So hello, let me introduce myself. I am David Lacey. I'm the director of library technology at Temple University in Philadelphia presenting today with Cody Hansen from the University of Minnesota And we will be speaking on The title of our talk is collecting correlating stitching enriching how commercial publishers are creating value by profiling users So how did you do that? clicked Try it right here. Try it again now Good. All right part one The patron data firehose But more specifically our institutional single sign-on systems. I Mentioned in the abstract some specific technologies that that that facilitate this this this practice and Because of recent events. I was kind of forced to embellish my talk and cut some things out This is going to be one of them But essentially if you're not familiar with how this practice works The the single sign-on essentially acts as a a bridge between Identity provider and a service to facilitate authentication and authorization In a manner that does not involve passing credentials around The the authentication is governed by this notion of trust you establish a relationship relationship between the identity provider and the service provider and Then you would treat it you agree to trust each other It's it's further simplified by the introduction of trust federations where instead of setting up this trust on a case-by-case basis You can join a federation and everyone agrees to trust everybody. So that's my 30 second review of how that works Authorization though Is is the part of the process that that governs what what an individual is allowed to do once they are on on a on a service platform and There's a metadata profile that accompanies this transaction that that that contains data That defines who the patron is and what they are allowed to do and it's the the nuances of authorization Where things start to get weird? This metadata profile often contains names which are useful to consuming applications for personalization Your email address which is often times used as an identifier and in cases at least within my institution according to our identity management director Having the email is quite useful in you know in the example that he gave me was dealing with our corporate license for Microsoft if a particular patron is having trouble Installing the application on the cloud They they can then work with the individual directly without getting involved with corporate IT and Then also include in them the metadata could be your institutional affiliation whether you're a student faculty or staff alumni, etc So this whole notion of using single sign-on technologies in In the context of online publishing and commercial publishing was introduced to me at a an RA 21 meeting about a year ago Our a 21 is a is an initiative a nice so led initiative to improve the user experience of patrons accessing Online resources and the group is largely comprised of stem publishers. There's some exceptions to that But it's mostly publishers and it's led by nice so more information on this group And who they are is going to be at the end of the talk in the links and one of the recommendations within this program is to Leverage the single sign-on technology to access these resources in in in replace of the existing Implemented the existing practice of using IP based authorization, which is through our easy proxy systems and my immediate takeaway Not even the takeaway like within 10 minutes of this meeting it became clear to me that If we're if we're going to go down this road of implementing, you know, this level of trust with commercial vendors We're going to need to it's going to require a substantial amount of discussion and planning to define enforceable policies But since this initial meeting they've completed a pilot. It was completed last fall again There'll be a link at the end of the talk Where they tested their new UI and they established an SSO integration with Elsevier In the pilot the vendor Elsevier negotiated the transfer of patron information in the form of first name last name and email But they also indicated that other fields would soon be required for departmental billing Different trading between employee types and for granular usage of usage reporting So it's more than just people's names And lo and behold it all worked. It was a great success, but of course it did because these things work. We use them all the time So More important than privacy or not more important, but privacy is obvious. We all see that Let's talk about money, right? So privacy is a concern money is also a concern because data is money Sorry, let me get my notes You know data is this gold standard right and user profiles and usage patterns are responsible for an explosive financial growth within technology companies I'm not going to name names. We all know who they are how much money, right? Like that. This is this is the hard question like what what what is this data worth and Analysis of existing research states that data is not worth much at all At least in its isolated in in the small bits. It's not really worth much But it's it's it's it's it's value can increase through a variety of factors The nature of the data. What kind of data are we talking about like data involving health care? at the personal level is extremely valuable which is frightening and When the data is aggregated and enriched with other bits of data, it goes up You know and are like think of our use case having somebody's name in their email address Isn't necessarily a big deal, but when you look at their names and email addresses And then combined with what their browsing history is it gets a little bit more complicated Cody'll go into some other examples later that get a lot more complicated But ultimately, you know, it's impossible to determine this number a lot of like what governs the value of this data is protected by trade secrets But interestingly the data's value can be inferred By how valuable the vendor perceives it to be So historically in order to get your hands on delicious data, you have to do some things You know the free or discounted access to online services, so think of things like airport Wi-Fi or or or Gmail The free or discounted access to online content think Spotify and Netflix and The free or discounted offline services This one is really popular with insurance companies health trackers Is anyone ever plugged in a little box to their car that you know tested how how good of a driver? They are I did that not whatever it was complicated So recent events I cut some things short a lot of things have happened in the past two months that that we really Talked about because it relates specifically to this First of all, nice those evolving narrative, you know my early criticisms of RA 21 Where we're I think misapplied and I've definitely softened that RA 21 is just a group trying to figure out a way to do this You know, especially from the NISO perspective They're in a difficult position because they're playing both sides You know, they understand that there's this privacy concerns that that that the community is really passionate about but at the same time Most of the people that are involved in the pilot and the project are corporate publishers who really want all this stuff But recently they've established a Code of conduct Jayant, I believe it's it's pronounced and what Jayant essentially establishes is that if there is going to be an exchange of patron metadata between An institution and a publisher it has to be contractually agreed upon and any other data that may or accompany that that That that SSO transaction has to be discarded So that's pretty nice Recent development number two Safari books online. We recently Negotiated our contract where we had two options to Option number one use the fancy news system that allows you to do Offline reading in exchange for using that platform. You have to use your SSO No other way about it or we can continue to use the Jackie old platform use that uses IP based authorization. So This is a great business model, you know in exchange for having a better platform We had to give them more data than they probably need We were unprepared to handle this negotiation Recent event number three Stanford's recent privacy statement and subsequent scholarly kitchen article pretty much stating that yeah We're not doing any of this using SSO for for online databases is You know something that we're not even going to entertain and Fourth on the list is and I think they're they're presenting now is the the spark group recently declassified their Landscape analysis that is essentially Detailing the the evolution of commercial publishers from being publishers to being data analytic firms and It's this last one. I think that that that has really Not really shifted my thinking but it's giving me more things to think about Because now we're talking about a tale of two businesses when this whole thing landed I was thinking about how what is the outcome going to be when commercial publishers can Embellish their existing product line with new data and I might my in my darkest hours of paranoia I was thinking about you know, what what impact it could potentially have on on on tiered pricing models, right? Everything now is strictly anonymous. It's how will how will pricing models change when they know it's a student or a faculty member? Or what not but now Given that, you know, you know the advances made within Elsevier and people doing massive analysis on their corpus that they maintain What is the impact of this new data going to have from the perspective of a business analytic firm again? We mentioned earlier that the value of data tends to increase when you can associate it with other data and Now we have a lot more data So just to recap So all of these technologies That that implement this kind of communication are complicated and they vary from institution to institution I highly recommend everyone educate yourselves I've been spending a lot of time with our director of identity management and I wish I had some very fun like Uplifting things to report Implementing these SSO SSO technologies with per commercial publishers raises privacy concerns pretty obvious ones You know, we hold browsing history to be fairly sacred and now we're looking at a landscape where Other people will have to maintain that same sacred trust Implementing SSO technologies with publishers slash data analytic businesses represents a new line of revenue and one that avoids Established practices regarding its value They're circumventing common convention that there's a trade-off in gathering this kind of data They're not offering a cheap alternative platform to consume published goods. It's just it's a gift-wrapped bonus But in a lot of ways it's sort of convenient because it it helps it It sets it so that we can avoid having a very uncomfortable Conversation about the fact that it is value and whether we hold or create leverage on that value God forbid think about selling it, but it is valuable and it's The assumption that will just give it away avoids that conversation But ultimately all of these concerns fall squarely on the backs of the identity providers aka the institutions The people that choose to pass through the information to vendors and That kind of relates back to point number one in education and figuring out what we're currently giving people as we house things are currently configured Here's some helpful links There's Stanford's statement on patron privacy the giant announcement Artillery one pilot and the spark landscape analysis Thank you. This has been helpful. We're gonna Try to have time for questions at the at the end. Thank you All right. Thanks David Thank you all for coming. I'm Really happy to be here to talk a little bit about some work that I've been doing over the past few months that came directly out of some Talks that I saw at the December CNI meeting and out of subsequent conversations with David among others So I'm going to talk about user tracking on academic publisher platforms Before I go too far, I just want to acknowledge a lot of colleagues who have helped Sharpened my work here over the past couple of months Either through conversations editing or through their own work in in similar areas I also want to tell you that I have a lot that I'm going to try to get through here in a short time And I do want to have time for questions So if you want to heat to read a lot more about what what I'm talking about here. I've got something online here I'll put this link at the end of the talk as well I'll also put the slides there and This talk is being recorded. So it will be available on the CNI site. I'll also put it on on my site here as well so I Could go into great detail and left my own devices. I would so lest we run out of time I want to give you the highlights the key findings here up front and I know I apologize for those of you in the back The type is small here. So I'm going to give you a short rundown here I found that the articles most frequently used by patrons at the University of Minnesota include code on their publisher pages That is designed to identify users and to link their identity to the pages that they visit I found that these tools derive user identity in part through metadata that is not currently governed by our typical definition of personally identifiable information and The conclusion that I have come to is that I do not believe that it is currently possible to ensure that Use of electronic library resources can be private So I'll talk you through that now Little bit of background. So I mentioned the December CNI meeting. There were three talks there that were really impactful for me in in this work the first was a talk from Kenning Arlich and Scott Young Where based on an article that they had written with some colleagues where they did some automated analysis of library homepage source code Looking for the presence and proper implementation of privacy protection measures The second was a talk by Micah Altman Lisa Janicki Hinchliffe and Katie Zimmerman Where they did a very detailed analysis of publisher platform terms of service and also Looked at some web tracking mechanisms And the third was a talk by Todd Carpenter from NYSO Jean Shipman of Elsevier and Ralph Young and from ACS about RA 21 And there was a moment in that talk that really crystallized this project for me and that was when in response to questions from a bunch of dudes about About privacy and RA 21 Todd Carpenter in an attempt to reassure us that RA 21 was not in fact a grab for Personally identifiable information said and this is a paraphrase Publishers don't need RA 21 to identify users. This was intended to to allay our concerns. I Left the room concerned So here's what I did when I got home to Minneapolis in January and February of this year I embarked on a very simple study Trying to answer the question can an analysis of the source code of publisher platform pages much like the folks at Montana State did Provide evidence of if and how publishers can identify library users To prove if if Todd's Todd Carpenter statement was was in fact true The answer is yes And here's how I how I went about this I looked at the hundred most frequently accessed articles at the University of Minnesota So we record DOIs that pass through our easy proxy server and have for a couple of years And so I took the hundred DOIs that appeared most frequently in our easy proxy logs over a couple of years and Those hundred articles came from 15 different publisher platforms As an aside, I think the fact that there were only 15 Platforms represented in the hundred most frequently used articles at our library is its own problem that is probably worth Further conversation, but I don't have time today For those 15 platforms I took one representative article the most frequently accessed article from that platform in our in our logs I resolved the DOI through DOI org from an on-campus IP. That's part of our Authentication range with each of those publishers. I captured a complete archive of the page including the first and third party assets and all code and scripts That come along with it. I read the source code to the best of my ability I will note that one platform that I looked at at random shipped over 60,000 lines of JavaScript to the browser So that's why I say to the best of my ability and then I analyze the live page with ghostry You may have heard of ghostry before it's a very handy web browser. There are others like it Sorry web extension rather browser extension. There are others like it, but what it does is allow you to block on known web trackers And so here's a screenshot of ghostry running on the website that my team maintains just to show you that my hands aren't entirely clean Ghostry finds these third-party assets and blocks them if you want if you wanted to I set ghostry to not block anything But instead just use its sort of user-friendly display of the third party Code on the page. This is I want to emphasize how simple this research was this is well within the grasp of any library staff member Here's what I found. I found that on average each of the 15 platforms had 18 third-party assets being loaded on their article page The median was 10. There was one that had none. There's anyone here from inform pubs online kudos On having no trackers on your platform one had over a hundred And I found a total of a hundred and thirty nine distinct third-party Asset sources across these 15 platforms What is the significance of third-party code? Why do I care about it? Why am I looking for it? JavaScript that is loaded onto a web page can access the following things the page address the page contents user actions on the page browser info the user IP address Contents of existing browser cookies. I'll get into that JavaScript can also load Java load additional JavaScript from other sources When you're talking about the page address the page contents user actions on the page in the context of scholarly article this reads to me as Informate in sort of ALA patron bill of rights parlance as information being sought or this is One half of what we try very hard to protect user behavior user interests user research We try to protect that when it is combined with user identity information So under our fairly common understanding at least it's true of my institution of what constitutes personally identifiable information This isn't a big deal. We don't consider IP addresses to be personally identifiable I think there's argument for reconsidering that but By loading third-party JavaScript Publisher platforms are effectively sharing the content of user research inquiries with third parties along with information that can and I Would say will be used to specifically identify the user to bring those two things together that makes us something that we Typically would try to protect So how does this work? Let's take the example of Facebook four of the 15 platforms included Facebook code on their page and So on sites with Facebook code on the page We can assume that the identity of users with a Facebook cookie in their browser That means if you use the remember me on this computer or save my login function That when users with a live Facebook cookie in their browser visit a publisher page that has Facebook code loaded on it Their visit to that page is going to be stored and attributed to their Facebook identity You may have recall in a couple of months ago in the news Mark Zuckerberg testifying on Capitol Hill about and there were questions about shadow profiling as a Practice at Facebook is doing this is Creating profiles for people who do not have Facebook accounts based on information from other sources And because of some of the information that came out around that hearing we can assume that on sites with Facebook code Users without a Facebook cookie in their in their browser That the information about the page that they are visiting is likely being combined with a shadow profile or being used to create a shadow profile behind the scenes Google 14 of the 15 publisher platforms included Google code Likewise here. We can assume that on sites with Google code the identity of users if you have a Live Google cookie in your browser your identity is going to be combined with the information about the page that you're visiting and stored by Google and I'm trying very hard to keep this as factual as possible and to point out when I'm editorializing or making assumptions Here's an assumption that I'm making. I assume that the same holds true for users without a Google cookie How does that happen how does how does a shadow profile get created? And how do you get information about your identity stored even when you don't have an account or a live login with one of these third parties? One way is through browser fingerprinting This may be a technique that you are familiar with but if not I'll just mention that it's a way to generate a unique identifier for a user when you don't know their login information They don't have an account with you And it takes metadata from your web browser that is sent by default to the web server and Effectively creates a hash of it some you know, especially if you work in digital preservation You may know about Cryptographic hashes as a way to uniquely identify digital items and that's what's going on here So it's taking what looks like very benign information and when it's combined together it becomes Remarkably identifying so as an example This is a screenshot of my visit with the browser that I use most frequently to the EFF panopticlic site Where it showed that of the visitors to their page in the in the past 45 days my browser matched only one in over 100,000 browsers It's my browser is fairly unique not doing anything too interesting to make it so but I Will point out I'm going to go back here I will point out that if you do things like enable do not track or Install privacy protecting plugins to your browser. It just makes your browser more unique and makes you easier to track unfortunately Browser fingerprinting and this kind of shadow profiling are not just the province of major social networks and ad networks There's a class of tools all refer to them as audience tools The you may have hear them referred to as data management platforms or digital marketing platforms And in fact the the title of our session comes for a promotional video from one of these tools So they talk about how they you know collecting correlating stitching enriching. It's about how they combine these tiny bits of data And metadata with other data sources with the express purpose of deriving user identity I Don't expect you to read this is just this is just an illustration So here's a company called new star and a couple of things from this page In today's connected world where consumers move rapidly across devices and touchpoints It's time to stop guessing and start knowing with accurate and verified customer identity data Over a hundred and fifty million households compiled verified and enhanced with 450 plus fields of demographic behavioral financial property segmentation and geographic assets At least four of the 15 platform publisher platform pages included new star code New star claims that their One ID system their profiles for users Are Recoraborated every 15 minutes and that they collect 11 billion points of data every day So that's one of these audience tools or data management platforms This is a screenshot from a marketing video for another tool called Adobe audience manager You'll you'll just note that this shows a screenshot of their demographic screen with age and income level also spaces here for gender purchases social At least six of the 15 publisher platforms included Adobe audience manager code Adobe claims that audience manager can turn fragmented data from any channel or device into meaningful audiences that you can act on right away Can be used to deliver offers only to users when they are logged in or based on previous login activity So when someone is not logged into your platform, you still know who they are And they advertise their ability to enrich the data that you collect with data Purchased from other brokers such as axiom, which has comprehensive consumer data on approximately 250 million us addressable consumers That's pretty much everybody The third of these audience tools or digital marketing platforms that I'll mention is Oracle marketing cloud for the 15 publisher platforms included Oracle marketing cloud code Like these others, they are very proud of their ability to connect a user across devices and across sessions They claim that their Oracle ID graph can reach over 90% of the people online in the US and Where do these data management platforms? Get the information that they use to Build these data sets the metadata the browser fingerprints things like that Well, at least some of it comes from our patrons use of library resources 11 of the 15 publisher platforms included a tool called add this Add this is a script that gathers information about the user and their activity and shares it with a network of over 40 different Advertisers and data brokers including new star Adobe Oracle and Google So publisher platforms send data to these data brokers Who then use it to help publishers and ad networks to better identify and target users on publisher platforms? I've now mentioned six of the hundred and thirty-nine different Sources of third-party code that I found on these 15 platforms any of these hundred and thirty-nine tools is technically capable to similarly surveil users and We have to assume that many are So this is the complete list of the add this partners as of February Highlighting the ones that I've I previously talked about I'll note that as of yesterday New stars site featured a story about Etna's successful use of their technology And I'll note here that the top hundred articles that I started with at the beginning of this study Included topics like childhood obesity and cancer treatment and I don't expect that our users Anticipate that their research on health topics will ultimately be used to create a profile on them that will be shared with their insurance company likewise do our Do our users expect their research behavior to be shared with eBay and Combined with their bidding activity Samsung is a partner here Do they expect their research behavior to be shared with the manufacturer of their television for the purpose of better showing them ads on the television? Home screen there's at least one publisher platform that directly included Samsung Advertising code on their page at least one platform included code from LinkedIn Do our users expect that their research behavior is going to be used to help? Target advertisements to them in their career networking site So I do not believe that it is possible for use of licensed resources to be private the tiny bits of information that are being sent to dozens of Third-party platforms every time our users access an article Will be used to identify them our idea of personally identifiable information has been totally outstripped by Moore's law and cheap storage So that now we have to assume that every tiny bit of information That can be collected about a user will be collected about a user and will sit latent until it can be Until enough information can be aggregated around it that that user can be personally identified so I am Really heartened to see some recent sort of institutional attention being given to this new privacy landscape L.A. Patron Bill of Rights article 7 was approved at midwinter This reads as pretty aspirational to me given what I've looked at here Because I think it's fairly safe to say that we are not presently protecting privacy and safeguarding user data library use data rather Likewise the Stanford statement that the David referenced earlier. This is an excellent statement is powerful What I don't know is that it is if it's true at least in the sense of a present tense of Reject because unless the code that's being shipped to the signatories of this letter, which it's possible. It could be But unless the code that's being shipped to users from their libraries is substantially different from what's being shipped to University of Minnesota libraries patrons They are not They are in fact silently exposing user data to third-party interests. I suspect that you know this this Statement was intended to apply primarily to things like the safari books online to single sign-on things like that, but it's broadly stated I'm gonna go back here for just a second and just say I am concerned when we tout our commitment to privacy and our values around privacy that we don't give our users a False sense of what the actual privacy landscape is and I believe that we are in that position currently So there is some effort underway to build model license language around some of these concerns. So again at Lisa Janicki Hinchliffe and Katie Zimmerman at the December meeting talked a little bit about a nascent effort there Then I'm really excited about I would finally just encourage all of you here all of you listening at home in the future on the video This is very easy to do And I think it will reveal a lot about the current landscape of your electronic resources I would encourage you to take a look at it yourself And with that here's a link to the longer write-up contact information I will be around the rest of today and tomorrow happy to talk about this with anyone and You got time for questions


variety of different options you have is a Dell technology solutions for the open stack. So our approach is a little bit different from others. We decided that especially for telco-based solution that we don't want to have any legacy stuff. So right from the start we start building everything on the open architecture using the modular and open source based platforms and scaling it on demand. We concentrated when we looked at how the people going to use it for telco-clouds. We decided that we concentrate on kind of four different pillars. The first one is what we need to do in order to modernize the telecom network as we go from four to five and there's a variety of different things but you know mostly considering going on a fee and multi-cloud on the edge. Then transformation of the of the IT on top of that is a cloud native application replication protection automation and various other things. And then how does a telco provide the service for their customers and that is what are the services and the rich environments they're building on top of that and then concentrate on creating the solutions which allows telco and the hosters to provide. And then of course final piece where we don't play much of the role but it's a required for any of the work going forward and that is you have to change the knowledge of your people as the new skill set needed to operate in the new environment, the new innovation, new operating models as you go through the transitions. So based upon that we'll talk about several of the different platforms which we provide for the customers to do. So first we'll talk about Linux-based platforms. So we have several different options but I'll talk about the Red Hat-based one where we have a joint solution with the Red Hat where we combine the best of the flexibility of the Red Hat OpenStack with the best choices for the hardware components to build the whole solution in the flexible and open way. The goal for that is basically to continue refresh it and have continuous the latest options for the customers but at the same time stay on the solution which has a long-term supported infrastructure and long-term supported continuous movement forward. So right now we are still on the Queen's release of the Red Hat OpenStack and that's the latest long-term supported one version 13 and we moved all of the components forward to the latest version of the SAF which I'll talk about in a minute and then latest gear for the server storage and networking. So I'll actually skip a couple of those. So the latest version which we released recently had a couple of main things which we moved forward. Obviously we picked up the latest version of the Red Hat OpenStack and since that's not a major version it's basically concentrated on the ending a couple of the missing functionality which were not in place yet like multi-attach for the storage. We moved the solution to the latest version of the Dell servers and that's the latest generation of the Cascade Lake of the Intel. We decided that we would like to demonstrate the OVS offload not on the SRV OVS offload on the NICs themselves and have them fully integrated with the rest of the OpenStack. So we moved to the CX-5 version of the Melanoc cards using and moved to the 100 gig networking and then we have the full integration with hardware-based CPU offload which NIC offload which allows us a much different performance. It's still a little bit immature so we keep it as a tech preview. For example we still require very strange behavior that in order to offload to work properly we require additional DNS service which have to go through the Melanoc cards so we have to have a Melanoc cards on the controller node not just on the compute node. So we kind of go through all of the spend to make sure the solution operates before we provide for the customers. We moved to the Red Hat satellite 6.5 basically to allow a simpler version of have a repeatable process so you can deploy exactly what have been validated by us so instead of trying to have a locked bits of some other variety. We moved to a couple of different versions of the server components for the Red Disk so we can bypass the Red all together and have a better performance for that and then we moved to the Blue Store which is the latest generation of the SAF to allow to bypass operating system and go directly to the blocks. As I mentioned we have a freedom of doing a variety of different type of the solution so the same solution we have for the HCI where we have both SAF and a compute on the same nodes. We actually have a slightly different choices of the hardware for that to have a better optimization so that's part of that solution and we also release the first version of the H solution following the same model. It's a little bit different from the classical one so we have the control plane which goes into the control plane on the on the core and only have compute nodes on the satellite. Again you can't really scale it too far because you know the distances will not allow that and for each of the distributed site you have to have availability zone so there is some restriction of how many nodes you can have an availability zone and also restriction how many compute how many computes you can have in distributed zone. But the main thing is that we go through L3 routing for multiple different networks on the same physical infrastructure and we use the same ironic to configure and manage the underlying hardware for the compute nodes. A little bit of the networking part as I said we have to all of the different network provision network management network tenant networks all go through the L3 level. Within the same site they communicate directly but when you go between between the sites or between the sites in the core you have to go through the core networks okay. As I mentioned all of our solution based upon the ironic to manage the underlying hardware and this is very active project of ours and we have been running it for quite some time. On the right hand side is some of the gear which we are continuously running as our third-party CI for the upstream ironic project so not surprising we run it for variety of different hardware at the same time and what is more interesting for us that we are running it on multiple different drivers at the same time. So every patch is being tested for the iDRAC driver, IPMI driver and our own Redfield driver. So all three of them are running at the same time and we actually test them on different boot modes both BIOS the legacy mode as well as a new FIMO that allows us to catch all of the problems earlier on and won't get anything through the system. We are doing a lot of the work right now we actually decided early on that we would like to over a long time transition to the Redfish APIs going forward and in the trend release we landed what we call the hybrid driver which allows the functionality which can be used by the Redfish to be done used by the Redfish. And of course we test all of the latest generation of the hardware and continuously doing all of the validation of all of the bugs. One other thing to mention that we are the first vendor who have the Redhead bare metal certification which basically ensuring that Redhead will be able to provide a full support for that. We'll have a lot more information on our booth so feel free to stop by we'll give you more information on what are being planned and what we're working on. As I mentioned we have a variety of different options so not only we have the Redhead based option and as I mentioned before we have a Canonical and Susy one but we have the VMware one. So VMware is a little bit more interesting and the reason for that is that WIO which is a VMware integrated open stack is run as a VMs on the VMware gear itself and this allows much simpler model of managing it because you're managing the VMs and the rest of them the rest of the underlying infrastructure is running on the vSphere and that is very well understood and a lot of the IT organization already have that and it has a full integration with analytics and storage and everything else. So just as we are continuously as all of our solution we continuously upgrade with the latest and greatest and release them on a periodic basis. So the VMware cloud is now in version 5.1 and we pick up the latest version of the of the Dell servers you know Cascade Lakes and we have a couple of variations here depending upon how you wanted to use it. We can have either 3-pod system with minimum of 12 nodes and scaling up to multiple racks or the 8.1 where you have 2-pod system so the real question is do you want to have a h-pod as a part of your solution or not but the same infrastructure and the same tooling is the same and the same analytical tools for managing your application is also included. So skip most of that stuff this is basically how we design each of the cluster and of course the fundamental piece that we are utilizing NSXT for the control plane and overlaying it on the physical on the physical network so we are utilizing the software-defined networking which is part of the VMware fundamental things and we can transition it both on the leaf and spine and scale it across multiple different sites. Storage for the open stack obviously for VMware we're using this as the easiest way to integrate things. For the Red Hat we're using the latest version of the SAF and we have multiple different SAF architectures depending upon if you want to do for the object storage or for balanced block or for optimized block storage for the latest performance. Again just like with other solution on a regular basis when we have a new version of the software to take advantage of or new generation of hardware take advantage of we decided it's worse for us to do in refreshment of the solution and this is the refreshment of solution we have done when we moved to the blue store of the SAF and at the same time we moved to the latest generation of the hardware on the Dell servers. We have all of the performance information for that and all of those different configuration are transitioning into our open stack integrated solution. We continuously maintain and improve all of the different options for Dell EMC storage for our open stack and here is the latest generation of each one of those and the capabilities which we are able to land within the train release. All of them are certified with various different distributions and all of them supporting both Manila and Cinder and you know in the kind of fundamental thing which you are doing lately we are moving to the multi-attach support and on all of the solutions and also we are moving to add a multipathic support which is not formally part of the open stack but required in order to really get a better performance and a higher availability. You also have the container-based solution. This is a little bit outside of the open stack but it's related to our family of the solution which we are doing with Red Hat. So this is a version of the OpenShift actually slightly dated version 3.11 we are working on the next one generate on the 4x but that's still a little bit immature and not being released yet so we are this is the latest version which is available. The fundamental thing here is that while we have multiple different solutions for the virtual environment where we can have the containers running either with VMware on VMware platform or on top of the open stack for Red Hat this is the one where we do the OpenShift on a bare metal to provide you better resiliency and better performance. So let me stop at this point we have all sorts of information on our booth so please stop by we'll be happy to talk to you and depending upon what kind of workload and what kind of use cases you have in mind we have a solution for that. Thank you.


Welcome to our lesson on creative writing. Now, if you're like me, you love a really, really good story, one which takes you through different settings which carries you along as a reader and you get really, really attached to the character. However, when it comes to writing creative story, this can feel really daunting and it sometimes might feel like there's some people who have a special skill or a gift that they were born with when it comes to creative story writing and writing these really beautiful novels. However, what I'm here to say is that actually it doesn't take a special set of skills. Creative writing and even reading really, really good stories and writing, most importantly, a very good story, you will find that it takes a certain structure and once you learn how to plan your story based on that structure and you follow through using that structure where you can create a build-up, introduce a problem and then create a climax and then a solution which really entices your reader, the more and more you practice these creative writing skills, the easier they come to you and also the more you expand your vocabulary, the easier the vocabulary comes to you. So as you can see behind me, essentially I've illustrated a story mountain and I will be explaining and giving you an example, a more detailed walkthrough of planning a story using the story mountain. However, I wanted to introduce what I mean by story mountain. Now, as I've mentioned before, a really good story actually shouldn't be very daunting and if you are able to plan through what you're going to write about, you will find the process of creative writing so much easier and after a while you're actually going to find that you really love and enjoy the process. So let's quickly go over the story mountain before I go into a task and how to use the story mountain in your planning of a creative story. Now, as you can see here, there's a mountain and really most stories and even when you think about films, they follow a specific type of structure which is really, really similar to the mountain, one where you begin at one point, you're taking through a journey and then you end at a slightly different place in the story. Now, in this case, essentially when you're planning, always consider you start off from here, the introduction. Now, this is where you introduce your characters, you introduce your setting and so on. So it's really good to put some bullet points in terms of what you would put in your first paragraph, introducing the stories and introducing us as the readers to the main people within your story but also to the setting of your story. Then it's really good to create a buildup. Now, if you have a main character in your story, maybe they get onto a journey, they get onto an adventure, what kind of buildup do you start beginning within your story which really takes us as readers along in your story? Then, every interesting story includes a problem. If the story just stays the same where the person just keeps on walking and walking, we get bored of the story and we lose interest. So you always want to introduce a problem or a twist that leads to the highest point in your story which is the climax, the thing that really keeps us tense on edge. And again, if you think about some of your favorite stories, some of your favorite films even, they always have some kind of problem and some kind of obstacle. And so this is why we're getting to the top of the mountain. This is where it gets the hardest as you can see here. It's really easy when you start for the introduction, then as you're building up, you're climbing the mountain. It gets harder and harder and more problematic. And then this is where your danger comes in, right? So this is now where you introduce a problem. Is it a villain that comes in and tries to stop your main narrator or the main protagonist of your story? Is it something really unexpected that happens? This is now what you need to include in your story. Then after you introduce a problem and the climax, you then find a solution. So what happens to the person? What happens to your main storyteller and how do they overcome this problem? And now this is of course, as you can see the mountain, it now starts getting easier and easier as they go down the mountain, right?  Is it a happy ending? Is it a sad ending? Or do you end with the cliffhanger? Something that leaves us on our edge. And then maybe there's a part two and a part three of this story. Now you'll notice an orange of written here setting, as well as on this side of written characters. This is part of your plan. So as you can see here for every single section, you just put quick bullet points. However, before you even dive into writing bullet points here, it's important to think about the setting or settings. So for example, maybe the story can start off in the house and then they go out onto the street.  But also don't forget, you want to consider the characters prior to starting. When I say prior to, I mean before starting. So you know, do you have one main character? Do you have a few main characters? Do you also have a villain as well? So you put that in here and then you include all of them as you're planning in your story mountain. So now let's look at a task relating to the story mountain and then I'll show you how you can plan your story and really start thinking about how to effectively create really, really good stories through planning. And it's really as simple as that because once you have a plan, you have a way to guide yourself as you're writing through the story. So now that you have seen what a story mountain is, I think it will be really, really good for us to practice writing a really basic story plan. It doesn't need to be too complicated. So as you can see here, this is the story mountain which I was talking about. As you can see, it starts off with introduction. You've got a build up and can you see the mountain in the background? Then you've got the problem which is also the climax, resolution and ending. So I've created a question up here. Create a story plan below. Just a plan, not the whole story, describing an adventure in the woods. And as you can see here, I would suggest starting off with the setting section, just describing where the story takes place. Think about some characters and then with that, you can create an introduction, build up, problem, resolution and ending. So let's try a very simple exercise and again, always remember that you can download all of these resources for your practice and I'm going to leave another practice plan which you can use to apply and to start practicing using a story mountain structure. So if we know that we're writing about an adventure in the woods, let's keep it really simple. So the setting would be the woods. So can you see here, you can just click in and fill it in. So the words maybe in the winter time or a forest, a dense forest or instead of the winter time, we can change it into the Amazon forest and the Amazon rainforest in the Amazon rainforest. So we can make it really, really interesting. This is just a plan. So it can be really, really brief as you can see here. And then in terms of characters, if it's an adventure, maybe you can have a main character. So I'll have a main character. We'll call her Millie and she is, we'll say she is 14 years old. Maybe to make the adventure more interesting, Millie could be in this adventure in the woods with her younger brother. We will call him Tom and maybe he is nine years old. I've written the words or rather the numbers 14 and nine, but do remember this is English. So when you're actually writing the story itself and we're going to do some more creative writing practice later on, but when you're writing the story itself, do spell out the numbers. But this is a plan. So you can keep it very brief, okay? So we've got two characters here. They've gone in a dense forest in the Amazon rainforest, okay? And then now we'll start with our introduction. So the introduction is essentially, how do they even get there? What are they doing in the dense forest? They live there. Maybe not. Perhaps they are on holiday and we know that the Amazonian rainforest is in Brazil. And so maybe they go on holiday, the parents go to the woods and then Millie and Tom decide to sneak out and go for an adventure, okay? So in our introduction, we'll add all of that, okay? So Millie and Tom are in the Amazon rainforest. They are in Brazil on holiday with parents so we're writing in short form and they, so now we'll shorten this and we'll maybe reduce the size of this so that it can also fit in. There we go. They decide they get bored staying in a cabin and sneak out for an adventure, okay? So this is the introduction. If they get really bored, that's what causes them to go on an adventure, right? So now let's add the build up. So we could say Millie and Tom lie to their parents that they are going to pick some fruits nearby.  So they run deeper and deeper. So can you see here, introduction? Millie and Tom are in the Amazon rainforest. They're in Brazil on holiday with parents. They get bored staying in a cabin and sneak out for an adventure. So they get bored staying in a cabin and sneak out for an adventure. So now this is a build up. How do they get out? Millie and Tom lie to their parents that they're going to pick up some fruits nearby or rather to pick some fruits nearby from trees, maybe. Nearby as they're excused to get out. Once they're out, they run off and run deeper and deeper into the jungle and they're extremely excited. So can you see here, you're building up the story, making it more and more interesting. However, every interesting story must have a problem. Millie and Tom come to a clearing in the dense woods and see a group of tall, fearful men around standing. And staring at them. Millie and Tom try to run away. They could be kidnapped, right? So they come across these men, perhaps tall, fearful men, and these men are staring at them. They might be kidnapped. So Millie and Tom try to run away. Oh, so this is now the unexpected twist. So they're running, they're really excited and then suddenly they come into a clearing. They've run too far. They find these scary men and these men are trying to kidnap them. So now it's become an adventure because they've started getting really scared. You're now adding some tension, some unexpected twist. So now how do they get out of it? So here you could add the men and we can even say how many men. So we could say a group of four tall, fearful men. So the four men chase them, speaking in a language. Millie and Tom don't understand because with the men perhaps live in that forest but the Millie and Tom are not from there. So they don't understand what they're saying. Millie and Tom are crying and running. The men are getting closer and closer, right? However, so now the resolution which ties into the ending. So they're running, running and crying and running. The ending could be now, this is how, what happens? Is this a cliffhanger? Does everything go dark to get caught? I want it to have a nice ending, okay? So Millie and Tom get to a familiar place and see the path and see their home. Mother and father are standing by the cabin. They shout at the men who stop chasing them. Okay, so that will have a happy ending, okay? And we'll stop it there. So they stop chasing. So as you can see here, I started off with describing a setting. So we've made it interesting, a dense forest and the Amazon rainforest. Try and make your setting unexpected. Don't just, don't make it too broad. Don't just say the woods. Make it more specific. Could it be the English countryside? Here I've chosen the Amazon rainforest just to make it interesting. Then the characters here are Millie and Tom. Now, as you can see here, so these are the main characters. Of course, there are other characters. We can add maybe mom and dad. Mother, so we'll also reduce the size of this text. Father and the men, so the bad men, okay? Now in the introduction, as you can see here, Millie and Tom are in the Amazon rainforest. They're in Brazil on holiday with parents. They get bored staying in cabin and sneak out for an adventure. So as you can see here, these sentences are short. This is a plan. This is not the story itself. So you want to keep the plan short, but you want to still have a plan just to show you where you're going and also now for each paragraph. So for example, for the introduction paragraph, you have something to use to begin your story with, okay? So Millie and Tom are the rainforest in Brazil. They get bored staying in a cabin and sneak out for an adventure. Now there's a buildup, create excitement. Millie and Tom lie to the parents that they're going to pick some fruits from a tree nearby.  What's the problem that they face? Millie and Tom come to the clearing in the dense woods and see a group of four fearful men standing and staring at them, okay? And I made it specific to give you a more visual image, okay? And even when you're writing this, you can even add adjectives or they tall, broad, with long, dark bids, that kind of thing, okay? But that one goes straight into your writing. Millie and Tom try to run away, kidnapped. So these men are trying to kidnap them and then the resolution. So the men chase them speaking in language or even we can say they're chasing them and shouting in a language. Millie and Tom don't understand. Millie and Tom are running and crying. So now they're really, really scared. And the men are getting closer and closer to them, okay? So this is resolution, not complete resolution because obviously it's still happening but now it's the twist has happened, the plot twist has happened in the problem. The resolution is now about to finish and now we've got the ending here. Millie and Tom get to a familiar path and see their home. And it's not necessarily their home, it's their cabin. The mother and father standing by the cabin. They shouted the men who stopped chasing them, okay? So we can even change this. Their parents are standing at the cabin. They shouted the men who stopped chasing them, okay? So I will leave this for you to download but also I will give you a question to try and create a story plan just like this for yourself. And of course, if your writing doesn't fit in you can just reduce the size of the text so that it can fit in. But the whole point of the plan is to not actually write a story inside this band. It should be brief, it should be short and just give you a clear guidance on how to develop your story. The most writing will take place when you actually write your story, okay? So that's it when it comes to understanding story plans. I hope you found this useful and please make sure you apply this now and practice.


Hello and welcome. In the last lecture, we have seen two aspects of ascent mission as its force models and the performance using simplified equations. Now, we will look at bringing in one of the force models that is gravity apart from the basic propulsion model that is already there as part of the idealized solution. And we will look at the implication of gravity on the ascent performance. So, let us begin. In the last lecture, if you recall, we had assumed a constant gravitational model and based on that, we had arrived at the solution for the performance of the typical rocket at the terminal point in terms of the velocity and the altitude. Now, let us find out what are the implications of this performance. So, the first thing that we note from the solution that we have seen earlier is that the velocity is lesser than what we have obtained when we used the idealized model without the gravity. So, we immediately note that this is going to reduce the kinetic energy of the vehicle. However, we also know that rocket is now doing work against gravity and from our understanding of work energy equivalence, the work done against the gravity will appear as an additional energy what we commonly term potential energy. And this is reflected in the altitude that we achieve at the burnout. Of course, as we all know, spherically symmetric gravity model that we have assumed for the gravitational force is conservative and that means that the total energy must be constant. In view of this, we hypothesize that the effect of gravity is not really something that we should worry about. The loss in the velocity probably appears as the gain in altitude so that the total mechanical energy is same and must be same as the ideal burnout energy in terms of the velocity that we achieve. Let us try and examine this aspect next. So, we take the same problem that we have solved in the previous lecture and let us calculate the total energy in the two cases that is the ideal burnout and the burnout in the context of constant gravity model. So, in the ideal burnout case, the kinetic energy is the only energy because there is no gravity so no work done against gravity and that is nothing but half V square and that is per unit burnout mass. So, we have normalized it because the burnout mass is same in both the cases and that number is 5.3 to 7 into 10 to the power 6 with appropriate units. In case of burnout under gravity, the total energy is going to be half V square that is kinetic energy plus G into H which is going to be the potential energy part. So, we perform that sum. I suggest that you do this exercise yourself and confirm that under gravity the energy is going to be this value which is 3.393 into 10 to the power 6 and that is something which is not expected. The total energy under gravity is significantly less in comparison to the total energy under ideal burnout. So, our hypothesis that as the gravity is a conservative force field, the total energy should have remained constant is not justified, it is violated. So, let us try and understand what has happened. So, we know that total energy which should have been conserved is not conserved. So, we bring in a point which probably we did not specifically note while talking about energy conservation. You would realize and probably you can independently confirm that the energy conservation holds good only if the mass is also conserved. This is something that is part of the various conservation laws that are established and you can verify this independently. But let us now bring in this idea about mass conservation to see whether there is an issue which is causing this deficiency of energy. So, in the present case, we find that though in an overall sense mass is conserved, which means if we choose a control volume approach which contains the rocket and the burn crisis as a single control volume, energy, the mass is conserved and so the energy is also conserved. But we realize that this burnt mass in form of a gas is absolutely useless to the recent mission as this energy is not recoverable as far as the burnt out mass Mb is concerned which is the payload as far as we are concerned. So, obviously this energy is simply a loss to us. It is released in the atmosphere at different altitudes as the ascent mission proceeds, as clouds of gases, particles which have been given velocity and altitude, but then it is all a waste. There is another aspect which we need to note that while we are burning a small portion of propellant which generates this cloud of gas which contains particle and energy, the energy that it imparts to the rocket also goes to the unburned propellant which is still there and which is going to get burnt in the next instant. So, not only we are wasting the energy which is part of the gas cloud, we are also imparting wasteful energy to the unburned propellant which in the next or subsequent time instance we are going to burn and throw away. So, that energy also is going to be a loss. If you put all this together, we will find that this is going to represent a reasonable amount of loss and will be responsible for the non-conservative nature of gravity in the ascent mission. So, please note we are not violating any of the fundamental conservation laws, but by defining our energy conservation in a very, very specific manner that is the energy which is imparted to the burnt out mass, the final unburned mass which is left after all the propellant has been consumed. The mission is non-conservative in nature even under the action of a conservative force field such as gravity. In fact, in the present case you will note that this loss is almost of your order of 36 percent and naturally is not tolerable. So, there must be an effort to reduce this loss to significantly lower amount. We may not be able to completely eliminate it, you do not know yet, but at least it cannot be allowed that a 36 percent of energy is simply lost that is going to have a huge impact on the cost of mission itself. So, in this regard we know that both velocity and altitude are functions of burnout time and that larger the time lower are the values of both altitude and velocity, this you can independently confirm from the expressions that we have seen in the last lecture. So, obviously it means that an important parameter which is responsible for this loss is that burnout time, the time taken to complete this whole process. So, if we can directly impact the time maybe we can influence the overall loss and make the mission more efficient and this can be done in one way by increasing the burn rate. So, if you increase the burn rate for a given propellant then the time that it takes to finish the propellant is smaller and because the time is smaller the loss due to gravity is likely to be smaller. Let us see if this is justifiable and this actually turns out as what we have interpreted. So, let us now consider the same example that we have seen earlier and now generate the terminal condition for two different burn rates, one of 600 kg per second that we have already seen and another one double that is 1200 kgs per second and let us look at the solution. I am not going to go through the steps of arriving at the solution I suggest that you do that but I am giving you the final result. So, we already know our ideal velocities 3.264 kilometers per second. For 600 kg per second burn rate our burnout velocities 2.28 kilometers per second with an altitude of 77.6 kilometers and for 1200 kgs per second the velocity is 2.77 kilometers per second with an altitude of 51 kilometers. So, you realize that with higher burn rate the velocity has gone significantly higher the altitude also has reduced but possibly not by the same percentage and more importantly the kinetic energy is a function of the square of the velocity. So, the increase in the kinetic energy is likely to be significantly higher than the decrease in the potential energy because of the loss of altitude. So, there is an expectation that the total energy is likely to be higher. Let us now compare the three energies and see whether our expectation is met. So, the total energy in the three cases is the ideal burnout is 5.327 10 to the power 6. The burnout for beta equal to 600 is 3.393 into 10 to the power 6 and burnout for beta equal to 1200 is 4.346 into 10 to the power 6 and immediately you realize that the energy is significantly higher for beta equal to 1200 case as compared to beta equal to 600 case which means that now our loss is much lower. In fact, we can calculate this loss to be at about 18 percent which is half of the previous loss and immediately we realize that by increasing the burn rate we can improve the efficiency of ascent mission from gravitational loss point of view. In fact, we see that we are going to get 0 gravity loss for beta equal to infinity which is nothing but an impulsive launch which means if we burn all the propellant in almost 0 or a very small time we are going to get the full mechanical energy. The only thing will be that the altitude is 0 and this is something that you need to understand in the correct context. So, what is the drawback of this higher part rate? One of the basic drawback is that you are going to get a lower altitude which may be a requirement that you want a higher altitude but if you burn faster rate to reduce the gravity loss you are going to generate a lower altitude. So, obviously, this is a drawback that you need to take into account. Secondly, a larger velocity occurs in the lower atmosphere which is also denser and which can have both control and aerodynamic related implications as we have already seen in our aerodynamic model. A higher velocity in the denser atmosphere is going to generate higher dynamic pressure and possibility of higher drag. So, obviously, while we may reduce the loss due to gravity we may introduce additional loss to drag and we may have to look at this issue in greater detail which we will do later. Of course, from whatever we have done so far it is possible for us to give a close form expression for the gravity loss with respect to the burn rate which is a good expression and a design tool for understanding what loss is going to be due to gravity because of a particular burn rate. I am showing you the steps here. We have used the expressions that we have generated earlier and based on that we have modeled the data E which is the loss in the total energy due to gravity as a function of beta. And finally, we find that this is a function of ISP and is inversely proportional to beta. So, we clearly see here that as beta increases the loss is going to reduce. However, we also note an interesting point that if you use a higher ISP fuel or if you use a larger lift of mass or you use a larger propellant fraction the loss is going to increase. And you will realize that now it is going to be a tradeoff in the design among these parameters for making an ascent mission as efficient as possible through in any optimization procedure. So, to summarize the impact of gravity is to reduce the total terminal energy in comparison to ideal burnout. We have also noted that the above loss is inversely proportional to the burn rate and we have also established that we can reduce the loss by increasing burn rate. But there is an impact on the trajectory and aerodynamic effects that needs further investigations. Hi. So, in this lecture we have seen the implication of gravity on the terminal performance and we have noted that gravity represents a loss of total energy which is not very intuitive and that this loss can be minimized by increasing the burn rate. But we will have associated drawbacks that we need to discuss and understand. Now, in the next lecture we are going to introduce the drag as a parameter and we are going to now look at the performance of the rocket under both gravity and drag. And then we will also look at the possibility of arriving at a viable burn rate that is going to be beneficial from both drag and gravity point of view. So, bye and see you in next lecture and thank you.


Today's old textbook is this one, the International Correspondents' School's inorganic chemistry reference book. So if we open the book, you don't often get inlays like this anymore, very Victorian slash Edwardian. And that's because the International Correspondents' School was founded in the 1880s and it was a distance learning college. Which basically is very similar to the Open University but predates it by the best part of the 1880s. Let's check the date. It is originally 1898 by the Coloury Engineer Company. So this was printed in the UK, incorporated here, not America. And this printing in 1915. So this is a very interesting time for chemistry between about 1898 to 1915. Because what was definitely known, well, atomic theory is pretty much sorted. The elements were listed and tabulated and more complete than they had ever been. But things were about to change. We didn't really know about the proton, the electron. We didn't know about the atomic structure. So 1914 roughly was when Marsden and Geiger and Rutherford were doing their experiments to show that the atom is a solid, very dense nuclear surrounded by a much less dense cloud of electrons. So what you don't find in this, because any reference to that, there is no mention of electrons and protons. They weren't really known to be part of the atom, or at least where they were known to be part of the atom. It was a bit hazy how that all fitted together. So let's have a just a flick through and see what we can look at. So this is basic chemistry? No. This is what we might call general chemistry if you're in the US system rather than necessarily in organic chemistry. But when you flick around, it is more inorganic. So it really just lists elements and kind of what they do when we flick through it. Compounds of oxygen with hydrogen. That's usually age 20, isn't it? Lots of preparations. Preparation of water occurs so plentifully in nature that, except when required for chemical purposes, no special processes of preparation are necessarily true, although we might want to deionise it occasionally. But most of this is just lists and lists of materials. Now, rather interestingly, we are at the stage where we do know that the atoms exist and that those are the best way of describing things. But these aren't really structures as we would normally recognise them. They are talking about connectivity certainly, but we probably wouldn't draw a linear water these days. And the structure of ammonia is sort of there. But it is, you know, this is not like it's an atom with three bonds coming up to it. It's sort of just showing connectivity. So this is still a little bit early. In early times there were two views held in regard to the constitution of matter. One of these was that all matter was continuous and therefore capable of infinite subdivision. Now, that is continuous matter. It's a theory that's been rejected for a long time, but it was still kind of controversial through most of the 19th century. Even when Mendelier was assembling his periodic table, he kind of rejected the idea of atoms for at least over a decade or two after he got famous in 1869. But by this point in 1915-ish atoms are pretty much solid. Now, this theory is incapable of direct proof, but all the observed facts fit in. We do have more direct proof of atoms now. Famously people credit one of Einstein's calculations with Brownian motion, two particles of atoms. We have spectroscopic evidence, we have atomic force microscopy that can actually image individual atoms. And then once we've got the idea of one element is or an atom, we start trying to figure out what a molecule is. There will finally be obtained an extremely minute particle that cannot be further subdivided by mechanical means, and this is known as a molecule. So that's the older definition of a molecule. We wouldn't necessarily use that now. IUPAC's definition, it's got two. It's got molecular entity, which is something involving more than one atom and molecule, which involves more than one atom as well, but is a bit broader in scope. And its broader scope is that it's got to be more than two or more atoms that are bound together tightly enough to host a vibrational state, which is an odd sampling definition if you don't know chemistry, but if you're into the chemical physics or physical chemistry, that's actually a really interesting definition of a molecule because if it doesn't vibrate, they're not bound tightly enough. So a molecule may therefore be defined as the smallest portion of matter obtainable by mechanical or physical subdivision, or the smallest particle of matter having the properties of the original substance. Now that's an interesting definition because that is kind of not correct because properties of substances do depend on their scale. So for instance, gold, you would say a property of gold is that it is, or gold is yellow and it is shiny, but that's a property of the substance being in bulk. If you cut gold down to gold nanoparticles, they're actually red or purple depending on their size, and that red or purple that are in lateral flow tests, they're gold nanoparticles and two antigens. The word atom means indivisible, and divided in use this term is applied to the smallest divisions of matter that can be obtained by most refined methods at present known to the chemist. So an atom is the smallest particle of an element which can be obtained by chemical subdivision. And that's useful because around about this time we are entering the age of our nuclear physics existing. We know that the atoms can be radioactive, they can break apart and maybe change. This is a really transitional moment in science where we are trying to figure out can the atom be split. So this is kind of hinting that maybe the atom can be split because we're using chemical subdivision as the definition. So let's have a look. This is interesting. Glass rods, glass blowing is in this. We don't do much of our own glass blowing anymore. You get dedicated glass blowers who know what they are doing to do this. Generally speaking, we don't because it's difficult, it's time consuming, and you can hurt yourself if you don't know what you're doing. So becoming a properly experienced glass blower takes a decade at least. What else, earlier? The balance. This is really interesting because I actually have a balance that looks like this in this office just over there in the corner. It's a very old school, it's very hard to use. The bottom is quite good. Every chemist should keep his balance and weight sacred and should treat them with the greatest care and consideration. Now it is, we just throw it onto a single pan balance and a digital readout tells us how much it weighs. Other practical stuff, decantation. Well, I don't think I've ever said that out loud. Filtration is kind of separating. A couple of really nice diagrams of some purification and gas purification, which is really nice. Here we have this. Sulfur and chlorine. So we've got sulfuric acid here. And we're getting kind of a hinted structure appearing. Right, so sulfur in the middle. Two double bonds to oxygen, a single bond to the acidic OH groups there. That's kind of how we draw it now. It feels like the limitation is what kind of technology of the time do to show these structures. So you have to remember that we got these structures without any kind of spectroscopy or X-ray diffraction at this time. Rather interesting, it doesn't go into any theory that unifies this. There's very, there aren't really mentions of oxidation state in here. We probably would not talk about inorganic chemistry without talking about oxidation states and how things can combine together. And that's kind of a side effect of the fact that the periodic table was still kind of in its infancy. And we didn't really know atomic structure at all and that all informs how these things put together. We've at least got some organization here. So this is family two group B. It consists of the metals zinc, cadmium and mercury. So we will flip back and find what I think is the most interesting part of this. The big table here, I'll just click to paste it, has to be pulled out. And here it is. That's the periodic table of 1898 to 1915 inch. But you can see it doesn't look anything like a modern periodic table at all. And I have done an animation file. This works to separate them out because you can see that this is mostly P block elements, mostly, but then interleaved between them or the D block elements. And that is sort of a consequence of not really knowing electronic structure. If you don't know the electrons, if you don't know atomic orbitals, if you don't know quantum mechanics, you can't make sense of that. The periodic table reflects kind of the electronic structure of an atom according to quantum theory and the spherical harmonics that the electrons follow. And if all you've got to go on is their reactivity and their mass, this is how you make sense of that. Any of the discrepancies within the groups are solved by pushing them from group A to group B. So for instance, here on the right, we've got fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and still in group 7 manganese, big red flag that something is wrong there. And then group 8 all these other metals. And over here, you can tell this is a bit later than Mendeleev because it has group 0. Here we are, helium, neon, argon with just an A rather than AR, krypton, xenon. The noble gases, they have all been found by this point. So when the periodic table was first assembled in 1869, 1871-ish, the noble gases weren't around. They were about a decade or two away from being observed. So there was an assumption that 1% of air was something else and then it was identified as argon after that. And then the rest fell into place quite quickly. A helium being the interesting one because it was observed in the solar spectra before it was discovered on Earth. So we knew that helium existed from spectroscopic evidence before we knew, well, before we could isolate it. So this is in here. Now in a modern layout, this is no longer group 0, it is group 8 slash 18 all the way on the right. And there were various assumptions about what group 0 could mean at the time. Before these were even discovered, group 0 was kind of hypothesized as something that is lighter than hydrogen. In fact, Mendeleev left a space on the left for something lighter than hydrogen. I made that assumption. Because of course Mendeleev didn't believe in atoms at the time, he thought, well, there's going to be something even lighter, even lighter than that and put it in group 0. Maybe there's another row on top of this. Now what is really interesting here? Turn the page over. I looked at this a little bit earlier. Do you mention Mendeleev? Written anglicized a different way to how we normally do it without the V. They also credit Lothar Meyer a lot. In fact, this is Meyer's table not Mendeleev's. So the book seems to be more happy with crediting the German scientists rather than the Russian scientists. They kind of independently stumbled on the same idea. Arranged slightly differently, but kind of once you took away the formatting, they had the same idea roughly at the same time. This is really on the cusp of modern chemistry forming. So this is kind of the end of the original chemical era. Here, in atomic weights, this is interesting. It would be obviously be out of place at the time of the method of the atomic weights. And a little reflection will show that the atoms are much too small to have their absolute weights determined and consequently a standard is selected. And this is really interesting because this was not standardized at the time. How do you measure an atom's mass? It's too light to stick it on a balance. It's like 10 to the minus 27 kilograms. You can't weigh that. But you can measure it relative to something else. And do you measure it relative to hydrogen or carbon? And in this case, they're measuring it relative to hydrogen. Now, if you don't score chemistry, you will know that we measure it relative to carbon and specifically carbon 12. And this predates isotopes and it predates knowing the exact masses of hydrogen various precisely. So this is the interesting bit of calculation. Hydrogen is taken as one and says down here quite recently a long series of painstaking experiments have shown that oxygen is 15.88 times as heavy as hydrogen instead of 16 times. Now 15.88 is not the atomic mass of oxygen. That's actually 15.9994. Yeah, that's right. But that is 15.88 times the actual atomic mass of hydrogen. So the atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.0079. Multiply that by 15.88. Within any reasonable error, you're on the actual atomic mass currently accepted for oxygen. So that is a consequence of those masses being measured relative to carbon and carbon 12 specifically. And now we define them kind of by definition, by setting avogados constant to be a set number instead of empirical. There aren't really any glaring errors throughout this. We haven't fundamentally upset chemistry since here. Just how we talk about it has changed. How we do the practicals has changed. How we teach it has changed certainly. So let's look to the back and look at the examination questions. So name three materials in which hydrogen occurs. I probably wouldn't phrase a question like that anymore. That's very weird. Give some of the properties of oxygen. Where does oxygen occur? Where does water occur? Give some properties of those. Some of these questions are very vague and we definitely would not set questions like this at a higher education level for a couple of reasons. One, this is a correspondence course textbook. You just flick to the book and you copy the answer out. And two, they're incredibly vague. Where does water occur? What's that even mean? Do you want to talk about where it forms in the universe? Is it found in clouds? Does it occur in oceans? Does it occur in cells? I don't know. This is really hard to actually interpret what the questions mean. Here we go. What? Define matter? That's one for the physicists to talk about right now. If you can do it in terms of what we knew in 1915 and what we knew in 2022, that would be really interesting to compare. How many cubic centimetres are contained in one litre? I mean, I don't know modern undergraduates. Can't figure that one out very easily. Define a molecule or an atom. Which definition? Because actually you have several of them. These questions are very vague. You either have to memorise the entire book to answer these questions or you look it up in the book. Which is kind of weird because these days we would address problem solving. It would be here is a reaction that you haven't seen before. Use the rules that you have learned from the previous examples to kind of tell me about it. And that is more the question that we'd use at degree level now. So mail your work on this lesson as soon as you have finished it and looked it over carefully. Do not hold it until another lesson is ready. Now, the International Correspondent School is still going and the Penn Career School is still going. So will they accept the 106 years late submission? That's the question.