Hello everybody, I am Dr. Saurabh Sadekar, Consultant Neurologist, Malti Manipal Hospital, Jaya Nagar Bangalore. It feels very nice to be a part of this Diabetic Awareness Program initiated by our hospital. For a common man with no medical background, Diabetes means sugar and sugar levels only. But very few people are aware of the neurological complications that can be caused by the sugar levels in our body. One of them is Diabetic Neuropathy, which happens as a complication of diabetes. Today I would like to elaborate on Diabetic Neuropathy. It is a problem related to the nerves of our body, especially nerves of the legs and nerves of the hands. There are so many diabetic patients in India, so do all of them develop Neuropathy? It is said that by 5 years of developing Diabetes, the chances of getting Neuropathy are around 10%. But this proportion increases to roughly 50% by 20 to 25 years of having Diabetes and uncontrolled sugar levels. So it means that nearly half of the people who develop Diabetes will ultimately go on to develop Neuropathy. This happens so because the chances of survival for a diabetic patient are roughly as good as a normal population that is around 70 to 80 years. Hence for a diabetic patient it is very important to know about Neuropathy, what are its symptoms, when to visit a neurologist and what are the diagnostic as well as treatment options for Neuropathy. This problem usually starts in the soles of the feet and the toes in the form of pain, burning sensation, tingling or numbness or a certain feeling of discomfort that happens in the legs. Initially the symptoms might be mild but it can go on to become more severe if medical attention is not sought immediately. It can progress towards the ankles and also it can go on to involve the calf and the entire lower limb. Walking will increase these symptoms, walking ability as well as wearing footwear comfortably will get more and more difficult as the time passes by. The most common reason for getting medical attention late is the misconception that it is a common symptom, it is happening because of age, it is happening because of tiredness or it is happening because of arthritis but this is not true. Similar symptoms can happen in upper limbs as well and they can go on to affect the day-to-day work of the patient. There are several research articles, there are several reports which show that a patient who is having diabetes for only 10 years but his sugar levels were well controlled throughout this period of 10 years, he has still gone on to develop symptoms of Neuropathy and that too in some cases very severe Neuropathy. A simple test called as the nerve conduction test is available in our setup. It can be done to check the functioning of the nerves of the hands and legs. Along with this test, a detailed neurological physical examination would be done as well. Early reporting and early diagnosis can lead to an early initiation of treatment which can provide a better relief of the symptoms, prevent the nerves from getting further damaged and can overall improve the quality of life of a diabetic patient.


is a presentation of TFNN. The Tom O'Brien Show is produced every business day. Tom takes your phone calls toll-free at 1-877-927-6648 internationally at<PHONE_NUMBER>. Let's go to Ben and San Jose. Ben, what's going on, brother? Hey, Tom, how you doing, man? I'm doing great, man, yourself? I just wanted to thank you and your team and everything. I've been using your technique with the 10-minute charts, watching the VIX, and just making a fortune here on the futures. Isn't it interesting? That's awesome, man. It's wonderful. Thanks, Tom. I appreciate it. OK, man. Have a great one. Have a safe one. Now, Tom O'Brien. Folks, this is Tom O'Brien of TFNN. We got five days a week. We got seven hours a day. We go 24 hours a day on the internet at TFNN.com. Always remember, folks, whatever you think about, whatever you bring about, whatever you focus on grows. Hope everyone's having a great day, safe day. Let's make it a great Halloween, folks. Woo-hoo-hoo. Always do your best. Express your own divinity. You don't need the acceptance of others. You don't need knowledge or great, thoughtful concepts. You have the right to be you and express your own divinity by being alive, loving yourself, and loving others. Mugging-wise, let's take a look at it out here. We have the Dow Industries up $126. NASDAQ up $59. S&Ps up $27. Gold. Gold contract down $10.60 trading at $19.95 an ounce. We have Silver off $0.42, $22.97 an ounce. Light Sweet Crew down $1.13. $81.18 a barrel. Notes and bonds. A 10-year note. Down two ticks, trading $106.05. The third year up four ticks at $109.13, and $king dollar. $king dollars trading up $526 ticks, $106.46. The euros at $105, the ends trading at $151.57, and the British pound is at $121 to $1 at US dollar. Off-phone number is<PHONE_NUMBER>. It was called, folks, one note's going on in your world. In that world of the S&Ps, let's take a look at them. What do you have? Well, we get a bounce going. And, you know, thus far, we get the price going, but you don't have the juice behind it. So when we take a look at this, you're going to see, spies up $260, get 50 million shares traded right now. You know, yesterday we did 86, you know, so what we're going to do is take 65 or something. So when we take a look at this, the first place that you want to be basically looking at this is the 420 area.  That's where it came down to the swing point, broke the swing point, you know, had some juice on the break. Bottom line gets down to the low. Now, that low that was out there, that's a good low. What I mean by a good low, it was coming into the low that was established out here this past May. You know, so if we even take a look at this, we put this on a weekly, what you're going to see is, you know, I mean, it's a classic, really. You know, how it comes into this number. So we'll see how it shakes out. Now, when I do do this on a weekly, this gets kind of interesting. Let me see what that number is. That number's 458, and we did 487, yeah. See, this gets interesting, because when you put this on a weekly, you can see that's a high volume bar, man. And the bar that was going into, this is actually saying that this thing can get down to this 396. No, we've already been there, right? No, hold it, what is that? 396. I see, no, yeah, no, 396 is the high of the low. Yeah, 396. So it'll be interesting to see what type of follow-through we get. Now, what we do have is this, is that you have the Fed tomorrow. I believe, we'll pull this up right now, I believe this is just a one-day meeting, though. Calendar, November 1st, yeah, it's a one-day meeting. Okay, so what you're going to have there is that they start in the morning, they're going to have a news conference, they're going to have a statement at 1,400 hours, two o'clock in the afternoon, eastern time, and then at 2.30, they'll have the question and answer. And that will move markets. Well, it may move markets, let's put it that way. We're going to take a look at the queues. So the queues, they're up about 96. You get 38 million shares traded. Now, yesterday we had 55. Now, the queues can get 55. You know, that's kind of how the queues trade. That being said, the number you're going to want to watch in the queues is this, we're 351. Ah, it's interesting, man, it's right at it. This is right at it. So this is, when you get, you know, when you're looking at the indices, folks, okay, it's pretty cool that the queues are already there. The reason being is this. If we go higher tomorrow and we get through this swing point on the queues, your probability is that the spies are also going to go, meaning higher. You know, so the queues of the first ones are going to try to take it out. Now, that being said, the queues have been much stronger than the S&P. You can see they didn't go down to the end of May. They only went up to the, well, they went to May, but what ended up happening is that the queues are that much higher in May than the spy. Notes and bonds. We take a look at the note and bond market that's been a sideways move. More than likely you're going to see movement on those also tomorrow. You know, right now we've been going sideways for three, six, nine days, nine trading days. You know, you still have these lows. If we take a look at the interest rate structure on the 10 year, the high is 4.990 and we are 4.880. We go into the gold contract. We take a look at gold. Gold still wants higher price. Gold wants a 2129 level up at that swing point. You get, you know, sideways move out here down 10 bucks. You've been moving all around, actually. Low of 8, 1987, you get a high of 2017. And what that's going to be all about is that if we go over to the dollar and you take a look at the dollar, that, you know, the dollar bottom line is down 519 ticks. Now, as one of our tigers said, Peter, is that this is about the yen, but it really doesn't matter. Kind of like, well, it matters what it's about, but you can see the yen, the yen got weaker in an extraordinary way.   And if we pull this back now, what you're going to see when we pull it back is that the last high though that was established out here is 15195. That was established going all the way back in, what was that? What number? About November, 2022. And we're approaching that number. So more than likely we're going to basically hit that number and we'll see how that shakes out once we get into that number. You know, because what you do have is that the euro is flat, the pound is flat. Now, what's intriguing is that the yen is the smallest weighting structure inside of the dollar. But when you get the yen that moves that high, that totally makes a difference. The amazing part is that gold's not down like 50 or 60 dollars, because when you get a move like this in the yen that gets that much weaker. Most times that gold goes. So that's telling me this gold market is stronger than we all understand at this particular point. Because this type of move in the yen normally would take 50, 100 bucks, man. I mean, that's the reality. Offer number is<PHONE_NUMBER>. We have the Dow. The Dow Industrial is right now is up a buck 20, and that's 665, S&P is up 27. Stay right there, folks. Come right back. Tires, every Tuesday and Thursday, Tim Ord joins the Tom O'Brien show to share his unique insight that he's developed over decades of trading. Now, on Tuesday, November 7th, from 4 p.m. to 5.30 p.m. Eastern time, Tim Ord will be hosting his own live webinar. Tim's analysis has been outperforming market returns by almost double, and his gold analysis is on track to be a winner as well. Tim will be delving into six secret ratios that every trader should know. In this webinar, Tim will be covering the daily TLT VIX, the daily and weekly SPI VIX, the American Association of Individual Investors bull bear ratios, and the trend panic levels. Tim will break down each ratio, how it is calculated, its importance, and how it can help you make bigger returns. It's as simple as this. Learn the ratios, trade by them, and see your returns. That's it. Visit the front page of tfnn.com today to sign up now. Tfnn, educating investors. Are you ready to take your trading to the next level? Introducing Tom O'Brien's award-winning newsletter, Market Insights, your key to successful active trading. Tom O'Brien, renowned for his expertise in the financial markets, has designed Market Insights to be your daily guide to profitable trades. Tom publishes his daily Market Insights newsletter every market day before the market open, along with updates when warranted. 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When you subscribe, you'll get a weekly report from veteran day trader Larry Pesavento on stocks you need to pay attention to, and you can trust Larry's analysis. After all, he's got 45 years' experience as a day trader. Larry will also provide daily charts, videos, and data on the key markets that he's tracking. Expect notifications from Larry on market movement you need to act on at any time. First-time subscribers also get a 30-day money-back guarantee. If you're not satisfied, let us know and you'll get a full refund within 30 days of signing up. Subscribe to the Fibonacci 24-7 newsletter today, tfnn.com, educating investors. Call now, toll-free at 1-877-927-6648. Internationally at<PHONE_NUMBER>. Welcome back, folks, to Dow. Dow Industries trading up 112, get the NASDAQ up 59, S&Ps up 26. And you talk about a hit, folks, okay? So your National Realtor Association, plus Keller, no, plus Remax and Berkshire Hathaway, actually, no, Keller Williams and Berkshire Hathaway, they basically just lost a suit, check this out, about colluding to maintain high brokerage commissions to the tune of $1.758 billion. We'll see whether that thing sticks, but bottom line is that that's gonna be the, there's a couple others that are out there that I suspect are gonna do the same thing because they have so many emails and texts from these companies that they just bottom line are colluding that that's the bottom line. We'll talk about it though. After we get our man, Mr. Basil Chapman up as we do, each and every Tuesday at 20 past the hour. And don't forget, folks, Basil has an outstanding show here every trading day, 10 to 11 Eastern Standard Time, also a great newsletter, the opening call. Now it's very easy to get the opening call, folks. Come over to our website at TFNN, you go into newsletters, you're gonna see it right in the left-hand side of the opening call, you can get the opening call for one month for $149. You get it for six months for 6.95, which is a savings of $199 or 22%, and you get it for one full year for 11.95, which is a savings of $593 or 33%. Now they all come with a 30 day money-back guarantee, folks, okay? Basil has approximately 12 different archives out there. So once you sign up, you get all the archives, you understand how the Chapman wave moves through these markets each and every trading day. Check it out right in the front page of TFNN. Basil Chapman, what's going on? Hi, Tom, how are you? I'm doing great, man, yourself. Good, very interesting because this week's got a lot of challenges up and down, and we'll have the next one coming up tomorrow with a Fed. Yes. And we've got advanced micro devices coming out this afternoon. So I'll show you what I'm looking at here. Cool. So from the Dow high of the 1st of August at 35,679, using one of our techniques is using on balance volume. We went short that day. We remained short. We've had trading positions three times long, three times short, just small positions trying to use the Chapman wave methodology. What I was looking for was, and what I've said during my show on Thursday, going into Friday, that if Friday was very weak and Sunday night, the futures were very weak and we came in with all the news channels talking about how bad the market is and the market dropped very sharply on Monday. That was yesterday. Then we could get that V-shaped turnaround and that would be very important. I didn't see how it could happen because there are some areas that looked to me like they need a little more time before we make any kind of a major low. So I said we could have A low, but not B low. So instead what happened, the futures were pretty, not bad on Sunday night. And then early in Monday morning, the futures were up and we had that big move to the upside. So this follow through is kind of to be expected. So what I did for subscribers is we added one of the magnificent seven that we've liked for a long time. We've been waiting to put money aside that we could start to look at some of these positions that have held and show some kind of tenacity and they'll be able to hold. They will still keep a fairly short stop on the position. So we've started to look at long positions in what already have been core market participants. Now here's the other thing. The volatility index, yeah, there we go, yeah. The volatility VIX, I just, I've been typing in so many numbers today, I forgot the symbol. So the volatility index I had said should scream into the high 20s, the low 30s, and that would give us the signal. And look, the volatility went to 23.08 about eight sessions ago, and it's down again. So that's not really working the way it usually does. Even here at 18, the market actually should be much weaker. So all those, I mentioned in my show earlier today, and the time conditions are that all those icons, all those things that used to work with dollar up, yields coming down, helped the market oil. If the dollar was up, then oil would pull back. None of those are really working the way they used to. Even when gold was up and the dollar down, that was the normal thing, but now you've got something very different. So all those historical icons that I used to look at have different meanings. So within that context, one of the things that has not changed for me is that the SMHs, the semiconductors, even now they're up a dollar. They are really struggling. I mean, look at this chart. Look at that cup formation, 159, back in November, 2021. Plunges down to 83.49, that was in, I think it was March of 2022. Rallys up to 161.17, all-time high, and then comes back down. So you've got this beautiful symmetry between the cup formation and the plum line, the middle that I used as a price time match. It goes to you just barely makes new recovery high, then pulls back. So using the same technique that I used for the Dow on the 2nd of August, we went short the semiconductors via the SMH. 161.17 was the all-time high. We're short from just over 159. But look at this symmetry. Look at the way the price moved down. You see this daily chart, and then it goes up, and then that exact measurement of the blue line to the downside, the same angle. I love this. This uses the chapwave inside wedge and the arch formation to get to the same symmetry from the inside track repellent zone to the support line. And it holds right at this little dash, this little, sorry, narrow inside track propellent zone. Then it runs up and it goes to the resistance. In the green line, matches almost to the penny. And now the blue line is coming down, and we've almost matched to the penny to day's low. So the symmetry of this says to me that yes, you might get a little bit of a balance in the SMHs, but that's telling me that this market isn't yet quite ready to have the big move to the upside. So I consider that important. We are still holding that UEC. I mentioned to you quite a few weeks ago, Uranium Energy Corporation. We entered about 364, Australia now at 592. It's about, I talked about this inside track repellent zone. See, it's just bumping up against it here. So the things that have been working seem to continue working, and what has been struggling continues. So we're going to be watching, for instance, the TLTs trying desperately to do the bonds of desperate trying to form some kind of a base to balance. Haven't done it yet. Basil, what is the overall feeling that you get out of Metro Boston as to what's happening in the economy? So in the economy, people that I speak to, people just say, wow, whenever we talk about prices of anything, people just shake their head and they say, prices are out of sight. And the big thing is, especially people in my age group who have kids who have moved out, now they're free to do anything. They want the parents. And what are you going to sell your lovely house and move to a two bedroom or something that you're going to pay the same price for? They're going to get 5%, which have never been getting 5% for... Well, that's the other thing. This is only the first time that they started talking about the 5%. So that is important, absolutely yes. Interesting. Yeah. It's so intriguing because there's no doubt the high prices for all of us is a big deal. And then when you look at the growth factor in the economy, it's 5%. I say, okay, where is it? It's really intriguing, right? In general. Yeah, it's a good juggling trick, yeah. Listen, folks, you're over to our website at TFNN. Check out the opening call. Guys, I love a great one. It's a safe one we look for to show tomorrow. Thank you, John. You too. Thank you. Driving the volatility in equity markets across the globe, which is why it's a great time to try out Teddy Kegstad's Tiger Forex Report. Teddy Kegstad breaks down the Forex markets every Monday using his 30 plus years of experience as a trading veteran of futures, forex, stocks, and options. Teddy releases his weekly Tiger Forex Report every Monday morning with coverage of all the major currency pairs, including the dollar index, the euro dollar, pound dollar, dollar Swiss, dollar Yen, as well as many more. And he also has weekly coverage of the crude oil market and the 30 year T-bonds as they both influence forex markets tremendously. When you sign up for the Tiger Forex Report, you also gain instant access to Teddy's 60 minute webinar archive. He just hosted forex strategies and fundamentals, what is behind the Tiger Forex Report. For all the details and to start your 30 day Tiger Forex Report subscription today, visit the front page of TFNN.com. TFNN, educating investors. Steve Rhodes started his trading career as a student almost 20 years ago, and the student has now become the master. Steve won the prestigious Timer of the Year award in 2018 and barely missed that mark again in 2019, finishing at number two for the year, an amazing accomplishment. Steve Rhodes is committed to sharing his techniques and knowledge with anyone who wants to learn, and he shares his vast amount of trading knowledge every day in his Mastering Probability Newsletter. Steve's award winning newsletter, Mastering Probability, is delivered every trading day with updates throughout the afternoon. Sign up for Steve's Market Newsletter, Mastering Probability, and you'll receive access to seven of Steve's educational webinars absolutely free. At TFNN, all our newsletters come with a 30-day money-back guarantee, so you have absolutely nothing to worry about. Visit TFNN.com, a tribe mastering probability, 30 days risk-free today. TFNN, educating investors. TFNN has just launched their new trading room, the Tiger Zen, hosted at Discord. TFNN has been educating traders for more than 20 years with live programming hosted by a variety of professional traders during market hours, and now they are expanding their reach with the Tiger's Den, available to all Tigers and Tigresses for just $1 for the year. There's no cash or added costs when you join our community of traders. In the Tiger's Den, you can look over the shoulders of Tom O'Brien and the other TFNN hosts while they analyze charts during their live Tiger TV programs and join an interactive trading community with hundreds of members exchanging ideas. Interact with other Tigers and Tigresses as they share trading ideas, news analysis, and discuss the market action all trading day, even at night and on the weekends. The Tiger's Den at Discord is accessible on mobile or tablets as well, so it's always at your reach. To sign up today and become a part of this educational community of traders, just visit the front page of TFNN.com. Don't forget, you can listen to TFNN live on your mobile device 24 hours per day. Go to TFNN.com and hit watch Tiger TV. Welcome back, folks, to Dao. Dao Industries right now trading up 116. We get the NASDAQ up 52. S&Ps are up 25. Let's get over to our man, Mr. Tim Ord, as we do every Tuesday and Thursday. And don't forget, folks, you can reach Tim every trading day at Ord-Oracle.com. And then our man, Mr. Tim Ord, he is going to be doing a great workshop for us, and this is going to be a week from today. Okay, if you come out today, okay, if you come out to the front page of TFNN, you're going to see it right on the front page. We're going to be talking about the six secret ratios that every trader should know, and we're going to be going through these ratios. We get the TLT with the VIX, you get the SPI with the VIX, we get the SPI on the daily, on the weekly, and then you get the bull bear ratio, and then, of course, the panic levels. So this workshop, folks, is starting at 4 o'clock a week from today. It goes from 4 to 5.30. The workshop is only $149, and you're going to learn things that basically, you know, I can tell you, not a lot of people in the marketplace have. That's the real bottom line.  Well, this is a workshop that you very well want to attend. Tim Hoad, what's going on, brother? All right, we've got some charts over. Actually, we'll start with chart one, I guess, which is the... or the top window is the SPI VIX ratio, which we're going to go over at the webinar. But we did get long Friday, and the reason why we did get long Friday was because of this chart. Okay. And actually, we were talking back in the April-May period, the bigger blue area on that chart. I got, you know, it's a light blue area. I want to talk a little bit about that. Everybody was kind of bearish around that April-May period. And the reason why I was bullish because of this chart, and if you notice the SPI, which is basically... well, it'll be the third window up from the bottom, was just going sideways there. Didn't really... Everybody think, well, that's testing previous high. It's going to be bearish. It's going to go back down. It's the next window higher above that is a VIX. And the VIX... you know, the market's going sideways and the VIX was going down. So it was going up. And the bearish side that was going down and Mark's going sideways, that means the SP's going to go up because when the VIX goes up, the market goes down. If the VIX goes down, the market goes up. And so the SPX VIX ratio shows that relationship, which is the top window. But that kind of breaks it down to how I stayed bullish through that timeframe. Nice. Then it worked out, had a decent rally. Oh, it definitely worked out. It's going long Friday. I like it. Yeah. Yeah. Well, Friday we're long again. And a little bit smaller... a little bit smaller deal if you go way to the right, it's a kind of blown-up window there. And you can see what happened. You can see the SP's going down into Friday. And the next window higher is the VIX. Well, actually it's making... while the SP's was making lower lows, the VIX was making lower highs, and so which is the top one was the VIX went sideways. So the VIX was actually going bullish, you know, in other words, making it going down while the SP's was going down. And to get those two indices going the same direction, you're going to have a reversal. And that's exactly what happened. That is so cool. Let me put this... I'm going to put this... There's a big VIX shot I just put up here too, folks. You can see what Tim's talking about. Yeah, that's intriguing, man. It really is. Wow. Yeah. So as long as that VIX keeps going down, so instead of watching advanced clients and all those other stuff, they still make life too complicated, which as long as today's VIX is down quite a bit. It is. It's down to all 75, right? Yeah. Right. And the SP's is up. That's exactly what's supposed to happen. Right. And as long as that keeps going that way, you know, you hold on to this trade, so I don't see any worrisome sign right now. Let me ask you this, Tim.  What do you think... So let me ask you this.  I mean, we have the Fed tomorrow, so maybe the volume will pick back up. But where's your head on, like, volumes these days after you've... Let's say this is an intermediate bottom and... Right. You got an extra question. That's an excellent question.  Yeah. And markets can go up on light volume because there's no sellers left. Oh, I know that. I know that from being shot. Well, I made the pass. Yeah. But instead of looking at volume, I flipped to chart four. Okay. And chart four, what's important here, volume's important, but it's not as important as advanced decline. Okay. And so even though volume's light on going up here, chart number four is the swagged breath for us to indicate. Okay. That's hard to say. Yeah. But anyhow, to get a bottom, you got to have a selling or a capitulation. Then you got to have a sign of strength and everybody referred as a sign of strength always in volume. Oh, volume can produce a sign of strength, but also advanced decline can do a sign of strength. So you can have either or or both. Okay. So right now we don't have a sign of strength in volume. That's a good feedback. And let me, let me ask you on this swag, you know, method. Breath fresh. Yeah. Yeah. So do we start counting again? Meaning because we don't have a sign of strength yet, but let's picture tomorrow we have the Fed come in and the market likes it. Then we get a sign of strength. And then we start counting what is it, 10 days again? Or is it a week? No, you start counting when this, which is the bottom window. First, you got to have capitulation on his leg breath thrust indicator. Get capitulation is a reading below 0.4. Oh, I got it. Okay. Okay. So last Friday, I think we had 0.38. Then we closed above it Monday. Now to get a brag thrust indicator, so the numbers of sign of strength, you need this indicator go from 0.4 to 0.6 in 10 days. I got it. 10 days is a week from, or two weeks from last Friday. Yes. So that's when you start counting. And yesterday we had a 0.43 on it. Now it looks like about 0.48 or so. So we got another week or so to get a swag breath thrust indicator. You can do it on this indicator, get a sign of strength. You can also do it on the summation index and actually you can even do it on the colon oscillator. So there's different indicators you can use, but the advanced decline indicator is a better sign of strength indicator than volume S. That's great to know. And that's my point. If you get volume with it, that adds to the bullish case, but you don't have to have it. Okay. Just stay right there folks. Stay right there Tim. And listen folks, in between this break, get over to our website. If you want to understand these ratios folks and understand how Tim looks at the market and understand probability, risk, ratio, reward in the marketplace. Come over to our website at TFN. A week from today is going to be an awesome workshop. It's only $149. Going from $4 to $5.30. Tim and I are coming right back. Stay right there folks. If you're looking for potential trading setups in the stock market, then Rocket Equities and Options Report is a newsletter you should try. 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Distributor, Four Side Fund Services, LLC. This program is brought to you by VistaGold. Traded on the NYSC American and TSX under the symbol VGZ. Welcome back folks, Tim Moyer, Tom O'Brien. We do appreciate your time. Thank you so much for joining us today. We appreciate your time. Thank you so much for joining us today. And if you have anything else to say, please do so. And if you have any questions or other issues, please feel free to ask them. We appreciate it. We appreciate your time. And we appreciate your time. And we appreciate your time. And we appreciate your time. Thank you so much for joining us today. Ryan, we do appreciate your growl and prowl with us. And we had a question, and what the question specifically is, is that Tim's ratios for the webinar easily recreated in any type of system, such as think a swim, or are they proprietary ratios? They are proprietary ratios, folks, but the bottom line is going to give them to you, so you can recreate them in two seconds. Yes, that's what the webinar is all about, if you want to really understand how he looks at the market. Yeah, bottom line is that you're going to have the formulas, and it's more than just the formulas, folks, because what ends up happening is that you know that there has to be an answer and question period so you can really understand what you're looking for on a continual basis. So yes, you're going to have the formulas, that's the bottom line, and they are easily created, yeah, which is pretty cool. So, okay, so where are we here? Let's go to the fund, let's go to chart two. Okay. I always had, you know, you can't catch a falling knife, they call these falling knife markets and stuff. Right. I don't know, that's the term that people shot at me, I said, wow, what are you trying to do to catch a falling knife? Well, here's an indicator that a falling knife was when the markets just opened up and just goes right through the floor. Yes. So everybody scatters and they head for the exit, and what they're missing here is a great opportunity, but you have an indicator to catch a falling knife. You can't like, okay, that's close enough, I'm going to go in. Right.  Well, this indicator, well, so you know when a falling knife market is going on. And so anyhow, the second window down from the top is the BVIX, which is the VIX of the VIX. Okay. And it really kind of accelerates and declines pretty good. And so I put an indicator to, which is the bottom window, which is the ROC, which is rate of change on a three period method. So every time this rate of change on the BVIX is above 25, you're looking at at least a short term bottom. I see. So those red lines across there are when the ROC three period ROC of the BVIX was triggered.  There was really no panic. There was no acceleration of the VIX to the upside. So that's the reason why I think the market declined so much because there was no fear. Right. You know, the VIX is kind of another fear gauge of the VIX, though, but all these, you know, short term, you know, if you're an option trader, this indicator is good to know. Big time. Because you're going in knowing that you got panic in the VIX going straight up and panic always comes up bottoms.  And so, you know, so ideally you got to know where panic forms and how to deal with it. So this indicator, you know, last time we got panic was at the May 2023 low because the RLC got up to around over 40, you only need above 25. And that pretty much marked the bottom and marked them straight up. Yes, it is. Yeah. And another indicator that kind of helps, I usually kind of at least put two indicators to another's RSI, which is a top window. It's kind of just another aid of NAN when the RSI of the VVX gets above 70 or so. Okay. It kind of reinforces the RLC of three. Right.  So if you don't get a sign of weakness, you really don't get a sign of strength. So in other words, if you're trading the dull market, your premiums on your options are going to go through the floor. I know. I know. You're just going nowhere. So you want to buy options in volatility. And this is a way to define volatility.  And what Tim's saying, so pitch to this folks, I'm going to put this up here for a second so you can see how this works. So if you're in the option market, you know, bottom line, you do understand how this works, but I just want to explain it just for a few minutes for so folks can really understand this. So when Tim went long on Friday, so what happens is this folks, okay? So when the market's going down, just as Tim said, right, the bottom line is that, you know, the call option premium is basically going through the floor because people are buying puts.  So that the correlation that if you can get close to, you know, highs or lows, and it doesn't have to get close. You don't have to nail them. The bottom line is that inside the option market, you can make it up to the premium in two seconds flat because as soon as the market starts going higher again, the option premium inside of the whatever you're trading, in this case, the spy, bottom line gets fed in immediately.   And then you wake up in the morning and, you know, the bottom line is that they get, they put premium back into them. So pretty cool, man, yeah. Right.  Well, you guys circled there and went to 40. So the market rallied up. And you know, right after that, that May sideways move. Yes. See, you would never want to get into a sideways move and buy calls or put, because all you're going to do is just waste your premium. That's right. The market's going sideways. So what this chart does, it picks out all the high volatility periods and gets you in and close to a significant low where your odds of winning increase significantly because you're not going into a sideways market. You're going into a volatile market that's, you know, slamming down.   And so you're, what you're doing is you're going into a situation where the market ball, I guess you might say, is slammed against the cement floor and it's going to rebound up. Right. That's where you're going to make your money at. So your odds increase significantly. That's my point up there. Yeah, no, it's a great point to Tim. You know, it's a huge point. And you know, if you don't trade options folks, it's still a great deal. Okay. But you know, when you have an option player, it gets even more intense because you don't have to, you know, go for, you know, bottom big dollars inside the option market when you're trading right now, because it's penny wide inside the option market and you can trade them every single day, which is pretty amazing. You know, the one day options have changed everything inside the marketplace, man.  One day, two days, three days. I know you trade these, you know, those one day things, you know, this would be a great indicator. You can call me when, when you think something that I could, you know, we could talk about it. No, no, for sure. I mean, do you remember, Tim, in the 90s, we used to have to wait for white light in there. I mean, white light in folks would only be once a month, man, we have to wait all month, you know, for the last week. And you know, the bottom line is that, you know, it's totally different now. Stay right there. Tim and I are gonna be coming right back and come over to our website, folks. You can sign up for this webinar right now. It's next Tuesday, but you're gonna love it. That's the bottom line. Stay right there, folks. Come right back. Tigers, every Tuesday and Thursday, Tim Ord joins the Tom O'Brien Show to share his unique insight that he's developed over decades of trading. Now, on Tuesday, November 7th, from 4 p.m. to 5.30 p.m. Eastern time, Tim Ord will be hosting his own live webinar. Tim's analysis has been outperforming market returns by almost double, and his gold analysis is on track to be a winner as well. Tim will be delving into six secret ratios that every trader should know. In this webinar, Tim will be covering the daily TLT VIX, the daily and weekly SPI VIX, the American Association of Individual Investors bull bear ratios, and the trend panic levels. Tim will break down each ratio, how it is calculated, its importance, and how it can help you make bigger returns. It's as simple as this. Learn the ratios, trade by them, and see your returns. That's it. Visit the front page of TFNN.com today to sign up now, TFNN, Educating Investors. Are you ready to take your trading to the next level? Introducing Tom O'Brien's award-winning newsletter, Market Insights, your key to successful active trading. Tom O'Brien, renowned for his expertise in the financial markets, has designed Market Insights to be your daily guide to profitable trades. Tom publishes his daily Market Insights newsletter every market day before the market open, along with updates when warranted. Stay ahead of the game with Tom's real-time analysis and trade recommendations delivered straight to your inbox.  Ready to join the ranks of successful traders? Head over to TFNN.com and subscribe to Market Insights today. Don't miss out on this opportunity to supercharge your trading results. Market Insights comes with a 30-day money-back guarantee for all new subscribers, so you have nothing to risk. Don't miss out on this opportunity to revolutionize your trading game. Head over to TFNN.com right now to join the thousands of traders who have already experienced the power of Tom O'Brien's award-winning newsletter Market Insights firsthand, TFNN, educating investors. You might think that if you want to be successful at trading in the stock market, you're going to need a crystal ball. After all, it's impossible to predict the future, right? Like any endeavor in life, before you decide it's impossible, get some advice from the experts. You might find that it's not so impossible after all for daily market overviews that give you direction on the key indices, selective stocks, and commodities. Subscribe to the opening call newsletter at TFNN.com. The opening call newsletter is written by Basil Chapman, creator of the trading methodology known as the Chapman Wave. The Chapman Wave up-down sequence gives you an edge in identifying price turns, finding the peaks and valleys in stock prices.  First-time subscribers also get a 30-day money-back guarantee. If you're not satisfied, let us know, and you'll get a full refund within 30 days of signing up. TFNN.com, educating investors. Don't forget, you can listen to TFNN, live on your mobile device 24 hours per day. Go to TFNN.com and hit Watch Tiger TV. That's TFNN.com and hit Watch Tiger TV. Welcome back, folks. The hour's up to 97. Now it's except 47, that's the piece up 23. And don't forget, folks, man, Mr. Tim Wood, who I'm speaking with right now, next Tuesday is gonna be doing this workshop. It's from four to five-thirty. It's only $149. You have all those ratios, and you will have the formulas for the ratios. That's what this is all about, folks. You normally have the formulas for the ratios. Bottom line, Tim, we'll walk you through it and answer all the questions that you have. This is a fast hour, Tim, and it's blowing my mind, actually. So, which shot would you like to look at next? Let's just go to three. Okay. Just real quick. This is a weekly SPY in the bottom window. It's SPY VIX ratio. Okay. And there's a couple of different things on this chart. I put the Bollinger Band on the weekly SPY. And every time the Bollinger, or the SPY closes below the lower Bollinger Band, you're usually at a bottom. And we did that on Friday. And also when it closes above the upper Bollinger Band, you're at least going to go sideways here. But I was watching that on the close on Friday. What really got me along was the bottom window. The mark was down hard, and the SPY VIX ratio was actually sideways. It didn't go down. Interesting. I suppose it went sideways. Wow, that's some divergence. I'm sorry, go ahead. Well, no, that's some divergence, right? Yeah, right. Yeah, it's divergence. Yeah, you know, as the mark goes down, VIX supposed to go up, but this ratio, the only reason why I did the SPY VIX ratio, because if you do it the other way, running out, because the VIX goes up when the mark goes down. And so what that was saying, as the mark was going down, and the VIX was going down with it. That's the reason why that ratio went sideways. So you got to do divergence. And that blue areas, I've done it in the past. You can see what happened in the past. They all picked out lows. And then you had the Bollinger Band at the lower end. So that was your second one. Pretty cool, man. Pretty cool. Right, and that's why you got me along. I like it. I like it. Okay, folks, Tim, thank you so much. You have a great one, safe one. Of course, we look forward to speaking to you on Thursday. And folks, bottom line, you have a great night, a safe night. This was a fast hour, man. And don't forget, we got Tim right on the front page. Have a great one, folks. Have a safe one.


So we're moving out to last talk of the session. Joanna Kelly, she is an associate professor at Washington State University who studies adaptation to extreme environments. And she will be talking about variation in natural systems and how to disentangle complex phenotypes. Thank you all. And it's a pleasure to be here. I really appreciate the invitation. And I am looking forward to hopefully talking to you about my work if we can get this to load. So I leverage natural systems to understand complex phenotypes. And the question that really drives my research and that I think a lot about, and maybe some of you think about this as well, is how do organisms diverge and adapt to the wide range of environments that they encounter? And so here I've just picked pictures of some of my favorite environments. Hopefully you're seeing that it's most environments. And all of them have organisms that have adapted to them. And you can see very organismal, rich jungles, maybe a desert that has fewer organisms. But I think about how do organisms do what they do where they do it? And how did they get there? And so to understand how organisms function in the context of their environment, I really want to think about all of the different hierarchical levels of organization, starting from genetic variation, thinking about how that influences biochemical function, how that then translates to physiological function, organismal performance, which then leads to changes maybe in survival, growth, roommate production, and ultimately fitness. And so it's important to think about all of the different levels of organization and how those maybe phenotypes of interest to each of us. And which phenotype is actually of interest for the question that you're asking about? And I'll return to this because I thought this is a really good framework and a longstanding framework for thinking about genetic variation to fitness. And in terms of the natural environment as well. And we'll throw that in there in a minute. So questions that I ask in terms of comparative genomics in this framework are, how predictable is the evolutionary process? Are there particular genomic architectures that predispose organisms to function better in specific environments? So are there genomic architectures that are somehow facilitating specific clades to expand into specific environments? I'm trying to be vague here. And another one that gets more specific is which gene regulatory networks or components of those networks are possible targets for change and which ones are highly constrained. And I think this relates really nicely to what Emma was talking about in terms of constraint when you're thinking about these very constrained enhancer regions across entire domains versus what things can we tinker with to make subtle or dramatic changes that ultimately influence phenotype, whatever phenotype you're interested in. So I use organisms in extreme environments as the framework for studying evolutionary processes. And the reason that I've turned from actually, my training was in human genomics, from that to extreme environments is that extreme environments are often replicated. So if you think about, I didn't show a desert here because I don't work on deserts, but as you think about deserts, oh, there are lots of deserts. They're also polar environments and alpine environments. And so in addition to being potentially replicated, extreme environments often have strong and constant selective pressures. And the fact that there are strong and constant selective pressures, that allows us to make predictions about how the genome and phenotype may change when organisms adapt to those environments. And along with that, those extreme environments often lead to similar phenotypes across basclades or across different taxonomic levels. And they also sometimes, although not always, provide an opportunity to study closely related, non-adaptive populations. So we can have a comparative framework. That's not always the case. The midges, which are in Antarctica, are fascinating. But they're tens of millions of years separated from the closest thing. So they don't always provide the opportunity to study a closely related non-adaptive population, but often they do. And so the extreme environments that I think about in my lab and the organisms that inhabit them are cold temperature. And I think about fish living in polar seas. Think about bears and hibernation and ice worm that are glacial obligate ice worms. And I also think about hydrogen sulfide as the extreme environment and fish that live in hydrogen sulfide springs. So today, I want to tell you a bit about hydrogen sulfide, but just as the framework for thinking about studying phenotypes and genotypes across these different levels of biological organization. So hydrogen sulfide, if you don't know it, is a very strong and constant selective pressure. It's extreme. In the regions that we're studying, hydrogen sulfide is naturally occurring because of volcanic activity. You can also have volcanic activity as a byproduct of gas extraction of many industrial processes. So keep that in mind. It's acutely toxic in micromolar concentrations. And so here are some ranges, 5 to 40 micromolar. And concentrations in these springs that we're studying can reach up to 1,000 micromolar. That's just to give you a sense of scale. Hydrogen sulfide inhibits oxygen transport and cellular respiration, causes and aggravates hypoxia in aquatic environments. And oxygen is needed for detoxification. So there are two things going on here. There's hydrogen sulfide as a toxicant, as well as hypoxia, because hydrogen sulfide is reacting with oxygen in the water. And lastly, there are biomedical implications and applications of hydrogen sulfide. Obviously, it's toxic. It's also produced endogenously as a byproduct of cysteine catabolism. It's been recognized as a signaling molecule and cardiovascular disease. I'm not going to talk about that at all. So I want to talk about adaptation to hydrogen sulfide and the fish that live there. So I'm going to take you on a journey to southern Mexico where Pesilla, Mexicana, lives. And there are multiple watersheds with pairs of sulfitic and non-sulfitic springs. And here, water is running. Let's see if there is. Does this actually work? Water is running up the page into the Gulf of Mexico. And these are the pairs of springs where we have sulfitic and yellow and non-sulfitic, just marked on the map. And they're replicated natural experiment. And populations of Pesilla have adapted to each of these sulfitic springs. So our natural experiment, perfect. And here on the right is a mitochondrial tree to show that these have independently colonized those sulfitic springs. And that's important when thinking about the genetic and phenotypic changes because these are independent colonizations. So hydrogen sulfide survival varies between ecotypes. Just getting at this idea of fitness, organismal fitness, and hydrogen sulfide varies. So this is a Kaplan-Meier survival curve. These two plots go together. On the x-axis is time in seconds. And this is a hydrogen sulfide spike in experiment, or increasing, right? Hydrogen sulfide here, concentration is on the y-axis. Hydrogen sulfide is increasing in the water, OK? And we can measure cumulative survival. This was done by my close colleague and his group actually before we met. And here's time, right? And all of the non-sulfitic ecotypes, survival goes essentially to zero in 600 seconds. And the sulfitic ecotypes survive a bit longer. This is significantly different. But you see, there's a point at which they also start to reduce their survival. So it's not that they can just survive in any level of hydrogen sulfide. So given that hydrogen sulfide is such a strong selective pressure, we can make predictions about where in the genome we would expect to see changes and then test those. So before we actually did any sequencing, shockingly, we predicted where we thought changes would occur, given what we know about how hydrogen sulfide acts. So here is the electron transport chain. I won't get into all the details, but here's how we can make predictions. We know that hydrogen sulfide, the major site of toxicity, is here, cytochrome c-oxidase. And so we expected there to be changes in cytochrome c-oxidase. We also expected the up-regulation of detoxifying enzymes. Well, they're having to deal with hydrogen sulfide. They have the enzymes to do it. We all do. So we're going to see up-regulation of detoxifying enzymes. And we expected, we hypothesized that there would be a decrease in expression of genes involved in the production of endogenous hydrogen sulfides. Like, you're getting so much from the environment, we're going to see a decrease in those.  And so we made predictions about those as well. They just don't map really beautifully onto the electron transport chain. So RNA sequencing of sulfitic and non-sulfitic populations showed us that differential expression was true of some of the predicted genes. So as we expected, we saw changes in the genes involved, expression changes in genes involved in detoxification. That's right there on the bottom left. Interestingly, we saw no down-regulation of genes involved in the production of endogenous hydrogen sulfide. And indeed, we actually saw up-regulation of one of those, which is here. So we're like, all right, we need to think about the process by which hydrogen sulfide is used in the body is something that is not being affected by external hydrogen sulfide. And so we were then, this was all in wild individuals. Great, but maybe this is all just a plastic response to the fact that they're living in hydrogen sulfide. And so my collaborator and his graduate student brought the fish into the lab, raised them for several generations, and then asked which changes in gene expression are evolved versus plastic. So here's just the setup of that experiment, the color matching, non-sulfitic and non-sulfitic water. Here's the exposed non-sulfitic fish. So this tells us about something about a plastic response. And then we have sulfitic fish and non-sulfitic water, and then sulfitic and sulfitic. And we can then determine the role of heritable versus evolved differences in gene expression and overlay those onto our wild population. So I just figured out how to make these hatched lines in Illustrator, it's a work in progress here. So here in the purple are just genes that were up-regulated in all of the sulfitic populations that we compared in this pair-wise sulfitic-non-sulfitic framework. And then with this great hatched lines, it's also really hard to find right color palettes for non-color blind. So here in the hatched were up-regulated and had evidence for evolved changes in expression. And so you see that not all genes, and so I'm just showing a snapshot of some of our predicted ones, but this was done genome-wide. Not all genes that showed differences in expression showed evolved differences in expression, and some of those changes in expression were due to constitutive changes in expression, and some were changes in plasticity, either becoming inducible or losing their inducibility. So that's really about expression, but we were also looking at genetic variation. And so that led us to think about the enzymes, and so the first one, we know that cytochrome c-oxidase is the target of hydrogen sulfide toxicity. And so we said, let's look at cytochrome c-oxidase and see what happens in terms of the function of it. So here is just my representation of the toxicity of hydrogen sulfide, and this was actually an assay to measure cytochrome c-oxidase activity with isolated mitochondria from different populations, and so there were two non-sulfidic populations that we looked at and three sulfidic populations. Here on the x-axis is the level of hydrogen sulfide concentration that was measured, and on the y-axis is relative cytochrome c-oxidase activity. And you can see that some of the sulfidic populations have a resistant cytochrome c-oxidase. The level of hydrogen sulfide has no effect on the enzyme. Now, in contrast, you should all notice there's this one sulfidic population. They're living in hydrogen sulfide, and yet they have a sensitive cytochrome c-oxidase. And coupled on top of that, which I'm not going to show you any of the data, so you have to take my word for it, is that these two populations are really two populations and two individuals from one, which is why there are three lines. We saw that there was the convergent evolution of an amino acid change that we think plays a significant role in that lack of sensitivity to hydrogen sulfide, and there was evidence for selection on one of these genes. This was cox one. And these three lineages had no evidence for selection, so coupling both the properties of the enzyme with some of the sequence analysis, which we thought were quite interesting. So another assay that my collaborators' student has been developing for a long time is to measure the sulfur quinine oxo-reductase. So the next one of the really important main detoxifying enzyme, this is the beginning of detoxifying hydrogen sulfide. So circled there. And so that assay has revealed that all of the populations have no effect of hydrogen sulfide on the relative SQR activity. And indeed, there's an increase, a significant increase, in the populations over the non-sulfitic and over the baseline. So again, here on the x-axis, excuse me, is hydrogen sulfide concentration. And on the y-axis is relative SQR activity. And you see that in all of the populations, it goes above the non-sulfitic. And this one that dips down, of course, is that weird one that also has a sensitive cytochrome-seoxidase. So we then wanted to understand what is the genomic context for this SQR and also other enzymatic changes. And so we re-sequenced individuals to high coverage from all of our sampling locations. And I've added an additional drainage up here. So there are actually now four drainages with replicated sulfitic and non-sulfitic populations. And that's because during the course of our studies, that spring was rediscovered. It had been described 100 years ago, was rediscovered. And so then we could also sample it and ask questions about it. So here's the population tree. And really, the take home here that I want to show you, so this is all of the genomic data, re-sequencing of one individual from each of these populations. And you see that there are three sulfitic over there on the left and two sulfitic here. And largely, the sulfitic populations are independently derived. Well, so what about if we look at the genome specifically in the region that contains sulfur, quite an oxidized reductase? So we're just looking at the SQR region of the genome and making the tree of that region. And this is what that tree looks like. All of the sulfitic ecotypes cluster together. And so there's a shared origin for SQR in the sulfitic populations, which suggests that either there's incomplete lineage sorting, migration, or convergence. I think in this case, convergence is very unlikely because it's a large haplotype. So either suggesting that migration is moving alleles via the transporter hypothesis, via the freshwater, or that standing variation in the freshwater population is very high. And then that's, again, being reshuffled into the sulfitic populations. So I put this up here because I think that the genomic context in which you're thinking about phenotypes, even when the population tree, or the species tree, or the mitochondrial tree, tells you that these are independently derived populations, the regions of the genome that may be underlying your phenotype of interest may be more closely related than you expected. And it's interesting to think about and important to think about that population genomic context, as well as the genome. The thing about these fish that I find particularly appealing to work on is that it's not only Sicilian, Mexicana, and southern Mexico that is adapted to hydrogen sulfide rich springs. And there are actually about 11 different species that have adapted to hydrogen sulfide throughout this whole region. They're all in the same family. And so we then went out. I wasn't part of the group. I'm usually on the computer. Some students went out and sampled individual fish from all of the different populations and the closest related non-sulfitic population. And some of them, this looks perfect. It's also a cladogram, so it doesn't have any of the branch links on there. Looks so perfect, but I will point out that there are some lineages of sulfitic fish that don't have a closely related non-sulfitic population. And we did try to sample an ancestral base of that clade. But so went out and sampled just wild caught individuals, put the tissues in RNA later. We can talk about whether or not you like RNA later. But regardless, that's what was done. And then brought those samples back to the lab and sequenced the RNA to look at how expression levels change across all individuals that we're being looked at. And here's one example. This is SQR. And we see this same pattern for many of the genes involved in sulfide detoxification. So we see a consistent shift towards higher expression of genes related to detoxification. And so this was six individuals that were sampled per lineage. And here's just a bar plot for the expression levels. This is the FPKM for SQR. So lessons learned, really, and a few opportunities. So we figured out that, well, detoxification and resistance are important mechanisms for hydrogen sulfide survival. I was not that surprising. What we found was that adaptation to hydrogen sulfide is largely predictable. However, there seem to be multiple ways to solve that problem, at least when looking at specific enzymes. And we do see convergent shifts in expression in all of the sulfide springs. And it seems that expression, potentially more than actual changes in amino acid, are important for this system. Then kind of more generally, I want to just give the plug for natural variation and looking at natural systems, which I think gives us an unprecedented ability to understand complex phenotypes, maybe. They're complex. And that replicated environments or replicated phenotypes across large taxonomic scales really provide a framework for understanding evolutionary processes. So I want to return to this idea of thinking about how organisms function in the context of their environment and which hierarchical level of organization you think about and which phenotypes you're interested in. It's very important also to think about how that translates to the next level of organization if you care. And really thinking deeply about what phenotypes are important to relate and at what level you feel that you have done sufficient work of connecting genomic variation to phenotypic variation. The other part of this, this big white part I love, because we don't talk at all about the environment, because I've said natural systems. And hydrogen sulfide, this is you could put really any stressor here or any selective pressure that influences potentially the abiotic environment, the biotic environment, and all of those things influence different levels of organization here, either directly or indirectly. And depending on what temperature you're at affects enzymes in different ways that may or may not be physiologically relevant depending on where your organism lives. So it's definitely a complex thing. And so just some challenges. I guess I changed this to my challenges slide. So thinking about high throughput phenotyping. And we haven't talked that much about phenotypes or which phenotypes are interesting. But as these take a long time to develop, especially if you are thinking about natural systems and what are the right conditions to actually run those assays, which phenotypes are most relevant or most informative? And obviously that differs depending on what you're thinking about. And if you're thinking about biomedicine, are you thinking about evolution and fitness? The genomic and environmental context matters. The potential lack of genomic resources for natural systems, right? High quality reference genomes matter. Accurate annotations, including genes and regulatory regions. So just to tie that back to the sulfitic fish, we have a very fragmented genome. The genes are relatively well annotated, whatever that means. There are genes. They seem to match to human sometimes. But we really don't have a good sense of what the regulatory regions are. And for us, looking at expression, it seems that expression is really the thing going on here. Having those regulatory regions and being able to identify them and then look at how selection is shaping changes in regulatory regions is incredibly important. And then another challenge when thinking about tying this to human health, because it is NHGRI, NSF, and NIFA sponsored, was I was thinking about one of the challenges of working on hydrogen sulfide. Just as an example, I would be very interested in working with MDs or researchers who think about hydrogen sulfide in a clinical context. But I'm never in the same place as them, ever. So there are challenges in bridging evolutionary or natural system studies with human health and disease. And the three things that I think about with those challenges are finding a common language. How do we speak the same language, or at least know enough about the other person's language to have a conversation that could lead to something productive? The second was attending similar meetings. How do we get to be in the same place together to have those conversations? And then breaking down the research silos, how do we actually bridge these different large areas? And so there's the bridge that I stole from the internet to represent that. That's not built. We've got to build it. So with that, I want to thank all of my collaborators and the funding and this work that I talked about was largely driven in collaboration with Mihi Tobler at Kansas State University and by my graduate student, Anthony Brown. And we've received funding from a variety of sources, mainly the National Science Foundation. And so with that, thank you for your time.


James you're in your third season as the twins hitting coach were there any challenges that came up unexpectedly that you didn't think you'd have to face coming into the job No, it's kind of rich run pretty well Came in we had a lot of young players initially You know and now three years down the road those young players have kind of flourished and I've got some experience in this league and are playing Well, so it's nice to kind of watch the start of the development of these guys three years ago and then see where they are now So it's pretty fun. Do you enjoy helping develop players? Absolutely. I think that's a passion of the game I think if you're a coach you enjoy watching players where they where they start and then where they finish So getting a chance to see these guys develop and so the players that they're becoming right now is it's pretty special to watch You worked before as the Yankees minor league hitting coordinator where you were doing some of that developing of the young players What did you learn from your time with the Yankees that you brought to the twins organization? I mean obviously me coming up in that organization spending many years in New York is is basically kind of just help build my career Um to this point, um, you know the organization's always been good to me But you learn, you know the importance of preparation you learn the importance of um, you know sticking to a task Staying focused and those things help you as a coach when you get to the major league level It's fun to um see some of the players that I had back then too now playing in the major leagues and having success here So it's pretty cool to watch those guys as well. You worked with Aaron judge when he was in the minors What was he like to work with in the minors?  Is he a different hitter now? Absolutely, you saw the hitter back then Gary could always hit when he was a young kid in the Dominican And you know coming up as a really youngster in the in the organization You're you always knew he had the hit tool he could hit he had a special ability to barrel up the ball In pitches that weren't even in the strike zone. He had a special ability to barrel up the baseball So Gary always had a unique ability to hit you mentioned your time with the Yankees You played in the Yankees organization mariners as well What are some of the memories you have from being with the Yankees organization? It's just you know family is the word that comes to mind I'm always you know once you know the way they talk about the Yankee family and the way Everybody's accepted and you know, so I've always kind of cherished that I believe there's a certain Tradition that that comes the respect of the game and certain things that you learn in this organization that makes it special So, you know, I have nothing but great memories of of being here And and you know into this day have really great friendships with a lot of people that are still here trying to win these games But you know still have really good relationships with a lot of good people there. You're a New York guy, right? Grow up in Mount Vernon. Do you have any spots that you hit every time you come back to New York? Um, you know, I try try to get back to my hometown the case I don't always make it there, but I try to get back to Mount Vernon Um, usually in the city where we sell go to raise get raised pizza and get cheesecake from juniors So those are kind of the two places I try to hit every time. There's aren't bad spots. You got it Thank you so much for the time. No problem


I got my Bachelor of Liberal Studies in 2015 as an adult student. I was working full-time as a hotel manager. I had to move around a lot for work, so I was taking these classes, you know, from my hotel room or apartment for work. The online classes were a huge reason that I was able to do this. They make it possible. The faculty here, you know, they're excited to get adults that have work experience, life experience, and they really like to challenge you. You just feel so empowered and knowledgeable in every other phase of your life when you start learning again. As hard as the work is, they really make it easy for you to be, you know, a full-time adult in work life working towards getting your degree.


the torment of the Akhira, he'll put it in the dunya for a short period and then they go back to Allah completely free of any tribulation or punishment. Maybe it's the places that aren't being afflicted, that deserve to be afflicted, that should be worried. This is the way Muslims traditionally looked at things. When the Maghul came down, when the Mongols came down, they didn't say these evil Mongols. They said, this is a punishment God has sent to us because of our wrong actions. That's how they looked at it. Muslims don't look at that anymore. Evil America, evil Israel, evil. Okay, good. Allah put them in power. He says he gives power to them ever he pleases. Muslim had it.  Allah knows what he's doing. Allah knows who he gives power to. Yes, they abuse their power, but to what degree? Who would be worse? People want the destruction of America? Well, let's see what happens when China gets the world power. See if there's going to be an Abu Ghraib that you hear about. See if there's going to be any way, recourse to redressing any wrongs. Allah ta'ala, I don't know, but sometimes the worst things are answered prayers. We don't know. There's a different way of looking at the world. People don't want to look at it that way, but I read the Qur'an and the Qur'an, it comes back to me. Where did this calamity come from? Allah says it's from your own selves. It didn't say, oh, it's from those evil Qoraysh, those evil Qoraysh. No, Allah wanted the Qoraysh to become Muslim. What do you say to them, Rasulullah? What do you say to them, Nabiya? Ahun Kareem, even Ahun Kareem.  You're free today. I forgive you. He said what? He said what? He said what Yusuf said to his brothers who threw him in a well and left him to die. Because that's the state of believers. When they get angry, yes, we get angry, but they realize, what am I really getting angry at? At a test that God sent me? Who am I really angry at? See, you can be humanly angry, but who are you really angry at? If everything is a test from Allah, then who are you really angry at?


There have been tons of Tetris variations over the years. The Super Nintendo alone saw Tetris Attack, Yoshi's Cookie, Word Trist, Tetris 2, and to a lesser extent Wario's Woods, but here's one that stayed in Japan and was never released in North America. Tetris Battle Gaiden was made in December of 1993 by Bulletproof Software, and the number one thing that makes this Tetris variant stand out is that it's strictly Tetris Versus, so to speak. it's against a second player, or in a single-player campaign mode against the computer. Tetris put into a strictly competitive setting like this may not be for everyone, but I think the extra stuff this game has to offer makes this one worth playing today. Now, this isn't the first Tetris multiplayer game, so there's some familiar stuff here, like if you get at least two lines together, that'll add filler lines at the bottom of the other player's screen. That's nothing new. But there's two main things that make this game stand out. To start out, you select from one of eight different characters, everything from a ninja, a shaman, a rabbit, a princess, a wolfman, some kid, a group of kids, and a jack-o-lantern dude, I guess. Each of these characters has different magic abilities that you can either use to make life difficult for your opponent, or to make life easier for yourself. You earn magic by completing lines that have these small orbs in them, and they can stack up so you can hold as many as 20 at once. Magic is divided up into four different skills, using one orb executes a level one spell, using two orbs would be level two, and so on. Level one spells are usually to help your own stack, but levels two and four will be spells that mess with your opponent, with level three spells being a bit of a wild card. All you gotta do to use a spell is just press up on the d-pad. To give some examples, the ninja character's level one spell, using just one orb, will push all the blocks in your own stack to one side, sealing up any gaps that could be problematic for you. A level two spell attacks your opponent, randomizing their next four pieces they select in the queue. Level three puts a big spiderweb on your opponent's view screen, causing certain pieces to get stuck for a short period. And level four, the most powerful attack, turns every normal block in their stack into solid immovable brick.  Their level three spell just straight up steals all the orbs on the opponent's side. Jeez. If you play against the Aladdin character, their level three spell actually just copy-paste their own crappy stack directly onto yours. Ugh. Another interesting gameplay mechanic here is the shared Tetris piece queue in the top middle of the screen. You each start out the game with the same piece, but after that, it's first come first serve. This is an especially key component because you have to keep an eye out for pieces with orbs in them, not only to collect them for yourself, but to keep them away from your opponent. It adds a wrinkle of strategy, which I really like, and you really have to be constantly aware of what pieces are coming, so you can plan ahead. But even then, it might not do you much good because of the chaos that the magic spells bring to the game. That's really the best way to describe this game, it's just Tetris chaos. There's so much going on and so much to keep track of. It reminds me a little bit of the versus mode in Yoshi's Cookie, but Tetris Battle Gaiden is more fun, more crazy, and more frustrating. Seriously, there will be some controllers spiked into the ground if you play this one. There's lots of tiny bits of strategy in the gameplay here that really go a long way.  You can be really petty about this too, like if you notice your opponent is about to place a piece with an orb in it, you can use pretty much any magic attack that you may have ready to go, and your opponent's piece will automatically be replaced with something else. My only real issue with the overall gameplay here is that there's no counter attacks, so you can just get bombarded with spells if your luck turns sour. Still, I do think this is a really fun multiplayer versus game that's a good blend of speed and strategy. One thing you gotta keep in mind though, is that since up is used to cast spells, there is no hard drop in this game, no ghost pieces, as well as some of the other smaller things you might be used to in a Tetris game. This one is closer to the original Game Boy and NES games in terms of the nuts and bolts of the basic Tetris gameplay. So yeah, just a quick video on one of the better multiplayer Super Nintendo games that not many people have heard of. The strategy that comes into play, just based on having a shared queue, really adds a lot.  But your opponent could see that coming and speed things up and take that piece before you get a chance. Of course, the spells here are both really fun and incredibly maddening. I highly recommend checking this one out because it's simultaneously one of the very best Super Nintendo versus games and one of the most frustrating, but in a good way. And since this one was never released anywhere else, this is when you gotta play any way you can. Alright, I want to thank you for watching and I hope you have a great rest of your day.


Hello, DEF CON. As my late mother used to say, I know I'm running with the right crowd now. Last year I was able to attend DEF CON in person, and back at that time you could do that. I'm proud that I was the first United States Senator to speak. Now I'm proud to be the first United States Senator to speak remotely at DEF CON. Last year I was able to walk around the voting village and see hackers, young and old alike taking voting machines apart. They were learning and teaching each other. I even saw one voting machine on which hackers had installed the video game Doom. I sure wish Mitch McConnell could have seen that. He'd have a lot harder time pretending that everything is just fine with election security. I bet there are a whole lot of bad guys around the world who want to install their own version of Doom on our voting machines, except their version would be a lot less fun and it wouldn't be a game at all. A month before last year's DEF CON, the House of Representatives passed a historic election security bill. It was called the SAFE Act. I'm proud to say that I wrote portions of that bill, including parts of the bill that require risk limiting audits for all federal elections and created mandatory federal cybersecurity standards for voting machines, electronic poll books, voter registration databases, and election reporting websites. The SAFE Act reflects the consensus view of election security experts. That includes people from the DEF CON community who have said loud and clear that safe and secure elections depend on hand-marked paper, ballots, and routine risk-limiting audits. While the House did its job and passed a good election security bill, our efforts to secure election reform has been stalled in the Senate. Stalled because of Mitch McConnell, who's made it clear that he is going to block any election-related legislation. Because of COVID-19, the world seems like it has turned upside down since last year. One thing has stayed the same. Mitch McConnell still won't do a thing to make our elections more secure. Last year, the top threat was electronic voting machines.  The coronavirus pandemic has presented extraordinary problems for state and local administrators and for American voters who justifiably don't want to have to put their health at risk to vote. But it has also been a huge opportunity for snake oil salesmen peddling insecure internet voting technology. These companies have gone out and prayed on state and local officials who are desperate for options during this pandemic. And what the snake oil salesmen have essentially been selling is kind of magic beans, promising that voters with disabilities and our men and women in uniform overseas can vote securely using their smartphones. As this community knows, election security experts have been so clear that internet voting is not secure. Internet voting is dangerous and it's a threat to American democracy. The allure of secure internet voting is obviously understandable, particularly for officials who haven't had training in cybersecurity. I'm sure you all by now have heard somebody say, well, if the tech companies can figure out a way to allow people to securely pay their bills online or transfer money from a smartphone, why can't they figure out the problem of internet voting? Coincidentally, this is similar to what FBI officials have said about encryption backdoors. Their view is if America can put a man on the moon, why can't our technology companies build encryption backdoors that are secure against China and Russian hackers and allow law enforcement agencies to go after the bad guys? What's needed though is for government to make sure that you don't see bad ideas advance. And on both topics, I turned the actual cybersecurity experts to cryptographers and computer scientists who've made it clear that secure encryption backdoors and insecure internet voting are both beyond the realm of the possible right now. The experts just don't know how to build these things safely, no matter how much government officials want them to exist. So let me talk for just a brief few minutes about one internet voting company named VOTES. This company convinced West Virginia to allow the use of their smartphone voting app. After a pilot in West Virginia, the company expanded to Utah, Colorado and my home state of Oregon. That's when I really started digging in to what this company was about. The first thing I learned is that VOTES had never been subjected to an independent audit. The company was going out and about telling election officials that it had passed several audits with flying colors, but it never told those officials that the audits had been handpicked and paid for by VOTES financial backers. The people who conducted the audits had no experience at all with election security. Officials in Oregon relied in good faith on the fact that they thought that VOTES had been audited. But state and local officials will tell you they're not cyber experts, they don't have graduate degrees in cyber security and so they didn't understand the difference between the bogus audits that VOTES had passed and a rigorous independent audit by experts. Of course, audits don't need to be a fancy official thing. This community has demonstrated that individual researchers, college students, hobbyists can discover important security issues outside of a formal audit. In 2018, a University of Michigan student as part of a class project decided to examine VOTES. That student was looking to see if the company's security claims held up. The company's app called HOME when the student tried to examine it is what was considered. As media reports have confirmed, the company reported this directly to the West Virginia Secretary of State who then called the FBI. However, what hasn't been reported is the fact that VOTES did not believe that hackers in China or Russia were attacking West Virginia's elections. The company's CEO told my staff that he reported the incident to government officials specifically because the University of Michigan is home to researchers who have a long history of criticizing voting technology companies. Let that sink in for a second. The company reported a college student, a security researcher engaged in good faith security research to the government because the company had reason to believe that the researcher might be critical of the company. This is absolutely outrageous conduct. Security researchers perform an enormous public service by volunteering their time to find and report problems. I, for one, would prefer that the first person to find a security problem in a voting system used in real elections as a researcher working in the public interest and not a hacker working for Russia or China. Companies should be rolling out the red carpet for independent researchers, including the DEF CON voting village, instead of trying to bully them as VOTES did. Thankfully, VOTES scare tactics were not successful in scaring away other researchers. Earlier this year, a team from MIT conducted a thorough audit of VOTES product and found it riddled with basic flaws. That not only proved that the company's security claims were false, but that the company's prior hand-picked audits were a farce. I commend the team at MIT for showing yet again that internet voting is dangerous. This November, Americans will vote in what I believe is the most important election of our lifetimes. And since Mitch McConnell has blocked several of my bills to secure our elections from cyber threats and ensure that every registered voter can vote safely in this pandemic, let me close by mentioning just a few of the security issues that concerned me the most. E-Poll Book failures, particularly failures by states in checking voters in a polling booth have repeatedly failed, leading to lengthy delays for in-person voting. There are no federal cybersecurity standards for these devices, and I remain deeply concerned that E-Poll Book failures, whether caused by malfunctions, human error, or cyber attacks could result in major problems. Internet voting, while most officials now seem to realize that votes is insecure snake oil, 31 states continue to permit overseas and military voters to return marked ballots by email, fax, or over the internet. As far as I'm concerned, this is the weakest link in our election infrastructure as voters and election officials have no way of knowing if these electronically transmitted ballots have been tampered with by hackers. In close races, email ballots can be the deciding factor, which is something that should worry everybody. Election night reporting websites, there continue to be no cybersecurity standards for reporting websites, despite the fact that a hack could create massive chaos by misleading the public about the election winner. Years ago hackers went after reporting sites in Ukraine, so it's not like this ought to be a surprise. And finally I'm worried that Donald Trump and his new political hack of a postmaster general are gunning for the U.S. Postal Service. They want to make voting by mail less reliable, slow down election results, and allow Donald Trump to make baseless claims about the election being rigged. So there are plenty of security issues for all of us to stay up late at night. But there are still reasons for hope. First the fact that all of you white hat hackers are willing to spend your time trying to make our elections safer is in my view an enormous asset. I've been so impressed by the energy and creativity of the voting village and the young people who are working with Alex Halderman and Harry Hurst and Matt Blaze and everybody who makes this possible. Second, there seems to be a gradual acceptance by the government and some vendors that security researchers are not the enemy. Initiatives like the University of Chicago's Election Cyber Surge, which aims to connect hackers with election officials, sound like promising ways to bring expertise to those who need it. I'm also encouraged that the Cyber Security and the Infrastructure Security Agency put out a very thoughtful guide for how election officials can work with security researchers when it comes to identifying and reporting vulnerabilities. And God forbid I say anything complementary about election vendors like ES and S after they lied to the public repeatedly about the security of their products. But the fact is you do see them at Black Hatch just two years after they asked the Senate Intelligence Committee to investigate the voting village. That's a pretty stark contrast. Everybody is better off if government and election vendors see security researchers as a resource instead of a threat. So it does give me some measure of hope that even though Donald Trump and too many in Congress still refuse to take election security seriously, that there are people doing good work to make a difference where they can. And believe me, our elections need all the help they can get. And I just want to close by making it clear that we are going to keep up the fight for better election security in Washington, D.C. And my view is that political change doesn't start in Washington, D.C. and trickle down. It basically bubbles up when the grassroots, particularly when it comes to technology, do the talking. So don't stop fighting to secure our elections. Our democracy depends on it. And good luck to everybody in this crucial, crucial cause.


Hi and welcome to the session. Today we will learn trigonometric ratios of some specific angles. We will learn the trigonometric ratios of 0 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees and 90 degrees. So for that let's make a table. So let's find out these trigonometric ratios for angle A. When angle A is 0 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees and 90 degrees. Sign 0 is 0. Sign 30 is 1 by 2. Sign 45 is 1 by root 2. Sign 60 is root 3 by 2. Sign 90 is 1. Now I will tell you a very easy way to make this table. You just need to remember the values of sign A for all these angles. Now to find the values of cos A for these angles, just take these values from right hand side. This we have 1, so we will write 1 over here as cos 0, then root 3 by 2, so write it here. So cos 30 is root 3 by 2, then 1 by root 2. So here we have 1 by root 2 and cos 45 is 1 by root 2, then comes 1 by 2. So cos 60 is 1 by 2 and then 0. So that means cos 90 is 0. Now we need to find the values of tan A for these angles and we know that tan A is sin A over cos A. So tan 0 will be sin 0 over cos 0, that is 0 upon 1, that is 0. Similarly, tan 30 is sin 30 over cos 30. So 1 by 2 upon root 3 by 2 will be 1 upon root 3. Similarly, tan 45 will be 1 upon root 2 upon 1 upon root 2, that will be 1. So tan 60 is root 3 by 2 upon 1 by 2, that is root 3 and tan 90 is 1 upon 0, which is not defined. Now comes cos A and we know that cos A is the reciprocal of sin A, that is 1 upon sin A. So cos 0 will be 1 upon 0, that is not defined. Cos 30 will be the reciprocal of sin 30. So it will be the reciprocal of 1 upon 2, that is 2, cos 45, reciprocal of 1 upon root 2, that is root 2, cos 60 will be reciprocal of root 3 by 2, that is 2 upon root 3 and cos 90 will be 1 upon 1, that is 1. Now we need to find the values for secant A and secant A is the reciprocal of cos A. So secant 0 will be 1 upon 1, that is 1. Secant 30 will be the reciprocal of root 3 by 2, that is 2 by root 3. Secant 45 will be the reciprocal of 1 by root 2, that is root 2. Secant 60 will be the reciprocal of 1 by 2, that is 2 and secant 90 will be the reciprocal of 0, that is 1 upon 0, which is not defined. Lastly we need to find the values of cot A, which is the reciprocal of tan A. So cos 0 will be the reciprocal of tan 0, that is 0. So its reciprocal will be 1 upon 0, which is not defined. Cot 30 will be the reciprocal of 1 by root 3, that is root 3. Cot 45, that is reciprocal of 1, that is 1. Now cot 60 will be the reciprocal of root 3, that is 1 upon root 3 and cot 90 will be the reciprocal of tan 90. Now tan 90 is not defined and not defined is 1 upon 0. So the reciprocal of 1 upon 0 will be 0 upon 1, which will be equal to 0. So cot 90 is 0. Now the value of sin A is always less than or equal to 1. Also the value of cos A is less than equal to 1 and the value of cosecant A is always greater than or equal to 1. Also the value of secant A is always greater than equal to 1. Now let's take one small example for this. Suppose we need to find the value of cos square 30 degrees plus tan square 60 degrees plus cosecant 90 degrees plus sin 0 degrees. So let's see the table, cos 30, cos 30 is equal to root 3 by 2. So this will be root 3 by 2 square plus now we need tan 60 degrees. So tan 60 is root 3. So this will be root 3 square plus cosecant 90, cosecant 90 is 1. So plus 1 plus sin 0, that is 0. So this will be equal to 3 upon 4 plus 3 plus 1 plus 0, that is equal to 19 upon 4. So here we have learnt trigonometric ratios of some specific angles. With this we finish this session. Hope you must have enjoyed it. Goodbye and have a nice day.


President of the DR Congo, Felix Shishikedi, is in full control of a new government unveiled after a form-and-par struggle with predecessor Joseph Kabila. The president had in February named the head of state-owned mining giant, Jack Mines, Jean-Michael Samalukondo Kingi as prime minister. The inauguration of the first government, dubbed Union Sacre, took place on Monday 26 April. The new prime minister, Jean-Michel Samalukondo, received a resounding success with 410 MPs voting in favour out of 412 present.