In this lecture, we will learn about carbon nanostructures. Carbon is one of the most abundant elements on the earth and forms a basic form of life. So, there are many polymorphs of carbon which are available and eventually, they go into forming nanostructures. So, we will learn about certain of those nanostructures which belong to that of carbon in this lecture. But before we go into that, we are more interested in what is nanotechnology because carbon nanostructures, if we can somehow engineer them, we can tailor them to suit certain properties or certain application. We can make them as sensors or we can also make them as reinforcing entities. We can also eventually get some data out of it like we can make them as bridges between two entities and we can pass the current through them and we can again allow some properties to be measured from that aspect. So, that nanotechnology is emerged as a very strong tool because of these nanomaterials, but nanotechnology, it comes out as a combination of not only engineering, but also some other sciences such as chemistry, biology and physics. Initially, the sciences were very, very different. In the case, we will go only with say physics, biology or chemistry and engineering was supposed to be a different field of study like making things work. But right now, the paradigm is that everything is merging at a common podium. So, if I want to implant a chip in a body, I also need to see the physics of it, how those things will really make that happen. I also need to understand about how do I engineer it. It means how I can make that device work while it is in the body. Then, I also need to understand the biological aspects of it. If it is in contact with blood, what do I do with it? So, now, the paradigm of using this nanotechnology has merged all the disciplines whether it is science or engineering, we need a common platform for working on that. So, that is how the nanotechnology has brought all the disciplines of engineering. It is not only about the material, but also about the mechanical and the electrical aspects as well. So, if that chip is being implanted into the body, it has to sustain certain forces or certain stresses. So, I need to design it using mechanical engineering. I need to design a material. I need materials engineering. If I want to pass some current into it, I want to sense something. I also need to worry about the electronics of it, so that it does not degrade with time. In case I am also worried about releasing some drug using that particular device, it can be a material and I want to release some drug into the body. I need to have a very controlled degradation of that particular material. So, I also need to study about the biological part of it, that how much drug is to be released for a certain stipulated period of time. So, these are these aspects make things much more complicated, but now it has brought all the aspects to make this nanotechnology and interdisciplinary field of study. So, nanotechnology we are worried about materials which are very, very small sizes, order of less than 100 nanometers and that has made it an interdisciplinary field of research. If I am worried about certain catalyst to release a certain drug, I also need to worry about the surface area of that particular catalyst. I need to worry about the rate characteristics involved in that. So, I am also worried about the chemistry part of it. So, there are many, many aspects which make things very, very complicated and the subtleties are somehow ignored or sometimes if I want to engineer it to that extent, I will also need to worry about those certain aspects. So, that is how it has become a very complicated tool and when I am using a nano material, I need to also understand things at the nanoscale because right now the bulk, the bulk physics is very, very different than what you might expect at the nano level. So, again it is a very complex phenomena and to engineer that we always need to worry about the nanotechnology. And again coming back to how small is nano, nano is nothing but any entity which is less than around 100 nanometers and to see it, visualize it physically. A nanometer is billionth of a meter, but it is about 1 by 80,000th of the diameter of a human hair. Human hair is approximately 100 to 250 micrometers in diameter or this nanometer is approximately 10 times that of a diameter of a hydrogen atom. So, right now we are worried about 0.1 angstrom that is a hydrogen atom, the diameter of that and I am talking about scales 10 times than a hydrogen atom. So, that makes it around 1 nanometer. We can see a human being, a human is generally a couple of meters like 1.5 to 2 meters. So, that is a height of a human being around 1.7 meter and ant it is approximately 1 millimeter. The length of the length of an ant is approximately 1 to 2 to 3 millimeters. Then we have red blood cells which ring in the order of microns or 10 power minus 6 meters. And when we talk about a material we find that a material has certain polycrystalline grains into it and the grains also extend to the order of couple of micrometers. So, the grain size can vary from micron to submicron. And now we are worried about the microstructure of a material and that is approximate that approximates to the micrometer length scale. So, I am worried about micrometer length scale I am talking about couple of micrometers size of the grains. When I define the grains to submicrometer range less than 0.1 micrometer then I am talking about something at nanometer level. So, that is what the range is approximately here that I am worried about 1 nanometer or 10 power minus 9 meter or that is approximately 10 times the diameter of the hydrogen atom and that is what is nano. To give a physical sense if a ant if it starts holding a nano gear. So, if I have an ant which is approximately 1 to 2 to 3 millimeter in length and if it is holding a nano gear that nano gear will be 300000 times smaller than that times smaller than the ant itself. So, we can see an ant is approximately 10 power minus 3 meter and we are going to nanometer that is approximately 10 power 6 times bigger than a nanometer. So, that is what the overall feel of this nano length scale. Now, coming to the nano structures. So, we can see the carbon as many polymorphs which are available with it. So, in this case we can see we have a diamond structure we have a graphite structure we have fullerene structure and then we have something called carbon aerotube. In the case of diamond we can see we have sp3 hybridization it means that each carbon atom is now attached to 4 other carbon atoms. So, we have 1 carbon atom which is now attached to 4 other carbon atoms and that is what it gives a very strong strength of very high hardness of very high stiffness to the diamond. So, this is the diamond structure. So, each carbon is sitting at the tetrahedral tetrahedral and it is now connected to the 4 carbons along there with. So, that is why we can see that carbon can exist a diamond which is which is one of the very hardest known material and that requires hybridization of sp3. Though we say that diamond is forever, but diamond is not the equilibrium form of a carbon it is a graphite which is actually the equilibrium or the thermodynamically stable form of carbon. And in graphite we can see we have only 1 carbon is now attached to only 3 other carbon atoms and 4th one is forming some a wonder valve bonding with the layer which is beneath itself or above itself. So, we can see in this case we have sp2 type of hybridization in a graphitic structure. So, we can expect that conductivity of strength will be much higher along this length scale. So, we can see that we have free electron available and that can basically hop and in this case we can achieve very high strength why because in this case we have a covalent bond whereas, along the vertical direction I have Wender wall attraction. So, in this case in a in a graphitic structure I can get very high strength along this horizontal axis and apparently this Wender wall forces are pretty weak in comparison to that of covalent bonds. So, I can easily slide these two layers and I can basically slip those graphitic planes over each other and that gives the overall lubricating property to the graphite. Whereas, that thing is not possible in the diamond structure because diamond structure it has all the bonds which are covalent. So, that is the problem in diamond, but we can get very good lubrication in this graphitic structure because we have a Wender wall force which is joining the two layers of graphite. So, that is that that is what defines the overall graphitic structure and then we have something called fullerine. This is also known as Buckminster fullerine which is on the name of Buckminster fuller which Buckminster fullerine fuller which has actually developed this structure of geodesic dome and based on his structure this structure was dedicated to him. Now, coming to C and T this is nothing but a single layer of when a single layer of graphite is rolled into kind of a tubular structure. So, we can see a tubular structure is made and that basically is forming a diameter which is approximately less much less than 100 nanometer. So, that is why we are calling it carbon nanotube. It is a hollow structure that is why it is a tube. So, I am taking a layer of graphite and I am rolling it in a manner that I get a tubular structure and that is called a carbon nanotube. So, carbon nanotube are nothing but long and thin cylinders of carbon. It was initially discovered by Sumio Ejima in 1991 that actually popularized the application of carbon nanotubes in the nanotechnology. So, we can see there are couple of nanostructures. We also have a structure of amorphous carbon. So, again that part we would not be covering out here, but again we have also have amorphous carbon which can also exist as one of the allotropes of carbon which are very widely used are diamond. So, diamond is sp3 hybridization we can see and it is one of the very hardest known material and very high thermal conductivity as well. Then we have graphitic structure it is very well used as a lubricant and it is sp2 hybridization where along this layer thickness along the layer we have covalent bonds whereas along the vertical direction the interaction between the two layers is through vendor all forces and these bonds are weak. So, they can easily glide over each other and when a certain stress is applied. So, it can be a very good lubricant. Then we have fullerene structures. So, that is composed of certain pentagons and hexagons that complete the soccer ball type of a structure. And then we have carbon nanotubes carbon nanotubes are nothing but very long and thin cylinders. So, we can get aspect ratios which is nothing but the length to the diameter ratios as high as 1000 or more than that and that was discovered by Sumiojima in 1991. So, that is what we can see the overall how the carbon nanostructures are being developed. The first thing is graphene which we learnt about graphite, but graphene is nothing but a single layer of graphite. So, we are talking about only a single layer which is present in the graphite and that constitutes the overall graphene and we can see the overall hexagonal structure which is predominant in the graphene layer. So, that is what we can see out here that we have this hexagonal structure which basically develops in the graphene. So, we can see that we have a single layer of graphite and that is called a graphene. The beauty of this one is that it has a very high thermal conductivity as well it has a very high strength. The fracture strength can be as high as around 200 giga pascals whereas, the modulus can be as high as 1 tera pascal. So, that is what we are talking about graphene apparently graphene has very high transparency to the order of 97 percent which can be utilized for making transparent screens out of it can absorb as much as 2.3 percent of the incident radiation and that is what makes it very very special because if you are depositing this graphene via single graphene layer we can really see the change in the opacity and if we have two layers that will be much more opaque. So, even we can detect this opacity via our naked eye. If we go about characterizing it because to see a nano layer we need very sophisticated tools such as TEM or something like that at the order of electron microscopy. So, but if you just deposit a single layer of graphene we can just observe it using this our naked eye. So, that is the beauty of this graphene structure. So, it can be utilized for blocking the radiation whenever it is required at the same time providing a very good conductivity. So, that is what because the single layer of graphene is very highly conductive as well and its conductivity can go as high as may be more than 100 around 100 times that of a 10 to 100 times that of a silver or copper. So, it can be highly conductive as well. So, that is the beauty of this graphene layer. Apparently a group in the Maryland at college park they have isolated a single layer of graphene and then what they have done it is approximately 1 micrometer wide and they have sprayed them in a vacuum chamber and they were they held it in mid air by using some electric fields. So, once it is being held in the electric field in vacuum it is kind of floating and after this floating they have applied magnetic fields and then from that they have seen the rotation of this or rotation of this graphene and it can rotate as high as 60 millions rpm that is highest ever observed. So, it means that graphene that graphene layer or that graphene particular layer is rotating at a speed of 60 million rpm. So, it is rotating in that speed apparently if I try to rotate anything even at say 30,000 rpm or 40,000 rpm or even 1 lakh rpm it will start heating up like anything. Whereas, this graphene layer does not heat up it is still stable at 60 million rpm and it is it is actually been proposed that this is not the top speed of this graphene layer. So, we can make very wonderful things out of graphene without letting it disintegrate. So, that is the these are the recent applications which are coming in this particular arena. So, graphene is one of the very fascinating materials and if you want to rotate it like using some magnetic fields you can make certain rotors or motors out of it and from that we can generate very high power as well and they can go speeds of order of 60 millions rpm without even disintegrating. So, that is what is one of the applications of these graphene layers.  So, it appears more like a soccer ball. So, you have a structure which is a kind of a soccer ball and it has it has around 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons which gives the overall curvature because if you have only hexagon and you rotate it it will form some sort of a tube not really a ball kind of a structure or a sphere kind of a entity. So, you need to have pentagons to give it a curvature and that is what is happening here and all these pentagons are not really joined with each other they do not shear the edge, but it is being shear through the hexagon. So, we can see we have hexagons out here and that thing is being joined by a pentagon. So, that is what we can see out here hexagon then again we have a pentagon. So, we have pentagon hexagon pentagon hexagon kind of a structure and that is how it is being joined to give it a curvature. So, that is the beauty of this particular fullerine structure and it is been named on the birth minister fuller and who had popularized the geodesic dome structure. So, fullerine is again one of the one of the polymorphs of the carbon it has a structure which is a truncated Ecosahedron. So, it appears more like a soccer ball and it has around 20 hexagons it has 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons to give it this kind of a spherical structure. There are other entities also possible like C 20, C 70 and so on, but this is the one which was initially been discovered and it was basically named on Buckminster fullerine it is also called a bucky ball structure and to shorten the form it is called as a to shorten the form of Buckminster fullerine it is called as a fullerine only. As I said earlier that the carbon nanotubes were discovered in 1991 by Sumio Ijima, but these CNTs or the carbon nanotubes were discovered being they have been actually named as carbon filaments even as early as 1952 that is what we can see here. So, the transmission electron microscopy of these carbon nanotubes were mentioned as early as in 1952 may be like 40 years before in general of physical chemistry of Russia, but these findings did not come to limelight during that time because there was a cold war going on between Russia and America and also there was a problem of access to the Russian scientific publications and also the language of Russian was not that predominant during that time. So, that is the reason that this finding did not emerge even till very late. So, this paper was written by Raduskovich and Lukyanovich in 1952 and they mentioned them as carbon filaments and not as carbon nanotubes. So, that was the earliest finding of carbon nanotube even later on the filamentous growth of carbon was again being mentioned by Oberlin and Endo and Koyama in general of crystal growth in as early as 1976 and they had told that they can form this filamentous carbon by parallelism of benzene and they were more worried about the carbon fibers which also incidentally contained a hollow tube. So, now, we have gone from carbon filaments to filamentous growth which is also showing a hollow tube with a diameter approximately of 2 to 50 nanometer along the fiber axis and again they have also formed an annual ring of structure of tree. So, that is what we are they also mentioned that by the parallelism of benzene at around 1100 degree centigrade they can form carbon fibers which with the presence of some hollow tube which is which is a diameter of around 20 to 500 angstrom that means 2 to 50 nanometers along the fiber axis, but again these findings also did not come to limelight as such. Why that thing happened that now the discovery of carbon nanotube was dedicated to 1991 to Sumo Ejima because first thing was in 1952 the Russian general were not that accessible the Cold War was going on and those Russian publications were not available to everyone and again the Russian language was also not so popular. In 1976 again they talked about this filamentous growth of carbon, but the problem is that time they were studying about avoiding this formation of this filamentous carbon in certain areas certain regions it was some mineralization was some process was going on and they wanted to remove the formation of this filamentous carbon and they were more worried about how this growth is occurring and all that. At that time the nano wave had not come so that is one of the biggest thing which really came into that and all this investigation was based on some growth mechanism and that was not so interesting for the physicist. Even the maturity of science was not there and they were not able to think nano during that time because nano was popularized much later in 1980s and 1985. So, that nano wave had not caught in the people and since they are worried about the growth of this filamentous carbon where they want to avoid this formation this did not really interest the physicist whereas in 1991 this paper was published by Sumo Ejima in nature and that is read by all kinds of scientists you know academicians which will which will involve basic research and fundamentals and physicists read them very easily they are very widely read by physicist. So, now that nano wave had caught now people are more aware of what is happening around the world it is it was written in English and it was read by all the physicist nano wave was catching up and the term he had coined it was carbon nanotube now it had caught the wave because it was published in nature written in English physicist it is accessible to all the physicist and it is being read by matured scientist because the science has developed to that extent and that basically popularized the discovery of carbon nanotubes. Though we can see that a filamentous carbon had was forming in as early as 1952 later on it was again reported in 1976 that they are observing growth of hollow tube kind of a structure and apparently all these two journals 1952, 1976 they also have reported TM images transmission electron microscopy images showing the filamentous carbon, but still it got popularized only in 1992 by Evesen and Ajay to point the term carbon nanotube in their nature paper. So, that actually created the way and that popularized the application of carbon nanotubes of basic research as well as for further application apparently the carbon nanotubes they have hexagonal lattice. So, the lattice goes like this. So, it is symmetric hexagonal lattice and then so we can see that kind of lattice which is forming in the hexagonal that is nothing, but the graphitic layer of carbon nanotube and the distance between carbon to carbon atom is approximately 1.421 angstrom in graphite, but because of curvature there is a increase in this particular bond distance between carbon-carbon and that comes around to around 1.44 angstrom that is a better approximation what researcher generally use this can go even higher when the curvature depending on the curvature. So, that is what is being that is what is basically being accepted as a value for this bond line between carbon-carbon in a CNT structure. So, we have CNT it is a hollow R-tube. So, higher the curvature higher is the stretching between the bonds. So, once you have a flat layer if you can cut them up it will be in equilibrium, but once you start putting the curvature the bond line between the carbon-carbon will start increasing. So, if you can define a Karel vector and we can also compare it with the Cartesian coordinate it can go like this that Karel vector we have something like this going along this direction and second entity which is going along this direction. So, we can see that we have a 1 along this direction a 2 along this direction and then we also want to define it using a Cartesian coordinate. So, if I take this one as a origin and I want to define it as a Cartesian coordinate I will take let me just change the color of the pen. So, I can. So, if I take this as origin I will take it as x and I will take this as a Karel vector or Karel vector is defined as the direction along which if tube is rolled that becomes its circumference. So, the Karel t can be given as n times a 1 plus m times a 2 where a 1 and a 2 they are nothing but the vectors of the hexagonal lattice. So, they are around 2 vectors with around 120 degrees of opening. So, that is what is a 1 and a 2. So, we can see that a 1 and a 2 will go along this direction. So, they will have around 120 degree of opening with them and using a Cartesian coordinate I can define a 1 is equal to 3 by 2 times a c c where a c c is the bond length of carbon root 3 by 2 a c and then your a 2 can be given as 3 by 2 a c c minus root 3 by 2 a c c. So, we can see if it has to traverse. So, I need for a 1 I need to traverse along x I need to travel 3 by 2 times of the bond length and along y I need to traverse root 3 by 2 of bond length of carbon. So, that is how I can go from here to here. So, I have to traverse along x I traverse some distance along y I traverse some distance. So, this is x this is y and that gives me x and y in the Cartesian coordinate. Apparently if I take its chiral vector.  So, c h that is a chiral vector that comes out to be root 3 bond length of carbon n square plus m square plus n m. So, we can see that the c l is a circumference of this tube or which is defined as the chiral vector for this particular carbon nanotube. So, that is how it is coming out for the carbon nanotube. Apparently we can define carbon nanotubes in two certain forms. So, once I once I come to that I will also discuss how we can really form it. So, let me first go back to this carbon nanotube structure and then let me explain it further. Let me say it that for arm chair we have n equal to m and for zigzag my m is equal to 0. So, for arm chair my chiral vector becomes when m is equal to 0 sorry n equal to m I can get root 3 a c c n square plus n square plus n square that becomes root 3 again. So, root 3 n square I get 3 a c c n. So, that is what my chiral vector is for arm chair chiral vector is 3 times n multiplied by a c c for zigzag structure my m is equal to 0. So, chiral vector becomes root 3 a c c multiplied by n because m is 0 and m is also becomes 0. For zigzag my chiral vector is root 3 a c c multiplied by n whereas, for arm chair my chiral vector is 3 a c c multiplied by n. So, there is only difference of root 3. So, now if I can see how is zigzag structure will look like. So, for zigzag m is equal to 0 for arm chair m is equal to n. So, if I get this lattice of carbon nanotube layer. So, something like this. So, what I am getting is let me just again change the color. So, I can give it a better feel. So, let me start with here. So, if I am traversing along this side I am getting 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 and so on. If I am traversing at the 30 degrees what I am getting is I am getting to this point this becomes my 1 1 I go from here to here becomes my 2 2 and so on. So, if I am traversing along this side what I am finding is this is if I am traversing along this side my m is equal to 0 it is forming my zigzag c and t. If I am traversing along here this is my 0 0 I am traversing along here I am getting a arm chair kind of a thing. So, in zigzag I can see I can get this sort of a traverse where is in arm chair I am traversing like this and I see this sort of a structure. So, that is what I am getting that I am traversing here I am seeing something something and then again I am coming back to this. So, I have a repetition of from here I have a repetition of something like this is forming my arm chair and this one is forming my zigzag. So, we learned that the carol vector for a zigzag it was root 3 n a c c for arm chair the carol vector was 3 times n a c c. So, depending on the n that is the vector which has been traversed along on a particular side. So, n is along direction x and along a 1 and m is along a 2. So, that part we can see here and from that we can all and carol vector is nothing but it is kind of a length which has been traversed that forms some sort of a diameter or sorry the circumference diameter metal plate by the pi that forms the circumference. So, that carol vector is something like a circumference of that particular tube. So, when I have this type of structure I can always find what is approximate diameter of the tube because that diameter multiplied by pi will give me the carol vector. So, that diameter is equal to 3 times n a c c divided by pi for arm chair and d is equal to root 3 n a c c by pi for zigzag. So, from this from the carol vector I can always identify what is the diameter of that particular entity. So, if I want to find a zigzag I just need to roll them along this particular direction. So, depends I will just show you the examples of zigzag and the arm chair configuration. Apparently I can also find the theta that what theta I am rolling this particular entity. So, for arm chair theta is equal to tan inverse of root 3 m by m plus 2 n and this case m is equal to n. So, what I get is 1 by root 3 tan inverse of 1 by root 3 that is equal to 30 degree for arm chair for zigzag my m is equal to 0. So, I get theta also equal to 0. So, just couple of things that in zigzag I get this kind of a morphology that I go up go down go up go down that is forming a zigzag and carol vector is given by root 3 n a c c.  So, I get a carol vector I can relate it to the diameter of that particular carbon nanotube and from that I can get the overall diameter apparently the theta at the angle at which I am rolling it to get this particular nanotube that can also be achieved using this particular relation and for arm chair it is 30 degree. So, the theta value I am talking about is the theta is 30 degree with respect to the Cartesian coordinate and that thing is 0 for the zigzag whereas, it is around 30 degree for the arm chair. So, now, let me show you how these structures look like. So, we can see that once we have a graphic plane the way we roll it we can achieve either arm chair, carol or zigzag type of a carbon nanotube. So, in case when we have a arm chair we have theta of 30 degree. So, we have 30 degree theta when we have arm chair and in zigzag we have theta of 0 degree. So, depending on that it just matters on way we define it. So, we have 0 degree out in zigzag and arm chair is around 30 degree. So, we can see that the nature or the electrical nature of this one can be very different like in zigzag it can be highly metallic and carol it is a semi metal and arm chair it is a semi conducting. So, depending on that the way we are rolling it we can achieve different type of conductivity is in the carbon nanotube. So, that is what we can see out here generally arm chair we have everything is semi conducting carol it can range from semi conducting to metal. So, once we have this relation when 2 n plus m is an integer multiplied by 3 then we get something which is metallic and other cases it is generally semi metallic. So, if we can roll it. So, the rolling is like this. So, this particular part will be metallic whereas, this part will be semi metallic semi conducting to metallic. So, along this side it will be metallic and that basically corresponds to the zigzag structure or the 0 0 direction and in this corresponds to the arm chair type of a fabrication which is nothing but semi conducting to metallic. And carbon nanotube the exhibit well defined perfect crystal which is a covalent carbon to carbon bond and again this graphite is now rolled into various ways.  In that manner I can roll it to get a zigzag structure when I roll them along 0 direction and then again I can. So, basically I am joining this end with this end to get to get this to get this arm chair if I can roll them like this. So, I can see that this things will come at the end the extremants will come at the end and if I am rolling it like this I am getting zigzag and if I am rolling them in any other direction then I am getting this chiral type of a structure and this properties they are very different basically along different directions. So, apart from the conductivity so I conductivity can be very very different along arm chair or zigzag whereas, other properties like if I want to reinforce them that also will depend on the covalent bond strength of the covalent bond. So, that will depend again which is essentially the same in all the three cases because I again have covalent bonds along the length of the tube. So, I can get pretty much very uniform properties along this side and also they are much uniform along the cross section of that as well. So, depending on where I am loading it if I am loading it loading it along this side I might get very very high properties whereas, in other case transfer direction it might be different. So, why do we want to use carbon nanotubes? Its current density can be 1000 times higher than that of copper because there are no problems associated with the electro migration as in case of copper, but this does not mean that the carbon nanotube also have lower resistivity than that of copper. We can see that the carbon nanotube has resistivity to the order of 10 to 50 micro ohms meter whereas, that for copper it is 0.01 micro ohms meter. Even if I conducting silver it is approximately around 100 times than that of a silver. It can be utilized in microelectronics such as cathode ray lighting elements CRT, flat panel displays, nanotube transistors. The idea is that what we achieve in a LCD is we have some sort of pixelated picture and each pixel has certain dimension. So, because each pixel will give a certain color and that will eventually produce some picture which we are looking at with different colors. If we can replace all these pixels by CNT. So, the diameter of CNT is nothing but couple of nanometers. So, if we can replace them by a CNT I can get more number of pixels in the similar area. So, eventually what I am getting I am enhancing the resolution of the screen. So, it will appear more like I am watching face to face anything and I am it will appear very much it want the picture will not appear pixelated, but it will appear like I am watching someone face to face and that will produce the clarity in a picture or in a particular display panel. So, that is the idea behind using carbon nanotube. Also carbon nanotubes are also being utilized for energy storage because it has a hollow structure. It can store hydrogen very easily and then it can be utilized for the application in fuel cells. Also for nano probes and sensors if the sensor is the smallest possible entity then I can detect that much. So, that particular sensor will be that much sensitive to grabbing or detecting a particular species. If my sensor itself is very very big it will require very high concentration of that species to be able to detect. So, this carbon nanotubes are very very small entity. So, they can be used as a nano probe and they can also sense it very easily. So, I can achieve very high resolution that is the advantage again with using CNT which are nanometer they have nanometer diameter nanometer length diameter. They can also be utilized for very high strength applications. So, if I can somehow reinforce a material such as polymer or a metal matrix with carbon nanotubes I can achieve very high strength as well. So, again CNTs have very wide applications like an electronic novel electronic applications because of their high conductivity and microelectronics again in energy storage it can be utilized. I can also utilize them as nano probes and sensors to collect a particular signal from a particular species. It can also be utilized for enhancing the strength of the composite again it can also be utilized for some biological application. So, the application of CNTs are just plenty in number. So, application of CNT are basically utilized for enhancing the strength and polymer matrix enhancing the modulus again in the in the metal matrix, but in ceramic matrix the modulus is pretty high already, but what the lack is nothing but the toughness. So, in polymer I want to utilize CNT for enhancing the fracture strength, enhancing the modulus in metal matrix I have enough toughening available, but I want to enhance the modulus or fracture strength and in ceramic matrix I want to enhance the toughness, but the problem with CNT is that they have very low surface energy because there are no bonds available for it to bond with anything. So, we want to somehow break the bonds of this carbon to carbon and then make some bonds available for reacting with the nearby species that is nothing but polymer or metal. So, once we are breaking the bonds of carbon and we are attaching some additional molecules we call it functionalization. Functionalization it means we are breaking the bonds of carbon those graphitic bonds we are allowing one bond to basically tangle out and then give out a additional bond which is available for bonding with the interfacing species it can be polymer or metal and that is what we are interested in, but that if we are damaging this carbon bond then there will be some damage to the carbon nanotube itself. So, I can have single layer of carbon nanotube single layer of graphene and then I can roll it to form a single walled carbon nanotube. If I have damage in the structure basically I am deteriorating the properties. So, I may want to go for a double walled or multi walled carbon nanotube it means I am taking a multiple layers of graphene and then I am rolling it to form carbon nanotube. So, even when I damage the top layer I still have some layers available beneath that to take care of the additional load or to deliver the stress. So, that is what is certain design criteria which are which need to be considered for designing the carbon nanotube based composites. So, they can be utilised in polymer matrix, metal matrix or ceramic matrix and the utilisation of CNT is very different in all the three cases because in polymer I am more interested in reducing the density as well and also enhancing the fracture and the modulus and metal matrix I again want to enhance the modulus and fracture strain and ceramic I want to enhance the toughness. So, how do I basically enhance the strengthening? I can utilise the higher elastic modulus of carbon nanotube that is to the order of 1.4 tera pascals which is very very high fracture strength can be as high as 200 giga pascals also very good bending strength, but advantage is that carbon nanotube they can bend completely. So, I have carbon nanotube and if I apply certain stress to it certain load to it it will basically bend completely without breaking. So, it can just bend completely without breaking and that is the advantage of it because of its high strength at the same time it won't fracture. So, it won't fracture. So, it can absorb very high energy in terms of bending. So, its stiffness also is being utilised and its modulus also is being utilised in delivering the bending strength to a particular composite. At the same time it is very high specific strength because of its low density. So, because of low density of C and T if I dispersing them in a particular matrix it can also yield very high specific strength or the overall strength it can be fracture strength yield strength it can be basically be enhanced because of presence of carbon. Apart from that we can also achieve toughening specifically in ceramics I can achieve toughening by carbon nanotubes by crack deflection. So, if a crack is progressing I can always have some C and T's to disallow the propagation of crack along this direction and it will have to change its direction and once the crack direction is changed it requires additional energy to propagate. So, because now it has to go again in this direction. So, the energy required to change its direction is pretty high. So, C and T's they act as obstacles and they help in absorbing extra energy that gives rise to crack deflection and crack will not only propagate through them because of their high modulus and high strength. So, it would not be able to fracture carbon nanotubes right now. So, in that case we can achieve crack deflection. So, instead of crack propagating straight it has now contoured path and that results in the enhancement of the fracture toughness enhance fracture toughness. Second criteria is crack bridging. In crack bridging what is happening if a crack is trying to propagate and I supply crack is trying to propagate along this side, but then I have a carbon nanotube which is present between particle A and particle B. So, it can it would not allow the crack to propagate further because I have a bridge kind of entity which is out there. So, for crack to propagate these two entities have to go apart, but because of C and T it is holding the two particles together or the two structures together the two surfaces together. So, crack will find very hard to propagate further because it does not have the space it cannot make these two things go apart. So, in the process this is called crack bridging. So, I have crack which is being bridged by the carbon nanotubes. There is second way of toughening it is called crack bridging and third thing is crack C and T pull out. So, in this case once it goes to an extreme I can also get C and T fractured. So, if I had a crack like this when some excessive load is being applied these might start fracturing. So, I have carbon nanotube and applying loading like this. So, it can eventually it can fracture some of the carbon nanotube, but C and T's have very high strength they are very high fracture strength. So, it is now absorbing extra energy ideally that energy would have gone to enhance the crack length, but now that is gone in fracturing the carbon nanotube. So, eventually the crack length is much shorter than what it would have been in absence of carbon nanotubes. So, in presence of carbon nanotube it is just restricting the flow of crack in that particular direction. So, we can see carbon nanotubes can enhance the crack deflection they can cause crack bridging it can also cause C and T pull out. So, by all these three processes it can render a toughening to the ceramic. So, in crack deflection the crack has to change its direction. So, it would not be able to propagate in crack bridging we still have some carbon nanotube left between the two surfaces. So, it would not allow it to go further apart in C and T pull out we are using some energy to fracture carbon nanotube and says carbon nanotube is a very high fracture strength of fracture strength or ideal strength or even the bending strength that energy is now being utilized in fracturing C and T rather than fracturing the composite. So, what is happening that overall crack length is not a very short it has now a very shorter length in comparison to what it would have been in absence of carbon nanotube. So, that is how we can get different sort of toughening by the presence of carbon nanotube. Second thing is the wetting of carbon nanotube if I want to wet carbon nanotube because all the surface it is very low surface energy because there are no free bonds available for anything to sit on this particular material. And if I have ceramic material and I want to make it a stronger bond or a metal with a stronger bond with it I need to melt that particular metal. So, that creates a difficulty in modelling because to melt a metal or to melt a ceramic I need to go to the melting point plus some additional temperature to cause the wetting of the carbon nanotube surface. So, I have a melt of say ceramic. So, that becomes very difficult. So, I need to take this melt at very high temperature so that it can cover the carbon nanotube. Again the role of roughness so it the seniorities can also impart roughness to the structure and in that case it will affect the overall wetting. What is happening is I have carbon nanotube on the surface and if I put some droplet of water it might just stay over those carbon nanotubes because it because of because they can support the water droplet because there are plenty in number without letting the water to get into the grooves because it will require very high pressure for the grooves to be filled in. A datum of around 3 or 3 to 10 meters is might be required to fill in the cavity which is approximately 1 micrometer apart. So, that is what it tells that role of roughness can be very critical. I can change the overall surface properties I can change the wettability I can make it highly super hydrophobic. Second thing I can also enhance the overall catalytic property in terms of adsorbing or detecting a certain species. So, that is how I can really alter the overall specification of the surface characteristic by adding roughness to the composite. So, those are all things which can happen in this case of carbon nanotube. Again CNTs are again they are being discussed as toxic as well as biocompatible. Why because toxicity is of a concern when I am using carbon nanotube in a particular biomaterial there are two schools of thoughts. First thing is that anything in the nano form because I am talking about carbon nanotube. So, anything in the nano form it is anyway dangerous because if those particles get into the lungs it will be very hard for them to come out cannot come out. So, they might cause some problems of the lungs and it can like it is more like silicosis that silicon gets deposited into the lungs and it cannot really come out. But, on the other hand there is second school of thoughts which says that carbon is the basic form of life. So, anything which is carbon should not harm the functionality because carbon is the basic form of life and once this carbon nanotube is being reinforced or being trapped in a matrix it is no more available as a free form. So, then it cannot be toxic. So, it is non-toxic, but people still do not know what will happen if CNTs are available in free form they might get deposited into either the lungs, kidney, liver or heart or they might even go to the brain and cause some damage. So, CNTs in free form might be dangerous, but once they are being trapped in a matrix then they might be much more biocompatible and apparently there are some researchers who have also shown that once we have a CNT carbon nanotube it can also allow the precipitation of appetite. Appetite is nothing but the mineral part of the bone. So, people have seen that researchers have seen that the appetite can really grow on the carbon nanotube as well. So, carbon nanotube surface can also it has a surface for precipitation of appetite crystals. So, that is again which are certain consumption associated with the carbon nanotube in terms of their toxicity or their assistance in precipitation of appetite. So, again this has to be handled with extreme care when a biocomposite or biomaterial is being developed. So, in summary we can see that nanotechnology is basically interdisciplinary field of research which involves science as well as engineering. Then we learnt about this carbon nanostructures polymorphs specifically the graphene layer, the graphite, fullerene and nanotubes and we concentrated on basically the nanotubes in terms of strengthening and toughening the matrix and also learning about how the wetting can occur in carbon nanotube and why it is very essential because I can impart a different functionality to the biocomposite or that particular composite. And then I am also worried about the biocompatibility because I want to utilize their strength for enhancing the toughness of a ceramic that is the appetite. So, whether it can be utilized as a biocompatible material that is again it requires much more research before anything can come to a conclusion. But definitely once there have been incorporated in a matrix they can be used as a reinforcing or strengthening agents. So, with this I close my lecture. Thank you.


انه يوجد مستوى في القرآن أنه يوجد عندما جبريل عليه السلام يأتي إلى المسجر الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ونعلمه حديث ويسمى حديث جبريل ويجد أن يسأل للمسجر صلى الله عليه وسلم اطلق أثناء ويسأل لهم عن إسلام ويقول لهم ما إسلام is ويقول لهم أنك لسهادة وماذا هو إيمان؟ وماذا هو إحسان؟ وماذا هو إحسان؟ وقال من جبريل الله وإذا ترى يرىه وإذا لا ترىه أن يلتق You وقال أنه يسأل لهم عن سائحة حتى when the Sahaba احسانت the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم ويرا ذلك هل تعرفون من ذلك؟ يقول أنها ليس أقل يقول هذا هو جبريل ومن يأتي لك أدريك حوالي احسانة ومالهoloura عن جبريد. لذا جبريد عليه الصلاة يسأل أن إحسان ، يسأل عن إحسان والفتاة صلى الله عليه وسلم يسأل أن هذا هو one of the pillars of our Deen. هذا هو one of the foundations of our faith and our practice of our faith. لذا يجب أن نعرف ماذا هو إحسان؟ وكيف نفعل إحسان؟ وكيف يجب أن نفهم ماذا إحسان هو وماذا إحسان ليست؟ هذا is why when we read the eyes of the Quran or the verses of the Hadith of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم we should pay special attention to what is being discussed there, what is mentioned before and what is mentioned after the context of this Hadith or the ayah. لذا when an ayah الله سبحانه وتعالى says وابتري فيما تأكى الله دارة الآخرة use those things that Allah has given you, those blessings that Allah has given you use those and spin them and seek out the next life ولا تنسى نفسي بك من الدنيا second point and don't forget your portion of the دنيا وأحسن كما أحسن الله إليك وماذا إحسان؟ لديك إحسان أفضل شيء فقط as Allah has had excellence with you when we think of all of the blessings that Allah has given us that alone should be a motivating factor to say well if Allah has given me so much then let me give out in a perfect way to others around me so Allah first said use those blessings to seek the afterlife don't forget your portion of the دنيا and do إحسان to others just as Allah has done إحسان to you and then He says and don't oppress don't seek out transgression in the world in the land because Allah does not love those who transgress or those who are transgressors if we back up to the other ayah as well when Allah سبحانه وتعالى says in this ayah you hear a lot of at the end of a lot of خقبز they end this and this was actually implemented by عمر ابن عبد العزيز why because at the end of the or in the ayah it says that Allah orders you to have عدل and إحسان and to give to your family members to be good to your family members He found that at his time a lot of people were treating the family of the Prophet ﷺ in an ill fashion jealousy hatred even hurting them and killing them we're in the month of محرم we know what happened on the 10th of محرم to the grandson of the Prophet ﷺ and how the people murdered him and massacred his family and what they did so عمر ابن عبد العزيز implemented this as a method in the خقبة to remind people if Allah is telling you take care of your families then what does that mean about the family of the Prophet ﷺ this إحسان this goodness that you're showing but in this ayah this that Allah is ordering and joining إحسان and عدل He says Allah enjoin it enjoins justice and excellence and all things و ينهى عن الفحشائي والمونكري والبذي and he forbids you prohibits you from evil things foul things and transgression بذي so the opposite we understand that the opposite of إحسان is transgression if we are not showing إحسان then we become transgressors we become people of بذي and بذي as a quick device to remember what it means sounds like bully a little bit just change the lab to a vein بولي بذي same thing think of the bully think of what the bully does and we might have all been in that situation where either we were bullied or maybe we were the bullies maybe we were in an employer maybe we were a spouse a father a mother child friend classmate co-worker colleague appear and now these blessings that Allah has given us how are we going to use it in this interaction with this other person are we going to have إحسان just as Allah has given إحسان to us or are we going to transgress think of one of the ultimate bullies in the Quran فرعون and all that Allah had given him in terms of wealth and power and prestige amongst his people and how did he treat بني إسرائيل how did he treat the children of إسرائيل how does that bully when Allah gives him strength or gives her strength or gives them the ability to speak very well sometimes a bully is just a sharp tongueed person that knows how to insult somebody really deeply and inflict that wound so this power that Allah has given us this ability to speak maybe this ability for humor maybe this ability for sarcasm this blessing that Allah has given us as an employer and now I'm over these employees am I going to treat them well treat my friends well or am I going to use those blessings and hurt them so that's how we know whether it's إحسان or ببي it's either these blessings that we are given where we were given to by Allah we either use them in إحسان in excellence and perfection of our faith or we're using them in transgression this position of authority that Allah gives us as a father to children as a teacher to students as an employer to employees the position of having something that you could outdo somebody else with are we going to treat others well and be people of إحسان or are we going to hurt them and be people of ببي so that's the first thing to remember that إحسان has signs if we're treating other people fairly and justly and perfectly that's إحسان once we start losing that we slip into the realm of ببي but even before that إحسان is linked to faith we cannot have إحسان unless we have faith the Prophet ﷺ in discussing with جبري began by answering questions about faith what does it mean to be a Muslim how can we be a Muslim we believe in Allah and his messengers and the angels and the books and so forth then comes إحسان why is this important it's important because when we look at the دنيا and we look at what people have been given and the excellence that people strive for in the دنيا and the perfection that people have of the دنيا sometimes they consider that's إحسان that's what it means when Allah says be people of إحسان that's what it means when the messenger of Allah ﷺ says that Allah has ordained إن الله كتب على كل شيء الإحسان Allah has ordained or said that you have do إحسان in all things so these countries are major producers they have factories and look at what they're producing and their technology and so forth and look at the Muslim there's people who are analyzing the Muslim community and saying that a lack of our faith of the Islamic faith is because our countries are not producers like their countries they'll actually say this and believe this they believe that the sign of إحسان of perfection in this life is that you're producing material things you're producing دنيا oh you made a great product you have a great invention that must mean that you're a person of إحسان but if we look at the ayahs in the Quran الله سبحانه وتعالى is telling us وعبد الله worship Allah believe in Allah and then have إحسان towards your parents or so forth as in the ayah where الله سبحانه وتعالى says وعبد الله worship Allah which means that you believe in Allah first to be able to worship Him ولا تشركوا به شيء and do not associate partners with Allah وبي الوالي دنيا إحسان and do have إحسان be good perfect your relationship with your parents وبي ذي القربة and with your your your your family your relatives واليتامة and the orphans والمساقين and the the poor people والجاري and the neighbors the close neighbors and the far neighbors so this is how الله is teaching us how to have إحسان it's we have to have faith and worship and then begins the process of إحسان otherwise if we think that إحسان is somehow related to just the dunya we go back to the ayah where الله سبحانه وتعالى is telling us use those blessings that Allah has given you to seek out the next life and don't forget your portion of the dunya وَنَا تَنْسَنَا أَفْلِبَكَمْنَا دُنْيَا don't forget about the dunya one time when I was studying there was a friend of mine and he came and when he one of the first questions that he had on his mind as he was sitting with the shiouf he said I know in the community that I came from there's this push to have their children to have the youth excel in their the studies college high school and so on and so forth and then to get then to get the best job even if it means sacrificing the dean at times or not giving as much importance towards our faith and our practice of the faith and the proof that these people are saying is that when they see their children trying to go towards the faith and more practice of the faith they'll say that's good that's fine you can practice Islam but don't forget your portion of the dunya and they use this idea وَنَا تَنْسَنَا أَفْلِبَكَمْنَا دُنْيَا literally that's what it means don't forget your portion of the dunya so they're using this idea to say it's okay you can have a little bit of Islam and a little bit of practice but don't forget the major portion your portion of the dunya you have to get some portion of the dunya which is true we believe this we know the messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم told us that we have to go out and seek the خلال livelihood and support our families and support ourselves we know that the Muslims a Muslim with a proper understanding of Islam has a strong work ethic there's no doubt about that but what does it really mean when Allah is telling us don't forget your portion of the dunya it's one of two things because once we leave this dunya what do we leave with do we leave with our inventions our patents our 401k plans our houses our real estate our holdings our assets our stocks do we leave with those or do we leave those to our inheritors to fight over that's the reality once we leave this dunya that's for the people to fight over after us the only thing that we take out of this world is our good actions and our burial shrouds that's the only thing we take out for any of us who's bent into a a burial and if you haven't there's a very close cemetery here's Livermore and there's a lot of entered a lot of reward to going to a burial and seeing the final rights that's given to a Muslim to honor that Muslim but also to remind ourselves of our own mortality but when that person is placed in the grave and the dirt is placed over them what's the only thing that they that's theirs but nobody else then the inheritors can't come and say I want that burial shroud it's the shroud that they're buried with that's the only thing that we take out of this dunya everything else that we amass all of the things that we get that's for other people and so Allah is reminding us what I've been saying I'll see you back in the dunya don't forget what you're really taking out of this world so when we have that perspective when we think about what we're really taking then when we approach the dunya it's a different outlook yes we can get the dunya and yes we can strive for excellence in the dunya but we know that the only thing we're taking out is our good actions so make sure that this good action that we're doing this action that we're doing is in line with the dean brothers and sisters we have to do that we have to make sure that everything that we do is in line with the dean and that we're doing it really في سبيل الله it was once somebody told me something and it was very disturbing they walked into a organizational meeting of a nonprofit and somebody and they were planning out their strategy do this do that and somebody looked at the strategy and looked at one of the points and said well isn't if we did that wouldn't that be Haram and the person he immediately just responded saying I don't care if it's Haram this is what we're going to do when I heard that I said that sounds like those cutthroat corporate managers that when something is placed before them they say well you're going to ruin the ecosystem of this country you're going to cause them I don't care that's what we're going to do so did they perfect the dunya and their achievements in the dunya and they're procuring that getting their dunya did they do a good job of getting the dunya yes but did they have إحسان did they have this excellence that's a form of worship that's one of the pillars of our faith no because if we have إحسان then everything we do is getting us to Allah سبحانه وتعالى we don't believe that the ends justifies the means that just because we're trying to get to the أفهر that we can somehow make take shortcuts and go around the dean and say as long as I'm trying to get to that أفهر as long as I'm trying to do good it's okay if I've heard a few people in the pathway no that's not what we believe we have to make sure that the blessings that الله سبحانه وتعالى the blessings that he has given us are used properly so when we have this blessing and we have this authority over someone else we have this ability to do something to make sure we say am I doing this with إحسان and a beautiful example and this is why it's important to look at the context is that when our messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم the messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم when he said when he told us إن الله كتب الإحسان على كل شيء الله has اعدين and has ordered that we be perfect and we excel and we have excellence in all things let's look at the example that he gave us this is a man who's رحمة للعالمين he's a mercy to all of creation علمين doesn't mean people الحمد لله رب العالمين doesn't mean praise to الله the Lord of all people it means the all all of creation so the messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم after telling this صحابه and by extension telling us he's speaking to us as well we have to remember that yes he's speaking to the صحابه directly before them but he also told the صحابه بلغ العمي بلا آية convey this message so when we hear the blessed words of the messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم we have to remember he's speaking to me he's not just speaking to them this is not merely a tradition or a historical analysis that we're doing we're looking at something he's speaking to every single one of us so what is he's trying to tell us الله has أودي that we have إحسان in all things فإذا قاتلتم فأحسين القتل وإذا دراحتم فأحسين الضب that when you kill kill properly if you're hunting don't torture this animal have he's telling us about the ethics of hunting and if you slaughter if it's a slaughter that you're doing then make sure that it's that it's proper and sharpen your knife and let the animal have a merciful death he's telling us exactly what we should be doing and look at this look at the context when a person slaughters an animal and many of us we just got through last month celebrating ايه that uh by slaughtering an animal when you're in that position you have this blessing الله has given you this power and control over another creature how are we going to do that and that creature can't do anything to stop you it can try but pretty much we are in control now we have this blessing that Allah has given us are we going to do this properly and treat this animal properly and any of you who have watched the ritual of slaughtering and the muslims look at the way people actually slaughter the animal do they cover the eyes for example of a sheep it will calm the sheep down and then it happens quickly or do they mistreat the animal do they miss handle the animal and that's a good way a good red flag so to speak that we can say is a person really having اكسان in their life because if they're having اكسان in their life then it's going to show up so let's see how you slaughter an animal let's see how you treat children let's see when you come to a parking lot do you double park or park in a red zone or park in front of the fire hydrants I know it's a constant thing that we talk about but here we go again here's this blessing you have a car yes you have to get to the messjid are you going to sacrifice some اكسان so that you're trying to get to the next world and you're going to block people in and that happens all of the time and so it's a question that we should be asking why am I lacking in this اكسان I'm not doing اكسان to others as Allah has done اكسان to me I'm only caring about myself that's the problem when we only care about ourselves we're not having اكسان we're not perfecting we could come in and have a great prayer that's not اكسان when we hurt other people in the process to get to our perfect or so called perfect prayer that's not اكسان اكسان has to be the whole way all the way to the actual form of worship and this is why in the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم call those people who worship Allah and do a very good job of it but they harm other people he call them the bankrupt people because they have all of these good deeds that they've amassed but they're gonna have to give them out to the other people around them so we look around the meat production of the Muslim world and how people are treating them some people who came back from Hajj they told me just recently they said I can't believe the way Muslims are treating animals during the during the Hajj of the sacrifice just because it's an act of worship and just because it's the sun of إبراهيم عليه السلام now we're going to take this blessings that Allah has given us over this animal and mistreat it that's not إحسان brother's insistence and we can apply this to any aspect of our life the messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم reminded us to have be good have faith with the women of our community are we doing that the husbands the fathers are we really being good to the women in our community and honoring and by extension are the women honoring the men and having إحسان towards the people around us and these are the question that we can be asking ourselves to see are we really having إحسان one time I was this was when I was in West Africa and it's a it's a pastoral society where they have they they have animals camels sheep so forth and some of the people coming from outside of the country from the west would try to get into the culture and buy animals and it seems simple and so one time this person bought some goats and then one having a bad day collecting the goats and then he slapped one of the goats and I remember if there was a Moritanian who was raised in this type of family where they would take care of animals he just looked up with me with with the with the space and I'll never forget the way he looked at me and he said he said this is not proper this is not proper and I thought to myself deeply about that for a number of things one every single prophet had at a certain point at his life he was a shepherd he was taking care of animals and it's a training they said the reason why it's a training of how to deal with people because that's the ultimate situation where you have complete control over this you can do you can kill it you can hurt it you can treat it nicely and if you can perfect that way of dealing with a creature that you have complete control over then when we go into our society when we are in our schools as teachers as students in our workplaces in our families then we say am I going to use this power these blessings whatever I have been given am I going to treat other people well or am I going to harm them that's why one of the reasons why doctors will actually look for mistreatment of animal in children if they're mistreating animals this is a sign there needs to be some work with that child and having pets is actually a good thing because it'll treat it teach to give the child the chance to learn how to treat others so as we're working towards إحسان and we're working towards justice we remember the verse of الله in the الله يأم أم أم أم أم أم أم أم أم أم أم أم أم أم أم أم أم but once we do that we should know that the رحمة الله سبحانه وتعالى he tells us those people of إحسان the محسينين the رحمة الله is close and how can it be close there's many different ways of how it can be close one of the things they mentioned is that it lets society function when we the more إحسان that we have in society the more functioning of a society that we have the example that I give is the courtesy that you have as a driver imagine if we didn't as drivers we only say this is my right this is my حق and we're not courtesy to other drivers imagine what the freeways would look like if we weren't courteous but courtesy comes out of إحسان that's all right I'm going to slow down and let you merge onto this very traffic during this very high traffic time but if we force them to say no this is my right this is my حق and we don't show إحسان imagine what our society would look so it lets society function at a higher level and there are some people who say that if you want to to look at a إحسان don't look at their إحسان of the إحسان that's what I mentioned earlier before don't look at their إحسان of إحسان look at the courtesy that they extend to other people so we might go to a so called developing nation or a third world country and they don't have all of the إحسان that we might have we see here in America but look at the way they treat people look at that that إحسان that's what إحسان is about it's not about building the best buildings because فرعون had that but he didn't have إحسان towards the people so all of that was was meaningless الله will be with you when you have إحسان when you're trying to be conscious on your day to day interactions with other people and we try to show this perfection in this excellence of our faith in your إحسان الله will be close to you and answer your دعاز الله سبحان تعاله will love us and when when he puts love of us when he puts love of us in the hearts of other people huge changes will occur and protection will ensue one of the things they mentioned is that in the society you will be protected just look at the best example is the message of الله صلى الله عليه وسلم how was he known to the people of قريش did they call him محمد or did they call him الأمين the trustworthy because he was showing this إحسان to them all of the time so even when the oppression started because of his message that other believers weren't given he was given a lot more protection because of his position and other people the same that أثمان الله and who because of his إحسان towards other people he was given a position in society and protection from the society another benefit to us as individuals your heart will be at ease we know what it feels like everyone of us knows what it feels like when you do something good to another person when you do something good to another animal or to an animal we know that feeling and we know the feeling that comes when we do something bad to another person we know that feeling so imagine what our hearts will feel like if we pile up bad interactions buzzy interactions bully interactions inappropriate interactions with other people and imagine what our hearts will feel like and our bodies will be less free of stress if we have إحسان to other people another thing is that it will remove diseases of the heart so physically you will be it will reduce the stress but even spiritually it can remove diseases of the heart recently somebody asked me he said I have a I have enmity between me and another person what can I do I said show that person إحسان this is something the scholars mentioned that if you do good to that person even something somebody that's between you and him enmity as mentioned in the Qur'an you will find that person becomes a close friend because we are by our nature Allah has made us that we love the people who are good to us we love we show إحسان we go when we go against our nature then we mess up that in balance there's a story الله أعلم if it's true but there was a man who was really good to a king a cook or something he was something and he had some job in the castle and then one day he made the king angry and the king said I'm going to execute you and he said okay but just give me 10 days in the prison and he said the way I'm going to execute you is that I'm going to throw you in the prison and have my dogs eat you attack and kill you and so he said okay but just give me 10 days with the dogs in prison before you unleash them on me he said okay so during that 10 days this person who was going to be executed showed Iqsan to the animals he started feeding them petting them caring for them and by the end of the day they became his close friends when the king came and he said now I'm going to throw you to these animals he said okay and he saw what happened when he threw them to the animals and then the this man who was very wise man told the king he said I did Iqsan to you for years look at how you treated me one mistake and you wanted to execute me these dogs which are lower than humans I treated them nicely for 10 days and look at how well they're close to me and how protective they are of me and so the king of course he he realized his mistake but this is some of the the benefits that we can get when we show Iqsan to other people even those people that might be enemies or those creatures we can draw them closer and then finally the the levels of Iqsan are clearly mentioned in the Quran where Allah سبحانه وتعالى says وَعْبُدُ الله وَرَا دُّوْ سُلِكُ بِهِ شَيْعًا worship Allah and do not associate partners with Allah وَذِنْ وَالِدَيْنِ يَعْبْسَانَا and show Iqsan to our parents so when we're beginning our levels to say okay now this Iqsan this pillar of my faith where do I begin where do I start let's start with our interaction with my parents am I being good to them am I taking care of them let me increase let me always excel let me perfect and if any point we get to a point where we think that we've achieved perfection if we're sincere and we look at that we can always excel we can do something even better so let's start with our parents and analyze and see if our relationship with our parents is good and if we're doing it as best we can وَذِنْ قُرْبَا and with our family وَالْيَتَامًا and the poor and the orphans are we really having Iqsan with them are we creating a society where they feel honored and they feel that there's a place to go to do they feel that a person can come and come to me as a محسن as a person of Iqsan sometimes we're bothered when people come and ask us for favors but the wise people say actually look at that as a benefit they're praising you because Allah has put the question with somebody else it's not you that's coming to ask for money or advice or help that's somebody else coming to you and they see you as a person of Iqsan they see you as a person of goodness and this is what the Prophet ﷺ described it or taught us to be that we should be amongst the people we should stand out we should be able to stand out and this does not doesn't mean that we have a specific dress that we wear to stand out but what this means is that people can tell that we are people of Iqsan and when they see that we're people of Iqsan then they'll come to us we ask Allah ﷻ to make us from the people of Iqsan to make us from the مصنين to make us of those who excel and perfect in our faith and in our worship and we make us ask Allah ﷻ to give us Iqsan and to give us the pillar of Iqsan in all of our interactions with other people and in worshiping him


The Holy Spirit is jealous for you. Ungodly jealousy is based on selfishness. Godly jealousy is based on selflessness. The Bible says, or do you think that the Scripture says in vain, the Spirit who dwells in us yearns jealously? We stir the Holy Spirit's jealousy when we exaggerate demonic power and minimize His power. We stir His jealousy when we imagine as though demonic power can resist His power. We insult the very essence of His nature when we suggest that light can dwell with darkness. Stop glorifying the enemy and realize just how mighty the power of the Holy Spirit is. There is no Spirit more powerful than the Holy Spirit. For more on spiritual warfare, get Holy Spirit the bondage breaker at bondagebreaker.com.


If you have comments make them as short as you can, if you have a question please let us know to whom that question is directed to and please introduce yourself first. Go ahead. My name is Pei Ehmensson. I'm an entrepreneur in education. And I think education is one of the most important things. As you said one size doesn't fit all. A trend in education is that you are getting in more and more private entrepreneurs to work alongside with governments. I'm running at present 100 schools with 35,000 students in six countries. I have one school in Jeddah, with 1,000 students perceived to be one of the best in Jeddah. I had very interesting discussions with the minister of education here just before the pandemic. Because we see enormous potential to go in with private investments and do education here. So that's just my reflection when we are talking about this. Make sure to use the private entrepreneurs. I've also been part of a big UNESCO study, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Peace Education in 50 countries. And you showed that there are more and more alternative ways to do an education. That could complement and be a catalyst to a change in providing a better education. Go ahead please. Yes. Thank you very much. I'm Hiro Akita from Tokyo. So I'm not the Middle East expert, but since I'm from Asia, based on the experience in Asia, I really agree that the inter-regional economic cooperation is very, very key to sustain, avoid the conflict and maintain the peace. Based on that, I have a question to Mr. Alinea Di. If possible, I'd like to ask a question to the chairman. My question is this. In order to deepen inter-regional economic cooperation, maybe ideally Israel should be included. Because they have high tech, their economic power. I wonder if, how do you see the potential or possibility in long run that Israel will be included in Middle East regional economic integration and cooperation. And related to that, how about Iran in that context? Thank you. Thank you. Let me start with Abdulrahman then, Dr. Munna, on that question. I'm not going to answer. It's good that I'm not speaking in this session. Yeah, I think I'll answer it in two elements. The first one is the idea of including all regional states, including Israel, within the concept of regional economic integration. And that has already, we've seen some initiatives on that, going back since the Abrahamic Accords, where the I2U2, where the Nagav Forum, they're all directed into reaching that economic prosperity goal in which it enhances the quality of life for the people and show that there could be a change of narrative in the region. That's the concept of these many literals, as too many literals that came out of the idea of the Abrahamic Accords to start with. The other element I would like to mention is in term of compartmentalizing. We do not see eye to eye with many countries when it comes to politics. But that's not a prevention from pursuing economic, mature interest. And that's where we engage all countries, from the way perspective we engage all countries in the region. We have dialogue with everybody, we build bridges with everybody, including Iran. And the idea is to expand on that mature interest ground to achieve the economic prosperity that we pursue. And maybe a part of your experience is basically that. But that requires also two main things. One is an agreed upon principles and values, values and principles of non-interference, of respect of sovereignty, of cooperation. And also requires pragmatism and compartmentalizing your engagement with countries. So you work on what could be a mature ground of interest and you avoid tackling straight away the divergence of views. However, that also doesn't mean just being fixated on getting the low hanging fruit. You also need constant dialogue to deal with the divergence of views in the longer term. Thank you. I was wondering if you want. Talking about education, education is one of the main themes we have in Egypt, is to concentrate on education. I don't think we do that enough. What is allotted to education is far less than what it should be. So words are good, but the execution is not. So now talking about Iran and about Israel. Iran, as you know, Iran and Saudi Arabia had an entente through China, which was very good and which was accepted by everyone. So it was the first approach to Iran in the Arab world. This is one. The other one is Israel. As you know, Israel and Egypt have done the peace process now for 30 years and it has been sustained. We are very, very scared that this new tragedy might fragilize the treaty with Israel. I will make a comment and there are questions here and there and here and there. We have two types of meeting at our leadership. One focuses on political issues, the other one on economic issues. If you take all the economic summits, which we pay a lot of attention in my institution, they are all successful. They agree on the issues and we go and implement. For example, in Kuwait they have agreed on the importance of putting a mechanism for cross-border payments. We at the Arab Monetary Fund actually initiated a new institution based on executing that objective. In Saudi Arabia they agreed to increase the capital of the financial institutions. It has been implemented. You take all the summits at the level of the leaders. Whenever it is an economic summit, very successful agreement, we ended up as our culture, kissing each other, hugging each other, etc. Whenever it's a political summit, they will leave without shaking hands. We need to pay a lot of attention to how Europe got together, Europe was in fights. They got together on the grounds of economic and financial issues, economic ties. This is what we need to pay attention to and lately at the Arab Monetary Fund we have been advising certain relevant ministers on those issues. I think we are no different. We are no exception. We can agree if we would. For example, electricity connectivity. We have made good progress in connecting different countries in terms of electricity. Whenever projects of benefit, we have no issues. When we speak about political issues, where do we stand from different issues, that's where we have differences. We have a question here, please. Thank you. My name is Karima, but I have a question for Mr. Abdulrahman Niyadi. As I work in the field of women empowerment, I would like to know if there is a national or international policy of the UAE. Rengarding what you mentioned, women empowerment to counter terrorism. I mean, we have always saw it as a part of our women empowerment objective. We have always saw it as building healthy society, is building more resilient society to the ideas of extremism. And that has been always within the vision that we have. I'm not sure if there is a global push to look at it from that perspective, but to be clear, women empowerment is one element of women empowerment. Women empowerment is much larger as well. It has also that economic goals of enhancing the economic workforce, the entrepreneurship and all that within the same spectrum. But I wanted to shed light on addressing the idea of extremism through an angle of creating a healthy society, which women is a fundamental part of it. Thank you. Very short one. People think of agriculture and farmers as men, very far from that. Most of the agriculture is done by women. We work with 6,000 farmers and we are shocked. We are starting to reach 20,000 farmers in Egypt. When I go to the community and move my office to Said, I'm dealing more with the women farmers. Oops. I think it's a sign from above. The second point is I talked about food consumption and wellness. This is purely welcome to the issues of teenagers and pre-teenager food intake. And this is again back to the women important role. So in terms of food security, women inclusion as a critical component, not as a nice thing to have, but as a critical component of either producing food through agriculture or consuming proper food and nutrition. Women are like in the center of this puzzle and we are now working more and more with women and that's getting us to a lot of issues related to it in the Middle Eastern society of who controls the economic wealth among the farmer community. But that's something I believe we need to look at. Thank you, Mr. President. My question is to President Alhamidi. I'm Reata, but I'm a city planner and urban sociologist. In the area, the Middle East area, you have countries with a high income level per capita and we have countries with very low level of income per capita, even though these countries might have an important resources. So from your point of view as president of the Arab Monetary Fund, do you think that the development problem of the area is economic demographic or political? All above. We have issues with political issues, security issues, economic issues, but I really think that when you want to take that, so you relieve me from answering that, we let us, I think we should focus on the issues. Youth is very important. Listen, we have the right paradigm in the region. Other regions, they are getting into the old age. Our region has youth, 60%, in some countries 65%, below 40 years. Therefore we need to change the look or the way of our economic development model on how to work out with this new generation. What I, as a Saudi, what I, the changes I have seen, because now those in the leadership positions mostly young. They can interact with the youth, not my generation. They know what they want and they do it perfectly. So I don't need to go to Saudi anymore. I use my mobile for all my needs. And that was not introduced by my generation, it's introduced by the current generation. And I agree, you know, giving women opportunity. I was at the university, my first career was in the academia. And I taught also ladies and they, you know, at that time they aids for them and sees for the boys. So they are very, in Saudi they are very educated. Once they are given the opportunity, now 35% of the labor market in Saudi are women. Who would believe this? In six year time, we went up to that level and therefore changing the model. Before it becomes imposed on you because you need it. This is I think what UAE also was a leader in this. And I think that we have, we have other countries like Jordan, Morocco because we work with all those countries. Also Jordan and Morocco in terms of the clean energy. I think they have done a very good job. And therefore just there are models that are working unfortunately. You know, challenges comes from everywhere. Sudan is an issue. Palestine now is another issue. And therefore again I believe somebody from this region, we need to focus on economic issues. Our leaders should focus on economic issues. I think that could help enlarging our market. You know, the Arab common market was agreed upon before the Europeans. If you go back to that, that was in the 50s. 56. Thank you so much. And where are we now? We implemented nothing because we went off the economic issues. I think we should go back. We have a very large market with the earth population. The private sector could be very vibrant with what we have. You know, with all those issues, clean energy, educated, young, male and female, I think we can, but we need to change the paradigm. Let us give the young generation the opportunity. They are given in the UAE and Saudi and they are making a change. Yes, lady, please. Yes. Sumaya Abdelatif, vice president of Robert Schuman Institute. My question is for Dr Amuna. Can you tell us more about the solution of one state that Mr Dahlan announced, proposed or it's just an announcement effect? No, I think he's very well read about the solution. He is born in Khenyunis. He is from Gaza. He was in charge of Gaza before he fell off with Abbas. I think he is the best person to do this. Now, the idea of one state solution was first proposed long ago by somebody called Rashid Khalidi. In case you know him, he's a big professor of political science in the United States. Very well appreciated and it was his idea that two state solution is not feasible. After what is happening now, I don't think it is feasible. Mr Natanjahu has killed the two states solution. You can't go back to it now. So you have to think of something new. I think that Mr Dahlan was very much involved in this. He has the protection of the UAE ruler. He's the advisor of the UAE ruler. He has good relations with the Israelis, with the Palestinians, with General Sisi. You can't get better. He's putting all his credentials in place for people to pick up what he's saying. I personally will write an article about him. I'm very much for Mr Dahlan. He might not be the best but he knows the issue. He has very good supporters within Gaza. Just a question for Mona. On if the alternative was not Dahlan but Marwan Barhuti. If what? If the alternative was not Dahlan but Marwan Barhuti. Barhuti, whether it is Mustafa Barhuti or the other Barhuti. And the one who is in jail is Mahmoud Barhuti. Or Mustafa Barhuti, each one of them is Marwan Barhuti. Each one of them is probably better as a human being than Mohamed Dahlan. But Mohamed Dahlan is a politician. And he is accepted by many people on different sides. This is what we want if we want somebody to lead Gaza as it is now. Because he even has connections with the people of Hamas. Having been born in the same community which is Khan Yunus. So the others, I respect them very highly. Both Marwan and Mustafa Barhuti whom I have known personally. But I don't think that they will be accepted either by Israel or by the rest. I am in the area of human rights. And they work for the UAE government. So I am UAE based. There are so many things very interesting. My question is to Madame Mona. My name is Ahmed Awad. I am in the area of human rights. And they work for the UAE government. My note is for Madame Mona. I wonder if you have thought about any reconciliation process. This is extremely important. Especially in the light of what we hear on some news. That there is the Palestinian in Gaza and the Palestinian in the West Bank. That is extremely important. So from my experience, I was in Geneva in the Human Rights Council. And the office of the High Commission for Human Rights. Every time you have a conflict. If you don't have a reconciliation process afterwards. It will be very difficult to keep pace moving. So it is important first of all for the inter-Palestinian. Inside the Palestinian themselves. Secondly, no donors. Whether institution like the World Bank or whatever. Or any state donors will not give a single euro. Or if there is no consensus inside the country. So I think that the reconciliation process is extremely important to address before. And going any further. Thank you. I think your remark is very well taken. Because there will be no consensus if they don't have some arrangement among them. But this is why I have spoken about Ahmad Dahlan. Because he has the connections. He has the connections for different sides. That are mostly warring at each other. But as he is born in this place in Gaza. I think he has more privilege than any other. Inshallah. Questions, comments, speakers. Any comment? Abdelrahman, please. I just want to comment on the presentation of... And I'll be quick on Ernesto's presentation. It's very important because in policy, in foreign policy right now. We see a lot of connection between policy and foreign policy and technical issues. We deal with it every day. It's very important when you spoke about debuckling and de-risking. We see it from a policy point of view in which you try to create a strategic autonomy somehow. I stress the issues, all to build the resiliency towards issues such as COVID-19 and other issues. It's very important and I think we should embrace technology going forward and could be a solution to many of what we see in our world. Thank you. I may make a comment on this. I also tried to deliver a warning that comes from the mathematical modeling. Deploying the technology with, you say, in a not trust environment. It may not deliver the quality of optimization that you expect the technology to deliver. So the less trust you want and the more you want to control risk, the less you can benefit you can expect from the technological-based platforms collaboration. So we need to balance between how much risk we want to take and how much we expect for the joint optimization to deliver. Go ahead, please. My name is Eunice Isricum. I'm Moroccan and French. I work at the Boston Consulting Group. I just wanted to, I mean, many of you know that, but maybe for the others, about the Palestinians. And as we are saying that going back to the status quo, auntie is not an option. We have to remember, and maybe Mohammed Dahlan is an option. But we have to remember that there are different categories or different Palestinians. There are Palestinians in Gaza. There are Palestinians in the West Bank. There are Palestinians all around the region. 60% of the Jordanians are Palestinians. We heard 300,000 Palestinians in Lebanon, in Syria, so on and so forth. There are the Palestinians in Israel, almost 1.5 million Palestinian Israelis who have an Israeli passport. There are the Palestinians outside in Europe, in Northern America and elsewhere. So we have five categories of Palestinians and I think each category should be heard and taken into account in any political future solution. And I think it's what you said is important about the fact that Mohammed Dahlan was born in Chanyunas and comes from Gaza. But I think probably a solution should take that into account. Because even in the Oslo negotiations, we know that they were mostly led by, I would say, the diaspora of Palestinian abroad. And maybe that is one of the reasons why things didn't go as well as they should have been. Thank you. Thank you so much. Do we have questions, comments? Time to go. Please give me the opportunity to thank all those speakers, the seven speakers for their very comprehensive introductory remarks. And thank you so much for making this session very active. And hopefully to see you in the near future in other events. Thank you.


Oh, friends. Woo-hoo! Don't think I'm muted. Can you hear me now? Yeah. Woo-hoo! Look at you guys. Who are you? I'd be a pirate. I'm fine. Fox, are you okay? I have something to tell you. I guess it's positive for coronavirus. Oh, no. What? I've been safe wearing my mask and socially distancing. Don't scare us like that. Even if it is Halloween. Yeah, that was a bad trick. If I had to choose a trick or a treat, I would choose a treat. Like a delicious bunny rabbit. I need a rat plate for my treat. Aren't you scared of rat poison? I don't know what rat poison is. I hate it. Humans don't like rats.  And then get owl or a poison rat. We're poison too. But Arlington is getting better at reducing the use of rat poison. The health department has been great at educating the town about reducing use. And now animal control officer, Diane Welch is also very helpful. Well, rat poison does sound horrible. But here in the ocean, we hate plastic. Plastic is bad. Not all of it is recyclable. Yeah, try not to use it. It's scary stuff. Well, I'm really glad we decided to meet up on zoom for Halloween. Great to see you guys in your costumes. Halloween!


hello hello my friend how are you doing lark bark rafter hello hello how are you doing punisher max welcome welcome my chicho I just want to ask a simple question in your opinion do aliens exist it depends on what you consider to be aliens right what what's our definition of aliens are we talking about the little green man you got there possibly there look here's the thing first well let's separate the questions do aliens exist there are other intelligent creatures in this universe no doubt no doubt if you believe in current mathematics current physics current geochemistry biology if you have studied science okay and you understand probability and you understand the the vastness of the universe being 14.57 that's a 15 billion light years across the hundreds of millions billions of stars and galaxies and all this jazz there is absolutely no doubt there are multiple other intelligent species out there in the universe so that answers your question but if your question is are there aliens present right now on earth multiple answers to that one of the answers is we are the aliens right we are an intrusive species on this planet another answer is we are the experiment conducted genetic experiment conducted by aliens that visited this planet right so we're you know they took monkeys or whatever they said oh let's inject them with MRA in a vaccine see what the gene gene therapy does and then pop comes out the humans right that's one other possible avenue another avenue is aliens have already made contact with leaders of governments and they have provided them technology and they you know they need the gold they need this anonuki and stuff like this so there's multiple avenues branches you can go off from that but the simplest answer are there are aliens there are other intelligent species in this universe there's no doubt through the vastness of the universe can we make contact well one of the theories is that mushrooms are actually the form of communication from other species because spores can travel seas can travel through space so if you were gonna transfer your conscience if you were able to technologically transfer information into spores and stuff you would populate other planets and then from there you would do this and that that that that there's so much so much right it's just all brilliant really you know I can only you know there's only one absolute that we do know if we actually think we're the center of the universe and we're the only intelligent creasy the species conscious intelligent species that can use tools and create technology in the universe you got to be some kind of special to believe that man you got to be some kind of special to believe that