Paperboy for the NES is one of my favorite games ever, and really it has very little to do with the gameplay or the graphics or the music or anything like that. It's just a really funny game.  I mean come on, in what other game can you hit death himself in the nuts with a newspaper? So Paperboy 2 should be great, right? Well, uh, it isn't. The game is still pretty funny, so it's not a total loss, but it seems like they tried to do too much with the gameplay. This is one of those sequels where it's like, forget everything you know about the first game because Paperboy 2 is completely different. Instead of a straight street, you have this hexagon you have to manage, so you have to deliver papers on both sides of the street. That's pretty cool, right? Yeah, but it's pretty tough to get used to throwing to just one side, let alone flipping the controls at a certain point so you can do it from the opposite perspective. I will say that really isn't that big of a deal once you get used to it. The thing is, there's ramps all over the place that send you flying into the air, whether you expect it or not. It's kind of a nice touch, but ultimately it just adds to the feeling that you're really not in control. The ramps usually feel like you hit them on accident, sometimes. Even so, I would say the biggest problem with Paperboy 2 comes with an imbalance of speed. All the stuff that's out to kill you is really fast, like this out-of-control baby stroller? Jesus! Or this runaway dog? Or pretty much anything that tries to stop you. Everything comes at you so quickly that you barely have enough time to react. And that's right from the beginning, the difficulty gradient already starts from the top. The speed is also a problem with delivering papers, because apparently the kid on the bike is Clayton Kershaw or something. This dude just whips papers much faster than the NES game. And that was one understated, albeit kind of strange, aspect of Paperboy at NES. When you threw a paper, you could control its trajectory in a way because it matched the speed of your bike, so if you were a bit late on a throw, just slam on the brakes and the paper will still have a chance to hit its target. That doesn't really exist in this game, or at least this version of the game. Don't get me wrong, Paperboy 2 still has its moments. There's all sorts of weirdness here, that's reminiscent of the first game. Like these people who don't take care of their yard, tires being fired at you, and you even get to thwart a robbery, hey you made the paper! You can also make the paper for breaking windows and saving babies, which is pretty funny.  Thankfully you don't make the paper for that. Wait a minute, do people under 19 even know what a newspaper is anymore? When I say make the paper, do they even understand what I mean? Jesus, I'm old. Anyway, one other thing I have to point out is the music. There are so many great soundtracks on the Super Nintendo, just dozens and dozens of great pieces of music. And Paperboy 2 is not one of them. It might have the worst music of any game on the system. It is annoying, abrupt, nonsensical, and just weird, and not in a good way. I played most of this game on mute.  So yeah, I don't think Paperboy 2 on the Super Nintendo is worth playing today. It's just way too hard.  What fun is that? I hardly got to see anything. The first game on NES at least gradually gets harder while you get used to how the bite controls. Paperboy 2 just throws you out there. Good luck, buddy. Paperboy 2 got ports on all sorts of other systems like Genesis, Game Gear, Game Boy, and NES, and I really think this game plays a lot better on the NES. It's just more forgiving, a bit slowed down, and not nearly as difficult. So yeah, if you're interested in Paperboy 2, check it out on NES instead of Super Nintendo.


Here is our first speaker and also part of the CPV staff, so please welcome Rihanna Pfefferkorn. Good morning. Thank you so much for coming this early, still nursing last night's drinks deep in your brain cells, but I appreciate you coming. So I only have 20 minutes, so I'm going to go through this real quick. Before we dive in though, a couple of regulatory disclaimers, I am a lawyer, but I am not your lawyer. Nothing that I say here is legal advice, and all of these are just my own opinions, man, not just, not those of my employer. A note on the scope of this talk, here are some things that this talk is not about. This talk is not going to be about searches that occur at the United States border. That is like the upside down. It's like a whole other can of worms, and so I'm not going to be talking about searches that occur in that context. We're assuming that everything that I'm talking about today occurs within the United States. If you are curious about that, the Electronic Frontier Foundation has an Ask the EFF panel this weekend as part of main DEF CON. You can go and ask them about it. I will also have a list of suggested resources at the end if you're curious about this topic. This talk is also not going to be about the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth and Fifth Amendments protect overlapping but different sets of rights. The Fifth Amendment is going to be what we're talking about today. The Fourth Amendment protects you from unreasonable government searches and seizures, and it sets forth the conditions for the issuance of warrants. For this talk, we're going to assume that a valid warrant has already been issued for the electronic device for which there is a compelled decryption demand. Why are we assuming that? Well, the Supreme Court says that the police need a warrant in order to get into your smartphone. To search and seize your smartphone, they have to have a warrant first. That's also standard practice for searches and seizures of other types of computers, laptops, desktops, external hard drives. All of those typical practices to get a warrant for those two. So law enforcement cannot compel you without such an underlying legal authorization as a warrant to decrypt your device for them. They can ask you nicely and ask you to voluntarily consent to decrypt your device for them, but they cannot compel you absent some underlying legal authorization. And that typically will mean a warrant or a separate court order that is meant to give effect to that underlying warrant. With that said, there are plenty of ways that there can be problems under the Fourth Amendment with a device warrant. Yeah, with a warrant for a device. The Fourth Amendment prescribes such conditions as particularity, as not having something be overbroad and have a fishing expedition. So those are challenges that have been brought in the past to device warrants, but we're not going to concern ourselves with the Fourth Amendment issues today. And again, if you're interested in Fourth Amendment issues with device warrants, I'll have some suggested reading at the end of the talk. So what is this talk about? This talk is about the Fifth Amendment. Now the Fifth Amendment protects a number of rights, actually. There's the grand jury clause, there's the takings clause, there's the double jeopardy clause. But the one that we're focusing on today is the self-incrimination clause. No person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself. That sounds fairly straightforward, right? You can't be compelled to testify against yourself. It sounds simple, it's not. Fifth Amendment law is a big, hairy body of law, it's very complicated, but I only have 20 minutes. So I'm going to give you the very sort of high-level version of this today. Well, what's the Fifth Amendment got to do with encryption anyway? Well, the issue is that when a device is encrypted, that can impede the execution of a search and seizure warrant. The police can't get into it. Okay, so in that case, law enforcement has a few different options for what they can try to do in order to get access to the decrypted data on a device. One is to try and seize a cloud backup of the contents of the device. So if you back up your iPhone to your iCloud account, the police can go to Apple with a separate warrant and say, give us the contents of that iCloud account. But what if you don't back up your device? What if the backups aren't very recent? Well, then that's not going to be very useful to them. Another option would be to try to make Apple or Google unlock the phone, but that hasn't been a good legal option since 2016 when the FBI threw down with Apple and lost. And it hasn't been a good technical option in recent years because both iPhones and Android phones now use full disk encryption, typically turned on by default. And so at this point, not even the manufacturers of those phones can extract data in readable form for law enforcement. Another option would be for the police to use either a home rolled or third party vendors data extraction tool that can extract readable data even from a locked phone, such as a celebrate device or a gray key device. And those work sometimes, but they don't necessarily work consistently on every model of phone, every version of the OS. And there's this cat and mouse game between the manufacturers on the one hand and the makers of these tools on the other where the manufacturers, such as Apple, are always trying to close the vulnerabilities that enabled those tools to work in the first place. So what's the final option that the police could try? That's the one we're going to talk about today, which is to try and force the device owner to decrypt the device for the police. And that's where the Fifth Amendment comes in. So the idea of invoking your Fifth Amendment rights against being compelled to decrypt isn't new. I've been told that this was a topic of discussion in the CypherPunks mailing lists back in the 1990s. The first court decision on this issue came in 2007 that involved an encrypted partition on a laptop. But it's become more relevant now in recent years because, as mentioned, full disk encryption is now very prevalent, especially on smartphones and even on laptops sometimes as well. It's often the default or it's very easy to turn on so the user doesn't have to install and fiddle with a separate piece of software in order to encrypt their device or their files. And now there are multiple means to decrypt. You can use a passcode, password, passphrase. I'm just going to say passcode for the most part, even though those are all separate distinct things. But you can also use a biometric such as your face or your fingerprint. So we've seen more court cases on this issue really multiplying in recent years. And those cases have given rise to some general trends in the law, but that law is still unsettled. It's still evolving. The Supreme Court hasn't yet weighed in. So is there a general rule overall that we can glean from these cases? Well, kind of. Does the Fifth Amendment protect you from being compelled to decrypt? Now, when I say defendants, I'm mostly going to refer to defendants in this talk, but the Fifth Amendment does not just cover defendants. People who are something other than people who are currently being criminally investigated or who are already indicted and being prosecuted can invoke their Fifth Amendment rights and may have very good reason to do so. If the police have a device warrant for your device, it might not just be because you're a defendant. It could be because you are a witness. It could be because you are a victim of a crime. So when I say defendants, I don't just mean defendants. The general rule that arises is that if you use a biometric, you can be compelled to decrypt your device for law enforcement because a biometric is something you are. If you use a passcode to decrypt, typically you can't be compelled to unlock because a passcode is something that you know. But there are exceptions to each of these things that I'm going to explain. Now, in order to understand the jurisprudence on Fifth Amendment and compelled decryption, there are two key concepts that you need to understand. One of them is called the active production doctrine, and the other is the foregone conclusion doctrine. So the active production doctrine comes out against a background where typically the government can compel people to hand over documents or information that they have. Think of subpoenas, think of warrants. But this doctrine is an exception that allows the government to conduct investigations, gather evidence, gather documents, while still protecting people's constitutional rights. And it starts from the premise that acts, not just words, can count as testimony. Something you do can be testimonial, not just something that you say. So the very act of producing evidence can, on its own, have communicative aspects. When you are handing over evidence in response to a demand from law enforcement, you're testifying to the fact that that evidence exists, that you possess it, you have custody or control over it, and that that evidence is authentic and that you think it's responsive to the demand that you've been given. So if the act of producing evidence would mean testifying against yourself, then you can't be forced to hand that evidence over, even though there's a warrant for it. But not all acts of production are protected. The act must be compelled. If you hand something over voluntarily, there's no Fifth Amendment protection. It must be incriminating, meaning that compliance would put you in legal danger. And it has to be testimonial. An act is typically considered testimonial if it discloses the contents of your mind. But if it gives no indication of your thoughts or knowledge, then it's not testimonial. This is a concept that the courts have really grappled with in the context of compelled decryption. It's given them some trouble. It's been sort of hard to grok. And so the typical example that they turn to is one that the Supreme Court has used to illustrate what would and would not count as testimonial. The Supreme Court has said that surrendering the key to a strong box is not testimonial, whereas revealing the combination to a wall safe would be testimonial. The latter is testimonial because it forces you to disclose the contents of your mind. The former is not testimonial and there's no thought process involved in handing over a key. It's still incriminating if you have to hand over the key to a box full of crimes, but it's not testimonial, so it doesn't fall within the scope of the Fifth Amendment right. And that example, using something physical versus using the contents of your mind is going to come into play when we talk about biometrics versus pass codes. But first, I mentioned that there's one other doctrine that you need to understand and that's the foregone conclusion doctrine. So in general, as I just said, testimonial acts of production get Fifth Amendment protection, but there's an exception. That's the foregone conclusion exception. An act of production is not protected by the Fifth Amendment. If the information that the Act conveys is a foregone conclusion that adds little or nothing to the sum total of the government's information. Basically, the foregone conclusion exception will kick in if the government already knows that it's trying to compel from you from some other source. That is, the Act isn't telling the government anything that they don't already know and so that Act can be compelled. If it's a foregone conclusion that evidence exists, that you possess it and that it's authentic, then the foregone conclusion exception will defeat an invocation of your Fifth Amendment rights. Why would the police want to compel you to do something that they already know? Well, if your business partner rats you out and says there's evidence on that guy's computer of tax fraud, that tells the government the information that they would need as a basis for compelling you to hand over and decrypt your computer for them, but it doesn't put those files in their hands. They still need you to decrypt the device for them to have those actual files in their hands. So how does this apply when we can come to the context of compelling people to decrypt their devices? So in general, for biometrics, the courts say this does not count as testimonial because it's something you are. It's your fingerprint. It's your face. The courts have compared this to the compelled exhibition of bodily characteristics such as handing over a blood sample, a voice exemplar, or putting on a piece of clothing to see if it fits or not. And they say this is much more like a strong box key than the combination to a safe. Even though the courts have acknowledged that this doesn't really fit neatly into these boxes, because when you are producing your body, you are still also producing the decrypted contents of your device. But this is where the courts have generally landed. There have been a couple of cases that have said that a biometric is still testimonial. But only four judges have said this. So far two of them have been overturned on appeal and were waiting for a decision on a third that came out in January. And the rationale that those judges said was touching your finger to a sensor on your phone is testimonial. It's testifying that you have possession, that you have control over the device. And one of those courts has said this isn't the same as just comparing your fingerprint to a fingerprint that was lifted from a crime scene. It's much more like your physiological responses to a polygraph test, which the Supreme Court has said is testimonial. But on appeal, the courts have struck those down and said, no, this is not testimonial, as long as the agents or the police agents who are executing the warrant are picking your finger. They're just going to put each, the way that these orders are typically drafted now, a lot of the time it means that the executing officer will just depress each of your fingers onto the sensor until they get to the finger that unlocks it. And the courts there say there's no need to invoke your thought process at all. You could be unconscious and you could still have your finger pressed to the sensor on your phone, so there's no contents of your mind being used there. So in sum, if you use a biometric, you're probably out of luck when it comes to the Fifth Amendment. By contrast, a passcode is universally considered to be testimonial because you're decrypting what the passcode is using the contents of your mind. And that would seem pretty open and shut, except, you remember that I talked about the foregone conclusion exception? Well, that exception will defeat the Fifth Amendment claim if the government can show that it already knows the information that would be conveyed by your compelled act of decryption. Well, what information is that? Here's where the courts have split. The courts don't agree on the proper focus of the foregone conclusion analysis. Some courts have said that the government has to show that it already knows that there are incriminating files that exist on your encrypted device, whereas there are other courts that have said all the government has to show is that it knows that the defendant knows the passcode. Now, that's a much easier test to meet. It's not going to be a high bar in most cases for the government to be able to show that you already know how to unlock your own phone, so that is not a very defense-friendly test. But overall, the government will be in the best position if it can show it either way, if it has the evidence to show both that you know the passcode and that it knows the files already exist on the device. Because, given that the law is very unsettled, a lot of courts haven't been faced with this issue yet, and so if they don't know, so the government doesn't know whether the court's going to go with the passcode test or the files test, they want to be able to show it both ways. All right, so what evidence have the courts used to establish that the foregone conclusion applies? These are some real-world examples. The defendant talked to the cops and admitted that the device was his, or the defendant admitted to the cops that there was illegal stuff on the device, or the defendant voluntarily decrypted the device for law enforcement, even let law enforcement go through and unlock device and see that there were incriminating files on there, but before the police could get a warrant to search and seize the device, the device had encrypted and locked itself up again, or the defendant had told other people that there was incriminating stuff on the device or even shown it to them, and those people went and told the cops. So the government does not bat a thousand when they argue foregone conclusion. It depends on the amount of evidence that they have, but it has a pretty good batting average, and so the fact that courts consider passcodes to be testimonial isn't necessarily the great news that it might seem to be. So the upshot is that it depends whether the Fifth Amendment will protect you from being compelled to decrypt your device. If you use a passcode, you have way better odds than if you use a biometric, but the foregone conclusion exception can still getcha. It's hard to predict in advance whether a Fifth Amendment claim is going to succeed because the law is still evolving. The courts don't all use the same analysis, and the outcome is often really fact-dependent. Specific facts matter a lot. What the cops already know matters. The less information that they have, the harder it is for them to argue that the foregone conclusion exception should apply. The wording of a warrant or court-ordered matters. The wording can raise facial Fourth or Fifth Amendment problems that could make the warrant potentially invalid. How the cops execute the warrant matters. Even if the wording is perfectly fine, the way that the police execute that warrant and carry it out might still violate the Fifth Amendment. So even though all those courts said a biometric isn't testimonial because the cops are pushing your finger onto the sensor, if the police said you picked the finger that unlocks the phone, then you're using the contents of your mind to just select which finger it is, and I think a court might say in that case, that is testimonial. And so far, which court you're prosecuted in also matters because not all the courts have gotten around to this question yet. There are only two federal courts of appeals that have weighed in on this question. Those are the third and eleventh circuit courts of appeal. And only two state high courts, state supreme courts have weighed in. Soon we'll see three more decisions that are currently pending. And for my money, the worst state that you can be in for this is Florida. Florida is part of the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, so if you're in federal court, that test will apply. But if you're in state court, there have been two different state level appeals courts that have come out in three different cases and they have disagreed with each other, even from case to case. So the Fifth Amendment analysis, meaning your constitutional rights, will vary depending not only on whether you're in federal or state court, but sometimes even what part of the state you're in. And all that suggests to me is that we really need to have a consistent rule. There won't be one until the supreme court weighs in. And that might be a couple years yet if they decide to take it up and we don't know whether they're going to decide that this is interesting enough for them to get around to it. I would like to see them take this issue up because this type of issue has been coming up more and more. It's only going to keep happening more often. And there should really be a consistent rule that would give predictability and consistency not only to the police so that they know how they can carry out these orders, what they can ask for, what they can't, but also for all of us, not only for you to know what your rights are if this situation arises, but also because it's really stupid as a matter of public policy for your constitutional rights to depend on whether you just happen to pick a biometric or a passcode, which leads to totally divergent potential legal outcomes. And your threat model for what you selected probably has nothing to do with thinking, what if I get arrested and there's a warrant for my device at some point? Your model might be that you have an abusive partner or an abusive parent in your home who might want to unlock your device using your finger while you're asleep to get access to your device.  Maybe a biometric is better for you in that instance. Or maybe your parents and either your kid will try and enter times that it will brick your phone in order to try and get in and play games.  So what should you do? And again, not legal advice.  And stay out of Florida. That's just fifth amendment advice. That's just life advice. But seriously, for now if you're probably going to be better off using a passcode over a biometric or a passcode plus biometric than just normal biometric maybe you typically prefer to use a biometric but if you are going into a situation with a heightened risk of arrest, such as a protest, maybe you want to switch to the passcode temporarily or you can enable a feature that is now on both iPhones and Android phones. It's called panic button on iPhone and lockdown mode for Android, which will bring up the option to temporarily disable a biometric and require you to enter a passcode or a pattern instead. This feature has recently come in handy in real life during the Hong Kong protests that were happening.  The EFF is around. They know some good lawyers. Go and talk to them if you don't have one already. If you want to voluntarily consent to decrypting your device, you might have very good reasons based on your particular circumstances to do so. Just understand that you are giving up some potential Fifth Amendment and maybe Fourth Amendment defenses that you might otherwise be able to bring in if you are getting prosecuted, that you are giving up by voluntarily consenting to open your device for them. If you want to invoke your Fifth Amendment, say it out loud, say it clearly, be unequivocal about it. The right is not self-executing. If you just don't say anything, you wave it. This is stupid, but you have to affirmatively say, I'm invoking my Fifth Amendment right not to be compelled to decrypt this because you don't have the right to make me incriminate myself. And if you invoke your rights, and that doesn't work, and the court still rules against you, it is possible that if you still refuse to comply, you might be held in contempt of court. But I think I am just about out of time for this, so don't ask me the contempt issue. Ask the Electronic Frontier Foundation. But thank you very much for coming. You now have a grasp of this very complicated area of law. Now you know how it works, and you can explain it to all your friends at your next protest that you go to. So here are some resources if you are interested. I'll take Q&A in a moment, but I just want to end with a call to action. Lately, the FBI director and the attorney general have both been saying that they want to pursue some legislative or other type of solution to give law enforcement guaranteed access into your device. And if you don't like that idea, tell your congressperson. Thank you. We are getting a mic set up, and we have a human mic stand right here. So come and form an orderly line. So we have about five minutes. What's that? The title slide? Questions at the microphone, please? Now, again, as Rihanna said, we got to cut it off at five minutes to make room for the next talk. But if you flow back through the village, Rihanna, I believe, will be there to answer follow-up. I'll be around today and tomorrow at the village. All right. Hi. I want to know what's the standard of proof for the foreground conclusion? Is it preponderance, clear and convincing, or beyond reasonable thought? It depends. So the police have to show with reasonable particularity that they know that there's incriminating stuff on your device, that they know that the files already exist. But there's been some variance in the standard that the courts have used in what level of evidence is enough. So it depends. Okay. Hey. Awesome talk. I remember a Fourth Amendment case where someone was being interviewed at their door, and they jump back and slam the door from the cops, and that was interpreted as, well, you're fleeing, so the Fourth Amendment we can override and push in. Is there any case law yet or would you anticipate if someone used a duress function on the phone like during a law enforcement interaction? Would that be considered, or someone I'm sure would try to say, well, you were attempting to flee the evidence or destroy the evidence, and it's not the same as just taking the phone in a neutral interaction? That's a great question. So I think it depends what the duress function does. If it is just the lockdown mode or the panic button, I don't think that that could be construed as destruction of evidence because it's not destroying anything. It's just scrambling it with encryption. It's still there. It can be decrypted, so nothing is being destroyed. However, when I've heard people theorize about creating a duress function, that would just go through and write zeros over everything on your phone. That probably would count as destruction of evidence, and I would say that's probably a bad idea. That took care of 30% of our questions. Given the current makeup of the Supreme Court and how slowly justices get replaced, whatever, what would they do now with that fifth amendment question that you said they need to weigh in on?  That's a good question. I will say that you might think that a conservative justice would be reflexively anti-defendant. That's not always true. The late Justice Scalia was actually one of the best defenders of the rights that criminal defendants have, but I think that's because he thought that as soon as you've satisfied all of the procedural niceties, then you could just throw the book at them. I don't know how this court would come out. I don't think there's really been a lot of fifth amendment cases in this line. I will say at the most recent fifth amendment case that the Supreme Court has considered that I can consider off the top of my head is the one that I referenced, which is the one that says you have to affirmatively out loud express that you are invoking your right to remain silent. So if that's the way that they think about these issues, I don't know what will happen. I have another question regarding the foregone conclusions. You have to be able to prove that you either know the passcode or have access to the device or they can prove that they know that the files are on the device. Now if they know that you have incriminating files on that device but they obtain that information in a non-court admissible way. It was not legal. It was without a warrant in which they obtained that knowledge. Would that still qualify? That's a great question. I wish I knew the answer to it. I would certainly raise it if I were defense counsel for trying to get evidence excluded but I don't know the answer to that. To be clear, the foregone conclusion doctrine is complicated. So the courts have really struggled with all of this stuff so it's not just me who's confused. Thanks. Hi, I'm not sure if you brought this up before or if it even matters but what about face ID?  So like I said in general the police need a warrant to search your phone. So if they don't have a warrant I would try and get that bounced. If they do have a warrant and they just hold it up to your face hopefully you get the chance to invoke your Fifth Amendment right beforehand. But that's certainly a worry that a lot of people have and that might militate against deciding to use face ID if that's something that you're worried about. I would try and challenge that especially by saying you didn't even give me the opportunity to invoke my constitutional rights but certainly a worry that is prevalent, it's not just you. Alright, thank you very much. I'm sorry, we do have a hard cut off. However, Rihanna is going to be right over there with all that awesome knowledge in her head. Thank you.


Live from Orlando, Florida, it's theCUBE. Covering Grace Hopper's Celebration of Women in Computing, brought to you by SiliconANGLE Media. Welcome back to theCUBE's coverage of the Grace Hopper Conference here in Orlando, Florida. I'm your host, Rebecca Knight. We are joined by Elite Raz. She is the CEO of Junco, an AI-powered diversity and inclusion coach for companies. Thanks so much for joining us. Thank you for inviting me. So I'd love for you to just start talking about how you came up with the idea for Junco. Sure. So I grew up in Israel, originally from Israel. Spent about 40 years in the tech industry. Before that, doing computer science in high school, I was almost the only woman all along the way for like 15 years. And I think a weird thing, I never thought it's a weird thing. This is how I grew up. I was one out of two doing computer science in high school. Spent a few years in the intelligence unit, was the only woman around. And this is how I grew up. And then like two and a half years ago, I joined a group of women in product management in Israel. We like, I went to their first meetup. There was 250 women there. Israel people have this perception of everyone knows everyone. And I went into the room and I literally know, like, new, new one. And I'm like, that's weird. And then I think I realized like we have a problem. I went back to two other friends. We worked at another venture before. Said, hey, what do you think about changing what we're doing to like doing something for women in the workplace? And I'm like, actually, that sounds awesome. And we started thinking about like, what is already outside in the market? What are company is doing now? And I come from a lot of cybersecurity background. And like, what do you think about doing anti-virus for biases? And this is how we started this AI stuff and everything like this. And as we move forward and started to talk with a lot of companies, we realized the biggest barrier for companies is like, understand what's happening on day to day stuff for employees all around the world. Like if they're head of HR or head of diversity sitting in San Francisco or whatever in their headquarters, how do you know what's happening with your employees? Like in a really low level, in offices around the world. And we realized like- So it's not just for the recruitment. It's also in terms of who's getting promotions, who's getting the choice assignments. That's right. What kind of language are you using when you talk on Slack? What type of code review do you give to a female engineer versus a male engineer? Who gets promoted? What type of language do you use on peer-to-peer valuations and all these types of stuff? That stuff is so hard and it sort of seems, the code review assignments, it seems like a minor thing, but in fact- It's really important. Like if you get like, you need to fix this at cash mark, you're like, that's not really nice. And it doesn't make you feel like, okay, I want to go ahead and fix it. And probably you don't give this same thing to a male developer. Like maybe there's another way to do it and you use different phrases and different tone. And also we see like on Slack messages when there is a development channel, usually you're not going to see women and people of color are as active as men, just because they're usually a small portion of the team, even one person of the team. So I think this is like the main stuff that's happening on day-to-day stuff that are not like, do I get the most important role in the company? But actually, do I get a spot? Generally speaking in the company, do I feel comfortable?  It's not really funny. Right, right, right. So how does your technology work? So it detects these biases. It understands when there is aggressive or hostile language to women or other minority groups. And then what? So basically we connect to these everyday SaaS platforms companies are using. So you mentioned recruiting is one of them, Slack, Salesforce, basically all the companies around here. Then once we connect to these platforms, we fill out the data in real time all the time. We analyze the data, we look for patterns, and then when we get this metric, okay, there is a pattern here that is probably based on biases. We reach out to the most relevant person, like the person who has the most effect on the current situation. Whether it's you as a female developer that needs to be more active, or you as a recruiter that was just skipping these 10 diverse candidate CV reviews. You as an individual can make the most impact on the current situation. We're going to reach out to you, whether via email or Slack message, and say, hey, this is the situation, and here is how you can fix it. So we have another engine that match a problem with a solution. With an action. Yeah, with an action that you can do in less than two minutes, it should be like a really quick thing. You can do on the go, you don't need to, okay, I need to set time for this juke thing, you know, a super quick thing. Right, right. You can do what you need to do, and it basically should help you either really improve the situation or basically overcome it before it gets to like, what we call it like micro events of unconscious persons, before it gets like really big thing. So are people, so it really is putting the onus on the individual to act, and do people do it? Is there follow through? What are you seeing? I think that the numbers that we have on even open rates for the insights that we send and follow-up rates, I think every marketing company in the US would love to have these numbers, like they are really, really high. I think just people, like for the first two times, they give it a try, and when they see that it's really helping, they just keep doing it. Like we have one company that reach out to us and say, we know you have a limit of like three engagements a week because you don't want to bother us. Can you take it off? We want to get all of them. Like we really find them helpful on our day-to-day stuff. Can you give us, like can you give us more of these insights? So I think people are like really into giving it a try, and then see that it's helpful and keep using it. Like we really see high improvements, so I think that's another good reason for people to kind of like keep engaging. So yeah, people are super happy about it. So what are you finding? What do your clients tell you is the return on investment here? I think the first main stuff that we see one, because we have a lot of capabilities of like, let's say recruiting for example, when you look at a recruiting and a company say, like we want to improve our recruiting numbers, they don't really know beside the fact that someone voluntarily gives their like ethnicity, age, gender, whatever, they don't know who is the applicant, unless they manually tag like one person by one. We know how to analyze gender and race automatically by email addresses for like 90% of the candidates. So it actually gives a really clear picture for a company like okay, what is happening in our recruiting efforts and where are like the pitfalls and where do we fail? And it's basically like turning the light in a place they had no clue what's going on. Showing them their blind spots. They had no idea what's going on. And other places like what's going on on Slack channels, I don't think anyone here knows what's happening on those Slack channels. It's really, really hard to follow. So I think it's the small spots and they're like little places that we can like basically turn on the lights for a lot of companies. And so who are your companies? Are they already the forward thinking companies or are you seeing? I think at this point you have to be a forward thinking company to go ahead, give a third party access to all this stuff. Really want to make a change. Honestly I think you need to be like a few hundreds, maybe lower a few thousands to actually being able to make a quick change. Like for our companies that have a few hundred employees, they see in less than three months like five to eight percent improvements on your recruiting efforts, like actually hiring more diverse candidates. I think when you get to a size of like 100,000, 200,000 employees, making a one percent change. It's a lot harder. It's not hard. So what is your message to those companies? Wow, I think A, start with business units. Don't make this huge announcement that you're going to be 50, 50 by 2020. To get to 50, 50 by 2020, you need to fire half of your team and then hire half diverse candidates. So start small, start small. Start small, start where your pains are really are. Don't say you have 50, 50 when all the 50 are in marketing and sales and like assistance or whatever. And then on your R&D teams, you have like 10, 90, which is most companies have. So start small and I guess lead by example by putting money into internal work and not marketing out hope. Like go ahead and do like volunteer work, come here to Grace Hopper. This is nice, but this is more customer facing marketing versus actually doing something internally to change the numbers. Great, great. Well, Elite Roz, thank you so much for joining us. It was a pleasure. Thank you very much. We will have more from the cubes coverage of the Grace Hopper conference in a little bit.


Good morning ladies and gentlemen, Chapman, Commander Fred Holcomb, and remain standing for honors to our guest of honor, is given to the guest of honor, Secretary of State John F. Kerry. The oldest Marine present is Master Gunnery Sergeant Antonio M. Hardy. He was born on 30 August 19- Ho! Ladies and gentlemen, the commander, U.S. Marine Corps Forces Command, Brigadier- I want to sell in the column on it, so far we've worked. This is an overall objective for both Navy and- Is that a security matter? I guess so. There's nothing that the United States does better than display our capacity to make a difference through our various military forces. And I am proud, as a former Navy man, to be aboard San Antonio and to say thank you to you for this state-of-the-art vessel for your extraordinary capacity and your service to our country. I know there's a lot of sacrifice to die away from home and the days at sea.


Thank you very much. Chris, thank you for hosting this, for MCing this for us today. We're very grateful. And I do want to introduce some of my colleagues, Dawn McCrae. Our Minister of Education is with us. Shirley Bond, our Minister of Justice. Jane Thornthwaite, Parliamentary Secretary for the Minister of Education. And Linda Reed, who has devoted much of her career to making sure that children have access to early childhood development and programs like empathy building at the earliest days in school.  And you are examples of how, despite what you've endured, of resilience, of courage in the face of all those years, and you really are great examples of how, despite the fact that you endure these things, you can survive. You can find strength in it somehow. Which is actually how I came to this, to this passion to combat bullying in schools, because I was talking about it on the radio one day. And a woman phoned up just randomly and said, you know, bullying is just a rite of passage. It builds character for young people. And we got in a little bit of an argument briefly about it on the radio, and she left, and it left my consciousness for a while. And I got an email from a woman who wrote, who had heard that on the radio. And once she heard it, she went into flashbacks and started to remember her own history of bullying. And in her case, she was the bully. In her case, she was a woman who bullied children so brutally that she broke bones. She took two little girls and put them in the back of an old car and told them she was kidnapping them and they were never going to see their parents again. And she carried this with her for 25, 30 years after school. She became drug addicted, alcohol dependent, never had a successful relationship. And I invited her to come on my show and talk about what happened. And when she came on the show, she said after telling her story, if there is anything that you can do about bullying, you should do it. And Barbara Coleroso is going to talk a little bit about that later today. Barbara Coleroso is an internationally renowned expert in combating bullying, a former nun, former educator, and currently a very passionate woman who's devoted her life to the anti-bullying cause. In my case, I decided that I didn't want to be a bystander, which is what Barbara talks about. And so I thought about what I could do. And I heard about this project, Pink Shirt Day Project, which two young men who were standing up for bullies in Nova Scotia started in that province. And I thought, I wonder what would happen if we asked everyone in British Columbia to wear a pink shirt one day in February every year. I wonder if they would do it. And guess what? A lot of people did it. And five and a half years later, even more people are doing it. And I was so surprised to discover how many people have been touched and affected by bullying, how many children have been bullied, how many adults never ever got the closure and the healing that they needed after being bullied and carried it for the rest of their lives, how many bullies carried that regret with them and never got a chance to apologize, how many parents are frightened that their children will be targets of bullies and how many young people don't feel safe in schools, how many educators wonder what they could do to try and address this. Because for educators, it's a passion to teach children. And you know that when a child is not safe in their school, they cannot learn. We need to do more to help kids feel safe in school because bullying is not a right of passage. Bullying does not build character for children. Bullying is hurtful. In some cases, it scars people for life. And we have a duty as adults and as people who care in our schools to do everything we can to try and combat that. So that's what we're doing here today. Don McCray and Theresa Campbell are going to walk us through some of the things that the government has begun to do with our race bullying campaign. Barbara will talk a little bit about it and compare it to talk about some other international experiences that she's had. But you know the thing is that government can do a lot about this. But it's only us together that can really approach this and fix it. And I think there are three things that we need to talk about today. The first is how do we make schools safe places to report bullying? How do we as adults make schools places where if a child witnesses bullying or is bullied, they feel safe being able to go and talk to the adults in that school about it? That they know when they report that bullies will be disciplined appropriately and that the victims, the targets, will be supported. Because dealing with bullying is not like dealing with any other kind of conflict. It's not a conflict where you put two people together and say, tell each other your story, explain what happened and move on. Bullying has a perpetrator and it has a victim and we need to deal with it that way. But once we make schools a safe place to report bullying, we also have to make sure that young people are refusing to be bystanders. We need to create a culture in schools where students feel safe and know they can stand up and step in between a bully and the target of the bully. Because if they do that, bullies will be deprived of oxygen. How do we create a culture where every young person recognizes it's their responsibility to step in and protect the underdog, the victimized, the target? And the third thing is, and I know there are people here from the Dalai Lama Center, from Roots of Empathy, from other groups that support bringing compassion to schools. We live in a very uncivil culture. We live in a world where we watch reality TV and we see it pays to be mean. And we cheer on the bad guys. It's all around us. It's all around young people, all the time. How do we create schools and a society where being compassionate is the norm? Where being kind and supportive and standing up for the vulnerable is part of who we are. And I think at its root that is probably the most important thing we can do. And that's something government can help with. It's something school districts can help with. It's something educators can help with. But it's something parents need to do too. And it's something students need to take on themselves. This is something. This is something that we can tackle successfully. Children can feel safe when they are in schools. And we can do better than we're doing now. So out of today, I hope what we can get is this. We'll get a chance to look at the Erase Bullying Program in some detail. We'll get a chance to hear from the experts. And from all of you today, and I'm very grateful that you've all agreed to participate. We didn't have a room big enough for all the people that wanted to participate, by the way. From all of you, I hope that we can come out of here with some more ideas about what more we can do. We should live in a province that is proud to say we have done more to stop bullying than anywhere else in the world. That should be our goal, literally to erase bullying. That's where I want to get to. And I'm so glad that all of you are here and have agreed to help us get there together. Thank you very much.


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Well hello and welcome to this video. Now do you ever wonder how do I start to make money from my art? You're passionate about what you do and now you really want to start selling things or maybe you've been trying to sell things for a while and it's kind of not getting off the ground. Sometimes it can just seem all so overwhelming, right?  How do you ever work out what you should be doing in order to start selling your art? When it really comes down to a few key things I'm going to share with you in this video. Well hello and welcome or welcome back to my channel. My name's Sophie and I help artists just like you to set up market and grow a successful art business doing what you love. Now if you'd like to learn more tips and tricks on how to build that successful profitable art business then you're in the right place. That's exactly what I share on this channel, all things art business related. Okay let's dive into it. How do I start making money from my art? Step number one, make sure that you've got high quality products. That might sound really really obvious but some questions to ask yourself are are you really happy with what you've produced? Is it something that you think you're super proud of? Is it the best that you can do? Have you used the most superior materials that you can possibly afford to at this point in your career? Are you always on that learning journey so you're always taking courses or learning and looking to improve? Or have you just kind of done good enough for now and now you want to make some money? Because here's the thing if you want to create an art business you really want to make sure that whatever you're making is the best you can possibly make. So you need to look at it with very critical eyes and just say okay am I 100% happy? Do I stand behind this? If not you need to get it to that place where it's as good as you possibly can make it at this point. Now we know that we're all on a learning journey and we know that we're constantly improving but when you put something up for sale you need to make sure that the product as a whole is as best as you can possibly make it. Number two, understand your target audience and what they are looking for. This is so fundamental. If you don't know who you want to buy your artwork or your art services then it's a bit like throwing darts in the dark and hoping that something is going to stick. It's going to waste hours of your time and it's also likely going to lose you hundreds if not thousands of dollars or pounds especially if you do any form of advertising and trust me we've all been there. You need to understand your niche your audience and of course that ideal customer as well. So don't forget to check out this helpful video on how to find your target audience and below here we've also got a link to a free download to help you fill out your ideal customer avatar. Number three, make sure your work is priced to sell and sell profitably because if it's priced to sell we want to make sure that of course you're making a profit. The thing to focus on when growing a business is profit. You can't just put a price tag on your artwork and then somebody buys it if you don't understand the numbers behind it. So you can use my six steps to pricing and there's a link to the video there watch that afterwards. There's also links to all these videos below here as well to make sure that when you actually price your items you understand all the numbers that go in all the costs they're involved in selling a product or service and then make sure of course that you follow this through thoroughly and that when you put your price up and when you sell you're making a profit and you can sit back and smile happily with the work that you've done. So what can stand in the way? Well mindset can stand in the way.  So there are plenty of people out there buying art the question is have you got your work in front of the right people who are looking already to buy and this comes down to all the things that we're talking about today and some of the next steps that I'm going to talk about next as well number four choose a sales platform where your audience already is because at the end of the day if you build a website you spend hours of your time and lots of your money putting a website up unless you're a master marketer and you're sending loads and loads and loads of people to look at that website it's going to sit over here all alone with all the beautiful listings that you put on it and over here are your audience looking for artwork all right so unless you're really really good at marketing you need to find a sales platform where your audience is already looking and shopping whether that's online offline whether that's galleries and boutiques stores and art fairs or whether that's online places like Etsy or Arts Finder or whatever places that your audience might look for work number five you need to create a consistent marketing routine so we've mentioned marketing briefly marketing is a really large piece if you want to start making money from your artwork you create good artwork you work out who you'd like to sell to you work at where they are you have a sales platform you have the things going on but unless you're doing some consistent marketing they're likely not going to know you even exist so some questions to ask yourself are you somebody who only does marketing just before an event it's like you don't do anything all year but you've got open studios that's like a quick bit of do some marketing so that's kind of not how it goes all right or perhaps you post somewhere occasionally or maybe you're not sure what to do so you avoid it all together listen i totally understand that when i first started out i didn't understand marketing either but it's something that can easily be learned and easily adopted and when you do it consistently it can have phenomenal results and should have phenomenal results so when you run a business your best friend is consistency right in everything you do across the board all the little pieces of your business you really want to make sure that you're doing all of it consistently and the most important of those is marketing you need to create yourself a simple weekly routine that you just do week in week out check out this video that i just made on marketing strategies it's going to help you with what you should be doing and i'll list other links below this video where you can find it about running a marketing plan and a marketing routine as well okay number six focus on building your mailing list if you've been on this channel a while you'll know that i talk about mailing list a lot why it's the one thing in our business that we own right you don't own social media you don't own all these other platforms that you might use for marketing the one thing you do own is your mailing list it's the most important part of your business so therefore in the marketing you do you want to make sure that you focus on growing that mailing list and getting encouraging people off say social media onto your list number seven you want to guide your followers to where they can buy so your job is to tell them whether that's through your emails whether that's through ads on social media for example or maybe pr however which way whether it's through your marketing or through your mailing list your job is to let your audience your growing audience know where and how they can buy and this is the piece that so many artists forget to do all together it's like well okay i'm doing some sort of marketing over here there's an audience that i've identified over here but honestly the audience likely to be super busy people like we all are unless you say to them okay you can find out more about what i'm doing join the list to get special discounts and then you send them out regular emails and you say okay today i've got a special offer for you it's for 48 hours only that's where you get a little discount off my work or come to my studio to get the special studio discounts or go to this link over here to get an early bird ticket on my workshop unless you can actually let them know where and how it's very easy to buy this is what you need to do hear the steps if you see a painting on the website that you like click here do this do that do the other all right you need to make sure that people understand where and how they can buy your work number eight make regular offers special discounts and those things that we're just talking about but do them on a regular basis make sure that the people on your mailing list are rewarded for being on the mailing list and they get first dibs on any special offers or those early bird tickets right you want to actually foster and look after the people on the list and you want to do this regularly people don't read every email so don't be afraid to be sending out quite regular sort of by monthly or monthly offers because some people will have missed the first one and then they see the second one timing is everything remember and also here's a lovely old adage that they used to tell us back in the day about marketing so i still think is true people need to see something seven times before they see it so don't be afraid to send emails to put ads to put posts your audience will only see maybe one of those things rather than all of it okay so don't be don't be afraid about bombarding your audience with information if they're the right audience they would like that information okay they've joined your list because they love your work and at some point they're going to buy something that neatly leads us on to number nine which is look after your existing customers did you know that 80% of your future incomes going to come from 20% of your customers therefore instead of looking for new customers new customers new customers what can you offer to your existing customers that they haven't already got so looking after your customers and building that relationship with them making sure they're happy with their purchase the chance of them coming back and purchasing again is really high so we want to remember that number when building the business because i think it's too easy to say i've made a sale over here now i'm going to ignore that person i'm going to look over here for new customers new customers new customers the only challenge with that of course is if you sell through a third party platform that doesn't allow you access to your customer information then it can be a bit challenging but there's usually a work around or a way round that anyway so in the end it comes down of course to your motivation to follow all of these steps and to just take action it's perfectly possible to make a living from your art and for you to start making money from your artwork you need to be following these simple steps all right get focused carve out some time in your diary go back through the video again make sure you follow each of the steps and i'm excited to hear the sales that you start making so don't forget to post below this video if you've enjoyed the content you've used one of the steps or all of the steps that i've talked about today and just started to make sales if you've loved the video too don't forget to give me a thumbs up because that really helps other artists to see these videos and more so thank you so much for watching and i'll see you on another one