When magical creatures show up in fiction, there are many different ways to portray them. Their history, powers, temperament, and position in society are all unique depending on the interpretations of the creator. Whether you're talking about werewolves, vampires, ghosts, zombies, multi-dimensional K-pop stars, or wizards, everyone has a different take on them. And that's a good thing. The ways in which the mythology differs from other franchises and legends is a vital part of the identity. One of the most common mythical creatures that we see nowadays is the vampire. Vampires have appeared in everything from dark horror stories to action romps to horny fantasies. Some people are purists, of a sort, and get annoyed when they deviate from the, quote, canon version. The thing is, any interpretation of vampires is canon. There was quite a bit of variation in the old folk tales that gave birth to the modern stories. An example of this would be how people got upset when the vampires in Twilight sparkled, claiming that vampires don't sparkle. The thing about that is, vampires don't do anything, since, you know, they're not real. In most of the original legends, vampires weren't hurt by sunlight either, but no one complains about modern works changing that because it works as an interesting weakness for them, whether they're scary monsters or inhuman heroes. There's no right or wrong way to do this beyond what you think is cool. Vampires have been around forever and in many different cultures. What we think of as vampires today stems primarily from European legends and Bram Stoker's Dracula, which came out way back in 1897. However, there's plenty of wiggle room even within that framework, which is what I wanted to look at today. As a rule, vampires are humanoid creatures who live forever, or at least a very long time, feed on blood, usually human blood, and that's pretty much it. Outside of those two foundational details, you can change pretty much anything you want and your creations will still be recognizable as vampires. Over the past hundred years in some change, they've expanded. They're no longer just vaguely Eastern European-style aristocrats in capes who are scared off by crosses and spices. They can be everything from scary to pitiful to sexy to alien. There are many different ways to do vampires. Let's look at some. Let's start with the obvious. Are the vampires supposed to be bloodthirsty monsters that all need to be put down? Or are they meant to be alluring and beautiful, immortal humans? The late aughts brought the world a metric fuckload of young adult romance series featuring vampires, some of which was bad, some of which was bad, and some of which was even bad. For some time, vampire men falling in love with young women has practically been the default setting for anything vampire-related. Twilight obviously didn't invent the idea of vampires being hot. It wasn't even the first mainstream success that did so. Interview with the vampire came out decades earlier and goes to great lengths to point out how hot all the vamps are. But boy, did it catapult the sexy vamps into everybody's eyeballs. And with the recent renaissance, we can periodically be reminded of all the crappy parts of Twilight until the day we die and our deeds fade into the anonymous dustbin of history. By now, this has been played straight, subverted, and parodied so many times that it's almost a given that anything vampire-related will feature human-vampire relations. If this is the case, then vampires will largely just be humans that happen to drink blood. There won't be much of anything to differentiate them mentally, and if there is, it will usually involve being a psychopath. E.g., interview with the vampire features vampires that largely view humans as livestock to be consumed at their leisure. In the vampire diaries, vampires can... turn off their emotions at will? So they have a good mode and an evil mode? What? But none of that stops them from being sexy. Did you know that Richard Ramirez married a fan while he was in prison? Serial killers often receive love letters from people who find their actions sexy. It's due to a phenomenon called Hybristophilia. Sometimes the process of becoming a vampire specifically makes humans more beautiful, as in Twilight. Other times, the writers slash casting directors decided to exclusively make them all good-looking because they could.  These types of vampires are meant to be more mature and knowledgeable of human nature than regular people. They know exactly what makes you tick, even better than you yourself do. And that gives them an intoxicating air. Moreover, they exist in a hidden subculture that engages in debauchery frowned upon by society at large, namely drinking blood. There's some queer subtext there and things like interview lean into it hard. Basically, they're written for teenage girls who have a weird relationship with their English teacher, only they have the aesthetic of an Evanescence album cover. When this first came around, it was a new, subversive way to tackle these creatures that had been in the cultural zeitgeist for centuries. After more than 10 years of watching teen girls hang off brooding bloodsuckers, though, it's gotten a bit stale. Unless it involves crucifix nail nipples... I'll give some of you a moment to Google that. Nowadays, the only times vampires are not sexy is when the creator goes out of their way to make them gross, e.g. the strain, where the vampires lose all their hair and their genitalia after being infected. That series is specifically about how the Strigoi are mindless creatures that function as limbs of an eldritch abomination and have no thoughts beyond thirsting for blood, though. There's no redeeming them or forming a friendship with them. They're an unending, unstoppable horde. So the choice of sexy vampires or scary vampires is basically a choice about whether your vampire story is horror or not. And if it is horror, what type of horror? Bram Stoker's Dracula isn't exactly sexy, but he's not ugly either. Maybe a bit of a challenge, Wank. He's a monster who feeds on humans, using their lives to fuel his immortal indulgences.  He's a monster, but he's a very different type of monster than the Strigoi. He's a representative of how your social betters take advantage of you, while they are representatives of out-of-control plagues and the breakdown of society that accompanies them. Both terrifying in very different ways. And neither are hot. Are the vampires supposed to be magical creatures that don't fit into modern human understanding of the world? Or are they the creations of something understood by modern science? Much like zombies, some modern works have decided that they need a, quote, scientific explanation for why humans might turn into undead abominations. This is supposed to require less suspension of disbelief, but a lot of the time it has the opposite effect, since a virus can't cause humans to grow a tentacle in their throat.  There, a virus that was frozen in ice for millennia comes back and turns humans into superhumans who need blood. They call themselves... Bloods. Of course, when vampires have a scientific explanation, you can't just call them vampires. Again, much like zombies, you have to come up with a new moniker, because obviously gritty, dark, adult stories can't call something by its name. Instead, they call them stragoi, or dampier, or bloods, or leeches. Because of their sciencey nature, most of the silly weaknesses vampires have are discarded. A weakness to sunlight tends to stick around, sometimes silver as well, but things like being repelled by garlic, being unable to enter homes without permission, and having to count mustard seeds if you spill them are impossible to come up with realistic justifications for.  This is what most old stories went with, and many sexy vampire tales fall into this category, too. Magic vampirism isn't caused by a virus or anything like that, it just is. Because of that, the vampires usually have more esoteric weaknesses, and they're usually affected more strongly by those weaknesses. E.g., they'll burst into flames the instant the sun touches them, like in Daybreakers, rather than just being burned by it over the course of several seconds, like in The Strain. One that's largely fallen out of favor nowadays is being unable to enter a home without permission, probably because it makes them seem less threatening if you can escape them just by going inside. It's still used occasionally, though, like in The Vampire Diaries, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, or The Remake of Fright Night. If vampires are magical creatures, there's still a spectrum of powers they can have. Superstrength, speed, and senses are almost a given nowadays. Some other common ones include immortality, the ability to fly, the ability to turn invisible, and controlling the minds of humans. In things like House of Night, they have a ton of magic powers, much like a wizard or something. They can summon dead spirits and curse each other and send souls to the afterlife, and... that's all I remember. And I refuse to research that series, I spent too much time reading it already. Anime is notorious for this sort of thing. Remember Seraph of the End? Of course not, no one does. It was a shitty knockoff of Attack on Titan where they used vampires instead of Titans.  And they create giant monsters to roam the streets of Tokyo. And the human main character has a mysterious ability that gives him... the power to control salt?  How human are the vampires? Are they just people who drink blood? Or are they little more than animals hunting their prey under the cover of darkness? The majority of the time, they fit into the first category. Even if they see themselves as above humans or as a separate species, they still act and think very closely to the humans they feed on. In this case, they'll usually blend in with human society, either posing as aristocrats and using their wealth to attract prey, or just regular Joes who work knights. In each case, they keep their kills and their true nature secret. Sometimes they'll still keep their distance from humans, like in the original Dracula story where he lived in a castle far from everyone. He still pretended to be human, he just didn't interact with them much. This is the preferred way of handling sexy vampires, since it's hard to fall in love with wild animals. Once in a blue moon, though, you'll come across vampires that have truly become the beasts people think of them as. The strain is the most notable example of this. A few progenitor vampires and their favored servants have human intelligence, the rest are just zombies with tentacle tongues. Blood Red Sky also does this, I think.  A more common trope is that vampires turn into mindless ghouls when they don't get enough blood or when they have the wrong kind of blood. Daybreakers, a film with a great setup and negative payoff, feature several vampires that have gone feral after starving. And the supply of human blood is running low, putting everyone at risk for turning into that same kind of monster. Or the Van Helsing TV series where the exact same thing happens, but I need a second example before moving on to the next point on the list. Are vampires just people that are slightly stronger than normal, or are they taking on entire armies alone? There are some vampires that are so far above humans that trying to fight them normally as a recipe for getting sucked on harder than Hugh Hefner. Let's go back to Seraph of the End. I know, I don't want to either, where vampires crash a plane into a city and invade on foot. While they do that, instead of firing some artillery at the humans from a distance, I don't know. Then they start mowing down dozens of soldiers with little effort, and all of this is after they killed 90% of the world, remember.  Sure, the regular vamps are little more than mooks for the heroes to mow down. Their leaders are still demigods that humans can only fight because of anime logic. There are other examples of this. Vampires from Castlevania to the Elder Scrolls to the Originals that possess an array of magic powers, or are simply so strong that humans need a lot of skill, preparation, teamwork, and luck to take them down.  If vampires had simply decided they wanted to conquer the world 3,000 years ago, nothing could have stopped them. It makes sense to stay hidden today when we can drop a nuke on them, but why would they have bothered keeping away from us in the first place? That's something I liked about the Castlevania anime. Dracula just decides he wants to exterminate humanity one day, and without the heroes, he would have done so. On the other hand, some are just slightly stronger than normal, or even at human level. In Cirque de Freak, vampires are basically a secret society of people who get sunburned easily. They're faster and stronger than humans, sure, but they won't be dodging bullets or flipping over tanks anytime soon. In this case, it makes sense for them to keep their existence a secret since, well, humans would likely kill any vampires they came across out of fear of being drained. Of course, vampires don't kill their prey in this series. That would be their cousins, the Vampanese. Those are a type of vampire who go into a trance when feeding that forces them to kill every time they do it.  Wait, what? After generations and centuries of living completely separate from humanity, both vampires and Vampanese have developed very distinct cultures that wouldn't allow them to reveal themselves to humanity, even if some of them thought it was a good idea. They live nomadic lifestyles, roughing it in the woods, and only ever relying on themselves. They're so obsessed with machismo that they aren't even allowed to fight with ranged weapons. Any vampires that act contrary to these cultural norms will be ostracized at best and hunted down as traitors at worst. I know that sounds weird, but these people also lock themselves into a metal box that periodically shoots jets of fire at them as a rite of passage into adulthood. Darren Shan is nutty. Which type the writers choose here is generally based on how crazy they want their story to get. If it's about saving the world or even just a single town from a vampiric army, they make them more powerful. If it's smaller scale and based on some other sort of conflict, they're usually weaker. Are the vampires a secret part of our world that exists alongside gunpowder weaponry and the internet? Or are they a fantastical part of an already fantastical realm? Most vampire stories take place in our real world. Some in different time periods, some in which vampires are known to the public at large, but it's always some variation of our world and our society. Whether the vampires have some sort of governing structure, or they're just a scattered collective, they're usually a secret from society at large. One of the best examples of this I've seen is, oddly enough, Vampire Academy. I'm dead serious. The vampires keep themselves secret for good reasons, since they're not all that powerful and they'd be vulnerable to attack from armed humans. They still have magic though, allowing them to make their schools invisible and wipe memories, so it's believable that they would be able to hide too. It's a surprising bit of intelligent world building from an otherwise shitty book. A small number of vampires exist in fantasy realms though. Things like the Elder Scrolls and Priests feature vampires as an aspect of a wholly fictional setting, although they're often just one more race among many. In the Elder Scrolls, vampirism is a disease that only some races can contract, since some, like Argonians, are immune to all diseases. I think the lore for that series is both inconsistent and insane. There's also over 100 different vampire bloodlines to account for the large variation in their powers and abilities. That's a clever way to give players different enemies and different powers from game to game. Warhammer is similar since... No, I'm not getting into Warhammer lore. I want to write this before I'm 35. In Priests, vampires are like insects. A single queen births hundreds of them who all congregate in a hive. They can't turn humans into vampires any more than we can turn gorillas into dogs. Except for Carl Urban, who becomes a vampire who is immune to sunlight somehow. Rosario Vampire has vampires as their own race too. They're just a race of waifus who don't need to drink human blood for survival. They just like the taste. Crosses don't hurt them, they just suppress their vampiric abilities, rendering them only slightly stronger than humans. The main waifu of the story wears a rosary most of the time and only takes it off when she needs to fight. But when she does that, a separate personality comes out. Then later, protagonist Koon realizes that the girl he fell in love with, Moka, was actually the personality of Moka's mother who had her memories erased and the inner Moka was the real one all along. I know that sounds made up, but no, it's a real plot point. Vampires can't turn humans into them, but they can inject them with their blood, temporarily giving them vampiric powers. Doing this too many times will turn them into mindless ghouls though. As a brief aside, the Rosario Vampire mongos transition from standard harem hijinks into an action series with a continuous storyline is impressive. The vampires evolve beyond being harem stereotypes and the lore of the setting gets fleshed out and becomes genuinely interesting. It's impressive how much it changed. Are vampires the only supernatural thing in this world or is it full of other types of paranormal phenomena?  However, unless you do something extremely new with them, they get old quick. They drink blood, sunlight burns them, a stake through the heart kills them, they commit statutory rape. We get it, there's only so many new ways you can do that. You go through three or four books and you run out of storylines or three or four seasons of TV or whatever. Every major character knows about the supernatural. Most of them have been turned into vampires, possibly even back into humans. They've evaded and or defeated hunters. The main couple has confessed their love and there's just not much more to do. At that point, you have to get creative. Maybe you can introduce a separate breed of vampires for them to war against or otherwise interact with. In Underworld Blood Wars, they introduce the Nordic vampire bloodline who all look like elves for some reason while the others mostly look like Matrix cosplayers mixed with the crowd at a Nightwish concert. Vampire contains several different bloodlines that range from regular-looking vamps to hulking monstrosities to rotting beasts with animal-level intelligence. And like I mentioned before, there are the vamponies from Sork to Freak. When they just throw in different breeds of vampires, it allows writers to play around with different types of creatures without feeling too much like fantasy. After all, many audience members only like fantasy in small amounts. That's why it took so long for things like Lord of the Rings and Wheel of Time to get adapted to screen. Vampires can only be changed so much, though.  Werewolves, fairies, witches, mildly racist depictions of Romani, and whatever else you can think of all get thrown in eventually. This is why most pure vampire stories don't last that long. Seraph of the End... Goddammit, this again? ...has this in spades. Angels, demons, vampires, magical human cults, horsemen of the apocalypse... D- Anime... Why are you like this? Based on the title, you'd think the vampire diaries would be about, well, vampires. Instead, they bring in witches, travelers who are just a different type of witch, uh, no comment. Werewolves, doppelgangers, banshees, ghosts, kitsune, and more. This is what happens when a franchise that had enough material for maybe two seasons gets stretched out to seven seasons, then also gets two spin-offs. The Teen Wolf Show went down a similar path. It started off about werewolves, then it introduced hellhounds, chimera, conimas, also banshees, also kitsune... You know, Hollywood writers, there's nothing stopping you from inventing new creatures. Most of the time you change these things so far from the legends they're based on, you could change the names and no one would even notice what they're supposed to be. Then it would seem less like you were just aping other series that threw in the kitchen sink. Buffy the Vampire Slayer, as the name suggests, starts off focusing on killing vampires. It doesn't take long for other supernatural phenomena to begin though, and for all its other flaws, the show created new creatures like the She-Mantis and the old ones rather than just bringing life to monsters from old legends. Same with Grimm. The legends were an inspiration, but the writers weren't beholden to them. However many magical things there are, if vampires are what the focus is at the beginning, they're usually going to get the majority of the attention and focus throughout. And I think I've found the reason for that. Traditional werewolves are too beastly to build a story around unless you do the old school thing where they only turn once a month and other than that they're just normal people. But most modern works tend to allow them to transform whenever they want so they don't seem like pussies. There's still plenty of werewolf stuff out there, but it's largely erotica. For whatever reason, no one is played around with werewolves as much as vampires. Fairies are too inhuman to connect with, which is too normal to be that interesting on their own, demons too evil to be anything but villains. Vampires usually hit the sweet spot between mundane and paranormal. They have potential to be good, evil, or somewhere in between. They look human, meaning they can be Teen Vogue models or wrinkled elders. Their powers have enough wiggle room to let them be demigods who have slumbered for centuries or mostly regular folks who blend in with society. The fact is, vampires aren't a genre. They're just something you can throw into almost any other kind of story. Twilight Shoulder is a lot of the blame for the explosion in vampire-related media that began around 15 years ago, similar to how The Walking Dead helped bring on so many zombie shows. It was not the sole reason, though.  A little. Most of them attempted to add in a real storyline outside of the face-sucking, though most of them still sucked. And that's because vampires have a lot of room for flexibility and interpretation. They don't have to be villainous monsters like they used to.  They've come a long way since Nosferatu. With other mythical creatures going through this same sort of change over the past few decades, I'm interested to see where things will go in the future. Maybe demons will become pure expressions of human emotion that help us understand how to live. Maybe elves will become the dominant force in the world while humans are relegated to hiding in the wilderness. Maybe ghosts will develop their own societies and live alongside us. Maybe necromancers will start to be portrayed as benevolent. And yes, there are some places where these have all happened, but they're not the norm by any means. It's neat to see how things have changed over the years. Even more importantly, though, I wanted to take some time to explore how tropes are not set in stone. Even if it seems like everybody else is doing something in one specific way, there's absolutely nothing forcing everyone else to do it the same way. Use your imagination. It's the only thing that keeps our knowledge of this fathomless, unfeeling void at bay. Insert strong closing line here. If you watched this far, thank you so much. By this point, most people have just taken to the comments section to tell me to kill myself. I wouldn't be able to do videos like this without all my patrons whose names you see here. And a special thanks to my $10 and up patrons. Oppo Savalainen, Eris Targaryen, Olivia Rayan, Brother Santotys, Buffy Valentine, Carolina Clay, Dan Anceliovic, Dark King, Echo, Great Griebo, KartKat Katsune, Liza Rudikova, Lord Tiebreaker, Madison Lewis Bennett, Marilyn Roxy, Matthew Bordero, Michael Weingartner, microphone, Peep the Toad, Return of Cardamom, SadMartigan, Silyr the Vixen, Tom Beanie, and of course, Vaivictus. All of you are just absolutely the best. If you want to get your name on here, consider becoming a patron. If you don't want to do that, you could always support the channel here on YouTube or just like the video, comment, and subscribe to my channel. All those are great. And that's all for my takes for today. Goodbye.


Dear students, in this module, we're going to talk about the part two of functions of social groups. In our previous module, we saw that social groups provide us sense of identity, sense of belonging and emotional support. In this part, we're going to see that how social groups are providing some more effective functions for you. So they are providing the opportunities for social exchange and cooperation as well. In human resources, like the other interactional processes, in the same way, exchange and cooperation are as important or as important as any group's activities to perform the existence of that group. So for the group to exist, cooperation and exchange have to be based on the exchange or cooperation groups that survive. Facilitating the achievement of common goals and objectives. If there is a cohesiveness or a question between the group members, then they have this process of facilitation and for the achievement of common goals, any group that decides or defines for their group members and to achieve those common goals, the group members provide the same normative pattern that these are the ways that you can achieve these goals. Then another important function that creating social networks and connections that can lead to other different opportunities. The interaction between the group members is a big benefit that there is networking between them and this networking becomes a bias for their further opportunities. For example, if you look at your educational institution, in the educational institution many friends and friends become a part of your interaction through your networking. Which are also very effective for you in your professional life and maybe become a bias for such fruitful opportunities because of which you can excel in your career. Then promoting the social change and social movements, particularly the larger groups, the secondary groups, become a bias for social change and different social movements. For example, in the educational institutions, students become a bias for social movements, become a bias for social change and sometimes they become a strong, strong, and beneficial change in the society because social change is not just the name of positive social change, it is also the name of negative social change. So the process of social change is done through the help of the students' collective behavior. And for example, if we take the examples of Pakistan, there are professional associations or trade unions. These can be different examples of different, particularly secondary social groups that facilitate social exchange and cooperation while political parties can promote social change and social movements. Social change and social exchange and cooperation are key important functions of these social groups both formal as well as informal groups.


We're here at MPS Goes to Casabalooza with Alphabetical who are just off stage. Hi guys, Harry. We're very good, thanks. Yeah. This is your one of your first times performing at Casabalooza. How did you find it? Oh, we really enjoyed it. It was really great, I think. It's our first festival really, so it's a really great experience, I think. Like listening to music when I got a chance to nap out and catch it, it's quite a distinct stage for anyone that doesn't know yet. Can you describe it for me? I'd say it's probably just kind of pop rock with a bit of an electro-influencer maybe, kind of indie pop rock. Just to bring it back to when the band began, because it's clear that you have a bit of a cork accent, so how did this whole band come about? Well, I moved to France in 2000, so I grew up there and learned French, and the guitarist of the band, Romain, who's become my best friend, we met in school about two years ago, and he just asked me to start singing his band, and he already had bass, drums, and guitar, and since we've changed the drummer, we have a new drummer, Midi, but yeah, we just came together through school and connections, kind of friends. And what's in store for the band, and what's the future plans? Well, hopefully we're going to continue now and maybe get an album on the go or something like that, if we're lucky enough. And just before we let you go, where can people find you if they want to check you out? Well, we're on Facebook, obviously, Alphabetical, and we're on Twitter, and you can listen to our music on iTunes, Spotify, Deezer. Thanks guys so much for chatting to us, it's been great. Thank you, it's a pleasure. This has been MPS Goes to Casa Paliza.


No, what you got for you got to follow that over something man, would you he left me look?  Let's go with it. Tell your auntie Okay Tell your auntie Can I get the car car? Cuz I got some places that I need to go and I can't tell She doesn't need to know so if you want to do a favor, you know who I are just a As your auntie cannot get the car. I said we need the crew. We need to hit two eighty five I need to just stop on fries will drag see this home fries will roll over in sandy spring Cuz I just have to do some things, but I don't want to say Well, cuz people don't really need to know and what I mean because I don't like people running up on me Because I'm so paranoid with the capital D because I always keep a G on Me at least so don't be running up quickly because I'm so shifty I might get fancy catch a attitude, but I don't mean to be rude But what type of nigga just be running up on dudes like don't I know you didn't I really see you somewhere? Ain't what DCBO to I'll be like nigga.  You think that I'll be rapping off the top of the plane We in the middle of quarantine just cuz you came outside to get outfit and some new jeans What type of grown-ass man be wearing blue jeans Kelp my pockets and you don't do things They say that almost all but I'm a hood Because it's real low-key. She got the ultimate with attending windows my G and it's a SS That means it's the one that I like. I mean, it's the fast one.  I'm like a play station They don't have one because they're going for like five thousand and one dollars I'll make them holler pop my collar on the freaks Welcome back. Are you looking at me?    So You can't have a job until you cultivate What it is you want to do So for me I was before So after I got found out guilty I started doing iron work So I built a bread stadium Literally, I mean the falcon stadium Ground up, right?     Let's go back Let's go back Let's go back There's a certain group of people That refuses to give you the information Because if they give you the information Then you equal the playing field You feel me?  So buying hold is the safest thing you can do Buying hold So buying hold means buying Buying a stock So it's like buying a stock And then holding it That's the equivalent of selling weed Because it's the less amount of risk People always want to smoke They all want to feel good And be cool And be good So you buy a stock, you hold it for a long time That's the equivalent of selling weed So selling crack Selling bricks would be Investing in options Because you buying stocks wholesale You buying them wholesale So Coke is The game everybody plays When you get into the dope game Day trading would be Selling heroin So why? Because the clientele is different It's more fast paced And you don't have a big room for error You feel what I'm saying? So those are like the three steps Those are the three different phases You can deal with in the stock market So to me that's the equivalent of Okay this is how the dope game goes Right?        So for even me when I do options Again it's like selling bricks Because you buying shit at wholesale So instead of buying one stock you may buy You got to buy 100 of them So that's what options is So you got to buy 100 of them bitches at a time But you get them at wholesale prices So if a stock costs Let's say an apple costs $162 right now Or if you used to buy some options You can get 100 of them You know what I'm saying?   Let me get 16 bricks But throw me four nickel bags in there You did So it just makes sense I don't want a full nickel bag I don't take no chance with that weed You did But the best way to build wealth In the game is Buying good companies and just holding that shit That's the best way to That's the best way to build Give me an example on that Buy a whole So let's say I like Apple If we look at everybody in this room I can probably bet that 60% of people In here probably got an iPhone You know what I'm saying? 60% of people in here probably got an iPhone So I can say okay Do I see Apple going out of bins Within the next 10 years? Do you see that?   Because if the lion tell the zebra How he catching the zebra Going to tell the giraffe, the elephant So not a lion at the top no more You feel me?   That's a company That leases Land to marijuana growers You feel what I'm saying? Yeah If you smoke weed You should own marijuana stocks You should own Scott's miracle girl Why?   How does that work? Jack came in and told me the whole world Me and him was the best friends We not best friends?   They go from Like you said from zero to Millionaires overnight I feel like they had the fastest route to the money It's not like they have to be an NBA Rookie for a season and wait on that check Like they have a direct Route to the money But they got a direct route to losing their shit That's what I want like in my mind So I remember telling my partners then one day We went to like this money bag you'll After part it was at the Not the dome but the new thing they created That's the cross from the dome The white thing, the tents or whatever that shit is So we went there man and we had got a section And then like we was next to money bag you'll And I saw that like I saw How to crawl in and I told my partners I said we We got a job to do We got an obligation to People how to make money I said I'm cool with rap Like that should be all of our life stories Right?      How do we get people to start buying shit?   Okay, when we get in the metaverse, guess what? That eye comes in handy Think about this, think about this I'm selling NFT in this nigga eye Think about this though Think about having that You can get a screen now But you can actually have it in the metaverse But you can actually have it in the metaverse But what is the metaverse? So it's a virtual world You didn't see the video Mark Zuckerberg sent to everybody? So think about this He sent it to everybody In your email Think about the 85 South Shield What are you a fool?   We already got a three bedroom house on that bit That ain't gon' be big enough for the ranch house I'm not driving all the way out there for no three bedroom So what you need, love? Y'all finna have to goddamn start over Start over?      This was a while ago And they never grew no more fruit That's the thing, I don't know if it was a company You could call You know, I think I'm going to chuck your soul I think you should go mango You want to try it? Let's get crazy But I do, if it's somebody Who has a company like that I would love to get some fruit Put a tree around my property You can grow them all on the same tree Wait, wait, what?   Buy it, where is it? It's next to Atari This is the equivalent to having property In New York And what that is Times Square Man let me get that Why? Because the more traffic Come around now, the more my property It's just a plot But if I put something on it And people there, I spent whatever I spent for Now, 3-4 years Remember this shit is new 5 years from now, 10 years from now That shit maybe worked 10 million dollars I spent whatever on it So that's how you gotta think about it It's an investment for the future Yup If you think in bigger picture That's why we got advantage right now The reason why we got advantage right now Because usually we don't get a chance To see the change happen Right?  No Are you versed?    It's still here when you hit it You hear me?  We don't need much We don't even think that far I definitely ain't thought of it You feel me? You feel me? You feel me?  Grandfather Grandfather Really? But that's my goal man They can be better trainers I don't think it's due to his life You said you had kids I can teach that You can teach it Come on here


And with that, we'll move on to one of our wonderful speakers. So we're really excited to have Neesh Atariya here today. And let me tell you a little bit about Neesh before we get started. So Neesh has an amazing background. It is pretty impressive. So let me get that information up. So Neesh leads the Equal Innovation, an organization that collaborates with leading universities, governments, foundations and companies to assist them to integrate innovation and entrepreneurship with their impact-focused strategy. Neesh is also a senior fellow with the Clinton Foundation and a contributor to Forbes and the author of the India-U.S. Partnership One Trillion by 2030 by Oxford University Press. Neesh previously served as Director of Innovation and Entrepreneurship and Senior Advisor to the Secretary of Commerce for the Obama Administration. And as Executive Director of the Deshpanad Foundation, a prominent American philanthropic foundation on innovation, entrepreneurship, and also he served in the Administration of President Bill Clinton as well. He has been quoted prominently worldwide in the New York Times, the Economist Newsweek, Economic Times, India Today, BBC Bloomberg, and NDTV just to name a few. So everyone, Neesh Atariya. Thank you so much, Monica. I appreciate the opportunity to speak to this group. I've had the chance to speak to XPRIZE a few years ago and about global innovation and particularly innovation in the developing world. And then it worked with New Profit for many years as somebody based in Boston and also New Profits here in Boston and been a real big fan of the venture philanthropy concept. So I'm very pleased to speak here. And as it turns out, I know some members of some of the teams who have reached out to me on LinkedIn. And so that's been great. And so hopefully my remarks won't be redundant to some of them. I wanted to touch base on a few things today. Just a little bit about innovation in this space and then talk a little bit about some of the challenges in terms of the skilling space and how difficult it is to achieve change, you know, beyond your innovation, but also then tell you two examples of programs that have worked at achieving some sort of scale with their programs and talk a little bit about why those pathways and those broad based partnerships are so important. And that journey is so important from innovation to scale up. And so hopefully at the end, you know, I will have been helpful in thinking about this broader skilling ecosystem for you and I appreciate the opportunity to speak. Next slide. So, without advertising just a little bit about the work that I'm doing, I run an organization called equal innovation. And we're really focused on the fact that there are so many startups now around the world that are focused on mission and impact and so there's about 5000 accelerators around the world now these are tech transfer centers innovation centers accelerators. And there's two interesting points to note about them. Most of them are not in San Francisco and Boston in New York they're really spread around the world and so as our speakers were saying earlier XPRIZE believes anyone can innovate and successful innovation can come from everywhere. We really need to do a better job of doing that because the venture capital is still in those three cities, even though we know great ideas are everywhere. And we also need to think about the challenge you know, when you look at skilling for example, there's several billion people in the world who need skilling support either skills, because they're younger and haven't entered the workforce, or re skilling, because they are, you know, been moved out of one industry and so you know the four things that we're really focused on are that idea of inclusivity, the idea of equality that every good idea deserves a chance that ecosystems and communities are really important the old saying it takes a village. And then commercialization must happen faster and more efficiently, again going to this area of skilling. If several billion people around the world needs some sort of skills development education or re skilling. It's not going to be the, you know, the one founder wins model it's going to have to be multiple startups multiple technologies all winning a little bit in different parts of the world and so if we move to the next slide. So I wanted to share just a little bit of the challenge in the skilling and re skilling space it unfortunately does not happen at the speed of innovation, and I thought I'd bookend the last 20 years. As we talk about the internet era. So in the early 2000s, you know it was becoming clear that in the American economy, young people needed to develop the skills for working in technology and the job opportunities were with companies like Microsoft Cisco which are still around sun systems which some of you may remember and some of you might not. But the example here I use is the sun but pretty much everybody went through this where they actually invest a significant resources and developing curriculums for high schools community colleges, colleges, all sorts of nonprofit organizations to train young people in in Java programming language, but the way the American system works, it took. The way their grants were were organized actually took two academic years before students could take those courses and right in the middle of that son announced that they were going to outsource several thousand Java programming jobs and so you can imagine your high school principal and you're saying do I offer this Java programming class or you know they just announced all those jobs are going to India, Philippines and elsewhere and as you can imagine. So it didn't take off and so the speed of technology the speed of globalization was happening so fast that you know it just didn't take off as a proper training activity in American schools and you know as a result a lot of, you know, the programs would continue to be abroad, or programmers coming into the United States on programs like h1b. And this wasn't just son Microsoft had this problem with its own work, and then Cisco had an incredible set of networking academies to train young people in the Cisco technology and how to use it, but went through a lot of those similar iterations of launching something and by the time curriculum is developed. And for those of you listening who think that you know well that that was 20 years ago, technology now is much better we have AI we have this and that. We know that that's not the case because there are still structural impediments to reskilling quickly right so right now one of the biggest is that financial aid through FAFSA and other programs is really only available for the largest online providers and. And so the Coursera and others you can use your Pearson loan you can use others, but the government is a little bit wary of for profit providers and it's only those large ones that have gone through the process of making making it available to students and so we most people in the United States do require some sort of financial aid for their reskilling. And so if you can only do it through a few outlets. That is certainly a barrier that needs to be addressed. The other one is that most Americans don't go to elite for schools they don't go to four year colleges they take multiple years and they take their training at other institutions, whether it's workforce development boards or local nonprofits. And, and they are also not built to introduce courses with new technologies quickly it's it's not fair to take something that's really cutting edge technology like a, like some of the AI or VR stuff that many of you are working on and ask community college to turn it around really quickly and so that challenge remains as it was 20 years ago that how do you quickly get something approved. And again thinking that you know these courses, if they're offered in public institutions. It's only fair and responsible that they go through a vetting process where we know the technology works we know that learning occurs. And that it leads to positive outcomes whether those are jobs, or job opportunities, whatever the outcome may be but you're not going to just introduce something until it's proven. And so while we might cut the time from two academic years. It's highly unlikely we'll cut it to less than one academic years simply because of calendar and approval process and all that stuff and we may not like it but you know there's no MVP in this work it has to be a proven, proven solution in terms of learning focus. A couple of interesting other things that I would mention is, you know, Coursera now is launching and retiring courses in just 18 months. And so again this is a really interesting challenge for the reskilling space that we are seeing technologies needed in the marketplace. And go at a really, really rapid speed. And so what all of you are doing with your innovations becomes really important because if that's the case, then we know that this infrastructure of community colleges, nonprofits workforce investment groups just will never keep up. And so of course Sarah with its resources and the technology platform and the millions of users can't keep it going more than 18 months, then we certainly need to think about, you know what technology tools must we use and put into place. And the last thing I'll mention is just that micro credentialing which is sort of talked about in this space that you can reskill in a different setting get a micro credential, stick it on LinkedIn and go from there. The reality right now is that most large employers are not necessarily recognizing micro credentials, unless it's from a few specific institutions or online education providers and so you know the quality is very hard to rate quality is very hard to discern of a credential and unless it's a well known brand, you know, we don't know what that person actually learned or what credentials they have. Now you can say that that's the same for our higher ed system anyways, but there are more checks and balances there because it's been around for a while. And so all that is not to say that the technology is not going to be transformative. It's just that we know there are societal challenges, both from a regulatory side of how we approve content and skilling, but also from sort of a cultural aspect of how people learn and you know the resources they have to spend on learning. So these are all things that I think all of you are going to need to think about as you go into the reskilling space and are looking at your VR tools or your technology tools to rapidly skill up you know it's one thing to have a bunch of folks in a in an early trial I think 5000 is the goal here and that's amazing. But you know when will that translate into approval to go in the California Community College system which has hundreds of thousands of students at any given time so so some things to think about from your perspective. But there's been two models that I wanted to bring up where I think they have shown that you can be successful in reskilling at scale. If you put in the right time and energy in understanding the customer and understanding that the context both cultural, as well as economic right so the despondy foundation where I used to work runs a skills development program in India and and and actually started after I left so I had nothing to do with this program. Other than to know that it's there, but they really looked at the context in India where the economy is growing really really fast. And there's a need for lots of workers in the economy but there's no way that a country with a billion people is going to build lots of campuses and offer lots of multi year degree programs it just doesn't make sense and so what the foundation did like a lot of reskilling programs is focused on a couple of things that were clear needs in the economy so drivers, basic sales skills, hospitality industry, and then it customer service and over the course of the last decade, they went through this journey that really had four stages. The first was sort of developing the local knowledge and relationships in the communities they were serving so no matter where you are in the world there's sort of a cultural context. There's a reason people go to school or do not go to school, there's family pressures, there's other opportunities. And so they spent a lot of time and again this is not strategic, this is sort of what happened, if you will, I spent a lot of time, developing that local knowledge and relationships to understand what the context is around skills development so it turns out that driving is just not something people want to do, unless they're in big cities because it takes you far away from your family. It's hard to get married there's all these things that you don't think about when you're building a technology or designing a curriculum that turned out to be very relevant and so that's why the soft skills became very important as you know, real issues, communications, presentation skills, how you dress, all this sort of thing and we do the same thing here in the United States with, with a lot of our workforce programs and teaching this sort of professionalism if you will. Their next stage was to then experiment with what types of skills development was going to be useful and instead of jumping in on one specific thing. So we actually started with the idea of supporting entrepreneurs and finding brilliant young people, helping them start a company, and then they would become the employers in the region, employers who would then hire that hundreds of people 1000 people. And by supporting that elite leader, they would, you know, create jobs in the region. And that's, that certainly works in Silicon Valley works in Bangalore, which is the biggest city in India. That doesn't work everywhere else and so that idea of the elite fellowship program the entrepreneurship master's programs, they are important, but they didn't lead to large scale job creation, or skills development through that. And so what then you started to see was this pivot towards basic skills development which is again driving sales, things like that but much more greater reliance on partnerships and and some sort of a model by which the person participating in the class in the skills development program had some more skin in the game than they did otherwise and so they introduced this wide ranging set of programs. They did it in partnership where the foundation was developing curriculum providing seed financing so vendor financing was essentially for the students to participate in the program, and then paid back over the course of their sort of income similar to a student loan, but the foundation provided the capital for that student loan because banks were not going to do it for somebody who's going to be a driver at a hotel, or, you know, do it customer service and so they found alternate sources of capital to do that so they figured out the model for partnership they figured out the, the lending model with the participants in the community. And then ultimately they were able to find corporate partners who worked with them to do specific tracks like hospitality or a lot of the big hotels would work with them to train workers year after year, or just general, you know, sort of community development where they were developing a skilled workforce and they were able to build out much broader ecosystem that looked at this stuff in a regional view, not just as a technology or a specific course. And one of the largest skills providers in the world in terms of skilling annually 8,000 people skilled some in a residential model, a lot of it in a in a virtual or satellite campus model that where local colleges provided the solutions. And I think what I want to leave this on is, it's the largest such program, but it has low rates of attrition but not insignificant rates of attrition and that's something to know that no matter what you do with a lot of these you know, these issues of culture, communications presentation are still real, and they somebody can work and get it, you know, an A in the course, and once they join the workforce they can still have, you know, challenges working with other real people, you know, working in office for the first time all these things are real challenges worldwide. And so even when you do something really really well, some of these other issues prevent us from getting us all sort of where we want to be. Next slide. More close to home here in the United States another program I want to highlight is the urban manufacturing Alliance, which is a partnership of the urban manufacturing Alliance Century Foundation and Clinton Global Initiative. And it's really around called industry and inclusion. And their sort of journey was slightly different but you know again sort of building out what needs to be done, and the partners that need to go there so they were looking at the needs in the space you know I think the data shows that will need at least 2 million manufacturing workers in the United States over the next decade simply based on retirements attrition, growing, you know, growing opportunities and sectors that will stay in the United States such as that defense and others. But then you know we've also read these trends about supply chains, reshoring, you know some of the manufacturing to the United States or initiatives to bring new industries and keep them in the United States so maybe that number is bigger. We don't know. But we don't have the workforce to fill it unless we maximize the people who live in our community the workforce that is hiding in plain sight as some people are saying so people of color women, those urban areas or peri urban areas that can come into the city, and they're currently underemployed, but they've gotten a lot of them have gone through school and received an education so it's not similar to the Indian context where you're starting, often from scratch, this is where you provide some targeted training, and you have a large workforce potentially available to you and that's what they're focused on doing so recently they've their latest cohort they have 22 colleges nationally that have signed on and they developed this 18 month advanced manufacturing credential program and so as I was talking about earlier that some of the challenges with with the time frame and and what have you are there still, but in this case they feel that the advanced manufacturing areas, they're focused on because they're product based, because they're, you know, tied to patents and things like that. They're going to continue to be relevant for many many years and so they've tried to address some of the challenges I mentioned earlier that sun micro systems and Coursera and others have had. So they built this community network and then they really focused on urban areas, because as we know for better for worse urban areas have the power of the concentrated labor pool consumers infrastructure all that stuff and so it's made sense to focus on urban the makers movement is a is generally been around tech hubs and universities and so the next generation of products are coming out often of these urban areas and it's important to stay close and grab those workers when those products start to take off. And then one thing that's always been important to me, we don't think about 67% of American patents are related to manufacturing so when we think of patents and intellectual property. So these days we think of Silicon Valley we think of tech, but the reality is a vast majority of is really to manufacturing. So innovation plays into this, and the role of innovation and commercializing it in the United States, and having local workers, who can work in those industries and trained for it and so you know in this model they're really hitting upon a bunch of the challenges we have, and then trying to do it in a concentrated manner so we do need a rural manufacturing alliance as well. And hopefully somebody will think about that model and how to build that up and I know new profits done some work around a rural and small towns and so we need that as well, but the urban manufacturing one is really an interesting one to me because they're trying to connect the dots with innovation and workers again hiding in plain sight, who could join these industries so I think that's the end of my presentation and really just wanted to thank you for the opportunity and share a little bit about, you know how groups have been tying together the different, different, you know, different parts of the skilling ecosystem in order to have an impact but also how difficult it is, even when you're doing amazing work. So thank you. Thank you so much, niche we appreciate that insight. And I think it's really great to see what people have done before the current teams are competing and to learn from what has happened before them and institute some of those changes in those learnings and what they're doing now.


Hi friends. Welcome back to my channel and welcome if you're new here. My name is Jen. I'm a certified weight loss and nutrition coach and I'm on the WW or the Weight Watchers Blue Plan. Happy Friday. It's Friday, so it's weigh-in day. I'm going to share with you guys how my week was. We'll set some goals moving into next week. We'll talk about the WW workshop. Of course, I'll be sharing this week's weigh-in. So if you're excited and you are here for another Friday weigh-in, give this video a big huge thumbs up. And if you're new or you haven't yet subscribed, I would love to have you here. Hit the subscribe button and click the bell right next to it so you never miss a single video. Like I said, we do this Friday weigh-in thing every single week. Check out the description box down below for my two recipe ebooks. I've released breakfast and lunch. Both contained 15 recipes, WW plan points for all three plans included, as well as calories. I will be releasing the dinner ebook very shortly. So make sure you pick these two up so you'll have the full collection once all four ebooks are released. You'll also find nutrition coaching where I offer personalized two U macros and calories. Highly, highly, highly recommend so you know exactly where you should be every day to lose weight. Also, offer one-on-one coaching if you would like to chat with me directly. I'd love to talk with you. Links, discounts to all my favorite things and my Facebook group. Head on over, join us there. We would love to have you over there as well. So let's jump into this a Friday weigh-in workshop topic and I'll let you guys know how my week was. I hope you had an absolutely fantastic week as we move into the second week of October. I can't believe it is already the second week of October, my favorite time of year. I am in the Halloween spirit. You can see that I have Halloween decorations behind me. I did put some cute little LED lights up in my background and of course I had to change them to orange because tis the season, right? I am loving this feeling of fall as we move into Halloween and Thanksgiving and Christmas. It's absolutely my favorite time of the year. This last week was really, really good. I came back from my trip. I got right back on track. I've been doing really well with eating and tracking. I'm feeling really good about where I am on my weight loss journey. As I mentioned in last week's weigh-in, I'm going to continue to try to see the scale go down in the month of October and then reassess as we move into the last couple months of the year, but I am in weight loss mode and I'm doing really well when it comes to food and tracking. I'm also going to jazzer size two to three times a week which is my goal every single week. This last Saturday I spent the entire day deep cleaning my house, so I didn't go to jazzer size just because I spent the day cleaning, but this week I actually am going Thursday, Friday and Saturday. So I'm going to get in all three days which is really good. It's so good for me. I always feel so good after I finish my workout. I'm gearing myself up for another really good week, but before I share with you this week's weigh-in, let's talk a little bit about this week's WW workshop topic. Also in Wednesday's what I eat in a day, I did share the information that I've received when it comes to the new WW program programs coming out in November of this year. So if you haven't seen that video head on over there, check it out so that you can get all of the updates, but this week's workshop topic is about getting to know your eating patterns. This is really important. We need to know what triggers us to overeat, what triggers us to be hungry, what triggers us to choose certain foods. It's really important to be in tune with your specific eating pattern. So try this, pick three days this next week and take notes on how and what you're eating and of course how that food impacts you.  My hunger level is a blank. One would be that you're full and satisfied up to five, which is that you're ravenously hungry or you're starving. Next, ask yourself, I feel blank. Examples would be energized, proud, bummed out, regretful, exhausted, your choice of how you're feeling in the moment. Number two is to track your meal or snack, whatever it is that you choose to have. And number three is after you've consumed your meal or snack, wait 30 minutes, using that same journal, document exactly how you feel going back to step one. Fill in the blank below. The amount I ate was, was it what you planned, less than you planned or more than you planned? Also reassess your hunger level. Where are you now?  And then ask yourself the speed at which I ate was one slow all the way up to five, which is rather quickly and then gauge your mindfulness. My mindfulness was a one not mindful all the way up to five, which is majorly mindful. Or again, did you fall somewhere in the middle? Then you're going to want to ask yourself, it's blank that I'll eat something before my next planned meal or snack that could be unlikely, likely or not sure. And then ask yourself the foods I enjoyed most in my meal were and list those out. What were your favorite foods of that meal or snack that you had? And then ask yourself how you feel. Now how do you feel after your snack? Are you energized? Are you bummed out? Do you feel really good? Are you full? Are you happy? And just repeat this every time you eat throughout the day. I really, really, really, really like this. It leads you to recognize your hunger signals, how those hunger signals are for you, what you choose to do when you feel those hunger signals and how you feel after you consume a meal. Are you someone that doesn't gauge at all your feelings of fullness or hunger?  It's really important to stay in tune with our bodies. It's really important to learn our eating habits. I really like this topic because it lends itself to intuitive eating. It lends itself to learning your hunger signals, learning your body, only eating when you're hungry, not because you have leftover points or calories for the day, but only when you're truly, truly hungry. Learn your eating patterns and then work on those eating patterns to make them fit your lifestyle and to benefit you in whatever weight loss or weight maintenance goal that you're in. It looks like this is going to be the series of the next few weeks of WW topics about eating patterns and I'm here for it. I think this is extremely, extremely important for long-term success when you're continuing to lose weight or even at maintenance. So now let's jump into how my weight was when I stepped on the scale. Like I said, I had a good week. I'm really proud of myself for tracking and choosing good foods. When I stepped on the scale, I am down 1.2 pounds. So I lost that 0.6 that I gained last week after my vacation plus quite a bit more, which makes me really happy. I feel like when I stepped on the scale this week, my hard work actually paid off and showed up on the scale. We know that doesn't always happen, but I'm so happy to be moving into the next week of October with a loss of 1.2 pounds. That means that I have lost 69 pounds so far, which is absolutely incredible. One pound away from 70 pounds completely blows my mind. Now, I still have a lot to lose and I'm getting there slowly, but I feel really good about my progress. No matter how long it takes me, I'm keeping it off and I'm continually seeing that scale go down and I'm eating more than I've ever eaten before. So I truly am eating more to lose weight. So moving into next week, I'm going to continue to track my food, make good food choices, and I'm really going to listen to my body. I've made that something that I've been focused on over the last few months really just intuitively listening to my body, but I'm going to really amp that up and do that a little bit more and not worry about having leftover points or calories at the end of the day because if I'm not hungry, I shouldn't be eating and that's really the reality. I know it's important to eat enough calories and points throughout the day. So if you find yourself at the end of the day with lots of calories or points left over, just try to have bigger meals throughout the day. Add in some healthy fats or things that cost more calories or points like nut butter or avocado to get to your calorie or point school, but also not to eat if you're not truly hungry. So I'm really excited to implement this into this next week. So now I want to hear from you guys. How was your week? Did you gain? Did you lose? How do you feel about this whole really being mindful and thinking about your hunger signals and just really being in tune with your body when it comes to choosing your meals and snacks? So definitely let me know down in the comments. Just a reminder to check out Wednesday's What I Eat In A Day if you want the 4-1-1 on what's happening with WW or at least allegedly what's happening with WW in the month of November. As always, I will be putting out a video the minute the information is released, giving you my honest opinion so that video will go out as soon as the concrete plan information is released. So if you enjoyed today's video, don't forget to give it a big thumbs up. And if you're new or you haven't yet subscribed, I would love to have you here. Hit the subscribe button and don't forget to click the bell right next to it so you never miss a single video.  Check out the description box down below for the two recipe e-books, nutrition coaching, links, discounts, to all my favorite things, and don't forget to head over and join us on Facebook. You can keep up with me a little bit easier there, and we'd love to have you join that community. Thank you again for watching and I'll see you in tomorrow's grocery haul. Bye!


Hello and welcome to the session. This is Professor Farhad and the session would look at share based payment. This topic is covered an international accounting course, the CPA exam as well as the ACCA exam. Please connect with me on LinkedIn if you haven't done so. YouTube is where you would need to subscribe. This is my channel. I have over 1500 plus accounting, auditing and tax lectures. Please like my lectures if you like them. Share them, put them in playlists. Let the world know about them. If they're benefiting you, it means they might benefit other people. Share the wealth. This is my Instagram account as I'm trying to grow my Instagram. Please follow me on Instagram. This is my Facebook and this is my website on my website. If you like the channel, you would like to support the channel. I do have a donation button. Please feel free to support the channel also on my website. You can find offers for my subscribers right now. Backer CPA review is offering $1000 off of their backer bundle CPA exam, which is the gold standard in CPA preparation. All four parts of the exam. Also, you will have unlimited access as long as you need it. You'll have access to it, which is that's very unusual that backer does give this option, but it is available now. Also, if you are not studying for your CPA exam now, if you are still a college student, backer CPA prep course would allow you to supplement your college studies with thousands of multiple choice questions, exercises and simulations, as well as hundreds of hours by backer faculty lectures. Let's talk about share based payment, which is covered in IFRS 2. Let's look at the big picture first. What is the big picture? The big picture is when you, when the company, let's assume this is the company, this is the company, the entity, when the company wants to purchase something, they pay cash. So we'll give cash and we'll buy what we need to buy. And the other party provide the goods or services. That's generally speaking, how transaction are settled. Guess what? Sometime rather than giving cash, maybe we don't have cash. Maybe we have cash would like to preserve the cash we want to pay with some sort of an equity instrument, equity instrument, give them stocks. Give them stock appreciation, right? Give stock options to our employees. So this is what we are dealing with here. So rather than paying with cash for goods and services, we're going to be paying with some sort of an equity instrument. So IFRS 2, which is the share based payment sets out measurement principle, how do we measure the transaction and specific requirement for the three type of share based payment transaction? The first one is equity settled share based payment transaction. What is equity settled? It means the entity received the goods or services as a consideration for equity instrument of the entity, including stock options granted to employee. Simply put, we receive the goods. We give something other than cash. So we don't give cash. We give something other than cash. We could give stock options. For example, we can pay our employees with stock option. Another form of share based payment is cash settled share based transaction. Notice this is equity settled. It means you're going to pay them actually with equity. Here you're going to pay them with cash. Now the cash is based on some equity measurement. So basically entity acquire goods or services by incurring liabilities to the supplier. Obviously, yes, we incur a liability of those goods or services for the amount that are based on the price of the entity shares or other equity of the entity, which is share appreciation, right?  So I'm going to give you, I'm going to give you 100 share appreciation, right? 100 shares and depending how much the share is, when the time is due, I will pay you if the share is $5.  Okay? That's the second option. The third shared based payment plan is a choice of share based payment. What does that mean? It means you could either settle it in cash or you can settle it in equity. So terms of the arrangement provide either the entity or the supplier. So either the entity can choose the form of the payment or the supplier with a choice, whether the entity settled the transaction in cash or issuing stocks. So simply put, the entity can have that option or the supplier can have that option. And what's the option? So we have the entity here, the company and the entity said, we're going to settle it in cash or we're going to settle this when equity or that option is given to the supplier and the supplier says, I want to be paid in cash or the supplier say, I'm going to settle it in equity. Okay. So though and we're going to look at each one of those, you know, one, two, three in detail, that's the purpose of the lesson, but this is just an introduction. So AFRS two applies to share based transaction with both employees and non employees and require the entity to recognize all share based transaction and its financial statements. No exception. Simply put, the share based transaction, they could be between you and your employees or between you and outside party non employees. We're going to be using the fair value approach. What does he what does it mean the fair value? It means we're going to record the transaction based on the fair value. Now, in some situation, we're going to be using these transactions are recognized at the fair value of the goods and services obtained. In another situation, we're going to base the fair value on the equity of the instrument awarded or granted. So simply put, what does that mean? So sometime and we're going to look at each situation separately. Sometimes we use this is the equity instrument. Sometimes we look at the equity instrument, the fair value of the equity instrument, and we record the transaction based on the fair value of the equity instrument. Other times and other situation, we're going to look at the situation differently. We're going to look at the fair value of what we received. And that's going to be the fair value of the transaction. Let's go ahead and get started. We have a list. We're going to start with number one, equity, settle, share based transaction. This is one of three, one of the three we're going to be covering. So again, this is share based payment transaction entered into by an entity that will be settled by the entities issuing equity are accounted for as equity transaction. Typically, what do we do is we debit either an asset or an expense depending on what we provided. So simply put, we debit an expense or asset depending what we obtained and we credit some sort of paid in capital and common stock. This is basically what it boils down to. So we issued stocks for something either an expense or an asset. Now we have to differentiate when we have those. We're going to differentiate between when we have equity settled share based payment to employees and to non employees. So we have to know, are we dealing with employees? It's treated differently than when we deal with non employees. Okay. So the next thing we're going to do, we're going to break section one into whether this share based payment to a non employee. We're going to start with non employee. Think of non employee as creditors. They don't have to be creditors. Anyone that's not an employee is non employee. I'm just going to think of it as creditors. This way you are familiar with like, okay, I'm buying goods and services from my creditors from my suppliers. Okay. Suppliers, not creditors suppliers. I meant to say. So you measure the transaction at the fair value of the goods receipt. That's the first thing you have to know. What does that mean? It means you are dealing with non employees. You would look at the goods that they gave you and you're going to use the fair value of those goods. Usually that's given. If the fair value of those good cannot be determined, then the fair value of the equity instrument of use. So if the fair value of the goods that they're selling you, we cannot determine the fair value. Then what we do is we use our fair value. One of them should be known. Okay. So if the fair value of the instrument is used of the equity instrument is used, the measurement date. So when do we measure it is the day the entity obtained the goods or the service. So when do we record the transaction? Well, we're going to look at when when when did we obtain the goods or the services at what day and based on that date will be the value of the transaction. If the goods or services are received on a number of dates over a period. So we received some goods here, some goods here, some goods here a different date. So it's going to be 11523215. Okay, guess what we're gonna for this transaction, we're gonna figure out what's the fair value of the instrument on that date, what's the fair value of the instrument on that date, what's the fair value of the instrument on that date. So it's pretty straight forward. Now under us gap under us gap. So let me just show you how you as gap work under us gap, we always start with the fair value of the instrument. So if we're giving equity to someone for giving equity, we always say the value of the transaction is the value of our equity. Now if you don't know the value of our equity, then we would look at the other party. But notice here, with the non employee, we look at the other party fair value. Okay, so the seller, the earlier, and the earlier of either the date at which a commitment for the performance is reached or when the performance is completed is used as a measurement date for determining the fair value of the instrument. So this is under gap when at the date that we measure the instrument. Okay. So this is important. Now we're gonna look at share based payment to employees. So again, share based payment, but employees are treated a little bit differently. It's measured at the fair value of the equity instrument on the grand date. So notice now we are giving stock options to our employees. What's what is the employee given us back? Well, services, they're working for the company. When we measure the when we measure the transaction, we use the equity instrument just like you as gap does. Okay, so the entity issuing stock option must estimate the number of option expected to vest. What does that mean? It means we might be given them 1000 options, but they don't all vest. Means we may end up vesting 600. Why? Because some employees leave. Maybe the options are not worth anything. So we have to know how much are they given them? And how much do we expect the vest to actually materialize? Okay. The product of the number of option expected to vest multiply by the fair value is the total compensation cost that will be recognized over the compensation expense simply put if we're given them 1000 options. And we expect the fair value of these options to be $10. So we have a compensation expense of 10,000. Now, when do we the when do we recognize those compensation expense over the vesting period? Let's assume the vesting period of two is two years, we're going to use the straight line for the simplicity. We're going to recognize 5000 of expense and 5000 expense. Now, maybe I should define what a stock option is because I'm just throwing this word out. What is a stock option? Let's assume you are hired by Amazon. It's assuming you are hired for Amazon. Amazon might give you stock options. What is stock options? For example, Amazon might say, I'm going to give you 1000 options to buy the stock at $2500. Okay, the stock right now is approximately 1700. Okay, so what is the option worth? It's worth zero. It's not worth anything. Why? Because the price right now is just 1700. Why would you buy? Why would you buy the stock price at 1500 if you can buy it at 1700? But what's the goal of the options? The goal of the option is if you work for the company and you work hard, you drive the stock price up more than 2500 and for every dollar above 2500, you make a thousand dollar profit. So that's that's how the stock options work. So the company will have to estimate how many options will be exercised times the fair value of those options. And this is going to be the total compensation expense. Okay, costs should be revised throughout the vesting period with corresponding adjustment to compensation expense. So what happens sometime, some employees leave. So what's going to happen, compensation expense will go down. As compensation expense is recognized, it's offset by an increase in additional paid in capital. What does that mean? It means when you recognize stock options, you're going to debit an expense. Initially, and you're going to credit capital or an equity account. Simply put, an equity account goes up because you credit that capital. Expense is an equity account that's going to go down. You might be saying that doesn't make any sense. Yes, yes, it does. Simply put, you are showing the expense on the income statement. Although the overall equity is the same because you recorded an expense and you offset it with capital, but you still have to show it. I know it doesn't make any sense because there is really no expense to the company until you exercise. That's the truth. Because if you never exercise, if they gave you those options and the stock price never went above 2500, it's like a tree fallen into the forest. No one cares. Nothing happened. Nevertheless, you still have to debit an expense. You record an expense and you credit a capital. So it does hit your income statement, but at the same time, you increase your equity. Now, how would you expense the options? You have two options. You could use a straight line, which I showed you earlier, or you could use straight line, or you can amortize the expense, the compensation expense, and trenches, that means in pieces. Same as USGAP. Most of the time, we use the straight line method. When I teach it, I always teach it using the straight line method. Now, if you are looking for this and just like, I need more about stock options, go to my chapter 16, Intermediate Accounting, and you have a whole thing about stock options in case, you know, you felt, you know, this is not enough for me about stock options. Okay? Let's take a look at an example to see how this work. Let's assume a corporation grants stock options with a fair value of 100,000. Grant means they give their employees the option to buy, and the value of this option is 100,000. Okay? How did we come up with 100,000? It's given to you. They told you it's worth 100,000. 50% of the 50% vest at the end of year one and 50% at the end of year two. In other words, you have to work two years for this company. Under IFRS, compensation cost associated with the first branch is fully allocated to expense in year one. Simply put, we have 100,000, 50% and 50%. That's the best thing. Under IFRS, for year one, we're gonna vest this 100% and we're gonna vest 50% of year two. Okay? 50% of year two. As a result, the amount of compensation expense in year one is 75,000, which is 50,000 plus 50% of year two. 50,000 times 50%. And the amount of compensation expense to be recognized in year two is 25,000. So year one, we're gonna debit expense 75,000, credit equity or capital 75,000. Year two, the expense is debited 25 and capital is credited 25. Okay? The same pattern of compensation recognition would be acceptable under USGAP, which is we could use, you could use this for USGAP or under USGAP, we can go ahead and use the straight line and expense 50,000 and 50,000. Okay? Let's take a look now at the cash settled share-based transaction. Now they are cash settled. Remember cash settle means when we settle them and this is the second type of share-based we've been talking about equity-based now, we're gonna settle it using cash. So rather than issuing stocks, we're gonna go ahead and give you cash. Okay? So here's what happened. An entity might provide employee with stock appreciation, right, in which they are entitled to receive cash payment when the entity stock price increase above a predetermined level. What does that mean? It means they will tell you right now the stock price is $20. That's the current price. They will tell you if the stock price reaches $30, guess what? We're gonna give you value of 100 shares. Simply put, you have $3,000 in your pocket. Okay?  They are not gonna give you 100 shares. They're gonna give you $3,000 in cash.  Okay? So this type of transaction would result in the recognition of liability. Why? Because they have to pay you cash. They don't have to issue stocks for you and it would be an expense. We'll debit an expense, credit the liability. How is the liability measured? It's measured at the fair value of the share appreciation right using an option price and model. Simply put, option price and model means aka in accounting given to you. It's gonna be given to you. We don't have to worry about this. So, and it means sometime the option price and model goes up, sometime it goes down and you have to adjust that liability up or down. Under US GAAP, we're gonna look at how we treat it under US GAAP. Until the liability is settled, it must be remeasured at each balance sheet date with the change reflected in net income. So, remember, I told you $3,000 if the stock price go to $40, now I owe you $4,000. Well, I owe you more. I have an additional $1,000. Under US GAAP, certain cash-settled share-based transactions are classified as equity. These transactions must be classified liability under IFRS. So under US GAAP, they say what you're doing is really this is an equity transaction under IFRS. It says this is a liability. The third type of settlement is the choice of settlement. Either you can choose of settlement. It means you can either get it in cash or get it in stocks or equity. Allow the entity to choose between equity settlement and cash settlement. So you could either get once it's mature, once it's due, you could either settle it in equity or settle it in cash. Give them cash or give them equity. The entity must treat the transaction as a cash-settled share-based payment. If it only has a present obligation to settle in cash. If it has to be settled in cash, then it becomes a cash. Otherwise, the entity will treat it as an equity transaction. Okay, so simply put, they'll decide. Now, assume that this is the entity deciding. Now, when the terms of the share-based transaction allow the supplier, now the supplier decides, the supplier tells you I want it to be settled in cash or I want it to be settled in equity. Okay, when they have the allowed to choose, when they are allowed to choose between equity settlement or cash settlement, the entity has issued a compound financial statement, not a financial statement, a compound financial instrument. In other words, we have two financial instruments. We have a debt and we have equity. So now we account for the transaction as two instruments. We owe them money, which is debt, and we could also owe them equity. Okay, the debt component, how do we determine the debt component? The debt component must be re-measured at fair value at each balance sheet date, with a change in fair value reflected in their income. So the debt value could go up, the debt value could go down. We have to report that gain or loss in their income. If the supplier of service is going to choose to receive settlement in cash, the cash payment is applied against the debt component. Obviously, that means I have to settle it in cash. So I'll have to pay you cash. This is how it's going to be settled. The equity component remain in equity. If the supplier choose to receive settlement in equity, the debt is transferred to equity. Basically, we remove the debt, we debit the debt, and we credit equity. The best way to illustrate this is to actually work an example. Let's take a look at this example to see how this all works together. So we have a company on January 1st issued 100 stock options with an exercise price of 18 to five employees, which is a total 500 options. What does that mean? It means the employees, they can buy the stock at any time at $18. So if you receive those options, you can buy the stock at $18, which is you're going to have to pay $1800, but you can buy at $18, whether the price is $50 or the price is $100. So you're giving them the option to buy it. Now, the employee can choose to settle the option either in shares of stock, so they can get the shares, or they can settle it in cash. In cash means they would receive cash, and the cash value would equal to the intrinsic value of the option on the vested date. Now, what is the intrinsic value? Remember, you can buy the exercise price, this is the exercise price, is $18. This option is worthless to you unless the stock price is above $18. If the stock price is $15, this option is worthless. It means it's worth nothing. Why? Because I can buy the stock at $15, why would I pay $18? When is this option worth something to you when it's above $18? If the stock is $25, guess what? The difference between the exercise and the current price is $7. This is called the intrinsic value. This is the intrinsic value of the stock. Now, the stock is worth something, intrinsic value. The intrinsic value is $7, so you can either settle it in intrinsic value or you can buy the stock at $18. The option vests on December 2nd, year 2, after the employees has completed two years of service. So, when do you qualify? You have to put two years worth of service for you to be able to exercise it. Now, the company will recognize the expense over two years, okay, but you have to wait two years in order to be able to exercise. So, when employee resigned in year one, okay, when employee resigned in year one and the company continued to assume an overall furniture rate of 20%. So, the company expect only four employees would remain, because if you don't put the two years, simply put, for you to get the options, you have to work year one, you have to work year two. After you put those two years worth of work, remember we had five employees, after you put those two years, the option will vest. Guess what? One of the employees left, so we have four employees now, okay, because if you leave before the before you put the time, you don't get the options. So, when they give you the options, you have to make sure you're aware of the date. The date, you're aware of the vesting date. The vesting date means after that date you can exercise the options. As expected, four employees vest on December 31st year two. And the exercise, and the exercise, and their stock options, obviously, they all vest. The share price and the fair value is as followed. So, here's what happened. When we granted the options, the share price was 20%. The fair value of the cash settlement consideration alternative as 10%. December 31st year one, the share price was 26%. The fair value cash settlement alternative is 12%. In other words, we'll give you $12. If it vest today, December 31st, the share price is 30%. And the fair value of the cash settlement is 12%. And this is perfect because, you know, you can buy it for 30%. The option is 18%. So, you'll have $12. So, this is like perfect value. Okay, now the question is how much would the company incur an expense? Because, remember, the company granted those options, granted 500 options to their employees. And each option, they can buy at $18. However, the fair value, the fair value of the stock option will not be known, okay, until the end of the year. So, at the end of the year, we have to figure out what's the fair value cash settlement. In other words, if we have to settle this option today, and this is will be given, this will be given, this will be given, this will be given. What we're saying is the fair value is $11. If we have to settle it today, the fair value is $11. We're not going to settle it, okay? But if we have to do it, we have to pay $11. Well, okay, if we have to pay $11 and we have 500 options, well, we have $5,500 in cost. Now, we're assuming, how many would assume all 500 options are exercised? But that's not true. We're only going only 80% because one employee left. We expect one employee to leave, whether they left or not, but this is what we can assume. So, basically, what we're going to have to do is we only have an expense of $4,400 as of the end of year one. At the end of the year one, we have $4,400. And we're going to take this $4,400 and spread it over two years. So, every year we're going to create an expense of $2,200. So, let's see. So, this is the computation that I just made. Now, we're going to debit compensation expense for $2,200. We're going to credit share-based payment liability $2,200. Now, under U.S. GAP, we usually credit capital, but this is how do we do it under IFRS. So, year one, this is the entry for year one. We recognize $2,000 of expense and $2,200 of liability. Now, again, for U.S. GAP, we have credited some sort of a capital account, some sort of a capital account. Okay? I told you earlier we offset it to capital under IFRS. We offset to liability. At December 31st, year one, the fair value of each option equal to $12, which is the share price was $30. The exercise price is $18. It means right now, right now any employee can make $12, can make $12 from this trade. Okay? Now, you might be saying, why was it 12-year-one? How did you compute this? It's given to you. It's given to you. But year two, once at best, now you could just compare the share price to the exercise price. So, the fair value of the liability, if we have $12 intrinsic value times 500 option, that's $6,000. But remember, we're only going to get 80% of the $6,000. We're responsible for 80%. Therefore, the expense is $4,800. Okay? So, the amount to be recognized as compensation expense in year two is $4,800 in total for the whole option minus we recognize $2,200. So, we have to recognize $2,600. Simply put, we debit compensation expense $2,600. Credit, share-based liability $2,600. You might be saying, why didn't we go $2,200 year one, $2,200 year two? What happened is the stock price went up. The stock price, let me show you, the stock price went from, weight went from $26. The stock price, the stock price went from $26 to $30. So, the stock price went up. As the stock price went up, the fair value of the cash settlement went up. It means we have more expenses. In year one, we had $2,200, but the value of the option in year two becomes in total, becomes in total $4,800 of which we recognize $2,200 in year one. So, we have to recognize the remaining which is $2,600 in year two. So, this is what we do before they actually come to exercise and in other words, before the executives comes to exercise. Now, we're going to look at the exercise. So, this is what the company, so this is year one compensation expense for the company. This is year two. So, the company already recorded their expense. Okay? Now, let's see what's going to happen when the executives come to the company and they either, they ask for the cash or they ask or they want to exercise their option. Okay? Accounting for exercise for the stock option under the two settlement alternative is S follow. The first thing we're going to look at is cash settlement. Let's look at the cash settlement. Simply put, the cash settlement, remember we have, we already recorded share payment based liability. Let me just do this on the previous slide so this way you can see it. Share payment based liability, 2200, 2600. Well, guess what? If we need to reduce the liability, we have to debit the liability, 4800, to make it go down to zero and credit cash. So, the cash, so the cash, so the cash settlement is pretty easy. We debit the share based liability, share based, share based liability, share payment, I should say share based liability, 4800, we credit cash 4800. Now, the executives, they may not want the cash, they actually want to settle it in equity. In other words, they want to buy the stock, they want to buy the stock. Well, if they want to buy the stock, they have to pay money, they have to pay cash. How much cash will they have to pay? Well, there are 400 options, they have to pay 18 dollars in cash. So, they have to pay the company 4700, with debit cash 7200. Then, we have to remove this share based liability. So, we're going to debit share payment based liability 4800. This stock has a par value of 1, therefore, we credit common stock 400, and anything left is a pick or paid in capital, which is 11600. So, this is if the transaction was settled in equity. Simply put, the executives will have to pay us cash, we remove the liability that we created as we were recording the expense, we credit common stock, and we credit additional paid in capital. Why did we credit common stock 400? It's the number of shares, this is how much you credit common stock times the par value, and anything left, this is a plug figure. Now, under US GAAP, once again, under US GAAP, we will not have a liability, we will not have this account, we have an equity account, we will have an equity account. Okay? We will have an equity account. Remember, US GAAP will have equity account, we'll consider this as equity transaction, IFRS will consider it a liability transaction. So, simply put, let me clarify one point, because I kind of spoke about earlier here, let me just, I just want to make sure. Okay? As compensation expenses recognize, it's offset by an additional paid in capital, this is US GAAP. Okay? All right. If you have any questions, any comments about this topic, please email me. If you happen to visit my website for additional lectures, please consider donating. If you're studying for your CPA exam, as always, study hard, it's worth it. Good luck, and see you on the other side of success.