The early stages of production on the famous computer-animated film Toy Story were a complete nightmare.  Disney harassed the then-to-new animation studio Pixar constantly. They were to produce and release the film, and they wanted results as quickly as possible. Disney tried everything to eliminate Pixar's efforts to deviate from the Disney formula, even at times threatening to shut the production down. Disney sent notes on revisions that they thought would improve the film. They insisted through their notes which y'all read. The film needs more edge. The people working on the film at the time struggled so hard to maintain all of Disney's notes and demands. Once a week, they were required to fly across the country to the Disney offices to present them with progress. Every time they were met with the same response. The film needs more edge. Pixar revised the film so hard to meet the deadlines that it resulted in some rather interesting changes. In order to achieve edge, the film became quite a lot darker. Woody became a wildly unlikeable character, much more angry and far less comedic than in the final film. Bo Peep's role in the story was far more prevalent, often flirtatious towards the male characters and is the first to accuse Woody of pushing Buzz out of the window. Buzz Lightyear was referred to at this point in production as, Lunar Larry.  The other toys were relatively unchanged, say for minor aesthetic differences. Pixar employees worked literally 24-7 non-stop. Director John Lassiter joked on more than one occasion that he had the best parking space at the office because his car hadn't moved for over three days. Some of the writers and storyboard artists began to suffer from chronic insomnia. Few writers reported seeing visions of Buzz and Woody taunting them on their lack of progress, chanting. Edge. The film needs more edge. Many of the initial writers quit due to the stress it was putting on their personal lives, much to the distress of the remaining crew. By November of 1992, there were two of the five writers left and only one of the three storyboard artists. The remaining storyboard artist was named Ralph Thompson. He joined the Pixar team in the winter of 1987, working on short films such as Tin Toy and McNack. He, at that same time, did some storyboard work for the nightmare before Christmas with fellow artist Joe Ranft. Joe came down with a serious illness and hadn't been to work in a week. Ralph worked constantly in fear of the inevitable correction by Disney. More edge, more edge. Each presentation meant another row of sleepless nights of rewriting and redrawing the same characters in the same bedroom over and over and over. It was maddening. One morning, John Lassiter, Andrew Stanton and other higher-ups at Pixar came into the office and told everybody what happened at their last meeting. Disney felt that things were not looking very good for the film and demanded that, in less than a week, they see the complete film in story reels, storyboards with audio, with massive revisions. There was a general groan and whining from the crew and they went back to working. Ralph worked harder than all others involved. Sometimes, at two in the morning, one of the writers would walk into Ralph's office with a packet of newly written scenes. More to draw. And with more drawings meant more scratch voice work. When a film is still in the writing storyboarding stages, artists will do temporary voices for the story reels. He had Disney's big instructions racing through his mind. More. More edge. Edge ear. More. We want results, people. Edge ear. This is a business. Faster. More edge. Move on already. He thought to himself this exactly. The film needed an edge. It needed to be darker, more cynical. It needed more adult humor and situations. It needed un-attitude. Of course.  Edge. All of those hundreds of hours bent over a desk and all you needed was edge. Why didn't you listen sooner? He gave the film an edge. The story reels were flown over with the main crew to the head offices at Disney. The date was November 27, 1993, Black Friday, when the film was brought into the Disney screening room. The reel was about 48 and one-half minutes long. The movie started out as a western-style shootout between Woody and Andy, resulting in Andy being shot down. It's revealed that this was just a game played inside of Andy's mind. The film continued on with little problems for about the first 20 minutes or so, though several gags seemed off with the overall tone of the film. For example, Mr. Potato Head would pull one of his eyes out and kick them under Bo Peep's dress for a look-see. There were several scenes of Woody yelling at the toys to stop caring about Bo's, Larry, and to pay attention to him, culminating in insults or minor acts of violence. The scene comes where Andy can only take one toy to Peepsa Planet and Woody pushed Bo's out the window. Woody offers to shake hands with Bo's or Larry, only to throw him out of the window. There is a stock-smashing noise. The other toys are shocked and antagonize Woody for what he has done. Woody shows little remorse and screams at Slinky Dog to make the toys stop harassing him. After much yelling, with one of the Green Army men saying the word, God damn, the toys grab Woody and toss him out the window as well. He falls onto the ground with a low thump. Cheering is heard from the interior of the house. The quality on the storyboards becomes much less refined and almost like chicken scratch. Woody gets up and sees Bo's or Larry. Bo's body was shattered on impact. His arms and legs were broken off and located only a few inches away. There was a large crack down the middle of the chest revealing a mess of buttons and wires inside.  His eyes looked as if they were about to pop out of their plastic sockets. The twitching stops after a few moments as Woody looked in fear at what he has done to Bo's and runs off. There is a jump cut to the scene where the two get stuck in a claw machine. The storyboard art is back to its normal level of quality. The machine is filled with sunglasses wearing pieces as opposed to the Green Aliens in the finished movie. Bo's is completely unharmed and intact. The scene is almost verbatim to the final film. Sid, the antagonist in control of the claw, was wearing a yellow t-shirt and smoking three cigarettes at once. The claw grabs Woody and Bo's, Larry, putting them in the clutches of Sid. There is another jump cut, once again returning to the chicken scratched style of artwork. The scene is inside of Sid's room. Woody looks around the room in fear. He tiptoes around the room and collapses after seeing one of Sid's mutant toys. The reel then jumps cut once again to unrelated test animation of the characters running. A few seconds of Bo's or Larry running in place, a few seconds of Woody running, and merely a minute of the two running together. The footage appeared distorted and Spanish text was present on the screen. It looked like clay models that got life.  The animation now is the traditional animation style of a typical 2D Disney film. Woody is completely naked, with anatomically correct features, and stares directly into the camera.  Woody begins to moan in a low voice. What remains of his lips growl into a smile gets a flash peeling off as this happens. He lifts up his decomposing arm manually and waves into the camera. His fingers dig into his eyes, dark blood oozes out of their sockets. Woody begins to scream and growl. Don't you want it? Don't you want it? Don't you love it? He did so deep as to rip the entire top half of his head off. Woody gives a sigh of relief and begins eating the flash off of the skull before tossing it aside. He writes the word, Edge, on the screen with his rotting fingertips. The remaining 15 minutes of the reels were pencil scribbles, accompanied by the shrill screams of a young woman. The word, Edge, was burned into the projection screen. The screening ended in complete silence. Chairman of Disney at that time, Jeffrey Katzenberg, walked out of the screening quietly telling his colleagues, notes, they were following all of the notes we were giving them. Upon returning to the Pixar offices, writer Pete Doctor found the body of Ralph Thompson in an enormous pile of paper in his office. Further analysis found that the cause of death was a heart attack brought on by lack of sleep and stress. The papers were all storyboards and animation cells of the final coherent scene of Woody, while the word, Edge, sprawled on the back of each one. Following the Black Friday screening, Disney became far less involved with the film, to which Pixar was finally given the freedom to make the film their way. The film went on to be a huge success with critics and at the box office. The Black Friday incident today still remains very much a mystery. Note, there is a short bonus feature on the Toy Story Blu-ray about the incident, curiously not mentioning the more notable scenes. It can also be found on YouTube for anyone who is curious to see the whitewashed history. Disney produced the short documentary to avoid discussing the incident. If you contact them about it, you'll be redirected to the Blu-ray's Amazon page if you ever get a response at all.


So ACS has worked intensively with Japan Post to develop a end-to-end comprehensive solutions to rationalize last-minute delivery as well as inter-post deliveries. We have developed drones to enable drone postal delivery to rationalize these kind of operations. As you know, Japan is one of the most aging society in the world and in the future we will face this problem of lack of labour force and in order to maintain a high level, high quality drone postal services I believe that drone is a necessary solution for the world going forward. Our reasons for joining the consultative committee is that we believe this technology will not only benefit Japan but will benefit all the nations across the world. Being part of the committee will enable us to share our experiences, share about our technology and also help design any rule makings and regulations that needs amendment to enable these technologies to be embedded into society. Based on our experiences in Japan, what we have learned is that in areas where it's densely populated there will be a lot of other technologies available to supplement these kind of lack of labour force and all these kind of social issues. However, in rural areas, mountain areas, islands these are areas that will face challenges in maintaining the same service level of postal delivery and I believe that drones, because it's an ultimate solution, it's an unmanned solution it will enable maintaining the service level in these areas. So going forward, not only Japan but in countries, you know, island countries countries with a lot of mountainous and difficult landscapes these are the areas that will benefit from drone technologies in the future.


This study found that circular RNA-SERC-ZNF 652 is overexpressed in osteoarthritis, OA, patients and positively regulates LPS-induced apoptosis of chondrocytes by upregulating PTEN.


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Thank you very much for your contributions during this session. They're very much appreciated and I'm sure it creates a lot of thoughts and ideas for people to discuss over there. Should be some microphones for you? Sol three problems that we have now. The first problem is trying to solve the three projects. First, if you don't have a certain, sorry, this accent seat, how shall we? From the telecom permission. I've been writing, mentioning that. But in the IGP, there is a game video, a new opinion. The permission of the IGP has one of the necessary contributions to reduce inequality and medical. The role of this national justice with all of you. Thank you very much, sir. Thank you for your contribution sir. Rwy'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio.


What's happened in the last hour or so? Of course, yesterday we know that Chilich pulled out of Wimbledon due to COVID, getting COVID, but now we've got a serious contender who's pulled out, Mateo Barattini. He is out of Wimbledon due to having COVID. Let's go to his statement. So I'll read it out here. This is what it says. This is what Barattini had to say on Twitter. I'm heartbroken to announce that I need to withdraw from Wimbledon due to a positive COVID-19 test result. I have had flu symptoms and been isolating the last few days. Despite symptoms not being severe, I decided it was important to take another test this morning to protect the health and safety of my fellow competitors and everyone else involved in the tournament. I have no words to describe the extreme disappointment I feel. The dream is over for this year, but I will be back stronger. Thank you for the support. So that's what Barattini had to say in his statement and it's starting to get serious now. We had Chilich yesterday and Barattini today. Hopefully that is all we have in terms of the spread of the COVID-19 virus throughout the tournament. But I wonder what they're going to do now. I wonder if they're going to bring in some protocols. Are they going to bring in masks? Are they going to bring masks back? No players wearing masks, no officials, no customers, or no audience are wearing masks either. So I wonder what they're going to do now. Hopefully this stops here and it doesn't become a problem, but it could spread, worst case scenario, it could spread around the whole tournament. But let me know. What do you reckon? Down in the comments below if you're watching this later or in the chat. Are you disappointed that Barattini's not playing? Because I've had him as one of the favourites to win, possibly maybe causing a big upset and winning the whole thing. But now he won't be playing at all at Wimbledon in 2022 due to getting COVID.


Hello friends. I am Sanjay Gupta. I welcome you on Sanjay Gupta Tech School. In this video, I'm going to demonstrate how we can create lookup in screen flow. So to create lookup in screen flow, I'm going to use record choice set. Then I am going to apply filter conditions as well so that we can filter certain records by picking up the records in that lookup. And for example, I'm going to create a contact and that will be associated with an account, right? So through that lookup, we will be associating contact with a particular account that you can select from the list. So before starting, if you want to follow Salesforce training videos, you can search my name Sanjay Gupta on YouTube and you can follow my YouTube channel. Here you can find various playlists related to Salesforce and other programming languages. So now coming onto the topic. So I'm going to create new flow so you can search this flow page from this quick find. So just type flow here and you can click on this flow link. So this page will be open click on new flow. So a new tab will be available. So from here, you need to click on screen flow because we are going to interact with the user. So right now I'm going to create first screen. So screen, we need to provide the label for screen. So its label is get contact details. API name is populated automatically. If you want to put any description you can do as well. Then other things are available. So configuration, a frame, if you want to show header footer, so this is header and this is footer. If you want them, check these sub-boxes as well, otherwise set them as false. Control navigations and pause messages then help. So as per your requirement, you can fill these details. Now, from left side, I'm putting a screen component. So I'm choosing text. So if you have created contact, so you might remember that last name is required in case of contact creation. So this text label is last name. It should be required. So it is available on the screen. I'm clicking on done. So this way I created the screen. So this screen will be receiving last name now to create lookup. First I need to go to manager and clicking on new resource and from here I am choosing record choice set. So you need to create record choice set to create a lookup kind of thing in the screen flow. So API name is accounts. Object will be account because we are going to filter account records. Right now I'm not providing any condition. So I'm choosing get on account records, no condition. And then later on I will show you how you can set the condition so that you can filter the records. And choice label, I want to show account name, data type, text and whenever I will be choosing any account, so its ID will be passed automatically, right? And that ID we can use to assign while creating the contact. So if you other than ID, if you want to patch any other field related to account record, so you can put that field here and you can create a flow variable so that they can be used. So right now we are not going to use any other field other than ID. So I'm clicking on done. So this way I created record choice set. Now I can use that in this screen. So from left hand side I am searching for pick list. I'm dragging and dropping it. So this pick list label will be select account. And it's data type text, default value, no. Now select choices. So your record choice set will be available here. You can choose it. And these are other options. So I'm not going to touch those options. So I'm clicking on done. So this way our screen is created, right? Now I'm going to pick one more element that is create record. So its label will be create contact. How many records to create only one use values from a record? No. We have separate variables. So I'm choosing second option. And we are going to create contact records. So I'm choosing this option. Now here we need to set the fields. So last name is required. So I'm choosing that field. And we have one variable named as last name. So we can map that. So right hand side is containing flow variable and its value will be assigned to the field that that is available on the content. So while contact record is creating this will be assigned. Now I'm going to add one more field that is account ID that I can fetch from this accounts record. So the accounts report choice set. So it will assign automatically whichever account I'm going to select. Clicking on done and connecting this. Now I have to save this. So the account is label. Clicking on save. So this is saved. Now we have this button debug. So I'm not putting this screen flow on any quick action button or any record page. I'm just debugging it from here. If you want to test it with record page or any other tool. So you can watch related video like how you can play screen on record page or production or any other tool. So that will help you be just going to test how lookup works. So I'm just clicking on debug. So the flow execution will be opened in a new tab. So there you will see two options. So here you can see input variables are not required. So it is not asking anything. It is asking for executing this flow. So I'm clicking on run. So at left hand side you can see two options are available last name and all accounts. So all available accounts in your org are displayed here. And we don't have any filter criteria. That's why all accounts records are listed here and their names are listed because we choose names to be displayed. So let me create one of one contact. So last name. Let's see. And account I'm selecting as United Oil and Gas UK. Right. And then capitalizing it and clicking on next. So right hand side, you will see it will be creating a record. So these values we received. So from choice, this is the account ID, which is passed automatically, then record is created account is assigned. The last name is assigned. And this is the contact ID that record is created. So I'm copying it. Moving here and I'm pasting it here so that you can test whether this account record is created or not and whether it is linked to the particular account which we selected. So here you can see in details. Last name. We provided only so it is combination of first name and last name so it is showing only an account name is this United Oil and Gas UK. So it is linked automatic. Right. So you might have feel a felt like how that look up work. So this is because of this record choice set that we put here. So now I'm going to modify that. So all the resources and elements that you create are available at left hand side. So we need to modify record choice set. So here it is.  As we apply and look for filters. So here I'm choosing this field active equals to let's say true. So this field is available on account record if its value is true, then only those records will be filter automatically. I'm saving it. Again, I'm clicking on debug. So this way you will see less number of records will be available in that look up. So, so here you can fill last name and here you can see very less number of records are available because only on these records that active field is having value as true. So this way you can apply filter as well by getting the records from a particular object and with the help of record choice that you can create a look up kind of thing in the case of screen flow. So I hope you understood how we can create record choice set so that we can select a particular record from a list and it is similar to look up that we have on record pages to select a particular record that we want. And I hope you understood whatever I demonstrated in this video. If you want to watch more Salesforce training video you can search my name Sanjay Gupta on YouTube, and you can follow various playlist related to Salesforce and other programming languages. Thank you for watching this video.


The Chief of Army Staff, Lieutenant-General Farouk Yahya, has expressed the Nigerian Army's utmost loyalty to the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, President Bola Tenumbu. He also congratulated him on his victory at the polls and swearing in as the democratically elected President of Nigeria. Represented by the commandant, Nigerian Army School of Supply and Transportation Major General Osmano Taru, the Army Chief, made the commitment at the commissioning of a remodeled Iduwale Town Hall at Awu Community in a central local government area of Edo State. On the part, the traditional ruler appreciated the generous gifts from the Nigerian Army, promising to make good use of the facilities. The Chief of Army Staff, C.A.S. Lieutenant-General Farouk Yahya, has assured President Bola Tenumbu of the absolute loyalty of the Nigerian Army to him and the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Yahya gave the assurance during the inauguration of the newly constructed ultra-modern headquarters of the Nigerian Army School of Military Engineering, complex in Makodi. He assured the Nigerian Army would at all times remain professional to ensure that the President achieved his vision of having a safe and secure Nigeria. Earlier, the Commander-Core of Engineers Major General P.E. Erumosele thanked the Chief of Army Staff for approving and making funds available for the construction of the edifice. The Ziyapu Heart woman to note that this edifice we have just commissioned not only made the expectations but it will also showcase the dexterity of our world-class core of Army engineers at executing structures within record time. It's my conviction that this new headquarters complex will fulfill the administrative purposes it was built for in line with the provision of one of the cardinal pillars of my command which is administration. May I assure His Excellency President Bola Amitenebu of the absolute loyalty of the Nigerian Army with him the President Commander-in-Chief and the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. We will at all times remain professional to ensure that the Commander-in-Chief achieves his vision of having a safe and secure Nigeria for economic and other social activities to thrive. Be assured Your Excellency of our resolve and confronting the future challenges facing the nation. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


To be a Paragon, one must sacrifice. We must surrender ourselves to fate and to our own abilities. If you should wish to protect the innocent, to champion the truth, to deliver upon the manifest destiny of our human species, well you had best come prepared to pay the highest of costs, for the galaxy is and has ever been a dangerous and hateful place. It can still amaze me that there remain those amongst us willing to stand against such tides, to plant their bodies in the way of such a torrent of hate and detlair. No. No further. These Paragons of all our virtues, they are to be rightfully lauded, for who amongst us can say that we have truly sacrificed, to have truly given our all for the sake of a noble and righteous cause that is higher than ourselves. The subjects of this record should forever be remembered as such, for they amongst almost all their comrades in the Collegiate Titanica embodied the virtues of the era they helped usher in like no others. They were the truest of his messengers and for that they were to pay the ultimate price. No then, this is the record of those Paragons, the true messengers of the Titanica, the legio prosaegius. The legio prosaegius was, since its inception, a child of two worlds, quite unique amongst their brethren in the Collegiate Titanica for this very reason, whereas the majority of the God-engined legions fought and operated closely with their feudal overlords in the Mechanicum of Mars, prosaegius distinguished itself quite early in the Great Crusade, with the fervour by which they adopted the secular tenets of the Emperor's Imperial Truth. The Mechanicum, majoritly comprised of ardent followers of the Machine God, extended its faith and the Imperial allowance of it to its client organisations, the Titanica included, meaning that it was not uncommon to find ardent worshippers of the Deus Mechanicus and the Omnisiah amongst the various Titan legions. Prosaegius bucked the trend, aligning itself fervently with the Emperor's atheistic philosophy, the Imperial Truth, and, uh, spurning the heritage of their Martian birth. To the engine crews of this legio, the Emperor and his Imperium represented a hope for humanity hitherto undreamed of, and his promises of galactic manifest destiny with the loftiest of all possible endeavours. The move was initially not a popular one, and won the legio little favour amongst the Synod of Mars, nor amongst the older legios, such as Mortus or Ignatum, both of whom saw their cousins as easily swayed innocents at best and close to treasonous heretics at worst. They did, however, win them very eager political allies amongst the Imperial Divisio Militaris, the overall commanding body of the Imperium's military assets. Paigned as they were perennially, with attempting to leverage the significant military might of Red Mars, while also dealing with its impenetrable web of feudal fealties, the Divisio championed the legio-presidius in both external propaganda and internal communiques, as paragons of human unity. Eager to win the allegiance of a legion of god-engines, presidius was a boon unheard of to the Imperium, and was rushed to the crusade's frontlines because of this, both as a very visible statement of early unity between Imperium and Mechanicum, and for the obviously sheer projection of force their god-engines could muster. It was upon the world of Tentrion that the legio would first make its power known. An earth-comparable planet close to Terra on stable warp corridors towards Corward, Tentrion was a haven, redolent of the age of technology, having survived the downfall of the species during the Age of Strife remarkably unblemished. Its infrastructure and population were in full command of an advanced technological base and quite advanced infrastructure and industry. Its galactic position made it a prized target for early expeditionary fleets, but the militarized world promised to mount stiff resistance, having rebuffed every early emissary of the Imperium. The regime of Tentrion, unwilling to renounce their sovereignty, claimed the emperor and the Imperium had no right upon their domain. The pond effects of the planet openly decrying the master of mankind as a tyrant worse than any old knight could have conjured. Despite the dire casualty and material cost predictions, the Great Crusade could not have been allowed to falter at such a critical point in its infancy, nor against such a vital potential conquest. The fleets of both Imperium and Mechanicum smashed in system, sweeping away enemy ships and orbital defences both, only to be met with ground armies far in excess of estimated numbers, as well as towering automated weapons platforms, building-sized constructs, each a match for an entire Exurtus imperialis regiment. The presence of engine-class opposition necessitated the deployment of the legio prestigious, and as had been the case with all post-Solar Reclamation campaigns involving Titans, up until that point, command echelons expected the devastation to be near total, resigning themselves to a campaign of extermination and annihilation that would leave the world's vaunted infrastructure and population not but ash. Where God engines walked, it was commonly known, nothing survived but drifting clouds of city dust.  They did not. Instead of laying into the foe with abandon, the first grandmaster of the legio, Bohemond of Old Thair, baited the gun constructs of the Pontifex away from populated areas, using his own under-strength manapole to draw the enemy out. He wagered that the ruler would not miss such an opportunity to significantly blood the invaders, and in this he was correct. After five days of engine warfare, the Pontifex's treasured war machines were demolished, and the God engines of prestigious were triumphant, bellowing their war horns in victory. Bohemond, his warlord having sustained significant damage during the engagement, would not survive to see the Imperium's compliance extended to Tantrion, but the victory of his legio could not have been more of a success for the Imperium. Comporting himself and his crews with a self-sacrificing honor, not typically seen amongst the usually detached crews of the Colesia Titanica, the first grandmaster had spared the population of the planet, the horrors of an apocalyptic engine war, vastly improving the Imperium's image in their eyes, and to the unbridled relief of both the Divisio Militaris and the War Council, delivering a vital staging ground for future crusade operations almost intact. The propaganda victory alone was worth almost as much as the mineral and industrial wealth of Tantrion, as vidreals throughout the newfound Imperium were packed with footage of the proud engines of Prasagius, were splendid in all of the entirely secular. Finery, the Imperium could muster. Striding proudly down the conquered thoroughfares of the world cities, with crowds cheering upon their arrival, they made a fine sight indeed, and the remembrances of the time sung their praises. History records that the Emperor himself named them the deliverers of his will during the compliance ceremony, naming the legio Prasagius as the truest messengers of my grand intent. The title the legio readily adopted for the remainder of his service, and won the Divisio Militaris quickly spread far and wide. Prasagius went on to become an incredibly useful tool in the Imperium's military apparatus. Their insistence upon honorable engagement and the utter hatred they possessed for indiscriminate weapon use placed them in a significant demand as far as crusade operations went. Worlds like Tantrion existed rarely, mounting crucial targets for crusade expeditionary fleets, worlds that could be expected to mount significant resistance, but also ones the Imperium needed or wished to be delivered as intact as possible. Prasagius' reputation as his true messengers could likewise be counted upon to bolster morale in previously thought unwinnable theatres, as well as proving to the foe that they faced an honorable and just regime, not merely petty invaders, bloodthirsty annihilators, or tin pot despots. This would often mean that the legio Prasagius was placed in extraordinarily challenging scenarios, especially since other Titan legios, unimpressed or distrustful of the true messengers for their vaunted status within the Imperium, would wield their political clout to avoid. Should the crews of Prasagius have ever felt spurred by this, they gave no indication of it. In fact, quite the opposite, as they appeared to relish any opportunity to bring the Emperor's truth to the unenlightened, and to do so with all the martial distinction they had become known for. The true messengers routinely found themselves assigned to vanguard expeditionary fleets, often fighting alongside the 17th Legion Imperial heralds, later the word-bearers, and 13th Legion war-born, later the ultramarines, as both of these Astartes' forces had additionally developed reputations for being both Imperial truth standard-bearers and deliverers of fully intact and highly compliant worlds in their own fashion. From the clawing dust wastes of Akiron to the macro-cities of Benthur, they fought with the fury of the zealot, tempered with the disposition of the knight. Engine crews developing a targeting solution regimen and fire-controlled discipline second to none amongst the legios of the Caligia. Often, this level of self-control came at a high price, both in the blood of their crews and the bodies of their engines. Yet the true messengers never once balked at this, deeming such losses as the red price for humanity's manifest destiny. Initially, it never truly hindered their overall operational efficacy, as a divisio-militarist lent heavily upon the Mechanicum to ensure the legio was constantly and promptly resupplied with all they could need to continue being the engine heralds of his word. This was, however, not to last. The Mechanicum and the Caligia responded bitterly. An intense rivalry developed between Prasagius and the legios Mortus and Serta Vora, both of whom had victory tallies equal to or in excess of the true messengers, but ones stained with both dark rumor and verifiable evidence of unnecessary massacres over eager genocides and generally wanton destruction. These legios and others like them wore their dark fame as a badge of honor, decrying Prasagius as simpletons unwilling to get their hands dirty with the true and terrible cost of war. Worse still, they spurned what they saw as the legio's moral superiority and almost traitorous relationship with the Imperium, as further evidence of dereliction of duty, for were not the engines of the Omnisire, the machine god's destructive potency incarnate, were not Prasagius' heretics for denying the full devastating potential of the weapons they wielded. Such comments had rarely more weight than being unsubtle and slanderous boasts between princeps and official receptions, but in the background, Mortus and Serta Vora wielded their political strength to isolate the true messengers further from their brethren, pushing them to the forefront of the bloodiest and most brutal battles a crusade could throw at the Imperium. While each time the true messengers emerged unbowed and unbroken, the sheer rate of attrition mounted, a combination of both their relentless pursuit of honorable combat and the viciousness of the foes that they faced. Worse still, the long arm of their rivals extended deep into the feudal web of Mechanicum Hierarchy, tying up replacement engines in morasses of red tape and barely acknowledged legal precedents, forcing Prasagius to send wounded engines to distant forges for repairs. Having emerged into Galicia Titanica as the scions of the mighty Legiogrophonicus, Prasagius had initially been graded as a primus strength legio, with the standing ability of fielding over 300 engines, many amongst them the heaviest of classes. Warlord Carnivore and Mirage class god engines formed a sizable amount of true messenger numbers, including Imperator superclass engines too. Their reputation had seen them subdivided into hundreds of separate maniples and demi-maniples, as a divisio-militarist sought to spread their image and capabilities as far and wide amongst the crusade as possible. This, in combination with the machinations of others, bled the legion dry. By 000 M31, Prasagius had been reduced to a third of its initial engine complement, staggering losses for any legio, yet won the true messengers had borne with their customary stoicism. Grim resolve, however, could not prevent the undeniable truth that the now tertius-grade legio had lost its combat efficacy, and risked annihilation should its admittedly admirable commitment to ever being in the crusade's van continue. Help would come from an unexpected quarter, however. Envoy's from the primarch, Robute Gulliman, of the 13th legion Ultramarines, brought to the princeps of Prasagius an offer in their dire times. A new home, and a new role. Eager to both bolster the defences of his rapidly burgeoning realm of Ultramar, and to reward what he saw as sterling service, Gulliman had prevailed upon the magi of the Forge world of Gantz to fully refit and resupply the true messengers, being the only true standing Forge within his sphere of influence. It was a fortuitous bargain, one of a typically Gulliman fashion of both parity and caniness. Gantz desired to shock the yoke of its obligations to the distant but powerful Forge of Akatran, and its bellicose legio destructor. Gulliman desired to bring both the magi under his wing and shore up Ultramar's defences, and Prasagius sorely needed a safe harbor. It was upon Gantz that the legio would spend the next six years standard of its existence, withdrawn almost in full from the crusade frontlines to repair, refit, and renew itself as the guardians of their newfound home. They were, perhaps predictably, not totally ground bound to the Forge itself, as the warrior spirit of the legio's cruise could not abide such idle secondment as Praetorians to an albeit up-and-coming, but nevertheless very safe Forge. It was rare indeed in those years that the task force of Gulliman's Ultramarines would venture forth from Ultramar without engine class support from the true messengers, and the titan barks bearing the god engines of the legio would often ply the lanes of Gulliman's realm, lest Xenos foes attempt to penetrate its borders during times of relative peace. On such event, the Herod migration to Prantium in 005 M31 was repulsed largely due to the legio's timely intervention, their usual restraint abandoned to blood themselves against the hideous alien foe. The true messengers merged from their sequesterment in Ultramar, the legio renewed, returned through the efforts of the Magi of Gantz to a full primus grade status, and now renowned throughout Ultramar for their valor and heroism. Their issues with distant petulant legios seemed a thing of the past, as Gantz's prosperity had only increased under their watch, and now unshackled from the political concerns of their mechanic and brethren, and with the support of, as ardent a figure, as the Primarch Gulliman, the future of the legio looked brighter than ever. When the warmaster, Horus Lupacal, Bade Gulliman muster at the fresh colony world of Calth, prosagius honored their Ligelord's call with Zeal, for what true servant of the Imperium would not relish such an opportunity as it presented. To fight alongside not only the 13th Legion, but the 17th and their Primarch, Lorgar, Aurelion, in annihilating the hated greenskins, and indeed to do so with honor alongside their erstwhile rivals in the legio Sertivora, to heal the wounds of old emnities through victorious combat, what could possibly be finer? The true messengers made full wake for Calth in full legio strength, preparing to usher in a new era not only for their legacy, but for Ultramar, the Imperium, and the Emperor. It would seem fate, the warmaster, and the legio Sertivora would tragically have other plans in store for them, until such a time as I can bear to relate that tale. Ave Imperator, Gloria, and Excelsis Terra. This video and this channel were made possible thanks to the very kind donations and support from my Patreon subscribers. If you'd like to help support the channel, head on over to patreon.com slash Oculus Imperia. If you'd like to receive more updates about the channel and any future videos, you can contact me or follow me on Twitter at Oculus Imperia. Otherwise, please like, subscribe, comment, let me know your feedback, and as ever, thank you very much for watching.


Good morning everyone. I apologize. The handout you have has some errors. I've made corrections. So the paper is for reference and feel free to recycle it after the talk. The PowerPoint here has updated information. I had some pre-2014 reconstructions and little things I changed. So it's something to refer to and scribble on and whatever you feel like. So okay. So I'm, as the title suggests here, I'm using applying the backs of cigar old Chinese reconstructions as a point of reference. And it is useful to me because it has a lot of reference to the attic, which is my interest. My question is, how do I know if sometimes whether these are actually old Chinese or maybe some other period loans? Because there's always a degree of certainty and it's never a hundred percent. So and I'm also interested in the timing of these things and I'll talk about that a little bit. So I'll talk about the role of old Chinese in reconstructing early Vietic culture and its change after synthetic influence. That's what I've been increasingly interested in. I suppose the best term for what I am doing is ethno-historical linguistics. Linguistic ethno-history? I don't really know what to call it. It's not philology so it's something a little different. Maybe someone has a better term. Regardless of the term, I'm taking an interdisciplinary approach and I'm exploring human sociocultural history by using linguistic evidence and I'm looking at the linguistic evidence in light of the sociocultural history. So it's a blend. For example, I'll use semantic domain analysis to talk about some of the cultural aspects. So it involves a mixture of data and analytical approaches within disciplines where people disagree on things. So it's necessarily a matter of weight of evidence, I suppose, because each of the disciplines have their own theoretical approaches. Okay. So I'm going to start with a couple of quotes. So how do you connect historical sociolinguistics and ethno-archaeology? So I'm going to give you a couple of quotes here. This is Vodricur, the translation here by Yeome, actually, but it's soon to be published, I guess. The translation of the book is working. So that bold print, they're under the cultural influence of Chinese as it has to by long words. A nice simple sentence. It just requires books and books of writing to explain and clarify. And so on the other side, I've been on the other side as Hagen, which Charles Hagen lives in the top Southeast Asian archaeologist. The direct Chinese contact with Donaldson people is the most likely means whereby knowledge of iron is reached. Bakbo is the kind of northern region of Vietnam as a reference. Now, this could potentially benefit from the linguistic side of things. He wasn't looking at the linguistic side of things. So let's consider a sample here of lexical evidence. As you can see there, these terms for metals here and in the various language groups. And pretty evident that metallurgy in southern China and northern Vietnam starts in a very early period. That's what it would appear. So focusing on the Vietnamese and Vietic forms there, a gang there for steel, that's pretty clearly related. These, however, are a little more problematic. And you see there, the proto-dye and momian form match reasonably well. I don't know quite what to do with this. And yet it seems pretty clear that this is not just chance similarities. It's pretty strong evidence from the archaeological side that iron age emerges with the arrival of the Chinese. So this is the kind of question I have in mind where there's uncertainty because these are sporadic borrowings and that sort of thing. So the kind of the points of inquiry are considering what Vietic was like before and in the immediate centuries after the contact. The kind of convergence period in those first few centuries and not just Vietic, of course. And I'm interested, as much as I can find, refinement and periodization of the lexical borrowing.  And along the way, when you're looking at all of these, you have to consider the strengths and weaknesses of each of the disciplines and of course what any one human being can do with taking on multiple disciplines at the same time. But anyways, to provide sufficient weight of evidence, that's basically the way to do it with this point. Okay. So to talk a little bit of considering the sociocultural aspect, we can consider modern Vietic cultural sociocultural structures. So what I mean, for example, here, a state level, Vietnames is considered at the state level. That's this today. Okay. But just to consider, this is a model for the past. The moon groups, which are largely chiefdoms, less synthesized, but very much, I forgot to put that right about in there, pretty much Vietnames and moon are in that synosphere. So I was in the synisfil, complex tone systems, monosyllabic, whereas these other groups, I'm going to be used to this, the moon group's other Vietic languages are more or less in that category of monchimer typology and the pre-citibals, but they have some tones or register. It's very conservative, but if you see the languages described, they are recognizably monchimer in structure. So this sort of language and society, there are some correspondences. So that's the way to consider what the origins of Vietic culture are in this region here. This is that so-called Bac Bo region. There it is, Bac Bo. And the Dao Son culture, if you've heard the term, is centered in Northern Vietnam there and in the River Delta region. Golau is the center. Golau is a state level society. That's more recent in the literature at this point that it's been established at state level. So the Dao Son culture is generally considered to be the source of Vietnames culture and if so, we can assume that it constitutes a proto-Vietic speech community and Vietic, therefore, means that I'm not taking any particular position on any language or it's a group of languages. We don't have that much information. With this emergence of the, again, Golau state by 200 B.C., but certainly was surrounded by chieftains and tribes, those different levels of society. So it may have reached state level here, but of course there would have been a variety of socio-political units outside. So we must assume, however, that the whole region was a monchimeric type Austro-Asian client, which again, so this is what we are. So different from today, this is the pre-citizensization period. So that's the assumption of what I take to be this general circumstances for this synthetic Vietic contact at that period. So the lexical data, back to the lexical data. So as Audrey Cork claimed, lexical evidence shows Chinese cultural influence. This influence led to massive linguistic restructuring throughout the cynosphere. Fine. We don't focus on the literary sign of Vietnamese. Generally, when people say sign of Vietnamese, that's what they mean. They mean the sort of literary level. I'll use the short hand, LSB, for literary sign of Vietnamese or late sign of Vietnamese in contrast with early sign of Vietnamese. So those are the terms I'll use. This is very formalized, high-phrological consistency, absolute certainty. I can check it in a dictionary and I know it's sign of Vietnamese. Early sign of Vietnamese, ESV, rather than OSV for while I used OSV. We focus on that. This is largely from spoken transmission. We expect some mixed consistency in the phonological forms as I provide an example of it at the beginning. And degree of high to low certainty, and just sometimes you can't know really. And we keep them. I keep them in the list and just label them low certainty, immediate certainty, high certainty. It's very rare that I label an old Chinese form complete certainty, even though in my mind I'm certain. Okay, so we need some extra linguistic evidence to deal with the inconsistencies. I'm going to take historical and archaeological evidence. Okay, so one of the kinds of evidence, comparative, some kind of data are expected, comparative linguistic data, as I've shown in those instances of words for metals, historical documents, and I'll provide a couple brief examples of that to change historical documents. Of course, the archaeological data, we've got approximate dates of material objects. As far as associated actions and cultural concepts, we can only make inferences about those things, right? So we have the data. There's no intangible items are, of course, harder to deal with, but certainly for ethno-historical purposes, you keep the inferences in mind. So let's turn to examples and use type. Okay, in comparative evidence, we want phonological patterns and, of course, the, I think it's, of course, the strongest indicator are the types of this, I'm going to call it shorthand, shangchu reversal. It's not really a reversal, in a sense it's a reversal. So in that early period of the late period, we find shangchu and in that early period are the reverse of them. So there's my early sign of Vietnamese, that little curve tone there means that's the shang category. That sock tone means it's a two category, but in these it's the opposite. So that's, that's pretty robust and consistent with the idea that there were no tones, final bottle stopped, final fricatives. And so those are pretty strong linguistically indicators. Okay, sometimes we have words which don't have so much information, so back at the gang steel indication that ping shang doesn't tell me much necessarily, because of course it's not, just non-distinctive in a sense, as well as ru shang, not very distinctive. But the initials here, as was, I guess it was discussed yesterday some, that kind of lenition at the initials, the G is more like the, that's it, a velar fricative, essentially, those sorts of things. Also vowels tend to be a little bit of diphthongization, and those are generally useful indicators of the time. An odd one is the level tones from two shang, so that kind of goes counter to this category up here, but I keep finding more of these, and so we find this ping shang level tone, there's no tone on there, or what are evidently two shang final fricatives. And so it's odd, because here the speaker's recognizing, here something else is happening, instead of that, that's an interesting question to consider, back to the cigar I've noted. Okay. Okay, the phonological categories of old Chinese loans and early sign of Vietnamese are corroborated by old Chinese loans, as well as Thietic. So a bit of comparative evidence, so when I find these kinds of things, okay, good. I find tonal correspondences, good. So it's beyond Thietic looking at the others and going, okay, well they match too. Even some things like the particular vowel that Beard had used, the back on the rounder vowel, as in the photo di-form, I've noticed a few instances of that, but you see the sources there, Thietic is actually Michelle Ferguson, and I don't know if I'm supposed to cite this stuff or not, but it's our non-communicable dictionary, so should be okay to cite it. Okay, so the comparative evidence is useful in establishing some of the words as old Chinese or not. Well, old Chinese or at least in the early period, not necessarily old Chinese. That's another question that I'll get to at the end of the talk here. Okay, let's get a sample historical record, and you don't have to read the whole thing, but this text referring from the 5th century back to the 1st century in that region of northern Vietnam there, that's the political administration there, and I identify the words just for fun, essentially. I'm not claiming that these words are old Chinese words just because they're in this text exactly, but that it is a historical documentation that these concepts were introduced into the region. Now, I'm going to give the caveats after I say that, of course. Okay, so essentially saying she long brought all of those things to northern Vietnam, well, very bold statement. Okay, so I've picked out some of these words, so this is evidence of the possibility that these words were introduced in this approximate period. That's all. Not, no strong claims, but it is evidence that one should not ignore and throw away. Okay, but of course there are problems in identifying early sign of Vietnamese through these historical documents, right? So historians know such texts are fructible uncertainties, and the Ho Han Shui excerpt is referring to something centuries before. It's largely taken from and written as a court document to an emperor. So in addition to its usual literary Chinese conciseness, which doesn't give much information, it's compounded by bias, and so we cannot take it at face value. There are reconstructable forms for these kinds of things in Austro-Asianic, soon proto-Austro-Asianic for some of these things. So in addition, the Dumson culture at already reached a state level society and they had wet rice agriculture for some centuries before. So what does this mean when the document says she long introduced these things? Well, certainly there were some administrative pushes to do certain things, so we have to take the evidence skeptically, but it's certainly useful to consider as a source of that extra linguistic data. Okay, let's see. So a couple of other historical examples. Well here, you can see they're just brief information. I have not come across wells in the archaeological literature in the Bakbo region. There are some for Chinese that go well, early on, Western on, I've forgotten the term now, but to replicas of wells that are buried with people in tombs and that sort of thing. So it was well established tradition, but there's a sort of evidence of the Nguyen-Mong region in that first period of our history and then we have the correspondence of the tomes. So it brings in a little bit of extra linguistic evidence that suggests, oh indeed, yes it was mandated in the region at that time, at that approximate time. Part of the clothing in that previous sample, this excerpt, I'm not sure what to make of the timing of the loss of the final k and that sort of thing, but certainly it was, they used a different word in the historical text. It was guan, you know, something like headwear. And finally some censuses from that same period suggest that you're taking censuses and you are collecting taxes. Household administration becomes common. And what I don't quite know is I expect the tone, the shangtu reversal, and it's not there. And I don't quite know what to make of the old Chinese reconstruction is this, but it has a shang, so I thought it would be too shangtu, but I don't know enough about that. So I'm not sure what to make of this in terms of the timing. I need some more clarification there. Okay, now archaeological data, we've covered comparative historical archaeological data. There are numerous caveats that one must keep in mind. They are very proximate times. They're disagreeing on some of the researchers, such as when the Bronze Age began in Southeast Asia, things like that. There's uncertainty in the timing of loanwords. They, loanwords could have come in at that time. They could have come in much later. I have no way to confirm any of that, right? So regarding the archaeological evidence, you have to put out the caveats up front, okay. We can infer cultural practices and concepts, but they're never non-disprovable. I can never prove or disprove absolutely, for example, that marriage was or was not introduced at that time. A lot of it is inferential, okay? Having said that, we can still use some of the data. And useful. Oh yes, of course, they're gaps in the data. They're gaps in the archaeological data. They're gaps in the lexical data. That's the way it is. And so we build whatever data we're very able to find. Okay, so first example is the word for sword, which appears in the Bakbo region in a very late BC period. Bronze knives and axes were part of the Donsan culture several centuries prior. So it's not that the Chinese did not bring in the Bronze Age. That's several centuries before. The Iron Age, not the Bronze Age, okay. But swords specifically are considered to be largely innovations from the north. There's also support of this for this Pingchang for a Chuxiang category word. So we've got a combination of historical, archaeological, and linguistic data to strengthen that as a pre-millennial, a pre-the turn of the millennium time. Polished mirrors are very common in the Han style Tung's in Northern Vietnam. The common mention of mirrors in mainland Southeast Asian archaeology prior to this period, unlike, for example, the bronze drums. If you're familiar with those, that's, you know, well studied mirrors not so much. So as far as I can tell, this is something that arrives with Chinese. So the archaeological evidence is not as early as swords a little bit later. Again, at that first century BCE is where a lot of this seems to have happened. A lot of the archaeological evidence really focuses on that first century BCE. There are things before, there's something really did happen at that time. Okay, even the last holds in that region again to that first century BCE. Oh, and we've got our expected tone. Oh, yes. We've got our final law of thought versus final fricking of type tone, as expected. Okay. I'm going to go quickly through this one because this one can take a while. Tile. Interesting, because of the final offline, no, as far as I can tell, no modern very Chinese hasn't. It's all ah, ma mian dai, ah. Vietnamese, final offline, ah. Apparently, I guess, cigar, but I guess it would have been Bill Baxter, who first noted it in the Ode's, I guess, and I forgot when it was mentioned exactly. Rhymes in the Ode's. Okay, so that's the only evidence. Rhymes in the Ode's. So that's good. That's linguistic evidence. Archaeological evidence. And I recently studied thousands of ceramic roof styles dating to this earlier period. This is much earlier. This is not the first century scene for a century or really second century. Easy. Large numbers of tiles, they don't appear elsewhere. It's all in this concentrated period. At the co-law site that I mentioned before. Context of increasing political status and legitimacy in this emerging state. Fine. No Chinese characters on the tiles though, but it's evidently a Chinese style, so modeling of thing. So, I can hypothesize, and hypothesize means one can argue against. Of course, that it increases the likelihood that noise is a synodic borrowing, and that the borrowing may have come as early as really around 200 BCE. And if so, that really is as far as I can tell the earliest evidential evidence of an old Chinese loan. I haven't found anything, for example, in the Warring States period. This is West Han, essentially. It's a very beginning of West Han. The takeaway here is that the combination of this increases the certainty of it. So, we have the Ode's, we have archaeological evidence. Okay. So, now talking about semantic domains. So, I'm going to go over a couple of categories of semantic domains here. So, I've shown instances of synodic impact on early agriculture via historical and archaeological data. Let's use the lexical stuff to do a little semantic domain analysis. Normally, semantic domain analysis does with living speakers. So, I'm using, again, data that's incomplete, uncertain. But, certainly, we can see that relative age and gender was impacted. That's younger is native, older is Chinese, and from a very early period, evidently. Okay. We have this paternal versus maternal becoming stronger through the lexical evidence of old Chinese suggesting a sociocultural impact there. Okay. The difference between paternal and maternal sides in those terms. Now, later middle Chinese words were added to supplement it, but these, apparently, based on the tone that we've got our expectant Shaan Tu reversal here, these do appear to be in that general period. So, my guess would be either the first century CE or the 300th, fourth century CE, when another group arrived. And that, to me, is a question of the timing. And this has had an impact on the overall system of address and pronouns. I mean, it had a very profound impact on the terms of address and be amazing pronouns. Of course, you're introducing marriages and talk to those family structures related to that period. So, was it the 100s, 80s, was it the 300s? I don't know when there were more that came in the 300s. But an overall restructuring of the system. So, that's what, that's a good sample of what I could do. Now, obviously, this is very cursory, but the idea that what was Austro-Asianic system before, we would have to model what happens in other Montcomeric-type groups to see what it could have been. Okay, what kinds of changes that would complete. Virtually loss. I mean, pronouns in Vietnamese are virtually tapped and inappropriate to use among friends. I'm sorry, only the friends inappropriate to use in polite situations. Okay, beyond marriage and family structure, what about trade systems? Certainly, there was a state-level society at the co-law site. We see a number, but we see a number of Chinese old Chinese terms, or maybe somewhat later terms from this period. And while, while bronze was an important part of the Donaldson culture, bronze had long been used. Their silver, gold, and coins in the archaeological literature are only in the archaeological record after the establishment of Chinese administration. So, in sign of Vietnamese, early sign of Vietnamese is full range of market economy materials and concepts. So, again, it's cursory, but it suggests a significant impact on the trade system and probably the development of a complex economic system. What it was before, I don't have enough information. Okay, related issue was just general material culture. So, clothing was already mentioned as being mandated by Xigong. So, we have those kinds of words and there's some more. Home furnishings. Again, what was common in Vietic culture prior to the Han arrival is less certain. But at least for now, when we combine a marriage, family, economy, and household, we have a fairly complete package, cultural package, Chinese style cultural package from this. Okay, to top it off, I'm not even going to talk about it, right? Just, of course, writing, literacy, abstract concepts of time, calendars, really quite a rich range of something that we can see. So, I've got over, I don't know, 300, 350 early sign of Vietnamese terms that I consider in the high certainty category, another 100 of reduced certainty. There's enough evidence to do some tentative hypothesizing. So, to summarize the kind of changes here, kind of historical ethno-semantics, really, that's what I've been doing. Number of, okay. Oh, that was the two-minute warning. Get ready presenters, that's what you're going to get. So, I don't want, I want to be careful not to assume that Vietic peoples did not have some of these practices and some of these materials. It's, it's sensitive. And if I'm talking to Vietnamese scholars, I want to be very careful. And indeed, just for scientific validity, I have to be careful. There, there's plenty of evidence of the fairly advanced, complex, sociocultural, sociopolitical structure in the region. Images on the dumb sun, bronzes, the bronze drum, so wealthy leaders wearing different kinds of headwear. Wearing headwear, it wasn't as though hats were introduced, but perhaps just Chinese style hats, Chinese style accoutrements and such. Okay. But it does appear that a complex economy was introduced. It obviously had a complex, it has significant impact on the family system, marriage practices and that sort of thing. Okay. It's also important to notice where things did not have impact. And just to remind, just to highlight that, no numbers borrowed, Vietnamese has its own number is good for them, right? Like some other groups. So there is a lot of contact and yet conversely, not a lot of grammatical vocabulary from that period. Whereas I presented not long ago on Sinodi grammatical vocabulary, quite a rich array of grammatical vocabulary compared to Vietnamese. So, you know, putting this into perspective, I still say like to moderate structural influence, but I don't know. Maybe it's upped a little bit by the socio-cultural changes. And on the last page there, 26, there, I'm sorry for you, the panel 26, some of these transitional forms. And I'm not quite sure what to do with these. I suspect that this is, see the tones, they don't flip. This is totally different category. I don't know how to evaluate these yet. Are these due to different varieties of synonyms? Did they come in a later period after tones had emerged? Some lingering questions. But if I'm going to tie these kinds of things, provide approximate dates, I need the extra linguistic dates to be able to do that. So, oh, and for example, the things related to, potentially to Buddhism, that's clearly in the early centuries, not in the Han dynasty, that such terms would be borrowed. So, I'm finished. I can answer questions. And if you don't have questions now, I can certainly talk with people later. And obviously I have lots of things that are challenging and hypotheses that can be challenged. But I certainly would appreciate any questions or comments or help with figuring things out. Thank you.


Looking at the income tax formula, we're focused online, one that being income. Remember in the first half of the income tax formula is in essence an income statement, but just to outline the scaffolding, other forms and schedules flowing into it, one being the schedule C, in essence an income statement in and of itself, it having business income minus business expenses. The business net income rolling into line one of the income tax formula here, that being income. First page of the form 1040, noting that the schedule C rolls into the schedule one, which would roll into page one of form 1040 line number eight. Schedule C profit or loss from business, noting it is an income statement in essence with income minus the expenses. We're focused on the expenses side of things here. This time focused on the car and truck expenses. One which often is another wrinkle, another area of difficulty for multiple different reasons. One is going to be because you might have cars and trucks that are personal versus a business. You might be using some personal and some business. We need to break out from business and personal as we have seen in a prior presentation. That's the general concept we need in order to be deducting because it needs to be ordinary and necessary for business to be deducting on the schedule C. We also have different methods for tracking the use of an automobile. We can track the actual expenses, in which case we have to have the added burden of putting it on the books as an asset and depreciating it, having limitations possibly on the type of depreciation methods for automobiles and whatnot, and then track all of the expenses related to the automobile trying to break out between business and personal, and or we might have a more of a simplified method, which would be a mileage type of method, which would be easier because normally we would track just simply the miles in that case. And then there's a question of, well, which method would result in more of a deduction, which is more of a complicated question than you might think because we could think about that question as of the deduction for this year versus the deduction over the life of the automobile used in the business because then that leads to the question of, if I choose one method or the other, am I locked into choosing one method or the other, or are there instances where I can change methods? We know that the general rule for accounting methods is that the IRS likes you to stick to a method once you have that, so you might have restrictions then to go back and forth between methods for tracking the car and truck expenses. Okay, that said, if you use your car and truck in your business, you may be able to deduct the costs of operating and maintaining your vehicle because it is a business expense, you would think. You may also be able to deduct other costs of local transportation and traveling away from home overnight on business. So there becomes this kind of issue in terms of what is constituting traveling and they have this overnight type of thing there to help us with that categorization we might dive into in a little bit more detail in future presentations. So local transportation expenses. So local transportation expenses include the ordinary. Ordinary legume. And necessary costs of all the following, ordinary and necessary being those key terms for a business expense in general. So getting from one workplace to another in the course of your business or profession when you are traveling within the city or general area that is your tax home. So it's not transportation away from your general vicinity, you're moving around your general vicinity but notice you're going from one workplace to another not from your home to your primary workplace which might be categorized then as commuting. So tax home is defined later. So visiting a client's customers. So if you're visiting your customers then you would think that would be ordinary necessary going to a business meeting away from your regular workplace and then getting from your home to a temporary workplace when you have one or more regular places of work. So notice all of these kind of revolve around non-commuting miles. Commuting being going from home to your normal workplace and the idea would be that normal people don't get commuting deductions like if you have a W-2 job. So that would be like they're trying to say commuting may not be part of the ordinary and necessary and all these other stuff then would be. So these temporary workplaces can be either within the area of your tax home or outside that area. So now we've got these definitions that come into place what's my home and what's my workplace so that I can determine if I'm doing a commuting situation or a non-commuting situation and if I'm in the general facility of my workplace or if I'm outside of it doing travel possibly. Okay so local business transportation does not include expenses you have while traveling away from home overnight. So those expenses are deductible as travel expenses and are discussed later under travel and meals. So that's kind of the definition you're overnight traveling so still may be deductible but most likely are if they're for business but they're gonna be under travel and meals where you have slightly different kind of rules and whatnot with regards to them than here. So however, so if you use your car while traveling away from home overnight use the rules in this section to figure your car expense deduction. So we're gonna use the methods here which we'll talk about shortly to figure the car expense deductions for it for the travel too. So generally your tax home is your regular place of business regardless of whether you maintain your family home it includes the entire city or general area in which your business or work is located. So let me jump to this traveling thing one more time. Obviously if you're traveling away from the general facility or your general area then your travel expenses might not be your car. You know, you'd have travel of the air and whatnot taxing whatnot but if you are using your car while traveling away from home overnight so use the rules in this section to figure your car expense deduction. Okay, example, you operate a printing press out of rented office space. You use your van to deliver completed jobs to your customers. So you can deduct the cost of round trip transportation on between your customers and your print shop. So you're at your shop, that's where your work is. You're going to your customers, driving to the customers of course you would think would be a deductible transportation thing driving your car over there. So caution, you cannot deduct the cost of driving your car or truck between your home and your main regular workplace. This is where it becomes messy because that's the commuting miles. So when you're trying to figure out the actual costs it becomes difficult to do that because now if you're filling up your tank for example then it's kind of difficult to say well I'm filling up my tank but I'm not going to count the costs that were related to the commuting or my personal travel versus my business travel. You see where that can get messy. It can get a little bit easier to do that if you have a mileage kind of method because then you can try to determine the mileage that you used for the commute versus the mileage that you used for the business. So these costs are personal. It's personal. Commuting expenses, which aren't deductible. Office in the home. So your workplace can be your home if you have an office in your home that qualifies as your principal place of business. So now we've got this idea of a principal place of business as a sole proprietorship. Well what if that's my home because my home is the office. So for more information you can see business use of your home later to determine if the home is an office. So example, so you are a graphic designer.  Your home qualifies as your principal place of business. You occasionally have to drive to your clients to deliver your completed work. You can deduct the cost of the round trip transportation between your home and your clients. So now you're driving from your home to somewhere else which you might think would be a commuting thing personal versus a business expense. But it's not because now your home is your principal place of business. So if you're driving to your client from your home you would think that that would be a business deduction because your home is your office. Methods of deducting car and truck expenses. So for local transportation or overnight travel by car or truck you can generally use one of the following methods to figure your expenses. You got the standard mileage rate and then we've got the actual expenses. So you could try to track the actual expenses. As we saw there's some complications to try to parse out the business versus the personal with regards to trying to track your gas and all that kind of stuff versus the standard mileage rate which of course would be a little bit easier but you still need to track your mileage's. And then of course there's a question of which of these two would be most beneficial not just in the first year but in years going forward as hopefully the business continues and you use your automobile within it.