In this lecture, we will learn the following things. We'll learn about a classical model of the atom, synthesizing two semesters of introductory physics with some of the concepts that we've been exploring in this course. We'll learn about how to impose specifically the matter wave hypothesis on the atom and see if we can make some useful predictions about atoms using this structure, the so-called Bohr model of the atom. Let's briefly revisit the key observational features of the hydrogen atom at a macroscopic level. Atoms in general, when excited by an ionizing electric potential, emit not a continuous rainbow of colors, but rather a discrete set of colors, the so-called atomic emission spectrum. Shown here is the atomic emission spectrum for the hydrogen atom. It has a characteristically bright red line, which can be seen in the image over here on the right. It's got a blue-green or cyan line, which can also be clearly seen in the image over here on the right.  You can more easily see the dark blue and the violet line in this part of the image on the right. Now while the atomic emission spectrum can be readily revealed by ionizing a gas in a sealed tube, and then passing the light through a system that will spread it out, revealing the rainbow of colors that makes up any kind of light, the mystery of the atomic spectrum goes deep. Each atom has a characteristic spectrum. It's unique to each atom that we know of in nature. Hydrogen is different from helium. Helium is different from lithium. Each of them has this pattern that's their own. We do not understand the origin of this using classical notions of energy and momentum and matter, but at last we are ready to confront this last mystery left over from the 1800s using not only what was developed in the first two semesters of physics, but what we've been learning in this course. Now let's be more numerical about the hydrogen emission spectrum. We have a red line, a blue-green or cyan line, a dark blue line, and a violet line. These have associated wavelengths for the photons that carry each of these colors of light to our eye. The red line, for instance, has a wavelength of 656 nanometers. The cyan or blue-green line has a wavelength of 486 nanometers. The dark blue line has a wavelength of 434 nanometers. And the violet line has a wavelength of 410 nanometers. For something we'll do later in this lecture, it's worth noting these numbers down on a piece of paper. Go ahead and pause the video, write these four numbers down, noting the colors that go with each of them, and let's save that information for a little bit later. Now it was Johann Balmer, who worked out the mathematical relationship between these lines in 1885. These are the lines of light from the atomic emission spectrum of hydrogen that are visible to the unaided human eye. There are, of course, ultraviolet and infrared radiations from ionized hydrogen. We won't talk about those here, but they're represented in other spectra. The Balmer spectrum is the one that spans the range of light wavelengths that are visible to the human eye. Now Balmer noted that the wavelength of each of these lines is given by a simple formula, a constant b, times this ratio, an integer n squared, divided by that same integer n squared minus 2 squared, or 4. Plugging in n equals 3, 4, 5, 6, etc., Balmer was able to show that there is a clear mathematical relationship between these colored lines here. The constant b was determined to be 364.5 nanometers, and all one has to do to calculate the Balmer spectrum is know this number, and this formula, and use the integers greater than 2, and you can reproduce the wavelengths present in this picture. But why? Why is there a clear mathematical relationship between these colored lines emitted from hydrogen? Why are there similar mathematical relationships between the colored lines emitted from other atoms when ionized? These are deep questions, mysteries left over from the 1800s, that physics in its day could not explain. Now let's recall the earlier models of the atom that we explored in a previous lecture. Joseph John or J.J. Thompson, after discovering that cathode rays were really just electrons, and had masses that were far smaller than the latest known element at the time, hydrogen, constructed his Thompson model of the atom imagining that the electrons with their negative electric charges were embedded in a larger swath of positive charge spread out in space. And if one were to fire particles through such atoms, they would mostly miss the electrons which are very tiny and pass almost cleanly and undeflected through this diffuse positive electric charge. Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues, however, revealed by scattering alpha particles off of thin metal foils, that in fact sometimes the alpha particles would bounce almost directly back at the apparatus that had fired them at the metal in the first place. This implied that there was some kind of densely packed small core of positive charge at the heart of each atom, surrounded by orbiting electrons as if planets going around a sun. This model helped explain why, while many of the alpha particles would pass through the thin foil relatively undeflected, occasionally one of them would suffer a collision with this densely packed positively charged nucleus of the atom and suffer an immensely disruptive collision, some of which could send the alpha particles coming almost straight back at the source from which they had been emitted. Now all of this was happening in the very late 1800s with Thompson's work and the very early 1900s with Rutherford's work. And as you'll see, as we learned more about the atom, as people thought more deeply about the implication of Max Planck's adoption of the quantization of energy to explain the black body problem, and Albert Einstein's adoption of that same notion to explain the photoelectric effect, models of the atom changed rapidly in response to these ideas. And this then led to the ability to conduct calculations making new predictions about the behavior of atoms, but also new tests of how atoms should behave themselves. This was a dynamic period in physics, transitioning from the classical era of the previous three centuries into now the modern era that we would still be living in the after effects of today. Now let's consider the Rutherford atom, but let's simplify the calculations and only think about an electron going around a single proton, so a hydrogen like atom, but only in two dimensions. The electron is bound to the proton in a circular orbit by the Coulomb force in the same way that the earth would be bound to the sun by the gravitational force in our solar system. So the electron would be orbiting the proton, the proton would be the central force emitter in this problem, the electron would be responding to that force, the electric force, the Coulomb force in this case. So that force would be given here by this formula, the Coulomb force exerted on the electron by the proton would be given by a constant, one over four pi times epsilon naught, and I'll come back to that in a bit. Basically this is the permittivity of free space, epsilon naught, it has something to do with how electric fields can propagate through empty space. The product of the charges of the electron, which is negative the fundamental electric charge, and the proton, which is positive the fundamental electric charge, and that divided by the distance squared between the electron and the proton. Now this R would be the orbital radius of this circular orbit. Now I want to note here that this unit vector R hat carries all the directional information of this force. Now by convention R hat points from the source of the force, the proton, to the recipient of the force, the electron. It is the sign of the electrons negative electric charge that ultimately flips the direction of that vector and has the force pointing back toward the proton, that is making it an attractive force. Now according to Newton's second law, digging back to our first semester introductory physics, the sum of all forces on the electron will be simply summarized by its mass times its net acceleration. Well what acceleration is this electron experiencing as it orbits the proton? The answer is a centripetal acceleration. This ultimately is a center seeking force, which results in a center seeking acceleration, changing constantly the direction of the electron's velocity vector. So that means that the acceleration, the net acceleration of this electron has a well-defined form. It's given by v squared over R in magnitude, and its direction, center seeking, will point to the center of the circular motion, which again is in the direction of negative R hat, that is from the electron to the proton, whereas R hat is defined as being from the proton to the electron. So we have all the pieces we need to build a Rutherford model of the atom in two dimensions, using these ideas of a centrally compact positive charged nucleus and orbiting electrons. So let's go ahead and do that. We can set the sum of the forces, which is just the Coulomb force, equal to the mass times the centripetal acceleration. Now note that there is a negative R hat on the left side, negative R hat, negative R hat on the right side, negative R hat drops out of this entire equation. And we're left with just this equation, 1 over 4 pi epsilon not times e squared over R is equal to the mass of the electron times the velocity of the electron all squared. Now I'm leaving it in this funny form, because this almost instantly lets us write down the classical kinetic energy of this electron. That is 1 half m v squared. If I just multiply this equation by 1 half, I immediately get the kinetic energy of this electron going in orbit around the central proton. 1 half times 1 over 4 pi epsilon not times e squared over R. Now I'm going to leave this equation unsimplified.  And that is computing the total energy of this electron. You can go ahead and multiply this out if you want to. But it's convenient for what's going to happen next to just leave it out that way to remind us that doing math with this thing is going to be relatively straightforward. So let me rewrite the kinetic energy of the electron here at the top of the slide. Now the total energy is the sum of its potential and kinetic energies for that electron at a given orbital radius R. That is to say the total energy of the electron is just its kinetic energy plus its potential energy. Well the only force present is the Coulomb force. And so that means it has an electric potential energy. And that electric potential energy for the electron, Ue, will be given by its charge negative e times the electric potential of the proton, v with a subscript p. Well the electric potential of the proton is just going to be given by 1 over 4 pi epsilon not times the charge of the proton divided by the distance between them. So we wind up with this equation for the electric potential energy of the electron. 1 over 4 pi epsilon not times negative e squared over R. And that allows us to then write the total energy E as follows. It's just our kinetic energy plus the potential energy which is a negative number. And you see why I left the one half here. It was convenient because I have one half times a common multiplicative thing here and just subtracting off that common multiplicative thing here. And so ultimately at the end of the day I get a negative number for the total energy of the electron and that's okay. It just means that the potential energy of this particular electron outmatches its kinetic energy for this particular orbital radius R. So this is the final expression that I get for the total classical energy of a 2D Rutherford atom that is just considering the electron going around a stationary proton in the center. Let's write that equation down. We're going to pull it up later. We're going to need it again for something that happens later in this lecture but this is about as far as I'm going to go with this for the time being. Now how do we get modern concepts like the fact that the electron is actually a wave and not a point like particle into this thing? Well, we see the problem already with a Rutherford model. It's not going to explain the hydrogen emission spectrum, right? Because in the Rutherford model any orbital radius R is allowed. You can put any R in there and you'll get an E out. Now, because any total energy is allowed for the electron, this cannot explain the discrete energy spectrum of electrons in a hydrogen atom. We already have a sense that quantization of some sort must be present in the atom, right? This is the atomic emission spectrum. It bears the fingerprints of a constrained system with only specifically allowed energies determined by those constraints. Now, the de Broglie postulates enter to provide the crucial missing thing, the clue that will help us to understand this whole problem. This is the key step that ultimately leads to quantization. So for example, we know that the momentum of an electron matter wave is given by Planck's constant divided by the wavelength of that matter wave. We can relate the particle like properties, momentum, to the wave like properties, wavelength, using the de Broglie postulates. Now, classically, and because we're doing things at low velocity, we'll revisit this as a consequence of these choices later, but we're going to start off thinking classically. We can write the momentum in terms of its speed, and that's just going to be the mass of the electron times its velocity, or in this case the magnitude of its velocity at speed, thinking purely classically. So the question we want to answer is, is every wavelength of the electron possible for our electron? If it is, then every momentum is allowed in the atom, and we're right back where we started again. If every momentum is allowed, every speed is allowed, and if every speed is allowed, every radius is allowed. This has consequences in a system where there are relationships between things like speed and orbital radius, speed and momentum, and momentum and wavelength. But maybe that's the flaw. Maybe the problem here is that not every wavelength through a matter wave for our electron orbiting this central proton is actually allowed. We had a discussion in class about the Schrodinger of wave equation, and in that discussion I drew the real part of free particle wave functions or other kinds of wave functions up on the board, and I invited you, the class, to discuss whether or not those wave functions made physical sense. I mean, it's possible to write things down mathematically that don't make sense physically. And let's revisit that discussion. I will review the salient points here as I go through some examples. And let's apply that discussion to the electron in orbit around the proton and see what conclusions we might draw. Now, let's start by thinking about a circular orbit. A circular orbit is quite simply one that, after one period, repeats again. And that means if we're thinking about the electron as a wave at a moment in time, sort of frozen in space at a moment in time, remember it's not only going to be at one place, its wave function is spread out over space, and the space over which it's spread out is the circumference of its orbit. That's its one dimension that it's traveling along in this problem. So whatever the wave function of this electron is, it had better at least obey the basic mathematical principle that when it gets back to itself at the starting point of its orbital circumference, it starts all over again from exactly where it began. So let's imagine the real part of the electron matter wave, and we're just going to make one up. And it might describe the electron traveling along such a circumference of an orbit of radius r at a specific time zero. So we're going to freeze this wave function, which of course itself is not physical, but we're going to imagine it being frozen in time at a given moment. And it might look something like this. If we pick a zero point on the orbital circumference, which I've marked here in one dimension, it might be that its wave is at a local maximum. The real part of its wave function might be at a local maximum there. Then as we move along the circumference, the wave function declines and then goes negative, and then it comes back and it goes to zero, declining to zero again, and then it goes positive. Now, at one circumference, that is at 2 pi r, we see that the function I've chosen here nicely comes back to where it started. This seems to behave itself in the sense that the wave is one continuous wave that repeats nicely in space, because again, we've frozen in time. It's possible that this wave might be waving in time, but we've frozen in time, and so in space, this thing had better meet itself when it gets back to its starting point, and I'll explain physically why that needs to be in a moment. So this one seems to be a reasonable candidate wave function for describing our electron and orbit around a central proton. It nicely repeats itself when it reaches 2 pi r, that is the zero point again on its circumference. Its behavior is very smooth and continuous at the boundary where the orbit then repeats, where that is 2 pi which cycles back to zero again on a circle. Now let's take a look at a wave function that's also plausible, mathematically, but has some undesirable physical properties. So what about this matter wave for the same electron at the same radius r? We've frozen it in time. It's a perfectly reasonable wave function, right? It's got one wavelength here. It looks wavy. Is this a good physical wave function for describing the electron? Well, if we look at 2 pi r, we see that where the wave function ends up when it gets back to its beginning again is not where it started. Now that doesn't per se have any mathematical negative consequences. I mean this is a perfectly allowed function. I can write it down. It has something called a jump discontinuity when it gets back to its start. It jumps from this value right before 2 pi r back to its starting value at 2 pi r. But this has physical consequences. So because it has this jump discontinuity at 2 pi and does not cycle back to where it started, the jump discontinuity results in the first derivative at that point that is infinite. That is the derivative of this wave function with respect to space, d dx. At that point, 0 or 2 pi r has an infinite slope. Now because the first derivative with respect to space in the Schrodinger wave equation plays the role of the thing that tells you the momentum of the particle, the jump discontinuity means that we have an infinite momentum point in the wave function. And a place of infinite momentum is physically forbidden. It just doesn't make any physical sense. If this were the case, the universe would have ended long ago if things like this were possible, because there would be a particle which would contain more energy than every other particle in the universe, and that would have all kinds of terrible physical consequences. So this kind of wave function is physically forbidden. It may be mathematically allowed, but it violates physical notions of naturalness in the world around us because the jump discontinuity has a physical consequence that is infinite momentum. What about this wave function? What about this matter wave for the same electron again at the same radius r? Does this look to you like a good wave function? Go ahead and pause the video and stare at it for a moment. If you drew the conclusion that, yeah, it's a pretty good wave function, you're on the right track. I mean, it's got twice the number of wavelengths in 2 pi r that the first one did, but it comes back to where it started at 2 pi r. In fact, it differs exactly by a factor of 2 and wavelength from the first one. In fact, all waves that satisfy the relationship that their wavelength is an integer multiple of the shortest, continuous, and complete wave you can write down, the so-called fundamental, if you will. All harmonics of the fundamental wave of this electron will satisfy this condition that there's no infinite momentum point anywhere along the physical space, the circumference where it would occupy in space. And in fact, none in between those integer multiples will work. They'll all have the same problem that the previous example had. There'll be a jump discontinuity when you get to 2 pi r. This results in a place of infinite momentum. It's unphysical. So whatever the wave function that describes the electron in orbit around the proton, it must satisfy this condition in order to have physical meaning. An integer number n times some fundamental wavelength for lambda is going to be equal to 2 pi r. The only lambdas that will work will be those that satisfy this constraint, that is 2 pi r over n equals lambda. Now if we utilize the de Broglie postulate relating momentum and wavelength, then we wind up with n h over p substituting in for lambda equals 2 pi r. And classically remembering that p is equal to mv, this puts a constraint between the radius and the speed, and the integer multiple in question here. n h over mv equals 2 pi r. Now you'll notice that I can move the 2 pi over to the left side, and then I'll have h over 2 pi, and that allows us then to substitute with the reduced Planck's constant h bar. Remember that h bar is just h divided by 2 pi. You get this a lot when you start switching to the angular quantities, angular frequency, and wave number and things like that. The h bar is very convenient in those contexts. So let's go ahead and just absorb the 2 pi into the definition of h bar, and we'll arrive at the following equation for the speed of the electron and its relation to the radius of the orbit. That is m times v times r equals n h bar. That can be rewritten to solve for the speed of the electron, ve, which is n h bar over mr. And in preparation for relating this back to energy concepts, I'm going to go ahead and square ve, so I get ve squared, which is just this thing on the right hand side here. So from the matter wave hypothesis, I have a relationship between v and integer multiple of the fundamental wavelength and the radius of the orbit that determined that wavelength in the first place. Now, v and r also appear in things like kinetic energy. So you can already see that we have a new constraint to throw into energy equations that will lead us to perhaps some final understanding of why it is that the atomic spectrum is discretized. Now before we do that, I want to talk a little bit about Niels Bohr's actual postulate. It's worth noting that the way that Bohr attacked this problem was to postulate that there was a quantization of angular momentum in the atom. That is, the electron was quantized in its orbit around the proton. Now, he did this in 1913, and this was about 11 years prior to de Broglie's work, which was in 1924. So Bohr asserted, having, I guess, seen that quantization worked in other problems to explain things that had previously gone unexplained, he asserted that since H and H-bar, the reduced Planck's constant, have units of angular momentum, that is, joules times seconds, it might be in an atom that the angular momentum L is a multiple, an integer multiple of H-bar, that those would be the only kinds of angular momentum that would be allowed in an orbital system like a 2D Rutherford atom. So the angular momentum of the electron can only come in multiples of H-bar, and for a circular orbit we can relate the constraint and H-bar directly to the angular momentum of a particle going in a circle, and that's just P times R, which classically is MvR. And so this leads to the equation MvR equals NH-bar from Bohr's assertion. Now, later on, de Broglie would explain the reason why this works, and that's based on what we just saw in the previous slide. That is, if there's a constraint on the structure of the electron wave function, requiring that the radius, the circumference of the orbit be related to integer multiples of a fundamental wavelength of the electron, then if you go back to the previous slides, I'll go back in the lecture video, you'll see that this exact same condition resulted from the matter wave consideration. So this points to the fact that in 1913 when Bohr made this assertion, this is quite a bold assertion, really born out of the success of the ideas of quantization in the previous decade or so, based on Planck's work and Einstein's work and so forth. This was Bohr being very intellectually bold, and it paid off because, as you'll see, this model works extremely well. So finally we can take the kinetic energy equation and we can eliminate the speed of the electron in that equation in favor of the quantization condition from the matter wave hypothesis. So that is, here's our kinetic energy for the electron and orbit around a proton. That can be related to the generic kinetic energy, one-half mv squared. But we have an expression for v squared from the quantization condition from the matter wave hypothesis, and that was determined earlier to be this. So if we substitute that into the equation, we find out that the kinetic energy from Coulomb's law is equal to this kinetic energy expression taking into account the quantization of the wave function of the electron that only certain wave shapes will be allowed for a given orbital radius R. And some algebra will finally lead you to this expression for the allowed radii of an atom. It's actually quite remarkable. The allowed orbital radius in this 2D model is simply given by the product of an integer, 1, 2, 3, 4, et cetera, squared, that's n, times a product of a bunch of fundamental constants of nature. Notice there are no variables left. You have the numbers 4 and pi. You have the constant of nature, the permittivity of free space, epsilon naught, whose value is given here, 8.85 times 10 to the minus 12 Farad's per meter. You have the fundamental constant, Planck's constant, the reduced version, squared, and a reminder that h bar is 1.05 times 10 to the minus 34 joules seconds. You have the mass of the electron, 9.11 times 10 to the minus 31 kilograms, and the fundamental electric charge, 1.602 times 10 to the negative 19 coulombs. The only thing that can vary in here is n, and n is fixed to be an integer, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, et cetera. So the radius of the orbit in our hydrogen-like atom is simply given by an integer squared times a number. So what is that number? Well, if we stick in n equals 1 and solve, we arrive at what is known as the Bohr radius. It's the smallest orbit allowed in the hydrogen atom because of the imposition of the matter wave hypothesis or Bohr's angular momentum quantization condition, which turned out to be equivalent. The Bohr radius is just this thing here, and if you calculate it out, it's about half an angstrom, 5.3 times 10 to the minus 11 meters, which is to say that the smallest hydrogen atom can ever be with its one electron and its one proton is about one angstrom across. And as we saw from earlier discussions in the lectures in this course, an angstrom is roughly the size scale of an atom, and that's no accident. It's imposed by the matter wave nature of the electron. So we find in this model of the hydrogen atom based on a classical definition of kinetic energy and momentum, but with matter wave quantization imposed, we suddenly find that only a fundamental orbit and its harmonics, or multiples of that orbit, are allowed. And this begins to look a lot more like the atom that gives rise to a quantized atomic spectrum. But the question is, can we see that spectrum arise from this model? Well, to answer this question, let's again consider the total classical energy of an electron orbiting a proton at radius r. But again, impose the condition that n times lambda, the matter wavelength of the electron, equals 2 pi r. That led to our writing of the Bohr radius and then all the allowed radii of our hydrogen atom, n squared times the Bohr radius. So we have the total classical energy of this electron. I'm just repeating the expression we wrote earlier. And then I'm plugging in with the expression for r, n squared a naught, and putting in the full definition of a naught here, the Bohr radius. So you wind up, if you play around with it a little bit, getting an equation that looks like this.  That factor in front of 1 over n squared is negative 2.19 times 10 to the negative 18 joules. If you go ahead and punch in all the numbers here and calculate it. In electron volts, this is a much more familiar number. This is the famous negative 13.6 electron volts. This is the energy of the electron in the hydrogen atom in its lowest orbit. And of course, this also turns out to be the energy required to fully ionize an electron out of its parent hydrogen atom. If you want to free that electron completely, get it away from its proton, from hydrogen, and put it out at infinity, you have to put in 13.6 electron volts to liberate it. So the energy of an allowed orbit of integer n, corresponding to radius r equals n squared times the Bohr radius, is given by this simple equation. That the energy of that orbit, that specific orbit, is negative 13.6 ev times 1 over n squared, where n is 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., any integer. This is a remarkable fact. Just by imposing the matter wave hypothesis on this and requiring that the wave functions be well behaved when thinking about the wave function spread over the circumference of a circular orbit, we've immediately arrived at a quantization condition for our model of the hydrogen atom. But how good is this model? In order to understand how the Bohr model of the atom will give us the kinds of quantized energy spectrum that would result in specific wavelengths of light being emitted by an excited atom, let's step back and take a look at the Bohr model for a moment schematically. The picture on the left illustrates the classical drawing of what the Bohr model of the atom would look like. It's very similar to the picture that I sketched earlier with a single electron orbiting a single proton. Here, the smallest gray circle corresponds to the n equals 1 orbit, the smallest orbit that an electron can have around the proton at the center of the hydrogen atom. And that corresponds to the Bohr radius. The n equals 2 orbit is a multiple of 2 squared or 4 times the Bohr radius. And similarly, the n equals 3 orbit is going to be a multiple of 3 squared or 9 times the Bohr radius. Electrons can only orbit at these allowed radii, going in a circle around the central single proton. That means that if an electron is struck by, for instance, electromagnetic radiation, a photon, it could be caused to jump into a larger orbit if the electron possesses of sufficient energy to give the energy to the electron needed to transition from one orbit to the next. So, for instance, we might imagine that the electron started in the n equals 1 orbit of the hydrogen atom was struck by a photon of sufficient energy and was able to transition to the n equals 2 orbit of the atom. Maybe this resulted in a complete loss, a total absorption of the photon that struck it, or maybe the photon was scattered, losing energy and changing its wavelength, gaining a wavelength in the process, becoming longer in wavelength. Now, the image here shows the opposite of that process. An electron starts in, for instance, the n equals 3 orbit, and then spontaneously falls down to the n equals 2 orbit. But because conservation of energy has to hold, the energy difference between the n equals 3 orbit and the n equals 2 orbit must go someplace, and in this case it would result in the ignition of a photon. So, because the atom conserves energy, in order to go to a wider orbit, it must absorb the energy from someplace. A photon with the right frequency and wavelength can do that. To drop down to a lower orbit, that is one characterized by a smaller integer, n. It must release energy, and emitting a photon of a specific wavelength and frequency will do that, too. So, let's consider a transition that releases a photon, emits a photon in the process. From an orbit that's marked by an integer, n, greater than m, the orbit into which it falls. So, n is some integer, m is some integer, and n is greater than m. The change in energy, delta E, is going to be given by the final energy, the energy of the state marked by the number m, minus the energy of the initial state, the orbit marked by the integer n. Well, if we plug in the formulae for the energy of any specific orbit in a hydrogen atom, that's going to give us an overall multiplicative factor of negative 13.6 electron volts. And that's going to be multiplied by the difference between two fractions, 1 over m squared, minus 1 over n squared. So, for example, for the transition from the n equals 2 orbit to the n equals 1 orbit, or n equals 2 m equals 1, we find that delta E is E1 minus E2, and that's going to be given by 10.2 electron volts. Go ahead and work that out yourself for practice, but you should find that that energy is 10.2 electron volts. But this energy must go somewhere, and so this lost energy from the electron would go into the creation of a photon that then is emitted during the process, and that photon will have an energy given by h bar omega, the product of the reduced Planck's constant and its angular frequency. So let's think about the photon wavelengths from electron transitions in hydrogen. Using this energy conservation idea, and combined with the relationship between the frequency, wavelength, and energy of a photon, we can then calculate the expected wavelengths of photons emitted from an ionized Bohr atom. So an atom where, for instance, a photon starts out at infinity and comes down into one of the low orbits or maybe starts just above and drops down to a slightly lower orbit. Now recall that the Ballmer series, the visible wavelengths of light emitted in the atomic emission spectrum of hydrogen, involved an empirical relationship between wavelengths of emitted light from hydrogen given by the following formula, where the integer n ranges between 3, 4, 5, 6, and up. And this integer here is fixed at 2. Well, this looks a lot like the kind of relationship you might derive from the Bohr model of the atom in the transition between, say, n equals 3 and n equals 2, state. So just to see if we're at all matching reality, let's tabulate the energy of photons and the corresponding wavelengths of the photons that would result from transitions from the 3 to 2 state, the 4 to 2 state, the 5 to 2 state, and so forth. And if you do that, you find the following remarkable things. That the wavelength of the photon emitted when the electron goes from the n equals 3 orbit to the n equals 2 orbit is 656 nanometers. And if that sounds familiar, it should sound exactly like the red line in the Ballmer series, which has this wavelength. If the electron instead started in the n equals 4 orbit and dropped to the n equals 2 orbit, that results in a photon of wavelength 484 nanometers, which is blue-green, and is weirdly close to the blue-green line in the Ballmer series. Similarly, 5 to 2 results in a 432 nanometer wavelength photon that's blue, and 6 to 2 results in a 409 nanometer photon that's a violet. And these are, in fact, a good accuracy, the Ballmer series lines. Now they differ a little bit from the numbers before, and I'll comment on that in a moment. But overall, the pattern is very well explained by the quantization of orbits in the atom due to the matter wave nature of the electron, and thus the resulting quantization of angular momentum a la Niels Bohr's conjecture in 1913. This is a remarkable fact. The fact that just using a classical model of the atom combined with matter wave nature of the electron, one can immediately reproduce a pattern in the world around you. In this case, the Ballmer series of atomic emission spectrum lines. This is incredible. Now that said, it is wise to revisit our model and compare that to what we might actually expect from a more realistic model of atoms. After all, atoms are not two-dimensional things. They're three-dimensional things at the very minimum, and we haven't included an extra dimension in our model. We've only made a very good approximation to what we would expect real atoms to need to be more accurately described by, but you have to admit it's a pretty good model for what we were trying to accomplish. It almost exactly reproduces the Ballmer spectrum, which no previous model could do. So the so-called Bohr-Rutherford model of the atom, which is what we constructed here, has a few assumptions built into it. One of them is obvious. It's two-dimensional. We said that outright. A little bit less obvious, although I hinted at it throughout this discussion, is that we've modeled this atom as if the electron is free to move, but the proton, or substituting the proton with a whole nucleus with Z protons instead, so two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight protons, whatever you like, we have the proton pinned and unmoving at the center of the atom. But think about planets orbiting stars, or planets orbiting other planets, things of comparable size and mass orbiting each other. One isn't fixed while the other one goes around it. Rather, they co-orbit a common center, and that center is the center of mass of the system. So a more accurate model would take into account the fact that the proton can also wobble in response to being tugged on by the electron via the Coulomb force. Now, we've also obtained this model by combining a very classical picture of a planetary atom with very classical notions of momentum, kinetic energy, and so forth with the matter wave idea. That's how we stitched quantum physics into this through the matter wave idea. A more realistic model of the atom, of course, would be fully three-dimensional from the start. It would allow for the motion of both the electron and the proton, and in fact, if one puts that into this model, one much more accurately captures the bomb respect from wavelengths. They're a little off from what's predicted in this model, but they're almost exactly predicted by using a model where the proton can also wobble a little bit as it's orbited by the electron. And of course, in reality, we wouldn't start from a fully classical picture. We would try to exactly solve Schrodinger's wave equation in three dimensions, using, as our potential acting on the wave function, the Coulomb potential, written here in full three-dimensional glory. So there's our vector hidden in here as X and Y and Z in it. The truth is we are simply not ready at this stage to commit to more realism in describing the atom. This was already a bit of an exhaustive exercise at the level of, say, coming out of introductory physics, but I promise you that through the rest of this course we are going to build up a toolkit that would allow you to attack this problem in a later semester, starting from the principles outlined in this course. So let's review. We have learned the following things. We've learned about a way to develop a classical model of the atom from classical energy and force considerations. We've done so in two dimensions. We've then imposed quantum physics on this by sticking the matter wave hypothesis into the atom via the electron, thinking about what wavelengths would be allowed for an orbit of a given radius R, and then imposing that condition on the energy conservation that is derived from the classical model built in the first step. This has allowed us to make predictions about the behavior of a hydrogen-like atom in this model, and we found that it matches remarkably well with observational evidence. This is certainly a far more accurate description of nature than anything that has come before. And this is the Bohr model of the atom, which is a building block to a much larger picture of quantum physics, the physics of the smallest things in the universe.


A fun way for a child to practice using words is by having a word of the day. Each day you can pick a word to focus on and you and the child can find different ways to use that word during the day. For example, today could be the first day of the week and you and the child can decide on a word like jump. Maybe you're outside. You can ask the child, can you jump over that rock? Or later, the child may say, I saw a cat jump onto a fence today. Or later, you could say, let's watch this frog jump. And you and the child can keep using the word jump for the rest of today. Then tomorrow you can pick a new word and another word on the day after that and so on. Each day you do this activity, you're helping a child learn about the different ways a word can be used in a sentence.


Great guy. It's been his dream to have a camp or a cabin up in the North Main Woods It's been my dream to have the cabin up in the North Main Woods It's been Donnie's dream to have a cabin up in the North Main Woods So this opportunity came up and we jumped on it. So Donnie and I've been milling lumber for It's good a good part of the summer trying to get ready for this We're gonna actually mill every single piece of wood that goes on this except for maybe the subfloor and we might use like an advanced tech subfloor But we're gonna be milling all the dimensional lumber the 2x4s the 2x10s the floor stringers the rafters the walls the jacks the Window headers all the boards All the we might we might not do the V match, right? We might well we might not get to it this year, you know But that'll that'll happen down the down the road a bit


Welcome back now to our discussion segment. With its universal usability, many Nigerians have adopted unstructured supplementary service data, USSD services. Bank customers have saved themselves from long bank queues by typing short codes on their phones to carry out some of their financial transactions. USSD code has opened the door for many Nigerians to utilize financial services, improving the adoption of e-payment systems and financial inclusion generally. But the progress made so far is currently threxing by an age-long dispute between the telecoms firms and the banks. I am now being joined by the former president of the Private Telecoms and Communications Senior Staff Association of Nigeria, Texan, Comrade Oladakbo, Moses. Thank you for joining me, Osmosis. Thank you and good morning Nigerians and the viewers all over the world. Thank you for having me. Good morning to you, Comrade. Now, since 2019, banks and telcos have been at loggerheads over who should pay for USSD services and how the payment should be made. This has led to many threats of a discontinuation and a whole lot of that. But generally, how should it really be done? Well, thank you very much our viewers and Justin. Thank you and again, thank you for having me. USSD code 9 out of 10 mobile transactions in Sub-Saharan Africa flow through the USSD code. And though presently it is an old technology spanning over 20 years globally for the technology to advance countries, but in Africa it is just gaining momentum here. So that makes it a bit difficult to actually compare the international best practices with Nigeria or Africa. But however, we still must discuss this. Now, two things that we work with are comparison is number one. The number of bankable, the bankable size, the percentage of bankable size in advanced countries, they have a larger size than our own. Then number two, the technology involved. They are more advanced technologically. Look at the volume that has been done in the last quarter of this year. You will see that there are a lot of failed or unsolved transactions till now that people are still worried about. But because of the advancement and those two factors I've talked about, the best practices that are done now in those advanced countries is that subscribers actually subscribed. Users subscribed to those USSD services. For example, you can have a 24 hour subscription. You can have a weekly subscription or an annual subscription. So immediately a user agreed to be on the USSD service. You make your choice of weekly, daily or yearly, then you pay it. Then after that is done, your transaction throughout the year you will not pay again. It is annual. It is monthly the same thing. It is 24 hours the same thing. So that is what has been done in advanced countries now because it has gone so commercial. And presently in Nigeria, I believe we will get there as time goes on. But I just hope that eating charges will not be the problem with our own. Thank you. All right. Osmos is telecom operators. They have disclosed that 90% of traffic on USSD was driven by financial transactions carried out by bank customers in the country. Specifically, I get charged a 6998 cover fee for most of the transactions that I do by my bank. But why is this same amount not being remitted? I don't understand. Well, this has been a recurring issue for some years now, if not almost up to almost a decade or so. It is an issue of the port calling K2 Black. Bank want to make money at the mercy of the telcos, making nothing. Now, in one of the previous meetings by the CBN, the NCC, and the rest, NCC was also of the view that the services should be suspended. The payments, the charges should be suspended. That was the NCC's view. And they were backed by CBN who said that USID is a sunk cost, meaning that there is no additional cost on the infrastructure of the telecoms to provide USID services. You know, when they start saying that there is infrastructure, there is nothing like physical infrastructure at this point. It has to be some software or handshake infrastructure, not physically infrastructure. So, the CBN saying that it's a sunk cost gave the banks the morale or the courage to believe that they are not supposed to pay this money. And the way our nation will run presently is so funny because CBN had an agreement with the bank, with the telcos that should pay. The banks refused to pay. CBN has done it. Except CBN will come on after some times and then bring them to the table until we are advised to pay. And this is becoming so funny because now the banks have made the money from the customers. Why not pay the money? So, it's just a funny scenario in this country. But the issue is so germane that if the telcos doesn't provide those infrastructures, those services, their telecoms, the bank cannot have that service. So, why not have an agreement and pay? The customers have already paid. So, it's just a funny ritual between the CBN and the banks. Alright, comrade. So, I hear that there is a meeting. This is not the first of several meetings that have been held concerning this issue. But Alton, Artcon, CBN, and of course other stakeholders are meeting today. What's the worst that can really happen? Because already there have been some glitches in the system. Have telcos stopped expanding the U.S.S.D infrastructure so far? Well, if telcos will stop expanding their infrastructure, it's going to be a loose, loose to them. Because like I said earlier, by the time this thing becomes more commercial, the telcos may have to go on their own separately, but they will still need the infrastructure of the banks, the bank accounts, the bank cards, the bank authentication services, and the rest. So, they can't stop expanding infrastructure. So, and then the worst that can happen, it happens sometimes, but I think I've already heard it now. MTA was suspended by some banks when they started, when they increased, reduced the commission on the MTA services for using the U.S.S.D. So, the worst that can happen is the government coming with a split. That's okay. Now, let us talk to the bank from collecting the charges. Let the charges go directly from the subscriber to the telcos. So, that's the worst. Both of them need this business because it's a very cool money. You know, a business, you don't need a staff to do any extra thing.  You've done the, you've configured the routers, the machine. Then automatically, you can work like that for as long as possible. So, it's a loose lose if the telcos talk, and it's a loose for the bank if the telcos doesn't support them. So, I think Nigerians should be less worried. It's a fight between the two elephants that cannot destroy the grass. All right. Okay, let me just reel out some statistics right now. Mobile transactions increased by 505.29% in the first quarter of this year alone. As individuals used it 607.93 million times. What do we have in our hands? Because if you ask me, it's as though Nigerians have actually decided to just go full blown to USSD. What do we have in our hands if these things just left to just kill off just like that? Well, the first quarter of this year is as a result of the emergency on planned cashless policy. It affected almost everybody. In fact, I myself was almost duped via my USSD. I had to deactivate it. It was a necessity of compromise. People have no choice. That's where the surge came up. Because it's funny that people are still not convenient. Many people are not comfortable with all the USSD and online transactions because unlike when you have cash, you can spend 5,000 a year without getting charged. But with the USSD and the online banking, you can't even spend 2,000 a year without the charges. So, at the end of the day, I believe that though it's a good service because it is a good design, but our banks need to come up with more fear, fear to the users. It's not everything you have to put in charges and then. But I believe if you look at the next quarter, that's from after the election march to June, you will see a drastic drop because people are now preferring to go back to their banks because of all the solutions and a lot of things. So, it's a cool design where both of them, the bank and the telcos, don't need to have a good agreement because it's a good design for the businesses, for them to make a very powerful profit. So, that is it. All right, Comrade, with all of this play now with the dispute between the telcos and the bank and all the stakeholders, what's the impact of all of this on the federal government's financial inclusion drive? Okay, let me make a reference to some countries. Countries like India, Kenya, Bangladesh, South Africa, recently have been cutting costs, cutting down on the fees, charging speed on their electricity. For example, India, presently I think they're on $0.007. Kenya is on $0.01, Bangladesh is $0.01, and South Africa is $0.04. And Nigeria presently, what we paid presently is like $0.017, higher than other countries that I've mentioned according to the Bill and Melinga report. Now, what this does is that if the government really want to include the people, the government need to take a true decision on two things, either financial gain or inclusiveness of the people. If you are looking at inclusiveness, we need to drop down this price. Since Naira 98 Corvo is huge. For example, a lot of people don't want to embrace it at all now. So why not bring it down to as low as one Naira? Now, it's just a form of mathematics. You have one million people doing the service for since Naira 98 Corvo. Now, if you take to one Naira, what about having 180 million people coming up on the service? It makes more money. A lot of people that don't want to be included in the banking cover will come on. Just like India now, 80% of Indian adults have bank accounts. Just because of some things, you know, they reduce in the US ID, there's some FinTech and some additional technology upgrade in India. So I believe the government need to take a drastic decision. In order you want to include the masses, you want them to come up on banking, or you want to make a case for banking sectors and the telcos. So it's a very decision for the government to make now, but the government need to be sincere. Okay. Finally, as we let you go now, Osmosis, this is another development now. Five years after the NCC shared a report on uniform short codes, stakeholders in the telecoms industry will now begin implementation. What's the main argument for this harmonization? Yeah. The HSC, that's a harmonized short code, is a welcome development. For example, I think Ghana implemented theirs long, long back before this. And because one needs to assist us in the ease of memorizing, you know, most times when you need to do some services, is that you have to go to get the details or you ask your friends. So using an harmonized short code is better so that you just have one. So it's ease of access. But the main argument about it still come back to our infrastructure on telecoms. Because now we are going to be having a single point of entry. Everybody goes through the same way. So and you know, when you go through a single point of entry, there's possibility of a single point of failure. Now, this has been happening already. If you look at our pure services, at times before now, when the pure is down, either via the NIDS, a bank settlement system, before you can have one service provider go down, another one is working.  So that is the same fear. The same things we have with this HSC code, harmonized short code. That means if one service, for example, if 300 is for customer service and it is down, then nobody can reach any customer service. You can reach GLO, you can reach MT, you can reach SELAT, you can reach ETH. Alright, thank you so much, Moses. We have been speaking with him. He is the former National President of the Private Telecoms and Communication Senior Staff Association of Nigeria, Texan. Thanks for your influence on the show this morning. Thank you so much. Thank you and have a nice day. Thank you. As we round off now, the Central Bank of Nigeria, CBN, has threatened to penalize sheep in companies exporting undocumented cargos from the country. Now, CBN governor, Gadri, they may have already spoke at the RT200 Non Oil Export Summit 2023 on Tuesday in Abuja. Now, the summit is themed RT200 Challenges and Prospect. It may have already said the development of the non-oil export sector is crucial given that it holds vast potential for generating a significant amount of foreign exchange earnings. We mean some such lights on undocumented exports and we had advised the shipping lines at that meeting that we would also be monitoring and if we find that they export cargos with that documentation that we will penalize them including placing their accounts on P&D post-no-debit and I'm sure we all know what post-no-debit means. We have so far not done anything like that just because we feel that our shipping lines will be responsible to do what is right. But if we do not see the kind of corporations that we'll expect, I'd have to insist that we will do what we need to do. For any export to a warehouse established outside India, for instance, with the permission of the Reserve Bank of India their export proceeds can be repatriated within 15 months from the date of shipment. Many countries of the world have these requirements to ensure effective export repatriation back to their countries. Ladies and gentlemen, we will agree that the challenges facing our country today are many and evolving. These challenges require macroeconomic policy actions that are inclined towards a market-based financing system. Some of these innovative ideas could spring from deep system thinking and... All right, that was the president of the Central Bank of Nigeria, the governor of the CBN. Godwin, if you're talking about Chippin and of course how undocumented companies would actually be penalized if they don't do the due process. But that's the size of the show for today. I am Justin, Acadonia Business Insight Returns. Again, tomorrow, let's do it again. Bye for now.


Yeah, just a few things, obviously. Still haven't confirmed with Kyle or TQ. Obviously, a lot of stuff floating around until you get through all the doctors and all the opinions. We won't have a final word, but both those guys will be out, at least in the short term, for sure. There is our appointment at Kyle for his MCL. Well, I think in the MCL, and I'm not a doctor, but an MCL sprain, that's usually what happens. There's varying degrees and where they are on the knee, and that's what I'll let the medical experts handle it. So, you know, a lot of times, like we saw during COVID, some amateur doctors run with things, and again, I didn't go to medical school. I listened to the experts, and obviously, I know it's important with a guy, a player of Kyle's caliber, and it didn't understand what's newsworthy and people want to know, but not being evasive. Mike, like I told you yesterday, I would really do it. I'll let the guys that are medical experts handle it. How do you, as far as it goes, how do you go about replacing what he, you talk so often about how he really is the offense. How do you go about replacing him? Yeah, and one thing about Kyle, while we're so excited about Kyle and why I love working with the guy, he has such a huge impact on his team, and I know the numbers aren't as gaudy as it were.  I mean, his hamstring's been 100% early in the year, thought Seattle, he was really rolling, and then obviously he was slowed down by a hamstring, and the guy's been out there fighting with his teammates, and there's a number of reasons. You know, when people just look at the stats, his impact on winning has been enormous for us. You know, there's certainly times we haven't been in sync, but there's some other things that he, you know, the way we've had to play at times, where you are going to sacrifice some passing numbers, but the guy's a great teammate. He doesn't pout like a lot of guys with that amount of hype, because he's a real person, and that's why we love him, and he's a real teammate, and the future is really bright for him, and that's why we're so excited about him and this organization. Just to be clear, I basically say he's been playing through a lot. Do you mean from an injury perspective? Well, just when the guy, that speed, you know, where you saw a lot of plays he made last year outside, and we only missed a brief amount of time, but some things he may not have been able to open up with, but he's out there blocking well, and certainly, you know, it's a huge part of our offense. As are a lot of guys. So when you ask about, you know, how do you replace them, well, that's, you know, it's our job to find solutions, and we got the right guys, just like we had to do yesterday in game, and I thought Michael Pruitt, Parker, played really well, and then, you know, we have other options, and we'll see where Felipe's at, Firks are, so we'll find a way. That's what it is. Everybody's dealing with something around the league. And just to be clear, are either one of them, is the plan for either one of the one-agent crews? We'll have to go through that, as Terry and I talked through the next 48 hours until we get, you know, confirmation from, you know, a full set of medical opinions, and everybody's on the same page. You know, then we'll have to decide whether we need to make a move or not. Just, because it's a range, I'm just gonna make sure where Zacharus could be, just say between us, we've seen Terry, we've seen Spraim, we've seen Bonbrews, for Kyle, the method on TQ. Yeah, because I don't think anybody's leaked it out about TQ. I don't, you know, I don't think anybody's leaked it. Certainly, you guys know how the game's played. You guys talked to the usual suspects. So, obviously, I guess TQ's not high profile enough for his stuff to get leaked.  Is Twitter still up? Is it running? So, I'm sure you can go down that.  Certainly in different sports, but leave it up to medical experts. We'll see. I bet that he garners defenses. I mean, how much, comparatively speaking, when he's on the field versus when he's not, is attention being put on him by a defense? Well, it depends what covers you're in and what they're trying to stop from us. You know, so, again, it's our job to find solutions. We've got a lot of good players on this team, and, like I said, in the NFL, it's unfortunate part that happens, and I wish you had all your guys healthy all year, but certainly we're one of 32, and every team's got something, so it's our job as coaches to find solutions, and we've got the right guys in here, and we'll put a good plan together to go beat Washington, and that's our job. I know I asked you about the depth at defensive line last night, but upon review, I mean, how much did guys like Timmy Horne and Jaylen Galton and Abdullah Anderson really step up to kind of help out when TQ gets carted off? Yeah, big time. I mean, Timmy Horne's a guy that gets better every week. He's in there grinding it out. It was a physical game. Abdullah, he's in there, tough player. Stuff that happens inside when you're close to football, that's not for everybody. That's why I love guys like Abdullah that go in there and grind it out, TQ, and all those guys up front. So they try not to be biased, but I do have a great appreciation of those guys that mix it up in there.  So I'm very pleased with those guys. With Michael Pruitt, you said last night that he was doing some things. I think your word was like the nuances of the game that people don't necessarily look at. What are some of those things that may go overlooked? Well, Michael, you know, I was with him in Tennessee. We brought him in when Delaney got hurt after opening day in 18, and Mike Ray will have been with him in Houston, and he had been around, and I know some guys that had coached him in Chicago and in Minnesota. He was a very productive player coming out of college. He's a very powerful guy, and he's, even as a veteran in some of the schemes we've asked, he's improved a lot. He's a heavy handed player. He's got a great feel for space. He's a natural athlete, played multiple sports in high school, smart player too. So, you know, he had the one we had on the movement pass yesterday, he caught. It's a big play, got the drive started. We scored the touchdown on. You can see when guys try to attack on him the way he finished that one. Like I said, a heavy handed player, smart player, we'll try to find more roles for him. And same with him, Parker Hesse, he's done a lot of the dirty work. We got other guys, you know, hopefully we get Felipe back and Firks here. So, we'll see. This might shift more attention to Drake London from defenses now. Do you have to kind of, he's still a rookie in the fact that you have to like kind of talk to him about prepping potentially the whole or not. Drake, he's wired the right way. No. And then we've got, like I said, I mean, we play a certain way. It's getting late in the year. It's a huge game for us coming up against Washington. They're playing well. It's expected to be another physical battle. You know, they've kind of changed their approach there. They're running the ball a ton too. Like I said, they got us here last year. You know, Heineke at the end, and it's a big game for both of us, right? They're six and five, and we're right there, five and six, and it's just what you wanted. You want to be in games that matter this time of year as you're getting into the Thanksgiving in December. So, we're excited about it. You mentioned Taylor Heineke. He ran for, I think it was eight and a half yards on you guys last year on a couple carries. Defensively, how do you kind of build on what you guys did against Austin Fields and kind of continue that? Yeah, very different players, but, you know, he can extend plays. He did a great job.    He did that last year to us. What are the challenges of like a Thanksgiving week just on getting guys kind of heads in the game and not getting distracted with that? Yeah, that's part of, you know, being a pro, but those distractions, you know, if I said yesterday, if you let them, because usually everybody's schedule is a little bit different when you come in there.  And so that's a big part of our job and our focus. One more Thanksgiving question. What's your favorite Thanksgiving food? I really don't discriminate if you can look at me. So, pumpkin pie, maybe, I don't know, depends. Are you, of course, Tim Bacow watched them the last couple of weeks and Robinson looks like he's taking on them. Yes. He's got him and Gibson kind of running the ball. Yeah, both good players. Yeah, it's sort of running the ball a lot and then obviously Heineke making big plays. They got a good receiving core. It's a good team. It's a good roster. You know, they got a million first round picks up front and defensive line and they're all good players. So we'll have to see, you know, obviously they get Chase Young back. It's one more good player they can put up there. So it's a good, it'll be a fun challenge. It'll be a fun challenge at this time of year. Their offensive skill position players, does it kind of remind you some ways of what you're trying to do also with the amount of guys that they have that can kind of be put in multiple spots and have played multiple positions, even a Logan Thomas who, so I think they start as a board back. You know, obviously we have Kyle Smith here who was a big part of that personnel department and some of the stuff they did and I don't, you know, can they change staff? So I don't, you know, from Jay Gruden to Ron Rivera and his staff what they've wanted to do. I don't know all those answers. I think it's a lot of it's just kind of the talent level coming out. But obviously Gibson's a guy that I'm very familiar with coming out of university in Memphis. It's from here, right D-Led? Yeah, yeah. The Duke told me it was his buddy. Call him the Duke now, but. The Duke told me he knows him, but great player. Knew a lot about him coming out of Memphis. A guy that could play multiple spots, like you said. Yeah, good skills, a good roster. Any memories? Have you been back there yet as a coach? It's been a while, right? Been a while. It was a bad game. It was in 14. Believe, yeah, another local guy, Whitehurst, I believe started that game. I think it was in 2014, I believe. Any memories for you going back there? Sure, yeah, yeah, absolutely. Got a lot of buddies up there, hopefully I'll get to see. Thanksgiving weekend, there's a lot of people there. It's kind of second home for me. So yeah, I've been here, there's a lot of good memories. Working for Joe Gibbs. Very, very fond of them. But how's the rookie DNs doing AKM alone? Well, they're playing, those guys getting better every week. I thought AK, you know, we had him as our player of the game. Just some stuff, he's gotten better, got a sack. Should have had another one, but you gotta get Justin credit. I mean, that was maybe the longest play in NFL history. I mean, it felt like both teams were in the mud at that point, but he's playing really well. And in some of the subtle stuff he's doing, that kind of, when you coordinate certain games that he's doing that, I appreciate about him. And him and D'Angelo, they're fun to work with. All those young guys, Troy, they had a big impact on yesterday's one. And yesterday, when you were talking about the personnel department and the common vision, and you played it, didn't feel like Capitol Hill and owner started laughing with that. Yeah, well, maybe because we're going up to Washington this week. I don't know, maybe it's being a guy that's a political science major and lived up in D.C. off and on for seven years. Yeah, use that reference, I guess, but. Two things, could you articulate the common vision? I mean, we do it, you know, we do it at periodic times. And then second, I think we're referring to people lobbying for their viewpoints, not being Capitol Hill. Yeah, well, that happens.   And when the turn the page, you don't let one mistake become two, you can see people that's happened all over the history of pro sports.  Seen that before too. So when you got guys and you get opinions and you can disagree, but in the day you make decisions and you move forward, that's what you're looking for. Easier said than done. And we have a great staff over there. Like I said, they found guys from everywhere, right? We've gotten the offered futures from this, you know, CFL and the list goes on and on and on. You know, Felipe, a guy that's an invaluable roster player, it was a quarterback coming in here. All kind of guys, Jalen Dalton. Guys, Timmy Horn, Bernie. I mean, all these guys that we have, even a guy like Avery, the impact he's had as a late round pick, DB Turner, been a good player for him in his offense. But that's what I appreciate about those guys and we're just looking for guys to help. And then it's our job as coaches to make sure that we develop every guy on this roster. So that's what I appreciate about that staff. Dalton was a kid, you know, a big, good-looking kid. Coach Emanuel said he was hurt and they kept track of him or something. Just how's he doing? Because it's hard to see what's going on. Yeah, he's referring to her. He's gotten better. You know, obviously, unfortunately, he was hurt in a couple of pre-seasons and knew a lot about him. He was a North Carolina guy. So he was taking advantage of the opportunity. He came back. You know, he unfortunately got hurt and our pre-season came back. And the first time he's seen live action, he's getting better every week. I think it was Brady that was talking after the game last night. He said something along the lines of, like, we're a better team when CP's on the field. And I feel like that's not something that you take lightly from Brady Shearer. What does that say about kind of not just what CP does for you, but how the locker room kind of rallies around him as well?  And so a guy is at a, you know, you get to that point in your career. There's a reason you hang around this game, you know? You don't, it's hard enough to play in the NFL to make it one season. And when you become a veteran like that, then you're still productive.  But when you're that productive, it helps. And like I said, I was glad he got the opportunity to return on a kick.  Troy Anderson had a great block on that play. He almost fell down and gets up. Those are the things that go unnoticed. It's able to make the block, Mike Ford at the end. So it was, we needed it.  And it was a huge play for us. I'd ask, see if he had said before the season if he got one or he got one. CP tells you guys a lot of things. Well, but he'd also said that he's great for you guys. And that's why we love him. He's a funny, funny, funny guy. CP's a great teammate. CP's gonna, like all our guys, they're wired the right way and they'll do whatever they think will help us win as a team. And that'll be the same thing in terms of kick returns. So, can they- Do you want us to retire after the kick returns? No. We're gonna do what's best for the team. If it's carrying the ball 30 times, probably won't go back there. If it's a gotta have a situation, or, you know, depending on the plan that week, the game plan, talking over through Marquis, we'll see. You know, it's, he said he tells you guys a lot of things and that's why we love him. He makes sure he makes your job easier.


And that's what this VIP building is. It's like, well, maybe the VIP membership would get better. Probably won't. Yes. Well, that was over six months ago. I think seven or eight months ago, that video. And since then, nothing changed up until recently. In the last video, I know. Also, I just want to say another Jurassic World 2 game video. What is this? 2015? But the reason I'm doing this is because there's a new update. And as you may notice, in the top right, we now have our VIP back. But before we get into that, in the last video, I mentioned that I was going to give shout-outs to the people that presented me with the best memes or the best air trades. So, I already said the names. I didn't put up the pictures. I'm so sorry. Jonathan Aguilera, who showed one register for four million food, which is an absolute horrible mess. And Tactical Tic Tac, who showed me a custom trade for one UDARN for 50 bucks. Cash. Oh, and you know, the annoying thing is, because they use that one trade, although they are VIP, they can't, that's a trade wasted. So, they either accept the 50 bucks or they just lose. They just lose a trade. Also, this lovely meme. I don't know who created this. 46 carnivores, 39 herbivores, 21 vivians, 22 pterosaurs, perfectly balanced, as all things should be. A good little chuckle. So, here we are in the game. Also, yes, Discord in the link in the description below, as well as a link for you to get 50, I think, or is it 100 free books in this game? If you just click on that link with the app that you or with the device you use this game on, you should be able to get it. Beavers, what have you done? Yes, that's right. Last night, I decided to do it. The game updated and here we are. What was once where the VIP built, sorry, the DNA building used to be, the VIP building now stands. And you click on it for the first month, there you go, up to 1200 DNA every 12 hours. Now, that's not right away. Again, just like the old DNA building, you're going to have to restart. So, before we get into what this whole thing is, I just want to clarify that I cancelled my subscription about seven months ago, in September 2019. And from there, I've saved lots of money, because the VIP didn't really change. I think that all that changed was there was more custom trades. You could do more custom trades here. Well, you could do three instead of one, because at one point you could do three. Well, everyone could do three, no matter what. Then they reduced it to one for everybody. Then they made VIP be able to be the only type that could trade stuff for cash, as in books. And now they've made it so VIP gets three trades. Everybody, I think, can trade cash. Everybody gets the opportunity. I don't know whether that's this update that just came out, or if it's coming soon, because I'm not VIP anymore. I mean, I am VIP, so I can't be an un-VIP now. And I'm curious as to whether or not I think that's went into effect. So, hopefully, everybody will be able to trade coin for cash again. So, that's just a general good update. They've increased the level cap, as you can see, where you're on level 86, because when I went on last night, I just instantly went through it. I wasn't recording. I'm so sorry. Why have I decided to join VIP again? People are like, no, Beaver's going to be tricked. It's not unlimited cooldowns on these things. I know. I saw just because I didn't mention it. I didn't mean I didn't notice it. So, you can only do, I think. So, okay, let's talk. VIP food factory, I'm not first about it. I get plenty enough food. VIP Instant Creation Lab, that's good. So, instantly get to hybridize or fuse dinosaurs together. Now, it's only like one dinosaur per like 24 hours or something. I'm okay with that. At least I save loads and loads of books. If really, I just need to showcase like one dinosaur, but hey, maybe we'll get more slots so you can do like three dinosaurs. The VIP SDNA production site, again, a similar thing to start. You can only harvest like five super DNA from one. And as time goes on, VIP Instant Recovery, this is where it's good. So, we'll be able to recover like one dinosaur every 24 hours. I don't care if that's or maybe multiples, but not or like unlimited. That's good for me because especially with, you know, metrophotone or yeah, pachygalosaurs or I used it like two days ago. It's still recovering. So, to get that instantly back, that's going to be really good. Also, I unfortunately didn't get to do it, but the VIP section was a legendary pack. One of the reasons why I really stopped doing VIP was because books were becoming impossible to get and VIP just didn't seem worth it. The battles went up so you had to do more and they were harder. Now, I can't click on it, but it was, as you can see down there, coming soon VIP. The battle event was super hard as well. So, not only did you have to, you know, do that battle, use your best creatures and then take on, you know, these events, you just had to buy back creatures. So, with all these buildings with the free buy back with, and also when I did the VIP battle, the levels of the creatures were way lower. Now, I don't know because it was aquatic. Maybe it was just averaging down to my aquatic so there was no level like 300. Maybe that's the case, but it's not bad. And if it stays like that for the land, then I'm happy with that. As long as they're not like crazy levels like, this one will be, sorry, this one, but I guess they're not too crazy. Other those ones. Yeah, I guess there's no level like 3000 or whatever. And that's where I'd be really worried for all the buildings you get for being able to, and also yes, why would you want to be VIP if you can trade books? Well, you get trades can reward up to 50 bucks each and fidelity members can up to 100% more cash. So that is 100. So trades can reward up to 50 cash. So you're only going to get up to 50 cash. So I click coin. Oh, I can't. I can't trades cash for coin. Really? Oh, so it's not in the game. Is it yet? But I can trade cash for something. Oh, I get my fidelity bonus. So I can trade arrow Titan. Okay, so let's see what I get. Let's trade like four arrow Titans. That's what we get 200 bucks. That's not bad. I mean, for one, it would probably be really, really good. But for four is it's not bad. I'll take it because I don't really need arrow Titan. But you know, if I could just go Jurassic, go a common fidelity. And like, how many can I trade 20 alankwers? Bear in mind, these cost like 50 DNA. I'm happy with that. I'll take that. I'll take that any day. So how about I trade 10 of them? So let's say if I get 100, that's still good. Okay, there you go. And now I can actually, you know, getting DNA for those is really not worth it. But getting books is an every day I have my option to do that. Now, the thing is, I am still a fidelity member as well as a VIP member. I have canceled my fidelity membership because if I'm having one, I'd rather I just have the VIP because you get the building. And also the reason why I got the VIP straight away is because the timer starts ticking. As soon as you get the VIP membership, the timer starts ticking. So if you want the newest buildings and the newest things as soon as possible, you don't want to waste any more time. Especially if you're, you know, a YouTuber like me and you want to showcase the stuff. You kind of just need to jump on that. So as well as being, you know, wanting to showcase the best things. And that's kind of what I do. I'm kind of obligated to do this. So it's, I'm not telling you to get VIP. It's an option. I'm saying that it's better than it used to be. So we get, how much DNA? That was what, 50? Oh, we can upgrade it for five bucks. Respeed up for free. And it has an upgrade. There you go. And next time we will get 200 in 12 hours. Now that gets harder and harder because then it's two. And then it's four. And then it's eight. And then it's 16. And you get it. It takes ages.  I still have to I'd have to start back from the beginning.  We have to start again. I'm kind of okay with it because I canceled seven months ago. So I saved up seven months worth of VIP when really it wasn't worth it. So now I can do the 50,000 VIP pack if I wanted to for the Acrocanthosaurus. Am I going to do it? No, because Acrocanthosaurus is another carnival and I don't need it. But like these are the ones that you need anyway. So again, another reason why I want to be VIP again is because you get double the VIP points for opening packs. So now when I open up a solid gold pack, I lose 10,000. Yes, in a part of source, I'll take that. But I get instead of 650, I get 1,300. So really, I'm only spending 8,700 VIP points for one pack. So when I open 10, I'm saving, what is it? I just said it there. Like I'm saving 10,000 basically. So instead of costing 10, it costs 8. So I'm almost saving 20,000. I'm getting like two packs for free. So you know what? I don't care. I think the only creature that we haven't managed to unlock in the VIPs is the Procopterdon, the Cocoa Puff. What's it called? Panoxys. That one, I bought loads before it turned into a VIP. So I'm kind of glad for that. But these guys, if I can get... Ooh, Prestosuchus, yes. I'll take it. Let's open up loads, shall we? I think that's our fourth pack. Let's open up 10. Let's go for six more, shall we? So here we go. Solid gold. Ooh, there you go. Concavenator. That's not too bad. I don't know if I have that level 50. Level 50, level 40. I don't know if I have that maxed up. So that is five. So let's go for five more. Oh, unfortunately there was coin. But another Prestosuchus. A good creature. That's an amphibian. Jesus, we need it. So let's go for four. So that's our fourth one. And Eumorphodon. Eumorphodon. Another good one. Another really flipping good flyer. Because it's a flyer. Out of all the dinosaur species, flies and amphibians. There's only, what, 22 pterosaurs and 21 amphibians out of 46 carnivores? 39 herbivores? Yeah, kind of need to do that. So this is the third last one, unfortunately. Oh, there look! So I spent what? I don't know. It probably wasn't worth the trade, right? If I wanted to get Pamplica for this straight away, I could have just spent 20,000. But if I, you know, I got loads of other good creatures, I'd get it for free as well. So the second last one, I think it is another concave. And as well as, you know, we're spending thousands of VIP points. We're getting a thousand back though, you know, thousands back. And we're also getting a good creature and DNA and books. The food and coin is kind of wasted. And the final one, what's it going to be? Oh, it's a giant orthocone. I don't think we have that thing maxed up. So I'm pretty happy for that. So another 1,300. So we were on what? 200,000? So we spent like 40,000 or something like that. Definitely maybe 60,000. But we got some good creatures. And I'll take another 35 books for opening that. And we collected from the DNA building. So I guess we get five of that, I suppose. Every little help. The next building we're going to get is the VIP food factory. Is it worth it? I mean, if you're starting off, it's not too bad. I mean, this is where you get a few instant benefits, exclusive events, DNA production site loyalty points times to more custom trades, daily VIP and mystery pack bonuses. That's good. More ways to get super DNA and better cooldown reductions on ads. If you want to do that current amount available. So look, here's the egg hatching instantly, the fusing instantly, and the speed up instantly. So the moment I don't have any. And I'm wondering if you must be able to get multiple so I could speed up three hatches straight away. So if I wanted, you know, a tournament dinosaur, which takes like a week to be made like Indoraptor, like Smaradon, like Binogames or any of these creatures, I can get it like that. Saving me 1500, if not even more books, if I'm not a VIP. And because this is, you know, it's something I do for a living. It really helps me out. Yes, it's spending money.  Unfortunately. And I rather this is a better way of helping fund Lydia and getting better games in the future. Like all the money, like I said, I spent the past. I feel, you know, maybe it wasn't put towards specifically, but it helped them make Jurassic World alive. For what we get for our money, VIP is well worth it. It's much better than buying outright one of these packs. Definitely. Also, I do like this. This is the new thing that I mentioned, how I got Leedsicty's, the special offer. So you can have a choice of if you want, if you want a specific creature, spending an absorbent amount of books on a single creature. Should you do that? Probably not. Definitely worth it. Not a good use of your books. But I like this. There's now a reason to sort of come into the market to check the best offer. You know, sometimes there's a packs that, yeah, this is interesting. So one pound and you get 4000 DNA.  But you can only get three, right? I was going to say, is it better to buy 100 of these so you'd get 400,000 DNA or just spend it on one of these? I would probably say, yeah, it's better to just buy 100 of the mini DNA. But that's why they put a limit on it, which is such a shame. Because if you weren't going to blast through it, also, you'd get VIP points every time you open a pack. So that's the best way to do it. But like in Pokemon Go, when you're going to level up loads of creatures, it's like, well, put on a lucky egg so you get loads of experience. That sort of thing. How about we now go into this? So we are only 86, so we're going to do one actually. And that's 7000 for free. And what kind of creatures are we facing? I tell you what kind of creatures we're facing. Something an Indoraptor can definitely take on. Yes. So now I've got to start to begin the long journey of maxing up to the new level cap. 90. For the longest time, for years, for years and years and years, I might add, they never put a level cap in the game. It was stuck at level, was it 75 or 80 or something? For ages. But recently, I mean, within a couple of months, if that, they've put in two updates, increasing the level cap, increasing the battle stage infinite. It seems like they're listening. People want to progress. You don't want to just get to the top and then just, oh god, that's killed me. Oh no, Indoraptor, no. Well, it's dead anyway, because we've got seven. I think we can kill it in a factor in one just in case. But yeah, I was sure it already went for all its attacks. And I also do apologize if everybody was like, oh yes, another Game and Beaver video. Oh wait, it's Jurassic World the game. I do apologize. I think what I'm trying to do these days is make sure that on the weekends, like Friday, Saturday or Sunday, it's something different. It's like a, you know, Empyrean than a growth or the Isle or something that, you know, takes a while to edit. I don't know. I don't know if it's just because the recent, you know, pandemic that's going on at the moment, but it's just like, I want to relax a bit more. Like, it's so stressful that I just want to, I want to chill. I don't want to be sat at my computer all the time like normal. And I just want to, oh look, it's code 19. Oh, that's 7000 as well. We'll take a lot. Code 19. And you couldn't have thought of a better name, could you? For what's going on right now. I think I saw somebody comment that. And I didn't put two and two together until I saw that comment. I thought, wait a minute, that guy's got a point. We're in the midst of a code 19 ourselves. And it's about containment as well. Oh dear, I think I'm on day 44 of quarantine, I think. Something like that in the UK. Geez. But no end in sight. What can you do? I tell you what you can do. You can blow all your money on a VIP membership, James. Oh God. I wonder, that would be an interesting video if for a day or for a week, I spent as much money as was possible on special events and stuff for Dross of World Alive and Dross of World the Game. How much money can I blow through? How much would the game allow me to spend? Well, actually, that's a terrible idea because it's unlimited. There's no limits of bucks. I could spend a million, five billion on it and it would be like, yeah, that's fine, just keep on giving us money. Oh dear. Like that. What was it? It was a horror story. Well, not really a horror story. Do we get any good trades? I didn't check this actually. Oh God, that's awful. Oh look, our VIP exclusive deal and it's absolute garbage, as they always have been. Anything DNA for food, VIP points for food? Okay, right. Let me ask you this. Oh, that deal's just gone. Well, I don't care, right? If it was the other way around, would these be deals you take? Would you spend food for that? Well, probably not. I think this is probably one of the only times that that's decent. Would you buy that? Oh yes, you'd buy that. Would you buy this? Oh yes, you'd buy that. How about this? Possibly. Depends which one you want more. How about this? Yes, you'd do that. How about this? Yes, you'd do that. And this is the problem with the trades. This isn't random. Ludien knows that they don't want the trades to be the other way around, but I don't understand because, well, I do understand because I don't want to stunt progress in the game, but if you've got more people with better trades coming through, you've got more people spending more time on the game and therefore possibly, you know, maybe spending money, maybe because they're spending so much time on the game, they're like, oh hell yeah, I'll do VIP. I'll be able to blast through this in no time. Like the progress, the level I'm at in the game has taken me five years, if not a little bit longer because this game did come out, I think, at the start of 2015. So anyway, it's five years to get to this point, exploiting all the glitches that came out and we're here. Ludien, you don't need to worry about people progressing fast through your game because this was me and it's taken me five years. I'm going to go out on a limb and say in five years time, you might discontinue this game. I don't know. You don't need to stunt people's progress. That's why people like this game is because they get to go through it at a breakneck pace. Also, they've added expansions into easeless sauna. Now, it's kind of annoying because I wanted to keep a big jungle in the middle and now they've like, you know, that you can now expand out this way, which would have been so much nicer if I could have just kept like where all these John Hammons are as trees, which is such a shame, but maybe I couldn't know I could have done that. Yeah, because I'm going that way. So I guess I'll excavate it and that one cost 200 bucks. We're definitely not going to do that. So let's go for the rarity rumble. Maybe we'll win a legendary rumble. So this is a super hard team at Glyphoronax, Glyphoronax and Segnus Sutius. So really, best team would technically be an amphibian, a carnivore and an amphibian. Or because there's plenty of carnivores. I mean, there's more than double carnivores than there are amphibians in the game. You might as well just go for carnivores. Although saying that they these are pretty and at least this way, you don't have to worry about, you know, oh no, if you've got an amphibian coming and Segnus Sutius will may swap in and stay alive. And then, you know, you're not nerfing their attack. And you're about to get rinsed. So we're definitely going to go for one block because we're going to die. Oh, look, it's like Bonnie, except instead of Pinky's purple. Oh, he goes for one. Now this is good. This means that we can go for two block and definitely survive, even if he does go for three. We're going to win this pack. Now I'm going to go for just three. I'm going to go for three just in case.  But he might do it. He might just go for two. Oh, he goes for four. Okay, that's not too bad. So 1,900 attack to 1,700. It's not going to make too much of a difference. So 1,2,3. Aha, we still kill him. So I think he can kill me. I'm going to have to go for three block here.  Oh, you know what? I'm tempted. I'm tempted. Depending on what he goes for here. Oh, yes. Yeah, no, he definitely killed me in one more. Definitely. Okay, so 1,2,3. And then two reserves and we've won. Second of sutures doesn't have amazing health. I mean, it's 4,000. It's pretty decent. But for the attack it has, it's not very good. So tiny collagrius.  He went for all of it and there you go. Come on. You can do it. Tiny cola. Grievous. Bam. And there you go. One out of four. So, guys, let me know. What do you think of this VIP update? And do you have the VIP? Or did you have it before? Or has this finally pushed you over to maybe purchase it? I'm kind of curious. Just a little bit. So here we go. Now this is a terrible team actually to face up against because Carnivore's weakness and Vivian and they've got a pterosaur which could be easily wreck us. Yeah, I guess. It's not too great here. You know, we'll go for Ilyphosaurus because we've got 1,2, 3,4 carnivores still left to use and we've got two battles. So we'll just go right off the bat and go for one block. These are tough. These are really tough. Oh, he does it. Right. Now, unfortunately, we have to go for two block. In a perfect world, we would be able to survive one more hit, but we can't. And now it's not looking too good. So three reserves. He's not going to do it. He might not. He could, but he might not. Aha, there you go. That's what we're looking for. We could attack him, but that it's he might. Yeah, three block. We would have had to have gone for six, which would have left us with one reserve. So he's gotten on, I think, actually. So this is a better situation to be in. If you feel like if they've got a lot of potential block and you need to go for three to kill them, it's probably best not to, especially if it's a tight team like this, like this is a really close matchup.  He might, he can kill me in two, but I've got a possibility of four blocks. So the bot might not go for it. That's what I'm hoping for. Aha, then paid off. So one, two, three, four, factor in two, and then two reserves. Whoa. Oh no. Oh dear. Okay. So he's going to go for an all out hit here because two can kill me. So there's the four. Okay.  Ooh, I don't know. I don't know. One, two does kill him. Okay. Now, how much does Metrophoconon have? It has four thousand attacks.  So we have to go for that. We have to go for three block and one reserve. Now as long as Metrophodon attacks us with one, if he doesn't, it's 50-50. It's 50-50. Oh, there you go. Oh, I was lucky. Now we could have done this with Indominus Rex level 30, but it was just a little bit risky because I don't think that Indominus Rex level 30 could have survived a single hit there. Oh, perfect. We can switch to amphibians. Right. Okay. Let's do it. Because we're nullifying their attack by 50% already and we're gaining 50% bonus. So we don't even have to go for our best creatures. We can go for that. I think that's going to be good enough. Now look at that. They can't even touch this. And we've got, we've got Interrupted Gen- Well, level 10 attack stats there. Sorry, I get confused. It's like Interrupted Gen 2 level 30. Oh, God. It's going to go for three reserves. Sod it. We can easy do it. I mean, he does have 15,000 health though. So that's a little bit of a thorn in my side. Oh, yes. We've got six and he's open.   I could have. Oh, oops. No. Ah, if we had a little bit more health, maybe. Okay. So he could have five.  I'm going to have to go for four block one reserve. And he did have five. Wow. That was close. Okay. Oh, he goes for four. Oh, this is going to be close, guys. This is going to be so close. I'm going to go for four reserves one block. I'm going to do it. He's got five.  I think he's going to do it.  I think we've lost. I think we've lost. It was doable. We just got unlucky. So one, two, three, four.  I think we survived. I think we might have even done it. Oh, you buggy. He's going to have five, two, four, six, eight.  That's the question. That's the question. Oh, what do we do guys? I don't two, four, six, eight, eight thousand. Is that enough though? Two, four, six, eight. Oh, man. Oh, man. He's wide open, but do we do it? I don't know if we can two, four, six, eight. It's eight thousand. We have to double. I don't know if we can double our attack there. I don't think we can. We probably do 1400, I think. I think that's how much we do. No, one thousand, sorry, 14,000. I don't think we do 16,000. So what I'm going to do is because I can definitely survive one hit. I'm going to go for this. I'm going to go for three block, one reserve. Hopefully he goes for four here. Oh, I think that's it. I think that's just in it. Now, was I right? Was I right?  One, two, three. It wasn't. Oh, yes. Oh, Beaver, you played it so well. That was close. I thought it was 14,000. All right. I think I just vaguely remember seeing it flash up for a second. All right, 50 years. And the final one. Oh, it's a mix pack, but nothing that some carnivores can't deal with. So we'll go for Indominus Rex level 30, just to like maybe bring out the metrophodon, I think, then an Indoraptor. And oh, is it worth it? You know what? Let's play it safe. Let's go for two level 20 Indoraptors. Let's do it. So right for about one block. We need it.  I mean, they are like from a general, like the end game creatures, but they're not, you know, a level 40 Udon. The Urlophosaurus is probably the most egregious I've used. Wait a minute. Yeah, I'm going to go for two block.  I know why he didn't go for metrophodon or metrophodon. You could do way more. He could have done way more damage. Okay. Okay. Three reserves. Three, four, five. Oh, that's enough. He might go for it all. Oh, do it. Kill me. Yes. Woohoo. Right. Turns out 14,000 attack into, oh, sorry, 1,400 into 3,500, doubling the attack. Uh, so he's got nothing and that kills him. Might as well just go for three reserves because we've got two Indoraptors and probably going to have to go for at least two to kill me. So chances are, if they do kill me, they're going for a high number. They're leaving themselves wide open and they do it and that's it. Game set match. That's two attacks and then two blocks and we're done. Uh, one, two, one, two. Um, he's going to have, oh, how much is it going to have? 2,250 attack, something like that. Oh, I might as well do that just in case because we kill Segna Sutras in two hits. So as long as we have two reserves, nothing it can do. And that's how you do it. Yes, how you do it. So now I'm going to, I'm forced to play the game loads because I need to get to the next level cap in order to do those battle stage infinites. Oh, that's going to be a lot of John Hammond statues. I'll tell you. Will we do it? Will we get the rarity rumble pack? It doesn't even came up yet. You know what? I'll take it. Eyes. Yes. And stakeholders event, which is just as terrible, although I'll be it. It's only three battles, but I ain't going to do it. Um, and that's another 14 each for the super DNA. And there we have it. Guys, VIP worth it. Yeah, I know. Let me know. But if you join this video, leave a like and until next time, stay safe. I'll see you later. Oh, buh-bye.