able so where and all you can use so let me say carbon capture utilization CCU so anyway Nithya has brought up policy CCUS so what and all you can do you can capture the air carbon dioxide convert into use it for green urea even you can use it for building material then comes even you can chemical like methanol ethanol even you can use it for you can convert into polymers bioplastic sometimes they can ask you so cap the carbon captured can be used for water and you can also use it for enhanced oil recovery even you can mix the carbon dioxide with the steel slag that is in line with the Paris agreement even for agriculture boosting also you can use sometimes they call the green ammonia and all so this is something called carbon capture utilization so two part we have carbon capture utilization carbon capture storage so Nithya has a broader policy so they discussed on the carbon capture utilization and storage and no new no emission energy so going for alternate energy then foot security they discussed but more discussion on water systems because water security is a major threat so that they brought and they discussed on the technology technology they brought a fire program new fire program for promoting climate technology solutions and also transfer of this technology to the developing country so this is one the next one is the implementation plan the shamil ship implementation plan so here the main highlight is to mobilize a fund because for a low sorry if you want to go for a low carbon economy we need anywhere around four to six trillion dollar this is what so for this definitely we need to change the financial system so how to mobilize this four to six trillion dollar per year we need for moving towards a low carbon economy so for this they said that we need to change the structures we need to change the government process we need to change central banks commercial banks institutional investors and all so that is the reason based on this they want to bring a reform in the financial institution reform in the financial institution especially world bank and other financial institution we have to reform it to in line with the you know Paris agreement so what it was said us if you take IMF so they say that IMF has a approximately one trillion dollar is available so for financial distress and all but in this one trillion dollar the amount they spend on climate change is a small fraction so we need to do the changes so world bank funding Japanese development funding whatever the financial institution funding and all we have to change the pattern of the funding so that more funding come to the low carbon economy so that is something called sham l shake implementation plan and then come to the adaptation so you know that GCF the rich country has committed approximately hundred billion dollar in the GCF but how much money goes for adaptation mitigation it seems that in the hundred billion dollar only 20 billion dollar is going for adaptation so especially for you know preventing the flood defences preserving wetlands even for restoring mangroves and all so 20 billion dollar is completely insufficient so that is the reason we have to go for double so at least 40 billion dollar we have to do it but some countries are not there are some rich countries are not accepted it but they want this to increase more on adaptation because 20 billion dollar is not at all sufficient for adaptation and then come to the mitigation so mitigation wise so we have to increase our more implementation actions work program for mitigation so they said that every country should come with a national target that is national plan national climate plan for 2030 how they are going to do mitigation so that funding can happen according to that so apart from this they discussed on power road steel hydrogen and all and the UN secretary general has told that they will pledge around one trillion dollar sorry one billion dollar for developing early warning system because of the loss and damages and the g7 the group seven rich country and the vulnerable 20 so we have more than 58 vulnerable country in that vulnerable 20 they created a global shield against climate risk so for this so Bangladesh and dollars are so new commitment of 200 million dollars as an initial plan they have brought it the next one is they created a fast that is food and agriculture for sustainable transformation initiative in order to change the agriculture and food system so some financing has to be done so for that only they brought so because we want to change the quality and the amount of climate finance for changing the sustainable agriculture because agriculture is going to get more affected and Indonesia has brought one Indonesia and the G20 okay has brought one energy some energy transition that is called just energy partnership transition partnership so in that they told they will mobilize 20 billion dollar for the next three to five years to acceleration for just energy transition and the last one is forest and climate leaders partnership so this to bring 2030 before 2030 we need to completely stop the deforestation see most of the time they will do forest and climate leadership partnership is taken and what so one word only it will be most of the time they don't get into the detail so it is nothing but you have to revise it many number of time okay so now so what are the issues we will directly go for the issues the first one is loss and damage major things only we will see see loss and damage they are principally accepted for the fund but the only thing is how the fund will be distributed for what they will give a fund first thing what will be considered as a loss and damage that is a question comes second is how do you know that suppose you take a cyclone comes but how can you tell that that cyclone disaster is only because of climate change so that is what first thing for what and all they are going to give because this principally we told that as of now there is no agreement but we say that for loss and damage should cover all the infrastructure loss even some personal loss cultural loss so which we cannot quantity which you cannot quantify that and all the developing country wants to bring it another loss and damage but the developed country has not spelled out what is loss and damage because there is a even though we say loss and damage fund they have accepted so tomorrow when you give a proposal for a loss and damage if you ask for a fund they will say that for this we will not give a fund for this we will not give a fund so that is what the terms and condition and how the money will be given is not very clear so that is one issue the second is about methane anyway so sorry so coming to the methane you know that methane is a SLCT short lived climate pollutant because it is a higher global warming potential so two things are important there is a lot of news about methane so first one is methane surging if you see during the covid period the carbon dioxide level has drastically reduced but the methane level has increased how the methane level has increased we do not know we know the real the sources of methane from wetlands from even from agriculture paddy fields and all and it is also from oil and gas coal mining livestock is one of the major source even from the burning any burning source also methane comes out but if you calculate with the known sources the amount of methane that comes out is something high so even NASA or even the IPCC is not able to tell how much methane is entering and how much methane is going out but only one thing when the methane comes in the atmosphere whether the methane stays in the atmosphere till its lifetime no most of the methane is cleared naturally how it is cleared is by hydroxyl radical normally this hydroxyl radical OH they are all highly reactive they are normally present in the atmosphere sometimes the ozone in the lower atmosphere will also create OH this OH what they do is they go and join with the methane they break the methane or convert the methane into carbon dioxide plus water by that way the methane is clearing so that is the reason sometimes this hydroxyl radical the one noble rate called this as a detergent natural detergent of the earth but today since more amount of methane because sorry one thing this hydroxyl radical is not only cleaning the methane it is also cleaning other pollutants like carbon monoxide and all they go they oxidize with the carbon monoxide converted into carbon dioxide so like that it's a natural detergent detergent hydroxyl radical it's clearing many other gases apart from methane but the concern is more the methane more the methane react to the hydroxyl radical the hydroxyl radical is reducing because of the reason hydroxyl radical is not able to clean other gases like CO and all the other pollutant levels are increasing and methane level is also increasing so we have a lot of confusion that is the reason we want to study more about methane and we want to have a clear picture on methane so long for that last year you know in the conference of party 26 Joe Biden has called for a global methane pledge that is nothing but to reduce 30 percent of methane by 2030 so US and European Union has initiated but India and all said that we didn't join we didn't join because we said that it's not possible for us to join because immediately in the next 10 years and all we cannot reduce our methane because our peak emission itself is going to happen only by 2030 30 to 35 so in that context we said that we will not join second does we also created a global methane initiative so that is also trying to understand about methane so in this methane alert and response system mass methane alert and response system mass this was launched in the conference of party 27 so we have already brought a international methane emission observatory so from this we will take a data from the data we want to bring an action platform so nothing but you understand more about methane you understand the data and then you bring an action to control that that is something called data to action platform so here the methane alert and response system so what they do is they will track the large point of methane source so first initially they will start with the they will try to understand they will try to show how much methane is getting emitted from the fossil fuels then later point of time they will be able to tell from coal mining even from oil and gas reservoir and then even from wetland and all they will slowly notify by using satellites it's nothing but a alert and response system so it's a slowly it will be developed as a sophisticated system to understand more about methane and one and the later point of time even from livestock rice field and all how much methane comes out they will be able to tell very clearly that is what methane alert and response system it was also launched it so it can be in future it can be very helpful for us to understand about methane by the way we can take action on methane because if you want to reach 1.5 degree we need to control methane we should not control carbon dioxide because carbon dioxide life is 300 to 100 years 300 years even it can be 700 years also now you control carbon dioxide no use anyway the existing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is going to increase the temperature but you control methane because methane is a slcp this life is only for 11-12 years so immediately you will get a benefit so that's the reason the ccac says that if you want to achieve 1.5 degree focus more on all the short-lived climate pollutant like methane even black carbon and all okay methane source so one additional information our Indian Council for Agriculture Research has developed one supplement for the our cattle that is something called Haridara so it is not there here Haridara so it is a anti-metogenic methanogenic feed supplement it's a anti-methanogenic feed supplement so if you give it to the cattle it will reduce at least 17 to 20 percent of methane and also it will result in higher milk production so it is our Indian Council of Agriculture Research has developed it the next one is in the conference of party 27 they launched a mangrove alliance for climate so it was initiated by UAE and Indonesia and later India also joined it it includes UAE, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, Japan and Spain so basically it is to you know spread the education and awareness about the role of mangrove worldwide because mangrove is a very good carbon sequester the soil mangrove soil captured two to three times more carbon dioxide than the tropical rainforest and at the same time global warming wise it's a potential you know mitigation so this is not a legal binding at all it's a sort of a intergovernmental alliance basically works on the voluntary basis there's no commit there it is purely based on their own country commitment so since we signed this mangrove alliance for climate we brought this MISTI program so what is the data of mangrove so anyway it is better to see the data if you see the world 40% of the mangrove it is found in the Southeast Asia or South Asia so Southeast Asia South Asia has the 40% of the mangrove so anyway in the South Asia if you take only South Asia India has 3% of the total mangrove of South Asia 3% of the total mangrove so mangrove cover so assessment wise yes it is improving more than 54 square kilometers increased so right now the total mangrove cover in India is 0.15% based on the mangrove cover assessment 0.15% of country's geographical area mangrove cover in the country the highest mangrove cover more than 42% is West Bengal the second is in Gujarat 23% the third is Andaman Nicobar the fourth is Andhra Pradesh this is the order according to the assessment even according to the mangrove alliance so where the good improvement of mangrove has happened is the good improvement mangrove cover has increased in Gujarat followed by Maharashtra and Odisha this is the latest status so in this conference of party we submitted our LT-LEDS that is a long-term low emission development strategy long-term low emission development strategy okay so here every country is expected to submit their LT-LEDS so if we take many countries net zero is 2050 but our net zero is 2017 so what is our LEDS strategy see we are very clear in two things if you take the historical emission so while preparing our LT-LEDS so what India assumes is our contribution to the global warming historically is very less because even though we have world 17% of the population if you see the per capita emission wise it's very very less so that is first criteria when we create our LT-LEDS second is we also have a significant need for energy demand because without energy no economic activity can happen the third one is India is very clear committed to the you know low carbon strategy so we are moving towards low carbon strategy we want to build a climate resilience so our based on this assumption we have taken a vision of our Prime Minister has taken a vision of life with that only we have given our LEDS so what are the components that is in the LEDS so what this is the major thing that we do in our country the first thing is in our LEDS we told that we will go for a smooth transition from fossil to non-fossil so we cannot go for abrupt thing that is what phase out we didn't accept phase down so one is we will move towards biofiel in that ethanol blending so when we come to ethanol blending so we said that by 2025 we will reach 20 percent ethanol blending in the fuel by 2025 that is one second is we are moving towards e-vehicle so that is what in the conference of party 26 27 and all so anything related to electric vehicles and all we have signed all the agreement so we have a famed scheme and all so we said that we are actively moving towards e-vehicle that's the second one so our LEDS contains the second one third one we are also going for a green hydrogen fuel so green hydrogen mission we have created so we are slowly moving towards it that's a third one the fourth one is we are seriously working since the urban is a major contributor for carbon dioxide more than 70 75 percent of the carbon dioxide come from the urban especially from the transportation from the building so in that line so we said that we are going for a green building initiative that's what green building codes and all green building certification so I told you there is one certification greha certification right greha rating and also we go for the another type of international rating like lead rating and all we are going for it green building second is energy we are going for a energy efficiency we are controlling the energy energy efficiency in terms of going towards led and other thing and all so we have a patch scheme and all that comes and we are trying to move towards climate resilient urban that is smart urban city smart city so smart city includes energy efficiency as well as green building and also it also includes climate resilient urban so we are moving towards it the next one our complete industrial sector is based on the perspective of hot man bar scheme and also make in India and we have effectively adopted patch scheme under the energy efficiency perform achieve and trade so I think I told you so here energy saving certificates and all will be created will be traded so apart from that we are also going for a circular economy and we are also moving towards carbon capture utilization and storage for that only nithya yogas created it so these are the major component that is present in our le leds okay so in this line we have done an amendment in our energy conservation amendment act energy conservation act it's called energy conservation amendment bill so this is very important it is a move towards our net zero 2017 so under this we are this bill specifies a carbon credit trading scheme carbon credit trading scheme so we are going to the central government is going to create or the central government will or central government or authorized agency will create a carbon credit certificate carbon credit certificate which will be traded so what is the carbon credit certificate you remember the energy saving certificate so when you can when you reduce your carbon dioxide so every everyone will be every company will be given a quota to control the carbon dioxide beyond the quota you reduce your carbon dioxide that you can convert into credit you can trade it so those can those companies who are not able to reduce their carbon dioxide will get that credit you can also sell it so we are going to the this new amendment in the amendment bill they are going to bring a provision of carbon trading carbon credit trading scheme so some authority agency will you know use it sorry we'll run it and we will create a certificate so that the company individual can register and you can do it so this can even individual can also buy it so it is a voluntary it can buy the carbon credit on a voluntary basis so here what are the highlights of the bill the first and foremost highlight is so first thing is as I already told you carbon trading scheme and carbon certificate we are going to bring second is we have made certain companies to mandatory bring certain energy from a renewable source from a non fossil fares that is something called designated consumers most of the time some large scale industries so they have to be they have to mandatory bring certain proportion of the energy from the non fossil fuel okay and then we are going to create a energy this energy conservation code for building will be applied for all residential will be applied for will apply for corporates that is companies and uh residential building with a connecting load of 100 kilowatt so for building or any residential building or office building if it is connected with 100 kilowatt electric load they mandatory they have to follow this energy conservation building code and for vehicles and ship we are going to give a energy consumption standards energy consumption standards so here so this is a key provision we will directly go to the issues sometime there's a chance that they can also ask for the issues so right now they told that carbon the carbon credit trading scheme so according to the bill according to the amendment it is going to be under the ministry of power so here one small confusion if you see in all the country which country this carbon credit trading scheme will come under the ministry of environment because if you take a business even in India there is something called business there is allocation of business rules so which department has to take care of what there is something called allocation of business rule if you see in terms of climate change malted matters and all it is coming under the ministry of environment in also many country USA even in terms of Switzerland UK and all this carbon trading the carbon trading scheme and all is coming under the ministry of environment but in India it is not coming under it it is in India it is coming under the ministry of power so this is something you know it is clashing with the two business allocation rules that is number one second thing is this carbon credit market regulation who will control it there is no clarity no clarity on regulation of this carbon credit so they told that ministry of power will take care so who will control so how they regulate who will issue the certificate and all it is something which is not very clear because if you take as of now related to energy electricity we have energy saving certificate so under the energy efficiency you reduce the energy you reduce the energy beyond your quota you can convert that into a energy saving certificate now this energy saving certificate basically it's energy efficiency all right it's purely energy efficiency it is coming under the energy conservation this conservation act only okay there is another certificate called renewable energy certificate renewable energy certificate this renewable energy certificate it is coming under the electricity act okay so normally for energy saving certificate and all it is traded in power exchange and it is completely the certificates and all is issued regulated or I can say it is regulated by central energy regulatory commission okay the same way renewable energy certificate also has its own regulation today we are creating a carbon credit you are creating a carbon credit certificate now who is going to issue it who is going to where you are going to trade it and all it was not given second one biggest problem what is as see carbon credit means you are reducing the carbon i'm right so what you will do what a company will do us let me say that the company goes for solar energy they are using let me say the company is using coal power plant they are reducing the coal power plant they are going for solar energy now that you can convert into carbon credit but the same thing that also you can convert into renewable energy saving certificate so which will convert how will you control so whether they are all interchangeable so that and all clarity is not there so that is one of the biggest thing they told so where it will come so whether you can interchangeable because you have because what you do a carbon credit sometime it can be even because of energy savings certificate that you can also convert into energy saving certificate that also you can convert into renewable because the same action you cannot get to certificate the company cannot reduce the the company goes and installs a solar energy and then they come and say that okay we have reduced we have reduced electricity we have reduced carbon dioxide so they cannot get a renewable energy certificate they cannot get a so they cannot take two certificate no so how you are going to control it how whether it's interchangeable that is what that is what the confusion is really and who is going to issue it how they are going to do it so this is one concern we have okay so only three things you see energy saving certificate renewable energy certificate carbon certificate so okay the last two issues we will see let's see it carbon border adjustment mechanism so in the conference of party 27 the european union proposed for a carbon border tax so what the european union has told us so in fact they proposed in 2021 itself the european union told that from india from india from some country developing country they are importing iron steel cement fertilizer aluminium and all so these are all very highly carbon intensive product now when they get that product in order to since it is emitting carbon dioxide in order to offset it they will put a tax called carbon tax but india opposed it because if you put a tax unnecessarily price will increase product cost will increase then the product will become very costly in that country so we cannot sell the product so we said that we should they should go for some other mechanism they should not go for it okay but the european union said that then only we want to make we want to bring a clean product into us because we are going for a net neutrality by 2070 sorry 2050 so if you want to bring net neutrality by 2050 so definitely the product that is entering into european union should be clean so that is one issue we have the last one it is not that arctic amplification so it came in the last year 2022 if you take a heartache so if you see from the mid 1960s so it seems that arctic is warming nearly three degrees Celsius so if you take that means it is four times faster than planet and it's not happening in all the place most of the time it is happening in the Eurasian part especially in the barren sea barren sea and Norway so that is the region the warming is more so why a warming has to happen so the term common term is called both arctic and Antarctic it is called as polar amplification polar amplification means it includes arctic arctic warming Antarctic warming the main reason is definitely when you are change in the surface air temperature and also when you take a budget net radiation balance there's two factor only when you have a positive climate forcing positive radiative balance for a positive radiative forcing this two reason there's a main reason for polar amplification whether arctic melting or Antarctic melting but specifically in Antarctic melting why so the reason is there are multiple reason they say so different feedbacks they say so you can say that so how much ice albedo feedback even the amount of water vapor feedback because water vapor itself is a greenhouse gas amirite and also it is ocean heat transport even lapse rate feedback so they say that there are different types of feedback but to put it very simple why arctic is melting very faster why arctic amplification is happening simple arctic is a ocean on that ice is there amirite now when the ice is broken because in the summer cyclone sundal ice sundal is broken when the ice you know when ice is floating glaciers is floating on the ocean when it is getting melted faster the ice loss is happening when the ice loss is happening automatically the ocean surface is directly exposed to the sun so they say that ocean surface observes more heat because arctic is a glacier where glacier that is floating on the thing because the ice is law ice loss is happening because this is a glacier floating on the ocean anyway in the summer cyclone the glaciers are broken into pieces so it will get melted faster when the ice is lost automatically the ocean surface area is exposed to the sun the ocean surface area will absorb the heat that's what the heat balance is changing that is the main reason arctic amplification is happening so what is the consequence of arctic amplification definitely marine biodiversity will get affected you can see permafrost thawing will happen so when the permafrost thawing happened lot of trapped carbon dioxide methane will come out you can see damages happen diseases will increase amirite so many things will happen but whether do we have any connection with the indian monsoon do we have any connection with the indian monsoon yes it seems that it is connected with indian monsoon arctic amplification okay how it is connected with the indian monsoon so even though it's not so clear it seems that whenever there is a reduced ice in barren cara sea region whenever you find the reduced light the reduced ice content in the barren and cara region it is highly correlated to you know extreme rain in the september to october because atmospheric circulation is changing sea level is rising so definitely it has an impact on our monsoon that is what the study shows and apart from that ice level is also rising even arabian sea is also warming more because comparatively arabian sea is cooler than the they have been called but arabian sea is also warming more so very simple arctic amplification why it happens even though there are many feedback the very simple is ice is melting so that ocean ice is melting the ocean surface area is directly exposed to the sun they absorb more heat so that's a reason the warming effect is very faster second is the impact wise definitely it seems that it has a relationship with our monsoon so whenever the ice in the barren sea in the cara barren sea region when the ice is reducing we find the rainfall is increasing more during the month of september to october and also the ocean temperature is changing atmospheric circulation is also changing so this is geographically this is what the relationship is says so it is something called arctic amplification okay so in fact environment current affairs is a very large area so we have more than 150 120 to 130 issue but out of that so i'll pick some of the major issues and discussed okay so one thing is whatever so rather than everyday accumulating more number of information so whatever the information you have accumulated do more number of revision that will be better okay so with this thank you