We will continue with our discussion on non-deterministic finite automata. There is one particular way of thinking of NFAs, non-deterministic finite automata, which is very useful. And that is this, that you may consider that NFAs have the ability of guessing and then checking. The work of an NFA, the way or what it is doing, that is the language it is accepting, it is useful to think in terms of this guess and check methodology. Let me first take a very simple problem and then through that problem I will try to explain this guess and check paradigm. Consider this language L, this is the set of all strings over 0, 1 such that x has 0, 1, 0 as substrate. You have seen this or similar problem before and you know how to do it in DFA. But let us see and convince ourselves that how this view of guess and check gives us a very simple NFA for this language. Now when you are thinking in terms of this guess and check, first of all we consider only the strings in the language. We are not bothered with the strings which are not in the language. So what is the property of all strings which are in the language? So such a string may be anything but there will be some somewhere this substring will occur and then there may be another part, non-empty part following this 0, 1, 0. So imagine an automaton which is looking at the input bit by bit then it guesses when the 0, this 0 of the interesting substring 0, 1, 0 comes in the input. So input let us take a particular example. Let us say we had 1, 1, 0, 1, then we had 0, 0, then we had 0, 1, 0 and 1, 0, 1, 1. This is the string. To make it a little more interesting this same problem, let me make the occurrence of 0, 1, 0 as the first occurrence of 0, 1, 0 here. So as you can see in this string 0, 1, 0 is occurring. So therefore this particular string is in the language. Now imagine an automaton m and this is the input which is given to this automaton. It sees this first 1, then it sees second 1, then it sees 0. Now as I said it has the ability to guess of these 0s which is the 0, which is of interest and that you can see it is in this 0. So in a way what this automaton does it will wait, it will keep on skipping these symbols one after another guess which is the 0 of the substring 0, 1, 0 in the language in the string. So that is this 0. Then it needs to verify that starting from here there is indeed a substring 0, 1, 0 starts. So that is the checking part. So how does an automaton check that 0, 1, 0 this just this substring 0, 1, 0. So it requires these states. This is in the state in it is in some state and then it sees this 0 it comes to this sees this 1, sees this 0. So the point I am trying to make is this that it is like the DFA. We said in this state it remembers that I have seen the first 0, here it remembers I have seen I have seen 0, 1 and then here it says 0, 1, 0. But the entire string is of course more than this. Now imagine or automaton looks like something like this that there is this transition which in because of which the machine can remain in this state either on input 0 or input 1. And non-determinism is coming here first of all that you see on 0 from this state either you can come to this state or one can goes to this state. This guess and check paradigm of understanding non-determinism is that the machine guesses which is the 0, where which is the first or which is the 0 at which the substring 0, 1, 0 in the string is starting. So let us say it makes this case here and now the automaton has the requirement of verifying that it is indeed the 0 of 0, 1, 0. So then it 0, then 1, then 0 it is in this state. And now after that once it has verified that 0, 1, 0 is there then of course in this part of the string comes or you know in this particular concrete example 1, 0, 1, 1 come this substring comes. So here it should remain irrespective of whatever is the input bit and if the machine can come by here then we should see the string is accepted. Now in particular notice the verification means that after 0 if another 0 came then the verification fails and in case of NFA what does it mean? This is here and now is 0 came what would happen? Then of course the no transition is defined. So that particular computation path is aborted. So but before proceeding let me again see in this very simple automaton example of an NFA how that guess and check paradigm how the guess and check methodology is being brought into play. Whatever be the input the machine is trying to guess in the initial state where is the first 0 of 0, 1, 0. Now it guesses and this is what you have to always assume that the machine will guess correctly. What happens if it does not guess correctly? I will come to that a little later. But let us say it guesses correctly but that is not enough it should now verify that it is indeed the first 0 of 0, 1, 0. So that it does by doing making this transitions and at this point machine has verified it had guessed and that it has that this is the right 0 and then when it comes here it has checked that its guess is correct and once it is convinced that it is that is the machine's guess check is correct the machine is convinced that his guess was correct then it has no hesitation in accepting the screen. So this is it this is L this is the language accepted by this machine which accepts this particular language L. Now sometimes this question ask what happens if the machine guesses wrongly. Now suppose the machine guessed that this is the 0 of 0, 1, 0. Then what would happen? Of course it will so on one it remains here on the second one it remains here now it guesses that this is the 0 and now it will try to verify the next 3 bits are 0, 1, 0. It sees 0 fine so it comes here it sees 1 it will come here. Now instead of a 0 which it is expecting it sees a 1 this 1 then computation about. So a wrong guess on the part of the NFA will mean a computation path either which is about it or which leads to non-accepted correct guess and if the string is in the language would mean that the input will be accepted and the machine will be in the accepting state or final state. So in the same way we can think of the other language in fact now you see it is so simple to say that is the example we had given earlier similar example that the language x has 0, 1, 0 as a as substring or 1, 1 as a substring. So I can just say or 1, 1 as a substring. Then there are two things the machine guesses given a string in the language. Firstly is the string in the language because 0, 1, 0 there or is it because the substring 1, 1 is there in the language. So if it so you remember that in that case the NFA would look like this. So now you see on both 0 and 1 from this state it has two transitions defined on both either 0 or 1. Now so let us say I have again this string this is of course in the language for both because 0, 1, 0 is there, 1, 1 is there. But let us say the machine guesses that first that I will accept the string because 1, 1 is there and then it skips the 1 it remains here it 1 it remains here it 0. Now it you know it has already guessed and now it verifies that 1, 1 is here. So on the first one of 1, 1 it will come here, second one it comes here. So therefore on these two ones convinces the machine that the substring 1, 1 indeed occurs in the language and therefore whatever comes later it will remain in this state. So this is the same thing so it is so easy you see that in thinking in terms of guess and check this method to repeat myself again that NFA as if to accept a string it is guessing where the property which that makes the string in the language where in the that property is to be found in the string and then it is verifying it is checking that indeed that property is being obeyed by the string and after that it remains it is in the final state. The other example of NFA that we had seen so let us say something similar we had seen something another language like this let me call it l 1 is x in 0, 1 star. Now let me see the why not let us say the 10th bit from the right end is 1 and then suppose an input is comes something like this will make the 10th bit 1 here. So I will first write the 10th bit 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 right and this suppose this is the end and then I have something supposing this is the input and this should be there in the language l 1 clearly because 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10th bit from the right end is 1. So suppose I want to design an NFA to accept this language you have already seen what NFA should be but I am thinking in now in terms of this guess and check. So what should be the guess? The guess should be that this is the 10th bit and verification should be consisting of two things that this 10th bit is 1 and after that there are exactly 9 bits no more no less. So what let us see the machine is initially in a state and on 0 and 1 it remains here and then when the 10th bit comes which is from the right end the 10th bit 10th bit from the right end that time now it should verify that this is indeed the 10th bit. So 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 bit will lead me here 9th bit here 10th bit. So you see let me complete this do you care what is the 9th bit from the right end is you do not. So for verification should mean that 10th bit from the right end is 1 and after that there are exactly 9 more bits. So this either on 0 or 1 it will be here either on 0 or 1 0 or 1 0 or 1 0 or 1. So 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 1 0 or 1 and 10th bit comes here takes me here and now how do I verify this is indeed the there are no more bits after this by having no transition. So if the by this you started from here and then let us see whatever there are 9 exactly 9 other bits one comes here and then if there more bits then what happens then the NFA computation is not defined therefore the next state is not defined the that string or the guess where the 10th bit is not 1 but let us say 12th bit from the right end is 1 then there will be 2 extra bits. So at you are here and you will find one more input bit has come and then the NFAs computation from here by defining no transition out of this state I am ensuring that if this is not the 10th bit from the right end the string is not going to lead me lead the NFA to the accepting state this final state. So point I am trying to make is there are 2 aspects guess and check you see there are many ones coming before this but the 10th bit from the right end was this right 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 the one came the machine guess correctly let us say this is not the one which is the 10th bit from the right end this is this one is also not this one is also not when this one so all up to this point the machine remained in this initial state and when the 10th bit I mean 10th bit from the right end came it guess correctly that is how you should imagine that it guess correctly and then now it is verifying it is indeed the 10th bit from this. So these are 2 examples that we had seen and I have tried to explain by means of this guess and check methodology and this is actually how you if you think that way think the design of an NFA becomes quite simple in many cases. Let us take a new example and that example will be as following our next example for NFA where I would like to begin explain exemplify this guess and check methodology is this suppose L is regular and now I am defining another language using this L as follows. We are saying that L 1 and without loss of generality let me say and L is a subset of 0 1 star to that means L consists of binary string and L 1 is all y in 0 1 star so again of course binary strings such that there is an x in L you see that is how I am using this L to define this new language L 1 there is an x in L from which or let us say which is flip or 1 bit of which is a binary string. Which is flip there is an x in L 1 bit of which is flip to obtain this y let us see clearly. We are saying L 1 is that language where this is these language consists of binary string and if you take a string in L 1 you will find an x in L and such that if you flip 1 particular bit of this x that bit may be anywhere in x and exactly 1 bit so let me let me emphasize this 1 by saying that this is exactly 1 bit of which is flip to obtain this particular string y so let me let me make this clear supposing my language was like this 0 1 1 0 1 so what is L 1 now is it take this string 0 1 you flip this bit you will get the string 1 1 now this 1 1 should be in L 1 because I have obtained 1 1 by flipping this bit of 0 so similarly I could have flipped this bit also so I then I would have get gotten this string 0 0 right so from 0 1 by flipping 1 bit I would get this 2 string 1 0 1 if I flip the first bit I will get 0 0 1 if I get flip the second bit I will get 1 1 1 if I flip the last bit I will get 1 0 0 so therefore my language L 1 is 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 and 1 now if I ask you to tell me why this bit is in this language L 1 you will see if you flip I have asked you why this particular string is language L 1 you will see that is because you flip this bit the second bit you will get 1 0 1 and that is in the language L right it is clear what the language L 1 is and the problem is to show show that L 1 is regular now before we try to design the language L 1 you will see so and see basically what we are trying to do will be that will design an NFA for L 1 but I have not yet shown you that this will make L 1 to be regular but let me just say show that L 1 is accepted by an NFA at this point this should be the more appropriate question and later on we will see the set of languages accepted by NFAs precisely the set of languages accepted by DFA so once we know that then I could have invoked that to say to claim once I show that L 1 is accepted by an NFA that L 1 is also regular but at this point it is restrict ourselves to only prove that there is an NFA to accept L 1. So let me now remove this and once when you are confronted with this problem of course one thing you know one thing is that since L is regular there is a DFA M so I can write like this as L is regular there is a DFA M to accept L 1. Of course that comes by definition of regularity and now I want to decide an NFA so by NFA let us say so let me first of all say this M as the states Q and then of course its alphabet is 0 1 binary alphabet we are using and transition to L 1. Function is defined by delta Q 0 and F this is some N now I would like to define to define M 1 and NFA such that language accepted by M 1 is precisely the language L 1 which we have defined here. So let us think in terms of this guess and check business remember for designing that NFA all I am interested in is that if you give me any string of the language my NFA will be able to accept it and will think of the work of the NFA in terms of the guess and check. So you have given me a Y and this Y happens to be in L 1 this is a bit string now what should the NFA do guess and check so NFA has to guess which bit is the bit which was flipped from a string of L in order to get this particular string Y. So let us say it is just think conceptually first that this is the bit that was flipped the bit that is somewhere that is here. But that is not enough it is not enough saying that I have guessed therefore this but you need to verify that this fact what is that you need to verify there is an X in L who one bit flip exactly one bit flip gives me the string that you have given me as input suppose you just think in this way that suppose there was a 0 here and by flipping I will get a 1 here. So everything else remains same what can you say about this string new string. So this bit was 0 here you have flipped this one rest of the bits are exactly identical and now if this string is in the language L 1 then clearly this string should be in the this is the X which is in L how do you verify that this string is in language L the DFA obviously should accept it. So now we are getting a glimmer of what is to be done. So imagine a machine NFA which on successive bits behaves as if it is the DFA M on one exactly one particular input bit it flips the bit. So it was 0 here and it assumes as if the bit is 1 and then sees what the DFA would have done on this particular bit that is the state now the machine goes to machine in the sense the DFA goes to this M goes to our NFA is keeping track of that and then rest of the bits it behaves exactly like the machine M the DFA. So let me repeat to verify that Y is in L 1 what our NFA will do in the beginning it will keep track of the states the machine the DFA is in on successive bits then on one particular bit if it is 0 it will make the transition as if or it will it will it will see which is the state the DFA would go to had this bit been instead of 0 1 and then from that state onwards it just keeps track of what the DFA would do. Till the rest of the input and then at this point the NFA check will be over if the DFA is found to be in an accepting state. Let me describe this pictorial imagine this is the DFA this is the DFA M and this is the initial state and there may be a number of final states let us just see for the sake of this example illustration rather that there are two final states imagine we are thinking of a machine NFA which is consisting of two copies of this. So this is the two copies of course look like that excuse me and then imagine this is one of the states there are many other states but let me focus on one particular state and for the sake of illustration let us say on this is a DFA remember 1 0 it goes here and 1 on 1 it comes here of course in the copy also say let me even give names for this P Q R. So as I saying that this is one particular state and on 0 this DFA M would go to Q on 1 it goes to R on the copy also of course the similar same thing will happen identical thing this state P this state Q this state R right 0 and then 1 and now imagine my NFA is making use of these two copies to initially remember up to this point it is behaving exactly like the DFA. So it imagine at that time this is making use of this copy and suppose it sees now a 0 and the machine has given guessed the NFA has guessed that this is the 0 which was flipped right to up from a string which was in L. So actually DFA would have seen 1 so suppose so therefore the NFA on 0 also it can of course go here it also on 0 it can of course on 0 can go to this state R the state R. Now just look at this what I am trying to say is this that normally when the DFA is working of course on from the state P on 0 you go to Q on P if you on 0 if you go to R that means what another way of looking at it is that as if the bit 0 was flipped and because of that when we flip 0 you would see 1 and the DFA therefore should go to the state R. So similarly from this state P on 1 the normally on 1 it would go to R but if that particular bit 1 is the bit which was flipped then it on 1 it should go to as if it had seen a 0 the DFA would have seen a 0 and it would have gone to this Q instead. Then after that the machine remains here. So now of course this is let me complete at least the picture wise pictorially what the NFA will be this is the initial state initial state is the initial state of the first copy from every state of the first copy these kinds of these new transitions are defined. So either on 0 it can make a transition to its copy that will be the normal DFA working or what can be done is to imagine that 0 is flipped and then what happens then it would go to the copy here which the DFA would have gone from here on seeing a 1. So that is why you are coming here and then these are no longer these are which were the final states here are not final states of the NFA but these two the final states of the DFA in the second copy are the final states of the NFA. Now through this picture let me explain that guess and check the way it is happening the NFA starts its operation on this copy of DFA by the way why it is NFA because you see on every state on every symbol in this copy in this part of the state space of NFA by the way the NFA states will be the this set of these states plus the set of these states. So either on 0 it can come here or on 0 it can come here and so then they have full it is an NFA because and not a DFA because on 0 it has two transitions from here and similarly from 1 two transitions from here and that is the case for every state I have just shown you the case with one particular state but that is precisely what you will do for a write it more formally here later on. Let us understand the guess and check idea from here the machine NFA is working on the string it sees successive inputs it remains in this copy till it finds the bit which it guesses had it been flipped then the along with the flip bit the string would have been accepted by DFA. So it considers the effect of that flip comes to this copy and then again behaves like the DFA. So it is doing two things that you see to go from here to one of the final states on an input what is going to happen you may be here somewhere and then at some point you have to come to this part because the fine accepting states final states of the entire machine is so this m 1 is this entire thing right the initial state is this and the final states accepting states of these two. So you can see we are verifying that exactly one flip of the input if it is whether or not it would take the DFA from the initial state to one of the final it is one of its final states how am I making sure that exactly one flip you see you can the NFA has the ability to consider flipping any bit but after flipping the effect of flipping though the work happens in this copy and then no more flip can be entertain so exactly one one and exactly one flip is required to go from here to here alright. So let me let me more formally define this NFA m 1. So as I said that this is the m is this so what should be the states of m 1 so let me say m 1 is q 1, 0 1, delta 1, q 0 1 and f 1 right. So I would think of the way I have done it in this picture that q 1 is there are two things whether I what we need to remember is whether I mean this copy of DFA or in this copy of DFA and so therefore let me see. So q 1 you can see it has exactly twice the number of states of q because for every state q you can see the number of I have two states q 0 and q 1 and I would like to imagine q 0 are these states the first copy and q 1 are this. So how do I describe delta 1 so delta 1 now first let me describe suppose remember a transition function takes two things an input symbol and the state of the machine here suppose the state is q 0 and I have a 0. Now the machine can remain in this copy so that would mean essentially saying that it can remain in state delta of q and then this 0 has come remember this q is the state of the DFA 0 is the input symbol which is come so from q the DFA would go to delta q 0 and it is still in the first copy so that to indicate that I mean it is 0 and this is one state but it can go to another state also and which is that it considers this 0 as 1 and that would mean delta of q 1 and now it should be in this copy that I indicate by 1. So once more states of machine m 1 which is an NFA they keep track of two things what is the state of DFA and whether it is using the first copy of DFA or the second copy of DFA. So here it is that is why states are q 0 means it is in the top copy q 1 means it is the q of the second copy this is the set of states for q for m 1 the NFA and so let me state very clearly and this is NFA and of course the transition function tells me that it is an NFA because from this state on this symbol there are two ways of going. Similarly what is delta 1 of q 1 sorry q 0 on 1 right it is now you can see if it if the NFA chooses to remain in the first copy then it is just this that this is delta from on q it has seen a 1 so it is 1 please do not get confused between this delta 1 and this delta now you are talking of the DFA q on 1 q on 1 this is the state and it has it is going to this state that means it is assuming that it is still in the first copy. So therefore it is 0 but it can also take this 1 to be the flip bit right in that case the state would be delta of q 1 has come flip it which is 0 q 0 right but now it is in the second copy so right clearly and this is q 1 right now the role of the picture is over since we are thinking in terms of doing it explicitly writing out explicitly so what can you say about delta 1 of q 1 0 now it is q 1 means we are talking of the second copy so it should be delta of q 0. And it will remain in the second copy right it is an NFA we will write like this as a subset of states remember that this whole thing is a state of the NFA and similarly delta 1 of q 1 1 is delta of from q it has seen 1 to q 1 0. And since it is in the second copy it will remain in the second copy and other two things so for the NFA I have said q 1 what is 0 1 what is delta 1 q 0 will be what now you can see q 0 is going to be the state it is the q 0 of the DFA and the first copy so this state is to be taken as this way that it is q 0 0 this is the state and f 1 which are the states all those states which are ending with second component is 1 and the state component of the DFA is the final state right. But the main point of this example was that guess and check method. This NFA has the ability I mean it is using its ability of guessing which is the bit which is flipped see every time it will it can guess oh this is in that picture if you went back to the picture which I had just rubbed out that for every input bit it is seeing it has the choice of guessing whether it is the bit which it should consider flip and then see what the DFA will do. And then it is verifying also that one bit is flipped exactly one bit is flipped and on this flip one bit new string will take the machine the DFA from an initial state to one of from the initial state to one of its final state. So, this is a slightly more involved use of our understanding for our understanding of guess and check methodology of describing NFS and their work and this is one way at a very useful way whenever non-determinism is there will encounter non-determinism in other kinds of automata be Turing machine or be pushed or automata wherever non-determinism is there it is often in fact most often it is very useful to think in terms of this guess and check method.


14th of August 1997, India was celebrating 50 years of its independence, and the capital New Delhi was witness to this vibrant performance, owed to the nation's freedom march, composed and sung by A. R. Rahman, which is the countryside of Gorakhpur district in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Less than six decades back, this district was the fiefdom of landlords who levied their own taxes. Today Gorakhpur is divided into three districts, with a fourth likely to emerge soon. Zamindari is gone, and the Second Green Revolution has transformed the district from a malaria-infested flood-prone swamp into one of UP's agriculturally prosperous districts. Abolition of Zamindari has been very, very significant in terms of the social development in a country. Consequently, what you find is that the earlier tenant castes or tenant classes have now moved into those places which were vacated by the Zamindars. And while they have not become Zamindars themselves, there has been a significant upward mobility. And this upward mobility can be evidenced not only in terms of the economic strength, but also politically. Earlier the Zamindars or their facto terms spoke on behalf of these people. How these people are speaking for themselves? Progressive legislation was an instrument that emancipated the stratified Indian mind. All that we have talked about in the past can become a reality because now the women have become decision makers. They are within the past structure at the local level. And you see there are one million women. I keep saying even if 25% of them are able really to assert themselves and bring in change, you have set in motion a social revolution in this country. If the Green Revolution brought prosperity to the farming class, the nationalization of banks in 1969 unshackled many peasants from perpetual indebtedness to the rapacious landlord and moneylender. Allegations that there were subsequent misuse of bank loans by politicians to increase their vote banks did not dilute the revolutionary impact it had on the Indian countryside. Loans from these nationalized banks empowered economically a new class of peasantry. During the last half century it is in the small towns that a new India is also emerging. These towns have become a nucleus for a variety of industrial products. Aligarh has become famous for manufacturing over 90% of all the locks made in the country. The Gulgaon in Haryana is where almost 30% of bicycles are manufactured. By 1991 the country was coming to terms with its social disorder. A disorder created by the assertions of a new class of empowered citizens and by a rival attempt to mold religion into a political agenda. The economy had found itself frozen in its overt concerns with socialism and dependence on state intervention. It was in this period that the country took a radical step to stride out of a past mindset and embrace a global economic vision.


Hello, welcome back to the next segment of thermodynamic discussion. So far we have discussed the important thermodynamic properties work, energy and heat and how they are connected to each other with the first law of thermodynamics. So in the next part we will discuss one important parameter enthalpy. Let us take a look into. So now say we have a particular surrounding and over there we have a system where this system is expandable say it is a gas. So this system has a initial volume of V1 then we are making some changes in this full system where the initial system was this. And now we are expanding the system and now the system has increased this volume and we say it is the final volume after we completed that process is equal to V2. And in this process to make sure that this volume change happens we have to give some heat to the system. And as we have discussed earlier we will say that as plus Q because the heat is going inside the system. Now what is the overall energy change when we go from the initial state to the final state. So it is given by energy of the final state minus energy of the initial state. This particular system we are actually trying to find out. Now over here let us say I am writing this as E2 minus E1 where 1 is the initial state whereas 2 is the final state. Now over here with respect to first law of thermodynamics we can write it is Q minus W we are writing is minus W because the volume has increased and that increase has happened because the system itself is doing the work. And when system does the work we put it a minus sign. So it is Q minus W. Now if I rewrite that as Q equal to delta E plus W. So it is just bringing the W from the right hand side to the left hand side and I am writing that again. Now over here what is delta E? It is nothing but E2 minus E1 as it is given over here. Now what is the overall work done? So over here the work done is actually the increase of volume and now say I am assuming there is very critical assumption is that this process actually taken place at constant pressure. So if that process actually happened under constant pressure then the work done can be given in the form of P into V2 minus V1. So the volume change that we did during that process into the pressure. So with respect to that I can again rewrite Q equal to E2 minus E1 plus P into V2 minus V1. So this is I am expanding the W.  So I am just putting all the things with subscript 2 at one side all the things with subscript 1 into the other side. So with respect to that I can say these parameters are giving me the idea what is happening in the final state and these parameters are giving me what is happening in the initial state. So instead of writing E2 plus P V2 or E1 plus P V1 I can write a totally new parameter which actually come with both this thing combined together and I write it as H and writing H2 to correspond with that 2 state or final state and this is H1 or the initial state and this is I can write it is a change in this particular parameter H and this H factor is known as the enthalpy. Again coming back to this particular system we will have a system where it is surrounded by surrounding I am giving it to some heat and at constant pressure it is increasing the volume from V1 to V2. During that pressure at constant pressure when it is increasing the volume the overall work done is P into V2 minus V1 and over there during this process what is happening following the first law of thermodynamics the heat that is actually given to the system can be explained as a difference of a new factor a new property known as H and this H is known as enthalpy which is mathematically written in the form of E plus P V. So, when we discussed about enthalpy and I am saying H is equal to E plus P V what does this particularly mean and as we just say that Q is nothing but delta H we can say this enthalpy factor has something to do with the factor heat and that is why we can say H or enthalpy is nothing but the heat content of that particular system because it is given by the heat parameter and it is a combination of energy and work done of the volumetric work where it is getting expanded all together connected to this enthalpy. So, now if we want to discuss further more we can take a look that the delta H is equal to nothing but delta E plus P delta V which is nothing but E2 minus E1 and V2 minus V1 that you have done earlier and over there again the assumption still corrects is that we have done that under a constant pressure. Now, once this particular parameter we got delta E plus P delta V we can say the change in enthalpy delta H is nothing but change in energy plus the expansion work done over here. Now, consider three different states solids, liquids and gas what happens over there. In the case of solids and liquids we know the change in volume is pretty low. So, over there delta V almost close to 0. So, in that scenario delta H becomes delta E because this particular factor over there P delta V it actually goes to close to 0. So, over there we can say in this case the enthalpy is nothing but change in the energy of the system. So, that is giving us an idea what is happening inside the system during the process. So, enthalpy is a very intrinsic process, intrinsic parameter for a particular system. Now, what happens for gases we know delta V is greater than 0. So, over there what will happen delta H will be equal to delta E plus a nonzero P delta V value. So, we can say at this case it will be greater than delta E. So, in case of the gases some work can be done by the system that means the gaseous system and in that case the enthalpy change will be higher than the energy change whereas in the solids it will be almost equal to the energy change. So, that is a big difference over there when we are doing this system under constant pressure and we are doing that for different systems like solids or liquids or gases. So, with respect to that we can connect enthalpy to the energy change and the possible work can be done by that system itself. Now, we go in another system when if we do the same system at a constant volume. So, over there I am not changing the volume at all. So, that means delta V is equal to 0 and in that case delta H is again going to become delta E. So, in the case of a constant volume system the enthalpy change will be equal to the energy change of the system no matter what whether this is a gas liquid or solid state. So, that is a background of the enthalpy change and the enthalpy change is directly connected to the overall energy change and we can connect it to the heat. So, that is why H or enthalpy is nothing but connected to the heat content of the system and this H or enthalpy can be used to figure it out what will be how much energy the system can take or give in the context of heat or heat capacity. So, this particular heat capacity is directly connected to the enthalpy factor and this is beyond the scope of this particular module, but later you can find it out all this heat capacity is we found Cv at constant volume or Cp at constant pressure they can be connected to this enthalpy factor and their actual derivation of their expression is directly connected to the enthalpy. So, that is why another reason to think about that the enthalpy has nothing but giving you an idea how much heat a system can actually hold during a process how much heat it can get exchange with the surrounding. So, that is why enthalpy becomes a very crucial factor. Now, we will go a little bit on some applications of that enthalpy factor. So, now when you talk about enthalpy we talk about the enthalpy of a particular process. So, let us say we are looking into a enthalpy of a reaction. So, how do I define an enthalpy of a reaction? So, enthalpy of a reaction is nothing but equal to enthalpy change during that reaction and we can figure it out by adding all the enthalpy value of all the products we are forming summing that up minus all the enthalpy of the reactants and whatever the value we will get that is going to be the enthalpy change for this particular reaction. Now, this is very important because that is going to connect with the exothermic and endothermic reaction that we have discussed earlier. We have discussed earlier that endothermic reaction is what where the energy is getting adsorbed into the system following a process where exothermic process is where the energy is getting released following that process. So, over here we can easily found if our delta H is greater than 0 that means the enthalpy of the product is higher than the reactant how we can do that. So, that means if I draw in a scale where I am drawing enthalpy and in this x axis I am drawing where the reactant or the products are if this is my reactant and I am saying delta H is greater than 0 that means delta H products is greater than delta H of the reactants and this can happen when the product enthalpy is higher and then I can subtract the product enthalpy to the reactant enthalpy and I can say delta H is greater than 0. For these things to happen my enthalpy of the product should be higher. So, I have to give this extra enthalpy to the system and where it is going to come from that is going to come from the surrounding to the system. So, that means system is actually nothing but absorbing energy. So, is delta H equal to 0 system is it presents a endothermic system or endothermic process. So, when a delta H is greater than 0 that means product enthalpy is higher than the reactant that extra enthalpy going to the product has to be supplied from somewhere and it is actually coming from the surrounding and this actually signifies there is a energy absorption during that process or nothing but endothermic process. So, this is for endothermic process and very similarly if we have a delta H less than 0 that means summation of my enthalpy of my products is actually lower than the summation of the enthalpy value of the reactants. That means over here if I want to draw there is my reactant my product is actually now low and that is why my delta H will be less than 0 and over there during this process what is happening my product is actually going down in enthalpy. So, it is releasing some of the enthalpy what was there in the reactant. So, from the reactant to product some of the enthalpy is lost and this enthalpy goes from the system to the surrounding that is the excess energy released. So, that is why this is nothing but a exothermic process. So, previously we have discussed what is an endothermic process. Now, we have a parameter that we can easily measure or easily quantify that can give me an idea whether I am having an endothermic process or a exothermic process and it is happening with respect to enthalpy. The enthalpy change we are going to measure which is nothing but enthalpy of the products minus enthalpy of the reactants and if this value is actually greater than 0 then this endothermic process if it is less than 0 it is exothermic process. So, do I need to remember it or we just need to remember the logic the logic is product minus reactant if the product is higher that means it is extra enthalpy. So, it is going to absorb some energy from the surrounding endothermic process and if my product is lower than the energy of the reactant. So, it is actually getting stabilized and releasing some energy that energy is going to be released. So, it is an exothermic process. So, that is why enthalpy we can use in the form and over there we can find out whether it is an endothermic or exothermic process. So, some example of endothermic and exothermic processes are as following. So, as we just said delta H greater than 0 it is an endothermic process also delta H less than 0 it is a exothermic process. So, over here for an example if we look into the melting of an ice this has a delta H value greater than 0. So, it is an endothermic process. So, some energy has to be absorbed in that system. Similarly, when we are looking into a combustion process in that case the delta H is actually less than 0. So, it is generally an exothermic process. So, in that way for different systems for different processes physical or chemical processes we can find out what is the overall energy change and that we can directly connected with respect to the enthalpy. And that is why we can find for different processes combustion we can find neutralization when an acid base reaction is happening over there there is a change of the enthalpy with respect to the initial acid and base and when the formation of the water and the salt happens. So, over there some of the enthalpy change can give you an idea whether it is a very favourable process or not. Similarly, formation of different compounds from its original constituent elements that you can also find out with respect to enthalpy and also fusion or melting processes for all these systems we can find a particular enthalpy change and that enthalpy change give us an idea whether or not the products are forming with respect to enthalpy it is higher or lower than the enthalpy of the reactant systems. Now, this enthalpy change is very critical because it can give us a very good idea with respect to a very important parameter as we know is known as bond energy or in thermodynamic term we can say it is a bond enthalpy. So, what is a bond energy or bond enthalpy? So, when we are actually creating a bond. So, when a bond is created and the amount of energy liberates during the bond formation and during that we are considering that the bond is forming from the two elemental atoms. So, from its elemental form when it is forming during that the energy liberated is nothing but the bond energy or bond enthalpy. So, it is nothing but we are measuring the bond enthalpy or the enthalpy of the system of the product and the reactant reactants are the two elemental atoms and product are the product we are forming. So, for an example we are combining carbon and oxygen and producing carbon dioxide. So, we are going to measure the enthalpy of the carbon dioxide as a product and subtract the enthalpy of the initial reactant that means the carbon and oxygen together and finding out what is the overall enthalpy change that is going to give me the bond energy or bond enthalpy of the each of the carbon oxygen bonds. Over there another example of this bond energy can be given in a way that considering the other direction the bond is already there. Now I am breaking the bond I am breaking a bond and the amount of energy is required to break that bond it is nothing but the bond energy or bond enthalpy. So, we are looking this system in two different ways either I have the elements and making the bonds. So, how much energy is liberated that is the bond enthalpy and sometime we have the bond and we are breaking that down and going to the elements and the energy released it is known as the bond enthalpy or bond energy. So, we can explain that in either of the direction. So, that is known as the bond energy or bond enthalpy. So, all the bond energy we are actually use all the times in chemistry physics and all the different requirements when we are actually using a chemical process all this bond energy is nothing but a manifestation how the bond enthalpy is actually been measured. So, bond energy is nothing but a direct representation of bond enthalpy change during the process of the bond formation. Now we go back to a very important term and how it is very much connected. So, it is found by a scientist named Hess and he name this law as Hess's law and I am going to write this and let you guys understand how we can actually follow this bond enthalpy to find out bond energies or the chemical energies or the enthalpy change for a particular process. So, it is given as the standard enthalpy of an overall reaction is the sum of the standard enthalpies of the individual reactions into which the overall reaction can be divided. So, that is a very important law and that is very important in the terms of measuring the enthalpy because sometime we find that we are doing a particular reaction and we are starting from A and B and going to C and I am going to find out what is overall enthalpy change for this process. But sometime it is very tricky and what we can connect it and expand it further the formation of A formation of B and their enthalpies and all those enthalpies can be connected together to give you an example. Let us take an example of the enthalpy change of C 6 H 14 which is a hexane and this hexane is in the gaseous form and in this gaseous form if I want to go to its original elements carbon and hydrogen the enthalpy change is 197 kilo joule per mole that is the unit kilo joule is the energy unit and per mole is giving like per mole of compounds. So, we know exactly how much compound we are talking about. So, it is the hexane we are actually breaking down to its original form of carbon hydrogen and 197 kilo joule is the difference between them. Now, we know if I go from the liquid state of the hexane to the gaseous state their energy difference is 29 kilo joule per mole. So, from the gaseous hexane to the liquid hexane it is 29 kilo joule per mole and liquid hexane has lower enthalpy than the gaseous one. Now, if I want to find what is the enthalpy for changing the liquid directly to the original carbon and hydrogen how we can do. So, you can just take a look into this figure and find it out the enthalpy change for the C 6 H 14 gaseous to C 6 H 14 or the hexane liquid that means for this particular process plus the enthalpy of the gaseous hexane to its original form. If we add them up together it is nothing but the enthalpy change for the liquid hexane to its elemental form change right and over there you can see this is nothing but we can actually put these things up together and find out what will be the overall enthalpy change. So, you have to just add it up and you can find out what will be the enthalpy change for the liquid to the original elemental form. So, that is why gaseous law give us a very good tool to connect all the enthalpies connected in a particular reaction. So, in the later stages we will do some problems where we will use this gaseous law to find out the enthalpy changes of a particular reaction and connected to the standard reaction that enthalpies are already known and we can connect them all together and find out the enthalpy change for the full particular process. So, in this particular segment so far we have find out what is the connection between the enthalpy with the energy heat and the work and we find out enthalpy is nothing but can be shown as a expression of E plus PV. So, it is actually a nothing but a heat content of the system it is connected to the heat capacities and enthalpy of the system is a very important, but because this is actually giving us idea whether it is endothermic or exothermic reaction. For endothermic reaction delta H is greater than 0 that means the product enthalpy is higher than the reactant one whereas for exothermic reaction it is just the opposite delta H is less than 0 and the enthalpy of my product is actually lower than the enthalpy of my reactants. And we can also use the bond enthalpy to find out the bond energies of different systems and we can connect the bond enthalpies of different reactions with the standard reaction with the help of the Gaseous law. So, that will be here for this particular segment. Thank you.


This video I explore that question while continuing to put a focus on activities of the egg industry. There's abundant evidence that dietary cholesterol increases cardiovascular disease risk. The misdirection of the egg industry focuses on fasting levels of LDL cholesterol, which are only raised by about 10%. However, the main effect of diet is on the post-prandial state, the after-a-meal state. For about 4 hours after a high-fat high-cholesterol meal, there's oxidative stress, artery dysfunction, and arterial inflammation, which happens after eating more than 140 mg of cholesterol, which is less than a single egg. So while the egg industry spends hundreds of millions trying to convince people dietary cholesterol is harmless, there are good reasons for limiting cholesterol intake in persons at risk for vascular disease. But weight vascular disease, coronary heart disease, is our number one killer of men and women, so aren't we all at risk? Yes, it's seldom understood that this essentially means all people in developed countries who expect to live a long life should cut down on eggs. In response, the egg industry has experimented with ways to reduce the cholesterol content of eggs by, for example, feeding, laying hens, cholesterol-lowering statin drugs, or even techniques to reduce cholesterol content in egg yolks once the egg is formed, using things like a solvent extraction with fingernail polish remover acetone. However, such methods have not been scaled up due to reasons such as food safety. Or the egg industry can spend its time going after new plant-based competitors, like the company Eat Just. The USDA investigated allegations of misconduct by the American Egg Board, which is run by the federal government, like the allegation that Egg Board staff threatened the CEO of Eat Just in emails they exchanged about putting a hit on him. And indeed, they discovered emails including references such as, can we pool our money and put a hit on him? And having old buddies from Brooklyn pay him a visit. What corrective actions did the USDA take? The American Egg Board has admitted to the inappropriateness of such comments and apologized, and the Egg Board staff and board members will be required to complete additional training regarding proper email etiquette and ethics. Dietary cholesterol may also contribute to inflammation in your body fat that can spill over into your bloodstream. Body fat is a major site for cholesterol storage in humans. Your fat cells can accumulate high levels of free cholesterol, which cannot be broken down by cells and is toxic at high concentrations. And that may lead to macrophage accumulation.  See those little blue dots? Those are dying macrophages, which are a type of immune cells that can spill their contents of inflammatory chemicals that are believed to result in many of the metabolic derangements that accompany obesity, including insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, and atherosclerosis. So reducing excessive dietary cholesterol intake is suggested as a simple way to attenuate obesity-associated metabolic diseases. Yeah, but has it actually been put to the test in people? We know dietary cholesterol promotes the swelling of fat cells and belly fat inflammation in monkeys, but that's like research showing dietary cholesterol directly induces acute intestinal inflammation in both mice and zebrafish. What are you supposed to do with that information? There just weren't any human studies until now. Vegetarians consume significantly less cholesterol. Although eggs are the single largest source of cholesterol in the American diet, more than any of the individual types of meat. Meat, in general, is the number one overall source, with more cholesterol coming from chicken than from red meat. Researchers took biopsies from the vegetarians, and not only did their fat average fewer than half the pro-inflammatory macrophages compared to biopsies taken from omnivores. The meat eaters had 50% greater expression of tumor necrosis factor in their abdominal fat, which is a potent inflammatory marker, though there's lots of stuff in meat besides cholesterol that could have contributed to the inflammatory state. But what else do you need to know be on the bump in heart disease risk? Pre-eminent Harvard nutrition professor Mark Hegsted once wrote that if cholesterol were introduced as a new food additive, we would cite the evidence that it raises cholesterol and heart disease risk, and the conclusion would almost certainly be that cholesterol could not be considered safe at any level, because any intake level above zero increases the risk of our number one killer disease.


When I Evaluate whether I want to be close to somebody or allied with them Whether or not I agree with them isn't the most important consideration people tend to divide Humanity into my side and their side and use opinions as the sieve to divide Differences of opinion obscure a common humanity What are the different opinions come from they come from a different experience of life? But people can have a very different opinion then than I do on Pretty much any social or political or philosophical topic, but in their daily conduct In their relationships and their general comportment they could be Really beautiful generous people I don't need to establish that we agree on some social issue in order to appreciate that and in order to Support and celebrate that and to bow to that


Hi, Jeff Frick here. We are on the ground at the Cassandra Summit 2014 at the Weston St. Francis in San Francisco, California. We're joined here by Matt File. He was a customer officer. He was a chief customer officer. He doesn't see that a lot, so that shows a customer focus, which we'd like to see. Matt, good to see you again. Cube alumni. It's great to be here. Thanks for having me. Big event. A lot of people. A lot of good energy in the keynote. I want to give us a little update on Cassandra Summit 2014. It's definitely big. The first one of these was four years ago, and this is the fifth one. We've got 2,300 people at this one with another 1,000 watching around the globe. Considering we started with 135 four years ago, it's a lot of traction for the Cassandra community. This is interesting, this kind of concept of a distributed conference as well as a distributed database. Who came up with this idea? How is it being executed? What are those people all doing in places like Toronto and New Jersey and Madrid? Who came up with this is a great question. I actually don't know who on our side had that idea, but it is really cool because we've always had a distributed community. We've had people contributing and using Cassandra and then talking about it around the globe, so we figured, rather than make everyone come to San Francisco, let's take the conference to them and really get more people, more bang for their buck. Talk a little bit about the dichotomy of running a for-profit commercial company, but you're also really all about the open source and the foundation of the Cassandra and how that works and how you're able to execute kind of both halves of that calling. So one of the really interesting things about an open source company is everyone's contributing to this project, right? We don't own it. No one owns core Cassandra. Everyone helps and makes that better. Some people use it and report their feedback. Other people use it and talk about it, right? We would not be here without Netflix and how vocal they've been about their users of Cassandra throughout the years. Datasax has a really special place because for enterprises to consume software, there are things that they demand out of the software that the open source community doesn't always provide. Datasax fills that gap so things, whether it's with services or whether it's with software like security and operational software, we can help those larger companies consume the power of Cassandra in the way that they're used to. So you don't run the community, you don't own the community, but clearly the community is really important and you want to support and foster and grow the community. So what are some of the things you guys are doing on that front to really help foster and grow this community that helps all boats rise? So we obviously do a lot with the event like this, which is the fifth one, but another area that we really help with is we've got a startup program. So Datasax gives back to the community some of our proprietary software and if you're a qualified startup, in other words, your business is getting started, we'll give you free software for free. And over 300 companies around the globe have not used that and signed up for it and are taking advantage of this advanced software to make their businesses even better. Now that was the one that was in the keynote, right? The photograph folks were they? We're a member of that program and they've had a lot of success and the fact that they're on the keynote shows how great that program has been. And then when do they grow out of it? They haven't yet, they're actually still a member. But I mean in the program, when do people become a real, is it a funding level? Is it a revenue? Is it so many seeds? It's a revenue and funding level. So whenever they surpass either 2 million in annual revenue or 20 million in capital raise, they graduate from the program. Okay. And you said how many are in that program now? Over 300. 300. Didn't have any of them graduated? Absolutely. Some have. Any success stories you want to share of some of these people that are growing up? Stay tuned to the startup page. We're doing a lot with the marketing page. On the startup page. Excellent. So do you have any key notes going on that you're involved with today? I've got a lightning talk at the very end of the day. So Jonathan started the day and I'm closing it. What's can you give us a little preview for the title is No Sequel, Too Legit to Quit. Too Legit to Quit. I like it. So good. So you've been involved in a while. It's exciting. What are we going to see in Cassandra Summit 2015? What do you think it's going to be? I think we'll see even more people including around the globe and even more companies showing how much they've harnessed the technology to change the world. Yeah, because it seems like it seems like a couple of years back that there was a new No Sequel database popping up every day. And now it seems like it's it's starting to consolidate down a little bit. There's been a definite consolidation and you know with data sacks is last round of 106 million. You're really seeing some traction occur. It's a nice round. That's a nice war chest. So Matt, thanks for stopping by.  And the Orpheus thing was really cool. I like that software basically auto tagging photos and and video with a lot more than just simple tags, but really some some interesting heavy science going into whether you're smiling or laughing or frowning or a whole bunch of fun stuff. So thanks again. I'm Jeff Frick. We're on the ground at Cassandra Summit 2014 in San Francisco, California.


The fortune we lost Vincent Taylor ruptured his Achilles. So we haven't made a transaction yet, but we will at some point. Sorry, D-Led, I do not know. How intense do you look at the end of practice? Because Coach Lebser, that show is tough, you know, I had 11-11 good two-minute drills here today at the end. It's easy. It's like, that's what I was going to say. We're going to find out a lot about our guys and our team this week. It's easy to have energy the first couple of days. You know, this is kind of the last of that. There's really two ramp-up periods. That's what I was getting at D-Led yesterday. You know, we're trying to do what's best for the players and there's studies that show as you ramp them up, right? You have the first ramp-up last week and then the first two days of pads as you're pushing the volume you're asking these guys to go through. As you're adding reps, but it's a good test, and certainly at the end of practice, that's what you want to see. It's easy to have energy and choose whatever you want to call it at the beginning of practice, but these games come down to the end of the fourth quarter in the NFL. When a D-Tackle now, what does that do? We've got a lot of guys in there. We've got 10 guys right now in camp. We were heavy at D-Tackle. We had 11. Now we're at 10. Those guys are competing. We'll wait until I watch the practice film, but some of those guys are starting to flash and see if they can stack days. Any sense of what may happen? It's a non-contact.  But we were pretty healthy.   Yeah. The only design is we didn't see it. We didn't see it. We didn't see it. We didn't see it. Yeah, apparently. You guys, the heat's getting to you. Don't let the grind wear you down. I got it on the heat maybe wearing yelp down. It was right in plain sight. Yeah, it happened, the first team pair. What do you see at Lerenzo Carter, this season, so far, what do you expect hopefully throughout the year?  And then in Adé and those guys are working, and I think Zo can bring a lot as as an outside linebacker and a rusher, he's got a lot of length. I really like his work habits. I'm very pleased with those so far. When it comes to ultimately making a decision between Drew Dahl and Matt Hennessy, whatever that happens, what do you need to see from them to solidify your bad decision? Yeah. Obviously, the physical stuff you need to see inside, but a lot of it is command. The really great centers, I'm going to put Todd McClure in the ring of honor, and knowing from everything I heard about Todd McClure, and you could go back and argue when Matt would tell you this, when he was a young player and having that veteran center and the guy had command, that helps. They run the show out there. Right down the middle of your offense, your center and your quarterback. If they got command, you got a good shot. Seeing Ben Jones do it, he helped change the culture in Tennessee. Came there a guy that could anchor the middle, and we're looking for somebody that had a kind of command. Obviously, Alex Mack did it here, did it at a high level. That's such an important position. Command, obviously, minimum drive required. They don't block your guy. But we want to see that presence as well. This might be a little bit far. How it went comes to this question, but because of the unsettledness that you have in the offensive line a little bit, do you maybe play Jake and Chris more in the pre-season to get the rhythm? Or maybe you would. So going record, you got to make a judgment where your team is at, and where we're at, and what we need to do. We need to continue. These guys need work. You know, the quarterbacks need to feel the pocket. There's risk every time you go out there, but we're not gonna sit here and live in our fears. And Marcus, Dez, they need to feel that pocket. You try to simulate as much as you can, and you have these pressure periods where you want them to feel, but at the end of the day, they may get bumped into and you're trying to avoid that, but they're not getting tackled. It's a little bit different when it's live and they're live, so our guys need to. And we'll adjust how many snaps, depending on how the camp's going and where we think we're at with that position. Is that something that you burned, maybe from last year a little bit? Lessons learned every day, but a lot.  We know why we made the decision where we were at last year. We had some veterans, didn't feel good about depth in a lot of spaces. That first game in Tennessee, you would hope to see a lot more improvement. Guys are actually taking a snap. We had so many guys that never taken an NFL snap. We had to find out if we had any depth with these young guys and felt very thin at spots and some veterans and you look back at it and we've got more competition. I feel better about our depth. We've got more guys that have played and so we expect we need to be ready to go a week one. When it comes to quarterback leadership styles, it feels like Marcus is a little bit different than Matt's. Is that accurate? Yeah, it's very accurate. The worst thing you do, I mean, there's nothing more fraudulent than a quarterback tries to come in and act, but somebody's not. There's a reason why everybody, it's probably been Marcus Luzon.  Matt has his own style. Ryan Tenor has his own style. I'm Fitzpatrick, Luzco's on Matt Hasselback, Jason Campbell, Mark Brunel, Todd Collins, they're all different, Josh. What's Marcus' style? Watch him every day. So, why don't you ask his teammates? I like his style, because he's himself. It seems like such a nice guy, I know Matt had a little bit of an edge. Does Marcus have an edge when it's needed or is that needed?  Guys, that's just ridiculous, Josh. Like an edge, what kind of edge do you have? What do you do with an edge that you think Matt had that Marcus Dougan or Desmond doesn't have? How on it, folks? You know, I'm making sure. That's what I'm asking you. Call an edge, I mean, there wasn't a lot of that last year.  Like I said, Tenor Hill is his own guy. Like, I don't know what that fake edge is.  No. No, yeah, so, ask his teammates.


We beat Canada! There are 50 million subscribers now in freedom and that's more than the population of Canada. Canada is where I am from and I'm happy to say we beat them. Guys, it's amazing. We just hit it. Look behind me. Those are our network statistics on the official Freedom Channel about page handled by Google so you can be sure that they're not fake and What can 50 million subscribers get you? Well, how about this desk? How about this cool set and that couch? It can get you a pretty cool 3d artist. Thanks, Drac. And it can get you amazing things that we are building for you like 20,000 square feet of office space. Look behind me. That represents the new Freedom Studio. Yes, we got 20,000 square feet of office space prime real estate downtown that we are going to convert into high-end video production space in addition to seats for a hundred developers to build cool stuff for you. Are you excited? Well, I'm excited because we're gonna be upping the George show In a couple months when we finish outfitting all of this office space We will have quality of the Ellen show. I like the Ellen show Don't you like the Ellen show Ellen DeGeneres you rock But we're gonna make a higher quality show than you. That's my goal the George show All right guys. I hope you enjoyed this exciting announcement of 50 million subscribers and 20,000 new square feet of office space Coming to help you grow to give you new tips new advice New ways to grow together as a family because that is what we are the freedom family and we grow together This is freedom and who am I? I am George founder of freedom and I hope I've influenced you in a positive way in this video If you want to know more about influence click here This is where I talk about the power word that is me Influences who I am at my core. That's my power word or phrase. What's yours? Tell us in that video in the comments beneath it. I Am George founder of freedom and MGM the multi-gaming network the MCN for gamers check them out at youtube.com MGM and you've been watching Let's discover freedom Click the first video to learn what is freedom and how it helps you grow Click the second video to learn about sponsorships for all freedom partners Even if you have just 10 subscribers and click the other videos like how do I leave freedom to learn more? Click get more views to learn how to build your audience faster on YouTube Click get more CPM to learn how to make more money from your channel and click get more music to learn where to get More music to spice up your videos Click the first playlist to watch the George show on freedom. That's my show or watch the Anthony show or the Alex show also on freedom and We will grow together as a family because this is the freedom family You are part of it. We are all part of it and we're all growing together so grow with us and Partner with freedom that play now button right there on the video bar is all you need to click to get Started your secrets if you really look at yourself. You will be speechless What happened to being doctors and teachers? What happened to being your brothers keep it now?


Coronaville, what's next here on Think Tech? I'm Jay Fidel, Stephanie Dalton, Tim Appichella, Cynthia Sinclair, and Winston Wells who's outside of wireless range. Oh, Winston, hope you're watching. Okay, so we're gonna talk about today, we're gonna talk about really interesting. If you push your head under the pillow, we'll COVID go away. We're talking about COVID here, so much to talk about. And the first thing I would like to discuss is Trump's COVID legacy. So Tim, what is he leaving behind? If we stop the world right now, what has he given us? What contributions has he made to our country and our planet in terms of leaving a world of COVID? Well, leading the world of COVID, there is no leadership in COVID. So the legacy that Donald Trump leaves is a trail of death. And specifically, we're probably talking 130,000 or more. If you look at each individual and the life they represented here on Earth and the figuratively pebble into the pond and the ripples that that individual left, the legacy is horrific. Think of all the sons and daughters and parents and friends and family that no longer get to enjoy that individual's company. And Donald Trump is directly responsible for the deaths of at least, I think at least 150,000 American lives at this point. And so the legacy is horrific.  And you don't follow him to his last of his days. Yeah, and it's more than just the deaths in the cases. He's left confusion. He's left a lack of respect for science. He's left a, what do you want to call it? Pandemonium among the scientific agencies and organizations and medical organizations. He's left ultra-conservatives still denying it and planning kidnappings over it. He's left us no vaccine. He said he was going to do that and no effective therapeutic. He's left us a wrecked economy with people starving. He's left us with a divided Congress that can't get its act together and put out some more cares money. He's left us with the CDC, the FDA, the NIH and the White House with no credibility. In fact, the country with no credibility. And I haven't even started overseas. But Cynthia, you had some numbers you wanted to share on this. What are they? Well, there was a big study that was just done by a lot of experts all over the country. I saw an interview with a professor from Columbia University who was part of the study and they have said that if there had been aggressive tests and trace masks and social distancing done from the very beginning, Tim is right. We would have avoided 130 to 210,000 deaths, which means we only would have had about 12,000, maybe 20,000 deaths all total instead of 222 and rising. We had, if you can imagine, 60,000 cases just yesterday and we had 1,200 people that died in one day. So we're losing 1,000 people almost a day. It's just crazy. So beyond the death and the destruction of that, which is huge to think about families that have been torn apart, kids who don't have parents anymore, parents who've lost their children before they died, which is the hardest thing I think anyone could ever go through. And 31 states have an increase in cases right now. Nobody knows what the truth is anymore.  The minute that Kellyanne, what three years ago said, well, those are alternative facts. That was it. That was the beginning of the unraveling of what truth really is and the fact that we don't, we don't know what it is anymore and we can't trust it. And that's big. Yes, Stephanie, how do you see the legacy? What legacy has he left the country and the world with in terms of COVID? Age of mendacity in government. That's all it is. That's the key word, mendacity. Everything's mendacious. He's lied about everything. And while it looks like it might be incompetence and I was thinking incompetence were above, but then when you start to come down to specific instances and examples, you see that there's quite a bit of know-how and planning and what it is that he's seated along the way. For example, I was at Kapiolani Hospital January, like the 25th or 26th, because it was a granddaughter problem. And while things slowed down, I asked the doctor about what is this COVID thing? What is this, whatever it is that's going around? And this was a pediatrician, but he said, well, I understand it's a virus and I do know that they're coming into the emergency room downstairs and we can't do anything to look at them or count them or anything because we don't have any tests. We are not able to get any tests yet from the CDC because of, and there is no test because of whatever reason we don't understand what it was. Well, ever since that date and then it went on for weeks until Hawaii got tests as the other states just being more close, they didn't get tests much faster than we did. But so right from that point, right at the get-go, there was something seeded in there by I believe the President Trump and it was doing something to kind of get in the way again of these counts and bring any much less. Not telling the truth. So Tim, aside from the mendacity, there's this warring. I mean, Trump wars with everybody he ever appoints. He appoints them and then he gets into a big fight with them. There's nobody exempt from that. He's been through so many, I don't wanna say hundreds, but close of people he's appointed and then shoot out of his administration or sideline.  He goes down the towpath in Washington for his morning run and he's got a secret service on all sides of him protecting him from an attack. So what is it about this? I mean, the trouble thing is that why would Trump attack Fauci who was such a statement of credibility? Why would he sideline? There was a woman back when really in March he sideline her, she was pretty good. There was an article about that recently and he sideline Birx too. He sent her into the hinterland to make her go away. Why does he do that? What is in it for him? What are the options and what do you think is the reason that he destroys his own experts? I believe this is a political calculation and specifically geared towards the reelection on election day. And my rationale is this, Donald Trump tried everything to change the subject from COVID to other things be it Jerdon Joe Biden and his son be it that or any other host of shiny objects he tried to get the attention away from COVID because he knows that sticks. He knows that a majority of this country holds him responsible for the lack of leadership on the response to COVID. So he tried to change the subject and it didn't work. So what do you do? You tack back into the wind. You aggressively go after those that have the credibility and it's a classic propaganda strategy of scapegoating.  It's not my fault and that's what he is doing.  I listened to these idiots. And so it's a classic tactic. Yeah, he's blaming Fauci for 500,000. He says, if it was up to Fauci, we would lose 500,000 people to COVID. Of course there's no basis for that statement but he's blaming Fauci on the deaths, imagine. Well, remember that Donald Trump is the savior to all things, to all people. And this is just one more example of his ability to be the savior. If it wasn't for me, you'd have 500,000 deaths under Dr. Fauci.  Actually his statement was we would lose between 2 million and 2.5 million if it wasn't for me. And I get a 10 on my efforts. But let me ask you one other thing about that, Tim. What about the task force? Do you understand what has happened? What has happened to the task force? Cynthia wants to talk about that. Well, briefly I would say that Olivia Troy, she actually resigned and said, I'm going to speak out. I think Dr. Fauci in his own way has tried to minimize being in conflict with Donald Trump, but he's speaking out. I think Dr. Redfield in his way tried to speak out but less effective, of course. But in their own ways, they're all trying to say science must prevail. Donald Trump is not a scientist. In fact, he's the anti-scientist. And you know, follow Donald Trump and we will have 2.5 million deaths. Yeah. So you wanted to add something to that, Cynthia. So you asked the question of where did the task force go? And I was just saying, poof, they disappeared. They're gone. They don't have meetings really anymore. They don't get together anymore. And you know, I have a quote from Fauci. And it's kind of been, it's like Trump went away from his own task force and started listening to this guy and I can't remember his name. Atlas, Scott Atlas. Yeah, the guy that's a radiologist. And anyone who thinks herd immunity is gonna be such a great thing. And that's what Trump wants all along too because he doesn't want to have to do anything. Yeah. Well, you noticed that there was a time when he was in the Rose Garden making political statements and insults. It called it a task force briefing or a COVID briefing. That has also stopped, hasn't it? Well, that's because he kept shooting himself in the foot every time he'd get out there.  But you know, with the bleach and the lights and the let's put them in our bodies stuff. I have a quote that's pretty important for Fauci that I think is maybe one of the key parts that made Trump go after him so bad. If you talk to anybody who has any experience in epidemiology and infections and infectious diseases, they will tell you that that is risky in regards to herd immunity. And you will end up with many more infections of vulnerable people which will lead to hospitalizations, overload and death. So I think that we have to look that straight in the eye and say it's nonsense. And when he started really coming out firm and direct about, you know, you can't listen to this guy, we can't go down that road. And he really started to stand up to what Trump was trying to push on us is when it all shifted and we had to go after Fauci. Yeah, true. So let's talk about the shiny objects, you know, as both Tim and Cynthia have said, Stephanie, that he wants to change the subject in the worst way. He doesn't want to talk about it. He wants to claim that it's over. He's solved the problem when in fact it's worse now than it ever was. And then he has all these other things, these other shiny objects, you know, the insults are only one of them. But he's doing a nonproliferation agreement now with Russia, even though he's the one that pulled the wings out of it a few years ago. He's got all these things going on. He's got William Barr doing lawsuits against Google. And now the Republican Senate is subpoenaing Twitter and Facebook. And the whole thing is like looney tunes because the only issue in the country is COVID. So, you know, what is on his mind about that? The shiny objects thing and are the shiny objects, can there be a legitimate shiny object here? Are any of these things that distract us real? Yes, because he's going after those, the Russian arrangements and others like you just listed because he wants the Nobel Peace Prize. So he has got his application in for the Nobel Peace Prize and he's supposed to get that for coming up with Russia. And I'm sure this is something he was working on with Putin that there's going to be some accommodation here so he can get that. Of course, Obama got one. So that means Trump has to get one too. But the problem is also going on. He's just a major or anything that comes into his head. And unfortunately, he's got a pretty good imagination. I mean, like this poor guy, Christopher Wray, who's tried his farndest to do FBI well. I vote for him. He's great and he gives us malice.  And even though he did that, Trump is still thinking about today firing him. So well- I think that's why he's thinking about firing him because when the press took the Radcliffe statements to be from Trump but the press pointed out that Wray was not joining in those statements. About how Iran and Russia were interfering with our election. So I think he liked what Radcliffe said because it was what he wanted Radcliffe to say, another shiny object. He didn't like what Christopher Wray had to say. So now he's going to fire him. Yeah, and Radcliffe was scripted and Wray said the minimum he could say. But this is what's going on right now. I think all these people in these policy jobs are trying or they're not policy jobs. They're regular ongoing jobs. They're just hoping they can make it through the last 10 seconds here of if he wins, if he loses. So I'm really- Stephanie, is it a good strategy to throw shiny objects every 10 minutes with all these tweets and outrageous insults and crazy distractions? Is it a good strategy? Is it working? Because the fact is that COVID is largely forgotten among large sections of the population. This is an incompetent guy. He has no policy. I don't believe he's done the day's work in the office. It's the strategy working. And it's working because he's got over 40% of the country in love with him. And I hear people on the NPR this morning said, we just love him. He's so funny. He's just done so much for the middle class. Nobody just appreciating it. And I'm like, what, what? So they're these people that are in this belief system. And that's where we are. And we have to acknowledge that they're there, but they're carrying a lot of weight now and a lot of vote power. So it's really, that's the tipping point of our nation's crisis. But the other thing is, you know, I want to say on the COVID committee, you know, that was always supposed to be Vice President Pence's gig. And I mean, like, Biden did a lot of that for Obama. But this is the whole thing. Trump just cannot be outside of the spotlight. And immediately he saw people were interested, so then he got in there. And he really dominated that to everybody's detriment, that committee, by the kinds of things he said that were more and more different. Pence hasn't done anything about it. And Pence just backed off. So that just shows you the way they're so obsequious to him and nobody's standing up to him. And none of these guys on the other side, these Republicans and those who served Trump should be able to get out from under the burden of what their mandacity was. Okay, Tim, you know, one of the issues, I think, is that the press is also attracted to shiny objects. And Trump calls the tune every day, every night. You've got, I don't know, 80 million Americans watching what they think is important about the news, which is always Trump. But what are the Democrats doing? Do they have a meaningful strategy on getting COVID back into the public view, on making the public understand that is the most significant issue? I know you're gonna say, we'll find out tonight in a debate. No, I wasn't gonna say that, actually. What were you gonna say? I was gonna say that Biden is already expressing that as, I'm gonna defer to the scientific community, number one, we're gonna go back to basics and that is social distancing and masks. We're going to supply hospitals and all the facilities that need PPP, PPEs. And we're going back to the basics. I mean, Dr. Renfield said quite simply and clearly this mask represents probably a more effective case against COVID than a vaccine. And I think that's repeating that message and getting that message out to even all those in the red states is going to have an effect and we're gonna turn this COVID boat around. But it won't happen under Donald Trump's leadership, just plain fact of that. Well, we have a couple of pretty smart guys, Democrats in not only the House, but also in the Senate. Are they adopting a, what do you wanna call it, a strategy, a public statement, a rhetorical strategy? That will keep the subject more on COVID or are they losing the game? Because it's a competition between Trump's craziness with all these shiny objects and the Democrats attempt to keep COVID at the fore. Are the Democrats in Congress doing a good job on that? In Congress, I'm not certain, but are the Democrats doing an effective job? Yes, and what is that job? They're working on one thing at a time and that primary thing is getting Donald Trump out of the White House. Winning the election is where their energy and synergy is focused. And they're not in office yet, they're not in power. So their ability to basically convince all Americans that science is the way to approach COVID, not Donald Trump's rhetoric and bluster, they're just not in that position yet. Yes, but they're in a position to, that we have two weeks left, maybe is it two weeks? We have roughly two weeks left. This is the time when people are either made their mind up or might make their mind up if they vote at the polls. Isn't this the time to show them that Trump is a huge failure? Isn't this the time for the Republicans to come out and have that competition on what is really important here and it's not shiny objects? Are they doing a good job at that? Now I'm gonna go to your first point. The debate, the debate is tonight. That will be where Joe Biden needs to point out exactly those words that you just spoke. Yes, totally agree.  Does that mean yes, no, or maybe? Well, I think it will see a lot tonight. You know, well, here's why we get to watch it at three o'clock. We don't have to wait until later tonight, right? You know, back to the COVID thing and to speak to that, 31 states have a gigantic increase in their cases just in the last week. And Hawaii, we can be very proud of Hawaii strong. We are the only state in the nation that is moving in the right direction and everybody else, I know, right? Everybody else is going up. So, and I mean, up by a lot. So they've got, I've got some numbers for you. It's all about that sturchest kind of rally thing. It's all about the Trump's rallies and the ultra-conservative meetings with the motorcycles that really has a huge effect. And I don't know if the scientists have an actual formula where they can determine how many people show up at the rally and then three weeks later, how many people come down with COVID. But you can see it in broad terms, that's what's happened. Well, if you look at the states and the numbers that are going up the most, they're the states where Trump has had rallies. So, Wisconsin had 20,000 cases in the last seven days. Illinois, 28,000. Utah, 9,000. Iowa, 7,000. They're just going up and up and up. This is like numbers since they haven't had ever for these states. And so even some of the states that had gone down again, we're starting to go back up again. And that whole swath of red states that goes down the middle of the country, those guys are on fire with COVID right now. So I think Trump is gone. It's not gonna be that hard to get people to think about COVID again. Cause really the only reason we're not doing it is because he's got us so busy with these shiny objects. Exactly, you were saying something, Tim? Yeah, I think Cynthia makes a great point of the states that are affected by COVID and these huge case increases. If you think about it, if those that are been affected with a case of COVID, they're probably not gonna vote at the poll. And they've already been persuaded by Donald Trump not to use the ballot. Those may be lost votes for Donald Trump and this could have gone horribly the wrong way for Donald Trump by holding those rallies without protection for the participants. How much creams do you give to the polls right now? I go about 60%. I don't trust them. I didn't trust them in 2016 and I don't trust them now. I think if Joe Biden's leading in a lot of these swing states is probably within the margin of error, two to 3% above. I just think there's a lot of people sitting there in the chair and just ready to vote. And there are a lot of them are Trump voters. And I think this election could be far, far closer than we ever imagined. I hope I'm wrong. I hope it's a landslide. I hope it's a blue tsunami. Don't forget the blue tsunami of litigation that will follow. We can't find out where those altered voting machines are. It doesn't matter who comes out because he's going to change the numbers. We know he's going to cheat and he's not just gonna cheat in ways like Russia sends out bots and things to make people think differently. He's going to cheat in a very mechanical way, I believe. And that's part of why he's so busy with the shiny objects because nobody's even looking at it because we're so busy looking at all the other stuff. You know, he's got a lot of things behind his back. So Stephanie, you know, here we are where one day, one few hours actually from the debate which presumably will have some effect. Although nobody can be sure, you know, it could have a terrible effect for Trump but it might save his campaign too. My question is what do you predict is going to happen there and how much are we going to talk about COVID there? What do you expect he got up his sleeve? Well, he's going to dominate. He will endure his two minutes because he has no choice and then he'll just come on as strong as before because that is his style and that is what he knows how to do. And he can do a coherent conversation or discussion of policy. He can't put that together in complex sentences. So this is what he is. But, and that's what is appealing to a lot of people is that he's not an egghead academician or an elector. Well, no, no, think, think, think, think surprised. Okay, what possible, and you can make speculation here what possible tricks has he got up his sleeve? We know what he is. We know his parameters, but what is he going to do in order to take the spotlight tonight? Well, he'll go after all of Biden's soft spot. So he'll go after the kid and that and he'll hold, and he won't be able to speak. Biden can't speak over him. So as long as he's gone, he's going to be going after all of the Biden holes that he's found in his life and history and he'll just do that. We can only hope that the moderator will hold him to answer the question post. That hasn't happened in the past. They weren't able to. I'm not that interested in watching it because I know everybody else is going to show the best part. I'm just wondering if that's generalizable to the population. Maybe a lot of people really aren't interested in this because how many of these deplorable scenes have we seen? I mean, the hulking of Trump over Hillary, I mean, and the walking around during Hillary and then the Biden. Yeah, that's the kind of surprise I'm talking about. So Tim, talk about surprises. I mean, we have not only, you know, this debate. We still have, even after the debate, we still have what, 10 days before election day when it all really heats up in the press, right, wrong or otherwise. What do you think he's going to do? There was another article by Barton Gelman in The Atlantic. I haven't seen it, but they promised they were going to go into great detail on this question. But what do you imagine he's going to do? What has he got up his sleeve? I think there's two surprises that Donald Trump's going to try. And I think he's been advised to do it. One, change his tone. Be lighthearted, be humorous, ridicule with humor. Here's the only problem though. Donald Trump has no humor. So it's going to be a uphill slog for Donald Trump to try to be light and try to be humorous. Now, number two is you may see him try to chart out a vision for the future. Something that there's been none of that in the last election, this whole election season is charting a path of vision. And you may see that tonight. What would he say about COVID? Blame Dr. Fauci, Dr. Bricks, Dr. Renfield. Anyone he can blame? He'll deflect the other one. He'll deflect the responsibility. Heck, he might try it in a humorous way to pin it on Joe Biden. Right, anyone, anyone. Anyone but himself. Lies galore. So let's go around the table here and ask you for your word or phrase that best defines where we are.  It's the 22nd. God, you know, do we ever believe we'd be here? The 22nd of October, 2020. Where are we? Let's start with you, Cynthia. What is your word or phrase that bestifies where we are? Okay, we haven't really broached this subject yet here on today's show, but this is my phrase. It's from Trevor Noah. And he says, Trump can't even pick a partner for life, for himself. But he gets to pick three Supreme Court judges for America for life.  That goes back to the legacy question, doesn't it? Yeah. He's leaving us a legacy that also includes a mess in healthcare. Yeah. She's shaking her head. Stephanie, why don't you adopt what Winston would say? Well, let me see. I was gonna, let me see. Winston's the opposite of me. He's so meganimous and he's so positive. Well, I was gonna, I think I could apply that to whether Donald has actually is able to con, I guess I shouldn't say con. Influence, the Nobel Prize Committee. That's outrageous. Well, he conned the Nobel Prize. Okay, that's Winston. What about you, Stephanie? He will. He will try to influence the Nobel Prize Committee to award him the prize. And that will be the final, in addition to whether he had the COVID. The final insult. And he didn't have the COVID and he gets the Nobel Prize for COVID. Final and stick in the eye to everyone in the world. Okay, Tim, you're last. You're the anchorman here. So what is your word or phrase that best defines where we are here in October 22nd in the world and our lives? Well, for Donald Trump since last week, I'm gonna rely on an old friend of mine, Literation. And that is deplorable, desperate deflection. That's what he's gonna do. He's gonna, he's desperate and he is going to deflect on anybody, everybody. And it's their fault. And if you follow me, you'll be in happier days in 2021 and my next second candidacy for president is gonna be a barn burner and just stay tuned. That's his message for the next week at least. Yeah, you want mine? Yes. Madness, it's madness. And if we didn't want to impeach him, why in the world did we not find him inappropriate and unqualified under the 25th Amendment? That's mine. Anyway, thank you, Tim. Tim Apachella, Cynthia Sinclair, Stephanie Dalton and other great Coronaville. What's next? And I look forward to seeing you guys next week for Tim's Trump week. Ooh, can hardly wait. What an important discussion that's gonna be after the debate and before the election. Aloha, you guys. Aloha.


You know it took me a while to understand how I hear him remember the first time I shared my testimony I was 12 years old and was in Minnesota It was one of those wards where you sit in the congregation They bring you the microphone and my heart started to pound And I knew I had to stand up and I was just Petrified, but I couldn't stop it and so that was the first time I stood there and waited for that mic to come and my knees are just just shaking and and As shared a stumbled through a very simple testimony But I felt so warm so good so affirmed That Heavenly Father loved me in doing that and so that was maybe one of the first times I realized that for me One of the ways that I feel the spirit and I hear his voice is that warm assurance That I'm doing the right thing