Welcome to our lecture on probability. You may think we're going to define the word probability, but it really can't be defined. What we do define is the probability of an event. The probability of an event is the proportion of times under identical circumstances that the event can be expected to occur. So you see that that's more of an explanation than a definition, but it is quite mathematical and it does relate to expected value to expectations. It's the event's long run frequency of occurrence over the very, very long term. If let's say you toss a coin repeatedly under identical conditions, your hand doesn't get tired, there is no wind conditions. Then the probability of getting ahead on a single coin toss as we know is 0.5. Half for head and half for tail. If you do this experiment, this process repeatedly for a very, very long time, about half of the time you should get ahead, which means that the probability of getting ahead would be 0.5. This is, believe it or not, all goes towards defining the word probability, which we can't really do. We explain probability as the probability of an event, the proportion of times under identical circumstances that that event can be expected to occur. The other interesting thing about this topic is the difference between probability and statistics. They're kind of complementary. With statistical inference, as you know, we're only looking at a sample and yet we're trying to draw inferences to the entire population. With probability, it's kind of the other way around. We don't need a sample because with probability, we do know the entire population. We're analyzing the population and either we have the entire population as in a census or we have a formula, a mathematical function that represents the population as in a probability distribution, which will be our next topic after this one. The definition of the probability of an event that I just gave you on the previous slide is called an objective probability. It's a mathematical probability. Long run frequencies of occurrence, remember that. It's also considered the classical meaning of probability. We're referring to a stochastic process, a repetitive process where there are probabilities involved, obviously. Each individual outcome is not necessarily identical. When you toss a coin, it's going to be either a head or a tail. You don't know what you're going to get. And you can't predict with certainty the outcome on any particular time that you repeat this process that you toss the coin as the example. But we can talk about relative frequencies and using relative frequencies, we get to the idea of proportions. We get to the idea of probabilities. The individual results of a process like this are called events. The outcome is an event. And we distinguish it from a kind of a loose informal use of the word probability that we're not discussing in this lecture. Subjective probabilities. Subjective probabilities basically just measure opinion. It measures the strength of your personal belief. So if I say, I'm pretty sure that there's a 60% chance that this new product will succeed. Okay, we're not relying on data there. It really just measures my opinion. Or if I say there's a 90% chance that when I commute to school, it will take me less than an hour. That's the strength of my personal belief. That's a subjective probability. So a random variable is that which is observed as the result of a stochastic process. A stochastic process is what we've been talking about. The random variable takes on values, each outcome, each possible outcome or event from the process is usually numerical values. And associated with each one of those values is a probability that that value will occur.  The probability it'll come up with one is the same as the probability it'll come up with two, the same as the probability three, the same as the probability four, probability five, probability six. They're all equally likely. So each one of those, the probability is one sixth. Continuing with just simple concepts here. And we'll see more about this later when we work with problems. A simple probability is also called a marginal probability. It's just a probability of a single event. Let's say probability of A. A joint probability is the probability that two events will occur together. Let's say the probability of A and B. A conditional probability is the probability of a particular event, given that we know some other event has occurred. The vertical line means given. The probability of A given B. I know B has occurred. What's the probability of A? That's what that means. Here are the basic rules of probability. Rule number one. The probability of an event will never be less than zero or greater than one. You're never going to have a probability that's negative, and you'll never have a probability that's greater than one. The entire universe is always one. There's no such thing as 150% probability. I never want to see you giving me an answer to a probability question that's less than zero. That will be one of the big no-nos. And the mathematical way of writing it, as you see there, zero is less than or equal to the probability of the event A, which is less than or equal to one. Rule two. If you take all the possible outcomes of a process and add up all the probabilities of these outcomes, it must equal one. So 100% is the total universe. If you have the process is, let's say, tossing a die, and the die has six sides, and it's equally likely that any of the numbers from one to six will come up as a possible outcome. They're all equally likely, one six plus one six plus one six, and so on. It equals 100%. If you toss a coin, the probability of a head is one half. The probability of a tail is one half. Together, the sum of the probabilities is one. We're going to learn the rule of addition. Events A and B are mutually exclusive. It simply means that if A you can't have B, if B you can't have A, then the rule is simple. The probability of A or B is the probability of A plus the probability of B. Simple as that. Examples of mutually exclusive would be head, tail. You can't have both. If somebody says, flip a coin, what do you get? You say, I got a head, tail, I think you're crazy.  What happens if they're not mutually exclusive? This is the general formula. The probability of A or B is the probability of A plus the probability of B minus the probability of A and B. That's the general formula. However, bear in mind, if A and B are mutually exclusive, that last term, probability of A and B is zero. In fact, that's the definition of mutually exclusive. That the probability of A and B is zero because they can't occur together.  What's the probability of getting a one or a two? Well, that again is a perfect example of mutually exclusive. You can't get a one two.   The probability of a one or a two is the probability of one, which is a six, plus the probability of two, which is a six. That probability then is a third. These are perfect examples. A Venn diagram is an easy way to describe mutually exclusive versus non-mutually exclusive. See on the left, you see A and B, they're not intersecting. They're separate. A and B are mutually exclusive. Notice the diagram on the right. They show A and B not mutually exclusive. Because note, with A intersect, the probability of A and B is not zero. There's a kind of an overlap, and that's called the intersection. That's the probability of A and B. On the Venn diagrams, you can see that the probability of not A, A' means not A, is just one minus the probability of A. You also note the probability of not A or not B is one minus the probability of A and B. You can see this very clearly from the diagram. Let's look at an example of numbers. You go to a college, they allow double majors. 10% of the students are majoring in accounting, 15% are majoring in business. B is the accounting major, B is the business major, and 3% are double majors, majoring in both A and B. Then you're asked, what is the probability of being an accounting or business major in that school? Note, you just can't simply add 10% and 15%. You can't just add those two probabilities because you'll be double counting. These students who are majoring in both will be on both lists. To avoid that problem, here's the formula. The probability of A or B is the probability of A minus the probability of A and B. So it's 0.10 plus 0.15 minus 0.03 and that's 0.22. Again, if you don't subtract that 0.03, you've counted those people twice. Rules of multiplication I use when you want to determine what's called a joint probability. A joint probability is the probability that two events will occur together. So the probability A and B, that's the probability of A times the probability of B, but only if the events A and B are independent. Events A and B are independent if knowledge of the occurrence of B has no effect on the probability that A will occur. We'll explain this in the next slide. The probability of independent events. So let me define independent events. A and B are independent if knowledge of the occurrence of B has no effect on the probability that A will occur. Notice A and B, even the word in English, independent means they're unrelated. Here are some examples. Well, I ask you, what is the probability of having blue eyes given that you're male? It's the same because men and women or whatever, any group, the probability of blue eyes is constant. So we say they're independent. Eye color and gender are independent. On the other hand, the probability of being over 6 feet tall given that you're female is not the same as the probability of being over 6 feet tall when you're including everybody. The minute you know that somebody is a male, that's given male, you know the chance that they're over 6 feet tall is more than if you know that they're female. Now look at the next problem 3, example 3. Probably getting into a car accident if you're under 26, given that you're under 26. That's not the same as the probability of getting into a car accident in general. And that's why you pay more insurance if you're under 26. Now look at example 4. The probability of getting ahead on the second toss of a coin, given that you've got ahead on the first toss of the coin. It's still point 50. They're independent. In fact, if you get four heads in a row, the probability of getting ahead on the fifth trial is still 50%. It doesn't change. They're independent. What happens from the first toss does not affect the second toss, does not affect the third toss. And here we're going to learn some basic rules. In general, this is called the multiplication rule. The probability of A and B is the probability of A given B times the probability of B or the probability of B given A times the probability of A. That's a general rule. The probability of A given B is called the conditional probability. So if A and B are independent, that term, the probability of A given B is just the probability of A. So if you look at the formula above, you'll see that if the A and B are independent, the probability of A given B will just be the probability of A. Or the probability of B given A is just the probability of B. So rule 5, conditional probability. Basically, if you look at the formula in 4B, we can see that you can compute the conditional probability. The probability of A given B is the probability of A and B divided by the probability of B. Base theorem is an optional topic. But if you look at it, you'll see you want to figure out the probability of A given B. You can use those formulas there and you'll see what base theorem is about. I'm going to discourse without holding you responsible for it. Let's look at a little problem. In a small village in upstate New York, we are looking at readership of two newspapers, the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal. We know that the probability that an individual reads the New York Times, that's P of T, is 0.25. We know that the probability that an individual reads the Wall Street Journal, that's event W, P of W, is 0.20. But those events are not mutually exclusive. Somebody, some people, could read both. And indeed, the joint probability of both events reading the New York Times and reading the Wall Street Journal is 0.05. So we know there is an overlap. Now question, what's the probability of reading anything? What's the probability of being either a New York Times reader or a Wall Street Journal reader or just reading one of those newspapers? Well, we have to use the formula. Remember, we have a formula for this. That's why we have them because sometimes the formula is the easiest way to figure these things out. The probability of T or W is equal to, it's the probability of T plus the probability of W minus the probability of the intersection of the joint probability. And whenever you have events that overlap, you're taking away that overlap piece, the joint probability, because when you add the two probabilities, you don't want to count it twice. We saw that before and we see it again in this example. 0.25 for the probability of T, 0.20 for the probability of W, 0.05 for the intersection, all together that comes out to 0.4. The probability of reading either thing, either newspaper, 40%. Another way to look at this problem is by graphing it with the graphical approach by using the Venn diagram. Over there, we are using, instead of probabilities, we're looking at the universe as 100% or 100 people, let's say, to represent 100%. The number of people out of 100 who don't read anything is 60, which makes sense because on the previous slide, we saw that the probability of reading anything was 40%. How does that break down? The probability of the overlap is 0.05 or 5 out of 100 people. 5 plus 15 is 20 people who are out of 100 who read the Wall Street Journal. 5 plus 20, 25 out of 100 who read the New York Times. 20 people read the Times, but not the Wall Street Journal and so on. So we can really see how that's laid out when we graph this in a Venn diagram. Okay, let's compute some more probabilities. We're basically still using that Venn diagram. The probability of not T and not W is 0.60. 60 out of 100, 60% of people don't read the New York Times and don't read the Wall Street Journal. Not T and yes W is 0.15. Yes T and not W is 0.2, 0.20. The probability of T or W, we did that before. We know that that ends up computing to 0.4 or 40%. The probability of not T or not W following the formula ends up being 0.95, 95%. This means that 95% of the people in this population don't read at least one of the two papers. Only 5% read both of them, but in order to get into that probability, you had to not read at least one. So we've seen using the formulas, we've seen using Venn diagram and now we have another way to do this and we're actually going to use this a lot in this topic and in a later topic. Where we construct a table of joint probabilities. The cells in the middle are the joint probabilities. The cells on the margins, the row totals and the column totals are simple probabilities or marginal probabilities. So you see the probability of T and W, 0.05, probability of W and not T, 0.15. All the probabilities that you had in the Venn diagram are here and then some because we add up across the rows to get the row totals. We add down the columns to get the column totals. And of course, always the column totals add up to the total universe 100% and the row totals add up to 100% too. It's very important to know the difference between the terms independence and mutually exclusive. Don't confuse those two terms. Independence has to do with the effect that B has on A or A on B. So for example, if you say the probability of A given B is the probability of A, they're unrelated. They're basically independent. And mutually exclusive simply means it's kind of a physical thing. They can occur together. If I look at a part, it's either defective or not defective. So the probability of them being both defective and not defective at the same time is 0. Well, the probability of a head tail as we said before is 0. You can't have them both. That's called mutually exclusive. And that means that the probability of A and B is 0. And here's an example that we give you with waist size and gender. Are they independent of each other? Let's make it simple. We're looking at males and females. And we know somebody has a 24-inch waist. Generally, we can assume the person's more likely to be female with a 24-inch waist than male. How do we know that? We can look at the probabilities.  It should not be the same as the probability of having a 24-inch waist given that you're a male. And you can do the same, by the way, with height. If I said somebody is six feet tall, chances are they're more likely to be male than female. So again, just to simplify things, if the probability of A and B is 0, they're mutually exclusive. If the probability of A given B is the same as the probability of A, then they're independent. Let's talk about independence. Researchers are always testing for relationships. We want to know whether the two variables are related. For example, is there a relationship between cigarette smoking and cancer? Or are they independent? We know the answer to that one.  Is there a relationship in general between occupation and how long you're going to live? Well, they're independent. The answers are they're not. The people with one of the longest lifespans are librarians. Professors also have very long lifespans.  I think the only one that's worse are drug dealers. I think coal miners, in general, they're lucky if they get to beyond 55. So clearly there's a relationship between occupation and lifespan longevity. Is there a relationship between salary and how slender you are if you're a woman? Well, guess what? This is a certain kind of discrimination, obviously. But the studies show that women who are very slender are going to earn higher salaries than women who are overweight or even normal weight. For a woman, being slender is a plus in terms of salary. How about dates and how you look? Well, you know what they found? They've done studies of this type and they found that women with a blonde hair get more dates on these dating sites like e-Harmony than women with dark hair. Men who are lawyers, guess what? They get many more dates than the men who are in blue collar occupations. So again, this is something we want to study, relationships between variables. This is called a contingency table. Look, we have smoker and non-smoker. Notice S' means non-smoker. And then we have diet of cancer, C.  Notice there are 1,000 people. Now, these are not probabilities. The probabilities go from 0 to 1. We're looking at the frequencies. The contingency table shows you the frequencies. If you divide all the numbers by 1,000, now you'll have probabilities. Y1,000? That's the sample size. There are 1,000 people. You can add up the rows of columns and add up to 1,000. So divide everything. Now, from this table, assuming you divide it through by 1,000, you can get all the joint probabilities. I'm going to show you a table with that in the above two slides. So here, look at the joint probabilities. Let's take CNS. There are 100 people out of 1,000. That's 0.10. So 10% of the people here with smokers who died of cancer. Look at the probability of not CNS. Not CNS. That was 300 out of 1,000. That's 0.3. Let's look at one more. The probability of not being a smoker and not having cancer. And that's 550 out of 1,000, 0.55. So these are called joint probabilities. That's the numbers in the cells. If you look at the row totals, the column totals, those are called marginal or simple probabilities. Let's look at the probability of just getting dying of cancer in this community. Well, 150 died out of 1,000, 0.15. How many people did not die of cancer? 850 out of 1,000 or 0.85. How many people with smokers in the sample? 400 out of 1,000, 0.4. How many were non-smokers? 600 out of 1,000 or 0.6. A researcher looking at that table will try to determine whether smoking and cancer are independent. Independent means unrelated. So here's a simple way to do it. Look at the probability of dying of cancer. And is that the same? Question mark.  Let's look at the three different probabilities. Okay, the probability of C given S. Well, using the formula, that's the probability of C and S over the probability of S. That turns out to be 0.10 of a 0.40, a 0.25.  Let's look at the probability given not smoker, non-smoker, S prime. That's the probability of C and S prime over the probability of S prime, which is 0.05 divided by 0.60 or 0.083. Notice 0.15, which is the probability of dying of cancer, which includes everything, is a weighted average of those two numbers. So you can see clearly cancer and smoking are not independent. There's some kind of relationship.  Non-smoker, 8%. It doesn't take a genius to figure out there's some kind of relationship here.  That's another way of doing the same problem. You want to know how smoking and cancer are independent. By definition, if C and S are independent, then that's called the probability of C and S. It's just the probability of C times the probability of S. Well, we're going to check to see if that's the case in this example. Well, the probability of C and S we saw was 0.10. Well, it was 0.10 equal to the probability of C, 0.15 times those are marginal probabilities, times the probability of S, 0.40. Well, 0.10 is not equal to 0.06. Right away, we know that cancer and smoking are not independent. That's why you want to set this up as a joint probability. I'll show you in a moment how to do that. Okay, here we're going to take the original data, divide through by 1,000, and right away you can see that you have what's called a joint probability table. That's the table on the bottom. We have S and not S. Smoker, non-smoker, cancer, non-cancer. Notice by dividing through by 1,000, we have 0.10 probability, that's C and S. And we have 0.05 is C and not S. The marginal probability of 0.15, that's just dying of cancer in general. And then we have not dying of cancer, we have two groups. The smokers, 0.30.  And notice the marginal probability there is 0.85. So it's always good to take the table that has the frequencies, divide through by the full sample size of N, and you get the joint probability table, including the marginal probabilities. Here you can see what you gain by turning it into a joint probability table. See, once you get a joint probability table, you can answer any question about probabilities. Notice the joint probabilities of the center of the table. The marginal probabilities are on the margin. The conditional probabilities, all you gotta do is take a divide, the joint probability divided by the marginal will give you the conditional. So let's take one example. You wanna know the probability of C given S. Okay, so you look at the probability of C, that's a marginal, 0.15, I can see it right there. Look at the probability of C and S, that's in the table itself, and that's 0.10. So when you divide 0.10 over 0.40, that's the probability of C and S over the probability of S. I've got to mention that the probability of S is 0.40, that's a marginal. You can get the probability of C given S by taking the probability of C and S, the 0.10, over the probability of S, which is 0.40, and then you get 0.25. Here's an example. Gender and drinking beer. We're only looking at male and female here in this example. There really weren't enough people identified as anything other than male and female to make it into the example. And similarly, we're only looking at, do you drink beer or do you not drink beer? And not any gradations of light beer, pale ale, and so on. The universe that was looked at was 2,000 people. The contingency table, in other words, the two-way frequency table, is on top. The joint probability table that was computed from the frequency table is below it. And how do you get it? Again, you take your grand total of 2,000, divide every frequency in the table by 2,000, and you get your joint probabilities in the middle of the table. You get your marginal probabilities in the margins. And you can even see the joint probabilities and the marginal probabilities listed there. The probability, the joint probability of being a beer drinker and a male is 0.225. The marginal probability of being male, that's 900 out of 2,000, and that was 0.45. The marginal probability of not being a beer drinker was 1,200 out of 2,000 or 0.60. And we'll continue on the next slide. Here we have some questions to answer about the data on the previous slide. We have that probability, the joint probability table, and we can answer any question from the table, including conditional probabilities, where we just have to find the appropriate joint probability and the marginal probability for the event after the given, and we can compute the conditional probability. So given that an individual is male, what's the probability the person is a beer drinker? That's the probability of B given M. The joint probability B and M is 0.225. The marginal probability, the probability of male, is 0.45. Divide one by the other, so the conditional probability we're looking for is 0.5. Next one, what about the probability of being a beer drinker given female? Well, probability of beer and female divided by the probability of female and you get 0.318. So we've already seen the probability of being a beer drinker given your male is 0.5. The probability of being a beer drinker given that the person is female, 0.318. The probability of being a beer drinker without looking at sex, without looking at whether the person is male or female. Well, we know from the table that's 0.4. Are beer drinking, are these two events, are beer drinking and male or beer drinking and female? Are they independent? Clearly not. If they were independent, then the probability of being a beer drinker given that the person is male would be equal to the probability of beer drinking without knowing anything about sex. The probability of drinking beer given the person's female would be the same as the probability of being a beer drinker given the sex of the individual. So clearly there's some relationship. They're not independent. It's a very similar problem. I'm not going to belabor it. You may want to take a minute, pause the video if you're watching the video or wait before you move on if you're using the PowerPoint and just take a look. We've got a population here of 1,000 individuals. We have male-female and instead of beer, we're looking at if they use Dove soap or not. So over the 1,000 people, 200 use Dove soap and the 800 do not. 400 are male. 600 are female. 480 of the females do not use Dove soap. 80 males do use Dove soap. That's the data in the contingency table. We could compute probabilities. The joint probabilities, the probability of Dove soap and male, 8 over 1,000 is 0.08. As a matter of fact, since the grand total is 1,000, all we have to do to create the probability table is move over the decimal places. The probability of using Dove soap is 0.2. The probability of female is 0.6. The probability of the row totals and the column totals add up to 1. And can we also get conditional probabilities? Sure. We just take a joint probability from the center of the table, divide by a marginal probability. Let's see how that works. We use the conditional probabilities to test for independence because that's actually the definition of whether events are independent or not. If knowing that one occurs, does that change the probability that the other one occurred? Well, if we're looking at the probability of using Dove soap, the marginal probability, the probability of that single event all by itself is 0.2. The probability of using Dove soap given your male computes to 0.2. The probability of using Dove soap given your female computes to 0.2. Yeah, 0.2, 20%. So yes, these two events are independent. The alternative method uses the formula for computing joint probabilities, the multiplication rule. If two events are independent, we can get the joint probability by multiplying the two simple probabilities or marginal probabilities. Well, the probability of male and used Dove soap is 0.08. The probability of male is 0.4. The probability of D using Dove soap is 0.2. So then we test. Here's how we test. Is the joint probability 0.08 equal to the multiplicity product of the two marginal probabilities? 0.4 times 0.2, which actually is also 0.08. So yes, that's a second method that gives us the same answer. The two events are independent. Always do as much homework as you can find. Do as many problems as you can find. Do more than what's required because it will stand you in good stead. You'll be able to do your problems quicker and more thoroughly. You'll know when you know something. You'll know when you don't know something. Practice, practice, practice.


Hi everybody it's Sam at Mixed Up Craft, thank you for watching my tutorial today. I have got this really adorable music box, well that's what I'm calling it because it reminds me of a music box I used to have but it's a jewellery box basically. So we received the fairy tales collection in my latest trim craft design team package and it's beautiful. If you haven't seen my unboxing I will link it up here so you can pop over and have a look and I'll just show you in detail more of the products but you can just see here just the kind of colour palette and it's just it's gorgeous. So I've used the lovely little fairy print here and it's got that real nice shine over the tops like a glitter and then on the top here I have used all the matching embellishments that come so you've got these beautiful dried flowers these ones here that you build up these butterflies are from my own no no sorry these are from the same I'm so used to using my own stash in these butterflies but these are actually the ones from the collection the flatback pearls the wand this is a metal wand in the middle and it's absolutely beautiful the maker wish which was one of the sentiments from the pack the doily here as well this is also from the pack and then all the papers as well so that's the front and then you open it up and there it is isn't that beautiful like I said as well it reminds me of the one I used to have it is up in the loft somewhere mine was blue and white and it had fairies all over it and it still works but it did last time I used it and yeah with this fairy dye I just thought that's going to look beautiful and this is where the idea come from so it is easy to make there's lots of bits to it so I'm going to just get straight into the scoring and the main base first and then I'm going to go through all the mats and layers as we get to them so I think otherwise it's just a bit long-winded at the beginning you can see inside I've covered all of them there's a few bits I'm going to change I mean nothing that you'll probably really looking at it like this this is perfect it's still going to get used but I'm going to tweak a few things in this tutorial but there you have it you've got this gorgeous glimmer paper just look at all the sparkle and shine that's coming off of that card stunning and then that lovely this is the dovecraft mirrored cardstock here as well and the silver and it just yeah I thought it all come together really nicely and it closes beautifully and what a lovely keepsake or to put a really special gift in so pop that over to one side like I said I'm going to get straight into the scoring so for the main base you need a piece that is 10 and a half by 12 and you're going to score along the 12 inch side at three and a half and eight and a half then rotate and along the 10 inch side 10 and a half inch side you want to score it three and a half and seven okay so really simple scoring for that one pop that to one side then for the lid you need a piece that's seven and a half by nine and along the nine inch side you want to score it one inch and two inches and then seven and eight and then rotate and again score it one and two and then five and a half and six and a half so basically you've got one inch score lines all the way around and then another one inch score line all the way around because this is a reinforced lid so there we go you can just make out how that's going to look then this piece here is for this bit inside so this bit actually is a separate piece and that is in a proper music box that's where the the musical part is kept and concealed and I also wanted her to be a kind of you know set more forward than what she would be so it is optional when we get to it you could just stick her directly onto the back obviously that would create more room as well but there's something about having that bit in there that for me just made it feel like more of a little music box so this bit is optional and this is four and a half don't need my poke at all four and a half by six along the six inch side you want to score a half an inch and at five and a half and then rotate and you're going to score a quarter of an inch three quarters of an inch and four and a quarter I basically that was the scrap left over from when I cut everything else and so I just made it work for me and it does it works fine then you should if you're cutting this from the 12 by 12 piece this is the scrap and this is the perfect size for this lip here so this is separate now we're not going to score it because I find that when you add these bits inside it's easier to just kind of fold it yourself as we go through it so just keep that to one side but you will use it in a bit okay so next with all of your scored pieces just fold and burnish all of the score lines okay so that's all of my papers sorted so now we just want to do some cutting so on the shorter side so this is the 10 and a half inch side you just want to cut up these two score lines or nearly cut it wrong then just cut all the way down to the first score line okay like so and then flip the whole thing around and just do the same again okay so then what's going to happen is turn it over these are this is your middle so your two sides of your box here this is going to be my front so I'm going to bring the back up and around and then the front up and around like so and that means when you look at it you've got that nice same card going up wrapping all the way around if you were to maybe put that one over you would then have this kind of piece and again if you were to put both of the sides in and bring just this side one up then you have that open bit on both sides so start again by just bringing up the middle ones first then the back and then the front it will just give you a nicer looking box from the front but what you will find is you will get little bits hanging over so you see there I've got this bit here so I'm just going to find out what that bit is and it's this one here and I can actually see that it's got a lump of the score line still there so if I put it back in its orientation so this is my front these two back bits what I'm going to do is just take a little wedge like so because I know that that is the side that's probably going to end up hanging out slightly so again with that one there so and then again I'm going to bring them up bring that one and bring around these and just check imagine pretend you put glue on you just want this top one to hide basically everything else there now that one does but nothing overhanging there it looks really nice and again check this side because the last thing you want to do is get it stuck down and then have something hanging out and it not look too good but again that's fine as well so what we want to do is add glue to these two here you can use double-sided tape if you want I'm just going to use my wet glue if you're using Tombow you know if you're going near the edges make sure you're just more like pushing the glue around and not really heavy with it because if it oozes out it can get quite sticky but I've got an eraser that I use and it gets rid of it really easily but this is still my preferred glue okay bring up the middle one and then bring this one up make sure your school lines all match and bring that one around there pop it on its side and just with my bone folder there I'm just going to go in like so okay so that's that one and then again with this one here I just want to put glue again on the inside I'm just focusing on all of the four outer sides first and then again bring the middle one up and bring that one around and then the last we've got to do is put glue on these two here okay so that's my base all done don't worry if your this card stock is this one here it's 220 gsm so it is obviously flimsy but we're going to be adding quite a lot of mats and layers onto this now so it will soon strengthen and you can see the difference it's the same card and that's now a really strong box okay so I've gone ahead and already prepared all of those mats and layers and again I'm just going to go through with you them as we go you know use each one because again there's still a lot and I think it can just be a bit too much so it's my acetate for later that's all for the lid okay so I'm going to go for this butterfly print for the front so I've got them for the sides there I've done the mat which is the pink one and then the layer on top so that's already and then I've got these which are going to go again on the front and backs so this one here the mat so the pinky piece is four and three quarters by three and a quarter you'll need two and then the layer on top is four and a half by three so just drop down in quarter inch increments again you'll need two of that size for the front and the back and then the squares the outer one is three and a quarter inches squared and then the layer on top is three inches squared I've put double-sided tape on all of mine so I'm going to just get those all stuck down okay so now let's move on to our lid so we've obviously already gone ahead and folded and vertished all of those this is just a normal reinforced lid so those of you that are familiar with this kind of layout and with the four squares all in all of your corners you'll know exactly what you've got to do now but for anybody new you'll have these four squares in every one of your main corners you just want to cut down both of those so cut all the way up past the first score line and down to the second score line and then this one here like so so now we've just got these two turn it around and you want to take off all of that one so you're going to remove those two and then that one just the one so all we want left is just one square in the middle attached by one of the sides and then again go along to this one cut all the way down all the way down again remove the outer two and then cut right across that one there so again you've got this tab then rotate the whole thing and repeat and do the same again okay then what we want to do is just I'm just grabbing my snips on all of the little squares you want to take little wedges off of both the sides just so you don't get anything sticking out a little bit dodgy with that one there we go um yeah just helps you get a nicer fold by removing that bulk okay so that's now what you should have next we're going to add glue to these four here and we're going to stick them down so do one at a time again if you're using a wet glue you want to go right to the edges but be sparing with it so you don't want to have oozes of your glue okay like so bring it down tuck it in and bring this one up make sure you get a really nice angle okay and go to another one bring it down and bring around the side okay so you've got one part there to the one corner side even of your lid so you just want to do the same with this one okay and then next we're going to fold in just three of these pieces hanging over now one of the longer ones you want to leave out because that's how we're going to attach our lid to our base so you might have a preference to what you want to be the front of your lid so i.e. this bit here that you see I'm not too worried I'll go for this one so just kind of push them all out a bit like that and you're going to pop glue onto each one don't need loads this is just to really keep it in place fold it in and then just with my foam folder and just make sure the glue's spread out and you get a nice you see what i'm doing there nice side okay so again i'll go to the opposite one fold it over stick it down okay and then one of those longer ones not both just one okay and you should now have your lid with one piece hanging down and that will go inside and stick in like that creating your hinge okay now you can either do it now or do it in a bit because I'm going to decorate the lid because I just find doing the decoration as you go a bit easier so this is the piece I'm going to put on top now it looks quite plain that's because obviously I'm going to be doing all of this over the top of it and you actually only see little bits of the the cardstock so I've gone for gold on this one and not the rose gold partly because I've always run out already so I'll be buying another pack of that for sure just pop some double-sided tape on I'll give you the measurements in a moment for both of them so stick that one on top flip it over again whenever you're using double-sided tape just make sure you really push down on it just to get out all your air bubbles okay so that's now and you'll probably start to notice how strong all of these sides start to be so my gold mat is four and seven eighths of an inch by three and three eighths of an inch and then the layer on top is three and one eighth of an inch by four and five eighths of an inch so this time slightly different because I didn't want much of a frame with this one I wanted this to almost cover the whole lid with just a little bit poking out then I've got these bits to go on the sides and the front those bits are for the inside but we'll do that nearer the end because we've got a few other bits to do so these pieces here are all seven eighths of an inch in width the length of this one is four and seven eighths so you'll need two of them and then the length of these ones are three and three eighths and you'll need two of them and they're going to stick on all four sides I'm just going to get them stuck down okay so that's my lid now and you can see you just get that nice and a little bit of frame coming through I'm also going to stick the inside pieces for the lid because again this is easy and that's the inside of the box which we'll do shortly so this piece here is what I've got my mirror on the outer layer is four and three quarters by three and a quarter I'm sorry that was the mat the layer on top is four and a half by three and I'll just use my oval framelets and I've just created this little mirror and I framed it with the same card stock so this cream here I just said so I'm lying around put some foam adhesive sorry not some foam adhesive I put foam adhesive on that one there just so it's lifted slightly and then I'll just put double-sided tape on this I'm just going to stick this piece down again you might want to do this when it's all open up and flat but again I'm okay doing it this way but maybe if you're a bit worried you're going to not get it in place or also if you use your wet glue then that'll give you that little bit of wiggle space but it's gone in and just again make sure that's all nicely stuck down like so how lovely is that then you want to stick down I'm just going to stick three I'm going to leave one of the shorter sides I'm not going to stick it down to the very end because you're actually going to put a little bit of ribbon under there for this piece here okay so you see how that's hidden and the same with this side here so I'm going to stick down the two longer ones so one will go in there one will go in there and then I'm going to stick one on the left hand side leave your right hand side free okay look how lovely that is and I think it's when you add all of these mats and layers not only do they strengthen the box but they really bring it together and it start to look like what we want okay so that's the lid kind of where we need it to be at the minute then we've got these mats and layers so those pieces are for last and one of those so I've got your need to actually I'll tell you the sizes but we won't stick it down yet so this piece here is going to go remember make sure you've got your front facing you this bit's going to go inside this bit here and this is three and a quarter by four and three quarters as always the measurements will be on my blog but some of you do do it along with me this is three and a quarter by three and a quarter squared and you'll need two pieces and this piece here I think it's the same measurement this is going on that extra piece yeah four and three quarters by three and a quarter okay but you're not going to stick that one down yet even if you're not going to add that extra bit that I said about because you want to put your lid on first before you add your back piece down so put that to one side and put again the right hand side one to one side because that is how we stick this on but you want to get as much of the inside pieces done because it's easier and whilst we've got you know haven't got the lid on yet so this one is going to go in here this one on the front remember the front inside okay so that's now all stuck down now we can apply the attach the lid so this is going to go inside so see that this piece is going to go and sit so you want to bend that outwards and basically kind of clip it over the edge like so now where it wants to kind of sit now you want to keep it up at a right angle because that's where we're going to have it so if I open that one there can you see that's that's where that stays that's where you want it to be in that position when we stick it down with the wet glue because if you go that far around it actually pulls this up so that when you close it you're going to have a bigger gap at the back so just make sure whilst you're holding it with your glue you're keeping it in this upright position okay so you're adding your glue to the outer side again if you want to use double-sided tape as well I'm just going to use this glue okay and then I'm going to pop it in sitting it on the edge and keeping it in that upright position and you can close it up just make sure it's all nice and straight you do need to kind of pinch it so don't feel tempted to fold it right back and squeeze it together you want to keep it like this okay I'm going to breast it against something so it stays like that for the minute now if you don't want to add that extra section then you're going to want to add your sorry just add that mat now over the top and basically you can see it just covers where we had that join okay but I'm now going to add this piece in which will obviously cover that completely okay so with this piece here you'll have quarter inch piece and a half inch piece that's the top you just want the bottom is just that we should just have about one quarter inch piece with the long side you want it in landscape orientation you just want to remove these very small little rectangles like so like I said this is optional okay it's really not doing anything it's just more of a visual kind of element for me okay like so and then turn it all the way around so you've got the other long side facing you again you want to remove those smallest little rectangles okay just those ones and then you want to cut down these two there so you've got those tabs that have just appeared again take a tiny little wedge of them like so and again like so before I stick those sides down I'm going to grab my red quarter inch tape and I'm going to pop them on the two quarter inch tabs so one along the very top one there and then one along the very bottom one so just that one there like so and then I've also cut this piece here this decorative piece and this is four and three quarters by three eighths of an inch it's really tiny but I'm going to add that on that top piece now again it just it's easy to do it now rather than when it's stuck down and you can also add the acetate that the fairy is going to sit on at this point as well if you want so I'm not going to I'm going to do it at the end but if you want to then you can do that now as well see I just want to make sure I get the right gap by the end there we go so yeah now if you want to this piece of acetate goes in there I'll give you the measurements when we get to it but once you've watched the video if you want to add that in you can stick that here and then you can also add that one over the top but I'm going to do it all when it's all stuck down inside so yeah again different stages to put it together but do what feels best for you so now again I'm going to pop a little bit of glue on that one bring it down pop it under and bring that side around so it's just a little case you imagine like I said the battery and the music box and everything would have been in that piece but I just like that the fairy could be in fact yeah you don't even want to put that piece on there because obviously the acetate for the fairy has got to go in but she can be that close if you want you can imagine just her there so like I said I think this is just a personal preference for me a lot of you may well be watching this now and think yeah I'm not going to bother putting that in because you know like I said it does take a little bit of room up but not a lot but for me it was just another nice little element to add and I always like to make things a bit more challenging for myself so I'm just going to fold in them so you can see now we've just got this kind of little case like so and then I'm just going to take the top of this off like so fold that one in and I'm also going to remove the bottom and fold that one in that one's really just going to tack down because you can't physically get into it but then pop it in keep it on an angle get right down to the bottom first squeeze it right up and then you can squeeze that bit in it should go in really easily just push on the back my lid's nice and secure now and that also stops the lid kind of lifting as well but you can see now how that's coming together okay next I'm going to add my acetate and my fairy now it's entirely up to you you know you not all of you will have this fairy you might have a stamp image that you're going to fussy cut yours might be bigger or smaller I've done it so that her feet are just hovering above the top of this piece here all right so with whatever you've got you know kind of I just wanted the majority of her to be in the middle of the mirror so when you're looking down like that can you see she's kind of right in the centre there so just have a look at what you've got so your length of acetate I guess will vary depending on what you're using but I'm just going to roughly tell you what I'm using here and I think it was about half an inch thick I just done this all by kind of eye really so you wanted it in this case to like see where it covers on the back of her there and obviously you don't want the acetate going right to the bottom of your box so now that seems right so it's half an inch by four okay so if you have got that same one as me that's what you want to use and I'm just going to trim my bottom there's a bit thick and then the top like so and again I'm going to apply some double sided tape to my fairy because I can see where I can stick it obviously I don't want the sticky tape going over those bits where the wings are because otherwise it will get sticky in the box so I'm just popping a couple there remove the backing and then again just stick that nice and straight like so they're so pretty isn't that sweet it's really really lovely and then turn it over and you want to apply sticky tape on you don't need to cover the whole thing barely my remember where her foot is is going to be on show so I'm just going to come down a little bit below that and just snip those two bits off and then my nice decorative paper is going to cover all of this up and then focusing on the fairy and keep her in the middle so about there and then I can stick down the acetate because I'm not too worried if it's even a little bit wonky or something because my decorative paper will cover that so you can see now she floats there really nicely and then that other larger piece you should have got all those bits sticking to me I'm just going to stitch that now over there okay now that looks so cute I love it I love it I love it okay next we will add this piece here now just realize actually you didn't want to stick those ones in there was a reason you see what I mean there's so many steps to this so yeah don't do those ones yet although saying that how did I do I must have done it yeah I must have done it after looking at it I did I cut them down shorter so I'll give you the measurements we'll have to redo that one I'm not going to be too worried so I think I can see yeah because I didn't put glue on the side so I can still slide mine in so that's okay right you've got this piece now which was left over so this should be 12 by uh one and a half yeah 12 by one and half keep the one and a half but we will trim it but like I said I find doing this part so even when I'm just doing any kind of concealed closures this is how I like to do them so get your piece here kind of roll the rest of it like so so it can all go inside the box like that and you basically want to you can if you've done the bit I've done I didn't put any tape on the side so I can slide that right in there can you see all right and you want to have about three quarters of an inch what is it one and a half yeah it's a three quarters of an inch halfway kind of hanging if you can't get your piece in there just bring it out a bit and have it start where where it does so it doesn't matter so I'm going to have mine about that the height of what's kind of showing doesn't really matter at this point then you want to keep it really butt it up to that end and then as you get up to this corner push it right into the corner and pinch the top okay like so and I find by doing it this way you get a really nice tight closure inside rather than fussing about with those measurements on the scoreboard and then just hold that in that corner don't worry if this is kind of coming out now just keep your finger with that perfectly in that corner and come all the way down to the other side and again pinch it right in there and just pinch the top and then you're going to bring it right the way down here and it should only hang by a little bit and you have to kind of guesstimate but I'm going to just trim off about a quarter of an inch and now that should fit in there which it does perfectly okay so you can see now that one's in there and that one's in there and what I'll probably do is just take a little bit off of the other end and then they're even so now if I just slide that all in put tape on it in a minute it will sit in there perfectly you don't get any buckling on nothing so next bring it down and then if you just fold now and burnish where we pinched those lines so that one and that one okay and then come down about three quarters of a way or halfway sorry come in halfway down and add your tape all the way across okay so you want to make sure you've popped it on the outer side so obviously that's going to then stick on that inner side and then also just round off the edges you don't have to but I usually do and I didn't do it on that one they just might catch least this way it's nice and smooth and then just take the backing off if I add in that middle bit it does complicate I guess the way it's put together but you can still do it right start from one side so just fold that bit up on itself because it won't stick obviously the tape's on the outer side so just held it together there pop it all inside just try and obviously make sure you don't stick it all down and you want to get this bit in here first and I'm just lining up the top of my tape with the top of my box just push that in there a bit so I can get it in place and then I can start lining it all up so that's that one and then start coming all the way across here so some of you might look at this and be like oh god no just use wet glue if you're worried that you're gonna get it a bit wonky but it will just kind of find its own home yeah so it's fine inside I'm not too worried but now where I put it before can you see that covered it whereas you can see that strip but I'm not too worried I still think it looks okay and then that one I'll just cut down should just still be able to get it in there yeah I can do so that one would just be slightly looking different but I'm not too worried now when you close it you should get a perfect closure see really really nice because you've curved those bits over there as well so this is now the bit of ribbon which you want to hold this in place the easiest way to do this is keep this up in that right angle like so pop the ribbon just inside like so you might want to go high there or you might want to go down there I'm keeping it in the middle you want to go across nice and straight to here let me see what I'm doing and then let me just cut that down so I'll tell you the right measurement and you'll know so yeah it was four because I remember on the other one was four inches so I'm going to pop a little bit of tape just on the ends because once we put the decorative paper over the end bits that will kind of really secure it into place okay and then if you focus on one side first so I'm just going to stick that in the middle on an angle like so okay then bring your lid up so it's on that angle there and then just keep the ribbon nice and straight and wherever it decides to finally end is where you want to stick it down so now if I let go that will hold there perfectly okay and then I can cover it up with this piece here so you will need if you've done it obviously the way that I should have done it and that was to stick that down so stick that down before you stick your these side panels they will all be this that one will be the same measurement I gave you but these side ones will be the same height but the width will be half an inch less because you need to take out take off the half an inch for that piece there okay so I'm just going to keep mine the same and just slide that in there and stick it down like so okay like that so that is the box done I absolutely love it and then this will all come down the angel the angel the fairy just finds her own way she naturally as you close that lid you can see she just bends which is why you want a nice strong acetate don't forget adding this piece over the top of your ribbon on the other side as well before I forget that bit will fit in there perfectly like so I know a lot of you've got grandchildren so I'm hoping that you're going making this for because you can easily make this for a boy as well obviously a themed for a boy and you can have his favorite character or something that pops up so it's you know yeah but it's good for boys and girls okay these are all the bits I used for the top so that's the paper flowers these are the other paper flowers sorry yeah the paper blossoms they're paper flowers I've got this frame which is tucked in just there the doilies little magical ones flat back pearls now I don't have another make the wish make a wish sorry so I'm going to see if they've got something that would work in amongst here there's fairy dust the fairy dust sticker might be really nice actually um yeah so probably the one I use there are the butterflies I just pull the tops off so I've still got the stickers there but I pull the tops off and that is what that make a wish was in that was here but the others just for you that might work but the others have a magical day birthday wishes and with love are obviously more like card toppers so that's what I'm going to do so like I said I'm going to now speed this all up and you can just see how I put it all together and there you have it guys that is my decorated lid I've just done some die-cut leaves there in the same shimmer paper which I used for the base it looks quite yellowy in the video but it is gold I've added the wand there you probably saw me adding this pen this is the spectrum noir spectrum sparkle really really lovely it goes on wet and then it dries completely clear and can you see that gorgeous sparkle and then I just use the sticker there fairy dust I stuck it on some card that was left over from the actual lid in the base and then stuck that on there so slightly different to that one but still looks lovely so there you have it so again open up this one got some glue strings there get rid of them seem to stuck everywhere how wonderful beautiful so there you have it I hope you've enjoyed it I hope I've inspired you lots of different I guess ways to do it you don't have to decorate inside you don't have to add any of that you can just have her there you may not even want to do that or have it as a jewelry box you may just like the box itself you can make it you know for a guy as well as obviously for a girl I just think they're lovely I really really did enjoy these and I've just realized and you're probably looking going Sam you haven't decorated the bottom no I haven't that piece there will be quickly working out here it'd be four and three quarters by three and a quarter again it's up to you if you do want to or not I may well not add that one one I am keeping the other will be as a gift I'm not sure which one I'm going to keep yet but yeah as always if you've enjoyed today's tutorial please give me a thumbs up and subscribe to my channel so you get to see more thanks for watching bye


The President has approved the African Union Development Agency and new partnership for Africa's Development Second Pair Review Report in readiness for validation. The Aouda-Nepad National Coordinator Gloria Acobondo gave details of their approval in a statement in Abuja. The Aouda-Nepad is the social economic flagship program of the EU with the primary responsibility of facilitating the domestication of programs and project adopted at the continental level. The African Pair Review Mechanism is an instrument voluntarily acceded to by EU Member State as an African self-monitoring mechanism.


Hi, on MPI. DigiKey and Adafruit bring you Ion MPI every single week. This week is from since Sierra Leone, Lady Ado. What is the- Did you know that they're the sensor company? Well, I do now. Yeah. What is the Ion MPI this week? MPI stands for New Product Introduction. That's right. So what is it this week? This is a very new product. It's so new DigiKey hasn't been featured it on their slash movie. It's so new it's not out of stock yet. It's a global shortage. It's a little out of stock. It's not completely out of stock. Did you buy some before we did this? Maybe. OK, so this week's Ion MPI is the SCD-40 and SCD-41. These are adorable little sensors from since Sierra Leone. And these are true CO2 sensors. Since Sierra Leone makes some ECO2 sensors that are like effective CO2, which they do by measuring volatile organic compounds. And they kind of like guess what the CO2 level is. This is a true CO2 sensor. It's actually measuring part per million of carbon dioxide in the air. You may be familiar because people a lot of times talk about carbon dioxide on the planet. It's considered a greenhouse gas.  But they have really good timing because right now people really want CO2 sensors. We use them. Why? Because in the last year, so a lot of epidemiologists and scientists, and in this case a mechanical engineering professor, said, hey, for diseases that are passed by airborne transmission, you can use CO2 as a way of determining how much air circulation you have. Because as you probably learned in grade school, humans like to take an oxygen out of the air and they expel carbon dioxide. So over time, if you have a closed house or room and you have a lot of humans in it, like a workplace or a school, you're going to see the CO2 rise, rise, rise, rise, rise. Now, it's best to have low CO2, but humans, as long as it's less than 1,000, your body's totally fine with it. We can handle that. But instead of just using it as a gauge of health, like CO2 level for breathability, outside is 400 ppm. And so as long as you keep the indoor at 600 or less, and here's a paper that was written that is referred to by the article I just posted to, this is for different diseases, this is for tuberculosis. But they noted that they could stop the transmission as long as the CO2 was less than 600. Not because the CO2 had anything to do with TB, but because if you had low CO2, that means that there was enough air movement that air wasn't sitting around, and people were bumping into these particles because the air was being evacuated and they were going to be replaced with fresh air. So since Syrian, this is not their first rodeo when it comes to CO2. They've had to seal the SCD-30 for quite a while, which you might, this looks very familiar, that's because we have a breakout for it. So this is a true CO2 sensor that uses NDIR, to determine the CO2 part per million. It's a great sensor, one of our most popular guides that I think was just featured on Make Even is Carter's matrix portal CO2 room detector, which is very simple and just says a four little word, like good, bad, worn. The number, which is the CO2 level in this case, is 780 to part per million, and then like a happy face or a frowny face. So a very simple sensor. But one thing that's not so awesome about the sensor is it's kind of big, and it's through-hole soldering, so it's not easy to embed in small electronics, and it's not easy to automate production of it. So what's really cool is here's this diagram showing the size difference of the SCD-40 versus the earlier SCD-30, and you can see, they said it's seven times smaller, and all the way compact in every size, and it's surface mount pick and placeable, which is wonderful. So there's two versions of it. Oh, it's an I-square seat sensor, so it's very easy to use, and there's two versions. There's the SCD-40, which goes from 400 to 2,000 PPM, and then there's the SCD-41, and it's a higher accuracy 400 to 5,000 PPM. Now, use whichever works best, but for indoor CO2 measurement just for humans, you don't really need to know if it's over 2,000, because if it's over 2,000, that's too high, and you should tell them lower until it's less. You don't really care if it's 3,000 or 4,000, like it's all bad after 2,000. So 400 to 2,000 is plenty, but for some scientific purposes, a single shot mode is probably good for low power usage. The SCD-41 is gonna be a little more expensive, but has a higher range, so pick and choose, but they're the same package, so you can hot swap whichever one you like. It's also available in R1 and R2, so it's four total part numbers. R1 is 60 sensors per reel, and R2 is smaller reel, and R2 is a larger reel, probably like just the real size is different diameter. They also have a sensor bridge and a sensor breakout available, which we'll chat about in a minute. And here's just something I thought was just so cool. So Sincereon already wrote libraries for all these different platforms. And this is really wonderful because one of the things that makes me so bummed out is when a company is like, yeah, we wrote a driver, but it's only for our specific micro-troller, only for the compiler, like it's for a closed source compiler, closed source tool chain, an ID that's just Windows only, and it's very, very tied to the chip that we sell. It's like, we only have code for the MSP430, and you can't use it with anything else. What's really nice about Sincereon is they wrote code for Raspberry Pi, iSquared C, Embedded C, and Arduino, as well as make code. So it's like, you could even have students build projects with this and use it with make code with drag and drop programming, which I think is super awesome. So I will say at the time of this writing, there's no actual sensors in stock as they are sold out. It wasn't just me, by the way, other people bought them too. However, I didn't notice the lead time for getting more in about a month, so you could definitely get them on back order. But what I did see was in stock was this dev kit. So it's a little breakout board with a JSTPH. It's probably grove compatible and then also breakouts. And so, this is actually pretty good because it's not much more expensive than just the sensor and you can plug and play it with a Raspberry Pi or Arduino because it comes with headers and everything. They even have a video showing it, and then of course just run that code. It's just iSquared C, so you connect up power, ground, clock, and data. One of the things that they mentioned, they wanted me to make sure people knew is that the power supply, you want to make sure it's a nice quiet power supply. So if you're running this off of a Raspberry Pi, use like the three volt supply with the five volt supply because it's a little bit less noisy because the noise does affect the reading. It's available on Digikey. That's right, it's in stock. So search for SCD41 sensor, and this is in stock right now, so you can go and pick it up and it will ship to there tomorrow. Yeah, here's a short URL. Short URL. So here, and then there's the... Yeah, it's backwards. There's the... There's what you look for. But you can just type in SCD41, and then if you want just the sensors itself, search for SCD40 or SCD41, and you can sign up or back order. And we have a video. A video, and then when you come back, I'm gonna show on the overhead the demo. Monitoring CO2 can increase your cognitive performance, reduce the risk for viral infection, and make our building more energy efficient. This is why Senseiron developed a miniaturized CO2 sensor with the mission to break the size barrier for CO2 sensors. Hi, my name is Marco, and I am very excited to present the SCD4X evaluation kit and how it can be used to easily evaluate our revolutionary CO2 sensor. Compared to its predecessor, the SCD4X is seven times smaller. It is SMD, thus allowing for cost-effective assembly. It allows for adjustable power consumption and offers many more great features. Now, this technological breakthrough is enabled through Senseiron's patentant PA-Sense technology that is based on the... Okay, so you wanna show this off? I do. So this is the earlier SCD30, and this is it, you know, mounted onto this PyPortal project, which is super cool. And then this is... I'll get you a big upside down. Thank you for being patient, my new demo setup. So this is a Feather M4, and I just really loaded up... Oh, it says SCD30, it should say 40. Sorry about that. You can tell I took my old demo and updated it for the SCD40. And this is a little breakout that I made, but the one that they sell is almost the same, and you can see how small that sensor is. This is a Teflon cover just to protect it, and you can decan it if you want inside, as I can chip in the sensing element.  So that's normal, so as you breathe on it, you know, you have a lot of CO2 in your lungs, and then over the next minute or two, this will slowly drift down. Another thing is, by the way, it has a built-in humidity and temperature sensor as well, used to compensate the sensor, but it means that you can, you know, this very small little box can be used for all sorts of environmental sensing projects, because it does kind of everything for you. So that's the SCD40. All right, and that's this week's IonMPI. IonMPI.


I'm really proud to be a part of the propulsion team and above and all ISRO team and we have taken the Chandrayaan propulsion module and the lander to the orbit itself. What I feel is we are really excited and we are really happy with the way he encouraged us.