in ta titul je umoženja do kosmikrij fyziks. Ok. Čakaj, da sem tudi. Vsi nekaj delovosti in kosmikrij fyziks, sem nekaj, ki se da svoje vse vrte, ker vse je bito vse vse, pri svoj kosmikrij. Kaj je, da se prišli v konferensi, da se prišli vse, kaj je astrofizicist, in tudi, ki se prišli vse, ko se prišli vse, ki se prišli vse, ki je vsega fondamentalna fizika. In... Ok. So, these lectures you find the topic interesting, a couple of books that you may want to have a look at. There's the book by Tom Geiser, which is a very introductory-level book on cosmic rays in particle physics. There's the technical book by Schlich Geiser, and the very extensive book by Berezninski. I took the liberty in this introductory lecture that I will do today for you to borrow some of the material from Pasquale Sepico. I will acknowledge that in the going. So, would you have gone to a conference on a cosmic rays in the 20s or in the 30s? Really, that wouldn't have been called a cosmic ray conference, but more a particle physics conference, because really cosmic rays was the initial playground to make progress in particle physics. And let me take some brief historical path. So, the business started just a little less, a little more than 100 years ago with the observation by Victor S that the radiation, which was discharging electroscopes, what are electroscopes? Well, at the time, the way one measured the electric charge, you charge the apparatus, which had to finplate at the bottom, when it was charged, the finplate went apart because of electrostatic repulsion. And those kind of apparatus, I mean, you couldn't keep them charged, because there was no way of shielding from some radiation that made those kind of things get discharged. So, people were wondering what kind of radiation was that, was that some kind of radiation that was emitted from the Earth, or was some kind of radiation that was coming from above, from the heaven. So, Victor S was a brave guy, who at the time had decided to put his electroscope on a balloon and do a high altitude flight. He went up to six kilometers, and he noticed that this radiation was going up in intensity while it was going up in the atmosphere. So, after an initial deep that is sharply going up, coloster just two years later went even to higher altitudes and found this beautiful correlation. So, these results were pointing to the fact that this radiation was something that was high energy, it was penetrating the atmosphere, it was getting partially absorbed by the atmosphere itself. So, if you went up in the atmosphere, the intensity growth. So, there was no, then people started to play around, like is there any effect from measuring this radiation at night or during the day when you were facing the sun or when the sun was hidden. No, there was no such effect and then people started to suspect that these had to be some kind of extra solar stuff, some kind of cosmic stuff. So, Millikan and Cameron in 26 made a mistake, which ended up giving the name cosmic rays to this radiation because we were measuring in lakes a different altitude how this radiation was absorbed by water and they concluded in their analysis that that radiation had to be gamma rays. So, then they dubbed this radiation cosmic rays and that's what we call it today as well. Except that was wrong because it's not mainly gamma rays, it's mainly charged particles. And this was established in 28 and later in 23 by two observations. The fact that the intensity increased with latitude and then there were three different experiments, including the one by Bruno Rossi, that measured the fact that when you were at the equator this radiation of cosmic rays was coming more from the west than from the east. How is that? Well, that is explained by the fact that we are measuring this cosmic rays not in an empty environment, but we are measuring it in a background which contains a fairly large magnetic field, the Earth magnetic field, which has a dipolar structure, north pole, south pole and then, ok, you have the line field that goes like this and get parallel here at the equator. So, you can just assume that these particles are charged, you compute the Lorentz force on this, you equate to the centrifugal force and then what you see is that if these particles are less energetic than about 50 GV, there is a full shadow, which is given by the Earth itself on particles of a given charge. In particular, if these particles are positively charged, the Larmor radius that you compute is of this kind and reaches the Earth size for about 50 GV. So, if you sit here and cosmic rays are mainly protons, they will be coming freely from this direction and we will not be seen from that direction. And also, since the structure of the magnetic field is a dipole, then these forbidden trajectories are changing with the latitude and in particular they get parallel to the magnetic field lines in the north pole, so the north pole is more probable to get all particles discharging your oscilloscope. So, these are charged particles and these charged particles, as I was saying before, are absorbed in the atmosphere. So, there were observations again made by Rossi and Doje independently that discovered that these high energy particles are transversing the atmosphere and making huge air showers. So, a lot of particles that are in a bunch that comes from one initial interaction point that you can use to reconstruct the energy of this shower. We will see it in a second. Okay. And then I marked here the last milestone which was by Enrico Fermi that in 49 developed the first proposal to how to accelerate this cosmic radiation in the galaxy. We'll come back to that. So, as I told you, if you went to a particle physics conference in the 30s, that would have been a cosmic ray conference because people were really using cosmic rays as the accelerators of that time and were using this radiation that was coming for free to study how elementary particles were interacting. And in particular there was a sequence of discoveries using cosmic rays. The most famous one is the discovery by Anderson in 32 of the positron. So, he was using stuff like this which is called a cloud chamber which is a progenitor of a bubble chamber. It's something that contains a fluid that goes into two phases. So, it's compressed gas. When it is transversed by ionizing particle it changes phase. So, you see the track when you take a picture of it in a photographic plate. So, this is a picture of a positron because you have a magnetic field which is oriented outgoing from the plane and then you have a particle which is bending in this way. And I'm telling you that the track is in this way because you see it has an energy which makes up a orbit which larger radius here and then it's ionizing the mean so it's losing energy and it's getting progressively too short in the two smaller and smaller radius. So, the track is the particle that's going in here and then essentially stopped there. From the stopping you can measure what's the mass of the particle, how efficient the ionization goes. So, Anderson was able to detect the particle which is positively charged and then the mass that was consistent with the electron and that matched perfectly the prediction by Dirac in two years before that the positron had to exist. Okay, then I want to cut the story short but this is a shopping chart with the other list of phenomena that were discovered with cosmic rays. Per production in 33 what was at the time thought to be the Yukava mediator by Dr. De Muon in 37 so in 46, 45, 46 Conversi Pachini Pichoni showed that it had to be the Muon not the pion. The pion themselves were discovered hereafter and so on and so forth. Up to really the 50s when the first efficient terrestrial accelerators were devised and then gradually particle physics shifted out from being a cosmic ray field. And what about striking it back so that was my initial interest in the field so there's a renewed interest in using cosmic rays to test fundamental physics in particular to discover new particles and the new particles that we are after are possibly dar-matter particles and the idea is to identify them through the yields of their annihilation or decay and in particular if these particles, dar-matter particles are democratic and generate the same amount of matter and antimatter since antimatter is scarce in our visible universe there is some opportunity to detect primary antimatter components connected to this dar-matter annihilation. So if everything goes well at the end of these lectures I want to give you a flavor of why people got excited looking at this postron fraction or can get excited about looking at this antiproton fraction so antiproton fraction means the flux of antiprotons of the flux of proton this is the ratio of the flux of positron over electron plus positron and there is some path so to say standard which is telling you that it should go like this or like that while there is some little excess so we will try to discuss whether this is an excess and how it comes that it makes sense to think that this is a valuable tool for particle physics. So to make a step forward I really have to tell you what I am talking about so I have to introduce a little bit about detection targets and detection methods so this is the propaganda plot for cosmic rays which is put in an intensity cumulative intensity spectrum of all species of cosmic rays in a plot which has a really scary logarithmic scales there are about 32 orders of magnitude in this direction and something like 11 in this direction that is roughly speaking really the beauty of this playground in the sense that you see you have something that if you put it in this huge scale looks like a fairly good power row this is e to the minus 3 this green line that you can hardly see and you see the red dots which are the data fits more or less on this green line and they go all the way to say 100 MeV and this 100 MeV has some meaning because it corresponds roughly speaking to the energy at which the sun messes up the playground in the sense that there is this outflow of particles or plasma from the sun which really prevents you to detect to receive the cosmic radiation at energies that are lower than roughly this 100 MeV and then it goes all the way up to this 10 to the 20 electron volts which as we will discuss later is really to be considered some kind of high energy cutoff in two ways on the acceleration side maybe but mostly on the fact that again above these energies cosmic rays cannot reach you cannot do the path from the sources to you so it's a power row with two main features here so now this is getting a little bit obsolete because when we have much better measurement of this and there are features over the places but historically these are the two main one there is a softening of the spectrum here around 10 to the 15 electron volts this is called the kni and there is an hardening around 10 to the 19 electron volts around here and this is probably an imprint of the fact that you are talking about either different cosmic ray species which are more efficiently produced at different energies or you are talking about different cosmic ray population and actually it's both so when you I wanted to stress something else in this plot this plot is scary from an experimental point of view because really when you convert these flags into a number of events that you expect in your detector you go from up here which is a scale corresponding to detecting one particle if you have a one meter square of effective area per second to the kni region which is one particle per meter square per here to this region here which is one particle per kilometer cube per year so when you try to go into detail and for instance measure the different composition in the total cosmic ray flux as I was telling you cosmic rays are mostly at least a low energy protons and then there is some helium component, carbon, et cetera but note that this is not on scale because there are these rescaling factors which come paired to these fluxes so when you do want to do this exercise it's a very different exercise if you do it at one gv at 100 Tv like in this case of our 10 to the 20 electron volts so roughly up to 100 Tv or so you are able to do it really with a particle physics detector that you put on a satellite or you attach it to the international space station and wait long enough to collect statistics but when you go to this region above here above 100 Tv really you have to go back to the trick of using the atmosphere as your detector so let me sketch very briefly too so I just took two examples of particle physics detectors that have been put in space there is for instance the Fermi large area telescope and that's just a piece of material that everything that it does is to look for a gamma ray that is coming this side it is a multiple layers of silicon and this multiple layers of silicon make this gamma ray pair produced so you converted the gamma ray into an electron-positron pair and then here you have a calorie meter which measure the energy of the electron and the positron by stopping them then there is some stuff that is characteristic of particle physics detector even at accelerator and really if you want to measure cosmic rays charge cosmic rays you have to use a detector which indeed doesn't look very different from what you use at LAC in the sense that you have instruments which are put in a strong magnetic field to tell the difference between positive and negative charges you have instruments that measure with accuracy the passing of high energy species from top to bottom so they measure the velocity of the particle so they measure the charge of the particle and so on you have a calorimeter and so on so this is the other big experiment in space the alpha magnetic spectrometer which has been flying attached to the space station now since four years and the other tool is as I was telling you instead using the atmosphere so the idea is that you are looking at this shower of particles this shower of particles is not disconnected but is coming from by back tracing initial interaction point and by looking at the shower you want to retrace what is the energy of this initial incoming particle possibly what is the direction of it and then what you have to do is in this indirect measurement is really to understand what is making up your shower and there are two main cases because when this is an electromagnetic shower so this is initiated by a photon that produces and then you have an electromagnetic cascade whether you are starting with an addron like a proton and you have a cascade with addron and mesons and partial conversion into an electromagnetic cascade and so on so once you suppose you know what the atmosphere is made of and you know it it is essentially a business of implementing a dedicated Monte Carlo that knows about quantum electron dynamics and quantum chrono dynamics are these energies do we know quantum electrodynamics are these energies? well we have good reason to say yes do we know how to calibrate QCD are all energies which are of interest for cosmic ray physics well the answer is actually no because we have been able to calibrate it up to the energies that are reached at accelerators and for instance there was a great job done after the first run at the LEC but still you have to deal with extrapolations so yes so that's a good question because since so she was asking about how in sort of detail you can understand these showers where you have a single particle multi people producing other states and so on so how do you make this plot or this plot so this is a plot of a simulation for an electromagnetic shower this is a plot for a simulation for an adornic shower so since I thought that maybe in this first lecture I didn't want all of you to fell asleep following my slide I thought that this was a good point to complement this with some calculation that we can do at least at the rough level with paper and pen and I want to discuss this idler model for cascades which is something that Mr. idler developed in the fifties essentially because he didn't have a Monte Carlo to use and he was trying to find some tool that did give some feeling for why an electromagnetic shower looks in reality like this and why an adornic shower looks like that so and that's also fun because it gives me the opportunity to introduce some of the jargon that cosmic ray physicists give for granted and particle physicists don't understand so let's start with an electromagnetic shower so I'm starting with a photon this photon has an energy which I call E naught so this photon is traveling through the atmosphere and is feeling the coulomb interactions that are due to the nucleons that are sitting out there in the atmosphere so in the coulomb fields of this nucleon what you can do is to produce a pair of E plus E minus so there is some conversion probability and the conversion probability is usually given in cosmic ray physicists like what is called the Grammage lambda so there is a characteristic Grammage what is the Grammage is an integrated coulomb density along propagation so it is essentially how much material you are transversing before something happens to this particle so it's something that usually is measured in grams per centimeter cube it's really density times length so what we are measuring here is exactly this Grammage because you have a step one which is this one which is happening in some Grammage and then what will happen is that these electrons and positrons are not going to just propagate in the vacuum they are still in the atmosphere of the Earth so they as well fill these coulomb fields connected to nuclei so by brainstorming what they do is to emit a photon so that was step one this is step two which on average is going to happen at a given Grammage and then you understand what is going to happen you are going to have a step three in which this one is going to perproduce this one is going to do brainstorming perproduce brainstorming bla bla bla ok so if you are measuring the depth in the atmosphere in this Grammage language and as you call it x so the number of steps n is just what is just this total x divided by the length of each step so it's x divided by lambda ok the number of particles that I get let me call it big n at a given x is what at each step each particle is producing two particles so this is just 2 to the n ok so this is 2 to the x divided by lambda what about the energies the mean energy at a given x is what well if we are democratic and say that at each pair splitting we are sharing the initial energy splitting them into from one mother into two daughters then the mean energy is nothing but e not divided by this 2 to the x over lambda so is this going forever no this is not going forever because you see this is telling you that the energy of the mean energy of the particle is fast decreasing as you go to along this cascade and while we were considering just pair production and premstralung there is an H which I never know where to put whatever modulus the H so these were these two processes these are efficiently up to you are at the stage you are at some kind of high energy while when you deplete the energy by this proliferation of particles you end up in a regime in which collisions take over so the particle that is somewhere here in the shower what it tends to do is not going ahead with the proliferation but is losing energy continuously and at the end of the day may be stopping so there will be some characteristic energy e of collision such that when you are in the regime that e is smaller than sorry the mean e is smaller is smaller than this e collision you are going in this regime while what I call the high e is when this is larger than this e collision ok so there is going to be a maximum number of particles so this n of x is going to saturate on n max which under this democratic law I've been assuming will be just set by the fact that I've been splitting the energy initial energy into mean energy which matches this condition that stops proliferation so there will be some x max connected to this thing which is going I'm just plugging that in here and I find that x max is just lambda the log of 2 of e naught divided by e c so lambda and e naught e c sorry lambda and e c are something that is characteristic of the medium in which you are doing this shower so for the atmosphere you have to make up what is the case for nitrogen blah blah blah all the components of the atmosphere and on average you get that this characteristic this gramage is something like 35 grams per centimeter cube while this threshold energy at which you stop reproducing is around 80 MeV so what I'm seeing there just in color coding is essentially a plot in which let me put the axis like this this is increasing depth this is the point at which you had interaction the first interaction and this is the number of particles so what is happening is that along along the path that the shower is making there is some branch which is this branch here which then saturates some n max corresponding to some x mass and then what you see in the atmosphere is that the density of these electromagnetic states is going down so that's that so you see if you have an instrument that is able to map this point here then that instrument is measuring the energy of the incident particle ok so there are refinement in these that have to do with the fact that energies are not really always splitting in this democratic way that actually should take the per production and the correct brainstorm get together with collisions at the same time so there is some reshuffling but this is really QED and this we have very well under control so the electromagnetic shower we are going to get measure energy in a delightful way what about the plot on the right adronic showers yes sorry I didn't get the western sorry how easy to measure these x max you are asking yeah really you have to make a model of the atmosphere you have to know what what the atmosphere is made of ok so you have a distribution of cool on fields associated to the each individual element I mean the atmosphere is essentially ionized ok it's the cosmic rate themselves which are keeping them ionized so it's really an exercise of of no relativistik QED yes no that is that is much suppressed ok you have it but I mean you compute the probability the probability it goes like no it's not really like that no because you are not producing on shell quarks no you really have to produce two showers two adron showers then then the probability for that is is really relevant so shell adron showers matter when you start with them so adrons will have these adronica skates and plus eventually oh gosh plus eventually the electromagnetic ones so you have this proton that is propagating in the ambient field in the atmosphere and then it is splitting ok and let's make it simple let's say that these adronica skates are essentially just something that at the end of the day produces pions so you have pi plus pi minus pi zero ok these ones are going to go ahead with another adron cascade so I have adron cascade this one is doing what this one is going to go to decay so it's going to go into two photons so this one is as I said mixing up the process because this one is starting an electromagnetic cascade and then as I just replied it's a one way road in the sense that once you end up in an electromagnetic cascade it's very improbable to get a contribution from adronica skates so what you are depleting electromagnetically stays in the picture that I wrote on the other side of the blackboard so again it's going to go in steps right so again you will have a number of steps and the difference is that you are splitting energy in adrons and in an electromagnetic component so at each step suppose again to be democratic you generate the same number of pi plus, pi minus and pi zero so the adronic energy is in each step two thirds which multiplize n which multiplize the initial energy E naught the electromagnetic component is one minus this one ok and then you see that from this formulas that since from here you are not coming back in very few steps you are mostly depleting your energy again electromagnetically so this plot is telling you that there are some branches some main branches which corresponds to these adronic lines and then you attach these showers with many particles that are the electromagnetic lines so again you can do computation of what the mean energy that you are putting in the adronic part as you go down in depth and that's going to be these E naught divided by ok, I told you that I told you here that I'm democratic but what I have to model is that what is the multiplicity of this democracy let me write this multiplicity number of pi plus and pi minus that are generated each step as this new naught so then the mean energy is the mean in an event divided by the number of this the number of total particles that I'm generating so again I have a depletion of energy even in this adronic component and again I'm going to have a threshold effect and the threshold is when I break this link pi plus pi minus adronic cascade when do I break it I break it when at a given energy it will be more probable that these guys just decay into a mu plus mu minus and corresponding neutrino again it's a threshold effect because you have some typical decay energy at which this gets at energy lowers then these it gets more probable to go to this branch and this branch is again a final branch because what you generate are these energetic muons muons are very penetrating particles they just go straight through the atmosphere you need lead to stop a muon so what you generate here is just what eventually you would receive on the ground in a detector so you will have a I have to raise something let me raise this you have again a maximum number of pi plus pi minus which is just implying that formula over there is the log of e naught divided by ed divided by mu plus minus times 3 divided by 2 and then I can just connect to the number of muons that I am getting out of this adronic shower which will be equal to the number the maximum number of this pi plus minus and that is just going to be this multiplicity to the n maximum so when you put things together you get a formula which is the analogos of this formula which is that the log of the number of muons is equal to the log of e naught divided by ed and then there is a coefficient in front which is just the log of mu plus minus divided by the log of mu times 3 divided by 2 so now you have to know something about adronic showers and you need to estimate what is this ed and this number here this number here boils down to be about 0.85 again if you have a detector which somehow is able to estimate this number of muons that you get in the shower then you have a measure of the energy of the initial state so this first part you get order right when you do it in this naive way this second part is much more tricky because there is more than this step this threshold where you have to play a little bit with care then what you do is to do a Monte Carlo about what you know about QCD at the given energy so at least I hope I convey the feeling that it does make sense to look at what happens at the bottom of this shower and understand what's the energy of the incoming cosmic ray and then that's what people do in very different ways so this showers in the atmosphere they are detected for instance looking at the cone of sharing of light which is emitted in the shower so that will have some characteristic shape given an electromagnetic shower or andronic shower and then if you have a detector on earth which is essentially a large dish mirror which is pixelized and looks at the shape of this circle of light you have a detection of your event this is in particular interesting for gamma rays the energies of say few hundred GV to few tens of TV and it's the technique applied by the so-called air-charing telescopes you can look at another way this showers shine which is the so-called fluorescence light what is fluorescence light you have these photons that are floating around these photons excite nitrogen molecules in the atmosphere and these molecules excite in a slow way emitting light at a much lower frequency in the infrared so you have this powerful shower this powerful shower is making this transition on nitrogen all over around it and then you look at infrared light with dedicated again a telescope on Earth which is matching where this infrared light is coming from what's the intensity, what's the distribution if you do it if you want to be careful with at least two of these telescopes to really reconstruct a 3D shape of the shower and that's very efficient or you can do it more brute force by just putting detectors on the ground and look at what is left from this shower when it hits the ground and that will be particularly efficient if you want to track adronic escades because I was telling you the adronic escade end up with these muons so it's very hard to get rid of and then the good part is that if you equip a large area of the ground with something that can detect muons then you can reconstruct the shape of the shower on the ground so for instance there are two main experiments that do this the energy and these are the telescope array in the north hemisphere and this older and bigger brother the pieroge observatory and for instance pieroge has just some water tanks and it looks for the cherry of light of these muons when they go through the tank so actually a good way to do it is to combine everything together so pieroge as this water circle I just mentioned many of them covering an effective area which is remarkably large 3000 kilometers it has these fluorescent telescopes it has also some underground muon detector the muons can penetrate underground for some depth there is another technique of detecting this shower which is detecting the radio sound from this shower believe it or not it's a very efficient that as well and then you plug all these together with some station that monitors carefully the atmosphere because of course this number that I'm giving here is a mean number but then there could be high pressure, low pressure et cetera, et cetera so the atmosphere is continuously changing you have to continuously calibrate your Monte Carlo to the ambient condition so then this is for instance a beautiful event which is detected stereoscopically so here is the X-mass detected looking at the pressure slide and then this event is hitting the ground many tanks and based on the intensity of the radiation with respect to the distance from the central tank that is it you can estimate in a redundant way the energy the energy is estimated here you compare and you can cross calibrate so ok, this is another experiment Kazemir I don't want to go to much in detail but doing this you can also this is something I forgot you can also to tell you this process here is something that you can predict for a proton and then you can scale up for heavier elements assuming that they are some kind of bound state of proton in neutrons and that they get broken while they propagate in the atmosphere so there is some characteristic imprint of these X-max depending on whether you started the cascade with a proton or with the highest element that is conceivable to have in this primary cosmic rays which is iron I will say why this is the case in the next lecture ok, so this is your the lines are your Monte Carlos which are tuned on what we know about QCD and as I was telling you this is improved Monte Carlos after the first run at the ALAC which really changed a little bit the business and then you see this is a compilation of data from Perugio Observatory from say 10 to the 17 to 10 to the 19.5, 10 to the 20 electron volts so there is some hint of the fact that composition is varying possibly on the light side so yeah so this is a plot that I put there because up to this recalibration by the ALAC there were different experiment claiming different spectral compositions and also different energy calibrations and now all of this has gone away and for instance telescope array and doger agree very well so it's a technique which is really getting mature and trustable and I want to stress it once again it's a technique which makes us go above the energy frontier of terrestrial accelerators because if I just do a naive comparison in which I put the center of mass energy of say the ALAC in proton-proton collision is something that stands in here I converted into high energy proton colliding with atmosphere and it's putting me somewhere here 10 to the 17 electron volts but as I told you we are having events up to 10 to the 20 electron volts ok so we have cosmic rays and we know how to measure their composition and energy quite well so then what do we learn from them so the first thing one has to take into account is that you are doing this business in the atmosphere in the solar system in the galaxy this is a business in something which is very different from the vacuum you are doing something which is something in an environment which can give you many back reactions ok and this is my first slide borrowed from Cervico thank you so you have to take into account the different components polluting your cosmic ray propagation when they go out in the interstellar medium so the interstellar medium is stuff which is delute but not so irrelevantly dense it has a density of around one atom per centimeter cube which if you are integrating up to long length scales is not irrelevant what is that is mainly atomic and molecular hydrogen and then there is some heavier molecules that are in the jargon of cosmic rays called dust so dust this is not in a sense you would give it to in a cosmology course this is some some stuff which has some degree of freedom which can dissipate energy in a different way with respect to single atomic transitions that are going on in the gas so to speak so if you are talking about an object like the Milky Way is full of light ok there is this sorry this was the next one the fact that this dust is interactively with your light propagation and can obscure something about your Milky Way ok so visible light is partially absorbed infrared and radio light can go through so if you want to learn about the galaxies is better that you go to a radio telescope rather than the Hubble Space Telescope and on top of these dust and gas there is this interstellar radiation field which is a healthy population of photons in general low frequency going ultraviolet to the infrared and again we have a typical density which is not irrelevant so the order of the electron volt per centimeter cube finally you have a magnetic field that is permeating the galaxy and this has a strength of a few microgauss and this is actually what is most relevant as we will see in the next lecture for propagation of cosmic rays because prevents cosmic rays from going on straight lines ok so this is just a pie chart with a spectrum of the galaxy a different map of the galaxy a different wavelengths I put this list over here if you are not too familiar with conversion between wavelength and energies but you see it's an interplay of what is can freely propagate in the interstellar medium like for instance this radio observations and what you can really observe from Earth in the atmosphere as we just studied is playing the role of absorbing and re-emitting stuff so for instance if you are looking at visible light it's ok to have a larger telescope on Earth but you have a little bit distortion so if you want to have really clean view you have to go out of the atmosphere while for radio telescopes well there is the fortunate coincidence that the atmosphere is transparent to radio waves and then we can build this huge networks of radio telescopes to detect very different very long wavelengths this is a picture again of what I was showing before you have this larger radio emission we'll talk about that counter part which as I told you is mostly obscured the galaxy is beautifully shining in a gamma rays and then if you if you take this Fermi particle physics detector and put it in a space this doesn't quarrel with the atmosphere and you can make these beautiful plots so so then one could ask ok why am I bothering about so many different species I want to retract it all wouldn't be ok to say ok gamma rays I know how to detect let's go just for that well the point is that life is more tricky and ok you have this environment and this environment is connected to some horizons for the given species that you are considering so let me sketch for instance this one which is the gamma ray horizon I told you that in the interstellar medium there is an interstellar radiation field which is quite rich and prominent so unfortunately what can happen with very energetic gamma ray propagating in the interstellar medium is to eat this background photon and then reproduce ok it's something that good center mass and estimate that goes with scaling with this energy energy of the energy gamma ray energy of the background photon and it's this something that has kinematical threshold and also it has cross session which is very picked at this typical energy connected to the threshold so effectively what you are resonating on is a frequency which is sort of actually mapped onto the energy of the incident photon so if you have a TV photon that's absorbed by an infrared photon and that's bad because as I told you we have plenty of these infrared photons so ok I cut it out the scale but this is the density of this interstellar radiation field versus wavelength and you have these three peaks there's of course the C and B there's the far infrared the near infrared ultraviolet there doesn't matter it doesn't matter because when you look at the energetics one TV is eating this peak here and is making the propagation the absorption length of a TV photon shrink from infinity that is around 100 gV to a scale that is of the order of few hundreds megaparsec even more if you go to 100 TV photons you eat this peak and that shrinks to few megaparsec and then you have this saturation scale at this 10 to the 15 electron volts so what you have is a real gamma ray horizon which doesn't show up in the plot but is this line here so this is the given rest shift what's the energy at which you have an attenuation that goes like 1 over e and then you see if you are looking at a source that is situated at the galactic center we can hope to detect up to 10 to the 15 electron volt but if we look at the brightest extra galactic source which is Markarian 501 Markarian 501 has an attenuation length already of few tens of TV and if you go to further back in time to larger and larger distances you have a source that is happening at energies that are below the TV here is even 100 GV so you are not hoping to see what happens from the first stars looking at gamma rays those gamma rays are long absorbed before they get to you ok, just for fun but it has to particle physics something I forgot to mention here so there is an ongoing debate actually whether we have seen some anomalies about these TV gamma ray detections so there has been some int that maybe we have detected sources that are too far to be consistent with this but you don't see so that the opacity of the universe is not on this line but is slightly above it and then there are a plethora of other possible anomalies so one idea in connection to these anomalies is that particle physics is striking back and you invent some particle that has a coupling in photon that is of the same kind as axion photon coupling I believe you have had some discussion about axions yesterday so these are not darn matter axions are some axions like power states which do the job of in a magnetic field converting your photon into an axion you have a photon this photon is converted into an axion the axion doesn't interact with the interstellar radiation field so it can just propagate on a further distance than it would have been a photon and then it may also be the case that before reaching you it converts back and you are actually seeing this emitted photon like a final photon in your detector so this conversion probability depends on magnetic field I don't want to go into the details you have some conversion probability maximized for a mass scale for these axion like particles of the order of 10 to the 9 electron volts and then you can play around with the prediction that you have so instead of seeing a spectrum for an absorbed galactic nuclei that would be like that you see something that shines up at higher energy and there is some funny feature a lower energy this is in a plane in which you put the coupling and mass of your axion like particle this works in a region of the parameter space which is around here and as I was telling you is not the parameter space for the QCD axion as the armature which is this one OK let me finish with another horizon which is instead connected to protons protons again they emitted in the sources propagated in the interstellar medium and again there are these photons around which are bagging them and in particular in this case what matters since I will be talking about extra galactic sources are causing micro background photons so the interaction for this this process goes on resonance when you heat this delta resonance so the cross section is making a jump of couple of orders of magnitude and then this conversion here gets very efficient so to reach resonance with a low energy photon you really need to go to very high energy protons and then if you are talking about cause micro background the the energy of the proton has to be in this range of 10 to the 20 electron volts so this is coming back so what's happening this photon is interacting with a photon it's scattering to lower energy producing a pion the pion dissipate energy into producing gamma rays and these gamma rays are at the end of the day assort so you have so called ultra energy cosmic ray horizon which is when this goes on resonance into a loud final state you can make up the energetic that's happening around starting around 10 to the 18 electron volt getting more efficient at 10 to the 19 electron volt and saturating at 10 to the 20 electron volt so in units of this attenuation left the same quantity that was shown before for photons that you couldn't see this attenuation left is getting from being a very large irrelevant for propagation down to the 10 to the 3 mega parsec scale around 10 to the 19 electron volts and really down to 10 of mega parsec for 10 to the 20 electron volt this will depend on whether you have design energy stuff which is protons or heavy stuff like iron for comparison this is the one for gamma rays gamma rays they are always irrelevant but they are always assorted this cutoff takes the name from the three guys that discovered it in 66 Greysen s upsek in Kuzmin they predicted pretty much as soon as the cosmic background was discovered two years before and so it's the so called GZK cutoff and let me finish with the detection of the GZK cutoff so there was a lot of excitement in the early sorry late 90s because the first experiment that had actually the power to detect 10 to the 20 electron volts didn't see the cutoff so there were flood of papers written for how to explain the presence of this threshold effect based on quantum gravity blah blah blah unfortunately that cutoff is there and there is no kind of imprint from fundamental physics so iris piergeo servitor telescope array have clearly detected so there is this attenuation of the intensity that is going on at around 120 electron volts and still the game is not over because I was showing you this plot with the composition actually it was from the same data set that I'm blogging that I'm showing here and then you see when you try to model this cutoff with either protons or iron it really doesn't work very well with explaining all of it with either of the two so there is some interesting physics that is going on at this 10 to the 20 electron volts and if I can mention a very last thing this 10 to the 19 10 to the 20 electron volt window is really a fortunate coincidence in the sense that it's a hope that we have to do try energy cosmic ray astronomy so why is this open window for astronomy I told you there are magnetic fields in the interstellar medium there are magnetic fields in the galaxy and then if I want to if I estimate what the larmo radius connected to magnetic field of galactic size then that's of the order of the parsec if you have an energy of the order of 10 to the 15 electron volts but it's getting larger than the size of the galaxy when you go to this few 10 to the 19 electron volts and in the same way it's more cucumber sum because you have to do to predict somehow from first principle you haven't measured it yet but you can estimate the deflection from the galactic magnetic fields is also at the verge of being irrelevant and then as I told you it's it's this regime in which you have an attenuation length which is getting small so this means that you are going to see only nearby sources you are not going to pile up on a huge number of sources so there is some hope that in this small volume you test you are seeing a single sources which make up some isotropy in the flux so people are searching for odd spots spots in the sky in order to get a larger flux this intensity of flux is color coded here and there is one marginal odd spot in the telescope array data in a position which is consistent with Ustama in our cluster if you go to the south hemisphere so to appear there is a warm spot I would say in Centarius A this is like 4 sigma this is like 3 sigma if you try to correlate with what we know about the large scale structure in the near vicinity to us where you take some catalog of distribution of galaxies and you chop out what's in within 50 megapars you have these dots but unfortunately you see that the correlation between the dots and the odd spots or even the odd spots and the nearest galaxy cluster is not very good so we are still not doing ultra energy cosmic ray astronomy but we will have to live and see for more statistics and I think we are going to want to break


Thanks for checking out this movie review video. So this is for the 2020 film bleed with me It's a shutter original and it's coming to shutter on Tuesday, August 10th So because I'm putting this review out before that and because it's a new film to shutter No spoilers in this I'm gonna give like the Vegas the vague synopses Basically, but I will say that if anyone out there has heard or read the synopsis That's basically being put out by shutter at this point It kind of ruins a lot about the film and I kind of of the opinion that I'm not even sure you should watch the film If you've read that synopsis in general This is and I know some people when they hear this disclaimer are gonna be like I know exactly where that which way this review is going Every film is worth watching at least one time Just because I do or do not like something doesn't mean that you will or will not like it So the only way you're really gonna know is if you watch it yourself and like I said every film is worth watching once That said I did not enjoy this film That's usually how I start those reviews But I'm gonna tell you what was good and what and what I thought was bad within the film But once again, you know, it's my opinion and if you feel differently Certainly put it in the comments because maybe there's stuff. I missed. I'm not you know I wasn't open to when I was watching it and I'm willing to consider another viewpoint And I love hearing from people when they say I like this even though you didn't or I didn't like this And this is why so yeah, but give me why that's a big thing Okay So bleed with me written and directed by Amelia Moses who also did the film blood thirsty Which I haven't seen but someone was telling me recently that they were interested in checking it out Which kind of piqued my interest in it. So I might check that out Canadian film this is done in Canada and like I said coming Tuesday August 10th to shutter quick synopsis Three friends basically go to a cabin when it's snowing outside and something kind of happens I'm not gonna go further than that because if I try to I'm gonna ruin too much in my opinion if you want to watch the film That's all I'm gonna say on that The opening scene has pretty much nothing going on in it But it's a really good example of how music can really set the mood how music can really Dictate how you're feeling about a certain Scene or even just help you along to get there and I like the opening scene for this reason because it is a great example Of that it feels nice and inspired But I will say after that there is a whole lot of nothing really going on in this film in my opinion and I Also think that there wasn't enough music there wasn't enough of an actual score now Usually I'm very complimentary to films that have long stints of no music because that allows the audience to just kind of Sit there and see how they want to feel about things it can really increase tension But there's really not much tension in this film. There's really not much Music in this film to help tension because I think more music Certain types of music used in certain spaces within this film could have created tension where there isn't otherwise And that could have been helpful for this film so for that reason I'm saying I think there should have been more of a soundtrack to it more of a score to it so Once again, just my opinion you can let me know feel differently There's shaky camera issues and it is pretty bad. It does settle down Significantly as the film goes on so by the time you get to the end It's a lot less of a problem, but at least early on and about up until maybe about halfway through it definitely is rough and This is one of the things I say we have tripods people should use tripods utilize those I get it when it adds to the scene when you know Maybe it's an intense scene and like a little extra movement really adds to that tension adds to the craziness of what's going on I get that that makes sense But that's not what's going on here honestly and especially when it's shots where characters are just stationary You know, they're just having a conversation and you're just kind of showing a wide shot of all the characters That should not be shaky. There's no reason that that should be shaky. You have tripods. Please use them. Just saying Something bothers me The acting is serviceable. I will say but there are times you can see people thinking about acting and times where you can See people waiting to deliver a line or thinking about delivering a line Yeah, also the chemistry amongst these actors is not really there One of them in particular in particular I think was trying harder than the other two and it shows and They just don't They don't mesh they did they just don't mesh and it creates a lot of awkwardness for the audience members in my opinion I don't know if that was intentional or not, but it doesn't work personally for me I Do like the way they handle the lighting in this for the most part the lighting is very low And it seems like they try to use or make it seem like they're mainly using like natural light sources within the context of the story and For that reason like it's low and it creates a good atmosphere But it also keeps it looking crisp at the same time. So really an awesome job with the lighting I really thought they they pulled that off quite well There is a scene in here This is big for people that animal lovers are really going to be upset about That sort of stuff gets to me and it did with this film But I also try to kind of separate myself, especially when I'm doing it You know watching screener films where you know, I'm trying to do reviews on them It was also unnecessary like you didn't really need it in the film like I see there is a tie-in To I'm just gonna say it wallpaper There's a tie-in to wallpaper and just take note of that because that is kind of an interesting tie-in, but And overall story, but So I get the reason for it, but you didn't need to do it that way. So I You know warning to people who are big animal lovers warning The beginning of the film is well, okay, I wrote that when I was just watching the beginning the film is a snoozefest For me personally, I don't think it feels like much ever really goes on And like I said, if you've read or heard the synopsis from shutter or seen a trailer for this film most likely You're not going to see anything that surprises you or interests you all that much I'm sorry. That's just that's just the nature of the situation If you really want to watch this movie and get some enjoyment out of it, you should go and blind You should definitely go and blind story-wise The dialogue is overly short and simplistic and it makes the characters talk and seem Extremely flat. I think that the bad dialogue also kind of rolls into the issue of the chemistry not being there with the characters Um writing in general is a problem for this this film in my opinion It's it's a very I mean the film's like an hour and 19 minutes. It feels like it's been stretched It's probably about a 30 minute film Maybe stretched out to an hour and 19 minutes. So it feels insanely slow It feels like there's a lot of intentional time wasting scenes that just get stretched just for that reason And it's not good. It kills any flow that the film could have had So technically there are a lot of problems going on with this film and it starts with the writing I think there was a good idea for a premise for the film It didn't come together in the script like you have to have a lot more to it than a good idea You need to be able to flesh out an entire script That really tells a good robust story or even halfway robust Because in the end if the end story is good or if the end Yeah, if the end story in the end kind of twist whatever you have to it at the end Is good enough then people can kind of forget a little bit of the slowness upfront or the fact that you know It doesn't feel as strong, but this one just it feels like the whole way through it's just kind of Slowly meandering its way to the end And like I said, there was a good idea But it it it wasn't fleshed out well for the script unfortunately And it feels extremely slow. So if you don't like films that feel very slow, this feels unbelievably slow Uh, I already talked about the score issue. There is kind of a cool scene that's tied to someone taking a shower So I will say that if you are going to watch the film watch for the particular shower scene You'll know what I'm talking about when you get to it that look cool the way they shot it the way it looks the idea behind it That is a good scene. I I did enjoy that Ultimately this film seems like it is about relationships, but I think there's a large portion There's actually a conversation where instead of allowing it to be subtext It is in your face because the characters say it basically they tell you exactly what they were trying to tell you And that's one of these things when you know book writing screenwriting show don't tell and This kind of Is telling and I just don't like that just because it it makes me feel like you think less of your audience in a sense I don't know if other people feel that way or not Um, the film plays like there was a rough idea, but not enough story to be fleshed out. Yes, uh, this film actually While I was watching it made me think back to another recent Shutter original that I did a screener for um and a review on An unquiet grave. So if you saw an unquiet grave, this has a similar feel to it in many ways So, yeah, I mean That's my thought on it. I didn't really like this film out of five stars with half stars in play Unfortunately, I'm gonna give it a one star rating. I don't think there's a whole lot here to be compelling I found myself during the film and after the film just asking myself the question. So what? Like that's and that's what you need to do when you're writing scripts is so what, you know This happens so what like does it matter for the story overall? Is he getting us somewhere? So what and I kept just thinking so what and there were no answers for it with the film. So I just Wasn't a fan, but you know, I wish the best to Amelia Moses who written directed this I think that directorially there's some really good technical flashes going on there and cinematography wise other than the shaky camera There were some decent shots there. So directing and cinematography wise There's a future there for Amelia Moses. I believe maybe just don't write your own scripts or write with someone else Just saying But that's just my thought like I said, let me know what you think Go ahead and put it down in the comments and you can go ahead and do spoilers in the comments. That is fine Just know that that's a thing Do me a favor though real quick hit that subscribe button if you can for me and you can because it literally takes you a second It costs you no money and it's totally painless And it really helps me out growing this nerdy horror community I'm trying to build here and also it motivates me it legitimately does So I would appreciate that also if you could hit the notification bell button That would be cool too because then you'll know when I'm putting up new videos Whether it's one of these or a more in-depth analysis review or unboxing video or any of that stuff But regardless, I really do thank you for taking your time to watch this and until next time keep it brutal


So Tom we're in the middle of a bit of chaos here at the outside the hall of the at the main shuttle mechanic association What's going on up here? Well, we are building four bathrooms to service our ballroom and the third floor of this facility Which is being done by? several of the unions in in Maine and what kind of improvements are they making they are They removed one old bathroom that had a step to it and they are installing four new bathrooms One of which is ADA, you know the Compliant, so we can handle handicapped, you know patrons and why were these improvements needed? Well, we had one bathroom on this floor for our ballroom, which has a hundred and sixty occupants and it just created some Challenges for the users and now we'll have new bathrooms and you know with you know modern fixtures and It'll be a great improvement to the amenities for the ballroom and The work is being done under a special arrangement with some of the unions describe that a little bit. Well, we initially talked with the electrical unions Don Barry and Alan Shepard and they came in and installed some additional receptacles in the ballroom we had basically three receptacles for a 3,000 square foot Ballroom and they added about 12 more and during my discussions with Alan and the electrical union. They have talked about Rewiring the mezzanine, which would be the fourth floor and the fifth floor Which is you know, woefully inadequate in terms of outlets and receptacles in the course of that discussion I told him about our need for bathrooms and he said well, you ought to talk to John Napolitano he's the president of the Maine State Building and Construction Trades Council, which I did and I told him about our need and he said, you know, they've been looking for a project where they can work together and This is a perfect project and the mechanics are very similar and Indirection to the you know the unions and so they jumped on the opportunity and this is what we have Well, the demolition we had to come in and demo the walls here So the the laborers came in the cabinets came in and did some demo along with the laborers came in and didn't Move the lot of equipment and did some demolition then we had the electricians have been moving on along They had to move the wires out and we won the new we run new wires And a new service here as well as the plumbing as well. We had to take out the remove the old bathroom run some more drain line vent lines in domestic hot water and In water lines and put the new fixtures in so we're getting there. We're not there yet, but we should be Another week and you're using a lot of apprentices for this work. Is that right? Well, we have apprentices that are coming in working with our program here working with our contractors our signatory contractors the apprenticeship program for the The electricians have been down here working with their coordinator Alan Shepard the carpenters have come down They've both they've had both dirty men and apprentices down here as well as long as well as the pipe fitters And the plumbers in the pipe fitters and the laborers as well What is the benefit to the apprentices for doing a work like this? Well, it's good experience for them and it's on the job experience in the community experience The main shower mechanic association started out to help apprentices. So 200 years later.  It's great. It's an opportunity for the apprentices to work in a building that is 170 years old and Which presents its own challenges most of the The trades today work on newer newer buildings and this is an historic building in this, you know National historic register and having this opportunity is a great learning experience for those apprentices Would you have been able to do all this work without the contribution from the unions? Well, we would we would eventually have done the work We just wouldn't have been done it been able to do it in such a timely fashion You know the value of the work being done here is probably 50 or $60,000 And you know, we're us, you know, we're a venerable old organization We're 200 years old, but we certainly aren't cash Flush to be able to afford something like that without a major fundraising campaign So it came at a great time for us and they were looking for opportunities to put their apprentices to work


What's going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overload here We talk about screen seven in this video primarily here today So we're gonna talk about this rumor regarding a front runner to direct screen seven who doesn't have a deal in place But as I've been stating on Twitter Stated in a few videos one or two at this point that I had heard they have a director and They pretty much have them locked in but I guess there's no deal in place for said person I again don't 100% know who it is I'm not gonna bother saying any names that I've heard it on my channel However, send a stealth put out a tweet and then we'll work our way up to this rumored front runner Send a stealth put out some tweets yesterday going over the status of screen seven one in particular stated as spyglass is still operating like screen Seven will be a 2025 release the producers do want to change the negative press So my sense is we will hear about it pretty quick if anything major develops Then they also had this in response to someone saying tell us some news about screen seven They said no deal yet, but a new director is in advanced talks not Eli Roth This person is particularly known for a cult classic. That's very much the same flavor as stream. It's a good choice now This is very interesting Because it echoes what I've heard since it's saying it's related to Someone being known for a cult classic now I have stated in the past on a video that my best guess would be that someone responsible for a 2009 horror film a horror film that has become a cult classic amongst the horror fans however Craving something scary who has gotten things right in the past Has put out a video addressing again. They made it clear. This is just a rumor They're not going out of the way to say it's confirmed or anything like that. They haven't done that They're clearly identifying that it's a really if this rumor ends up being true I would love this option to be reality They're saying that they've heard that John Himes is the front-runner to direct screen seven Now I'm not saying that this isn't true my thing is I did some digging of my own and I went to as close of a direct source as I could regarding the matter and I have my doubts that it's John Himes However, what I've learned about the process when it comes to hiring a director that doesn't mean that it won't end up being John Himes I just found out some stuff that makes me doubt that it's John Himes. I would love for it to be him I love the direction style in Sick and if you didn't like sick, I would say check out his other film called alone. I thought that was a very good film It's kind of like a survival horror film or cat and mouse horror really more of a survival thriller But he's done some terrific jobs with horror with those two films and I think he would be a phenomenal director to tackle a screen film and The opening sequence of sick echoes what I've heard from I think Zach Cherry put out a tweet like this Saying get rid of the opening phone call entirely which sick doesn't have a phone call It just has a text message conversation and then mostly just stalking until the attack comes and Screen two didn't have a phone call. Why not utilize a lack of a phone call in screen seven I would love to see that and let John John Himes do that once again in a tremendous fashion the way the opening of sick Does I think the opening of sick is very intense very suspenseful get you on the edge of your seat is able to get you invested And what's on your screen right away? Has you has you guessing has you wanting to know more and then the attack comes you're trying You're wanting to know who is harassing this boy That's clearly out just going grocery shopping during the pandemic and trying to go back home Not knowing that his apartment has been invaded by the master sailor Master sailants who we know ended up being very Richie Richie Kersh's family asked since the Baileys ended up being the killers in screen six But would you guys love to see John Himes as a director of screen seven? Do you not like what he did in sick? Do you not like what he did with alone if you haven't checked out alone? I would say you might enjoy alone more than you enjoyed sick Me personally I do prefer sick over alone when it comes to the screenplay that was written for the film I prefer a lone screenplay over six screenplay not that I'm taking any shots Kevin Williamson Kevin Williamson It's still one of the best writers in the horror genre But you guys can let me know what you think about this down in the comment section below I'm just making this quick because again I'm recovering from a cold my throat is sore and I don't want this video to be any longer Then it has to be who would you guys want to see direct screen seven if not John Himes Who would you want it to be and let me know who you think I am talking about when it comes to the fact that again? My best guess is that it is so unresponsible for a 2009 Caught horror film if it's not them then I'll be flabbergasted that it isn't being someone else But let me know what you guys think about this down in the comment section below if you haven't already of course Make sure you go ahead and subscribe turn on post notifications Take members of video in the description. I'll have links to all of my social media accounts I'm on Facebook Twitter and Instagram you can message me there Of course, let me know if there any movies news or reviews you'd like me to cover in the future and with all that in Of mine guys, I will see you in the next video


Good morning everybody. I just went down the road to get my coffee from Pilot. I bought a coffee from the Southern Pride truck stop that I slept at. I'm on Mount Caron. I got a coffee from Southern Pride but it was coffee flavored water. So I'm stopping in here for a real coffee on that will actually wake me up and not just put the coffee taste in my mouth hoping I can just park in front of the pumps here somewhere got going nice and early today it felt good here we go yeah we started our day around 6 a.m. I'm gonna grab fuel later in the day let's eat some coffee now got that bean the cups got a little bit more of an I like a good kick in the morning kick right in the pants wake me up you know I mean I can't stand weak coffee I want this thing start I left it in gear that's smart there you are my girl okay so yeah I can't stand weak coffee it's one of my pet peeves and what a waste of time and money you know excited for a coffee and then you sip it you're like that's water anyways let's get on the road we got a long day ahead of us see how far we can get we're all heavy that thing is we should be done around 6 o'clock I think it's 2 20 right now around 6 30 and be ready to go at 4 30 tomorrow morning I'm gonna get going nice and early so I can get home eight hours to drive tomorrow yet so four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirty we should get back around 12 thirty one o'clock add a couple extra hours in there for breaks and stuff to three o'clock I should be home before supper home for most of Saturday but Saturday evening I've got to go this load is supposed to be or it has to be in Oka talks Alberta just south of Calgary Monday morning now instead of Tuesday because this truck needs to be safe deep and I need to get back to the shop to get its safety every year the truck has to go in for a safety inspection and it's time Monday morning and coming straight back and then I'll probably have quite a few days off at home because I got to be home for the next week and I might end up being home for a week again we'll see hopefully I can do a few things in between and not be gone that I mean home for so long but I can't complain I've been going for a while I wouldn't mind be at home for a week I know my bank would disagree with me but this truck needs a safety take advantage of that because now has some extra time at home during the summer months lot to get done at home still there's a lot to get done I want to build a dog run in our backyard mostly for the little guys but also for the big guys as well when the dogs are outside you got to be very careful you got to watch them very closely we let them outside as much as we can we like to spend as much time outdoors as we can especially this time of year because the weather's nice and the dogs need to be outside run around stretch their legs you know so when they are outside you got to be very careful watching like a hawk because if they see a squirrel they're gone just like this guy's the squirrel hunter 2000 right here this guy's a machine he sees a squirrel and he's gone that's how I know where to find them but if you're not watching him you have no idea which direction he took off in you know I don't know what he chased off either maybe maybe he's chasing a bear through the woods you know maybe he's chasing a cougar and in those cases I got to be worried because I don't want my dogs chasing those animals because those animals will fight back and kill them I also got to worry about you know wolves or coyotes luring our dogs off into the bush where they'll kill them as well what they'll do is they'll send one member of the pack out into the open and it'll they'll lure your dog into the bush right he'll he'll pop out of the bush and your dog will be like ooh a friend right and go and rush off to meet him the wolf will slip back into the woods and your dog follows him into the woods to go play and then he gets surrounded by the rest of the pack and then they they surround him and they kill him that's that's how they they'll kill your dog also how they can kill small humans children and stuff so you got to watch out like we don't have kids yet but when you do if you see an unfamiliar dog in the yard don't follow it into the woods but uh with the little dogs we have to worry about even more like weiner the little guy and you know in frankie the big big frank you got to worry about eagles and hawks coming down and picking them up like they've there's been reports of like weiner dogs being picked up by eagles and carried away and you know drops from the sky or brought back to their nest or whatever they do with them what are you telling me to do here okay yeah stay on i39 okay i thought she was telling me to leave the freeway like why staying on the freeway i know where i am now we're uh coming up to the border with wisconsin we're in rockford Illinois here so i want to build the dog run for the dogs just to keep them safe from wandering off getting lost or eaten so i gotta do that i've also got to clear out uh or not clear out clean up the door the whole situation with the door that we installed last time i was home i got to finish that all up i gotta get the dry wall up got to tape it putty it seal well it's already sealed off got to trim it all through the outside finish that all up and then we also got our pump for our pond which i can either pump the water out of the pond first which i might do and then clear out the bottom of the pond and then pump the water back in from the creek or i'll just pump it straight i don't know we'll see the pump is there anyways so i can start working on that so if i am home for a week yeah my bank account's gonna hurt it's gonna be uh it's not gonna like it that much but it is what it is this truck needs to go in for a safety uh brit and i are also still working on our fertility uh no good news to report to you yet we're still trying to have our first and uh you know we'll get there eventually but throughout the whole virus thing all our fertility clinic shut down so i think they're just starting to reopen are they reopened last month or this month they're reopen anyways so now we got to get back on the monthly fertility appointments so i gotta be home for that as well so if they do leave me at home for a week yet make things a little tight this month but there's no lack of things to get done at home there'll be lots of videos from at home then because lots of chores to do including the lawn i can't wait to mow the lawn i'm looking forward to getting home to mow the lawn get on that new tractor and mowing it again i actually look forward to it now well i always look forward to mowing the lawn let's not jump around like it's i love mowing lawn but now it's extra fun and so easy so we'll see what happens uh we'll be home tomorrow sometime during the day probably in the afternoon we are coming to the end of our day we got seven minutes to park and two miles till our exit and it's only 6 30 well i call this the afternoon i guess 6 30 in the evening so there's no way there won't be parking there so we'll shut down at 6 30 we'll be able to start our day tomorrow at 4 30 in the morning before the good lord himself even gets out of bed at that ungodly hour all right diesel we'll get ourselves going and i think we got another eight hours home what ozio is it oseo or is it oseo i think it's oseo oseo wisconsin wisconsin about as far as we could today we've driven 1058 kilometers which is about 660 miles somewhere in there exit 88 i-94 wisconsin i've never stayed here before at least i don't think so maybe i'll recognize it once i get there i picked this place uh it's not uh a major stop we got six minutes i picked this place because it was at the perfect spot to match with my logbook but it's not like one of those big chain truck stops or anything it's not a pilot or a flying jay or a loves or tia or anything i think it's a bp it's just like a private small private it's like a small us 10 small travel plaza there's a big cow up there diesel you see that you love cows i love cows too especially when they're on my plate mmm delicious moe's diner hilltop road event turn right in 120 meters moe's diner isn't that from the simpsons their slogan was almost world famous well now your world famous i broadcast you around the world moe's diner in wisconsin oseo oseo oseo oh it's actually not the bp it's beside the bp okay well oh it looks like there's a lot of trucks here already nice oh we're gonna go park in the back somewhere oh there's lots of room in the back there uh yeah we'll be just fine wait i think there's a car coming yep i'm right yep there's a car oh and he wants to turn this way of course i could have gone now there's a pickup coming maybe not yep there he is no he's turning okay well let's go see what they got back here anybody order a tiny house make a u-turn if possible again oh quiet destination on the left side quiet quiet quiet quiet oh this is pot whole city all right another one of these that's okay that means it'll be quieter here tonight than the regular truck stops we'll be at all that space back there yet oh look at that let's go back here let's see what's back here i've never been here before huh i have three minutes okay we're gonna have to park pretty quick see i'd park back here but i don't know if this is all going to get blocked off in the morning or not you know how drivers are 150 meters i'd love to park back here be perfect don't know if i can trust these people up here because they've already parked like right in the middle of everything and park over here turn right on quiet care turn left in 120 meters well diesel we had to run to the other side of the parking lot real quick before a clock ran out but i saw this guy backing in here mr diamond driver whatever that means but he parked first that means i don't have to worry about him backing into me so he parked and then i moved up parked beside him i think there's room for another guy to park beside me here yet on that side but at least he can pull forward and it'll be an easy easy park for them so as long as nobody blocks me in tonight i'll be able to leave 4 30 in the morning and that'll be that it's been a crazy day just it went by so fast because we were just driving the whole day like it was a long day 1,061 kilometers altogether wow 660 some miles let's see how many miles is that exactly 1,061 1,061 divided by 1.61 659 miles and we got another 812 kilometers 500 miles to do tomorrow we're gonna start at 4 30 bright and early i hope to see you here