more and windier than I thought it was going to be. Got that windswept look going on. Hello there, my beautiful, lovely, talented, delightful internet friends. Welcome back to my channel. I had in my mind this cool shot of me parking my car and getting out and you see my prosthetic as I walk over and I pick up the camera and real cool like I start talking to you. And then I realized it's way too freaking cold and wanted to be doing that. So change of plans. You may have noticed from that opening shot that I am a below the knee amputee, meaning I'm missing a body part. It got chopped off. It got thrown away. I don't have it anymore. One of the most consistent and common questions I get as an APT is no leg, how drive? If I'm missing a leg, specifically a right leg, which is what people in my country use to drive with for the most part, physically am I capable of driving? Legally am I allowed to drive? What does driving actually look like for me? And I wanted to dedicate a video today to this question because while there is a simple answer and if you've been on my channel for a little while, you might know that the answer is yes, I can still drive. It's a little bit more complicated than you might think. So allow me to fill you in on all the little details when it comes to driving as a below the knee amputee. There's a guy, there's a guy walking his dog that is just staring at me. He's just staring at me over there as I talk to myself in my car. Cool, so allow me today to fill you in on all of the details of what it's like driving as an APT, adjustments I make, how I actually do it. And if you are an amputee or you know an amputee, I'll throw in a few tips that have been helpful for me along the way. Real quick, before we return to the rest of this video, I wanted to take a quick moment to thank Surfshark VPN for sponsoring this video. Yet again, they are a returning sponsor here because this is a service that I actually use. I read a statistic pretty recently that was, you know, sufficiently concerning but also pretty accurate that most of us spend six to eight hours a day online. And when you're doing that, it's pretty easy for your identity to become compromised. As we know from the office, identity theft is not a joke, Jim. And unfortunately identity theft is something that happens pretty commonly, especially during the pandemic. So many of us are spending so much more of our time online. So keeping internet privacy and safety top of mind is really important. Using Surfshark, which by the way is very simple to do, encrypts your personal information so this is not something you're gonna have to worry about. I'd highly recommend using their HackLock system which notifies you if your email or passwords are compromised. And if encrypting personal information does not exactly sound thrilling, though it is very important to do, using a VPN can actually also get you access to entertainment that's previously unavailable to you. Using a VPN, you can easily change the location of where you're accessing a server from, meaning that shows that are only available on Netflix in France will now be available to you in the comfort of your Hona home. So thank you Surfshark so much for sponsoring this video. Use my link down below to get a discount. I put all the information on screen and in that link. Please check them out. Please stay safe online. And without further ado, let's dive back into driving as an amputee. So question number one, which you've already figured out by now. Can I drive as an amputee? Yes. Can I legally drive as an amputee? Also yes. The state of Colorado where I live does not require you to retake any kind of driver's license test after you've had a limb hacked off. Lucky for me and I am grateful, but it is a little strange to me considering other regulations that are in place that I'm totally fine to drive whenever I feel like it after losing a body part. Now there are some states that differ on this little bit, but I am super grateful that I live here and I did not have to retake any kind of test. I did start driving again, probably about a month and a half after amputation. I do know amputees who have started driving like within a few days that terrified me because I was on a lot of drugs and I was in a lot of pain and frankly, I didn't have to drive, which was a huge privilege that I had. I could just stay home and so I just stayed home and healed. But when I started to drive again about a month and a half after amputation, I didn't have my prosthetic leg yet, which means I only had my left foot. So how did that work out? Luckily I had another thing in my favor here. I guess we can call it in my favor. Since I was 13, I've been having ankle issues before losing my ankle. So when I was 15 and 16 and learning to drive, I had always driven with my left foot because my right one was either in a cast or a boot or it hurt or it didn't feel good. And so I could always drive with either of my feet but usually I would drive with my left foot and I would just kind of tuck my right one underneath. So once that got rid of my right foot, I was good to go. So when it comes to actually working the pedals, I use my left foot but there are three different ways that I drive depending on the day, how I'm feeling and the circumstances of said driving. Before we get into those three different ways of driving, I do wanna note, as people have asked me, do I drive with my prosthetic foot? Cause now I technically have a right foot. And while I think this could be possible, it's definitely not safe for me. I feel like I have no control of the pedals. I tried it literally once on an empty street and I was like, nope, we're never doing that again. Because my prosthetic leg is just metal and I have no control over bending it, I can't bend my ankle to accelerate or hit the brake, right? So the only way that I have of controlling the pedals is by lifting my leg with my hip and my knee and trying to maneuver it feels not only just super uncomfortable because holding your leg up at your hip, like try doing that. Try just holding your leg up at your hip for like 20 seconds even. You'll start to feel a little bit of tension. Try doing that for like an hour long drive. No, thank you. But like I said, I also felt very unsafe because I don't know, I could just see like my foot getting hooked underneath one of the pedals and then trying to get it out and getting in accident. Maybe I overthink things, but I do not drive with my prosthetic foot. So let's get into the three ways that I do drive. Number one, super easy. I just scoot my leg over. My car is enough room that I can kind of just tilt my hips a little bit to the side. I scoot over, I'm able to drive with my left foot and we're good to go. However, that does mean that I have to bend my knee pretty significantly to get my prosthetic leg out of the way to make room for my left foot that is driving. Sometimes the back of my prosthetic socket starts cutting into the back of my knee and it starts going numb, which is a fun time for everybody. So it's not always comfortable, especially for longer periods of time. So option number two is bending my prosthetic leg underneath my meat leg, which works really great except for the fact that there are metal parts on my prosthetic leg and resting my good leg on top of those for extended periods of time. Again, not super comfortable. Also having it bent at that angle, it can start to get sore or kind of feel pressure in different places in my prosthetic socket. So option number three is the big winner, especially for longer drives, which is to take my leg off altogether. This is a special privilege I have. I can just rip my leg off if it's not comfortable. However, I can only do that in very specific circumstances, which is one of the biggest bummers about being in amputee. You may have noticed in the opening shot there when I was complaining about it being cold that I was wearing shorts and you may have thought to yourself, Joe, maybe if you dressed for the weather in Colorado when it's been snowing, you wouldn't be so cold and you would be correct. With that being acknowledged, if I am wearing pants, I can't take my leg off if I'm wearing jeans or anything that's like below my knee. I'm stuck with my leg being on unless I wanna walk around half naked, which I'm not gonna do because it's illegal and also super uncomfortable. So the vast majority of the time I'm wearing shorts of some kind. I used to really like the cold months here. Now I struggle a little bit more with them because either I'm wearing clothes that are appropriate for the weather and I'm uncomfortable or I'm wearing clothes that are not appropriate for the weather and I can take my leg off but I'm still uncomfortable because I'm cold. I'm still working out the details there, guys. I do know that I could go to a tailor and get jeans and I could get a zipper seam put in my jeans but that sounds expensive and a lot of work and the zipper would have to basically go up to my hip to effectively work and I haven't gone on that adventure yet, perhaps that will be another video for another time.  So in those circumstances, I will take my leg off to drive. It's pretty comfortable, all things considered. The only bummer there is though that when I'm getting out of the car, I have to get my leg back on so that takes an extra second. However, an added bonus there is I also get to weird people out. Brian and I took a road trip this summer due to a family death and when we got out of the car at a gas station, like took my leg off and sat it on the ground beside me to get it back on. This poor young man at the pump across from me stared in horror as he saw a leg just be placed upon the ground. It was pretty fun.   So I don't usually do that unless I'm driving for more than like 20 minutes. A 20-minute drive, I can be comfortable sitting like this. But once I get to like 30, 45 minutes, my leg is not comfortable being pushed to the side. It's not comfortable being bent under another leg and I need to take it off. One random tip that has really helped me with driving and being comfortable is to put the back heater on even if it's warm outside. It's like a built-in heating pad. Dealing with a prosthetic leg, my lower back gets a lot of tension and tightness. It's just the nature of the beast. And so when I'm sitting for an extended period of time driving a car, popping that back heater on is absolutely fantastic. So if you happen to have one of those in your car, consider using it as a heating pad whenever you're driving. And speaking of driving, we haven't actually done that much driving in this video.  Something that they absolutely love is Puppachino's, which is basically a free cup of whipped cream from a drive-thru coffee shop. And being able to go and do this is the highlight of my puppy dog's week.  So let's go for a drive, listen to some awesome music and make those puppies happy. So before we bring the puppies on an adorable adventure, I did wanna reflect on one thing about being an ABT and driving that's been really important to me. So though it's definitely taken longer than I wanted it to, I've been able to regain a lot of my mobility back after becoming an ABT. My prosthetic leg is working pretty well. I'm able to try and do new activities. Some days are better than others, but for the most part, you know, when my leg is on, I'm able to do stuff, but there is still a part of me that feels stuck sometimes, like getting up in the middle of the night to use the bathroom and hopping in the dark because it's way too much work to try to put my leg on or the days where my leg is too swollen or weird feeling or just hurts and putting my leg on just isn't an option. There are these moments where I feel so trapped by my own body. It's something that I'm still working through and I imagine I'll probably be working through for most of the rest of my life, but driving. Driving is the one place where I've never had to feel stuck or trapped or restricted because I can go. I can go places. I might not be able to get out of the car and easily walk places depending on the day, but I can go drive into the mountains or up to Denver or to get some coffee or whatever it is. And the fact that I'm missing a leg really doesn't change much of anything. And it's so important for me to have those things in my life, to have those things where I'm like being an ABT doesn't change things or affect me that much. Like I've gotten used to it in so many other areas of my life, but it's awesome to have these unadulterated moments of just being and not having to overthink things and not having to think about the next step. And I'm so grateful that I still have this ability. Okay, with that saffiness out of the way, let's actually go get the puppies.  Do you really want to go for a car ride? Yeah? Yeah? Can we also get a couple of pop cups? Excellent, we'll see you out on here. All right, thank you. Look how little she looks. She looks so little over here.  My monkey loves riding front and center. And because the shepherds are too big, it's always them in the back. If you remember of the Patreon crew, you will have seen us come out and get Puppetinos a couple weeks ago now. I do little pet videos over on Patreon, some bonus videos. So if you want to see more of these guys and kicks the cat and the rats, check it out. We got the good guys. What do we have here, my little friends? Look at this ridiculously attentive audience I have. They know, they know what's coming next. Oh, they're doing, they're very upset about it. So the best part about pop cups is I always take a little bit for myself. I'm sorry monkey. Here you go. Good girl. Take it. Good girl. Is that good? Did you like that? Are you guys ready? I think they are. That is it for me for today, guys. I hope I satisfied your curiosity when it comes to driving and amputees. But if you have additional questions, pop them in the comment section down below or comments. I'd love to hear your thoughts. A big thank you again to today's sponsor. Thank you so much for partnering with me on this video. As I noted, check everything out, linked down below. A huge debt of gratitude to all of my patrons over on Patreon. Thank you so much for your continued support there. It means the world to me. It helps more than you will ever know and enabling me to be able to make these videos for you if you're interested in Patreon or what that is or what it looks like. It's basically a platform where you can support your favorite creators and in return, you get access to a pretty cool community and also some behind-the-scenes things. But there are like cute pet videos that I post occasionally and some other behind-the-scenes things and polls you can participate in. So check it out. Link on screen or linked down below if you might be interested. And to you watching this video right now, thank you so much for spending a few minutes out of your day here with me today. You could be anywhere in the world doing anything. You chose to hang out with me for a few minutes and I really appreciate that. I love you guys. I'm thinking about you and I will see you in the next video. Bye, guys. And her from the sky.


Bismillahirrahmanirrahim dear Imam Hussein TV viewers, we are now in the Sayyid-e-Ruqayye School in Karbala. There is a big project here called Glooball Kindness with me, Dr. Assistant Mahmood. He will introduce the project for us. Thank you and well, As-Salaamu Alaykum, thank you for coming over here and witnessing our project lively. This is our day four. Today we are going to be wrapping up so you see a lot of activity happening. We have been here, the Glooball Kindness have been here for the last seven years. To Karbala this year we had Karbala and Najaf as well as Kazmen first time but Karbala and Najaf have been serviced for the last seven years. We bring our own equipments, Dr. Hussein and his wife, they have been instrumental in getting this organized along with a lot of help from other dentists from different parts of the world, mainly from Canada, US, England and Tanzania. They do this peace ability to help the children of Karbala, Najaf and Kazmen. So let me walk you through to the whole process, as I said. What is the exact service you provide here? We provide all kinds of services in terms of dental hygiene as well as looking at the state of children's teeth, age group from four to twelve, thirteen and some of the schools have been visited before so it's a question of monitoring how the children have been doing. Most importantly, providing them with the tools and resources, toothbrushes, toothpaste and oral hygiene lessons to make sure that they take care of their own teeth so that it doesn't get any worse. Because some of the children I guess lack of awareness, it's a water, it's a lack of hygiene awareness that teeth have gone so bad that if they're not looked after at the quickest earlier, these teeth will affect the rest of the teeth and obviously it will have an impact on their personal hygiene. The other thing is some of the children have baby teeth which are growing at the same time as the adult teeth and it's very much inconvenient for them to bite and chew. These kids have to be taken care of so that the baby teeth can get out of the way so the normal adult teeth can grow properly. Can you please show us the rest of the project? Yes. Okay, to start with, we will take you to the sterilization room. We try and follow the same principles of hygiene and sterilization as we do in Western countries. Although this is a network project, it's not the best environment but we still try and do the best we can so that the equipment that is being used are sterilized to the extent possible. Now here we have got Sister Shabnam Hashem, she is supervising this area. When the equipment and instruments are used by the dentists and dental hygienists, they are only used once, they are only used once per patient and it goes into the bowl where they have to be recycled or rather sterilized.  After which they go into this, what we call a sterilization oven where they go for, to be properly sterilized under strict conditions for about 25-30 minutes after which they are then individually taken, everyone wears gloves to make sure that, you know, we don't contaminate and they go to the other room where the dental hygienists and assistants prepare the trays for the dentists to use which in each equipment or each piece of instrument is handled carefully and put in a tray before the doctors and dentists use them. If the instrument falls on the ground it cannot be used, so we try and make sure that it is separate and you see the area is using it maximum, you know, possible to make sure that, you know, everything is separated as clean as possible. And all these people are volunteers they do, they pay their own way here, fairs, accommodation, lodging, boarding because, you know, they are trying to do as much as they can to help the young orphans and the children of this great country. I know that they are working at least 10 hours a day even more just for free. That's right. Well our day starts early because everything has to be set up and I'll walk you through the process but the day doesn't end and even at the end of the day we feel that we haven't managed to cover as many children as possible but still it's worth looking at this way that a lot of children have been, you know, examined and have been taken care of and we'll talk about the statistics later on. Sister Fatemeh, Benji, the project manager of the Global Kindness Foundation, I want to ask her about the project that started seven years ago, please give us more information. Okay, so to start off with, my husband and I always wanted to give back and one of the things what we wanted to do is we wanted to not only help financially but we wanted to help physically, like actually go with our hands and play with the kids and do something and our forte was dental since my husband's a pediatric dentist. And this project got inspired by us coming for Ziyara and going and visiting one of the refugee camps and that's what brought the beginning of this trip. So we started off with just my husband, myself and two of my boys and our first year we treated 100 grade one students and Alhamdulillah today we have expanded and we are doing three camps together, one in Qadamayn, one in Karbala and one in Najaf and we all set up at an orphan school and we treat as many kids as possible. And how many people are in your group? This year we are a group of 45 people, we are about 11 dentists, we've got about five or six trained assistants who help the dentist and we have others who are being trained and we've got other people which we need their help with. So some people who do sterilizing, some people help with the supplies, some people help with the packing, some people playing with the kids, some people managing the kids, some people making sure which kids we've treated, some people keeping the records of the kids. So we need all variety of kids. Very good. And can you please roughly tell us now that how much is the support of the project financially? Like you said all our volunteers they pay their own way, they pay their own airfare and a ground package which we come up with after discussing looking at our hotels and transportation and then everything else Global Kindness Foundation funds it. So it's a self-funded project and sometimes we do get some donations but that's very little. So it's basically self-funded. So all the equipment is bought by Global Kindness, all the instruments are bought by Global Kindness, all the medication, everything else is bought by Global Kindness. But Alhamdulillah, there is a lot of support from the community. When we go to the community and we outreach to other dentists, they make sure that they go to the supply companies and ask to get some donations. And a lot of times we do get quite a bit of donations as well. So Alhamdulillah, that's how it's funded. How many other projects you have yearly in different countries? So because we are a very small organization and a very family-based, right now this year we have two trips. We try and do at least two trips a year. So this year Alhamdulillah, we are here in Iraq and inshallah in August we are going to go to Kenya to a city called Mombasa and that's where we're going to have our next camp for this year. And then the following year it's still in the planning. So we are planning on inshallah coming back to Iraq and then perhaps maybe going to India as well. Inshallah. Thank you very much for joining. Thank you very much. Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Tabeqin l'ilbanat wa Tabeqin l'ilbanin. Malak mawjood l'ilbanat wa Malak min al muallimil l'il awlat. Yujad 15 bas l'inaql al-talamir min kafa t'ahiyah karbala ilal madrasah. Yabda al-dawam al-sa'al thamina haith yasul al-talamir. Tabla d'khulahim ilal madrasah. Aif al-mamar. Yakoon hunaak wajba rasita min al-gheeda wa hi ibaran. Mawz, awkiyak, aw halib, aw asha awkhra. Kamad al-sukkariya. Liyan aghla b'al-talamir. Yakhruj min bayt adoon. Tanaw al-wajbat khutur. Walidahalik naan jahizum. Haidhi al-wajba. Yibda al-taboor al-sa'a al-sa'a min 8 ilal 8 yawrba. Ba'adda liki dikhilun al-sufoof. Khamas deroos ila an yinti al-sa'a al-thani ashera. Qabila al-sa'a al-ashera wal shireen dakiqa. Yitnaw al-wajba raisee ibaran sandawichat. Bar naamich al-sabu'i kame al-adna. Yidafa ila al-fawakih al-leban al-tihun. Anda ba'adda yitayyoon al-sa'a al-thani ashera al-salat al-jama'a. Wa'adda qiyam al-haloo al-maw'id al-salat. Tukam salat al-jama'a lil al-awlad wal al-banin. Lil al-awlad wal al-banat. Ba'ad al-berse al-akhir yujad hassa ilafiyah. Tusamma derse al-shad wa tustaghal al-tathif. Awli ikmal al-wajb al-bayti. Asnan al-talamid wa ra'ayat ummu ma'alajatum. Muddat khamas tiyyam mutadwali al-atabayu al-alijoon yawmin ashera al-halat min al-ra'ayat asnan al-talamid. This room actually is where we have stored the bags where we brought the equipment on that side. All the equipment is brought from, you know, from U.K. or from North America. And some of these, you know, have, it takes time to assemble and, you know, again, you know, to reassemble when we go to the next leg of our trip. So it takes a toll. And a lot of equipment, you know, have been used over and over again. It's not an ideal dental hospital, but we try and make the most of it. We have got, you'll see in the dental rooms, we've got the equipment close to what would be a perfect setting, but obviously not a perfect setting. This is also used as our assembly area for the early morning meetings or for breaks, which we hardly have any. Next, we'll go to the initial area where the children are screened and brought and they're individually examined by the dentists to make sure, to seek what the issues are and to find optimal solutions for them. It could be, you know, just a matter of, you know, one or two fillings or reexamination of the previous work done that is still stable. In other case, it could be a major work. It may require extractions. It may require just a little cosmetic cleaning. But all in all, every children that's screened in by the dentists have been, no, will be looked at and will be treated. Each child has its own chart, which some of them, as I mentioned, have been seen before. So the chart will tell what was the issue before and whether the children are getting better or their teeth are getting worse. And so we try and monitor as much as possible. We not only treat the kids of this school, but sometimes we treat the kids of the neighboring school. Our objective here with the Global Kindness Foundation is to treat the children first. Sometimes we have occasions where there is emergency for, in case of teachers or somebody in the neighbor villages, they come and they get treated. Obviously, the priority is the children. Here's Dr. Dhirani. He just finished on one of the patients we just was just brought. And he will explain in detail the technical aspect, what was done on that patient. This girl was about six years old. She had one, two, three, four, five, about 12 teeth to be repaired. Yeah, and we gave her about six new crowns on her teeth, so they will last longer. And then we put some sealants on the teeth that are little bad so they don't get decayed in the future, so it's more of a prevention thing, right? And she had only two teeth which were really bad, so we removed them. But apparently she was an excellent girl and we did our best to save her as many teeth as we could. Thank you, Shala. Here is our screening area where they have, already children have been screened and only are in the dental room. But each child has a chart and they will see, maybe you can show a sample of a chart. So if you look at this, if we can get a sample of a chart. Thank you, sir. Yeah, it's a blank chart. So each child has its own stats recorded for the previous visit and the next visit. Or if they have been seen before, then you will see the comparison between previous and current visits. It's amazing that most of the doctors here cannot understand Arabic and tell it their best to make relation with the kids and with the parents. That's very true. We have been very fortunate that we have about three or four volunteers. Two of them are dentists from Iraq who have not only our dentists, but also Arab speaking. One also is from Canada. You will meet him later on. He's originally from Iraq and he's also volunteering his time and obviously it helps. Plus we've got a couple of other Arabic speaking volunteers who help in the translation. Important thing is to get the children to relax and advise them or inform them what's the purpose of the visit and what is being done so they are not agitated. And things are working out, Alhamdulillah, very well so far. Here we are in the dental room two where you will see about four dentists working on the children. This is a normal classroom which has now been used temporarily. And this is not a typical dental chair, but it's a second best alternative where each child is taken care of. Now with the dentists, normally there's one or two assistants depending on the severity of the case. Yeah, this doctor is from Tanzania. There's another doctor. He's from Canada, the dentist I should say. He's from Canada. Dr. Aslan is from Canada and he's from UK. I see there's a lot of people working to there. Now each dentist have access to what they call a toolbox with all the equipment they kept. These are the sterilized instruments are. They bring everything here from overseas including those portable units for extraction or water. And sometimes equipment don't work so they need to be fixed overnight. But all in all, you know. Do you have a technician to fix it? No, I think it's we've got a couple of people who know how to fix these things. But we don't have formal technician. This is the second room. You'll see again is a mech work room. There's again four dental chairs or dental beds. Again, it's fully equipped with dentists, assistants number one, number two. And they're all trying to work on the children. Now over there, you will see that one of the patients have just been worked on. So now they're doing the sterilization and the sterilization is very important because you don't want to create more issues, health issues. So everything is wiped, everything is cleaned and new equipment is brought in here. We put the equipment that's being used that goes back to the sterilization room. Now here's a lady that's a young girl that's being worked on by one of the dentists.  He's working on a young patient. Yeah, Dr. Jaffer from Canada. Dr. Ola is from UK. And he's from UK and he's from Dr. Nooran is from New York, New Jersey. So we got participants from various continents, all meaning to give back to Isabella, their time and effort. Global Kindness Foundation, by the way, does about two or three trips a year. Iraq for sure, they do it once around this time, March, April, but they also been to other countries too, like Cambodia or Peru and this year, they're planning to go to Kenya in August. So you don't dedicate your services to Muslims? No, it's open to all, it's for children. It's for children, not necessarily orphans but children who do not have access to the kind of services. And but obviously it's organized and organized and sometimes takes more than a year to get, to find out where the needs are. It's a lot of work and expenses to get to the location. So we want to make sure they know it's everybody benefits with this. The daily routine. So the children are screened in their classes and then whoever needs some work to be done, they'll be brought down in a few groups. And at the front they get more details put in, historical details, and then they get called in. Now once that work is done in the dental offices or rooms, if I may put it, and the dentist will escort the child back outside where they will be handed back to the teacher or in some cases the parents. Here's our recovery room, supply room. Respected viewers, we are now with Dr Ali Akbar. He will tell us what's he doing here. As-salamu alaikum. Wa alaikum as-salam. We are here with Global Kindness Foundation trying to help the orphans in Iraq. This is our second visit, second time in Karbala. We have been to Kazamiya before, Kazamin from before, for four days. There we did some treatment for the patients and orphans. Now we are here. Tomorrow we are going to Najaf. We're gonna see and treat patients there. And we have all orphans and all children. And we see approximately we are about 10 dentists together and we try to see as many as we can and try to do as much as we can. One of the brothers told me about the stats over the wall. Can you give us explanation about it? Yes, what we do is stats is after a dentist works on the patient. And outside we have statistics that we put the numbers, how many patients we saw, how many teeth we treated, what kind of work we did, like fillings, sealants, or endos, or stainless steel crowns or whatever. So we just put a state so that we know how many people, how many teeth we treated and how many children we treated. You are coming to Karbala. I don't know how many times a year, but you dedicate most of your time here in serving children. What's the reason behind it? We just see that the kids here, they need the work, they're neglected, they need a lot of work to be done. And I see that it's a great thing that we are doing. It's helping them a lot. I would say that this is a great cause that we are trying to help. We are doing it voluntarily on our own. And we would like that we get a lot of cooperation from the establishment, the ministries, and other things that would help us a lot. On this table, you'll see all the sterilized equipment, all sorted out, that is picked up by the dental assistants to prepare their trays for the dentists. When the children have had their work done, when they're ready to leave, they come here, they get their oral hygiene supplies, their toothbrush and toothpaste. And they also get a gift for a job well done. Can you show us what is inside the package? Okay, we'll show you. Siddhika, can you give one bag? We got them in different age groups. So one of these bags will have a toothpaste and a toothbrush, right? Yeah, what age group would that be? Yeah, okay, so this is, yeah, this for a small child. Okay, so they get one of these. Most of these stuff have been donated by suppliers. Some of them have been bought by volunteers or people who have given money for benefit of children. And then for gifts, we have these toys, these ones for some of the children. You provide every single patient with a gift? Yeah, everyone gets one of the gifts, a choice of one gift and obviously the oral hygiene bag, which they have been given instructions how to use and how to make sure that the brush and teeth every day to prevent more decays or more problems later on in their lives. Now here on this side, you see one of the young patients who has been sedated is recovering. And we got Dr. Haider there. He's an anesthesiologist from Toronto who monitors closely the health stats for the child. This child obviously is now getting ready.  We monitor the heart beats and blood pressures to make sure the sedation has worn off before they're allowed to go and they are stable and able to walk on their own. And obviously we advise the child's guardian, parent or the teacher as to when they'll be able to take some soda and drinks or start eating normal food. Normally how long does it take to get patients enough? Up and running. It all depends on the kind of work that has been done. In some cases the children's teeth have been so bad that they had two or three extractions and with some sedation, more sedation given, it takes about, you know, maximum of two hours. Some people, some child only needs 30 minutes and they're fully recovered. Now sedation is normally given when they have, he's another young patient, you know? Sometimes it's just, they're scared but it's not the pain itself. Yeah, so, because they have not been to identities for a few years, so that's what's fighting for them. We try and calm them down, okay? But the work has been done. I can see that the team deal with the children very kindly, like parents. Yes, now we try, you know, we try and address issues as if they were our children and of course they are our children. But more important, we want to make sure that they don't stay with this traumatic experience because they have to be able to be comfortable visiting dentists in the future. You'll see a little bit of chaos in this room because we are trying to pack today. Today we're only working half day. We have been here full three days. This is our half day and this afternoon we'll be packing everything. Everything we see here will be packed.  Everything has to be packed properly so that they can be transported properly. And when you go to the next station, Najaf, they'll be reassembled and rooms will be set up for treating the children in Najaf.


Welcome back to the next lecture of statistical thermodynamics. Today we are going to talk about residual entropy. Entropy is a very important thermodynamic quantity because the changes in entropy decide or contribute to the spontaneity of a process. The spontaneity of a process usually we talk in terms of changes in Gibbs free energy and we say that if delta G at constant temperature and pressure is negative then the process is spontaneous. And this delta G is a combination of delta H and a combination of T delta S. Therefore, the negative value of delta H and positive value of delta S they contribute to the spontaneity of a process. The second component that is T delta S which is basically the change in entropy suggests that entropy is a very important thermodynamic quantity. So, obviously the question comes that how to determine absolute entropy experimentally. Here we recall the third law of thermodynamics which suggests that entropy of every substance is positive, it may become 0, it may become 0 at absolute 0 and it does become 0 at absolute 0 for perfectly crystalline substances. The catch there is perfectly crystalline substances, what the third law says that the entropy of every substance is positive and it may become 0 at absolute 0 may. That means it does not say that it is 0 at absolute 0, it says it may become 0 at absolute 0 and it does become 0 at absolute 0 for perfectly crystalline substances. That means if a substance is not perfectly crystalline the entropy at absolute 0 may not become 0. Now, let us take a look at some of the comments. First comment is entropies may be calculated from spectroscopic data and they may also be measured experimentally. When we say that entropies may be calculated from spectroscopic data. That means essentially here we are talking about connection of entropy with partition function because partition functions can be determined from spectroscopic data. The second comment is they may also be measured experimentally. When I say they may be measured experimentally then what I mean is we know this expression S at a final temperature is equal to S at initial temperature plus integration T i to T f C p by T d t. According to this expression if I set initial temperature to be 0 that means then I am talking about S 0. If my initial temperature is 0 then S 0 that means then at any general temperature I can write S t is equal to S 0 plus integration 0 to T C p by T d t. So, from the knowledge of S 0 I can experimentally determine the value of entropies and entropy provided I know the heat capacity and heat capacities can be determined calorimetrically. So, this is experimental determination of entropies this is something which you have studied in classical thermodynamics. Calorimeters are required to measure heat capacities and once we know the temperature dependent heat capacity we can easily get the value of the entropy at any temperature T. But this expression that I wrote may not be always true if there is a phase transition that means if I have if I start from solid form at 0 Kelvin then when I heat it A will be solid up to its freezing point then there is an equilibrium. So, A becomes liquid at freezing point and then I can further heat it A let say I can have liquid and any general temperature. The point that I am going to make here is that the comment number 2 says that in many cases there is a good agreement, but in some the experimental value is less than the calculated value. In general there is a good agreement, but that is not necessary sometimes there can be discrepancies also that is what the comment is made over here that, but in some cases the experimental entropy is lesser than the calculated value. Now if it is less then we have to assign a reason for that what could be the possibility. Now look at the next comment one possibility is that the experimental determination failed to take a phase transition into account as I was trying to explain here that suppose if I miss this phase transition then your experimental value of entropy will be lesser than the calculated value. Why? Let us see how to write it for this I will write s t is equal to s 0 plus integration 0 to t f C p of solid by t d t I have covered this part. Now there is a phase transition and phase transition it is delta h fusion by freezing point this is the entropy of phase transition you have studied in classical thermodynamics and then one you further heat this liquid plus integration t f to a general temperature t C p of liquid by t d t. What this discussion suggests is that if by some chance you miss this phase transitions then your experimental value will turn out to be lesser than the theoretical predicted. Remember that the phase transition does not necessarily has to involve conversion of solid to liquid to liquid to gas etcetera. There can be phase transitions within the solid itself for example sulfur orthorhombic monoclinic, carbon diamond form and graphite form both are solid forms. So, if there is a phase transition within a solid and if we somehow ignore that then our experimental value will be lesser than the theoretical value. So, going back to the comments one possibility is that the experimental determination failed to take a phase transition into account. So, what is another possibility? Another possibility is that some disorder is present in the solid even at t equal to 0 by third law I repeat the entropy of all perfectly crystalline substances is 0 at absolute 0, but that is only for perfectly crystalline substances. If the substance is not perfectly crystalline there may be still some disorder present in the solid at t equal to 0 that means then at absolute 0 temperature the entropy will be greater than 0 and that entropy is called residual entropy. The entropy which is still present in a system at absolute 0 is called the residual entropy. Hope this is clear what is the origin and magnitude of residual entropy. Let us consider a crystal which is made up of A B I will talk about A B solid and how this A B is formed it is formed from atoms A and B. In a crystal lattice how these A and B as we are arranged let us take one very simple arrangement of A and B atoms in the crystal lattice. Let us say this one the compound A B is in the lattice arranged or in the in the crystal or in the solids arranged like A B A B A B etcetera it keeps on going in all the possible direction. Suppose A and B are very similar atoms and the overall electric dipole moment of A B is negligible I repeat consider A and B to be very similar atoms such that the dipole moment of A B is negligible that means in this solid form if the arrangement is like you know A B is negligible. A B and somehow it is reverse B A then A B then B A and let us repeat in all direction. Look at the switch over here it is perfectly crystalline substances this is perfectly ordered we are talking about scenario at 0 Kelvin perfectly ordered here the arrangement is not perfectly ordered there is a configurational disorder configurational disorder. Why this configurational disorder arises is that A B has negligible dipole moment that means whether in the crystal you have A B A B A B A B A B kind of arrangement or you have A B A B A B A B and one or two molecules or some several molecules adopt B A kind of orientation then the energy the minimum energy of the crystal remains same it does not change. The minimum energy in the minimum energy conformation you can either have A B kind of arrangement or you have B A kind of arrangement it does not make any difference and this leads to configurational disorder because at absolute 0 you can have A B A B A B A B kind of arrangement or you can have A B A B B A B A A B B A kind of arrangement also so that is a disorder and this disorder leads to residual entropy there is still some entropy due to this configurational disorder at absolute 0 that is called the residual entropy. So, I hope the origin and magnitude of residual entropy is clear to you we will take an example. Let us take the example of carbon monoxide in the solid form at absolute 0 carbon and oxygen atoms do not have a very large you know electro negativity difference in other words the dipole moment of carbon monoxide is negligible and in this if you look at the arrangements you have C O and O C C O C O C C O C it is not perfectly crystalline at absolute 0 because there is some configurational disorder, but this configurational disorder does not change the energy of the crystal that means at absolute 0 the minimum energy conformation can have either carbon monoxide arranged like C O or like O C it does not make any difference to possible orientations of carbon monoxide which gives rise to the same minimum energy in the crystal. Look at the comments now the molecular dipole moment of carbon monoxide is very small we just discussed either of two orientations possible with virtually the same energy at absolute 0. So therefore, W is equal to 2 for one molecule of carbon monoxide and if there are n molecules then W is equal to 2 raise to the power n once you substitute W is equal to 2 raise to the power n which is substituted here it becomes n k log 2 and n k log 2 is n r log 2 because capital N is equal to small n number of moles into Avogadro constant and then n times n a times k is equal to k times n a is equal to r n r. So that is why you have n r log 2 over here now you substitute the numbers n is equal to 1 r is equal to 8.3145 joules per kelvin per mole and log 2 whatever the value is when you solve it comes out to 5.76 joules per kelvin per mole that is even when the temperature is absolute 0. This is the residual entropy this is an example of residual entropy where even at absolute 0 there is still some disorder. The experimental value is 5 joules per kelvin per mole. So there is a good agreement between the experimental value and the calculated value. I hope with this example the meaning of residual entropy is relatively clearer. Now let us take an example of another molecule HCl hydrogen and chlorine the electronegativity difference between hydrogen and chlorine is used highly polar molecule dipole moment is high that means in the crystal if I have this HCl HCl HCl and then I have HCl ClH HCl this arrangement will have different energy than this arrangement because of a bigger electronegativity difference between the constituent atoms. Therefore there is only one minimum energy confirmation possible only one I repeatedly say only one minimum energy confirmation possible and that is shown over here. If at all HCl transforms or rotates in ClH then that arrangement will give different minimum energy different energy because of interaction energy will be different between within the adjacent molecules. So this is perfectly ordered systems what does that mean when I say perfectly ordered system that means the weight of a configuration is equal to 1. There is only one way you can arrange HCl to get minimum energy confirmation then our usual S is equal to k log w if w is equal to 1 then S is equal to k log 1 this is equal to 0. What we have is for the perfectly ordered systems there is no residual entropy this is the value at absolute 0. Now we come back to our original definition of third law of thermodynamics it said that entropy of each substance is positive which may become 0 at absolute 0 and it does become 0 at absolute 0 for perfectly crystallized. Substances and here is the example of perfectly crystalline substances this is the example of perfectly crystalline substances. So the comments which are there in the background here is the same that I discussed that it is the large electronegativity difference between H and Cl which accounts for this observation for which accounts for this fact. So at t equal to 0 Kelvin then w is equal to 1. So S is equal to k log 1 which is equal to 0 that means the residual entropy of perfectly crystalline substances is equal to 0. Now if we want to use this formula S is equal to S is equal to k log w if I want to use this formula then I need to know the weight of a configuration most probable configuration. And when we set temperature equal to 0 when we move towards 0 that means we are moving towards the alignment of the atoms of the molecule or alignment of the molecules in a sort of ordered manner. This order may or may not be perfect because as we just discussed the case of carbon monoxide and HCl in some cases different orientation may not change the energy. And in some cases different orientation changes the energy and therefore there can be more than one minimum energy conformation or only one minimum energy conformation. If there is only one minimum energy conformation at absolute 0 then w is equal to 1 then S 0 is equal to 0. To theoretically calculate the value of residual entropy therefore you need to know how many minimum energy conformation are possible at absolute 0. We will take some examples and discuss ahead that how this entropy residual entropy depends upon the minimum energy conformation and how to also calculate the weight of the configuration which is in the most probable form. But the take home lesson from this lecture is the residual entropy is the entropy of a system which is still present at absolute 0 and that entropy can come by virtue of configurational disorder. We will move ahead by taking more examples but that will be done in the next lecture. Thank you very much.


Breast cancer is now the, I think it's one of the most rampant cancer in what's it called, in, especially in the world, not just unique to Nigeria, because they say that 2.26 million cases were diagnosed rather in 2020. It is also the most common cancer amongst women in both developed and developing countries. Given it a major public health concern, now breast cancer was rare in Nigeria in the past, but it is now increasing due to urbanization and lifestyle change, and is now the leading cause of cancer, especially cancer related deaths in Nigeria, accounting for about 23% of all cancer cases and 18% of cancer death. Now in most cases breast cancer is often diagnosed at the late stage in Nigerian women, which reduces their chances for survival. Nigerian women are also more likely to be diagnosed with triple negative breast cancer that can, than women of European ancestry, and they tend to be diagnosed at much younger age. Because of the late diagnosis, the only treatment option available are expensive procedures which many Nigerian women cannot afford. So today we're asking how can, or how do we do better with breast cancer awareness in Nigeria, and what is the importance of early detection. Now let's hear what you have to say. Remember you can join the conversation, send us an SMS or WhatsApp to the rate 1-803-4663. All right, so quickly, when last did you check for, like, screen your breast? I'm by hospital. When last I know you? I think the last time I checked myself for any signs or any giveaways, that was last week. You callin' girl. It was breast cancer awareness and I'd seen one video and I was really scared.  Let me take, let me confess, let me confess. Because the blessing don't reach, like, last year or two years ago. But somehow, right in the bathroom, I tried to do those quick, you know, check with your forefingers, kind of, round the breast, round the nipple, press the nipple. But that was what I did last week. Aunty. It wasn't the hospital. I'm talking about hospital screenings. See me giving you free accolades. Let me bring in our guest. Dr. Odinuala is a medical doctor and social entrepreneur with cogent experiences in advocacy, teamwork, and strategic planning. She's a TEDx speaker with years of experience in advocacy and health, media, and communication. She is a team lead of the Health City, a social enterprise that provides young people with preventive health information and services via their website, the healthcityonline.com. And several other projects, both online and physical. She also founded Panacea First Aid Services, a social enterprise that provides first aid medical services and training. And she is with us in studio looking all fly with her lovely smile. Hi, doc. Hi. We love it when we have doctors here because trust me, it's not easy to find people. People are always busy, busy, busy. Well, thank you so much for making our time to discuss breast cancer with us. Thank you so much for having me. It's a pleasure to be here. Okay. So, first of all, the question I asked Jennifer, how was the frequency that women should, like when it comes to checking or just trying to check your breast and all that, how often should you check, you know, for breast cancer? So, I will first start with, in the past, we used to talk about self-breast exam, right? I know that you guys were talking about earlier, it's crazy. But now, we've moved past that to self-breast awareness, right? So, it's not just routine checking, like maybe every other week or every other two weeks, but now it has moved on to awareness, right? So, most women would not even know that, in most women, that one breast is bigger than the other. So, it's maybe when they are pregnant and their breasts are really heavy and there's a chain and they're like, what's happening here? So, some women, they don't, if you take a picture of their breasts and really they don't know, and then you send it to them and they're like, no, this isn't right. This isn't my breast. Right? So, we moved from that exam to self-awareness. You know what your breasts look like. So, that when does it change?     Not all changes are cancerous, of course, right? Some women have lumps in their 20s. And it's not manigula, because my sister actually had a lump. But by the time we were panicked and everything, they took it out and they did the test. It was not cancerous. So, let's talk this issue about heaviness of the breast, right? As a woman gets older, so there are so many things I never used to feel when I was, like, when my monthly cycle comes. But this, for the past, I think, three, four years now, whenever my period is coming, it's from my breast.  Like, it's so sensitive that you can't touch it. So, are these, like, normal? Or is something that I need to be concerned about that I need to be checking? Because it's something that never happened to me. When people are talking about menstrual, this thing, it just comes and it goes. I don't feel nothing, no waist pain, no nothing. So, for the past, I think three years now, you know, whenever, like, literally, I feel like you can boil egg with this, you can eat that comes out of my breast. Like, it's hot. I don't know whether you're feeling the same thing, but it's very hot. You feel the temperature that it's different from my body temperature. Extremely hot, extremely heavy. So, is this something that I should be concerned about to check it or it's just okay that my hormones have changed? Well, I would say this that PMS comes in waves. It comes in, it comes in several waves. So, there was a trend that I showed on Twitter just related to common people's breasts and stuff. Some women were talking about how, when they were in their 20s, they never had menstrual pain, you know, do you have any pain at all? And then, sometimes they eat 25 or 26. They started having it all of a sudden.  Rectal pain, yes. PMS also can cause rectal pain. Some people start talking about bloating. So, PMS comes in waves. As long as you're a woman, you're menstruating. The symptoms you've never had before, you might grow older and then have them. Some women that have dysmenorrhea, that's really painful. Abdominal pain during periods. Sometimes when they have children, they realize that it stops. So, it comes in waves. Your body is not static, it's dynamic. And for the heaviness of breasts, a lot of women feel really heavy. Where it's painful. And it has to do with the hormonal changes that are going through the body. What is going through. But even, and it has been happy for three years, as he said. I think the part where it becomes a concern is if it's impairing your quality of life in that period. Because we expect that by the time your period is over, it happens in a couple of days to your period. It's like two weeks before the period. So even before the period comes, the pain stops. And everything goes back. It relieves, yeah. Yeah, baby. Are you with me or are we not? I mean concerning heaviness, it was when I was younger. I think breast heaviness for me became minimal. That was two, three years ago. But then recently, I don't experience. I don't experience that. I know it gets heavy, but then it's not as heavy as it used to be. And it's not as painful as it used to be. And even my cramps, the pain has also reduced. That sometimes I don't even know. I mean, I can check my calendar and know that, oh, I'm supposed to experience, I'm supposed to have my period in the next few days. Or it's supposed to start today. So I don't even know until it has started. Then the pain starts. But then sometimes the pain is non-existent. It's not as painful. But what I want to ask is, so bringing it back to breast cancer. I know there's so many signs that doctors have put out there. It's all over the internet. But if you can shed more light into some of these things that we need to take note of. So in case you notice something, I mean, sometimes people might not necessarily be so aware to do the checks. So let's say I didn't do the check. And I just woke up one day. The problem I'm about to show, I look in the mirror. What are those easy telltale signs, right? That should get me a bit worried or I need to go to the hospital and get proper screening done. Okay. So I would first like to start with that. Most breast cancers are asymptomatic. You don't have to feel alone for there to be breast cancer. Some women, the lump isn't there. But maybe they go for mammography. You know, mammographies will get them. Mammograms are for women over 14. Maybe they go for mammograms. There's no lump. You can't feel anything. But the mammogram picks it up that there's a cancer there. So you don't have to feel alone for there to be cancer. Just to start with. And most women feel like if the lump is hard and painful, that's when it is cancerous. Pain and only like 5% of people with breast cancer presents with a painful lump, like very minute numbers. So it's not like you have like a hard painful lump. Do you have breast cancer? So, well, if there is a lump, obviously, go get it checked out, right? And not just lump in the breast. Lump in the axilla of the armpits and lump in the area above the chest. So if you feel lumps in those places, please go and see your doctor. And also for the skin on the breast itself, it could be, you can, if you notice any redness and there's no normal skin change, sometimes if the skin, the skin around the breast is like, your normal skin can be red, if you have like a skin reaction or something. But if the redness is persisting or the skin is becoming ticker, it's becoming harder, those are some of the signs that you can look out for. Also the nipple, if the nipple goes inside, like the nipple is supposed to be outside and that's not the way your breast is.  And there's something they call pure dirange, like orange peel appearance of the skin. So it's like the skin of an orange. There's dimpling all over the skin of the breast too. Those are some of the signs that... I feel like I'm cleaning my chest to look a little better. Those are some of the signs that women can look out for. So I mean, it's quite interesting or you know what, let's take a very short break when we come back from the break, we'll continue this conversation. Stay with us. Alright, thanks for staying with us. Now if you're just tuned in, this is truly for the ladies. And men too, because men is important that you pay attention to your partner's breast. Breast cancer awareness and importance of early detection is what we're discussing and we have with us Dr. Odunola. Now please, let's hear what you have to say. Remember you can join the conversation, 1-800-384-663. Now the reason I said men is because men, some men cannot see breast and close their eyes. So whilst you are in that your comfort zone doing the do in the other room, it would be nice that you also pay attention to your partner's breast and all of that. Also it's important to mention at this point that men can also have breast cancer. I was going to ask that. I've actually heard that. How common is breast cancer for men? Should I say rare? It's becoming commoner but it's still rare compared to women. So if 100% of people with breast cancer year, 95% of them would obviously be women. But 5% of them would be men. So there is a chance. Does this have anything to do with the men that are big? Because those are people that have tissues in the breast. Men that have a big breast is called gynecomastia. But it's not necessarily a precursor to breast cancer. Obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer in women but not necessarily a risk factor in them. But if men that have breast but they have gynecomastia is in a medical condition they should just go and remove it. What do they need this for? No, it's true now. Going back to breast cancer because we're talking about early detection because you see some of the signs that you mentioned from the little knowledge I understand is that those are like advanced stages. When you start having the discharge from your nipple and the blood and all of those things is that not too late? Is there any kind of like hope for someone when you are at that stage? Well, I don't believe it's too late. The best kind of cancer is the one that is discovered when there is a breast and there is just a pain and it has not moved anywhere. By the time women are seeing those changes in their breast it might be a sign that cancer has advanced. You can't make a clinical diagnosis of that until they actually go to the hospital the lump is checked if it has spread it's checked and they actually take the cancer out and test it and that's when they can make a diagnosis of what stage the cancer is in but those things can say that or maybe it's past stage 0 or stage 1 you can just deal subjectively. I would let Jennifer come in. Two things what factor does family history what factor does it play when it comes to breast cancer and from the introduction that I made it said that 35 people now in their 20s people now in their early 30s are also presenting breast cancer so when you talked about the earlier musical method of protecting it shouldn't we shift that age also to a more younger age since younger people are presenting now so two things family heritage and you know why do we have young people presenting. Family history definitely has a huge role to play in breast cancer so if someone has a sister or a mother that has breast cancer the risk that they have breast cancer so if they have two or more relatives that have had breast cancer the risk increases five times and then if someone in the family has ovarian cancer not even personal if mother or sister has ovarian cancer it's also a risk for breast cancer so family history and then there is the issue of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene these are genes that is like of course we all inherit genes from our parents so if that gene runs in family and then passing in heritages it puts them at a risk for breast cancer and I'm sure the story of Angelina Deleys over 4 years at this point and her mother had the gene and for those that have that gene they present with breast cancer at a much younger age so also someone in family presenting breast cancer at a much younger age is also a huge risk factor that if someone's mother presents with cancer it's maybe like 30 it's also a risk that you the child might have breast cancer like a huge risk factor so genetics definitely as a huge role to play and yes I like what you are saying about the fact that we are seeing younger people with breast cancer 30 25 epidemiologically speaking they are not in the majority and this is technology that they used to determine with statistics is what they used to determine at what age and what changes should we make so they analyze the year in review like 2022 if you say that this test they are not free they are still expensive and they will still consider the pocket of the average member of the population so several factors come into play so if they say that the number of people that are presenting with breast cancer less than 40 are still 5% that doesn't necessarily mean that it would reduce the age but if the number is getting more current statistics still says that women should start doing like by yearly depending on risk if you are at low risk nobody in your family has had breast cancer before if you do it a year you can do it by two yearly but if you are at risk someone in the family has had breast cancer before or there is a solid family they would recommend annual mammogram so I think it all depends on your clinicians because someone that knows your medical history will have a full decision about your health other than what statistics is so you already answered the question I was going to ask because I wanted to ask what the frequency of checks should be so since you have answered that my next question would be if I notice those signs what should be my next steps next steps there is this thing that I really much like to discourage that we do we are very religious people and of course I personally have a question and I believe so much but go to the hospital take medical advice I know it's not easy it's easier said than done because by the time you start people like sharing experiences from a fourth newborn like how many of us have had breast cancer and you are telling someone that they might have had a breast it's not good news but it's better to be alive and well most people are scared to go to the hospital because maybe they might have to remove their breast or they might have to go to chemo or radio and those things can be expensive and they can be draining emotionally and financially but regardless of all things the first step is to go to the hospital what about lump your scene even if it's a lump it might not be cancerous you are an exceptional biopsy to take it out and then go and test it in the lab so the best thing to do you notice any changes in your nipple your nipple is discharging the skin and your breast is changed as long as it's not normal go to the hospital, get tested that's when you know the next steps to take so talking about taking out the breast obviously it means that it has gotten to a stage where that needs to happen there's no remedy to save that breast so it needs to be cut off so obviously people are definitely going to be worried or women will be worried about functionality still feeling like a human and probably other things that can function in their body just can you shed more light into the positive outcome of the breast being taken out right you will be alive I don't understand the positive so you can still function as a human so if one breast is taken out because I've heard these questions if one breast is taken out can you still breastfeed with the other breast breastfeeding in women with cancer it's advisable I would not say it's not advisable I'm not a gynecologist or obstetrician I think if that happens the best thing to do will also be discussed with your clinician as regards the breastfeed I don't think breast removal defines people as women your breast is not definitely an immigrant woman and there are options for reconstructive surgery after like a silicone-based implant and all of those things she took out the tissues and just put implants there because it's the tissues that actually develop into cancer the options are really good they might just be expensive to be honest if the other option is the cancer spreading taking out your other organs it's not it's not a good quality of life in the long term so if taking out the breast would save your life in the long term so I was going to say that for breast cancer early detection how long does it stay stagnant before it gets dusted because there can be cancer there it might just be dormant I don't know if you understand what I'm saying so how long does breast cancer because again when we are talking to people and we are saying go get checked some people really have time some people may be 10 years and all of that before it then starts to probably react or whatever to the body how long is that time in your experience like different women well there's no specific time time frame so some people it's months you see a lump there and in the next couple of months the person doesn't do anything about it different cancer adds different growth rates so breast cancer has various subtypes right and you will talk about Doctor Casinoa invasive Lobula Casinoa it has different subtypes and those different subtypes have different specificities to them so it's not something to joke with it's not how you see it so you could say it will be years there's no time and that's a message that we have to eat home on that you could say it could be years then it's just a couple of months and everything has gone sideways so the best thing to do is that you're seeing it you're dealing with it you attack it so if something is going to impair your function it's better to to eat it I've had friends siblings that I've had like lumps or things like that you discover you'll get it checked out the best kind of class they would say is Casinoa in situ in that time you might not even feel the lump maybe they pick it up on mammogram it has not left the cancer is just there now Casinoa in situ can this is what they have let's take care of it maybe I'll come back nobody can really tell how bad it's going to get or how fast and does your lifestyle affect these things because I'm trying to understand it because I mean some people have lumps and I've heard stories of how they stayed nothing happened and they took it out you hear what I'm saying does your lifestyle affect the rate at which the cancer spreads or the cancer grows in your system I can't say technically I can't say for sure if lifestyle would affect cancer but one thing I can say is that lifestyle is a risk factor for development of the cancer itself alcohol, intake, smoking, obesity sedentary lifestyle and healthy diets that can trigger cancer but for the great rate I can't I can't say that this would make it go faster ok so sorry Jennifer so if somebody finds out now right you talked about affordability I wanted to touch a bit on that because I know that a lot of organizations are actually doing free things I need to touch more on what you do so for people that you just want to get checked I've seen a lot of free campaigns free days, free dates they do that so when you find that out what's the best thing do you, some people start to say ok I need to fly outside of the country are there places you can go to in Algeria here I can help you I've had success stories and all of that just maybe walk us through that ok so like I said any hospital really but government hospitals are where you find more consultants, more specialists more hands that are more experienced with what you do some people would not prefer that because of these hospitals because of the way time is where a lot of people go and you know there's also the question of affordability treatment is not cheap I can't put a fee go to it but it's a long term at least for a bit to make from what I said is surgery then radiation therapy or hormonal therapy chemotherapy depending on what you find in this surgery so radiation therapy could go from anywhere like five weeks and above and that's what you have to do consistently so achieve the desired result so for people who can afford it they can try private hospitals for the average Nigerian government hospitals really and for people that can afford it of course like you said they are NGOs that are working on supporting people with breast cancer they are also NGOs and some of the programs of these NGOs are also elderly early detection too because they understand the expense when it gets to that stage where prevention is always better than cure those are NGOs I will also do like as this month is breast cancer awareness month they will do like 3 mammograms for women up to 40 wow those kind of things I feel like if anyone needs help you just go online and search there are a couple of them that do provide support so you didn't touch on your organization oh yeah what my organization does is actually social enterprise we provide health information for elderly sensor and young people my work is focused more on yes information about breast cancer will also be a part of it but I love preventive medicine and that's what I'm doing so our website you find information on sexual health mental health, fitness and diet just the way of you know educating young people so they can start making healthier choices now that your future self can so my work is really preventive that's beautiful so I have a comment here that says the advice I would love to give women most especially the market women stop putting money into your breast because breast is made up of tissue so putting money exposure of breast to sunlight can kill it and cause free access to air diseases and women should be careful of their body when having sex with your partner okay can you explain me that money against I breast I don't understand it thankfully I think there was a major campaign that went from because now you see all those market men they have their pouches that they put the money because that money I breast for me was the handling you don't know who has touched just come and put it you know so for me I didn't understand that thing when they were using your bra sorry at least eating your body nobody would take it so what about the sex part I don't understand I don't understand it but I feel like men have a big role to play men that have partners you actually can actually because I've heard cases of it was in the process of romance and foreplay and all of that that the man felt the breast of the wife and something is different you know and that means the man was also paying attention because me I believe that I mean it's it's a two way thing if the woman is not able to notice it the man should be able to say oh there's something different about your body but talking about sizes I know that they say that every woman has one bigger breast than the other some of us we don't really have it like obvious right so the people that have like does breast size have anything to do with you know like predisposition to cancer because you know sometimes when the breast is big you might just feel oh this is the normal thing because like my breast is quite sizable you know so it's something that in two seconds I'm done with what it is I wanted but you know some people are really big right is it possible that some of these lumps are able to hide in those kinds of sizes of breasts or breast size don't have anything to do with it size doesn't matter to be honest like if men who really have rudimentary like who in the can have breast cancer then you realize that size doesn't matter the lobals and like the breast has lobals, has docs, has everything that makes up the breast whether it's small or it's large anyone can have breast cancer but I do agree with your story about maybe because of how massive the some people's breast can be maybe they might not be able to tell right but still that's why I would say that breast awareness not just no matter how massive your breast is you will stand in front of a mirror for certain examine and you know if you're younger you might not take notes but if something happens to you before you may not stand in front of a mirror and examine and you will check everything and be sure that so if you feel like there's a place that is becoming other or there's a skin over you would be able to tell but do you advise that outside of self examination that maybe she should just go to because if the breast is big or more assume breast as a so if it's not better to just go and give the professional a hand in hand the breast over to the professional it's true not to help you like because they would do the real examination or just go for because maybe you're not there age for Manga Mugama if you go for Manga Mugama it's not as if they would turn you down it's just so if it's a matter of concern so I was reading the recent study on this self breast and it says that if a woman is of low risk there's no family there's no breast cancer okay alright thank you so much we had so much fun discussing breast before we go because all our social media handles listen to our podcast on Spotify at WeShow Africa now like share invite your families and friends to watch ample the conversation this particular share the link to many women that you know and men too because we hear that some of men have it so if you missed our quote for today here it is again it says I am a 36 year old person with breast cancer and not many people know that that happens to women my age or women in their 20s this is my opportunity now to go out and fight as hard as I can for early detection this source from Christina Applegate we'll see you guys tomorrow at 8pm so bring another great conversation to your screen ciao


We are in beautiful City of Victoria downtown Inner Harbor to celebrate the beginning weekend of the Canada Drive Victoria Dragon Bowl Festival, the 18th Dragon Bowl Festival here in the City of Victoria. The purpose of the ceremony is to cleanse the area of competition, to bless the competitors and to charge the boats and their crews with the spirit of the dragon and the goddess of the sea. Which is actually quite appropriate given that in the traditional Chinese calendar this is the year of the water dragon, an event that only happens every 60 years. We are a province that is very multicultural and the Dragon Bowl Festival brings in performances from artists all around the province and certainly from all cultures to make sure that people are aware different foods are also available for purchase so it is a great festival where it really represents what we are as Canadians, what we are as British Columbians.


First question is from Sriracha32281. What are the best exercises to target inner and outer thighs for females that don't have to be done on a weight machine? Okay, so this is an interesting one because especially when I was training in big gyms, these machines were super popular, right? Suzanne Summers was trying to get on this one. Yeah, the thigh master, right? And the abductor, abductor. Isn't this still the number one fitness tool? Of all time. All time, right? By far. I don't remember how much she sold, maybe Doug can look it up, but it's in the insane amounts. And it was literally a spring you put between your legs that you squeezed. Brilliant. Now the reason why these were so popular is because of the myth of spot reduction, okay?  And because, especially the female market wanted their legs to look better and they wanted to be leaner in their inner and outer thighs, they attracted to these machines that trained the muscles of the inner outer thighs with the false belief that training those areas then would make my inner thighs leaner and outer thighs leaner. Oh wow, $100 million back then. That's a lot, dude. Yeah, $100 million of sales. So no, you can't spot reduce. If you burn body fat, your body burns it from wherever it wants. You typically follow your genetic pattern. So it's a systemic kind of fat loss. Now you can target muscles. And by targeting muscles, you can make them stronger and firmer. But here's the thing with inner thigh muscles and outer thigh muscles. Rarely do I train them to sculpt them because they're small muscles. It's not gonna, it's like using the time to do that, you're better off doing lunges or squats or hip thrust. The only person you would consider personally unless we're doing corrective stuff, the only person really I see doing that for is like a competitor who is like trying to shape their legs, like actually build. To an extreme level. Yeah, to an extreme, like trying to build their inner thighs. And that's the reason, but the question is always asked. Like I never get somebody like that. It's always somebody who wants to thin out their legs or lean down and they're asking that question because they wanna do exercises thinking that that's gonna make their inner thighs look better. And the truth is those are all like leg swings and hip adduction, adduction. Those things are tube walks. These are small exercises. You would be far better off doing step ups, lunges, squatting. Those types of movements are going to train all of the legs, burn more calories, build more muscles, speed up your metabolism. Those are gonna do way more bang for your buck than trying to find these exercises where you lay on the ground and you do these leg lifts or kick outs or do these exercises where you're isolating a smaller muscle of the legs.  There's definitely functional benefit to training these muscles. Especially like a lot of it resides in the frontal plane and like stabilizing lateral forces. And so in terms of lunges, I just love those because it's a great way to train those muscles but in a functional way, you're actually gonna be moving side to side like that. And it's not just like an isolation thing where I'm trying to build and hypertrophy those muscles. So yeah, I mean, it's an overall thing though. If you want nice legs, you gotta train your entire body to respond that way. Cossack squats. Yeah, yeah, that's great. If you look for correctional exercise purposes, they're great. If I'm training someone- That's the exception to me, right? That's it, right? You have a hip imbalance, knees cave in or out and it's coming from the hips or you're unstable or you have hip pain. And this may be one of the reasons why you have hip pain. Then you'll see me prescribing clam shells or leg swings or two blocking. You need to help your knee track better. Yeah, but not to build these muscles because they're small, they really don't build. And I'd build more muscle there or sculpt more effectively with a barbell squat or a hip thrust or a lunge. So, okay, what are the best exercises to target these areas? Well, first off, without a machine. If it's for correctional purposes, two blocking is really good. Clam shells are really good. Side planks is a good, stabilizing exercise for the outer thighs. You could do leg swings, which are really good. For the inner thighs, you could place things in between your knees and squeeze them while you do things like squats or hip thrust to activate those inner thighs. And then, some of the best stuff that I feel to be the most functional that takes it a little step further. So if you're done with correcting but you wanna continue to work on those areas, do lateral movements. Lateral walking with dragging a sled or lateral lunges or even curtsy squats, you're gonna do, it's gonna be much more effective than isolating these muscles.


I don't think we've ever done a thumbnail. Naked? Yeah, we should. Want to do one? We probably have. Partially naked. We've done over 2,000. What was the thing we did where we ripped off our shirts? We were so excited. Remember, that was early. Was that when we got the 100,000? I think that's when we got the 100,000. Yeah, it was. It was the 100,000 thing and we ripped off our shirts. Fun fact, that video got copyrighted because we used two- I'm getting stuff on my personal channel. I got a copyright claim on something that I posted like a year and a half ago. Weenies. Yep. Happens all the time. I get a copyright claim almost every day from something. It's ridiculous.  I'm Rick. Are you?  Let's make him shiver. This is actually from Commando 3. Oh, we are going naked this time. I think we've wrecked the trailer and wrecked it to one fight scene from there. I'm Commando right now. It's with Arnold Schwarzenegger. Right here. Commando. Right here. Vidiet Jamwal, who we've seen in a lot of his videos, he's known for martial arts and being naked. No. So he's the guy, I think. It was either him or Tiger, but I think it was him. Jumped through the car door? Yeah, I think so. But he's like, Tiger's known for obviously being a great dancer and all that kind of stuff. He's actually known for knowing martial arts. Got it. And all that kind of stuff. Like Jackie Chan? Yes. So this is another thing from his film Commando 3. Another fight scene. We've wrecked it to one other. If you haven't watched that, I think it was probably over two years ago, honestly. But we also have never seen a film with his. So what should be a first film with his that we should watch down the road? You know how we love the stunt work. The bad guys always shoot so bad.  He actually did that. I bet he did. CGI? Yeah. Oh, nice. We have a situation. Conan's beached Albin. Send the forces in. Kill the white actors. And shoot current. Shoot all the white guys. Yeah. It was great in a man bun. This is nice stunt work right there. Yep. Really good fight choreography. It takes weeks, if not longer, to choreograph. Yeah, really great fight choreography. Oh! Fight sequence. Good. Breathe. Hey, why does he walk over? Break his hand. Break his arm. Ah! Choreography. That was beautiful. Yeah. That was like great fight choreography. Yeah. One of the white actors were just got awful. Awful. Makes you want to shoot everybody in casting for letting them get on screen. Yeah. But the don't shoot cast them. Whoever the stunt coordinator was. And it was actually very poignant for this week. Beautiful, beautiful work. If you don't, I'm referring to Alec Baldwin, his film, Rust, and the tragedy that happened on that set. And how weird it is. But it shows you how important, not only stunt coordinators, but like the crop masters and safety is on. Because obviously this had guns, this had literally guns, knives, very, very difficult stunt work. And another thing that you need to take into consideration, we will mention this regularly about what a demanding job it is for a cinematographer. Not just the day in, day out grind that they have to do and they have to be where they are in certain positions. But in addition to the stunt people, the cinematography in this was very hands-on, on the ground, moving around, grueling, and dangerous for them. Because the cinematographers are right there. Pieces, even stuff that breaks, like a stunt bottle, breakaway bottle, or breakaway glass in a window, breakaway tables. All of that stuff is still a physical substance that flies all over the place. And there's nobody closer to the action than the cinematographer and the director. Usually it's just, sometimes on a scene like this, the director is in another room watching it on the screen. But the cinematographer is right there. And so hats off to everybody who did this, because this was a great fight scene once. Do you think he actually did this? Yeah, I do. I think he does all of the stunts. Do you think he was on wire or so? I think he probably had some protective wires. Oh, it's obviously that guy can't be there. No, I think he had protective wiring. No, maybe not. Maybe that was a legit stunt. They rehearsed and practiced and just did over and over again. But I think he was wired. Yeah, because that was great. I believe he could actually do it, because he's a fantastic martial artist. He can do it. It's just for safety reasons. I bet they wired him just. Not for a hand, but also the other guy. That's a dangerous move. Because obviously, just like he broke his neck there, that stunt actor can literally break his neck. Who does the podcast? Is it Danny Radcliffe or is it? I can't remember if it's Danny Radcliffe or Elijah Wood. One of their stunt actors got paralyzed doing stunts. Oh, no. And now they do a podcast together or something like that. Oh, wow. Together. I didn't know that. It's a dangerous job. You're literally doing the stuff that they do in the films. Yeah, I was reading an article on Variety about all of the things that people are talking about in the industry, about this tragedy with this. The thumb rust. Yeah. With Alec Baldwin. And how, first of all, it shouldn't happen. It should never happen. Then Alec Baldwin, he was told beforehand that the weapon was free to use, which is what happens with most actors. They're told by props and everybody that it's safe to use. But in this article, it talked about how dangerous the industry is, because things are getting blown up all the time and people are getting thrown all over the place. And there's been, I think since 1990, at somewhere in that neighborhood, there's been 45 deaths by stunt people in the industry in some way, shape, or form. Because what they do is so crazy dangerous. Even with all the precautions. So this was, aside from all of the danger, this was just absolutely beautiful fight choreography. Yeah, absolutely wonderful. It was ballet, man. Yeah, and that's what good choreography is, because it's literally when you're training for months. That's what all the, what you don't see in the Marvel films, they train for months on the scene. The Darth Maul fight sequence, that looks as good as it does because everybody knows everybody's moved. I mean, I did a sword fighting sequence in the play Camelot. Not a complex sword fighting sequence. It was two of us against one guy. And everything had to, right? We spent four full eight hour days rehearsing it. Very simple. It doesn't last more than 60 seconds. And still, occasionally, we were using real swords. So occasionally somebody made a mistake and you accidentally stabbed somebody in the hip. So first, you just, they make it look that easy. The weeks of preparation that lead up to just a few seconds on screen is incredibly talented. And again, it's why stunt workers ought to be honored by the Motion Picture Academy. Everybody else is doing it, including SAG. It's time for the Academy to start giving Oscars to stunt people. It's ridiculous. But yeah, let us know more fight scenes from him and what should be his first film that we watch? Because I do hear a lot of like, in terms of, they're compared a lot, like him and Tiger. But they say, one, he's a better martial artist than Tiger, but also a better actor. Well, they've done one together that we could kill two birds with one stone. No idea. You guys can let us know what of his we should watch. But also send more fight scenes. Yeah. We'll have to see more from him down below. Josh!