My name is Bruce, I'm the author of Seven Languages in Seven Weeks, also a book called Programming Phoenix, and I think Noresh was going to say I'm also the author of a book called Bitter Java, but you don't want to remember that one. So in this session we're going to talk about a framework called Phoenix LiveView. So let's go ahead and write some code. How many of you have heard of a game called Conway's Game of Life? Okay, so about half of you. So it's a game that's played on a grid. There are cells on the grid, they're going to be live or dead. Live will have a dot like this one, and dead will be empty. And each cell has neighbors and we count the corners so that this is a pattern in the game of life where this cell has two neighbors and this cell, this orange cell has three neighbors. Got it? So the rules are that in the next generation, if any cell has exactly three neighbors, it will come to life. If it has fewer than two neighbors, it will die of loneliness. Or if it has more than four neighbors, it will die of overcrowding. Others will stay the same. So your quiz, what are the four rules? What's the first one? If something has three neighbors, it creates a new life, right? What happens if there are fewer than two cells? It dies more than three cells? It dies. Otherwise, it stays the same, right? So we're going to code the game of life in a framework called Phoenix. And I want to tell you a little bit about Phoenix LiveView. I've downloaded the Phoenix LiveView example and we'll use that as a template so we won't have to do the boilerplate setup. And just so you can see, exactly what I've changed so far, I've only changed these two files. I fetched my assets, right? So Phoenix LiveView uses JavaScript under the hood but doesn't require you to write any custom JavaScript yourself. And then I've also changed one security code in this file called endpoint just to make it compile and run and everything else is the same. So Mix is the Phoenix catch all command for the development environment. We're actually going to start a server with this application. And I want to show you a couple of examples in LiveView. So I'm going to navigate to local host 4000. I'm going to zoom in a little bit. So these are a couple of LiveView examples. Let's talk about the individual pieces. So here's an example and basically everything that you're seeing, all the code is done on the server side. There's no client-side custom JavaScript at all, okay? So that, you know, all of this is running on the server side. It has Erlang behind it so that if something happens so that it would crash, so we basically built in a custom crash, if the temperature gets higher than 75, what happens is OTP kicks in and restarts the process in the last known good state, which was the starting state. So I want to point out that this is fairly performant, right? So this is a game. Remember all of this is server side. So the performance is fairly good. Any mistakes are my own. You know I'm not very good at snake. And actually you can see that we're actually fast enough to power things like animations. Again, everything, every change is computed on the server side, okay? So we're going to, we're going to write a program in Conway's Game of Life. So we need to start this on the elixir side. That's actually where we're going to spend most of our time, creating the board and the rules of the game and so forth. Okay, so we're in live view here. How's the font in the back? I know the left-hand side, I can't change that, but how's the font in the right-hand side, this part right here? Okay, in the back? Better? Okay, so we're going to create a new file. So there are two directories to pay attention to here. One is demo and that's where the back-end files are and one is demo web and that's where the front-end files are that are related to controllers and so forth. That's where we'll put our live view files. Let's go ahead and start with the back-end file. Let's create a file called life, demo.live, okay. So this is going to be a life board and life is played on a grid, right? So a grid has a height and a width and let's have a default height of three and a default width also of three and let's talk a little bit about the data structure that we're going to use to save the grid itself. Now in a functional program, so in many object-oriented style languages I might use a matrix or a list of lists, right? But in functional programs those data structures are immutable so sometimes it's impractical to use a data structure that's nested. So often when I'm coding functionally I want to keep my data structures as flat as possible and that's what I'll do here. So I'll save the board or we'll call it a grid and I'll save it as an empty map. In Elixir the braces are reserved for tuples so we have a percent on the front end of map constructs. So now I have a, so I'm going to start mix in the context of my application. Save that. Now I have this life and it has a struct and that struct has a grid which is my map and has a default height and width and so I could create a new life and get the height and width. That much is working fine. I never did like this syntax so let's create a prettier name for that, so let's actually just create a function to do the same thing and I'm going to create a new struct and the attribute is going to be key value pairs, a list of key value pairs. This means set the default value if none is provided. So in this case we're going to say this is the struct, I could say life but instead of doing this, if I change the name of that I want Elixir to track me. So there's a module attribute for that called module and we'll use this instead. So basically this is the structure that we define right here, right? Or actually I can say module dot, let's see how that works, okay? Now I can say, so I'm not using, I could actually use those attributes, okay? So now I can actually take, let's say life new and I could say, I could override one of the default attributes like that. Okay, so so good so far. Let's say that the on state is, I don't know, maybe we'll have it, or let's say a live state we're going to represent, let's make an emoji. Maybe something like this one, or this one, yeah, one of those will work. Let's put quotes around that and for the live one we'll pick that one, and for the dead one we'll pick that one, okay? Okay, so now we have live and dead cells. So let's fetch something from the board. So we're going to take a board which is something of this structure right here and it's going to take an x and a y and so actually for this grid let's make the keys be tuples, be two tuples, right? So I could say map dot get board dot grid and I want to get the tuple x, y and then if there's nothing in it I can provide a default value of dead, right? So now let's see, okay, live dot new and I can pipe that into, use that as the input to live dot fetch and so the board is my first argument and that's created right here. So let's get whatever is at one, one, right there, okay. So we're working fine, we got a dead cell, that's exactly what we want to happen, okay? Okay, so now we need to start thinking about printing out a representation of the board. Which way should we go? Let's create a new random board so we could have some data to work with, new random and let's say that this takes a height, okay. And so this is going to, okay, so how are we going to do this? This is going to take a four comprehension so let's say for x taken from one to width and for y taken, taken from one and we're going to execute this code in the middle and then we're going to start with a list that has live and dead and we're going to shuffle that to put it in a random order and take the first one, okay. And so what I need to do, that's the cell, right? So now I have a cell and now I need to build a key value pair. So the key is what? It's the x, y coordinate, right? And the value is the cell. So now this should give me, this should give me at least the grid for my life game. And now I need to return the structure, take this guy and I want the height to be, the width is going to be width and the grid is going to be grid, okay. So I think that we have something that will work here. So let's try to do a, try to see if we can, yeah, let's say line number 12, oh thank you. Types would have saved me there, wouldn't they? Thank you. Okay, what do we got? Syntax error before, we're going to have a few of these so bear with me. So line 21, oh this is a two tuple, right? This isn't a, and we probably want to put that into, yeah, we want this to go into a map, don't we? Okay, so now we should be able to say life and we want a five by five grid, right? Looks like it's working perfectly. Okay, now we're getting pretty close to having the basic board and we're getting pretty close to time to create the next generation. For right now, let's create a pretty version of the board. Okay, and so basically for this, we're probably going to, we're probably going to want to convert each row to a string. So I'll say four y taken from to board dot, and we want to basically generate a row and then we want the board and then the row, right? And then the, okay, and now to generate the row, let's say we have, we have the, we basically have, we need to iterate across the board across the, across horizontally now. So now we can say for, and this is actually the y coordinate, right? So I could say for x taken from one to board and then I want to basically return the character of the board, which is fetch, right? So now I'm at board or fetch x and y, right? That's going to give me a list of characters and I'm going to join that on the empty list, right? And now I can join this, let's see what we have now and what are we trying to do? Okay, and then we want to pipe this much. We're going to pipe that to life dot, okay, now we're getting pretty close, right? So that's, that prints a generation. So it's about time to start working on the rules of the game. It's going to be really close, folks. So it's about time to start working on the rules of the game, so let's do that now. So what's the first rule? Okay, and we have a neighbor count and we have a cell. N is less than two. What happens to these? And similarly, when N is greater than three, they die, right? And we don't really care about the cell in these cases, right? So N and the, when N is three, for N and cell. So those are the rules of the game. Now I have to create the next generation, right? So the next generation of a board, so for X taken from, oh, we need to count neighbors, don't we? The neighbors of board at X and Y, okay, so what's the best way to do this? Let's go low tech, just to be safe. So I have, basically, I have X and Y, I have three of those, and there's going to be X minus one to X plus one, like that, right? I have three of those, and I want to do, these are all Y minus one, right? These are all Y plus one, and this, we don't want, right? Did I get that right? Yeah, we have a closing comma to delete, right? And we want to pipe this to, I'm going to map over that, dot enum, dot map. I'm going to map over that, and I'm going to call fetch, and I'm going to fetch from the board, X, and I'm going to call, and here, I'm going to call, I can't use X and Y, can I? Oh, I'll call this X, X, and Y, Y, right? No, that's right. I can't use X and Y here. X, X, and Y, Y, right? So I'm going to fetch, X, X, is that it? So I'll fetch them, and now I need to filter by life, right? Where that guy is equal to, is that it? So let's try to compile this much to see where we are. It'll be a miracle that neighbors is unused, rule is unused, and board is unused in 62. So I bet we're okay in all those, yep, we're okay. We're about to use them right now. Okay, so we've got about 15 minutes. I think that'll be enough. Let's see, okay, so the next generation is for X taken from, for X taken from, board, dot, width, and that's, I actually want that to be a range, right? And Y taken from, to board, board, dot, height. And we want to collect tuples now. We want to collect key value pairs, right? So this is X, Y, and now we need to basically process, get the next cell, right? So this is, so this is what? We want to get in, we want to pass, we want to get the rule. So that is the neighbor count, right? Which is neighbors, and the cell, and the cell, which is fetch, okay. I don't know if I'm feeling it, feeling kind of rushed today. Okay, what's happening here? 64, anybody see it? 63, yep, thank you. Okay, did I save? What do we see now? On 64, missing terminator, okay. I said there would be plenty of this, and there are. Oh yeah, yeah, this is, how about that? This is a tuple, right? That's a tuple instead, and that's rule. We need to close that. That was gonna fail doubly, wasn't it? Okay, how are you feeling? We're gonna get it? So let's see if we can take our next generation board from, so our board is equal to life, new, random, for five, five, right? And I wanna pipe that to life, next, next generation. That looks pretty good. Ah, I'm feeling it. Okay, so now what we need to do is create a route. We're almost done, believe it or not. So now we're going to create a route for this thing. So I'm going to the router. Let's just take the pattern. So basically what's gonna happen is any new web request is going to come in on the path, and if I mark the route with life, it's not going to go to a typical Phoenix renderer, it's going to go to a live renderer, right? And what that means is it's going to basically start a loop, right? And that loop is essentially an OTP loop. So let's take one of these, make it look like this.  It's almost a tongue twister, right? Okay, and we need to create that file, right? So I'm going to the live template here. Let's take a look at one of these things to see what it looks like. Okay, so the anatomy of a Phoenix live view is that when something comes in on the route, it fires the mount first. And all this does is stuff the key value pair, right? So this is the data model for your application. And then that data model gets shoved through a renderer, right? So, and then if you want to update it, you update it through OTP events, right? And these come in as handle info. If you're sending it from your application or handle event, if it's coming in from a JavaScript, WebClick or something like that, right? In this case, we get this tick message and that's coming in from this timer that gets sent at the intervals of a second. So this looks like something we can use. So let's go ahead and grab this and we'll use this as the foundation for our clock life, right? So new file, life, live.ex, okay, and this is life. Okay, so if we go here, we should see the same. If we go to, I should see the clock and this clock is actually being created in our live view, right? So here it's straight HTML except this substitution and this substitution, since this is a live view, live template, this substitution is going to get updated every time that there's an event. And live view will actually process the bare minimum that needs to happen to make this page render. Okay, so let's take over this for our own. We're going to maintain this timer call because I think that we'll need it. And in the socket, we're going to say, we're gonna put hello world in there instead. I don't need the put date anymore. And we're going to, we're gonna live render so we're going to say at hello, here we'll put, let's put that in there. Okay, put date, so I've called that somewhere as oh, right here, handle info tick. So let's just return the socket here and just do nothing when we tick. Okay, so now we should see. So basically what I've done, so remember when something comes into the socket, it calls mount first, right? And in mount, all this is is a key value pair and we've put the value of world into the variable, into the key value set of hello, right? Into the key of hello. And then we've said plug in hello right here, right? And now we get to tie everything together, right? Because we have a clock, the clock is ticking every second. We have a board and so now all we have to do is mount this board and hit the next generation, right? So let's go ahead and mount the board first. Life is equal to, what is it? It's life.new random. Let's do something like 50 comma 50 and then we're going to assign life and that is going to be life. But up here, we need to use, we need to render that in safe HTML and we need to render, we need to do something special to render this. This is life. What, two string? And our board is called life. So let's see what's happening here. Okay, so we haven't grabbed our module yet. So we're on the right track. Now all we need to do is alias demo.life. Ah, that looks good. So what's next? Any guesses? Next generation, where does it go? In the tick, right? So basically I could say, I can assign socket and what am I assigning? Life, but we want, this is the next generation, right? This is getting a little ugly so let's pretty that up a little. And we want to call the next generation here, right? Keyword argument must be followed by space after life. Life, oh, here we go. A row comma. Okay, let's see what's breaking. Oh, okay, we're not socket.so, oh, it's in life. Yeah, see it's working. No, what's actually happening is we have a crashing loop, right? And so we have to debug this crash. Okay, so what's happening? Life.nextGeneration, so we're taking a board. We're basically passing the board in. Let's do this. Life equals, see if we can get a better error message. Okay, here we go. We're getting an RE, okay, so we're doing an Erling apply. Oh, we're trying to grab height from this thing. So it's the next generation returning the board. Let's take a look and see. Okay, I bet I know the problem. So next generation, what's this actually returning? This is returning tuples, right? So this is the grid. Now we got it. And I wanna return the board, but I wanna update the grid. I wanna set the grid to grid, like that. This is killing me. Okay, now I get an argument. Okay, I'm just gonna bounce the server. I think that this should be working. It is! All right. Right on the minute, it's 10.45. Okay, so in conclusion, what we've actually shown you is that we spent about 80% of our time on the business model and about 20% of our time doing the interactive web UI, which is almost exactly backwards of a typical application. So I have about 100,000 lines of code invested in a new project. And I can tell you that putting yourself in the headspace on the server changes everything. And that's it. Can we take two questions? So two questions that may go together. One, what's the communication protocol between the server and the client? Yes. And two, are you using some kind of a virtual DOM to reduce the Diff? Yeah, so the virtual DOM is Morph DOM. It's a JavaScript framework. But basically, I don't touch any of that. Like you saw, all of that is managed by the framework, which it should be, right? And the nice thing about that is that when you saw the substitution, the substitution does an elixir-based reduction to see if the variable it has changed in memory, right? And then if it's changed, it actually sends down the HTML associated with that variable so that you get the minimum set sent down, right? So the communication protocol, it's over HTTP sockets. It's over Phoenix channels, basically. Is that like a web socket? That's a web socket. That's a web socket, yeah. Thanks. Sure. Another question. So LiveView is very nice. Like, where do you see, like this is disadvantage or where we can't use LiveView? Where can you use LiveView? Yeah, so I tried to use in dashboard and a couple of things, but do you see like some area where we can't use? So I am seeing four things that are dramatically different for me, right? So the first thing is that one of the problems that I'm trying to solve is building an interactive lesson, right? And so I can actually do a lot of my modeling in OTP and I can stay away from database persistence for a very long time and actually work on my models and work on the LiveViews like this for gosh, weeks before I ever touch a database and before I ever write a single migration. That makes a huge amount of difference, right? So the second thing is that there are all these tiny JavaScript things that we've taken for granted that must be done in JavaScript. Like when you expand and contract little pieces of a page, that is so natural to do on the server side. I just keep a map of the expanded and contracted sections and then show them or don't show them based on their state, right? So the third thing is that it is possible to build a better performing application using JavaScript, but you have to be so very careful, right? So if you have a typical team and typical application development processes, it's sometimes better to let the computer do the work and compute the minimum set, right? So I know that everybody is looking at this demo and said saying, well, that's probably taking a long time to do the back and forth, right? But think about how much work we throw away for the typical web environment, right? So look at a talk that Chris McCord does at Elixir Conf this year and he has something called the Atomic Trash Can. He has all these things that are computed and thrown away for every single web request and all that is just kind of, it's maintained in the single session so it does much less work. And the fourth thing that I think is coming is Elixir is also a very good environment for the internet of things. And so you can imagine that right now we're seeing this done with HTML. Well, what if we put this behind something like SVG, right? The principles are exactly the same, right? That becomes a really cool way of modeling the world. What it doesn't do well is applications that have to run online or I mean have to run offline. And also if there's a lot of drag and drop, those types of things, a lot of mouse tracking that you need to do on the user interface. It doesn't do those well yet but I imagine that those types of applications are coming.


All right, thank you for turning into another episode of Let There Be Talk. It is Monday and it will be a solo episode. And I want to tell you this right now. Thank you so much for taking the ride on all the solo episodes lately.  And I'm glad you dig it. I'm glad you're here. It is, what's the date today? The 10th. April 10th? Yeah, April. No idea what month it is. No idea what's going on. Just all kinds of brazzled. This episode's brought to you by my incredible sponsor, the clothing gurus themselves, the great, great Standard and Strange. Standard and Strange is a one-stop, incredible shop for denim, leather, boots, and good vibes. That's the honest truth right there. You can go to Oakland, you can go to New York, or you can go to New Mexico, or you can go to their website, standardandstrange.com and visit them on Instagram, loaded with the good stuff. They got Rio McCoy, Momotaro, denim, just fantastic clothing. A lot of people always ask me, where'd you get that? Where'd you get this? Where'd you get that? It's always from Standard and Strange, guaranteed. That's pretty much where I get all my stuff. Standardandstrange.com. Also, Migos Dog. Migos Dog, I've been feeding Gertie, the cleanest dog food I could find. I want her to be around forever. MigosDog.com, constantly running specials. So sign up for your email and Adam sends you all kinds of information on howtogetmigosdog.com. It's LA, they deliver it, eeriches, look at that, eeriches. They deliver to your house now. If you live in Los Angeles, or you can go to Erwan or Healthy Spot, pick up Migos Dog, human grade made in Malbu, California. They got salmon, duck, beef. Beef just came out, Gertie loves the beef, and they have a puppy mix. You're gonna love it.  So don't skip out on good stuff for your dog. Skip out on you.  MigosDog.com. Anyway, here we are. It's Monday.  Speaking of standard and strange, I missed the Epic Inspiration event this year. It was Friday, and I was in Vegas. We'll get to that in a minute. I was in Vegas doing 14 shows. But every year, for years, I'd go to this event that Rin Tanaka put on. He is a king of all things, vintage and high quality Japanese goods. Rin Tanaka has a bunch of killer books out on clothing and leather jackets and Americana stuff like choppers. And he's just a full passionate dude into only the greatest stuff and the history of it. So for years, he put on this show in LA called Inspiration. And it started out in Santa Monica at this airport hangar, airplane hangar. And it was just one of the most incredible events I'd ever gone to. And then it moved to downtown to this place called the Reef. And it was pretty good there. It was a weird layout. It was kind of like Rubik's Cube or something. You kind of had to spin around in there to find out where stuff was. It was a weird layout, but always incredible group of people there. Everybody from like Goodart and the real McCoys to Westco Boots and Lewis and Leathers. Just all this stuff. And basically what was cool about it was you were just around other clothing nerds. Kevin and I would go, Kevin Christie. And we just lose our minds and hang out and have some good laughs. I've had some great memories from Inspiration. It was really something I looked forward to every year. And they did it at the Reef for a few years. And then they moved it to the convention center kind of next to the Staples Center. And that thing just sucked. And that's just the honest truth. It went from something that was just mighty and incredible to just really bad. And I don't know what happened. It had to be a combination of people just not having the money to set up a booth and come out to LA anymore with a combo of the venue just wasn't cool. And I don't know. There wasn't really a lot of advertising. There wasn't even a lot of advertising on this. I'm in the clothing world. And I didn't even know about it till Standard and Strange told me Jeremy and Neil. They were like, we're gonna be in LA Friday. Are you around? Let's meet up for inspiration. And I was like, oh my God, I didn't hear nothing about it. So it is an interesting thing. I don't know if Ren Tanaka wants to keep it kind of mellow or he just doesn't have time to advertise. I don't know. But before there used to be kind of old school posters on telephone polls. So you'd be like, inspirations, what's that? And Kia from Self Edge was really, I think a guy that really promoted it a lot and told people about it and got people in there. But this year it was moved to Pasadena and they always coincided with the weekend of the Rose Bowl flea market, which happens I think once a month, which if you haven't been to that, it's one of the greatest things a one time.   It's in the parking lot of the Rose Bowl. When I first heard about it, I always thought it was inside the Rose Bowl. I was thinking like, wow, that's crazy. 50 yard line, just selling denim, but it's not. It's all the way around the Rose Bowl in the parking area and the concessions area of the Rose Bowl. So if you've never been to the Rose Bowl flea market, which I think it's time for me to go again, I'll have to fire it up with Kevin and head over there because it's been a long time since I went and I bet it was really boom and during COVID because that's a kind of an outdoor event to do. Anyway, Inspirations obviously skipped a couple of years because of COVID and here it was back at Pasadena and I didn't get to see it.  I don't know if it was any good. I don't want this show to go away.  I don't know, I'll get a report on it from those guys and let you know, but I missed it. I miss a lot of stuff because of comedy and I'm all right with it. I'm all right with it because I love to do comedy. I've said it a million times. So work comes first.  You're gonna do this. I don't know. Let me see if I've got any stand updates first. And if I do, I won't be going. Perfect example. Every time I go to Las Vegas, I don't get to do anything because I do 14 shows at the seller, which is totally fine because that's why I'm there. And I'm always there trying to work on some new material. And this time Muse was playing and I love Muse. I've seen him a couple of times, one time at the LA Coliseum with Rage Against the Machine and Lauren Hill, me and Ian Edwards went and Andrew Thimulus, we went out there and watched one of the greatest concerts I've ever seen in Los Angeles at the Coliseum where the Raiders used to play and where Evil Knievel did that iconic jump.  Unreal. He starts from the very top of the Coliseum.   Anyway, I saw Muse there, Rage. It was technically still Rage's last show ever in Los Angeles. And up until that last tour, the short run they did, it was their last show ever. And I didn't think I'd ever see Rage. I still haven't seen him because of Zack's leg injury. But I didn't get to see Muse and I heard it was fantastic. I heard they're killing it on this tour.   That's the old staples. People just call it the staples. They never call it crypto. I asked the guy, where'd you put it? And he goes, staples. It's like candlestick in San Francisco. Candlestick Park was candlestick the entire history of it, no matter what they tried to call it. It was the stick. Dude, I'm going out to the stick. I missed the stick. South Stones there. Rolling Stones, Tattoo U Tour, 1981. George Thorger, Jay Giles, Rolling Stones, Tattoo U. One of the great Rolling Stones tour, the Tattoo U Tour, just unreal. And that's another thing, Pac-Bell. When they open that up, I think it's called AT&T now or I don't know, but where the Giants play now, it was Pac-Bell and it's always going to be Pac-Bell with me.  It's so funny these people pay billions of dollars to hang their new name on the place and no one calls it that. Waste of money.  Even if you didn't name it, you could just fly the plane over the stadium and act like you did name it. People would be like, oh, is this Qualcomm now? Okay, I had no idea.  Or in some people's insane minds, they're spraying us with Kimtrails. I don't think so. It just says, will you marry me, Mike? No, that's a Kimtrail, man. That's got COVID part four.  Anyway, the muse played in Vegas while I was there. And I didn't get to see him, but I did get to hang out with Dominic, the drummer. And we went out to dream racing whenever I'm in Las Vegas, I like to go out to dream racing. Thank you so much, Steve Jones, not from the Sex Pistols. Another Steve Jones, a good friend of mine who I met years back, he runs the place or he does the something there. And I remember I had the owner on the podcast who was a F1 champion from years ago. So I'd like to go out to dream racing and it is a perfect name.  I've talked about it over and over and over, but I can't ever stop talking about it because if you just have a little bit of money and you're in Vegas, don't gamble.   Dream racing, man. I finally got to drive a 2023 Porsche 911 Turbo. Now, I was never a turbo guy. There's a couple of things I don't like about turbo cars. First, I like old school naturally aspirated. Google that, my friends, naturally aspirated. Right now, I feel naturally aspirated.  Hold on here. I like naturally aspirated cars. I do like turbo cars. There was things I don't like about turbo all my life.  So I never liked turbo lag. And the other thing, and by the way, they've gotten rid of turbo lag. And I'll get into that in a second here. But the other thing I don't like about the Porsche 911 Turbo, is over the back wheel wells is a vent that kind of cuts into the beautiful shoulders of a Porsche 911 that, now you don't see it in the back end. The back end of the new 992 is unreal.  It's just the straight up Jennifer Lopez car.  I never liked it. I still don't like it. That's why I like the last of the naturally aspirated Porsches, the GT3, especially the Touring.  So who cares?  And the handling and the power and the insanity of this car, I finally have gotten rid of my problems with that vent.    But I drove the 2003, 2003, 2023 911. It was charcoal color, which was beautiful actually, really look good. The seats were unbelievable. I'm sitting inside this car. It was so comfortable. And everything's laid out perfect. The 992 I think is my favorite new 911 ever made from the last 20 years. Hands down, other than a vintage 911, say a 964 or the 911 T, other than those cars, this is it for me.  This turbo is the ultimate daily driving Porsche. I immediately texted Byrne. I said, I just drove the best car I've ever driven in my life. It was unreal. And I'll post up some video of it later today of me driving it.  I could feel the soul in it. Now it's paddle shift. It's paddle shift. That's another thing. People go, oh, I only go six speed manual.   As I got into turns, you're coming into the turn, you downshift, bam, just flicking it with your pinkies. I figured it out, pinkies shifted man on the Porsche because the only thing that's bad on the Porsche is the blinkers and the windshield wipers are too close to the paddle shift.  But I finally figured out how to stop doing that. I just flick with the pinky. I did a little pinky flick, you know?  Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Boogers are weird, man. Boogers are weird. What is that? It's dirt, right?  That's what it is. That's what boogers are, right? I don't know. Booger talk, on let there be booger talk. So I drove the 911 and then I got to drive the new Ferrari F8. And I absolutely love Ferrari. I've never been a Lamborghini guy. I've gone over it many times on here. I do like Lamborghini. I like the history and everything. But if I had the money and they said Lamborghini or Porsche or Ferrari, first I'm going Porsche. And second, I'd go Ferrari. And I love the history of Ferrari. But I realized with Ferrari, it's way different than Porsche because Porsche with the 911, they always have the same body at 911.  And with Ferrari, there's eras that I love. The Dino is unreal.  And that 308, the Magnum PI Ferrari. I love that one. I love the Magnum PI Ferrari, especially in any color other than red, like black or this gold one I saw at the comedy store one time. You know, I saw a light blue one.  Anyway, so I drove the F8 right after I drove the 911. Now, if you go to dream racing and you have some extra money, try to drive two cars because that really lets you know the difference of these companies. It's crazy, you know? So I drove this unbelievable $1,000,000 Ferrari F8 and it was great, but it just didn't feel like the 911 to me. The 911 felt like I was part of the car. When the F8 felt a little bit bodish, it's kind of a big car. You know, those big wide body looking Ferraris.  You had to like hammer the brake. And I think they do that for a nice analog feel, you know? So you're not just tapping it and locking them up because man, it has the biggest brake calipers I've ever seen and the biggest rotor, man.  So I drove that and it was great. And Dominic drove the race cars. They have race cars there. They have actual Ferrari and Audi and Porsche race cars. The one with the roll cage and it's like a track car.  Rest in peace, mom. That's for you, mom. When I win the lottery. When I win the lottery. During the Axl Rose on the lottery. When I win the lottery. Oh no. Yeah, yeah, yeah. I'm out of my mind this morning.   You can't drive from Vegas during the day. I usually fly to Vegas, but I like to bring Gertie and I bring merch when I go to Vegas. I'm not a big swing and merch at the gig guy. I still feel weird doing that, selling merch at a gig. As much as I like doing it to get some extra money, it really helps. It just feels dirty to me. And it's just weird.  Can you imagine?  You know? It feels weird to sell merch, but I gotta do it. I'm at that level where I don't make enough money from the weekend of doing comedy. It's getting so expensive out there that I like to bring merch to the gigs I drive to. And people enjoy buying it actually because I find that, you know, I have all this merch on my website and people it's just out of sight or out of mind or they just don't wanna buy it unless it's from you. I get all of that. I get that if you're like, this is a few minutes I can talk to you and let you know face to face that I'm buying this and supporting you. I get it, that's cool too.   That's just dirty. I remember a couple of comics asked me to do that and I was like, nah, I'm not selling your merch, dude. You know? And I didn't open for those guys ever again which is fine with me. I'm not out there to sell in your merch.   You know, some comedians wanna help. Sometimes I'll like, dude, I'll help you sell merch, whatever.  It's dirty. That's a dirty old school comedy world trick.  All right, and pick up some cigarettes for me too. Just fucking, yeah, gross. Anyway, it feels weird selling the merch but I gotta do it and I don't mind, I love selling merch on my website and I love, I wouldn't mind hiring somebody later on like an assistant, if I got to a level, I would just say you sell the merch and take the pictures and, you know, like a tour manager type of assistant. That's a different thing. That's not a comedian on the show. That is a employee of yours hired to sell shirts, maybe do some video and photos and all that stuff. That's a, that's a total different game but I do love selling the merch. I love creating the merch. I love collaborating with people on merch. I love fashion, I love clothing. I try to get the best quality stuff.  I actually hire silk screeners and artists to do the work and come up with my ideas, silk screen, what are they called? I use these guys silk and you should hit them up.  And the quality of stuff, silk screen printing, hit them up, phone numbers<PHONE_NUMBER>. This is not an ad. I just think that these guys are some of the greatest, you know, printers, shirt printers I've ever seen. They're absolutely a dream company and they come up with all of my wacky ideas including the latest coming out. The tree hoodies will be coming out. I've got the tree hat. The tree hat has been selling pretty damn good. I've wanted to, you know, have a clothing line. I came up with the idea during COVID being out in Joshua Tree. I look at it as like something I could build. Yeah, it's part of my brand.  All of those terms are kind of, you know, cliche and throwing around and everything, but it really is part of who I am coming up with fun, cool merchandise. So over the years, I feel like I've had some of the funnest, coolest type of comedy shirts and I'll see people show up at gigs in them and I'm just so proud. I'll look at it like the old Marshall head one that was just Dean Del Ray or the cabbage patch one or the grail art and working with trapplin' on the Gertie hoodies. Gertie is, I do a Gertie joke now. So the Gertie hoodies make sense before I would have the Gertie hoodies at the show and people are like, well, why do you got a hoodie of this dog if they didn't know about Gertie. But now Gertie's been around a few years coming up on her, by the way, seventh birthday. Gertie's gonna be seven May 30th. Hi, Gertie. She's under the blanket out cold.   If you didn't hear the Aaron Draplin episode, go back and listen to it. He is just a fucking, this guy is so good at what he does, graphic design. He is beyond. I feel like I've put together this amazing dream team and I'm just waiting to blow up. And when I do blow up, it's gonna be like, okay, I've got the printers. I've got Draplin'. I've got Perry Shaw. I have Marcus Price, the incredible photographer and videographer and director. I've got Troy Conrad's, one of the best photographers on the planet. Liz Big. I've got all these people to help with the vision. I just gotta keep pushing and keep pushing. It gets tough sometimes. I've said it over and over, man.  Lately I'm just in a spin out, man. And I'm just being honest with it. Lost my mom, you guys know that.  And my career, I'm constantly trying to get another level up.  And it's not all good. And I just admit it and just be honest about it. It's definitely not all good. There's people that have passed me up that started after me.  There was a while where I was like, well, it's agist and it's this and it's that. I don't have a manager, it's not. It's either you kind of stick with people or you don't. And or you do, but it takes a long time. And Bill Burr has been such an inspiration to me because he was in the game for years. No one knew who this guy was except for, you know, he had a good friend pack, you know, being on the Chappelle show and had good friends around. Keith Robinson and Patrice and, and you know, he had a, he had a good squad. You gotta have a good squad around you. I'm definitely not one of those people that are part of this quick or that quick. I started later in life. So I'm not with the young guys and the guys that I do hang out with are giant famous now. So they're busy with families and careers. So I'm out there and I'm just trying just trying to navigate my way through the depression and the time bombs and the ups and the downs. There's a lot of ups. I am not here complaining, but it's definitely really, really tough right now.  And I try not to talk about it too much on the podcast because oh, here he goes with his mom, but hey man, that's fucking, that's what it is man. That's what's going on with me.    I put that video up last week where I was talking about how the people stole the music and you know, I only got like four or five negative comments on it.  They're over there just mowing lawns, going this guy doesn't know what he's talking about. And I didn't accuse anybody. And I think that if you took that wrong, if you took that wrong about stealing music, you definitely stole music. And you're one of those people that are like, nah, I didn't do anything wrong. If you didn't steal music, you'd be like, yeah, man, he must have something to say here. And look, that's not the only problem with the industry. I get it.  Like, well, the Eagles started charging $100 before and they sold a lot of records. You can't talk about old record sales.  People could sell millions and millions of records from the past. Life still costs money and their accounts start to drain even no matter how rich you are.   So you gotta constantly make money. And so you can't say, well, those guys sold a zillion records and they're still charging a lot for their tickets. I just saw the who. The who said that they will never tour the U.S. And that's what they said in 1982, by the way. They said that was their farewell tour. They were the people, the who invented the farewell tour.  Kenny Jones on drums, of course, no Keith Moon, but the Clash out there destroying on the Rock the Casper tour and kind of coming to the end of the Clash, but the who said that they will not be able to tour America anymore because what a lot of people don't know is no insurance companies will insure you now, used to go out on tour and they would insure the band in case they missed a show.  But since COVID, nobody will insure a tour anymore. So what Daltry said was, they won't tour the U.S. anymore because just to start the tour, just to start the tour, it costs $600,000 to a million dollars. Just to start it up, that means rehearsals, hiring the crew and getting the tour buses, getting the hotels just to start at $600,000 to a million. So to recoup that, they need to play at least six shows on the tour and now they've recouped and they can start making some money.  And then they would start making money, but if they have to shut the tour down, there it is. So it's going to be really weird. And I know a lot of bands out there, I'm sure they're getting COVID and they're just playing through it now. They're like, nah, I mean, that's how you did it in the old days. You just got the flu and you just played. Sometimes you might've saw Led Zeppelin in Cincinnati in 1977, they were terrible.   So that's the last I'm going to bring it up because it's interesting how people just go crazy. And I will tell you this, and I'll tell you this, this felt great. I released that video of me clowning on the music stealing.  And they were artists that I hold at the highest level. Brent Aynes from Mastodon, thumbs up to it.  There was a bunch on there, Davey, Eagles of Death Metal, Dave Ketchum, Greg Dooley, guys out there that are like, yeah, man, this is one of the problems, you know. And I will tell you this, I had a conversation with Brad when we were out in the desert. And it was, I had heard Tom Morello on SiriusXM, he's on every channel now, Tom Morello. It's like, hey, how about a radio show? Sorry, man, we hired Tom Morello to do all our channels.  Good for him. Goodies over here snoring like crazy. But he was talking about how, you know, there were venues that were, you know, asked for vaccine cards to get in and they were saying that Rage Against the Machine was the ones that were making us do the vaccine cards. Mr. Rage Against the Machine are now the machine.   And next thing you know, you're in that. And I can see how much the internet and the algorithms love negative energy because that video I posted up got shitloads of views. And you know, they always say, man, you need to engage with these people and fight with them.  That's disgusting. That is disgusting to me.   And maybe I'll be one of the first dudes to make it who has had positive energy, shout out to Brody Stevens. Maybe I'll be on the top and it'll be like, this one's for Brody. This one's for you, Brody Stevens. Positive energy, push and believe.   Let me look at my notes here because lots of stuff to cover, lots of stuff to cover. Oh man, talk about negative energy. Let's get into this a little bit. You saw the Nick Mars, Motley Crue battle and I'm not gonna pick sides and I'm not gonna, Nicky Six is a great friend of mine and I'm not going to try to even for an inkling act like I know what is going on in that camp. Not even for a minute because I've been in bands and if you look at all the stuff out there right now of Motley Crue and who else was going crazy?  And of course the battles of all the other bands over the years that you've seen, the Van Halen battles and all of these battles, I'll tell you this right now.   I don't know any bands really where all of them, maybe you too, maybe you too, still love each other. I don't know.   Now throw like 50 to $100 million into that friendship and let's see what happens. Let's see what happens out there, huh? Let's throw the money in a ring and watch each other just punch each other out. That would be great. That's what we need.  The UFC is boring now. These are skilled fighters, trained, beating each other up. We've seen that. Let's get some bands. Let's get like, okay, Mick Mars can't fight, of course, because he's got the fucking, he's got the cement bones. He's got that disease. But let's get like Vince Neil and throw the money in the middle and then get like Mick Mars' lawyers and just let's see them fight it out. Let's see these people fight. That's what I wanna see actual, let's see Roger Waters and Gilmore fight.  Winner gets the band name and the song publishing.   Couple of 70-year-old grandad's, you fucking, even Kiss, Kiss having the battles. Ace coming out saying, I'm gonna drop the secrets.   If you don't apologize, I'm gonna drop your secrets.  That's the thing, man. That is the thing. The internet has made everybody tough, you know? Everybody thinks they're a badass on the internet. It's so funny.  I was gonna drop the secrets, but my AA said, man, be a bigger man. Be a bigger man about it, dude.  Oh, man.  Some of them are my friends and you're just like, damn, damn, they motley crew just fucking, you know? It's a rough world. I'll tell you this, I wanna give a shout out to Gene Simmons.   I love him. And he figured out the business and did it right.  I went to the Gene Simmons Museum at the Rio Hotel and saw the collection in person.  You know how they say, yeah, kiss, you know? I love his thing. We got condoms and we got coffins. So we'll get you coming and we'll get you going.  You know, it's a funny, cool Gene throwaway dad joke. But this man is absolutely a genius for all the stuff that they had. And I'm telling you at 57 years old, I looked in those cases and still wanted all the stuff that was in those cases from the 70s.  It was just, I mean, you know, I know he got it from the Beatles, you know, the Beatlemania and he took it and he went way, way further and he really pioneered merchandising and licensing out your logo. Look, man, I think Kevin Hart is a funny guy, but I also think he's a genius for having his hands in all kinds of business.  Do some films, do some movies, do some documentaries. I'd still love to do that day in the green documentary. So, you know, you constantly pushing and you got to have all the irons in the fire. So, to see this Gene Simmons stuff and to really take it in, you're inside this museum in the Rio Hotel and you're walking through and you're looking at literally thousands of pieces of stuff that say kiss. And it's unbelievable. And the stuff, a lot of it is just cool shit, man. It is like really cool. I was working with a comedian, Gabriel, and he said, you know, they had the kiss pinball there and we went to the pinball hall of fame. And he said, do you think there's a lot of money in their name on the machine or do you think it's just a cool factor? And I said, well, I think it's probably a little of both. They get it probably a licensing fee, but then it's the cool factor of having your own pinball machine. I know if I had the Dean Del Rey pinball machine, it would just be crazy. I would just make it the grail artwork, you know, the back splash would be the grail artwork. Me walking by the shop like, whoa.  Gertie, quit snoring, Gertie. Gertie snoring like crazy. Anyway, Gene Simmons Museum, go check it out. I wanted to go to the punk rock museum in Vegas, but I did make it over there. I was just pretty busy, but I did go to the pinball hall of fame again. I ran into Tim Arnold, the owner. He's the guy I had on episode 100. That was 590 episodes ago. And there he was, still in there, owner. And also the fixer of the machines, Tim Arnold, still one of the most craziest wild dudes I've ever had on Let There Be Talk. And it was just so great to see him. There he is, still standing, I'm still alive. And I'm playing pinball. I played the new Foo Fighters game. Foo Fighters have a pinball machine. I played the new Rush Machine. Rush Machine's great. Foo Fighters machine is really good. I played the Mandalorian machine, which I hated, which is a bummer because I love Bill and Bill's on the machine and I love the Mandalorian. I just don't like the layout of the machine.  I can't see it. And the best game I played, and the best game I played in a while since Metallica, Metallica was my favorite pinball for years, is the new James Bond.  You get the ball, James Bond captures it in as, remember the one James Bond, Sean Connery, where he's in the rocket thing, you know, the people, you know, the Rocket Pack. I'm trying to find the name Rocket Pack. You put on the Rocket Pack and you kind of fly around. He flies around. Well, there's this one ramp where you shoot it up and it gets on to James Bond's Rocket Pack and then he flies across the playing field and then drops the ball. Oh man, James Bond, Kenny, shout out to Club Soda Kenny. We both love James Bond and I would love to have the James Bond pinball. I asked Tim Arnold, the owner, what his favorite game was and he's like, well, I am a proprietor of the establishment. So I am not allowed to have an opinion. Those are the kinds of answers you will get from Tim Arnold, owner of Pinball Hall of Fame.  They got the Pee Wee Golf too at the Kiss thing but those are some great things to do in Vegas that have nothing to do with gambling or whatever happens in Vegas stays in Vegas. Great week of shows. Thank you Comedy Seller for having me and thank you to all the people that came out to the shows. I met a lot of great fans. Let me get some of Jason Stratton. Great, he came out, thought he had a heart attack in the front row during the show. That was kind of scary but he's okay and it was great to see him. He's a new patron. Roger Lewis, new patron. Thank you for joining up, buddy. And what else we got here? Patreon.com slash Dean Del Ray. I'll be doing a live Zoom tonight, Monday night, April 10th, probably around 5.30 Pacific time. If you wanna join me once every couple of weeks on a live Zoom, join the patreon.com slash Dean Del Ray. Anyway, great to see a lot of the shows were sold out. Great comedians were on the show. Dustin Urban, who else was on Kathleen. Kathleen Dunham, which by the way, she started comedy at 44 also, which was amazing to hear her story. Really cool, really cool. Comedy Seller, Las Vegas, do yourself a favor. Go see comedy at the Rio in the Seller.  This weekend I will be in Texas. I'll be in Austin, Texas at the MotoGP with my buddy Bill Burr. I can't thank him enough for bringing me. And I wanna thank Jason Sinek, CEO of Ducati who I had on the podcast for getting us hooked up. I called him up, he said, I got you. I'm gonna get to ride on the track on Saturday. I'm gonna ride a Ducati Panigale on the track. And it'll be the first time I've been on a motorcycle in a couple of years. So I'm excited about that. And then we're doing a show out at Texas A&M at the arena there at the college. DeanDelRay.com for your merch and all your tour dates. I got a Santa Rosa date coming up. I've got two shows in Alameda coming up.  Saw Air.  And what's the other dude?   And he's, they did the film.   Why am I forgetting his name? I'm forgetting his name right now. And while I'm doing it, you're in your car or you're at the gym and you're going blah, blah, blah. It's blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah. I want to kind of blah. Anyway, I saw Air. It's fantastic. It's a great, great film. And I love sneakers. I love fashion. Like I've said at the top of the show and I say at all the shows and it's just loaded with incredible 80s memories. And one of the main ones and one of the greatest games, a few of them that I had was Coleco football, the handheld football and the Mattel football and the Mattel baseball, those plastic little games with dots that you were just obsessed with.  And you just, you know, you can pass and you're moving the red dots. It's so crazy how simple it was by then. You move a red dot and then you press it, get down the field, dodge it. Oh my God. So the whole movie is great, but I saw those handheld Coleco and Mattel football and baseball games and they had a basketball one too. They were just square, perfect piece of plastic.  People now, I can't even imagine going to school with a phone.   She doesn't want to be there. We don't want to be there.   Remember that auto reverse came out? You didn't have to flip the cassette anymore. Oh my God, I don't have to take the cassette out and turn it around.  The work that took. Anyway, error is great. It's really good. And a couple of really quick cameos by comedians, Al Madrigal and Jay Moore are in there for a minute or two. Great to see. Whenever I see comedians on movies and TV I'm not one of those guys like, why didn't I get that?  Maybe next time they'll pick me to be in something. Maybe they'll keep hiring comedians. Maybe they'll keep coming down to the store and putting us in some films.  Yeah, maybe. Maybe you stop hating. This whole episode is geared around not talking about the haters again. Okay, what do we got here? I guess that's about it. Oh, new Metallica this week. I cannot speak any haters. Speaking of haters. That comes out this week. And you know what that means?  I don't like the snare. I don't like the guitars. I don't like the guitar. I don't like the guitar. I don't like the guitar. I don't like the guitar. Can't wait to hear the new Metallica. They're gonna be on Jimmy Kimmel all this week. And then they got the movie on Thursday night. You can go to the movie theater and you can see all 12 videos and hear stories about the record and everything and hear the record first at the movie theater. And then it's out, I believe Friday. And man, what I've heard so far is just fantastic. And I can't wait to hear the whole record. Metallica has just been killing it. On the way home, I've been listening to the Metallica channel 105 on serious. I listened to it all last night at two in the morning coming home from Vegas.  And people just, I don't think they're talking about it enough. They're just not talking about the level of metal these guys are putting out at 60 years old. That song came on, that was just your life. It came on and then spit out the bone back to back.  And those were on the last few records and it's just amazing how great these are. Death Magnetic and the new record is 72 seasons. Death Magnetic, what was the other one called? Man, my brain's not working today.  All right, I refuse not to know. I gotta look it up. I think that the least that you look up, the more your brain will work. And come on, I'm a huge Metallica fan. I just, I'm old and I'm babbling stuff to you guys off the cuff, hard wire, self-destruct. Death Magnetic, Sane Anger. I know you hate Sane Anger. I know they played a Sane Anger song also on the way home, still love it. Purify. Oh God, Sane Anger is great.  Sane Anger, frantic, some kind of monster. Get out of here.  Anyway, 72 seasons out this week. I cannot wait. It is 12 tracks. 72 seasons was the latest single they put out.  If Darkness Had A Sin, just great. This record's great. I don't like the cover and I'll admit it. And I'll say it, I don't like the uncovered. It's all good. It's not my cover. It's not my band. I get to hear the music. That's fine. Great, great. Anytime we get another Metallica record at this level, they're working at this level at 60 years old. I'm 60 in a few more years. I want to be like an incredible comedian at 60. I'd love to put out a death magnetic level comedy special or a 72 seasons or a, I don't know, I don't think I'd want to put out a, I don't think I want to put out a level of saying anger comedy special because you guys, I would love it. You guys would be like, this guy knew he wasn't funny. Let's hit his Instagram. Dean, you need to learn to get funny. Someone wrote that yesterday on my Instagram. It's like, you know, I don't even get mad at bad comments. I'm more disappointed just in humans. Anytime I see stuff like that, I'm just like, I don't care what you say to me. I'm just disappointed in you. You know, you're just like, humans just like, bummer, bummer what we are right now. Anyway, I'm leaving it on a high note. I'm leaving it on a high note. What do we got here? Let me, one last thing and then we're out. Gert is still snoring. Once again, hit my YouTube channel, subscribe to it and subscribe to the podcast on YouTube or iTunes, check out cactusradionetwork.com, patreon.com slash Dean Del Rey. And yeah, I guess that is it. Oh, one last sponsor, Banker Guitars. You want a custom made guitar? You like flying Vs. Kirk Hammett likes flying Vs.  Get yourself a banker, Karina V or Explorer or one of his Firebirds or his new crazy SG's. He's got the gold top, arch top type of SG out, unbelievable bankerguitar.com. Tell Matt, I sent you, get yourself on the waiting list and order yourself a custom to specs dream guitar that you want, something that you've always wanted. Get yourself a hand built guitar out of Tennessee and Gertius. No, aren't like crazy. And get it from banker. Matt and his wife, unbelievable. Marcus King's out there playing them. So is Scott the rival son. So is a mastodon plays them. All kinds of people are playing banker guitars because basically it is like the old world of building guitars. One guy by hand. You're gonna own a soul machine. His life goes into those guitars and you can own one. It'll be your guitar for life. Banker guitar, follow him on Instagram. Tell him I sent you. I love all you. Hope to see you out at the shows. Santa Rosa, Alameda, Texas. I'm coming your way. MotoGP in the house. Thank you for joining me each week and enjoying the solo episodes. Please share my comedy videos on your Instagram and pass around my YouTube videos. It really helps. Candles are lit.


I am Dr. Jaskaran Singh, consultant neurosurgeon with Manipal Hospital, Patiala. Today I have come here to present a case of brain tumor. The management of brain tumors is pretty difficult and there are a lot of misconceptions about management of brain tumors. So I want to show you a patient who has been managed at Manipal hospitals and the way we were able to manage the patient and how he was treated. I just want to show you the scans and the operative pictures and post-operative findings of the patient. So here is a patient, a 46-year-old male patient presented to us in the emergency with history of seizures. Seizures in which the emergency was controlled, then a CT scan was done. CT scan of the brain which showed that there was a mass or a tumor in the left frontal region of the brain. After that an MRI was done to further delineate the pathology. So MRI we are showing you the picture of the MRI over here. This is a pre-operative that is before the surgery, the picture is showing that there is a large tumor in the left frontal region of the patient. So you can clearly see the tumor, it is marked also. So that is the part where the tumor is in the brain and later on the patient was counseled regarding the treatment options and for brain tumors the first and foremost option is surgery for most of the brain tumors if it is possible. So in this case surgery was clearly the best option and we opted for surgery, we counseled the patient and he gave consent for surgery. So patient was operated when he was stable, the patient was a 46 year old male patient and he underwent a left frontal craniotomy and tumor excision under the microscope. So this is the picture of the patient showing the pre-operative planning. You can see that the tumor has been marked over the area and the incision which is to be given in the left frontal region is marked. After this the patient underwent left frontal craniotomy and with help of a microscope. Microscope is a machine which magnifies the tissues which we are operating upon. So with use of microscope we can clearly see the region of the tumor, we can delineate the tumor and we can make out which part is normal brain and which part is the brain which is involved with the tumor. The microscope helps a lot in this surgery and with microscope we were able to delineate the tumor and the tumor was excised. This is a picture which is showing the tumor excision has been accomplished. You can see the tumor has been removed and the normal brain is left behind and this another picture after this is showing you the various markings which is clearly showing the residual normal frontal lobe which has been left behind after excision of the tumor. Complete excision of the tumor was achieved intraoperatively. Patient was operated under general anesthesia and after closure the patient was shifted to the ICU for one day and he was observed over there. This is the post-operative and pre-operative CT scan of the patient which is being compared side by side. So you can clearly see there is tumor on the left hand side the tumor is there and on the right hand side is the post-operative scan. You can make out that there is no tumor on the scan in the post-operative period. So this patient later on the biopsy of the patient came out to be a high grade glioma that is WHO grade 4 glioma. These tumors are very aggressive tumors and they have high chances of recurrence. So the patient was further referred for radiotherapy and chemotherapy which he got from a medical oncologist and after radiotherapy and chemotherapy a follow-up scan was done at 10 months. So you can see the scan which is done at 10 months after the surgery and completion of radiotherapy and chemotherapy there is no recurrence of the tumor. There is no tumor in this MRI. The patient is completely tumor free and patient is presently working as a teacher. He is doing very well and he hasn't got any residual deficits and he is carrying out his normal activities without any problem. So this is a case simply to let the people know that treatment for brain tumors is very much possible provided that it is done at the right time. So if ever a patient is having any patient who is having adult onset seizures, adult onset seizures means after 30-40 years of age suddenly Dora Pandamirgida, an MRI or CT scan to rule out a brain tumor if a brain tumor is found then depending on the type of the tumor treatment should be given. If surgery is an option then surgery provides very good cure in selected cases and it should be done. So surgery is not a need for any fear or any fear because surgery is a safe option and it gives complete cure to the patients in many cases. Thank you.


In this video, consider the equation of the motion of some particle given as s equals 2t cube minus 5t squared plus 3t plus 4, where s is measured in centimeters and t is measured in seconds. We want to find the acceleration as a function of time and then figure out what the acceleration would be after two seconds. So the thing to remember when it comes to these physics problems is that if we take the derivative of position with this motion equation with respect to time, this is going to give us the velocity function. And if we take the second derivative, which is going to be the derivative of velocity, this is where the acceleration function comes into play here. The acceleration function is the change of velocity with respect to time and as velocity is the change of position with respect to time, acceleration is the second derivative. Now to compute the second derivative, we have to first compute the derivative. Go in order, right? It makes sense. For which, when we take the first derivative by using the linearity properties of the derivative and the power rule, we end up with 2 times 3, which is 6 times t squared. We lower the power by 1 minus 5 times 2, which is 10 times t. We lower the power by 1. And then the next one, we're going to get a plus 3 when we take the derivative. And when you take the derivative of constant, it just disappears. We don't even consider anymore. This is the first derivative. This gives us the velocity of the function. Then to find acceleration, we're going to take the derivative of the velocity function, which we observed already as the second derivative here of position. So just take the derivative of the previous function, for which we then are going to get 6 times 2, which is 12 times t. We lower the power by 1. Then the next one's going to be negative 10, because when you take the derivative of t, you just get back a 1. And when you take the derivative of 3, it becomes 0 right there. The derivative of constant is equal to 0. And so our acceleration function is going to be 12 t minus 10, 10 what? 12 minus t minus 10 what? What are the units here? Well, if we take the derivative, our position function, remember that was in centimeters, right? That means our velocity function is going to be measured in centimeters per second, because that's how we're measuring time. And so acceleration is going to be measured in centimeters per second squared. So our function negative 12 t minus 10, this will be measured in centimeters per second squared. If we want to figure out what's the acceleration after 2 seconds, we compute a of 2, which is going to give us 12 times 2 minus 10. 2 times 12 is 24, minus 10 is going to give us 14. And so the acceleration at time 2 will be 14 centimeters per second squared. We can see that with these shortcuts to computing the derivative. It's much easier to work with these physics problems where you have to calculate first and second derivatives to learn things about velocity and acceleration.


Can you go ahead and tell us your name and where you are from? Hi, I'm Chiara Galar and I'm from Pasco, Washington. Chiara, can you go ahead and tell us how in the world did you come across hungry generation? My next neighbor, Sylvia, she came knocking on my door this one time and she invited me for the conference actually and so I thought about it and actually came. Alright, can you tell us what was your first experience? You came here in April and there was a lot of people here and what was your first reaction? First I thought it was crazy because I didn't know how to pray first, you know, everyone was praying out loud and I was praying in my mind and when people were praying out loud it was just crazy, I don't know.   Was it on in April when you came here for the conference or when did you decide to give your life to Christ? It was a month later actually.   What were you like before? Well, before my life was really messed up, I wasn't really, because I was bullied for seven years by the same girl over and over and that caused a lot of depression, I had suicidal thoughts and I had a lot of anxiety. So when I came, a month later I got, I noticed that my life, I was filled with joy, I was really, really happy. Praise God. So since that day that you said, you know what, it's, you know, I want to give my life to Christ, now I'm filled with joy.  What are you doing in church? What are you doing outside right now that's helping you grow? I'm actually on the worship team now and it's, it's probably the best thing to be in, because I get to do, I get to do the thing that I love and to, you know, to sing in front of a lot of people and it's just fun. Come on. Yes. Kiara, can you tell us a little bit, you know, what are your, now that you've given your life to Christ, what are your goals, what are your ambitions, what are you planning to do from now on? To deepen my relationship with the Holy Spirit and with God, because I know that there's a lot of people out there who are going through what I'm going through and I really want to reach out to them and tell them more about church and, you know, what God has done to my life and what God can do to their life. Come on. Thank you so much, Kiara.


Today's video is going to be on how to make your very own probiotic toothpaste. So some of you may be thinking what's the difference between using a normal toothpaste and a probiotic toothpaste and why would I want to switch over from my very good like excellent commercial toothpaste that I've been using my whole life that's kept my teeth looking amazing, sparkling and healthy. Some of you may be thinking this, some of you may not be thinking this at all. But for those of you who are interested in learning more about the benefits of using probiotic toothpaste then keep on listening. So before I delve into the benefits of using a probiotic toothpaste I'm just going to go through the questionable ingredients that you can find in your normal commercial toothpaste that you get from the shops. So some of these ingredients are artificial colourings. These can include food dyes which have been put into your toothpaste to give it a certain colour. Food dyes have actually been linked to things like cancer, skin rashes and behavioural problems and it doesn't actually matter what colour your toothpaste is anyway, it's quite an unnecessary ingredient. Artificial flavourings is another ingredient. Flueride which has actually been shown to have a lot of nasty side effects. Glycerin which is actually used in toothpaste to give it a smooth mouth feel. Hydrogen peroxide which is known to help whiten teeth. Then it actually takes a long time to actually have that effect on your teeth more than one brushing session and it's also shown to have an impact on the soft tissue in your mouth. Propylene glycol is another ingredient used in toothpaste and again it's used just to give it a smooth mouth feel. However it's also used to make antifreeze so it definitely does not belong in your mouth. Saturin and other artificial sweeteners are used in toothpaste. Sodium laurel sulfate is used in toothpaste and it's like a firming agent. Titanium dioxide which is like a white powder used to make the toothpaste bright white. Recent studies have shown this ingredient actually linked to poor gut health and it's quite unnecessary because it doesn't really matter what colour your toothpaste looks like. And last but not least we have trichlocin. Now this is an anti-microbial chemical but it's linked to many numerous health problems and environmental problems. It's highly recommended not to use any toothpaste with this chemical in it as it could cause serious problems. So now we're going to move on to how probiotic toothpaste can benefit you. So everyone here will have had at least once in their life some sort of slimy sticky kind of thick tough coating that grows over their teeth, tongue or gums. This is actually a coating of living bacteria known as biofilm and they like cling together really tightly and then very difficult to remove. Biofilm is actually also known as plaque. Brushing your teeth with any normal store bought toothpaste ensuring that there's no trichlocin in them can help to keep this harmful bacteria at bay but only for a few hours. It may not be able to eliminate that sticky coating completely. For example if you wake up in the morning with limey yucky morning breath after having brushed your teeth last thing before bed then you know you have a biofilm problem. Having a biofilm problem is actually a sign that the ecosystem in your mouth is out of balance. So you've got too much bad bacteria and not enough good bacteria.    So what is the best thing to do you may be asking? Well that is to use probiotic toothpaste. Ensuring that you change your diet to one that's more whole foods oriented and more organic is an important step to ensure good dental hygiene. However using a probiotic toothpaste can also give you a bit of a boost in the right direction as well. Using probiotic toothpaste can help make your mouth a healthier place as it can temporarily remove harmful bacteria and also deliver you a hit of good bacteria known as probiotics to your mouth to help kick out the disease and decay causing bacteria. Now the probiotic toothpaste recipe I got was from Dr Axe's website you're more welcome to go and look on his site and see it for yourself or you can copy it from the description down below.  It contains a mix of coconut oil, bentonite clay powder, probiotics and pre-biotics which form the base of this homemade probiotic toothpaste recipe. When you're making this recipe make sure you mix it until it is completely mixed together will I say that? Until they're all blended together so that nothing separates. It may start off as a bit runny but as it starts to cool it will set more and more. The results make smaller batches more frequently as this will help ensure it stays fresh. Once you've finished making it you want to pop it into a small glass jar rather than like a tube that you'd squeeze it out from as at 24 degrees celsius coconut oil actually liquefies and then anything cooler than that coconut oil will actually harden so it becomes very difficult to squeeze out of a tube whereas in a jar it's easy to scoop out. Tips for making this toothpaste are if it's warmer weather you want to use more clay as this will help to thicken up the paste more. Using less clay will make it less firm so in wintertime this is actually ideal as it will be much easier to use. Another tip is that probiotics are living bacteria so it's important for this recipe that you find bacteria that can actually be stored at room temperature as you won't be keeping this toothpaste in the fridge. If bentonite clay is an actual clay it will have an aftertaste that's quite like clay like as you would say so it can be helpful to use essential oils to help make it taste a little bit better and leave a nicer aftertaste to it. Now you're finally up to the part where you actually make the probiotic toothpaste so let's dive into the tutorial. So what you'll need to make this recipe is coconut oil, bentonite clay, probiotics, and peppermint essential oil or any other essential oil that you prefer and you'll also need a small jar to store it in. So to start off with you're going to place two tablespoons of coconut oil into a container in a bowl of hot water to liquefy some of it depending on your room temperature this may take up to 15 minutes or so. Next you're going to measure out one to two tablespoons of bentonite clay in a small bowl. I used bentonite clay with black charcoal in it because that was the one I had already at home. It's quite alright to use black charcoal it's fantastic at detoxifying and cleansing the body as well. Then you're going to add one capsule of probiotics, one capsule of prebiotics. You want to open the capsules by grabbing the ends of the tips of your finger while holding them over the bowl and gently pull and twist opening it up and then dump the powder into the bowl. And then you're going to add up to 10 drops of peppermint essential oil or the essential oil that you chose. Then you're going to stir the ingredients together until they're completely blended. It will be a bit runny but we'll set as it cools. Now you're going to scoop the paste into the small jar with the lid then you're going to store it at room temperature ready for when you need to use it. Now here's how you'll use your probiotic toothpaste after you've made it.  Pressing your brush into the paste works also however if you choose to do this just make sure that each person in the family has his or her own jar.  It's good to note that the paste will liquefy almost immediately when it's put into your mouth so there's no need to add any water.  This will help to ensure that you get the probiotics into all those little areas of your mouth that you can't reach by brush. Then spit out the remainder and rinse with water. And that is all for today's video guys. I hope you enjoyed it. If you did like it please let me know in the comment section below. I love to hear your thoughts on my videos. Otherwise I hope you have a wonderful day and I'll see you in my next video. Bye guys!


Exoskeletons can provide assistance to people who struggle with walking up slopes or hills. Recent research has shown that these devices can reduce the energy expended when walking on flat ground, but it is unclear whether this benefit extends to inclined terrain. In order to optimize the amount of assistance provided by an exoskeleton, researchers used a human-in-the-loop optimization approach to determine the best torque levels for different inclines. The results showed that the exoskeleton was able to reduce the energy expenditure required for walking on inclines by up to 50%. This suggests that exoskeletons could provide significant assistance to people struggling with inclined terrain. This article was authored by Patrick W. Franks, Gwendolyn M. Bryan, Ricardo Reyes, and others.


Okay, so while we're looking for my slides, I just say thank you very much to Larry for inviting me to be here today. Janssen and Johnson & Johnson are very pleased to sponsor this exhibit and also to have a chance to address with you how we're actually applying this revolution that you've heard about over the last few speakers to the science of drug discovery and development and to the evolving science of developing co-diagnostics, companion diagnostics for our products. Do you? I am the second one. Okay, thank you very much. Not showing on the screen. Is that control F7? Oh, it is, good, great, okay, thank you. All right, so I just kick it off by framing for you our vision at Janssen Pharmaceuticals, which is to eliminate disease through developing highly innovative medical solutions for people around the world. So clearly a very high-reaching vision and one that we believe the whole platform of genomics and genomic sciences is absolutely critical to helping us achieve. At a very high level, the strategy that we have for research is firstly to focus on those areas where we believe that there are extreme unmet medical needs and compelling science that will allow us to address those needs. We have a very strong platform in integrating internal research with external research, and I think that it's obvious listening to all the discussion this morning why that is so important. Companion diagnostics are a key part of our programs for most diseases. As well are the notion of disease interception approaches. In other words, trying to intervene earlier and earlier in a disease in order to have a more effective treatment and stop the progression which can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. And also starting to think about solutions for patients as opposed to simply drugs. So the idea of this is packaging together drugs and companion diagnostics or drugs and devices or simply ways that patients can interact more facially with information. And we've heard a lot about that also this morning. So we're focused on five therapeutic areas as shown here. And in each of these we've selected a series of diseases that we believe have the most compelling science coupled with significant unmet medical need. And underpinning all of our efforts are significant platforms that we've invested in and that we collaborate with others on genomics, informatics and biomarker discovery. Now all of that is great but the basic science itself will not ultimately lead to products that are really useful for patients unless we at the same time invest in developing code diagnostics from those biomarker discoveries. And to ensure that we can do that in the most efficient and effective way we've formed Janssen companion diagnostics with exists within the pharmaceutical companies and supports all of these therapeutic areas in their work. So we've heard a lot this morning about how the genomics platforms will impact oncology and I'm gonna talk a little bit about that. And also give you a few examples from my own area of interest immunology where I think that we are a little bit behind because of the nature of the disease but still we can start to see the implication of some of these platforms changing the paradigm for treatment. So let's start with oncology. And just to frame things, there are about 14 or so companion diagnostics that have been approved by the FDA for use with various drugs in cancer. And what's very important to note about all of these is that they depend upon recognizing a mutation in a specific gene or expression in a specific gene which is frequently the target of the therapy itself and the best example of that of course would be Herceptin or Trastuzumab. Or they recognize a mutation in the signal transduction pathway that's downstream of the target but in all cases they're looking at a single marker. And it's very clear because of the complexity of cancer and the heterogeneity and the progression of the disease that this is not going to suffice for all companion diagnostics and we need to get beyond the single marker era and to be able to develop tests that will rely upon much more complex molecular profiles. And so far none of these have made it to the market or though there's clearly a lot of work going on. And some of the barriers here that firstly you need a very, very large sample size in your clinical trials at the efficacious dose in order to detect and reproduce a profile. Second, there have been challenges with obtaining sufficient tumor samples. Tumor samples are hard to get in most non-blood cancers. There have been challenges with the sensitivity of the assays that are available and their robustness and reproducibility. And also we live with the challenges at the end points that are studied in phase two trials or mid-stage trials are typically looking at shrinkage of tumors or tumor burden but these don't always translate to those markers that are looked at in phase three and that are ultimately required for approvals that relate more to survival. So I'd like to tell you about one of the platforms that we've been working on at Janssen which we think is probably the most exciting thing that will help us address some of these questions in oncology leading to a new era where we will see more companion diagnostics for a broader array of medicines. So what I would like to review is the circulating tumor cell technology or CTC technology that we've been working on within our Veridex unit for some years now and which we're now collaborating with the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard School of Medicine on in terms of bringing forward next generation devices. So CTCs are tumor cells that can be found in the blood and it's already been demonstrated that in some cancers these are prognostic for both disease outcomes and certain treatment outcomes and there is a test on the market called Cell Search which was approved almost 10 years ago now as the pioneer in this field originally for prostate and now for several other cancers. The next generation device that we are working on which is shown here on the right will enable not only the enumeration of CTCs but also their capture and characterization. And the way that this device works is basically by applying very sophisticated microfluidics that allows the sorting of cells at an extremely high rate about 10 million cells per second and very importantly allows the capture of tumor cells that are not labeled or not, you don't need to know the specific tumor antigen in order to collect the cells. That means that the platform can ultimately be agnostic to whatever type of tumor you're looking at and also that you can collect these cells in a very unperturbed manner which is very important for their analysis. One of the critical things that this device we think will allow is molecular profiling of the tumor in a very facile and quick way meaning that you can take multiple samples over the course of disease, baseline, post-treatment and start to understand what the tumor looks like at the molecular level not only at diagnoses but also at relapse and have an idea of what the metastatic profile is as well as the original tumor when it's detected. So we're talking here about seven and a half mils of blood, a single blood sample and now being able to do many different types of sophisticated analyses as shown here at the cellular and molecular level as well as hopefully in the future even doing cell-based assays to understand more about the biological function of these cells. And here taken from this recent paper in science and translational medicine which I would encourage everybody to look at really shows some of the power of this technique and in this particular example that was taken from a patient with prostate cancer you can see that in 15 different cells that were analyzed if you look over to the right each of these cells which are shown on the top each column represents a different circulating tumor cell from the same patient has a different gene expression profile. So this is really powerful information it allows you to look at the molecular level at single circulating tumor cells and it also shows you again the complexity of cancer and that within a single patient tumor at a one single moment in time that there is this tremendous heterogeneity. So we're extremely excited about this one of the applications of genomics and genomic platforms to really move forward the whole field of codiagnostic platforms in cancer. Switching now to my own area of expertise immunology we've been looking at several different diseases notably rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases which are very complex immunologically mediated diseases that really rely not only on genetics multiple gene mutations but also a very strong effect of environmental factors in driving the disease not all of which are very well understood. But what is clear is that there is basically unchecked inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis that initially leads to swelling and severe pain and disability and ultimately leads to joint destruction, loss of function, decreased quality of life, et cetera permanent disabilities and a number of comorbidities that go along with the disease including various types of cancer including lymphomas and cardiovascular disease. So our goal being one of the leading companies in developing new medicines for rheumatoid arthritis is to move beyond where we are today which are basically anti-inflammatories that block this inflammatory cascade to being able to intervene earlier in the disease and the whole genomics platform is gonna be very important for that. If we look at the incidence of this disease it's about four and a half million patients in the G7 countries but interestingly a very small number of them are treated with the most powerful disease modifying medicines today which are biologics and even in that small subset that do receive biologic treatments a very small number of those achieve complete remission so clearly we need a better approach. What we're envisioning here through the impact of both genomic sequencing and molecular profiling is firstly to have better prognostic markers for this disease allow early disease identification, routine screening tests even before the disease presents itself with overt symptoms which is how it's now diagnosed. Predictive biomarkers that will help us understand which of the many mechanisms that are now available are appropriate for which patient. Monitoring through your iPhone of what your response is to treatment and how your disease is doing is it flaring, is it in remission and also the disease interception platform which really requires a very deep understanding of the disease and which is also being driven by the advances in molecular profiling. Just a couple of examples of the types of things that we're working on within our group. Firstly, if I could just direct your attention to the right side of this slide which shows the standard type of measures that are used in clinical trials to determine if a drug is working in rheumatoid arthritis. And on the x-axis you have these markers called ACR 20, 50 and 70 that's basically a composite clinical score which indicates that a patient has had a 20%, 50 or 70% improvement versus their own baseline. And today the most effective medicines which are the anti-TNFs and other biologics will give you roughly 40% of patients getting a 50% improvement which is not terribly satisfying. What we would like to do is drive that response way up. And one of the ways that we think that we can do it is to understand who responds to which mechanism of action. So we are co-leading a consortia called the Batterup Consortia with Biogen Ilan. And the goal of this is to validate a predictive signature which has been published on but only in very small trials. So this is a trial involving 500 RA patients that have been treated with various different anti-TNF antibodies manufactured by different companies. Their clinical response is monitored according to these ACR scores but at the same time we're looking both at baseline and then post-treatment at these messenger RNA signatures to understand if there really is a signature that can predict response. And the power of that would be that when a patient is first treated if they are in that responder pool we hope that we would be able to then have 80% of patients responding at an ACR 50 and maybe half of the patients responding with an ACR 70 score. The other approach that we're taking which is newer and reflects the advances in whole genome sequencing more recently is we're sponsoring the first, I should say the largest study that we are aware of of sequencing the whole genomes of RA patients. And of course we run many clinical trials in RA patients and we're able to obtain large numbers of samples from those trials and we have developed a consortia of collaborators shown here to bring to this first of all the power of next gen sequencing through BGI and also to bring together the informatics skill and the computational biology skill that's required in order to understand the raw data that we'll get. So we think from this first experiment we'll first be able to get an idea of what the number of patients really is, what's the power of the experiment that we would need to do in order to get meaningful information out of whole genome sequencing in rheumatoid arthritis. And ultimately we think that this will lead to new targets for drug discovery as well as potentially to better understanding of the disease, companion diagnostics, et cetera. Just moving quickly then to inflammatory bowel diseases which are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. So these are diseases of the gut which result from uncontrolled inflammation and a whole host of clinical symptoms and effects to the tissues that are shown here which are not only extremely unpleasant for the folks that have this disease but also have very significant and severe consequences. Most patients with inflammatory bowel diseases will have some type of intestinal resection surgery in their lives because the inflammation just cannot be controlled with the medicines that are available today. So again, this is an area where we're trying to understand better what drives this disease and to come up with treatments where we can intervene earlier. And one of the most exciting areas for research that was mentioned briefly earlier is understanding and profiling the role of the microbiome or the bacteria that live in the gut on the immune system and also on this disease. It's clear from many studies that in IBD there is a dysfunctional microbiome host interaction and we have embarked on several programs both in collaboration with biotech companies such as second genome as well as through our own clinical trials and a network of academic collaborators in order to sequence samples from patients with IBD at baseline, after treatment with various drugs, and to try to understand whether there are predictive markers in there for disease progression or drug response. And also to understand more at the molecular level what exactly is the nature of the interaction between the microbiome and the immune system that seems to be important in driving ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Another very exciting area is developing co-diagnostics for anti-TNFs. We've done several studies now dating back quite some years with both Remicade which is also known as Infleximab and Sympony in company-sponsored trials for ulcerative colitis. Both of these are now approved medicines for UC and in the treatment of UC, the collection of both doing endoscopies and the collection of biopsies is something that we have done and that is done in clinical medicine. So we've leveraged that in order to look at the gene signatures of patients with the disease and also to identify putative signatures, biomarker signatures based on mRNAs that exist in the responders or the non-responders as shown here. And we now have, we're embarking on a large prospective validation trial in order to determine if these response signatures hold up. So just to conclude, Dr. Paul Janssen who was the founder of Janssen Pharmaceuticals back in the early 50s and had an enormously productive career delivering something like 80 medicines back then is remembered amongst many things for always saying the patients are waiting. And I think today it's clear to all of us that the opportunities that are presented by the genomic platforms that we've talked about here really are an unprecedented time in medicine. I couldn't believe, I couldn't agree more that this is the time for more investment not less investment in order to understand disease and create new medicines for patients. However, as we've also heard there are still lots of things, lots of challenges in front of us. And I just mentioned a few of them here, some of them have been touched on. The first is that bioinformatics, computing, network pharmacology expertise is needed and is needed to be continually evolved in order to translate this huge amount of data so-called big data into knowledge. This is definitely something that the bits of information are coming in much faster than our ability to really use it. The second is, and this has also been touched upon in the thoughts about how physicians will be using this information, we also need new types of training programs for scientists that integrate not only genomics and bioinformatics but also how these things can be applied in the pharmaceutical sciences. It's a very, very early days for this and for the most part, people coming out of the universities don't have the constellation of all of those expertise. Obviously, the information comes from every place for this type of work and we need both new business models as well as new ways of collaborating with very broad networks of scientists working with industry in order to take these basic discoveries and make them into products that will be useful for patients. And a very important part of that process are the regulators, so nothing will come to the market without the FDA issuing clear guidelines on what's required, and just as the science evolves, the need for new regulatory guidelines is evolving and is a real challenge when you're working in a pioneering area without a real roadmap to the end goal, but nonetheless, there is progress being made in all of these areas and we're very excited at Janssen about how this is influencing our work. So I hope that this has been useful and answered the question about how a big pharmaceutical company like Janssen is applying these new techniques and with that, I'll thank you very much. Thank you very much, Dr. Dillon. For the last, is there any burning question for any of our last three speakers? If not, we're gonna move on.