because it would be cooled off it wouldn't be emitting a lot of energy and would just be and be very tiny so it would not be very bright at all. So that concludes this lecture on neutron stars and pulsars. We'll be back again next time for another topic in astronomy. So until then have a great day everyone and I will see you in class.


Welcome to All Hands Update. I'm Petty Officer Ian Cotter. These are your headlines from around the fleet. Sailors on temporary duty assignments 30 days or longer are encouraged to seek extended stay lodging due to a recent change to the joint travel regulations. The change involves moving to a flat rate per diem that will help save the Department of Defense more than $22 million a year. For more information on these changes, visit the Defense Travel website. The Navy is currently conducting a study to evaluate the size and shape of today's sailors. The last time the Navy completed a sizing survey was in the 1980s. The Navy plans to have experts measure the height, weight and dimensions of about 4,000 sailors split equally between male and female. The information gathered from this study could lead to updated and more comfortable uniforms, organizational clothing and personal protective equipment. The study will conclude in March 2015.


Welcome to the Knuckleheads of Liberty. Sam Harris recently was in an interview with, gosh what was it called, Trigonometry was the podcast and he literally said essentially that it's just fine to have a conspiracy if you really, really don't like the candidate on the other side it is okay to do whatever you have to do to make sure that guy can't run and of course we're talking about Trump here but Sam Harris essentially I read a very short and quote from what he said but Sam Harris said Trump is unfit for office in every possible way. My argument is that it was appropriate for Twitter and the heads of big tech and the head of journalistic organizations to feel like they were in the presence of something like a once in a lifetime moral emergency right. We cannot afford to have four more years with this guy. So the interviewer then said I'm interested in democracy you're saying you're content with a left wing conspiracy to prevent somebody from being democratically reelected as president and Harris said well no I'm content with the thing is it's not a left wing it's Liz Cheney is not left wing it's not it's not a conspiracy. He said there's there's nothing conspiracy it's not it was a conspiracy out in the open. So that makes it all good right I mean now it's good yeah and what we're literally talking about is going to speak openly about taking out Jason. So it's not a conspiracy. We're not like going behind what we're saying public and we're going to take you out. So it's fine. And the danger is this does tie into New York a little bit because it was the New York Post that was running with the story of the Hunter Biden laptop story and what Sam Harris is talking about is it was absolutely okay for social media and others to essentially pull the New York Times accounts and not allow them to post anything on this kind of stuff and it's just absolutely bonkers. But this important piece is important piece to understand. He doesn't actually mean Trump is unfit. That's not what he actually means in his heart in his mind Trump is evil. He's going to destroy the world right now what what what many Democrats do the Democrat establishment does very well is create the biggest boogeyman possible and Trump fits that like there's no tomorrow. Trump fits that boogeyman like there's no tomorrow. So it doesn't matter if you can eat Leon stop wanting to eat. OK Trump is going to destroy the entire world. We're going to be dead.  So stop worrying about food Mr. Greedy and instead realize that Trump is going to kill everybody. We're going to be dead. That's what he actually believes. And to be forward if it was you if you believe that he was the devil incarnate if you thought he was going to destroy the entire world wouldn't you be OK doing anything to stop him. And that is what the mindset of people like Sam Harris is. He's not unfit. He is evil. He is horrible. He's the exception to every rule.  Yeah yeah yeah that I thought I'm positive of the saddest thing about all this is the libertarian answer to this is just don't put so much power in that office if you don't want somebody to get a hold of it that you don't really really really don't like the answer is not just for you to decide who really really really doesn't get to have the office it's just don't give them the power in the first place that would make everything a whole lot easier. I agree. I know Sam Harris. Sam Harris used to be a serious intellect. Yes I don't know. You always is a man of the left but I see us in the leg. Yeah when you read this stuff that guy have deteriorated beyond belief. Maybe maybe he's irreversibly have gone into the dismal world of left wing work garbage. I think you have a very valid point. He's not the only one right. Well that's true. Yes there are many like it. Who who how would Stern how would Stern was a libertarian. He ran as a libertarian candidate for governor in New York years ago in the 90s.  And I mean he was just like no one gets to leave ever. He that's what he was. So I think a lot of people have gone down that road. He's not alone. Yeah it's true. It's true. The point. It's true. I said yes. Well and then the great danger is that you know that this is the suppression of a story. Does is that where it ends. I mean you know it could be other things involving elections as well and that's why it's really scary stuff. Well the hard part is now you find yourself that how do you find real media. Right. So now real media has to be found someplace on the Internet. Life. Liberty. And the pursuit of happiness always and forever.


When you're on to them, the narcissist does this. When you start to figure them out, this is what they will do. From the moment you met the narcissist, they deceived you. They gave you a false impression. They told you whatever they thought you wanted to hear. They showed you whatever they thought you wanted to see. Because they knew that it would help to secure you as their sources apply. But they knew that they weren't about any of that. It was designed to mislead you. It was designed to bring you into their realm. Which is somewhere you would not normally be. If they didn't conceal who they really are. Which is why they had to wear a mask. They had to disguise themselves. They had to pretend to be something else. So that you wouldn't run away at the first opportunity. This is how narcissists have managed to trap their targets. This is how they bring them into their world. By posing as something that they know they're not. But if they can fool you. That's all that matters to them. Narcissists do not value authenticity. Their false image is a means for them to get what they want. They can only conceal who they really are. For a certain amount of time. It's only a matter of time until their mask slips. Because narcissists are high conflict people. They're always scanning the environment for threats. They're always reacting to their emotions. So it's only a matter of time until you experience conflict. When you are around a narcissist. They have poor conflict resolution skills. They don't know how to deal with these situations. Their main objective is to dodge any accountability or shame. So when you're onto the narcissist. They will blame you. They will hold you accountable for the consequences of their actions. They will protect their insecurities onto you. When you are onto the narcissist. You may think that their game is coming to an end. But really. It's only the beginning. That is when the games really start. Because they're not going to accept it. In their minds they haven't done anything wrong. In their minds you're the one who is fake. You're deceived them. They're not going to accept that their false self isn't real. Because to a narcissist that's like death. A narcissist is never going to choose their source of supply over their false self. They abandoned who they really are a long time ago.  Because in their minds it's perfect. It can't do anything wrong.  For their true self. It's an adaptation to a hostile environment and childhood. And it is a set of manipulation skills that they have perfected over time. So this is one game that you cannot win. Because when you're trying to expose them from what they really are. They're in a fight for their lives. It's a life or death situation for them. Because their false self is all they have left. So they will fight tooth and nail to defend their false self. They will break every moral code to protect it. They will lie cheap or steal. They will do whatever it takes. Because they cannot deal with accountability. They cannot deal with the shame. Which is why they abandoned their true self in the first place. Because they felt like it was bad or not good enough. And when you confront their false self. You're bringing up all of those emotions that they've done everything to avoid reflecting on. They're shame based people who will do anything to avoid reflecting on their shame. Which is why when you're on to them. They may try to evade you initially. But at some point. The mask is just going to come all the way off. At some point. They're going to show you who they really are. When they realize there's no point in hiding. When they realize you've got their number. Because at that point. They have nothing to lose. You know their game. You know what they're about. So they're going to show you who they are. While still maintaining their false image for anyone who believes in it.  They will try to get everyone to see you the way they want you to be seen. Which is actually just a projection of how they see themselves. Because they're just abandoning these characteristics of themselves. That they don't like. And assigning them to you. It's like when a snake sheds its skin. But now they want you to wear it. They want you to carry the burden. Of everything that they are responsible for. While they're displaying their false character. To everyone else who is susceptible to it. So that they look like this kind caring person. Who did the best they can. The same character that they display to you. When you first met them. While they try to get everyone to see you. As everything that you later discovered in them. They are illusionists. They are masters of manipulation. Not because they're smart. But because they've done this so many times. They know the game inside out. They know what they have to do to produce their desired effect. Which is why there's no point playing the game. There's no point trying to expose them. There's no point confronting them. Just let it be enough that you know their true nature. And let your character speak for itself. Rather than convincing everyone that you are the victim of a narcissist. Eventually the narcissist will hang themselves. They will shoot themselves in the foot. They can't help themselves. They can't deal with accountability.  So they always have to blame someone else. For whatever unfortunate situation they've found themselves in. Which is the result of their own actions. Hope this video resonated with you. Please like, comment, share and subscribe. If you would like to donate. My PayPal link is in the video description. Coaxing queries. You can email me at coaxingatmarksviver.uk. Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon.


The study found that community health workers and promotoras, Siege WPS, value learning about research best practices and find it highly relevant to their role. Participants suggested that the training should be delivered in a variety of formats, including online, and provide a certificate of completion. Furthermore, they indicated that peer-led training would be beneficial. This article was authored by Diphthi S. Thamo, Elias Semules, Gretchen Piat, and others.