Now I'll see how loud that is. Is that as loud to all of you as it is to me? Try not to deafen you while they adjust it a little bit down But thank you so much for the introduction. Thank you all for coming to see me and I hope you enjoy journey To open source the question really is is how did we get from a company where in 2001? Steve Ballmer said that Linux was a cancer that attached itself to IP to a point where we have large services running on Linux and we are contributing and Creating and working with many many open source projects and So to tell this story I'm going to I'm remembering Creative Light writing class where they said Don't tell show So I'm not here to sell you on anything any sort of Microsoft product however These points along this path and some other projects that are off kind of to the right on this path I'm going to tell you about them as a way of showing you what we're doing and Also explaining our general approach towards open source and towards Linux and how as a way of describing how we changed so Again, my name is John Gossman. I'm a distinguished engineer, which means I'm an old engineer. I Have been a programmer for over 30 years I started out as a graphics programmer did a lot of different CAD and multimedia and eventually in 2000 I was at Vizio as a you know Graphics developer yet again when Microsoft Acquired me and I guarantee you at that point when Vizio was acquired. I never expected to be standing at scale talking about Linux In those 18 years at Microsoft. I've worked in office. I've worked in developer division I've worked in Windows and then the last five years. I've worked in Azure and remember I was a graphics developer So when I switched over to Azure five years ago I took the job because a friend of mine advised me to take the job that I knew the least about and The first meeting that I came to These people talked about Something to do with cloud and paths and IS and all sorts of things and my boss who just hired me turned to me at the End of the meeting and says, what do you think? And I said, I don't understand a single word any of you said including and and the And and for the first six months, I will be honest. I actually thought I had made a mistake I thought he had I had leaked too far from being a client developer to being a Cloud developer, but the one thing that I did know from being a developer all this year of working inside and outside Microsoft was the sort of things that developers appreciate So I started focusing in Azure for the first a little while on our REST APIs on our SDKs on our CLIs on our developer documentation and other experiences And that led me to this interesting world of DevOps Now I was a dev, but as a graphics developer We didn't do a lot of ops and I got but I got very fascinated with these DevOps tools because I saw it as applying all the Agilene software development practices that we had learned You know in the 80s and 90s to extend that in terms of operations and that led me to meeting and partnering with Companies like chef and puppet and mesosphere and Docker in this DevOps world largely and The fact was that all those tools All of them targeted Linux and all of them were open source and that was my introduction I had back in the early 90s I used GCC to port some graphics code from Solaris to Ultrix to HBO X But that was pretty much the extent of my open source experience up until that point But my intro then was with chef and that's led on to a series of other You know working with Linux which led to this really strange experience I had a year and a half ago of walking into the Linux Foundation board meeting as the first ever Microsoft for ever to send it to the Linux Foundation board and Jim Zemlin, who was is the the chairman of the board Introduced me and and I got a standing ovation. It wasn't me It was a standing ovation for Microsoft to show up in this, you know kind of unexpected place Followed by five hours of hell just rolls over jokes and I'm not sensitive about these things and it's it's fine, you know, I like I get it But honestly just honestly there's that not that many variations after two hours Those jokes weren't that funny anymore So today I'm here to talk about again about our our journey our history with open source and I'm going to start a little bit to the left of that That chart where it talks about 2004 the start of our open source journey. In fact, I'm going to start in 4000 BC I Thought we needed some some real broad context here Have any of you read this book sapiens So sapiens is basically it's a relatively recent historian from Oxford I think and it's the history of the human species all the way from deep evolutionary Origins and it talks about the evolutionary language and culture and agricultural evolution scientific low evolution and other things It's it's an interesting good perspective over the whole whole world but One of the things I was struck by I never thought about this for is he said that at the end of the beginning yours of the agricultural revolution Which he said was about 4000 BC until Really the Renaissance in Eurasia at least there was no technological change for farmers that 90% of people in the world were farmers and that The skills of being able to that they had as a farmer in 4000 BC and 1080 we're about the same So the way I see this is imagine that you're a poor Mesopotamian farmer in 4000 BC and A UFO swoops down and lands and picks you up and takes you off into space at relativistic speeds To some distant globular cluster where they're gonna, you know, experiment on you or something else But they're nice so they bring you back and they drop you off back in Mesopotamia In about a thousand eighty five thousand years later and yours, you know, it's six months have passed because of real or mystic time well that farmer at That point could have submitted their resume to the that era's equivalents of LinkedIn and Gotten a job as an agricultural engineer Because the basic skill set was the same they didn't have any new things might have had an iron knife instead of a bronze knife but Feeding the pigs and planning the wheat and elder so thing was was pretty much the same after five thousand years little contrast from today If they've been a mistake and they dropped them off and say mess America instead where it was maize instead of wheat or China and it was millet instead of wheat that would have been a change But that would have probably been no worse than having to go from like a python shop to a ruby shop Meanwhile we today live in this world that I like to call a world of science fiction in the sense that When I was young and watching Star Trek they had these communicator things if somebody gave me a Star Trek communicator from the original show, I would throw away because it's a Obsolete cell phone now, right? It's really bad attack. And so in in my life thing Those things have changed Considerably and I thought at once like well, this probably has a lot to with me being old that it's The world's changed and probably all old people feel this way after a while, but I've been talking to my Friends teenagers and it's the same thing. They said look with social networking and everybody having cell phones The the world around has just changed dramatically in such a in such a very very short change And I have one more story before I get back into our story. I Have a friend who is a writer and she was writing a couple years ago a near future Bio thriller it's called Sea of a Thousand Words.  So she's a good writer, but she's not a stem person And so I was kind of advising her about the tech on the computer side and her daughter who's a biologist was Advisor about CRISPR gene editing and things like that and the first thing we had to tell her was you can't set this book 25 years in the future It has to be more like five years in the future because all these things were changing so fast and the other amazing thing too was In the next 18 months Every once in a while, there'd be like a newspaper article and they say oh, we made this advance in CRISPR. It's like that's in the book. I Can't I have to you know, that's now it and she started joking This book is gonna go I have to finish it before it goes from being science fiction to being historical fiction So in that very broad context developers lives are changing to When I started out you were a C++ programmer or a C programmer or a P1 programmer and you targeted a particular operating system, you know, you were Unix person or you were a windows person windows came later and um, and That's really about you have a lot of how you identify yourself. Well, not only are things changing faster but a lot of people now what they call polyglot Programmers use the light language for the right job. It's JavaScript on the On the front end it's C++ or Java on the back end some Python for your new machine learning stuff And there's a wide range of technologies likewise. We have DevOps people who are doing operations and Development which is a change. We have people who are full-stack developers who do everything from the front end to the to the database and everything in between So developers not only have a lot of things that are changing like the cloud or Smartphone technology or things like that. This is very different from that Mesopotamian farmer who for 5,000 years He could use that the same skill set or even from You know being able to do the same skill set for a decade or so like I did early in my career so In that context, I want to talk about Microsoft and our journey to open source And I want to start off on the far left here something like 6,000 years after the agricultural revolution With a project called Wix Wix stands for Windows installer XML toolkit. I Saw at least one person who has used Wix so before Wix existed. I Had to write several Windows installers Literally Visio 6 it took us longer to write the installer than it did to write that version of Visio It was really really really hard things So totally by coincidence because it's on this slide, but it's coincidence that I happened to be there in about 2004 I was sharing a test lab with a gentleman named Rob Menchig and Rob was the author of this Wix toolkit and It made writing installers much much easier and I think Rob worked in office at the time and Has small team writing this dollar for office. He built this toolkit and Rob wanted to open source this toolkit Which made a lot of sense because lots of people were writing the sellers and he had a small team And even though it was a very important product that he was writing the solar for He realized that there were lots of customers and he had two things one or he wanted to make easier for customers You know Microsoft Windows customers to install their stuff, but also he wanted help from all those people He wanted he couldn't implement all the features in Wix by himself or his team And he wanted just you know to to build a community around this thing The business proposition for this seems to be fairly innocuous This is a toolkit that makes it easier for people to install applications running on Windows Even in 2004 that was a pretty obvious thing But Rob found this big challenge about the fact that basically very very few people at Microsoft at that time understood open source. They didn't understand the licenses. They didn't understand the implications now He happened to meet a gentleman named Steven Wally at the time who is standing is sitting here in front row and Steve and Rob meant a lot with lawyers and had this experience hash off experience and eventually after several months they got permission to open source this thing and I can remember talking to Rob at the time I was not doing open source I was working on something else But we were in the lab and I talked to him and it seemed like there was experience where the lawyers were telling him What he could could not do in this space But in retrospect what was actually happening was that Steve and Rob were educating the lawyers and Forcing them to learn how these licenses worked and how this process worked and they had executive views and the people realized Okay, this is not a big deal. So I Think this is a really appropriate project to be at this point in this project because it kind of laid a lot of ground work Even though it was minor people didn't maybe see the difference at the time for a lot of the work that we've done since So I'm gonna jump forward along this timeline. I'll come back to some of these other projects later But I want to give you four examples to kind of show you where we are now and The first one I'm going to bring up is our Linux investments In 2009 Microsoft surprised a lot of people by contributing a bunch of code to the Linux kernel this code was Designed to support Microsoft's new hypervisor hyper V We had discovered not surprisingly that if you're trying to do server consolidation using hypervisors That you need to be able to run more than just windows in those places You need to be able Not really you're gonna have a hypervisor Probably need to run multiple different operating systems and in order to make it fast so that you're not just software Emulating all of the IO drivers you need to do some driver work in the kernel and so we contributed kernel Work we hired a small team of people to work on those sort of enlightenments inside the Linux kernel That team's larger version that team still works at Microsoft today and in addition to making sure that Linux continues to work great Inside hyper V. They also make sure that Linux works great on Azure We add GPUs and you need to have a driver that can talk out through the hypervisor to that driver We add accelerated networking that takes the you know a lot of the end cap and decap out of the Off the CPU and puts it on to the nick and you need to have a hardware driver In order to take advantage of that performance and this team to this day is adding Features to that thing to do that and as a result of this early work In you know eight nine years ago now Today over 40% of the VMs on Azure are running Linux and we have large a series of other services For example, we have a Hadoop service that runs on Linux and runs spark and Hadoop on top of Azure now enabling Linux to run on top of Hyper-V and in Azure is Was very helpful to customers who wanted to do those sort of things But very quickly after we got Linux working on Azure. We started getting people asking for more they wanted Other you know other things databases for example and So Where have Developers put all of our state in our applications for the last 25 years We put it into the database Even if it didn't make any sense, maybe it was relational Maybe it was lucky maybe tables and names that get great works like but if it was like pictures of the kids We put that data into the relational database and the reason for that is Because then it became the DBA's problem Developers no longer. I mean DevOps is different. So now we have this thing But at the time it's like now we have somebody else who will make sure that the database server gets updated That it's available that it gets backed up all those sorts of things Now in the cloud as a developer if you want to run a database a postgres or might sequel or sequel server or whatever You can run it inside of VM, but then you're back in this problem Well, you know, maybe you also still have a DBA work with you in the cloud but one of the most popular things in any cloud is a managed database service because the Cloud vendor then becomes responsible for doing all those backups and restores and patching the server, etc, etc and so we had a Relational database service running in Azure. There's running unsurprisingly sequel server but if you take a developer who has written their application against my sequel or postgres and you say hey You have two choices You can run VMs and operate that database yourself and that'll work or you can search the sequel server That is a very short conversation It lasts about five minutes before they drive across the lake to one of the other cloud vendors So just last year We announced that the sequel server team that was operating the sequel service service They also now are operating my sequel and postgres services are the same thing. It's the real My sequel and postgres code running as a service with all this Replication and other features and it makes it much much easier if that's your database to switch to the thing So this is an example. We've gone beyond just enabling making sure it works and now, you know Good luck, but actually combining that with a service to adding value Customer value making it easier for the customer to use My third example is very different from the first two how many people use typescript Never tell how but that's going to be defense very heavily from audience to audience typescript is a type safe superset of JavaScript and It because it's type safe and has a lot of pre-compiled options You can find a lot of errors early, but it's completely compatible. You can use JavaScript Libraries etc etc and it compiles down to JavaScript. So it'll run anywhere the JavaScript will which is basically anywhere And the creator of typescript is a gentleman named Anders Halsberg. You may know him He's also the designer of the C sharp language and Turbo Pascal before that So Anders is one of the most valuable employees At Microsoft as well as being just literally one of the most legendary language designers of all time And typescript is his new project and it's entirely on GitHub Anders is the leading contributor You can go in and make a pull request and you might get rejected by Anders or you might get accepted by Anders. I Certainly you'll get comments And if you talk to honors, he just loves the process because much more than anything he'd ever done before he gets He feels like he collaborates directly with his users the language Users as well as with the programming language community so Just go back for lately the the point of that one is this is a case where we are using open source development methodologies for our own products Building a community around them, but also just because as honors has seen it's just for that sort of thing in particular Just a better way of doing development than anything he'd done before So I've talked about a couple of things we've given for customers I've talked about using open source methodologies. You may be wondering is there anything that Microsoft is doing there's like mission critical that's using open source So I want to tell you about sonic sonic stands for Soft I can never remember what software networking in cloud I Would love to have been in the meeting when they came up with that acronym But what it is is that as you can imagine in a big cloud you have an enormous number of hardware switches that are in the middle of the network and We have all sorts of custom software in our in our SDN stack and so we actually write the software for those switches and For very many reasons There are very very few switches in the history of the world that we're running Windows It's been a it's been a unique so long as these mostly been a BSD thing over time But a few years ago when that when the team decided to switch update the software for the switches They chose to build it on Debian Linux They chose to use docker for all of the different components so that they could update the various parts of the switch software independently and Pull in different dependencies and not have them collide with each other And it was simply because they thought this was the best software for the job and So this is critical like all the network that's being rolled out They have some older switches, but eventually all the networking traffic that goes on inside all of our databases So all of our data centers all over the world is going to be running through this switch and the team also Open-sourced that whole stack So you can go to github and find the code for this thing both as a process of like let's give back We're using all these components Let's give back some stuff as well as this turns out to be a really great way to collaborate with the switch Manufacturers so that they can test and know how things are working So those four examples I just give them as illustrations of our general approach to open source And this is Microsoft at this point. We're still evolving, but this is where we are at at this point first of all we want to enable our customers to use whatever software and Other products that they are using well on our platforms You can't be you know a hypervisor vendor and not support other operating systems you can't be a cloud vendor and Only support certain software stacks every enterprise in the world and even small startups They use a wide variety of software and they have a lot of choices So it's very important to enable those things then where we can See how we can combine it with other software and services to make a better experience We try and integrate those things. So that's the example of my sequel and pulse grass and we have we're building a Kubernetes service And we have spark and hoop services, etc Then we're using open source methodology ourselves in the cases like TypeScript And a bunch of other examples so much I'll talk about later to release software now and maintain software We're always trying to contribute back and in a case like Sonic. We're both using and contributing back in various different ways So what changed? How did we get that big gap and now it's been time. It's been 17 years at least so What changed well first of all the industry changed I? think There were not a lot of examples that people could look at for companies who have had a successful Open-source business. There was lots of successful open-source projects, but you can imagine that At a software company you might have you know, how are we gonna make money with this? There's doesn't seem to be other examples red hat obviously is as led the way here and and shown That you can make this a great business and now there's a lot of open-source businesses Database vendors there's people that have Preparatory and open source in the strategy factors very very few companies Left in the world that don't have at least some usage or release of open-source software Our customers changed Honestly, just like Microsoft in the late 90s and I still run into enterprises today Weren't sure about this whole open-source thing I still run in the other customers that we're not really sure how should we use open source? How do we control it? Where's it coming from? You know who who who do we call if it doesn't work and that has changed just you know Dramatically incredibly over over time And we got I've got some examples of different companies and their statements about why they were going to use open source and Then open source is also driving a lot of digital transformation Certainly the web technologies that are all open source, but also the AI Machine learning and big data spaces a lot of those projects came out of Academia all those things are open source Cassandra Hadoop spark on the AI set side tensorflow and onyx and CNTK which comes from Microsoft My colleague mark gave a talk last week at the open source leadership summit But and he pointed out that Especially in a space like AI ML where it's a lot of its experiments It's really really important that the data sets and the code itself Be open source because that's the only way you can actually reproduce an experiment somebody publishes a paper and they said Oh, we've improved vision this much or we can you know identify faults in airplanes as much How can you reproduce that experiment if you don't have access to the software and the data sets? So certain areas in particular open source is just like really really led leading and that and you can't Work in that space without working with open source and and then contributing back And then finally we changed Inside the company, I don't know what the what the number is but we've expanded enormously we hire a lot of software developers and It's you know when I came to Microsoft in 2000 other than using GCC and a couple of the things like that I didn't have a lot of open source experience You pretty much can't hire anyone from the rest of industry certainly not on a college anymore That doesn't have open source experience so that means that they understand open source much better and Are you know and their resumes depend on open source and they're not going to come work for you if they can't work on Open source so that's the thing and Our leadership has changed and I'll talk a little bit more about that in a second But the combination of if you have a groundswell of Your employees and you have leadership that's changed. That's the sort of thing that requires to change culture Now the culture of Microsoft is a developer culture. We have had a lot of other products over the years, but Bill and Paul started the company writing basic they were programmers writing a product for other programmers and that and even though Office and Windows and Azure now have eclipsed the developer division as being the biggest business components of Microsoft Developer division is in many ways still that extension of basic That's why C sharp and TypeScript and for that visual basic were still being developed in developer division and I Spent a lot of my time in developer division I still think a developer division is kind of the core of the company But basically Microsoft is a company by of and for developers There was somebody who tweeted just for Zell some of you mean no a couple weeks ago. She saw Scott Guthrie Who's one of the vice presidents of Microsoft giving a talk and she said Microsoft has a lot of nerdy executives And I was reminded of that and I didn't send it to her but like You know when I was growing up if you looked up the word Nick nerd in the dictionary Which probably wasn't in the dictionary, but if you had it had a picture of Bill Gates So it's only not that surprising that that that's still kind of the case and Developers love open source It's just the we like to be able to get our hands on the code If you have a choice between not having the code having the code it'll take having the code every single time We like to be able to show off to each other what we have worked on It's a great way to learn. I learned operating Simpsons using Andy town and bonds book the thing that was before Linux was that Minix. What was it? That way and you know the fact of the source code was available made it that you know He had the professor handed out these courses and we went in and we implemented kernel features that was impossible without so another great reason to love open source and It's especially valuable in these times of rapid change Because what's changed things are so changing so fast. You really want to have access to the code so that you can Figure out what's changing maybe freeze it at some point and have a lot of control over What's going on Now from a business point of view One of the best advantages of open source is it allows you to scale your development beyond What can be done any single organization no matter how big you are and how many Developers you hire You can never get All or even most or even more than a small percentage of all the smart people that are working on code in the world and especially We tend to have common problems. So why should we you know all do our own separate thing? and so Talking about leadership then we get to this guy sacha was a developer Uh At microsoft and before microsoft So he fits very much into that culture if you think about our our leadership It is heavily dominated by developers Bill and paul sacha Scott got three terry mierson who runs Windows that all almost all the executives at microsoft have a development background Our former ceo was not a developer He is however famous for speaking very loudly and repeatedly about how much he loved developers So when sacha came in one of the first things he'd Seeded to do was he felt that he had me Needed to make some cultural changes in the company There were a lot of things that were not going as well as they could and sacha was brought in to change them He's written this book hit refresh I'm not here to sell you any microsoft products. I'm not here to plug sacha's book I enjoyed reading it as a microsoft employee. I learned a lot about sacha and about how he thinks And I pulled out just a couple of quotes. Uh, I really like this first one Leaders must be boundless and globally minded in seeking solutions He asks us to be Think all the time about customers And not worry so much about Organizational boundaries or technological boundaries. Some of this is just the old thing outside the box A lot of this is targeted at microsoft's historically highly stylized Internal organization, but I also know and because he's talked about it that this includes partnerships and open source That you know try and figure out what the best solution for the customer is and and and seek on that and so this next story Is uh, he talks about him and scott guthrie Traveling to a customer when they were just starting out with azure. I don't know exactly how long this was It was already underway when I joined azure. So it means it was more than five years ago But it was scott was there. So it was Less than seven years ago when scott joined azure And they talked to this customer and they came out and they realized that they really really needed to Support linux and azure in order to succeed And the interesting part was is he said here this posed a profound cultural change because you know Drucker said that culture will eat strategy for breakfast every single time And sacha realized that this group of people that were used to proprietary software and being windows First and things like that you would have to make a cultural change in order to Follow through on the strategy or the work would just not be well done Make a little bit of a change of of tone. I'll come back to some of that in a moment, but I want to talk about power community If you don't have a community You might as well just be proprietary source. There's honestly a lot of The open source development things github and stuff are very convenient even if you're just doing private development But you know, it's really the community that separates open source from In private development, so I want to talk a little bit about our experiences with community I haven't talked to this point about perhaps the most famous open source project dot net and a little bit of the journey here Steve was involved in 2001 2002 when we referenced we did a kind of a reference Code drop of some of the dot net code Then in 2008 scott gut three who was working in web technologies and worked and was one of the creators of asp.net open source the entire asp.net Web framework for for use And then a few years later. We followed up by Slowly open sourcing other parts of of net Like the compiler which was new and easy Some of the old code it was a little bit harder to get into shape where it was useful in open source You need to have documentation you need to have tools so people can build that sort of thing It takes a little while it literally if I recall it took two or three years for the the dot net team To literally build the infrastructure for this large code base so that it was useful in in open source And one of the things I always tell people when they want to open source something is do not expect people to show up and do your work This is a bad idea I've had someone recently Approach us and say yeah, we've got this thing. We don't really want to work on it But think we'll put it in the community and maybe the community will fix all the bugs It's not how it works at all. You might have a partnership You may have somebody comes says we'll work on you with it But other than that this is a bad bad idea and the dot net community The leadership knew this well enough from asp.net and other things like that. They were not expecting it So they were very very surprised When we opened up the github count An hour before we announced it we had pull requests before was announced Over half the the contributions to dot net now are coming in from people outside of microsoft A great example, uh, samsung Has got these tizen tvs that run dot net They did a large chunk of the work to make dot net work on arm processors Qualcomm and intel have been doing custom cpu optimization for For dot net to make their chips shine, which is another interesting point about communities You can have people that competing directly with each other inside a community working together to improve the product Together I want to give another example. How many people here have heard of visual studio code? I never know my audience half the time it's type script and half the time it's visual studio code So visual studio code is a lightweight editor Eric gamma who some of you might know as one of the authors of the gang of four design pattern books in the 90s Works at microsoft. They used to work on eclipse And visual studio is this Great, I both love and hate visual studio. It's great if you're using c sharp and you're willing to install lots of software on your System and it it helps you all the way through the process But in other language communities and people working on other operating systems There's much more likely to be a system where it's just like here's code On the file system. We just want an editor that we can point it at Debugger's nice intelligence completion things like that And so the visual studio code base and I worked on visual studio for a little while. There's no way you're ever reporting that anywhere So eric basically and his team started from scratch built on electron and built this uh thing visual studio code and it's him I told you I wasn't going to sell you anything from microsoft I'm going to sell you this And the good point is it's free. So just go try it and if you don't like it, you know delete it It works on mac linux and windows It's easy to install at and um a couple things that last year The state of the javascript of javascript survey. They found it was the most popular editor among javascript developers Just last week or maybe it was week four the golang language survey came out and it's also the most uh popular editor among golang developers And I looked into that survey a little bit more just to see And you can see this is not a typical microsoft community the largest number of desktop operating system people using The golang in this thing. They're using linux then mac. There's like one mac guy or one mundos guy And and among cloud things it's like azure's way way down the list behind, you know Posters I've never heard of so it's it's not a typical like a bunch of microsoft people and they love visual studio code These are people that like visual studio code because they like visual studio code um Another thing about contribution how many people know what an open source program office is or does so Nithya knows very very well, so if you're at a larger company you have this Very likely to have a problem of controlling all of the open source activity that's uh going on And I say this in it's Can be bad for the company and it can be bad for the community and can be bad in lots of different ways um You do not generally want your developers to uh understand how the licenses all all work and likewise Um developers don't want to know how those licenses work. How many of you who've ever signed a CLA contributor license agreement? So it As a developer the first time that thing pops up and there's a long list of things that you have to say and it's legalese It's just like moment of terror and I need to go find a lawyer to help me understand it So an open source program office among other things they help the developers understand these licenses And they track them to make sure that they're not misuse of the license not violating The license they also track all the different versions of the software So if it needs to be patched or something we can find the people and say hey, you know, there's an upgrade And a patch so microsoft uh has got so many Open source activity now that a few years ago we created an open source program office If rob today was to try and release Uh wicks instead of going off and meeting for lawyers for days He would literally enter into a tool a description of the thing what license he wanted to do and it would be semi-automatically approved Uh and and and a few days later. He'd be able to release that that software Now our open source program office, uh, they have to gather an enormous amount of better data. Where's the code? What's the license? What's the copyright? Etc. Etc. If you work at amazon you have to have where's the code? What's the license? You know, where's Who's the copyright arm? Google Some bank everybody And the odd thing is is that with just the last few years There's a bunch of projects on the linux foundation other to try and formalize this thing But there's actually not been much of crowdsourcing or open source applied to this problem So our open source program office in conjunction with people at amazon, uh qualcom Uh eclipsed foundation has open sourced this thing called clear to find it's basically an open source database of metadata about open source projects Which raises the question of whether it's registered with itself but anyway, um This is another example. I think of us trying to contribute back to community and also gain some power with community partnerships Such as part of this boundary list thing is very big on partnerships This quote from the uh the book I uh enjoyed He said He stood up on stage And there was a slide saying Microsoft hearts linux and he announced a partnership with red hat And similar to my experience at the linux foundation board then Um, I was involved And still involved very closely with red hat and I love all these these are a bunch of my other uh partners In the cloud But one of the most fascinating things about sitting down with red hat was when we realized that we were not competitors That all those questions about rel versus windows and java versus dot net Enterprises had made all those decisions and developers had made all those decisions 15 more years ago And at that point we realized that together We can help our users Especially since what they've decided to really do is use both we can help them much more than we can Working individually and the same goes with uh these other partners The dot net uh team found something similar This is a little bit of a reverse. So this is the technical stirring group members for the dot net foundation They get to decide what projects are approved and not approved as part of dot net and you'll notice here red hat and google and uh Jet bit brains are on on these things these three companies um all compete with uh microsoft in various ways and In some cases compete with each other But the same sort of thing they have customers that want to use dot net And at that point they want to have some influence and know that Microsoft can't just go off and arbitrarily change dot net and break all their customers or break all their products. So They've come in and and joined the technical steering group committees Now our journey isn't over. We're only part way through. We're not at the end. We're not at the beginning To paraphrase tertial. I think we're at the end of the beginning. We still have a lot to learn Um But I do want to just give you a very quickly a brief Overview we have a lot of other open source activity going. I'm going to call out just a couple real quickly Microsoft acquired linkedin last year or maybe the year before I can't remember now um Linkedin created kafka and is believe the largest user of kafka in the world But it all turned out that uh bing was either second or third on that list Long time before linkedin was ever part of microsoft I mentioned our hadoop services R is a statistical language used by data scientists We're heavily involved with that project Project Olympus is an open source hardware thing. There's a thing called the open compute project Where facebook and microsoft and series of other companies have open sourced the hardware designs for the servers inside our data centers If you go out to our booths someone can show you bash for windows, which is exactly uh Well, isn't quite exactly what it sounds like, but it's actually not just bash It's the entire user space of linux running on top of a kernel emulator So that it runs on top of windows we call it bash for windows because we don't really think that thing is ready for Prime time as this is your mission critical casandra database running On windows through this kernel emulation thing, but there are so many command line utilities in the unix world and In the linux world and we wanted to get those enabled on uh windows And go on and on So this is more or less the end of my talk I wanted to say Thank you for having me and say briefly a few things about we're not done with this journey The world's gonna keep changing It's just I don't think it's gonna slow down any sort of way at all the technological changes So we're gonna have to keep changing with it and open source will have to keep changing with it too We're our open source culture. We are not done by any means the the understanding of open source and the our approach to open source Is still evolving every day as around the company Our open source skill set will improve if I walk into most buildings at microsoft I can still throw a rock and bounce it off two good windows engineers A few years ago any question about linux went to a very small set of us. That's a much larger group now at microsoft but it's still heavily uh Balanced the other way and that uh will change as we uh hire more and more people in those areas over the next few years And and finally occasionally I get asked Could this change if sacha or scott goes away? Could we ever uh go back to being uh a proprietary software or purely proprietary software company or anti open source? And i'm gonna say no very distinctly because the world has changed all those things I said before That our people have changed if uh, you know, someone new came in at the top They'd still have to do to convince all you know unders houseburg Who loves doing typescript on an open source and eric gama who loves visual studio code and our customers who are running linux Uh on top of azure to go somewhere else. So I just don't think uh, that is very likely But don't trust me. Don't take us by word. Simply watch what we do I think we're going to do a lot more in open source the next few years and uh, I hope you Agree and I hope you enjoyed this little history Hello, there we go Cool. So thank you very much Sean for for sharing your journey with us. Um Thank you so much for having me Before you take off we still got some questions and we still got some things for you Okay, uh, so the first is uh, you know, I mentioned that scale is a family And one of the things that we like to do is uh, to thank you for joining us as a keynote speaker Is to we're welcome you to the scale family and so we've got your twitter handle on the back here My high school nickname so having on the back of a sports jersey is very appropriate. Yeah, so, uh, hopefully what we hope We hope you'll wear that proudly We do have a few minutes for q&a if folks want to ask john questions about his talk or about microsoft's, uh open source journey or or other topics you may have in mind While we're doing that I'll also mention that shortly after this in this room is scale 101 All of you that raised your hand and said you're here at scale for the first time You're welcome to stay back and ask some questions of the organizers and learn a little bit more about how scale works And where to find time today. So if you got questions, let me know come around to the mic We'll start over there. We'll work our way back Yep Hi there. I'm uh, brian from pandora. Is it off? Hi there, brian from pandora radio. Thank you for the talk. I just wanted to ask a little more clarifications What sort of licenses does microsoft like or approve or is that a hassle? it is on So the question was that if there were if there were any specific licenses that microsoft prefers to use For your projects Yeah, the the default license for things right now that are going up In microsoft is first to be compatible with the licenses of that community. So obviously linux's gpl We have been and we have a lot of things that are patchy because cncf and kubernetes and things like that are patchy MIT is the one by default if there's no other thing and the open source programming office Well, we'll actually advise people on that just a comment one thing that caught my attention was your your thing about the Well at one time I was a config manager and I struggled to learn how to use install shield to do Installation so I take that this thing here makes that a nightmare from the past and you'll never will see that again Yes, thank you I remember I had forgotten about install shields. So you mentioned it. Yes Could you expand a little bit on the uh concept of network disaggregation? It sounds kind of like a paradox So the question is could I expand on network disaggregation? Remember when I said that my first six months in azure, I didn't know anything I still don't know much about software to find networking So I I went the wrong person to ask that particular question Sorry A skill server being the flagship product of microsoft How do you think you will make more money when you have my sql and postgres the same stack as You know a skill server. So what would you think would be your business model to make more money? Selling a skill server or not? You know giving away So that's a really great question. I couldn't hear everything you said The gist of it I said was if we have my sequel and postgres services And sequel service how can we make as a business more money? Than we can't we're just having one well the the answer is the customers have spoken they want multiple Different languages and other things and so they're just like google has gone and said we got to have dot net support Our platform we have to support multiple languages multiple databases to expand the the addressable Group of market that that's the pure Calculus of the business planner guy Uh, it seems like they're with the move of microsoft towards open source There's also a big movement towards educating people about microsoft services So is that also a possibility for students especially to learn more about microsoft and be More beneficial to the microsoft company. Yeah, absolutely. And in fact, uh, the question is is is there a way for students to learn more about microsoft? And in fact, there's a series of things my colleague here Jose Miguel parole may be able to help you more specifically But just recently we worked together with the linux foundation to create a series of courses about how to use Linux and use it on azure and that's program we built partly, you know, obviously for Customers and others who want to learn about linux, but also Just honestly we have so many of our internal staff that don't know much about linux And so we've been Rolling that training out internally Awesome. Um, well, thank you very much john for joining us. I think we've probably thanks again our q&a time


Hello everyone, today we are going to study IEEE 802.5 token ring frame format. In my last video, I have explained what is token ring and how the breakages are find out with the help of wire center and how the break station is eliminated by using the bypass relay. So, learning outcomes are at the end of this session student will be able to describe IEEE 802.5 token ring frame format, they will also explain how ring maintenance is carried out in token ring. Let us start with the token ring frame format. Token ring frame consists of various field. First is start delimitator and the end delimitator. Start delimitator and end delimitator reserved 1-1 byte for itself. Start delimitator and end delimitator specifies the start and the end of the frame. It contains invalid differential Manchester pattern to distinguish them from data byte. So, what is Manchester and differential Manchester, I have explained it in my last video. Differential Manchester and Manchester, it represent the transition in the middle of bit. That means, when the one signal is there, it represent the signal high to low and when 0 is there, it represent low to high, but ring in this IEEE 802.5 token ring, it shows the pattern high high and low low. So, this is invalid pattern, invalid pattern to distinguish from the data bytes. Then the next field is access control, which reserved 1 byte for itself. So, it contains the priority bit, token bit, monitor bit and reservation bit. Priority bit that means, from this 1 byte, first 3 bits are reserved for priority bit. When all these 3 bits are 0 0 0, that means that frame has lowest priority and if these bits are 1 1 1, that means has a highest priority. So, similarly token bit, monitor bit and reservation bit has its specification specified to work. So, this priority bit, token bit, monitor bit and reservation bit, I have explained in my previous video. The next bit is frame control, that is FC. The frame control byte indicate whether the frame contain data or control information in control frame, this byte specify the type of control information. We will see what is frame control and how these bytes are reserved for the various frame in this video only. So, the next field is destination address and source address. 2 6 byte field that identify the destination and source station MAC address. The next field is data field which is the no limit field, but the maximum length is limited by the ring token holding time which define the maximum time a station can hold the token. So, if we compare this token ring with the previous LAN that is Ethernet and token bus, see data capacity is higher than the previous one. Then the next field is checksum, it reserved 4 byte for itself. This checksum is filled by the source station with the calculated value depends on the frame content. The destination station recalculate the value to determine whether the frame was damaged or not and if it found the frame is damaged it immediately discard that frame. Then the last byte is FS that is frame status. Frame status is a byte or is a field which is not present in Ethernet and token bus. So, this is something a special frame status field present in token ring. So, here it contains 2 bits A bit and C bit. When the frame is arrived at the interface of the station, interface check whether that particular frame has destination address or not. If the destination address is present then the A bit is turn on or interface turn on the A bit. If that frame contain data then that frame is copied into the interface of that station then interface set C bit, C bit as a 1 or it turn on the C bit. So, similarly there are 3 possible combinations. So, if A equal to 0 that means the destination address is not present, if C equal to 0 that means the frame is not arrived and not copied to interface. Now, the next combination is A equal to 1 and C equal to 0 that means the destination address is present but frame not accepted. The third combination is A equal to 1 and C equal to 1 that means the destination address is present and frame is copied to the interface. So, this is about the all fields of token ring. Now, pause the video think about this question and write down the answer. The question is in token ring which field is present only in data or command frame but not in the token frame. These are A, SD that is start frame delimiter, B, AC access control, C, ED that is end frame delimiter and D, FC that is frame status and the answer is frame status. This field is present only in the data or command frame because a token frame consists only three fields that is SD, AC and ED, therefore the option D is the correct answer. Now, let us move toward the token ring maintenance. In token ring LAN ring maintenance is fully decentralized way. Each token ring has a monitor station that oversees the ring. If monitor goes down, contention protocol immediately elected other station as a monitor station. There are various responsibility carried out by monitor station and these are seeing that the token is not lost, taking the action when the ring breaks, cleaning the ring when the garbled frame appears and watching out for the orphan frames. So, there are various type of erroneous frame present in a ring during the transmission. So, these frames are orphan frames, lost token and garbled frame. So, what do you mean by orphan frames? So, here the monitor detect orphan frames by setting the monitor beat in the access control byte, ok. If an incoming frame has the beat set something is wrong, so the same frame has passed the monitor twice and evidently it was not recovered by the source. So, the monitor drain that token when that frame is a orphan frame. Then the next is lost token. The monitor has a timer that set to the longest possible tokenless interval. When each tokenless interval that means what? When each node transmit for the full token holding time. If this timer goes off, the monitor drain the ring and issue a fresh token to that particular ring. Then the third is garbled frame. The monitor can detect such kind of frames by their invalid format or checksum. That means when the frame is arrived at the interface, the station check the checksum field first and then it find out whether that frame is a garbled frame or a non garbled frame. So, such type of frames are drain from the ring and issue a fresh frame or a fresh token. Now let us see ring maintenance or ring maintenance with the help of frame control. Now frame control reserved 1 byte for itself. So how many beats are present? Yes, total 8 beats are present. When all these 8 beats are 0, 0, 0, 0 then the duplicate address test is provided. That means what? That means what? When this session found, there are two stations which having the same addresses. So, at that time station sends duplicate address test, ok. Now then the next frame is beacon frame. When the frame control field set to 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0 then the beacon frame is sent which is used to locate the break in the ring. Then the next frame control is claim token, ok. It is attempt to become a monitor. When the ring has been initialized and any one station want to become a monitor station then it sends the claim token frame to the ring and it become a monitor. Then the next frame is purge frame. So, why purge is used to re-initialize the ring, ok. When in a previous ring when all station has transmitted its data and it does not have anything to transmit then it sends the purge to re-initialize the ring. Then the next frame control is active monitor present. Now suppose in a ring a monitor is selected or any one station that becomes a monitor. So that monitor issue periodically its present into a ring by sending active monitor present frame. And the another frame is a standby monitor present. So suppose that active monitor is dead for some time, ok. Then the other station sends the claim token to become a active monitor, ok. So at that time that second station sends the standby monitor present frame to announce that the presence of the potential monitor and it become a monitor till the first one get activate. So this is the ring maintenance of token ring. So in this video we have studied the frame format of token ring and the how ring maintenance takes place during the ring. These are the references, thank you.