We've learned so far that heat is a form of energy. If you want to warm something up, you have to add energy to it to make the atoms vibrate faster, to make the springs stretch more, to make the molecules rotate more, whatever. So when we study flow of heat from one thing to another, we're really studying the flow of energy. And there are two fundamental laws we need to concern ourselves with here. The first one is called the first law of thermodynamics. It can be written in many ways. The way I'm going to explain it is energy is conserved. Now what does that mean? Something is conserved means it's not created or destroyed. You always have the same amount of it. All you can do is move it from one place to another. So what that's telling you is if you want to warm something up, it's going to need more heat energy, as we've worked out with latent heat and specific heat capacity. And that energy is going to have to come from somewhere. Maybe it would come from a chemical reaction in burning some gas. Maybe it would come from electrical energy in a heating element, but it has to come from somewhere. Likewise, if you want to cool something down, the energy has to go somewhere. If you take something hot and it cools down, then energy must have gone into something else, usually warming up the surroundings. So that's the first law. Energy is conserved. If you want to change the energy in something, you have to put energy in or put out, but it has to come from somewhere or go somewhere. The second law, the second law of thermodynamics, basically says that heat flows from hot to cold. Once again, it can be written in many different ways, but this is perhaps the simplest way. The basic idea is let's say you have two objects, one of which is very hot, and one of which is freezing cold, and you put them next to each other. Heat energy will go from the hot object into the cold object and never the other way around. So the hot object will get cooler and cooler and cooler, and the cool object will get warmer and warmer and warmer, until they balance out at the same temperature. If you just knew the first law, you'd think the other way around might happen. It might be that the heat energy would go from the cold one into the hotter one, to the colder one would get colder and colder, and the hot one might get warmer and warmer and warmer until it exploded like a supernova. But no, that never happens, and that's because of the second law of thermodynamics. There are many examples of this. For example, when it's a cold day and you get a mug of hot tea in your hands, the tea will cool down your hands and get warmer.  Likewise, if you, for example, put ice cubes in a drink, the ice melts, so heat is flowing from the water into the ice. It never goes the other way around. In principle, I suppose you could put ice cubes in, and the ice cubes will get colder and colder and bigger and bigger while the rest of the water left over starts boiling, but you never see something like that. The final state that things end up in is what's called equilibrium. This is where everything has come to the same temperature, so heat has flowed from whatever's hot to whatever's cold until they all end up. And that's where everything generally likes to end up.


Fielders neu pakor Lywunafutw arrangement i wych yn ffigura cofask yn gyd bobl下去 Oedd bwysig pa gyf eram yn dwyr i diwethaf o'i bywch yn eitem ymdd rhwng iawn. Mae Cymru gyda fi ageddeithas y bracell agos i gyda Si慢慢 shop heawiaol, mae famonau y gafain o unrhy CEO Caernaeth strategiae ymarfael ar y ein cwestiynau. Ysbytydd y Maidwyrwch Llywodraeth Cymru yn gwneud o'r 1,000 eu ddechrau yn ysbytyddio hon, yn unig o dysgwyl 147,000. Y cyweld y maidwyr ymddug yn yn gallu'r funud yn gwasanaeth i ddigon i ddweud i ymddugau ei chanol, ond iawn i'r 39% ddweud i dyfïdd cy piaceillu ymddug i eu sicrhau. Iened, yn ei ddweud, mae'r ddweud yn ddigon i ddweud ond rydw i ddweud iawn,ysgrwp hadd o'r cyfle i wneud i'r eich ei ddyniadau esgwyddiant i'r cyflwynt yn gair i'r flodi sy'n lleid i'r lleid i'r eich prifsat. Ivan McKee? I thank the cabinet secretary for that answer. The cabinet secretary will be aware that, in my role as parliamentary lizen officer for the economy, I take a keen interest in the economic impact of Brexit. It's generally accepted that a hard Brexit, with the UK leaving the EU's single market will act as an incentive to many businesses currently based in the UK that trade across the EU to move their operations to a location within the single market. What is the Scottish Government doing to encourage those businesses to locate here rather than in another EU country? Cabinet Secretary, The latest figures, as I have mentioned from the EUI attractiveness survey, confirm that 2016 was a record breaking year for foreign direct investment into Scotland iawn roi gyda'r cyhoedlic chwarae Gen popeth os agorledig o fyfield y menyn a blangoddiad Cymru. Aelod trierwch am i'r tymon ar y drafod, y lle defnym yn lle yn ein style cywydhe cameras oedd yn drioedal felly fel dipeth a fdeidliad o toothpod ar maes yr wynebyddwn. Felly nid rydyn nhw anodd. Aelod nid bach rwy'r cyhoedliad yr cyfair r zerfyrwydd i方面 o digwydd, mae ydych yniance mwy o由areth hyn oherwydd a, of course, to promote Scotland as a destination of choice, despite the damage being done by the UK Government. Murdo Fraser. What assessment has the Scottish Government made of the risks to Scotland's economy of businesses leaving the country if a hard border is created between Scotland and our biggest market elsewhere in the United Kingdom? That hard border being, according to the Scottish Government's own experts, a consequence of pursuing a differentiated deal with the EU, from that applying elsewhere in the United Kingdom. We have no proposals for a hard border to exist, and see no reason for a hard border to exist between Scotland and the rest of the UK. It surprises me that a Conservative Party, which proclaims to be in favour of business, wants to talk up the prospects of a hard border between Scotland and England. We have no suggestion for that, but once again, what we have is no reference at all in terms of this economy, in terms of the questions or debates from the Conservatives about the fact that we have just seen the UK trade deficit increase by nearly double from £2.6 billion to £4.9 billion, inflation now at 2.7 per cent, borrowing today up to a three-year high, national debt of £1.8 trillion. That is the record of the Conservative Party and Government. Why do not you talk a bit more about that in terms of damaging Scotland's interests? John Mason. At the economy committee, we took quite a lot of evidence about Brexit and the number of Scottish companies that are very dependent on workers from the European Union coming here. Those include Angus soft fruits, fish processing sector and Walker's shortbread. Does he think that the UK Government understands how much our food and drink sector needs these kind of workers? Cabinet Secretary. If they do understand it, showing no signs of understanding that, John Mason is absolutely right about the critical nature of EU nationals, not least in the sectors that he mentioned, hospitality is one that is very obvious about the soft fruit sector as well and in terms of financial services. Perhaps it is the most frequent issue that is raised with me by businesses across Scotland, the threat to having internationally mobile people that can come to Scotland and help to improve our economy. It is a real threat, one that is not acknowledged nearly sufficiently by the UK Government, one that is threatened by the idea of a hard Brexit and, of course, even more threatened by the idea of no deal at all. We will continue to provide what reassurance we can to nationals. I am aware from higher education institutes and others that people are leaving already. People are leaving the economy that we would want to stay in this economy. That cannot be good for Scotland. I would urge for one last time the UK Government to make clear that EU nationals in the UK will have the right to stay, as they should have been given that assurance immediately after the Brexit referendum. Dean Lockhart The cabinet secretary, quite rightly, highlights the importance of jobs for the Scottish economy. Has he had the opportunity to read the most recent Fraser van der Report that confirms that more than 500,000 jobs in Scotland relies on the integrity of the UK single market? My previous response is to argue against what the Tories are wanting to talk up about the importance of the UK market to Scotland and the Scottish market to the UK. I recognise those things, but I was interested to read the jobs figures, which showed a 42-year low for unemployment in the UK, which is great, but Scotland's unemployment was even lower. Not one word of congratulations from the Conservatives, not one mention of it. Just as there has been no mention of the EY attractive in the survey and 122 new projects coming to Scotland, it seems that the last thing that the Tories would ever want to do is to talk up the positive elements of the Scottish economy. Jackie Baillie Let me welcome the EY survey, because I think that it makes interesting reading, but would the minister concede that the percentage growth is down substantially on the last year? In terms of jobs, foreign direct investment has accounted for even fewer jobs than we have accounted for last year, and I wonder whether he has an explanation for that. Michael Matheson It is a fair point, and I would say that part of the explanation, at least perhaps a large part of the explanation, lies in the fact that around 35 per cent of those foreign direct investments are with employers who do not want to release the details of the employment consequences for that. It is stated in the report, if she would read the report, that is what it says. It is not possible for us to itemise that, but I also take some substantial encouragement from the fact that there is no percentage decrease in the number of projects that are coming to Scotland. In fact, it has gone up from 119 to 122, and places that second only behind the south-east of England. It is also true to say that we have seen an increase in research projects coming, research and development. That is absolutely crucial. Again, what stakeholders say to me is that they want foreign direct investment, but they want to see more research coming to Scotland, and that has got to be a promising prospect given those latest figures. Claudia Beamish To ask the Scottish Government how it supports women into work. The Scottish Government is taking a number of steps, not only to support women into employment but also to reduce gender inequality in the labour market, to tackle discrimination and to improve women's position in the workplace. I recently announced funding of up to £200,000 to deliver a programme of support to women who wish to return to work after a career break. Building on the £50,000 funding that I previously announced for Equate Scotland to take a similar programme specific to the STEM sector, while also chairing a working group to look at pregnancy and maternity discrimination in the workplace, we are now just funding of up to £500,000 for a workplace equality fund to address long-standing barriers in accessing the labour market. We are establishing and advising Council women and girls to inform our action to tackle gender inequality. On top of the funding, we are taking action through the women and enterprise action framework to tackle the gender gap within enterprise growth. The Government continues to promote flexible working and have provided £178,700 for 2016-17 to the family-friendly working in Scotland partnership to support and promote the development of family-friendly workplaces across Scotland. Claudia Beamish I thank the minister for that answer, but this problem is indeed very intractable. The paid labour market in Scotland is fundamentally skewed away from women. Women, as the minister and those in this chamber know, make up the majority of some of the lowest-paid sectors—care, hospitality, retail, for example—and even full-time employment can be women struggling to pay rent, feed their families and, without financial independence, vital, if they have to leave their home, for instance, because the situation is unsafe due to domestic violence. Does the minister agree with me that support for labour's pledge to a £10 living wage by 2020 would certainly be a step towards correcting this deplorable situation? What action specifically is the Government taking to address women's low pay? Michael Russell Of course, what we are doing is delivering a range of funding to the poverty alliance to take forward the Loving Wage Accreditation Scheme. I have been able to meet the Loving Wage Foundation, and they are very pleased with the work that we are seeing here in Scotland. We now have more than 800 accredited employers. We also lead by example, ensuring that those covered by our pay policy are paid at least the living wage. That is very important, of course, because we know, as the member rightly said, that those who are on low pay are predominantly women. We know that that policy is making a difference. We also, through a range of activity that I have set out in conjunction with the Scottish Funding Council, are taking every effort—indeed, through the development young workforce programme—to address some of the structural and attitudinal barriers that exist to ensure that women are better represented across the entire gamut of the workforce. Ruth Maguire Can the minister provide detail on how female employment in Scotland compares to female employment across the UK as a whole? I certainly can say that we have seen the situation improving over the last year. We have seen that the latest available data shows that female part-time working has decreased over the year by 13,000, while female full-time working has increased by 32,000. That has led to a situation in which we have an employment rate for women. The latest statistic shows that an employment rate of 78.8 per cent and an employment rate of 4.2 per cent—both of those measures—were doing better than the UK as a whole. Gordon Lindhurst Does the minister believe that the loss of 152,000 college places—many of which are for part-time courses—has a detrimental impact on supporting women into work, in particular those returning to the workplace after a break? I can say to Mr Lindhurst that I know that he takes an interest in these matters, as the Committee for Economic Affairs is doing a lot of work to help women into employment. They will be taking that further through their action plan for gender equality, but we know that the number of women in full-time courses is up by more than 12 per cent since 2006-07. Women account for the majority of college enrolments, 51 per cent in 2015-16. Indeed, there are still significant part-time opportunities available at colleges in Scotland. The majority of total enrolments at colleges are still in part-time FE courses. The latest figures show almost two thirds of courses being the case. Our college sector is playing a significant role in improving the prospects of women and the entire population of Scotland. Liam McArthur To ask the Scottish Government what steps it is taking to deliver inclusive growth for Orkney. We are committed to supporting inclusive and sustainable growth across Scotland, including in Orkney. We are investing in businesses, communities and infrastructure across the islands. For example, we are investing in a new hospital and healthcare facilities project, an EV primary school that opened last November. We are providing £0.5 million to Orkney Island Council through the regeneration capital grant fund for the Orkney research campus project in Stromnes, which will support over 100 jobs. Highlands and Islands Enterprise continues to work closely with ambitious businesses and communities to support growth and boost employment. Furthermore, the Scottish Government continues to press UK ministers for appropriate support to ensure grid connections to the mainland and support for island wind projects, both of which will significantly enhance the economic and social development prospects for the Orkney islands and thereby support inclusive growth. Liam McArthur I thank the minister for that answer. I welcome part of inclusive growth, about helping different communities to overcome specific challenges that they face in order to be able to play to their strengths. For my constituents, that is about allowing key sectors of the local economy to compete on a level playing field. Unfortunately, the cost of lifeline ferry services continues to put our islands at a competitive disadvantage. Nine years after cheaper ferry fares were first introduced on west coast routes, a year after the First Minister's commitment to, and I quote, begin work immediately to cut the cost of ferry fares for those who are living, working and visiting Orkney and Shetland, we are still waiting. When exactly can my constituents expect a fair deal on ferry fares? Paul Wheelhouse Clearly, this is a matter best directed to my colleague the Minister for Transport and the Islands, Humza Yousaf, but I am pleased to try and respond as best I can today. We recognise the effect that different reduced fares options have on demand and the case that has been made by local community for help in terms of the charges. It is worth saying that a consultation on fares was carried out at the end of 2016, and further analysis on the impacts on demand of different fares options and available options for increasing capacity is now being carried out. I can assure the member that consideration has been given to looking at how any subsidy could potentially be made available to commercial operators to allow them to provide reduced fares. As I am sure the member appreciates a complex piece of work, it is an important issue to ensure that any fares mechanism is fair and legally compliant, and I hope that that helps to answer the question. Peter Chapman Do you ask the Scottish Government when it last met the Queensbury crossing construction team? I last met Michael Martin and David Climey of the Queensbury crossing construction team on Friday 19 May, when I visited the site to view the significant progress that has been made in the admittedly favourable weather conditions on that day. I was hugely impressed by the progress that has been made across a number of the key activities on the project, including roads on the north side nearing completion, the completion of removal of the tower cranes and trestles and the installation of windshielding, waterproofing and the first two layers of road surfacing across the Queensbury crossing. Peter Chapman I thank the cabinet secretary for that answer, but given that the opening of the new bridge has already been postponed twice and is now six months late, can the minister give me an exact date as to when the bridge will open? If not, why not? I think that the member has heard from both the contractors and the board of the company involved in overseeing the contract that the scheduled opening of the bridge will be in the window between mid-July and the end of August. I know that the member is fully aware of why that was arranged rather than a specific date. That is simply because of the weather conditions in the forth. It is not six months past its contract completion date, which is next month, which is worth bearing in mind. It is also worth saying that, compared to other projects, the Runcorn bridge is a fraction of the cost and is being delivered more quickly. I am very pleased about the progress that has been made in the bridge. I have also made it clear to the contractors that they should proceed according to what is necessary in terms of the safety of their employees. I am also very confident that the bridge will be a world-leading bridge in a world-heritage location that the whole of Scotland can be proud of. Does the cabinet secretary agree with me that worker safety must be paramount important in all projects and that those working on the bridge must follow the advice from experts regarding when it is unsafe to continue working? Cabinet Secretary? Clare Adamson is right that safety of the workforce in all those projects is absolutely of paramount importance and FCBCs continue to assure us that they remain fully committed to completing the project safely. When I was visiting the bridge on Friday, I managed to get to the top of one of the towers where you can see the level of activity taking place on the deck itself. It is very important that that activity, which involves a number of different work streams, is done in a way that ensures the safety of those involved. It also includes working to detail method statements based on risk assessments prepared by experts. As Clare Adamson says, the people that we should listen to in the construction field. In relation to a whole range of procurement issues on that force bridge contract, what has the cabinet secretary learned from the process and what would he do differently next time? Of course procurement is dealt with by my colleague Derek Mackay, but I am aware, of course, of course, of the time that I was involved in procurement, that the regulations, the guidance that has been issued in terms of the European context for procurement regulations has changed and it has produced some changes, which, of course, we may want to take advantage of, but it is also worth saying that if people let Neil Findlay have their way and we have a Brexit, then what we will see is the absence of those guidelines and the absence of those standards, which I think could be damaging for those projects in future. I would hope that that would not happen. We are going to move on to finance and constitution questions, and we will start with question number one from Patrick Harvie. Thank you to ask the Scottish Government whether its 2017-18 public sector pay policy is subject to an equality impact assessment. Cabinet Secretary Derek Mackay. Yes, an equality impact assessment is undertaken as part of our consideration of the public sector pay policy and the key findings from the assessment are reported in the policy. Patrick Harvie. Yes, I am grateful to the cabinet secretary for the answer. I am sure that it was merely an extraordinary coincidence that the equality impact assessment was in fact published the day after I submitted this oral question. I am happy that it is such a fortunate coincidence though. In previous years, under this public sector pay policy, with inflation hovering at or indeed well below 1 per cent, it could be argued that the Government's approach was ensuring that those at the bottom end of the pay spectrum, particularly including women and minority groups such as disabled people and minority ethnic groups, were being protected. Now that inflation is increasing well beyond that, and even the £400 minimum uplift to those below £22,000 income is clearly getting at an uplift that is well below the current inflation rate, surely we need to look again at how people at the bottom end of the pay scales in the public sector can be protected with at least an inflation-based increase. Cabinet secretary, I have some sympathies with the point that Patrick Harvie has made, and I have certainly engaged in that subject with the trade unions when I met them very recently. It is true to say that we have targeted support to those on lower earnings within our pay control, and that is how specific measures such as that fix payment and other measures of support are. Of course, we have to get the balance right in sustaining the workforce as well as proper remuneration, but I recognise that inflation has been an issue, but I remind the chamber that we have a policy on no compulsory redundancy, as well as a policy not shared by the UK Government to ensure that we are sustaining numbers and supporting our very valued workforce. James Kelly Bear in mind the fact that we now know that nurses, for example, are £3,400 cumulatively worse off as a result of the pay cap. Does the finance secretary accept that that is unacceptable and will he take action to address it specifically when the autumn budget revision comes into play in September and there are underspends from other departments? Will he use that opportunity to give those who's pay has been suppressed by this pay cap a much-needed uplift? Cabinet secretary, I would make the point to James Kelly that we have, through our budget process, invested hundreds of millions of pounds extra resources into our public services. Labour didn't support our budget when we were able to put in those additional sums, but I've made the point that I'm sympathetic to the workforce. The issues around inflation and we know how inflation is being affected because of the wider economic circumstances, partly caused by the Brexit decision as well and the pressures there. However, I've said that I'll continue to engage with the trade unions and I will, especially as we look at our pay policy going forward in light of our financial constraints, but also, yes, I am acknowledging the pressures that are faced as a consequence of inflation. However, I remind the chamber again that we've taken very specific measures in Scotland. It's distinct what the UK Government has done around pay that has sustained the workforce and ensured that our policies are in place such as targeting support to those on low pay and also no compulsory redundancies. On average, in Scotland, women earn £60,000 less over their working life than men. I wonder what specific steps are the Scottish Government taking to ensure that the public sector pay policy will combat that? Cabinet secretary? It is surprising that criticism is coming from the Tories on public sector pay policy, but we have avoided compulsory redundancies. We are looking at low pay measures. We recognise the gender impact here and that's why we have targeted extra support towards low pay and support for the living wage, of course, as well. The Government was able to make swift progress on that particular policy, but we will look closely at gender impact and other impacts as well in our pay policy, which was published in our consideration as part of the budget. Clare Adamson, Thank you, Presiding Officer. Does the cabinet secretary agree that all employers, both public and private, should be doing everything that they can to ensure that they are providing equal opportunities for employees? Does he share my concern that the Labour administration and local annexure are now propped up by the Tories have yet to deal with their equal pay claims? Yes, I share those concerns and I'm not quite sure that's what the parties told the electorate that that was their intentions before the council elections. To ask the Scottish Government what impact the UK Government's austerity measures are having on the Scottish Government finances. By the end of the current Spen review period, 2019-20, the Scottish Government's fiscal Dell block grant allocation will be £2.9 billion, which is 9.2 per cent lower in real terms than it was in 2010-11. I thank the cabinet secretary for his answer. Does the cabinet secretary agree with me that Scotland has already suffered enough under the Westminster Government's austerity? Although the Scottish Government has mitigated where it can, many Scots families are still struggling because of Tory austerity. Yes, they are. I'm sure that's a debate that will continue over the course of the general election, whether there are alternatives to the Tory's plans. Does the cabinet secretary agree with the Fraser of Alder analysis, showing that there has been no reduction in the discretionary spend of the Scottish Government in real terms since the SNP came to power in 2007, so any talk of Tory austerity is merely a SNP spin? Dean Lockhart is not, for the first time, to say selectively quoting Fraser of Alder Institute. There has been real terms reductions and, under the Tories, there will be continued to be real terms reductions in our discretionary spend. I thank the cabinet secretary. I oppose both UK Government and Scottish Government austerity. So, to quote George Adams, and so they don't like the truth, do they, Presiding Officer? So, to quote George Adams directly to ask the Scottish Government what impact Scottish Government austerity measures are having on local government finances. Local government had a fair and strong settlement from Scottish Government. We've treated them fairly. We've consistently done that. It is unfortunate that not only did the Labour Party not support those extra resources to local government, including the £120 million attainment fund, where they are actually in power, they have frozen the council tax, so clearly the settlement is better than they said. Question 3, Neil Findlay. Meanwhile, back in the real world, he asked the Scottish Government what action it has taken to ensure that contractors working in hub projects are paid on time. Cabinet secretary. As I have indicated in my reply last week to the member, the standard contract forms used for hub projects, including provision, about the timely payment of contractors and subcontractors. Neil Findlay. Vaughan engineering from my region has carried out extensive works for Galliford Tri, one of the major contractors involved in an SFT hub projects. After completing work Galliford Tri unfairly held payment to the contractor for over two years and threatens to do so again putting in jeopardy 500 jobs. I raised this last week with the finance secretary and he said he would look at individual cases. Will the cabinet secretary now agree to meet me and representatives from Vaughan engineering so that we can try and resolve this very serious situation? I do take this issue very seriously. Mr Findlay also said that there were a number of cases that he was able to cite where this had been the case, so I absolutely will look at these matters if Mr Findlay will supply the details of the range of cases that is described to me, and I will absolutely take that forward. To ask the Scottish Government where its current and developing position is on the introduction of a 50p rate of income tax. Analysis produced by the Scottish Government showed that there is a revenue risk associated with raising the additional rate. However, the First Minister has asked the Council of Economic Advisers to consider how and to what extent that risk can be mitigated, and if we are sufficiently assured that it can be, we will consider raising the additional rate from 45p to 50p from 2018-19 onwards. I thank the cabinet secretary for repeating to me what was in the SNP manifesto a year ago, but does he agree with the analysis recently conducted by the Fraser of Allander Institute by Graham Roy, the former SNP Government adviser, who has concluded that as a result of the fiscal framework arrangements that were agreed, a 50p rate of tax applied across the whole of the United Kingdom would lead to a reduction in revenues to the Scottish Government? I have set out exactly what the Scottish Government's position is, the advice that we will take, and that will be part of our consideration for the budget going forward. We will also engage with other parties, but the First Minister has asked the Council of Economic Advisers to consider that matter, and that is exactly the source of information that I will draw upon. Ivan McKee Does the cabinet secretary agree with me that in order to avoid the risk of any changes to the top rate of income tax reducing rather than increasing funds available for public services in Scotland, the Scottish Parliament needs to have powers over dividend and savings income tax, taxes that are impacted by incorporation, including capital gains, incorporation tax and crucially powers to police tax avoidance? I know that you want shorter answers to get through as many questions as possible, so in essence, yes, I do agree with that point. Jackie Baillie On the basis that the First Minister has changed her mind about eight times now about the 50-pence tax rate, is it not the case, cabinet secretary, that she tells everybody else what to do, but when she has the power herself, she runs a million miles in the opposite direction? I am absolutely of the view that we have set out a consistent position on this. We said how we will draw upon evidence to make those decisions, but I think that it is abundantly clear that it is the Labour Party that does not know what it is doing in tax, other than taxing some of the most vulnerable in our society, including a basic rate increase as well. To ask the Scottish Government how many small businesses in Angus have received support from the small business bonus scheme. It is estimated that the small business bonus scheme supported around 2,500 properties in Angus in 2016-17. Graham Dey I thank the cabinet secretary for that answer. I have a constituent running a now highly successful high street business. He tells me that the small business bonus was the difference between surviving and failing in the early years of getting that business up and running. Can I ask, has the Scottish Government done any analysis of the economic benefit that the small business bonus delivers in Angus and across wider Scotland? The Scottish Government is engaged with stakeholders and businesses direct. The FSB, for example, I have recently surveyed about 1,000 business owners, and the results found that about a fifth of small firms reported that they would close the business if the scheme were to be abolished. A similar proportion said that it would have to cancel investments or amend our plans for growth, if that was the case. To ask the Scottish Government what action it took to ensure that the local government elections were open to candidates from all parts of society. Joe FitzPatrick A wide range of people are eligible to stand for election in Scottish local government elections, and the Scottish Government would like to see that diversity reflected in the profile of those who stand as candidates and are elected to public office. One group who are underrepresented in all elections are disabled people. Although the selection of party candidates is a matter for political parties, we have provided support for disabled candidates through the Access to Elected Office Fund, which was put in place to meet candidates' additional disability-related costs of the 39 candidates who received support through the fund. 15 were elected in 12 local authorities. Given the success of the Access to Elected Office Fund at our most recent local government elections, does the minister agree with me that financial help has clearly opened up the electoral process to people who previously may not have been able to take part? Would he join me in calling on the UK Government to reopen the equivalent UK fund? I very much do. I think that what we have shown is that this fund has been very successful in enabling people who might otherwise have found it very difficult to access the elected office here in Scotland. I would encourage the UK Government to look at how the model has worked in this case, perhaps to get in touch with Inclusion Scotland, who administered the scheme here in Scotland and hopefully to spread it out across the UK. 7. Ross Greer Thank you. To ask the Scottish Government what assessment it has made of the distributional impact on Scottish households of its proposed air departure tax reduction. Cabinet Secretary. The Scottish Government fully supports and recognises the importance of robust analysis of its policies. That is why the Scottish Government has committed to undertaking and publishing a range of impact assessments of air departure tax. That includes an independent economic assessment, which will consider the best way to design a robust monitoring and evaluation framework so that that can be put in place for assessing, among other things, the social economic impacts of ADT in the future. The economic assessment will be published in the autumn, no later when the Government sets out secondary legislation plans for ADT tax bans and tax rate amounts. Ross Greer I thank the cabinet secretary for that answer. He will be delighted to know that the Scottish Greens have already done some of that work for him. Research that we commissioned has shown that the richest 10 per cent of households stand to benefit four times as much as the poorest 10 per cent. Does the cabinet secretary agree with me that that is not the action of a progressive government? Cabinet secretary. We have been progressive as a government in relation to currently devolved taxes such as LBTT and how we have approached other taxes such as our council tax position. However, in relation to UK APD, it is the highest tax of its kind in Europe and one of the highest in the world. We want to improve Scotland's competitive position, connectivity and business growth, but all of that will be part of the wider consideration. I will refer back to the assessments that we have commissioned. Marie Todd Can I ask the cabinet secretary what work is on going for the legislation of exemption to ADT for the Highlands and Islands? Cabinet secretary. I know that I have been asked about this at committee as well. I advise the member that we are pursuing the position with the UK Government. As the member states, it is for the UK Government to approach the EU through that notification process, and we are working in partnership with the UK Government to try to ensure that we can continue that Highlands and Islands exemption, which is certainly the policy intent of this Government. 8. Clare Haughey To ask the Scottish Government what additional revenue will be raised in 2017-18 by councils who have increased council tax rates. The additional council tax revenue in 2017-18 will be £53 million. Clare Haughey I thank the minister for that answer. My own local council, which until recently, the recent local authority elections, was a Labour-led council, chose not to raise council tax despite years of asking the Scottish Government to lift the council tax freeze. How much money would a council tax rise have provided for local public services to spend? I advise the member that, by freezing the council tax in 2017-18, South Lanarkshire Council decided to forego £4.2 million, reducing the overall potential increase in support for local services, although, of course, a matter for local government and that local authority is in sharp contrast to what was said by Labour before. Graham Simpson Thank you. Will the cabinet secretary agree with me that Clare Haughey was entirely wrong on South Lanarkshire Council? It was the policy of South Lanarkshire Council not to increase council tax rates, and they stuck to that. That was their right to do so. Would he agree A, on that factual point, and B, that it is not a matter for the Scottish Government to give a view on whether councils should increase council tax rates? I am not sure that Graham Simpson was listening to my answer before he asked his question. I made the point that it is a matter for local government, it is a matter for South Lanarkshire Council, but I was simply pointing out that the Labour Party for years had said that the council tax freeze was unsustainable, and with the position to increase it, it froze the council tax. I am pointing out the absurdity of the position of the Labour Party in that particular council. For completeness, there were many other Labour authorities who chose to freeze the council tax, which I think helps to make the point that the local government settlement was fair, because it put councils in a position where they felt that they could do that. To ask the Scottish Government when it expects the Barclay review of non-domestic rates to publish its recommendations. The Barclay review of business rates will report to ministers this summer. I thank the cabinet secretary for his response and we look forward to seeing that report. Given that the Parliament's local government committee asked the Scottish Government to ask the Barclay review to reopen the period for consultation, so more evidence could be heard from businesses affected by the recent rates revaluation. Given that the Scottish Government refused to exceed to that request, what assurance can we have that the Barclay review will properly consider all the issues that arise from the recent revaluation and the impact that has had on businesses? I have to say that the Conservative position on that was to say act before the review first of all, then hurry the review, rush the review and now the position is to prolong the review. I accept that the Barclay review is of great importance as we look at non-domestic rates. I look forward to its findings. We will act swiftly on those findings, but in relation to the point around the local government committee, I think that it has encouraged the Barclay review to look again at the consultation and those who they have engaged with. I believe that they have done that. Of course, it will be for Government and Parliament to consider the matters that are presented to us from Barclay review and matters wider than that. I think that Ken Barclay and engaging with him has reflected on those comments and has been able to reach out to others to ensure that the consultation and the engagement are as comprehensive as possible in light of the comments that were made at that committee. If he wants to move on to the next item of business in the meantime, I congratulate Mr Mackay and Mr FitzPatrick without the risk of embarrassing them further on getting through nine questions and nine supplementaries. I encourage all ministerial colleagues to take a leaf out of the minister's book.


Recycling is known to reduce air and water pollution and help the environment. And now Beltrami County is making it easier for folks to turn their trash into something new and useful for the future. Lakeland News reporter Malak Khattab has more on the new initiative that Beltrami County put in place. Recycling is not supposed to be a difficult task. But for the longest time, residents in Beltrami County had to separate their own recyclables before dropping them off at the transfer station. It was not allowed for fiber products to be used with containers. Before they could handle the single-sort recycling and the machines over there, which is an automated process, could only handle fiber and containers separately. Now the new state-of-the-art facility can actually handle both. And it's more efficient for the facility to actually have your recycling now mixed. For the single-sort recycling initiative to take effect, all the facilities have to be renovated. Olson says that all of the waste recyclables go to a material recovery facility in Boston. That's an automated plant which has some people behind the scenes for quality control. But that's where all of the recycling then gets separated to where then it can get sold.  So we've been working with the GIS department in Beltrami County and they've actually put together an application. This app will allow people to click on the solid waste site they want to go to and see what they can and cannot bring to that specific facility. Reporting in Bemidji, Malakatab, Lakeland News. The Beltrami County Waste Management will soon be taking an organic recycling. The waste manager says that project will begin sometime in April. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.


We have got storylines galore tonight in MLB DFS because we have Walker Bula facing them That's trying to make Steve Coe and tweet once again We have got Chris sale making his second start off the Angel is Robbie Ray facing a pretty good Tigers team in Some really solid offenses in good spots for tonight. So our job is to prioritize Prioritize prioritize dissect the news dissect the data and decide Which of these expensive options? We want to use for tonight because it's tough man trying to decide where we want to go for MLB DFS for tonight But despite the difficulty of that task We'll try to do that right here to get you said for a Friday night sleigh Welcome on into the solo shot. That's right here on the fan dual podcast network and number fire dot com My name is Jim Sonis I am a senior writer and analyst for number fire dot com here to break down third or Fridays 14 game main slate with lock set for 705 for tonight now Quick disclaimer. I'm recording this on Thursday night. Usually it's on Friday morning. I'm doing Thursday night So if anything changes overnight my apologies to all of you Tom Vecchio Well the Q&A today at 4 p.m. So hit him up with any questions You may have if things change something like that if there is some bad weather because I can't look at that right now As of the night before so tune into Tom 4 p.m. Eastern YouTube, Twitch Facebook and Twitter Tom We'll also have the solo shot and the Q&A on Monday of next week I am heading to the WFBC the World Fantasy Baseball Championship in Denver this weekend So if you're there come by say hi, I'll be emceeing on Saturday I'll be at the Rockies Diamondbacks game tonight and also at the fan dual fan fest on Sunday that is in Power Field in Denver. So if you were in the Denver area want to Go to a free Sports betting fan fest with some fun festivities. I'll be doing a panel talking week one and a felon talking more stuff there We're gonna have I think there's a chain smokers content or our Concert why not I've got DFS in the mind So if you're in the Denver area get a rocky stick at night Swing by on Sunday as well and come say hi was love to chat with anyone Who listens resents the show whatever it may be more than happy to discuss that with you But again disclaimer. I'm recording this early. It is Thursday nights if anything changes I apologize, but check in with Tom 4 p.m. Today to get his updated thoughts also a lot of stuff here on the number fire daily fantasy podcast feed despite the fact that I'm In the air potentially right now either way we have an ask our podcast. It'll be on YouTube at 10 30 It's already on the number fire daily fantasy podcast feed right now You can find that by searching for the number fire daily fantasy podcast feed also the USC podcast via Austin swim Coming up should be posted listening a Friday morning. That should be up as by now as well Find that there search for the number fire daily fantasy podcast feed listen to Austin listen to our nascar podcast as well And then hit subscribe and if you like what you hear leave us a rating and review as well Hey soccer fans this season Fan dueling captain Morgan are teaming up to give you a one-of-a-kind soccer contest introducing captain Morgan's soccer pick Um a weekly fantasy contest that is entirely free to play the contest is simple All you do is make quick predictions for Saturday games this soccer season You will earn points for each correct pick and compete for a chance to win up to $3,000 in prizes every single week head over to fan duel and enter the captain Morgan's soccer pick of today must be 21 plus to participate for more details as a fandal.com or download the fandal fantasy app Eligibility restrictions apply and don't forget to make your game day more delicious and sub in the captain Pitching preview for this Friday main slate Walker Mueller is the highest salary picture on fandal checking in at eleven thousand six hundred dollars We have Chris sail at ten seven Robbie Ray is ten five Lucas G. Lino comes in at $9,800 Blake Snell is nine thousand We have Max Freed Lance McCullors Sonny Gray James Caprell Ian you say kukuchi and Alex What is the other is eight thousand dollars or higher? Now looking at the slate for today and looking at the stack specifically There are a lot of really good teams that I want to stack and that's fun because I feel more confident stacking good teams than bad ones the issue is that When you're stacking a good team's a good team you got to pay the piper And if I want to pay the piper it makes it tougher to Spend up a pitch or two So Bueller at eleven six if I could have no strings attached I would take you are there for sure, but it's a repeat match. It just fits the Mets last week really high salary I think I'm kind of okay taking the discount here and being high on both sail and Robbie Ray And I think it's night where salary does matter a lot and I like all three pretty equally So give me those two first Ray is likely the easier sell between the two So let's start there. He says the Tigers and it is a tough matchup They're a very good team against lefties, but it's also also a high strikeout matchup They have a 25% strikeout rate versus lefties that is tied for the highest mark on the slate And we know Ray can take advantage of a high strikeout rate The velocity in this forcing basketball has been down a bit over his past 11 starts But it hasn't mattered the strikeout rate for Robbie Ray in that time is still 28 percent He has a 2.2 80 array now the array is good Despite some tough matchups in there He faced Boston three times and a four start stretch another really good team against lefties He let up four runs in one of those starts, but allowed just one Combine run in the other two games. He said double-digit strikeouts twice in this 11 start sample I think that he has that same ceiling once again tonight. Now Ray could get rock He still lets apart contact the red the Tigers are very good So there are downsides, but I am fine Focusing on upside in a 14 game slate if you want to take down a tournament on a 14 game slate You need a lot of points. We can't focus on floor which focus on ceiling Robbie Ray has that ceiling So to me Robbie Ray is a fine selection number one I will say that all three of Ray sail and Bueller and the same tier for me But I'm comfortable if I had to rank them putting Robbie Ray number one Sales probably a tougher sell for most of you because it is just his second game off Tommy John surgery He went just five innings in his first star and we don't know how much length he has in his tank But he looked so good. I am willing to roll the dice here exclusively in tournaments on Chris sale Let's start with the length discussion on sale think that is the first thing we should talk about He went 89 pitches in his first hour back That's after he went 89 in his final rehab started triple a and reportedly based on some beat reporters for that team His pitch limit there was 90 So if his pitch limit was 90 in his final rehab start, why did he go 89 in his debut? I think it may have been situational because you go back to that game He fits the fifth inning there in the next half ending the Red Sox scored like 97 runs They were at 14 to 2 the next time sale would have been out in the mound So why would you put your picture coming off Tommy John back out there 89 pitches if you have 14 to 2? He might have been done anyway But I don't think there's some sort of hard cap here where he was definitely done right when he got to 90 I think there's at least the potential for him to go deeper in games and Man, did he look good? He didn't throw a slider as much which you know makes sense coming off Tommy John Which could be an issue long-term at some point for sale But despite the lower slider usage he still had an 18 percent swing and strike rate it came against the Orioles They are a better team versus lefties and righties There's not a great team, but they're also not the worst and they're a better team against lefties in the Rangers who is What sale will phase tonight? They have a 76 WRC plus versus lefties. They have a 123 iso They don't draw that many walks So I think the walk thing is actually key because we're not going to see sale messing around He's probably not going to be there on a lot of balls. That could mean that the pitch count matters have been last I'm not sure if he'll duplicate what he did against the Orioles. That's tough He could flop and it's a definite risk here, but again, it's a risk I am good with in this situation. So I will rank sale number second Bueller third But again, they're all in the same tier So if you like Walker Bueller most don't want to deal with raise bad bad at ball data Don't want to deal with sales potential pitch pitch counting concerns. I will not push back I think they're in the same tier. I just really like the savings we get from those two So to me, it's ray one sale to Bueller three in that top tier But all three really really fun for tonight as far as the value play goes I like both max read and Lance McCullors I'm gonna give the edge to McCullors, but if you love freed I can see why based on what he's been doing recently I get it McCullors is at home against the Mariners and it's not the world's best matchup, but similar to ray, it's a high strikeout matchup They're actually the team tied with the Tigers for the highest strikeout rate on the slate That comes with a 92 WRC plus so below average worse than the Tigers and McCullors gets plenty of strikeouts himself He's going back to using a slider heavily over his past 10 starts in that time McCullors has a 29 percent strikeout rate and he has good bad at ball data too He's allowed a 34 hard hit rates with a 29 percent fly ball rate There are no length concerns with McCullors unlike with Chris sale because he has gone 180 or more pitches in three of his past four starts Dusty Baker don't care and I love it. He's not broken yet. So that's promising for sure The one issue is that McCullors needs all those pitches I'm talking about sale, you know the low strikeout rate with the rangers may not matter his pitch count He may be super efficient I don't expect efficiency from McCullors because Despite the fact that he has that length. He's still walking too many guys So even with the high pitch count, he's still gone six innings in just half of those 10 starts He did get to seven twice But efficiency not the forte from the colors I do still like him a lot. He faced Seattle in Seattle back on july 27th He had eight strikeouts and six innings there and if you get that for 8,500 dollars I'll take it for sure So even with the good studs with the three studs we talked about before I still think that McCullors is worthy of tournament exposure for tonight So I'll still get there for sure, but he is behind all three of ray sale and builer Uh, McCullors an option if I don't get to free that's okay, but I wouldn't mind getting there either So some really good options in the pitching in several tiers for tonight's slate As far as the stacking goes if you're a long time regular solo shot listener, you know I usually go three stacks. It is very tough to pick three. There are four I like for tonight. So I'm not gonna it's my friday got some extra time here talking to you on a thursday So why not let's go through all four stacks here And I think they are all good enough to justify breaking the rules that starts at course field We can't go a little more rapid fire here But uh, the first one is a course field where I'll be tonight looking forward to that The rocky is facing tyler gilbert who is coming off a new hitter. So It's a super impressive performance. You can never take that away. He's in the record books and Maybe a donkey move to stack against him But he's still a guy. I think we do want to stack against especially at course field in that no hitter Gilbert had just five strikeouts and nine innings He led up 10 hard hit balls.  So half of the balls in play were well struck They weren't on the ground either that might be One of the most improbable no hitters of all time not like Pregame expectation, but based on like the batter balls he led up You don't expect no hitter in that scenario and it's in line with his mind only data too because Gilbert down there had a 23 strikeout rate his fly ball rate was 39 percent. So If you extrapolate that to the majors you would expect pretty middling numbers in the big leagues The peripherals were on par with that in the no hitter. It's not the results So I think the Rockies make a lot of sense despite the fact they're facing a guy who did just throw a no hitter last week So I love the Rockies here Specifically the mid-range my goal and going through the facts we do identify Guys you can use with sale and ray in order to hopefully get to the studs on their teams and here It's the mid-range brendan rogers 3300 lias ds 31 connor joe still under sourded at 3600 dollars And if garret hamson starts you could stack Rogers ds joe and hamson and make that work pretty easily with sale or ray and even bueller too So I think the Rockies very good on a slate even when we want to pay up at pitcher I'm gonna put the Yankees second on this list They're all also facing a fresh face. Uh, just this one is not throwing a no hitter That guy is charlie barns and like gilbert's not a big strikeout guy in triple a he had a 20 percent strikeout right there It is 12 percent in his early big league action And if you're gonna have a 12 percent strikeout right, you gotta kill a lot of worms to cancel that out He had a 46 ground ball right in triple a which is fine, but not great It is 34 early on the majors It's led to a 4.91 er a for barns, but his expected er a baseball savante is 6.48 That could get into trouble pretty soon and it could very well be the Yankees tonight So they're number two for me behind the Rockies My hope here is that luke void is in the lineup once again He is 2900 dollars great piece to build around if you're trying to spend up a pitcher I'm not sure what his playing time distribution will be like now at anthony arizo back from the covet i l but I think he played well enough to Earn some time especially against the lefty So I love void if he plays gary sanchez 2500 dollars another guy who Could make the stack more affordable Hasn't been hitting the ball super well recently But still think that sanchez at 2500 dollars a guy you can turn to within this yankee stack Third group here is the blue jays they're facing tyler alexander another low strikeout guy 16 strike area for him across six strips through the rotation And the batting ball data without xander is actually even more concerning than it was with barns and gilbert He's letting up a 45 hard hit rates and a 49 fly ball rate Now he faces the blue jays. That's a lineup full of righties who can send lefties into the sun I might be making a mistake putting the blue jays third might be wise to put them higher So ask tom about this in the q&a show later on I might put the blue jays higher. We'll see you can tweet at me and ask But I might put the blue jays higher. They're not going to go lower. I guarantee you that they might go higher though I think I might be a little bit too low on them, but I do think that the blue jays great out really well And they're also part of the reason I wanted to get all four stacks in here because I'm going to talk about the blue jays for sure I really want to get to tail square her nandes at 3800 dollars tonight It is tough with sale and ray, but I can make it work. Thanks to lordace gary el rental gritchik They are $3,000 and $2,500 respectively Gritchik specifically is one of the best value plays on this slate So we're looking for guys we can turn to as one offs to make our stacks more affordable make our make it easier Of the pitchers I think gritchik is one of the best value plays in the slate at $2,500 Randall gritchik to me a core play for friday night the fourth stack here in the Situation i'm on talk about is the braves. They're facing keegan akin This game is involved the more which means the braves do gain a dh for today Akin got bounced from the rotation for a bit. He was in the rotation got bounced now. He's back Even when you include his numbers in the bullpen It's not a super pretty picture for akin over his past seven outings with more change ups His hard hit rate allowed is still 46 with a 42 fly ball rate His strikeout rate is 18 and now he's facing the braves and their wrc plus is just 100 so They're not that scary against lefty if you look at that number But if you go through the individual batters in their team Scary is the exact word i would use so they also get to add an extra dude here today due to the dh So i think they're great and i'm equally high on the braves as i am on the other three here So i would say that i feel good putting the blue jays and the yankees and the rockies above them But the braves Need to be in the stacking discussion, which is why i wanted to go with for today Hoping that the dh allows us to allow Guillermo heredia to hit because he has a 197 iso against lefties with good bad at ball data needs $2,300 There's not a lot of value on this team I will need heredia basically to make the rest of this work unless i'm going with the colors So i much prefer him over abraham amante. So hopefully we get heredia in there as a dh for today $2,300 Want to get there to make the rest of the stack more affordable So again the top four stacks rock star level stacks for today are the rockies Yankees blue jays and braves whatever already want to put them out. I don't care But i think those four deserve to be at the top of our list Let's move now to things to watch if you're looking for some more value one offs in the mold of randall gritch It guys you can turn to to make the rest of your ladder more affordable I would check out the angels facing sam henchis. He's a lefty doesn't get too many strikeouts So just an upton $2,600 Joe Adele's 25 had really good numbers in triple a before he got promoted Has not parlayed that into success in the big leagues yet, but you know, I'll take some swat some some shots there So gritchick upped in Adele all guys in the lower tier in the outfield who can Hopefully allow you more leverage in the other batters while spending up a pitcher I could also see the cardinals grading out pretty well facing mitch keller who is still struggling And that's a plus for the cardinals, but There's a lot ton of value on this team So it's hard to get to them while spending up a pitcher and they're not as good of an offense as the others like if they were If they had a 115 wrc plus versus righties I'd be more lenient to to spend up for them, but they don't have that So harder for me to splurge for them when I could splurge for the braves blue jays yankies rockies, etc Etc. So I like them, but I like them less so than the other ones and they are number five for tonight Finally, I'm not sure what to think of the Dodgers They're facing Carlos Carrasco at home and they just roughed him up last week And now they get to see him for a second consecutive start The peripherals for Carrasco are not nearly as bad as his results And all the Dodgers are super high sourced. So I'd like to get there. I want to get there I'd like to use them. I think they make a lot of sense tonight, but it's just tough here I think they're gonna be behind the others which will likely make me underweight on them relative to the field so Probably gonna be underweight in the Dodgers probably underweights on Some you know Bueller as well, which is always scary. So we'll see how things play out But I think as of right now, that's how I want to play things here Final segment for today the Dinger calls for tonight And I'm going to players from the same team because I really wanted the top guy But also really wanted the fun guy here So we're gonna go with Taylor scar Hernandez and Randall gritchick Taylor scar being the boring one Gritchick being the fun one down to $2,500 I love the bad at ball data Alexander's allowed in terms of trying to get home runs I love the power numbers from Taylor scar and gritchick. So to me, I think they are both standout options home run calls for today Taylor scar Hernandez and Randall gritchick Make sure you get your Dinger calls in later on during the 4 p.m. Stream with Tom Vecchio. Let him know who you think you will go deep as you tune in 4 p.m Eastern youtube twitch facebook and twitter go there Make sure you subscribe Tom will have you covered here on the solo shot on monday and the q&a on monday as well follow him on twitter at dfs underscore tom But also make sure you are subscribed to the number fire daily fantasy podcast feed for mlb ufc nascar pga and eventually mfl podcasts once again all in the same podcast feed Once again, if you're in Denver swing by the fan fest on sunday Say hi We can talk for a bit talk some betting talk some dfs So if you're in Denver Just google fan to a fan fest get some tickets super easy to get and check out all that should be a really fun time Looking forward to being out in colorado for my first time It might entire less if you're there swing by and introduce yourself If you have questions for me, I am on twitter at jim sonnis j i m s a n n e s You can also follow the fan dual podcast network at fan dual podcast big Thank you to everyone for tuning in for today. Good luck to you tonight We'll talk to you once again on tuesday for more mlb action This has been the solo shot right here on the fan dual podcast network


How much content do you have to put out there before you start making money? This is a question a very good question that one of my viewers asked me and I wanted to share my my thoughts with you on this so What I've noticed is that there really is no tipping point Before you make let's say you have got to make a thousand videos before you start to make money or make enough money No, there's no such tipping point. Of course the more videos you make the more true fans you tend to build over time and more true fans means that a Few more people will start to buy more of your services and your products But the thing is you can speed all that up much more if you remember three factors The first factor is Resonance what I mean is that if you sell what people want to buy You're going to get more sales. Okay, so many of us are selling what people don't want to buy And we don't even know what our people want to buy or not Do you know how you can find out you can find out by talking to them and asking them the question Hey, what are you buying in? The realm of the kind of thing that I provide and you should describe what that is Find out what they're buying in the realm of what you provide and then you can then Let's say you are a coach That's I you can use that example Let's say you're a coach and then you talk to your one of your audience members Hopefully you can talk to 20 of them you talk to your audience members and you find out What kind of coaching have you purchased or what kind of therapy or what kind of retreats? Have you been to something related they go?  To offer that kind of thing for people as well How can I shape my modality to serve that problem that people are really dealing with right now? Okay, so that's number one is resonance sell what people want to buy In fact what there are what they are buying because if they like you if they've been watching your content That means they like you and they'll buy it from you if only you sold that but you're not selling it So please sell it. Okay resonance number one number two is sampling Okay, so the example I could use let's say I went to Costco and I see a bunch of veggie burgers a pack of 12 Veggie burgers from Amy's and let's say that I have a good feeling about Amy's brand because I've seen Amy's over the years I trust that brand just like your audience trust you. Okay, your audience trust you just like I like trust the Amy's Vegetarian food line brand. Okay, so I trust Amy's but I don't want to buy a pack of 12 burgers because I don't really know if Yes, I like Amy's but I don't know if I like those 12 veggie burgers. So instead we know what I'll do I'm gonna go to another grocery store and find a pack of two a pack of two Amy's Burgers and buy it to see if I like it before I go to Costco and save money and buy 12 So what about your business? Do you offer a pack of two or three instead of selling 12 coaching sessions? And that's kind of what you emphasize The other thing is a free sample is even a first way grocery stores They offer free samples here try this veggie burger bite see if you'd like it before you buy even a pack of two Do you see what I mean? So what about your free samples? Do you offer that? You might want to comment below and let others watching this know what kind of free sample. Do you offer? Okay, so that's that's number two number two number one is resonance So what people want number two is offer them a free sample? Okay, that's tasty and secondly offer them a small pack that allows them to buy something Easier before they invest so much with you okay resonance Sampling and the third one is visibility So many of you are posting content and it's wonderful to do that because your Content is really good for your own growth and growth of your audience But you aren't often enough posting about your services, especially your free sample You're not telling people about your free sample And so there's not enough visibility for your free sample and so not enough people know about it Or they don't they forget about it So please post your free sample the thing that gives them a really good taste of the work that you do post that Occasionally, let's say once a month. There needs to be enough visibility now to get it out there even more You might want to use Facebook ads and Instagram ads and collaborations Okay, Facebook ads Instagram ads. I have courses on those and then collaborations. I have a course on that as well But collaborations Facebook is saying that's a huge topic. I won't talk about that But but even just $30 a month. That's what I recommend to my clients to start with Do you have $30 a month to spend on advertising for your business? I hope you'll say yes because $30 a month is so reasonable to advertise your business right Facebook and Instagram ads are the best Most efficient way to advertise your business that I know of these days. So definitely 30 bucks a month Okay, and you want to do it, right? You want to do it my way I teach an entire course on that to help you spend the money much more wisely and much more effectively Collaborations to the other way which is to get together with other small business owners You share their free sample and they share yours and you're interested in collaborating just comment below Hey, I've got this free sample of anyone interested in collaborating. I'll share your free sample You share mine kind of thing So residents sell people what people want discover what they're buying and then sell more of that Frame your skills and services and products around what they're buying number two sampling make sure that you are giving Tasty free samples Giving them a good idea of what you do how you do it and third is visibility Are you sharing the sample often enough and if and or are you buying Instagram and Facebook ads to share the free sample? Are you using collaborations to do that to get the word out about that? Anyway, I hope this is helpful My name is George cow for those who don't know me. I'm an authentic business coach I love to to talk about how to build business from a place of higher values To do it in a way that we can really enjoy more So I hope this is helpful to you and I look forward to seeing you in the next video. Thanks so much for joining me


Cerebrospinal fluid is like the extracellular fluid of brain. So let us see how the cerebrospinal fluid is formed and how it flows and what are its functions with some clinical applications. Well, this cerebrospinal fluid forms in the majority in the lateral ventricles. So here this schematic diagram is showing the lateral ventricles and these are two lateral ventricles. Then from lateral ventricle it flows via foramen of Mondro to the third ventricle. So here it is third ventricle, this is the foramen of Mondro and some amount is also synthesized in the third ventricle. Actually there is a plexus, coroid plexus which is lining these ventricles, all the ventricles, lateral ventricle, third ventricle and fourth ventricle and it is being synthesized by this plexus. So we told that it moves into the third ventricle via foramen of Mondro. Then from third ventricle it moves to fourth ventricle by means of equiduct of sylvius and again some amount is added in the fourth ventricle. Then it passes from the fourth ventricle into the central canal of the spinal cord right. So there is some amount in the central canal of the spinal cord and then there are some spaces again some foramans are there, literally there is foramen of Lushka and immediately there is foramen of Magindy and via these foramans it enters into the subarachnoid space and first it is you see it is entering into the cisterns which are present below this cerebellum. Basically cisterna magna is there and via this cistern it flows into the subarachnoid space. So everywhere here there is CSF okay and this is the subarachnoid space and also in the central canal of the spinal cord. So that is where CSF is being formed basically in the walls of the ventricles by the coroid plexus and how it is flowing and it is present in the subarachnoid space. So that is only about the formation but it has to be absorbed also and how it is absorbed for this let us see another diagram. So here we are seeing a diagram where this is basically the meninges okay dura matter is there then arachnoid matter is there in between there is some space very less space basically dura matter arachnoid matter are almost close together but below the arachnoid we have subarachnoid space and that is what I was talking that CSF is present in the subarachnoid space so here the CSF is there and then this layer is the pyrometer okay and you see this layer of the pyrometer is continuing around the blood vessels right so these are the blood vessels also present in subarachnoid space and then they dip into the substance of the brain right so this is the brain tissue. So here also in the peri vascular space there is this space around the blood vessels this is the peri vascular space where also some amount of CSF is present and it is very important because here if there is any leakage of the proteins then it is via this space that they return back into the CSF okay that is one thing but we were talking about the absorption of CSF you see here CSF is present in the subarachnoid space where it is reached via the ventricles so in the arachnoid there are microscopic projections known as microscopic willi willi are there and lot of willi lot of willi combine together to form the arachnoid granulations arachnoid granulations okay so these granulations they actually project into the subdural space so here these granulations project and there are dural venous sinuses so from here the CSF is absorbed and it enters into the dural venous sinuses via these arachnoid granulation so it completes the cycle of CSF formation as well as CSF absorption so how much CSF is actually present in total throughout the ventricles in the central canal of spinal cord and in the subarachnoid space approximately 150 ml of CSF is present however the rate of formation of CSF is quite high it is approximately 550 ml per day right so you see that this cycle of formation and reabsorption of CSF continues throughout the day and it recycles approximately three to four times per day you see 150 ml into four is how much it is 600 ml right 600 ml and we are telling that in a day 550 ml per day is being formed so this recycling of CSF is taking place now anywhere where fluid is present we talk about the fluid pressure so we should know about the CSF pressure as well so normal CSF pressure is 70 to 180 millimeter of water okay we are not saying mercury okay 70 to 180 millimeter of water is the CSF pressure now this CSF pressure can increase also and can decrease also right so there is a range we are talking now the CSF pressure value is maintained by the rate of reabsorption of CSF that is you see if we see it in a graphical format here x-axis is showing the outflow pressure in millimeter CSF that is equivalent to millimeter water only and the flow of the CSF ml per minute is shown in the y-axis so what you see that if we are considering the CSF pressure you see the rate of formation is almost constant it is not dependent on the CSF pressure on the other hand when the CSF pressure is increasing the rate of absorption of CSF is increasing almost linearly right and this is the point of equilibrium so that is like the average CSF pressure where formation is equal to the absorption if pressure is increasing above that absorption is increasing so that the pressure is brought back to normal and if pressure is decreasing below that then absorption is decreasing and you see at 68 millimeter CSF pressure the absorption is becoming zero so below 68 millimeter CSF pressure there is no absorption of CSF so basically CSF pressure is regulated by rate of absorption of CSF and why this is so because we were talking about the arachnoid granulations here basically the CSF pressure is one way CSF flow is one way it cannot happen on the other side and when the pressure is more there are kind of valves which open more so the flow into the arachnoid granulation and hence into the dural venous sinuses increases fine now let us see how this CSF is actually formed and what is the composition of CSF so if we compare the composition of CSF with plasma what we see that osmolarity of CSF is same as that of the plasma right but there is increase in chloride and decrease in potassium ions so what is happening actually the coroid plexus which is lining the ventricles from there there is secretion okay so plasma comes out but there is reabsorption of some amount of potassium ions that is why the potassium concentration is decreasing and there is secretion of some amount of chloride ions so that is why the chloride ions are increasing and remember there is something known as blood CSF barrier that means everything which is present in blood will not enter into CSF and CSF is forming so that is the reason that the protein concentration you see it is very less that is only 30 milligram per deciliter while in case of plasma it is 7 gram per deciliter that is actually 7000 milligram per deciliter okay similarly glucose is less okay so there are certain transporters by which the glucose enters but it is much less it is 60 milligram per deciliter and in plasma it is 100 milligram per deciliter however the osmolarity is same why the osmolarity is same because there can be free flow of water so depending on the ions which are there suppose one side it becomes hyper tonic the water will move and ultimately the osmolarity on both sides will become same so in brief what we have to remember here that because of the blood CSF barrier which is there everything which is present in blood cannot enter into the CSF and that is why there is very less protein in CSF and glucose is little less right responcentration you see it is almost similar except there is secretion of chloride ions and reabsorption of potassium ions from the CSF okay so with this now let us discuss the functions of CSF so what are the functions of CSF first of all you see I said in the diagram below that there was brain and in the subarachnoid space so its kind of brain is here okay and in the space there is CSF so brain is actually surrounded by a fluid okay and this surrounding of the brain by the CSF creates buoyancy for the brain and this is very important because it is protective because you see if the fluid is not there then this brain will rest on itself it will rest on itself and there will be compression of the nerves at the bottom right so brain is not compressed by its own weight because of the presence of the fluid so buoyancy is protective second that it has another way of protective function in the sense that when the head moves okay so when the head is moving brain just doesn't come and hit the skull because it is kind of floating in the CSF the specific gravity of CSF and brain is same almost similar so it kind of floats in CSF also we saw in the diagram before that that arachnoid layer is there right so from there there are certain projections which are coming and they are holding the brain these are known as arachnoid trabacula arachnoid granulations we saw that they are for absorption of the CSF but this is arachnoid trabacula just a second we'll just see the picture so this was the picture and you see these are the arachnoid trabacula which are holding the brain so even if it moves little bit these arachnoid trabacula hold it in place so maintenance of buoyancy so that the brain is not compressed by its own weight and also it is kept floating third CSF also acts as a lymphatics we talked about the peri vascular space right so if there is any leakage of proteins from the blood vessels which is always there or some RBCs also can come there suppose there is some damage so from there from the peri vascular space ultimately the fluid is carried to the CSF and then it will be absorbed so the lymphatic function is brought about by CSF and finally it has some homeostatic rule as well okay so these are the functions of CSF now let us discuss some applications of CSF physiology in which very important you might have heard is about countercoupe injury but before going into countercoupe we will talk about some other aspects as well so first important thing when we talk about cerebrospinal fluid is hydrocephalus what is hydrocephalus that is collection of fluid in the cranial cavity is hydrocephalus and this is occurring either maybe due to decreased absorption of CSF decreased absorption of CSF which may occur if there is some problem in the arachnoid granulations which we discussed so in if the arachnoid will I are blocked then they will not be able to absorb the CSF into the venous sinuses. Second the pathway which we discussed from the later ventricles to the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle anywhere there if there is a block then that will cause the accumulation of the CSF in that particular area and the basically the recycling which we were talking that will not happen and how much is the amount synthesized per day it is 550 ml per day so that is going to be synthesized and everything is going to be accumulated wherever the block is before that everything will accumulate so that also causes hydrocephalus and that is due to a block now these causes have some other names as well where this decreased absorption it is known as communicating hydrocephalus communicating because there is no block we see and all the areas are communicating with each other or also known as external hydrocephalus and when there is block in the pathway it is known as non-communicating hydrocephalus or also known as internal hydrocephalus okay so whenever it is there what we see is that a CSF pressure is going to rise right and obviously the cranial cavity is a closed space so if the pressure of something is being raised it is on the expense of the other tissues so blood vessels will be compressed the brain tissue will also be compressed so that is hydrocephalus second application is when we need to do lumbar puncture now lumbar puncture is basically investigation where we draw a sample of CSF by inserting a needle just below the spinal cord in the vertebral column so there we will insert a needle and we draw a sample of the CSF and why we need to draw it suppose there is some infection like meningitis is there encephalitis is there and we need to find out what kind of infection is there so we need to study the CSF parameters in that case lumbar puncture is done now suppose if there is increase in intracranial pressure right we are not aware of it maybe some increase in intracranial pressure is there and we do lumbar puncture what will happen suddenly due to the pressure all the fluid will come out and when the fluid is coming out along with that the brain tissue will also come out of the system so that is known as brain herniation hernia of the brain tissue will occur okay so it is very important that before lumbar puncture we have a look into the eye and that is by means of fundoscopy before lumbar puncture always fundoscopy is done because if there is increase in the intracranial pressure that is going to suppress the veins which are coming out of the eye okay and when they are suppressed what will happen to the eye vessels they will appear engorged and if they appear engorged that means there is some external pressure which is compressing the outflow from the veins and that is why the vessels are getting engorged so that will give you an indication about the intracranial pressure if intracranial pressure is high then lumbar puncture is not done then third is the countercoupe injury what is countercoupe injury is that suppose somebody receives a blow on the skull right so instead of the brain tissue getting injured on the side of the blow the brain tissue gets injured on the other side and why is that so let me draw the brain tissue suppose this is the brain tissue okay now when there is a blow what will happen this skull will start moving to the opposite side but because this brain tissue is floating in the CSF okay so the movement there will be some inertia okay it will float slowly it will move slowly but the skull moves very fast okay so it is accelerating and because of the difference in this movement the skull is moving very fast the brain is moving less fast there develops a vacuum on the opposite side right now when suddenly this skull movement stops what will happen the vacuum which is there now there is no accelerator force for maintenance of the vacuum before the skull was moving the vacuum was maintained now suddenly that has disappeared okay so this vacuum is going to pull this brain tissue towards the skull so there will be a sudden pull of the brain tissue and this is going to go and strike the skull okay so it is not because of the blow with the injury is occurring but because of the hitting of the brain the neural tissue to the skull on the opposite side so that is known as the counter coop injury if injury occurs on the side of the blow that is known as coop injury if injury is occurring on the opposite side of the blow that is known as the counter coop injury so our CSF which was protective it is because of that only that coop injury is not occurring but actually counter coop injury is occurring so that was all about the concepts in cerebrospinal fluid physiology thanks for watching the video if you liked it do press the like button share the video with others and don't forget to subscribe to the channel physiology open thank you


Yeah, I mean it feels like it's been forever, and I certainly missed the game. And I think the season's so long that week after week we get stuck in a groove. And I think the bi-week, we had a chance to reflect a little bit and just how much we love this game. For you, having gone from college to the league, the season's typically almost over by now. How are you able to continue to maintain that level of playing? Yeah, I feel like just first and foremost taking care of my body, you know what I mean? Obviously the game's a lot more physical at this level. Taking care of my mental for sure.  I don't want to be complacent. I've never been that type of person or player. So yeah. What's the condition of Buster's version before you guys play 11-slot in his corners? He couldn't help it. Yeah, I think he's, you know, right when he stepped in like from day one, he has like a leader type of presence even off the jump. And that's something that's helped us kind of get some swagger, get some confidence and he's helping me, he's giving me tips and whatnot. Second time around when you play, I guess it's the second time you've played a senior opponent at the second time. That was that helping preparation. You would pick up some things maybe you did in the first time around. Yeah, that and you know, we can see how they tried to scheme us up last time and anticipate them to do the same. And obviously they're going to have some new wrinkles and whatnot. But you know, they've also changed quite a bit since the last time we played them. How much, how have they changed? I feel like, I mean, just different route concepts and I feel like the quarterbacks are a little more confident, so. Who's the elastic that you guys picked up? Is that guy in here? Is that a little bit of a deal hopefully for the defense? Yeah, I mean, I don't know too much about him. I think I just got the news. I didn't get it yesterday, I got it today. So, you know, if it helps our defense, I'm cool with it. Thank you guys to kind of obviously start off coming off the ball on the white foot and kind of build some momentum here on the stretch. Oh, huge. I think at least, you know, the focus for, for me in particular and and the defense is just kind of, you know, getting off on the right foot early and often, creating a spark early and often as much as we can, playing with an edge.


This category is Enabling Student Agency. This teaching expert is being specially commended for their work in facilitating the development of their students into independent learners. Their approach to improving student performance was guided by a fundamental re-evaluation of their approach to a picking module, which concluded that granting students autonomy in their assessment can be transformative to their learning. Their approach places students at the centre of their learning experience and empowers them to take responsibility with exciting results. And the winner of the special commendation in the Enabling Student Agency category is Colm Cutter.


I'll guarantee Russian Army won't respond on this case. Understood, Alex. Just locate the gas. Comment to your Barkovs trucks and get off the exit before the tide turns. All hitman teams, push to your center. We need to keep this on a tight loop. Barkovs men are moving the gas tonight. What are the odds we run into General Barkov? Russian General wouldn't be caught dead out here. We're clear. Down. Post up on the ridge and let's get the lay of the land. Echo 3-1 to Blue Viking 5. Call for fire. Stand by for target confirmation. Copy 3-1. Viking standing by. Let's wrecky the area and make sure there's no Russian Army down there. Vehicle coming in the main gate. Go round 3-1. Confirm there's no uniformed Army down there. Movement in the rail yard. That's how the gas comes in. Vehicles on the move. Targets in the loading depot. Eyes on. Copy. Check point, that's the entry. Patrol vehicle. Contractors. Security. Good targets. No Russian military presence. Call it in, CIA. Blue Viking 5, this is Echo 3-1. Troops in the open, south gate. You are cleared hot. Target acquired. Weapons free in 5 seconds. 5 seconds. Edge Viking, we'll take it from here.