Hey Bolo Buddies, thanks for watching. All right, I have a category video for you guys and it is made in Japan items and I love finding like ornaments and like basically decorations or what I like to find but there are lots of made in Japan Bolo's and we're gonna get started here Oh, maybe All right, here we go. The first item is Vintage this is another Japan item I like to find is vintage made in Japan Barbies for sure This is a huge lot I don't know if you guys are familiar with made in Japan Barbie items But some of the outfits can go for hundreds of dollars I have sold some for fifty To a hundred myself and I don't really know too much about Barbie stuff So definitely definitely be on the lookout for anything Barbie that says made in Japan Not sure they have like a lot of them are black tagged and then the shoes on the bottom will say Japan and as you can see here on the tush Well, that one says Taiwan. So does that one? Maybe the clothes are Japan Okay, that one says Japan and so does that one. So it looks like two of the Barbies are Japan and From what I understand the made in Japan are more You can get more for the made in Japan, but don't quote me on that. Definitely look them all up Okay, so this lot sold for nine nine hundred and sixteen dollars with nineteen bids The next item is another made in Japan Barbie, this is a redhead Barbie. They have different names I'm guessing this seller is kind of like me and does not know the name of the Barbie But there are Barbie collectors who will see this and they will see redhead and then they will know You know, which Barbie it is this one sold for four hundred and twenty one dollars and ninety nine cents in the buyer paid shipping And let's go in and see what they started the auction at They started the auction at eleven dollars and ninety nine cents So I'm guessing this seller did not know what they had and You can see here the the winning bidder is probably a collector because they have pretty high feedback 21 unique bidders The next item is this vintage space dog friction motor made in Japan, so it looks like it's a tin toy Super cute. It's got the original box. It sold for three hundred and eighty dollars with 17 bids plus shipping The next item are these vintage Masakuni bonsai tools kit made in Japan, so I I'm not really sure Like a bonsai is a tree, right? So maybe they're to trim and cut a tree. It's kind of interesting They sold for two hundred and thirty five dollars with thirty one bids in the buyer paid shipping The next item G.I. Joe, so we know Barbie makes made in Japan. Apparently G.I. Joe vintage items Are also made in Japan So be on the lookout because this outfit and weapons went for two hundred and twenty five dollars only one bid But that's all you need Pretty cool The next item All right, this is kind of interesting. It's bird with wick in its beak made in Japan So it's a table lighter How funny is that? Has anyone ever seen anything like this? I think it's really cool, but it's over two hundred and thirty two dollars with twenty seven bids The next item is this bobblehead San Francisco 49ers It's from 1968 is vintage and it's a bobblehead guys There you have it and He sold for a hundred and seventy eight dollars and fifty cents twenty six bids and the buyer paid the shipping The next item is this hello kitty telephone This was an international sale. I normally don't pull those, but I know that hello kitty can do pretty well And this is made in Japan. It's from 1976 and it sold for a hundred and eighty two dollars with free shipping The next item are these Nike sport women's shoes They are made in Japan and I could not figure out like what is in this shoe. It's bubble wrap Yeah, so these are just vintage made in Japan Nikes So if you see them definitely be on the lookout, I'm gonna see okay here you go made in Japan It just says it on the box So for a hundred and sixty five dollars and fifty cents with five bids the buyer paid shipping The next item is this Ralph Lauren It's like a work jacket and it says made in Japan and they have it just laying on a dirt floor Which I'm guessing it probably would have maybe went for more if it wasn't laying on the ground Such an odd picture. Maybe they didn't know it was worth anything I'm not really sure but it sold for a hundred and twenty eight dollars and fifty cents and the buyer paid the shipping Let's see what they started this at and They started it at ninety nine cents, so maybe they were just clueless at that it had any value Ten unique bidders nobody with really high feedback But if most of you guys know that Ralph Lauren is pretty collectible especially the vintage stuff So definitely be on the lookout The next item is this spin a hoop wind-up toy. How cute is that made in Japan? I Think this is adorable so for a hundred and eleven dollars and fifty cents with eleven bids and the buyer paid shipping And it looks like maybe one of her arms is broken off Let's see doesn't say Toy works great Maybe am I looking at it wrong? Oh? Yeah, I didn't it look like her arm wasn't there. It's just I guess the angle. I thought maybe it was broken Nope not broken The next item is these vintage Snoopy porcelain ornaments made in Japan these four ornaments Snoopy sold for a hundred and fifteen dollars and fifty cents with 38 bids in the buyer paid shipping Try and zoom in here to the bottom for you. So yeah, they're from 1966 that is amazing The next item is this made into Japan Danish wooden doll furniture and it says Barbie size and I just think this is so so cute Yeah, super cute so it could go like in a dollhouse like a Barbie house but this sold for a hundred and twelve dollars and fifty cents and The buyer paid the shipping and it had eight bids The next item is this vintage 1980s fits and Floyd ceramic hippopotamus cookie jar made in Japan And I first heard about fits and Floyd when I was watching the Katie and Vicki show Vicki was talking about picking up fits and Floyd and I was just like Amazed at how much fits and Floyd goes for so really really cool But this one went for a hundred and two dollars and fifty cents with 14 bids and the buyer paid the shipping The next item is this 1930s Minnie Mouse figurine. It's bisque. It's made in Japan. It's from the 1930s You guys it sold for a hundred and two dollars and fifty cents with five bids and the buyer paid shipping The next item are these Japanese vintage chisels there's ten of them here Made in Japan sold for seventy nine dollars and ninety nine cents and the buyer paid shipping Which was a little pricey because these are heavy Wondering if they couldn't have gotten them into like a flat rate box, but maybe they were too long The next item are these Vintage made in Japan ceramic Santa Claus pitchers. So they're like a mug type pitcher looking thing Yeah, these went for eighty eight dollars and fifty one cents with nine bids plus shipping I think if it would have been me, I would have sold them separately Possibly made a little more. I don't know I guess I would have to look at comps to be certain, but it seems like probably somebody wouldn't need four pitchers All right, the next item is this super cute vintage kiss Kitsuka Kitsch bunny bank. It's ceramic. It's an Easter Bunny and it's made in Japan and it says Yukon Yukon Co yukako yukako. I don't know how to say it use the AGCO. I'm guessing maybe that's written on the bottom Yeah, okay, so it's on a little sticker on the bottom So this little guy went for ninety dollars with 30 bids and the buyer paid shipping super super cute This is totally something I would pick up The next item is these mercury glass Christmas ornaments. There's four of them And you can see there looks like there's little figures in set inside of them That'd be the right word to use snowman Looks like a church an angel and a reindeer These went for seventy nine dollars and ninety five cents in the buyer paid shipping All right, this one I definitely would have broken up into Singles or smaller lots So these are like felt elves elves I should say not elves elves You got some knee-huggers here. I thought I saw some knee-huggers. Maybe I didn't Mmm-hmm. No, no knee-huggers, but they're yep. Yep, there they are. There's the knee-huggers I thought I saw some so the knee-huggers are the ones right here that are hugging their knees. There's three of them and I love picking up vintage Christmas items like this, but I have a tendency to put them in smaller lots Eighty four dollars is what this went for the buyer paid the shipping and it had 16 bids Quite possibly a reseller bought that vintage carved wood out with the moving eyes made in Japan super cool $71 is what this sold for and the buyer paid the shipping The next item is the little knee-hugger Pixie elves so you can see here these went for a hundred and thirty dollars and sixty five cents and the buyer paid shipping It had 48 bids now. These are a little bit unique because they've got the glitter look to them like the metallic, I don't know if it's really glitter, but metallicky look and They're a little bit harder to find than the typical red and green The next item is this vintage Japan cardboard putts Christmas Village house And this one's in really nice condition. It went for a hundred and twenty three dollars and fifty cents Plus shipping and the buyer paid the shipping with 15 bids And I actually have a bunch of these listed right now and you can see on the bottom. They say made in Japan But they're really really cool.  I had no idea they had any value the next item is These little ceramic elves I say if you can find elves that are vintage made in Japan grab them all day long Super super cute these sold for fifty two dollars and twenty five cents with seven bids and the buyer paid shipping And I have sold little elves like this The next item I love this it's the vintage Easter spell out You will also see this listing in my Easter Bolo video if you guys haven't checked that out Definitely go check it out. This sold for a hundred and forty nine dollars and ninety nine cents 23 bids and By your paid shipping again all of these items in this video are made in Japan All right, this is a vintage pump pumpkin head string holder with face So it's great for Halloween. It had 15 bids and it sold for sixty dollars There it says it right there on the back made in Japan So definitely definitely definitely be on the lookout for made in Japan items All right guys, if you like this video hit that thumbs up that helps bump me in the search results Thanks for watching as always and Check out another Bolo video What do I say be sure to like comment subscribe and share thanks for watching Have a great night


My name is Maxwell Wang. I'm an MD-PC student receiving my PhD from Carnegie Mullen, joined between the machine learning department and the neuroscience institute. I am also a medical student with the University of Pittsburgh. I am a Taiwanese American that was born in New York City and raised in Rockford, Illinois. When I was preparing for the three-minute thesis preliminary rounds, I did rehearse the presentation a few times at events to make sure that it fell within three minutes. I always prefer to present with a slow cadence with a clear voice and rehearse the presentation as such. Well, during the actual day of the qualifying rounds, I was somewhat nervous. I am only human after all, so I happened to speak a little quickly. I was approaching the end of my piece, and I took a quick glance at the clock and realized, oh no, I still have a minute left to my time. This is not the two-minute thesis competition. This is the three-minute thesis. So I had to take a breath, think of something really interesting about the work that I could explain in a minute that I had left and how was I going to weave it into the story that I was telling? Well, I suppose that if the judges didn't immediately kick me out of this after I was done, they must have thought that I said something vaguely reasonable, at least. One fun fact about my thesis was some of the data management issues we ran into. We use surgically implanted electrodes in the heads of 20 human patients and recorded from them for a week straight in order to see how their brains changed as they mostly freely went about their day reading books, talking with friends and family, watching YouTube on their phone and such. One challenge of this is that high temporal resolution data being pulled off of over 100 electrodes in someone's head generates terabytes of data each day which quickly overwhelmed our systems. And especially since COVID, our hospital IT department has been incredibly overworked. So I ended up having to purchase a stack of hard drives off of Amazon 3-day sipping and physically carting them around the hospital with these little post-it note labels attached to each one in order to make a lot of this work. It was a fun time, but it does also so that with Moore's law, what is feasible with computation today is completely different to what it was 10 years ago. To those of us working in medicine, this is both our talents and our opportunity. When I think about doing research at Carnegie Mellon, what does this mean to me? It is an opportunity to combine strengths and several fields to make something really interesting happen. CMU is, of course, an incredible place to be studying machine learning and competencies of neuroscience. But also more than that in Pittsburgh, we have hospitals, engineering disciplines, and startups at the top of their respective fields that give us the opportunity to apply our craft in meaningful ways to make a positive impact on the world.


I welcome you to the next class on modeling and analysis of electrical machine. In the last lecture we had looked at deriving expressions for inductance for a machine consisting of a salient for a machine consisting of a rotor and a stator which are both cylindrical in nature.  We had a coil on the rotor and we found out the self inductance of the rotor coil and then we also found out an expression for the mutual inductance between the two coils between the stator and the rotor coil. We found that the self inductance was of the stator coil is a constant in the sense it does not vary with the angle of the rotor in this case we are saying that the angle of the rotor is the angle made by the perpendicular joining these two lines. So this is the axis of the coil on the rotor similarly you take the axis of the coil on the stator and then this angle we call as the rotor angle ?r and therefore we found that the mutual inductance was a function of ?r whereas the self inductances are not a function of ?r. Welcome you to the next lecture on this course on modeling and analysis of electrical machine. In the last lecture we had looked at how one can derive expressions for the inductance of coils placed in an electrical machine where the stator is of the cylindrical variety and the rotor is also of the cylindrical variety. Here now we see how the geometry looks like we have a cylindrical stator this is your cylindrical stator and then you have a cylindrical rotor a coil on the cylindrical stator with one side lying here and another side lying here we derived the expression for the self inductance of this coil and we found that the self inductance of the stator coil is basically a constant. Similarly we also derived an expression for the self inductance of the rotor coil and we found that that was also a constant. We also derived an expression for the mutual inductance mutual inductance between the stator and the rotor coil and we found that the mutual inductance is a function of the rotor angle ?r the rotor angle being defined as the angle between the axis of this coil on the stator and the axis of this coil on the rotor the axis of the coil being defined as that angle along which the maximum mmf occurs which would then mean that the axis of the stator coil is going to lie at a line perpendicular to the line connecting the two coil sides which is this this is the axis of the stator coil and the axis of the rotor coil would lie along a line which is perpendicular to a line connecting the two coil sides and therefore that is the axis of the rotor coil and then the angle between these two this angle is then called as the rotor angle. Now we will look at the next variety of machines that are there which are salient stator and cylindrical rotor machine I am sorry we will look at we will look at cylindrical stator and salient rotor machine how does such a machine look like that is a cross section of such a machine look like that can be seen in the picture here you have a cylindrical stator you have a cylindrical stator you can notice that the inner surface is cylindrical and you have a salient pole rotor you can notice that the pole surface is here and here and the air gap between the pole surface and the cylindrical inner surface of the stator is small but as you go around in this region the air gap is pretty large similarly here also the air gap is very large so this distinguishes a salient pole rotor from that of a cylindrical rotor in the earlier case where the cylindrical rotor was considered where the geometry looks like this you can see that the air gap is uniform all around assuming that what we have drawn are exact circles then the air gap will really be uniform all around the machine whereas here the air gap is not uniform here the air gap is small whereas in this region and this region the air gap is large therefore salient pole machines are essentially non uniform air gap machine so in such a machine how do we derive expressions for inductances again we are interested in looking at one coil on the stator and we are having one coil on the rotor so here you see that there is a slot that has been described similarly another slot 180 degrees away you have a coil occupying these two slots one side of the coil lies here in this slot another side of this coil lies in this slot so this completes one coil on the stator similarly there is a coil on the rotor but now divided into two parts there is one winding on this side of the rotor another winding on this side of the rotor both connected in series and energized such that the flux flow aids each other and therefore this is equivalent to a single coil that has been wound around the rotor in this direction in this particular case what we are having is the coil on the stator is a hundred turn coil hundred turn coil on the stator and on the rotor it has a 30 turn coil and two of that that is what we have and this area all this is made of steel this is also made of steel whereas these regions are air region so in this case we would like to see what would be the expressions for the inductance of the coil on the stator inductance of the coil on the rotor and the mutual inductance between the two that is the exercise we would like to undertake now how to do that from our understanding of the inductances we know that inductance can be described as flux linkage in a particular coil by current that cost that flux linkage if you are looking at self inductance of the stator then we are looking at flux linkage of the stator divided by current flowing in the stator if you are looking at self in which case we would call this as LS if we are looking at the self inductance of the rotor then we need to find out flux linkage of the rotor divided by current in the rotor on the other hand if we want to find out the value of mutual inductance what we could do is to find out MSR is flux linkage in the stator divided by current flowing in the rotor so you excite the rotor and find out due to that how much flux linkage is there on the stator then divide the two you get the mutual inductance we have also understood that if you want to find this out that is flux linkage in the stator divided by current in the stator now if you are going to excite the stator that is send some current through the coil here we first need to find out how much flux is going to be generated and we know that in order to find out how much flux is generated you need to know how the magnetic circuit looks like and we see that we intuitively understand from various flux patterns that we have seen in the earlier lectures that if you are going to energize the coil here let us say that in this case the flow of current out of this coil side is out of the plane of this figure and here the flow of current is such that it is into the plane of this figure then we know that in this loop flux will be flowing we can decide the direction in which flux is flowing by your rule of the right hand where you curl your fingers in the direction of the current flow then this finger points in the direction of flux so here current is coming out from the top side and going in to the bottom so there will be flux lines flowing from left to right in this figure which means now in the drawing that we have seen we are seeing here you expect to have flux lines that are flowing from left to right now in this direction you see that the air gap encountered for the flux lines is minimum you would expect therefore a large number of flux lines to go through this region to go through this region and here the air gap is very high here also the air gap is very high so you would expect very little flux lines on this region and therefore what we anticipate is that the flux density is here and of course in this iron region are likely to be pretty high whereas the flux density in this air gap region are likely to be very low at the same time let us also look at another situation where the rotor is not along this horizontal direction but imagine a situation where the rotor has rotated by 90 degrees and therefore this pole phase occurs here and this pole phase occurs here still because the coil is excited in the same way you expect the flux lines to have passed in this direction but now you have a fairly large air gap in this side and this side because the rotor has rotated the pole phase is here and here and therefore you would have a large air gap because of the large air gap now the flux that is generated is likely to be very low and therefore when you want to find out inductance as the ratio of flux linkage to the excitation that you give you would understand that how much of flux is generated for a given flow of current in the stator would depend on where the rotor is if the rotor has been put in this direction then you would expect a large amount of flux flow flux density levels could be very high on the other hand if the rotor has been rotated such that the pole phase occurs here and here then there is considerable air gap in the in the flux flow path and therefore the flux level itself would go down now let us look at an FEM simulation study so this figure now shows how flux lines have been generated for the rotor aligned horizontally remember this horizontal direction is then the direction of magnetic axis for this coil as well so what we find is a rotor is now aligned along the magnetic axis of this loop and you find that the flux density levels are quite high for example in this region this dark red corresponds to if you look at here somewhere in the region of 1.5 tesla here also it is in the region of 1.5 tesla in these regions of course the flux density is low because the flux lines tend to come here and then travel into the rotor so you would not expect much of flux at these regions so here therefore the flux density is very high and therefore the flux linkages are also going to be very high with this coil but as you now rotate the rotor let us consider the other situation as is seen on the right side here now the rotor has been rotated such that the pole phase occurs here and here and as you can see in this direction the air gap is very large and therefore if you had excited the stator you would have had very little flux lines here this plot has been generated by exciting the rotor and therefore this rotor flux lines are shown here and therefore in the case of exciting the stator the flux linkage in the stator would depend on the rotor position on the other hand if you are going to look at self inductance of the rotor where this plot itself becomes evident becomes of use now how to determine the self inductance of the rotor you excite the rotor coil find out the flux linkage with the rotor and now one can see that if it is the rotor that is going to be excited if you compare these two plot this plot also has been generated by exciting the rotor the results would have been similar if you excite the stator coil for this particular case now if you excite the rotor now you see that this region of high flux density here and here that is there the central limb has very high flux density and now the rotor has rotated to the next angular position and the rotor still has the same flux density levels one would therefore expect that the flux linkage in the rotor in this coil due to current flowing in the rotor is likely to be more or less same as what was observed here why is that happening because whether the rotor is in this position or in this position the flux lines that are going this way and this way they always encounter the same air gap whether it is here or in this position they always encounter the same air and therefore as the rotor is going to change we do not expect the flux levels to change significantly whereas if you had excited the stator in this position it encounters minimum air gap in this position if you had excited the stator it would encounter a very large air gap therefore inductances will change therefore when we talk of self inductance of the rotor in this particular case we do not expect the self inductance of the rotor to change with the rotor angle whereas we expect the self inductance of the stator to change with rotor angle how about mutual inductance in order to determine mutual inductance you excite the rotor just as has been done in these two plots and find out the flux linkage with the stator now how to find out flux linkage with the stator flux linkage with a particular wire loop like this which is placed on the stator is defined as if you have a loop of wire that is going around like this one side here and another side here in order to find out the flux linkage you need to find out how much flux is flowing through an area which lies in the plane of this loop you have the loop going around like this therefore this is the plane of the loop and you need to find out how much flux is flowing normal to the plane of the loop now if you look at the geometry here the plane of the loop would lie here and you have a large number of flux lines that are crossing the plane of the loop and therefore you would expect significant flux linkage arising due to current flowing in excitation in the rotor whereas now if you look at the figure on the right here also there is excitation in the rotor but now you see that all the flux lines are flowing like this the plane of the loop is here and you see that there is no flux line that is crossing the plane of the loop here you see that all the flux lines cross the plane of the loop normal to it here there is no flux line that is crossing the plane of the loop that means that the flux linkage of the stator coil in this position of the rotor will be 0 no flux linkage is there so on the one hand you have here a situation where flux linkage would be maximum on the other hand here you have flux linkage will be 0 so again mutual inductance this quantity we expected to be a function of the rotor position so let us now try to find out how to derive an expression for the mutual inductance we are going to excite the rotor and find out the flux linkage in the stator so in order to find out the flux linkage now what do we need to do we need to determine what is the flux density which is existing because of this excitation so if we now look at the next plot this plot shows how the flux density is there along the circumference of the rotor of the stator this x axis denotes 180 degrees of the circumference of the stator and the y axis denotes modulus of b that is there this plot has been drawn for the rotor position as shown on the left side here and this plot is drawn for the x axis starting from this position and travelling all the way along the circumference of the stator going up to this point so if you travel around the inner circumference of the stator along this arc and find out what is the flux density level you have at various points along this inner circumference then you end up with a graph that looks like this this is the distance travelled along the inner circumference this is the value of the flux density at various positions along the inner circumference you find now that at the place where you start that is here in this region the flux density levels are very low and then as you approach this the flux density level suddenly shoots up there is a very steep increase in the flux density level and then as you are in the pole phase region the flux density is almost flat and as you leave the pole phase region the flux density again rapidly drops down to reach zero levels at this end so this is the kind of flux density pattern that you have how does H field look like we know that H is equal to B by µ0 it is µ0 because we are looking at air gap right so B divided by µ0 if you find out what is the flux density in the air gap you can find out what is H in the air gap by taking this ratio now how to find out how much value of B will be there initially what we have is a geometry like this we know how many turns are there in this coil we know how many turns are there in this coil we know how much flow of current is there I am sorry in this coil we know how much turns are there in this coil we know how much flow of current is there in this coil so how to find out what will be the flux density levels in order to do that we need to be able to apply your Ampere's law Ampere's rule and in order to apply Ampere's rule you take an Amperian loop which we can conveniently take along the flux lines that go all the way here and then come back this way. So if you are going around this Ampere's loop then what you would write is remember that this Ampere's loop or Ampere's rule says that the circular integral h.dl is equal to the total current enclosed this expression we have used long ago in one of the lectures. If you look at this path that we are integrating which is drawn in blue line here this path is through iron within the rotor that is in this region the path passes through iron it crosses an air gap here and then goes again through iron crosses an air gap here and completes the loop. So if we were to split this if we were to write expand this integral what we would write is h in the air gap on the left hand side let me write it as hgl that is the air gap on the left hand side multiplied by the length of the air gap on the left hand side plus h in the rotor multiplied by the length of the path in the rotor plus h in the air gap on the right hand side multiplied by the length of the air gap on the right hand side these two lengths are identical that is how normally machine is made plus you will have h on the stator multiplied by the length on the stator these four terms refer to the region here which is the length which is the air gap on the left hand side and then path in the rotor air gap on the right hand side and then path through the iron. So that is the expression you get here and this must be equal to the total flow of current enclosed and how do you get the total current enclosed so you look at this path again and in this path if you travel around this path and you look at the current enclosed to the left side of you you find that there is current flowing here and then there is current flowing here there are same number of turns in both and each turn is carrying the same current so let us say that the total number of turns that are there in this coil plus this coil put together is NR and each turn is carrying the same current IR then the total current enclosed is given by NR multiplied by IR. So now in order to find out h we need to solve this equation and how do we solve this equation we find that there is some h here there is some h here and so on the sum total is what is equal to NR into IR and therefore it would be interesting to see along this loop that we have defined how is the variation of h the next plot shows this this is the modulus of h as we travel around the loop that we have described now one can see from this plot that initially this is a path that has been defined from here to here. So as you travel around the path you see that there is a big value for h somewhere here and then another big value for h here whereas in all the in between regions h is very small these two locations correspond to the air gap that you have here and here all the other areas are iron regions this is iron this is iron this is iron in all those regions you find that h is very very small therefore in comparison with this part and this part these two terms are negligible and therefore they can simply be struck of neglected in comparison with these two the value of h in both these regions since the machine is a symmetric machine length of the air gap is also the same one can expect that this value and this value is identical indeed that is what this graph also shows that these two levels are the same and therefore one can say reduce this expression to two times h into g multiplied by lg is equal to nr multiplied by ir please remember that this nr is the total number of turns in both the coils that we have placed on the rotor it is equivalent to having a single coil and therefore from this expression one can evaluate hg as nr multiplied by ir divided by two times lg and having got this expression we can now write an expression for the flux density in the air gap as nr into ir divided by two times lg and we know here that B is equal to µ0 into h so this multiplied by µ0 is what is going to give you your flux density now why does this happen that these two parts are negligible compared to these two areas now these two terms they correspond to value of h inside iron and inside iron the equation would look like h is equal to B by µ0 into µr there is a finite value of flux density however µr for iron is very high and therefore h is very low therefore wherever you have iron wherever you have a good iron material µr is likely to be high and h in the iron regions is likely to be much smaller compared to values of h in the air gap regions and therefore if you now look at the geometry here whether you take the loop that we have initially drawn that is along this line or whether you take a loop which is here at a different position in the air gap or whether you take a loop that is here all the iron regions are anyway going to consume very little value of h and irrespective of which loop you consider the total current enclosed is always the same and therefore in all these cases the final equation would still only be hg into lg in the left side of the air gap plus hg into lg on the right side air gap the together has to add up to n into i and therefore h all along this pole phase is expected to be the same and indeed that is what this plot shows h along the pole phase area is by enlarge constant and therefore B would also be the same fixed dc level at a fixed level and therefore B or h is constant but beyond that you see that this drops off pretty fast because you have large air gaps in that region and therefore h value is very small at the circumference B is also very small so that is how it looks now therefore if you plot the value of the flux density this line this graph is nothing but the modulus of flux density x axis refers to the angle around the circumference as you travel in the inner circumference of the machine so this plot says that if you start from here and then go around and come back here you would have traveled 360 degrees the rotor is not moving the rotor is at this position it is carrying some excitation we are traveling around the air gap to see what is the flux density at various angular locations if you do that therefore this is the plot that you expect we have seen initially that the flux density 0 then as you come to the pole phase the flux density becomes high and then as you cross the pole phase it is low again and then the flux density reverses and then comes back so this is how the flux density pattern around the air gap is going to look like now what happens as the rotor rotates we have seen that for this position of the rotor which is aligned along the axis of coil on the stator or for 90 degree later the flux density pattern as is seen on the right hand side of this figure is the same right so what we expect is as the rotor is going to rotate the flux density waveform also moves along with it indeed that is what you see here these plots show how the flux density variation around the circumference of the machine this x axis in this case again shows angle around circumference y axis shows flux density levels in each plot each of these plots has been generated for a particular angle of the rotor the first plot on the top shows the flux density variation around the circumference of the machine for an angle of the rotor ? r equal to 0 degree that means the rotor is located at a position which looks like this now as the rotor rotates the angle of the rotor is going to change so for an angle ? r equal to 30 degrees this is how the flux density plot looks like what one can readily observe from this is that this waveform and this waveform are identical except that you notice this waveform has shifted as compared to this because the rotor has moved along with the rotor this region where maximum flux density occurs has also moved otherwise the wave shape is the same if you look at the next plot this plot is drawn for an angle 60 degrees of the rotor the rotor has rotated even more and this plot also by enlarge you see it looks the same except for the small kink here the general shape of the plot is the same now why is this kink occurring before we get to that let us look at the next plot also this is drawn for 90 degree of the rotor position that means it is drawn for this position of the rotor on the right hand side now the rotor is at 90 degree position initially it was at 0 degree position now it is at 90 degree position so for varying rotor angles you can find that this waveform is shifting but you get this kink why is this kink coming if you notice this kink always occurs at the same position whether the rotor is here or rotor is here the x axis position of this kink remains the same and that is about 180 degree and what is there at 180 degrees at 180 degrees there is this slot you have starting from 0 degree here travelling around the circumference of the stator you reach 180 degree here and because a slot is opening on the stator inner surface effectively the air gap becomes larger in this position and therefore because the air gap is larger flux density falls down you get lesser flux in that area and the slot is not going to change its location because it is on the stator and therefore this kink always occurs at the same position along the x axis remember the x axis is the angle around the circumference of the stator the inner circumference of the stator so this effect of having a kink arises because of slotting that is there on the stator we have only one slot on the stator in that 180 degree span and therefore there is only one kink if you had more slots on the stator imagine that you have this position where you have one slot on the stator suppose you had one more slot here and one more slot here what would happen in this plot you would then have one more kink here and another kink here for our analysis we will neglect the slotting effects assume that the stator inner circumference is really uniform there are no slotting problems and therefore these kinks do not exist for our analysis our analysis we are making the simplification of neglecting slotting so with all that then this is the flux density waveform we are really going to have a flux density waveform that has very negligible flux density here and very rapidly builds up remains constant rapidly falls down and so on so we try to simplify this one more step and we assume that the wave shape of this flux density is square this is the approximation that we are going to make for our study that the flux density is square like this remember this is the flux density of flux generated by exciting the rotor we want to find out flux linkage in stator that is what we have to find out and we have also found that the flux density shape that is there this flux density wave shape rotates along with the rotor that can be seen here if rotor is at 0 degrees you have the flux density wave shape like this as the rotor goes to 30 degrees the flux density has moved by 30 degrees you see that this is probably somewhere around 75 degrees and this is come somewhere here so this is moved by 30 degrees and as the rotor moves another 30 degrees the flux density waveform is moved again by 30 degrees and so on and therefore the flux density wave shape rotates along with the rotor when we say that flux density wave shape what we mean is flux density around the circumference we are not talking about exciting the rotor with some varying current so as it does that we want to find out how flux linkage on the stator is also going to change which will then lead us to the value of mutual inductance. So in this class then we will stop at this point and then using this information let us see how to estimate the value of mutual inductance in the next lecture so we will stop here.


Thank you all for being here. Welcome to the Patrick Leahy Burlington International Airport. It is always exciting to be able to say that, always exciting to be able to welcome folks to the airport that we're so proud of. It is particularly exciting to be able to have an event for the first time up here on the second floor of what we call the TIP project, the newest part of the airport that we opened, was it just last fall? 22. All right, that's the thing in this job, but all the dates get a little fuzzy. So a little about 18 months ago. And we have another exciting announcement to make today. So thank you all for joining us for it. The city of Burlington has been the proud steward of this amazing airport for over 100 years and of course you can see images from the past all over the terminal now. Leahy BTV is the place where Vermonters wave farewell to friends and family and where they embrace loved ones who are returning home. And this is also the first impression and the last look that many visitors to our state and our city experience. Here over 700,000 people take off and land each year and see a glimpse of the best of Vermont and Burlington. It is a place where we invest in safety and innovation, where we value local goods, labor and artists, and where we are forging incredible progress toward net zero and where we take pride in creating a warm welcome for everyone who visits. You know, I've always appreciated this airport, always loved it. I've been involved in it for a very long time now. My first kind of public service in Burlington was as an airport commissioner, which I joined in back in 2002. And it's good to see Tim George, who I believe is the current chair of the airport commission with us. Thank you for your service, Tim. And it's pretty exciting after that long involvement. I guess, you know, over 20 years of involvement with this airport now to be able to be here today in my final days as mayor and to be able to share this exciting announcement about the future. Of all of Burlington's stories of recovery and investment over the past 12 years, and there have been a lot of them, none of them have been more dramatic than what happened here at the airport. On the day I came into office, BTV, this airport was one of just two junk-bond-rated airports in the U.S., and we were courting disaster with less than one month's cash on hand. Today, BTV is one of the Leahy BTV, is one of the busiest airports in New England, and is one of the great economic engines of this region, contributing close to a half a billion dollars to the local economy every year. Last fall, we experienced the busiest travel day in the airport's history, with just shy of 69,000 people coming through the building in one day. The plans that we are unveiling today are just one part of a number of new investments that we are making over the next five years, and it's not a small part. It is a $34 million piece of what is a total of $145 million of investment at the airport over the next five years. What we are announcing today is that on Monday I will be going to the city council and asking the council to accept a $34 million federal grant for what we are calling Project Next, which is a replacement of the North Concourse with a compelling new design. If in the program you'll get a chance, you already have seen some of the images of this new and exciting design on the easels over here. Later on the program, we will show a video, a kind of fly-through of the new design, and we do have Craig Randall, who is the representative from Jacobs Engineering who will be able to speak to the design as well. The goals of this project are to enhance operational efficiency for the airport team and our airline partners, is to improve the traveler experience with more room and numerous new amenities. It will add space for the broader community to use and joy. You'll see there's an exciting outdoor space that will be open to the public as part of this, and it will be we think an exciting event space, and this will set the stage for future growth at the airport in the capacities of this new terminal will allow for larger airlines and more airplanes to come in and access the airport at any one time. All of this will be accomplished in the new terminal while this new terminal produces more energy that is needed to keep it running. This ambitious project is not just about accommodating larger aircraft and boosting passenger capacity, it is about securing a vibrant, sustainable future for Vermont's largest and greatest airport. Now, it almost goes with that saying, but I'm going to say it, none of this, none of what I've just talked about, none of what is coming would have been possible without the support of you, Senator Leahy. That has been true of so much of the positive changes that have happened here at the airport in recent decades, and that has happened the way in which you work to support this airport took many forms. You supported this airport in your support for the Air National Guard and for Beta, two of the key partners, the airport's success, and you also played a leadership role, I think understates, a key role in securing this incredible $145 million of investment for the future of the airport. This is after decades in which this is not the first, what is it, nine-figure investment that you have led here at the airport over the decades. I am proud that among the last acts of leadership that we were able to do in our work together, we have been able to put together and fund this plan for a brighter, stronger, greener future for the Patrick Leahy Burlington International Airport. Welcome, Senator Leahy. Thank you. Well, thank you very much. I also think about the fact that if you hadn't come in when you did as mayor and took this out of imminent bankruptcy and let it become what it is today, that, every one of you, everybody flies in now of this, has to thank you for that. And the fact that everybody comes together, you know, this is a remarkable place. Without sounding my age, but I will for a moment, the first time I ever flew, I was a freshman at St. Michael's College, flew out of here, and then you walked down across the grass. I think it must have been a DC-3 because it was looking and standing on his tail. We flew all the way to Albany, and that's pretty exciting. When I mentioned to our kids, our grandkids, when they were right from the time they were able to walk, they had flown, and I didn't do it until I was a freshman in college. They said, Dad, they didn't invent their plane until you were a freshman in college. Well, a long way from then, say, Mike's. But I look at Burlington. I look at this airport. This is more than just Burlington. In the other area, it's the keys to a vibrant Vermont. We're all, if you hadn't saved us from bankruptcy, if you hadn't brought this back, and if all the men and women who are here hadn't spent so much time working on this airport, what a different state we would be. The fact that you have 69,000, one day you have more than the population of the state of Vermont during the year will fly in and out of here. How important that is. It's a gateway for visitors to our state. Look what that supports. Our businesses, our food and hospitality industry. But it's also, for all of us, every single part of the state, there's something there that is touched by the ability of having this airport. I know the years that I was in Washington, that other place, I've been very proud to work closely with Burlington, South Burlington, state of Vermont, the airport authority, many airport managers. I mentioned, say, Mike's earlier, a classmate of mine was a manager for me, nine to two, 2005, J.J. Hamilton. He flew for the National Guard. He was a manager here, died of freak accidents. He was a wonderful, wonderful person. But I think of other managers, Gene Richards, who was last with me, and of course, Nick Longo.  I thought, I love that. It's not what we did yesterday, Nick, it's what we're going to do tomorrow. And I appreciate that. So this is an attractive area for Vermont. No matter what it's going on, whether we invest in infrastructure such as the advanced instrument landing system, runway improvements, terminal security. I was thinking of that when my son and I drove from something over in Norwich, Vermont today and saw the weather change 20 times on the way. And during the Burlington note, we keep on going, the airport keep on going. And we and our kids and our grandkids will continue to fly in and out of here. So congratulations on this war to further the terminals. It was nice being chair of the Appropriations Committee being able to say, let's slip to sit. And as somebody said, do you have anything left in Vermont? I said, I've got a few weeks left in the Senate. I'll find them. But this, you, you and the city council, the director, all of you have done so much.  I'm sure there's going to be some things that may have gotten money for for the over the years. I wonder, was that the wise idea here? The only the only question I have. Gosh, I wonder if I could have gotten more because this place is worth it. Thank you all very much. And we'll be flying out of here in a few days. Thank you. Well, thank you, Mr. Mayor. And thank you, Council President Paul for being here. And of course, thank you, Senator Leahy and Mrs. Leahy for all your guidance. And thank you, too, for being here. This project could not have been completed as far as we've gotten so far without you. And mostly I'm talking about the people in the very far pieces of the room. But there's a lot of folks in this room that that really made this happen to get to where we are today, from the funding to the vision and the support that we needed, but also the partnership that we have with the Transportation Security Administration with Chuck Wyatt, who is our federal security director, with our airline partners, our concessionaires and our staff. And please thank them as you walk in and out of the room here for forgetting not just this project done, but as the previous statement said, all the projects that we do every single day. So thank you all. Today is definitely a day of profound significance for LeahyBTV. As we gather here, we stand at the threshold of an extraordinary program, an extraordinary journey, one that promises to redefine the very essence of this airport experience with boundless enthusiasm, which I do have that, in a deep sense of purpose. I am honored, truly honored to share with you the next vision and the promise of Project Next. Today marks the commencement of phase two, if you will, of our ambitious endeavor to transform LeahyBTV into a transcendent beacon of innovation and excellence in air travel and in our community, bolstered by substantial funding opportunities, which help. We now have the resources and the momentum to propel ourselves into the future, setting a new standard truly for airports worldwide. Today, we stand in our newest section of our terminal, the South Wing, abundant with opportunity and already redefining our airport experience through a new security checkpoint. This embodies the spirit of progress that defines LeahyBTV and we want to keep this momentum moving forward. Our airport is more than just a point of departure or arrival. It is a nexus of human connection and exploration, if you will. With each passing day, we welcome a new generation of travelers, our next adventurer, our next dreamer, our next seeker of new horizons, and it is for them, our passengers, and for all who pass through these gates that we undertake this grand endeavor. At the heart of Project Next, which you see on the sides here, lies a commitment to re-imagine the airport experience from the ground up. Our expanded, modern North Wing design is more than a structure. It is a testament to our dedication to providing unparalleled comfort, convenience, and aesthetic delight to all who traverse its halls. But our vision really extends beyond more than aesthetics and comfort. With a keen eye towards our future, we have embraced sustainability as a guiding principle in every aspect of Project Next. From the innovative use of mass timber to reduce our carbon footprint as we build this project, to the harnessing of geothermal underneath to heat and cool the building in the integration of solar expansion technologies, we are pioneering a new era of environmentally conscious aviation infrastructure at this terminal. And we have the huge thanks to Jacobs Engineering for doing that, as well as Engelberth for partnering in this endeavor. In designing Project Next, we have not forgotten our responsibility to our communities, to our next generations. By keeping the city, the airport, and the needs of all humans at the forefront of our planning process, we are ensuring that our airport remains a source of pride and prosperity for generations to come. Whether you are embarking on a journey to distant lands, returning home to loved ones, experiencing this beauty of Vermont for the very first time, know that Project Next is designed with you in mind. It is a testament to our unwavering commitment to excellence, innovation, sustainability, a promise to deliver an airport experience that is as memorable as the destinations that we connect you with. So as we stand on this threshold of our historic moment with the funding made possible by Senator Leahy and your team, let us embrace the spirit of adventure and the possibility that defines this Project Next.  Together, we stand at another pivotal moment in time and I couldn't be prouder to share this momentous amount announcement with you, hopefully not for the last time, but for this time. Together, let us embark on this journey with optimism, determination, and a sense of shared purpose. For today, we lay this foundation for a brighter tomorrow, one that is built upon the dreams and aspirations of all who come to Leahy BTV to connect to the gateway of the world. This is Project Next and you'll see that in this video in the images and throw on a virtual reality experience to walk through that later on. And I'm also extremely humbled, proud, honored to invite and welcome our Burlington President, Burlington City Council President Karen Paul, again an honor to be with you too. So as you probably have guessed, we're all huge fans of the airport around here. I'm thrilled and honored to stand here with all of you on another special day for the Burlington Airport. There is an amazing sense of community pride in our airport that I've witnessed over all the years that I've been on the City Council. There's a great amount of pride in this community in honoring the past. It was over 100 years ago and I can't imagine what the effort must have been to have forged the first runway. We welcomed the first aircraft to the airport which is really just an airfield in August of 1920, which sure seems like an awful long time ago. There have been so many improvements since then. The first terminal building, the terminal improvement project that we did just a few months ago, all that has happened with Beta and the other airport partners that we have, the future of air travel, it all brings us to this day. For me, when I walk into this building and I was here yesterday, I flew up and back to New York for a meeting, so I was here at 4 a.m. and I left at 11. And the most exciting part of me coming back at 11 was I said to myself, well, in only 15 hours, I will be back here again. This building never gets old to me. I feel when I come in here like I'm going somewhere, even if I'm not going somewhere, I feel like I am. There is, yes, that's true. There is a wonder and a magic to air travel. And as I say, no matter how many times I come here, this never gets old to me. It is a place that links the community to the world beyond our borders. It was 350 days ago today that Mayor Weinberger announced the city's intention to have our airport, which is a treasured asset to many of us, take on the name of another treasured asset. Our then Senator, and honestly, Senator Leahy, always Vermont Senator, Senator Leahy. Today we celebrate another milestone in our airport's journey, a milestone that absolutely, as others have said, would not be possible without the work of many led by Senator Leahy and with the support, loving support of his wife, Marcel, their work over 48 years to strengthen the endless horizon and connection to the world that we have with our airport, both for today and for the many tomorrows to come. I knew that the mayor would talk about the finances of the airport, so I decided to leave that out. And I will only talk about two things, and that is, the first that I wanted to highlight is that there is a tremendous amount of planning and execution that goes into this project. It's an ambitious project, but it's important to know that while the improvement is vital and it will accommodate larger aircrafts and it will boost passenger capacity, I think what's also incredibly important is that it's ushering in the future with modern amenities. And to that end, I just want to highlight that as someone who just a few hours ago was in the North Concourse, the difference between what we see today and what we see in the future is going to be like night and day. And that is a very big deal for the traveling public. This project is aimed at achieving a forward-thinking vision and the mission of Leahy BTV. And along with it, I am incredibly impressed with the fact that the plan has prioritized sustainability at the core of its development. What we are creating here is not just an airport. And yes, it is the next step, but what I see it as a center of aviation that will benefit our community and our region for many generations to come. The other point that I wanted to make was about how I think it's so important and I think it's incredibly important that the public know that what this airport team has done is that they have brought together urgency and transparency. And there is a well-deserved thank you to Director Longo and to your entire team at the airport. Yes, there is great urgency. We need this improvement. And you can't understate, we cannot overstate that. However, throughout this process, Nick, I know and I'm grateful for the fact that you have strived to really keep stakeholders informed at every step of the way. You have actively solicited feedback. You haven't just done it for the sake of asking for it. You have incorporated those valuable insights into the shape of the vision of what we are going to see in a year and a half or so to come, maybe sooner. You have recognized and acted upon the importance of transparency and collaboration in such a monumental endeavor. And I think it's really a credit to you and to your team that you have committed to really fostering an environment of open communication and partnership, which is the very essence of great governance. I have no doubt that this project will bring us one step closer to delivering a world-class terminal that meets, actually exceeds the expectations of the traveling public. And just many thanks to you, your staff, our senator, who once again has brought Vermont the funding. You know, you can have a vision and you can have a plan, but you do have to have the way to make it a reality. And you have done that for us. One last point that I wanted to make, just wanted to close with one other thought, and that is to our mayor, as a few people have already alluded, I'm not sure if this is going to be your last press event. You've got a dozen days to go. Okay, but I think it'll be your last at the airport. And you've got your start in politics with the senator, and you've got your start in city governance as an airport commissioner. So I think it's really very appropriate that this should be your second to last press event as mayor. And yes, I did count it's a dozen days. The city, I just want everyone to under, to appreciate, and I've seen a few, I've seen a few mayors I've served with, I've served with two mayors on that there is no mayor who has shown a greater commitment to this airport than you have. I know that your work for this airport will be long remembered by many of us. Many of us who appreciate your efforts and will honor your commitment to our city. I will look forward to the press event on when the ribbon is cut on this transformative project, and yet another celebratory chapter in our amazing airport's history. Thank you very much. So it's an absolute honor to be able to come up here and speak about this project after such wonderful speeches. I really appreciate the opportunity. I stand before you to, in representation of our larger group, David Ducker here, the project architect with Steve Moncrief, the project manager, and all of our aviation studio. I can say it's been a just an absolute pleasure working with Nick and Larry and the entire BTB team on this project. When we started to meet with them initially, this was simply about adding, simply about adding some additional gates, some mainline gates for the airport. And so as we started to draw things out for them and started to have conversations and meetings, it became about much more. Knowing that the tip had just been completed and as successful as it was, it was more about thinking about the entirety of the journey and connecting both the north expansion with the tip in a way that would unify the passenger experience. So from a design perspective, when we approach a project, we like to think about functionality. Functionality for the airport because airports have to function, right? We all have to get to the places we want to go and that's paramount. But also functionality from the passenger perspective. What does it feel like to navigate the airport as a passenger or as a daily user, as an airport employee? And so we try to bring those together in a way that makes sense for the airport. And then clearly when you have beautiful scenery like we have here, it just makes things and an amazing client, it makes things that much easier. So when we started to think about this, we thought about it as, you know, hey, I'm going to drive up to the airport. I'm going to park my car in the parking garage. What does that journey look like? What does it look like to get out of my car, navigate the parking garage, walk across the bridge, make my way downstairs through security, and then ultimately to end up at a mainline gate opportunity like we have here at the tip. What we wanted to do is we wanted to make sure that when we built this building that we were able to connect it. So a big portion of what we started to talk about was kind of a renovation and making sure that we could take, you know, the Vermont Maple that we see on the ceiling here, the concrete, and honestly the simplicity of the beautiful views. And we could connect that all the way through. Another big portion of this was thinking about one, having sustainability be the foundation. That was paramount with everything that came out of the meetings that we had was that that was a foundational element of anything that we would do. So we started to look at things like geothermal. We started to look at mass timber. We started to think about embodied carbon and photovoltaics to make sure that every decision was sort of backed by what are we doing that will benefit the community and benefit the airport. And then ultimately, it came about pulling this maple, this concrete, and these views all the way through the airport into the new project which will have, or as we're conceptualizing now, will have mass timber, will have geothermal, will have photovoltaic capabilities, as well as kind of reinventing this, what everybody used to be able to experience in the historic tower. We're also bringing a kind of a rooftop deck that will be available to the public of Burlington to be able to come and watch the aircraft land and take off. I mean, really it's the excitement of what we all love about airports, right? It's always great to travel, but even when we're not traveling, when we're at an airport and never going anywhere, which is what my plight is, it's just fun to feel the environment, like the energy, to see the activity out on the airfield and to be able to connect the passengers here in Burlington by opening up views in the remodeled section so that you're able to see your mountains, you're able to see that apron activity. It's just going to be transformational for the airport and again we're just really excited to be partnering with Nick and his team with the entire city and all of the supporters to be able to make this happen. Thank you. So people will probably notice we have this loop playing now of a walk through of the new terminal and right at the end is the section that Greg was just talking about about the outdoor section that will be relaxed. Without going through security, it'll be open to this area here that's coming up that will be open to the public and we think will be something of a bedside as well. So with that, I'm happy to take questions or other speakers that think are happy to take some questions if there are any. Nick you want to speak about the timing? U.S. when the project breaks ground. So right now we're at 80 percent of the design angle berth is going to be submitting bids for subcontractors and our hope is by mid to late summer we will be shovels in the ground. Approximately 18 months later so end of 2025. So the grant is a 90% federally funded grant through the FAA's airport improvement program specifically through the congressionally directed spending bills. The remaining 10% is going to come from other federal programs like passenger facility charges and then there's some ineligible pieces but they're a minor section of the total project which of course has to follow federal guidelines regulations. So it's largely federal funds? The vast majority of it will be federal funds. And what the expansion will allow or airplanes to come or people to travel just like briefly like the scope of what this actually is going to mean for the growth of the The way I talk about the airport we really had three challenges. We solved the first challenge which is our capacity throughput through the security checkpoint when we had two checkpoints we saw solved challenge number one. Challenge number two and three are related to aircraft size and the hold room capacity both on the exterior of the building the size of the aircraft coming in and the amount of seats that we had available for the interior of the building. So this solves the final three challenges that we had by allowing larger aircraft to pull up to this building more passengers to be on a single aircraft which inevitably means more passengers that can wait in the terminal. We are at that challenge point now that tipping point now where the majority of our planes are so large that our existing terminal was designed for 50 passenger planes. We don't see that anymore. The majority of our planes are much larger across all airlines. Okay so it doesn't look like there's more questions Nick can you explain to people who understand this a virtual reality possibility for people who want to kind of walk through the terminal? Do you want to explain how that's going to work? Yeah there is so of course we have the video right next to the mayor here we have poster boards that have the still shots of this video just further along on the blue seats we have virtual reality which will have various locations throughout the projects to visually look at this building 360 degrees and we also offer a tour to to walk down the hallway which will have we also have various pictures along the way as well. So everyone here there's a simulator that you paint for over there somewhere for that. In addition I want to there's another kind of emergent matter that's come up that I'm going to address that has to do with the homelessness crisis we're facing so anyone who would like to members the media that would like to speak to me about that I'm going to take some questions over here on that may have a statement to make about that but everyone else enjoy the the what everything that's that way so thank you everyone


Welcome to Commvault Connections, my name is Dave Vellante and we're going to dig into the changing security landscape and look specifically at ransomware and what steps organizations can take to better protect their data, their applications and their people. So you know, cyber threats continue to escalate. In the past 19 months, we've seen a major shift in CISO strategies, tactics and actions as a direct result of the trend toward remote work, greater use of the cloud and the increased sophistication of cyber criminals. In particular, we've seen a much more capable, well-funded and motivated adversary than we've ever seen before. Stealthy techniques, like living off the land, island hopping through the digital supply chain, self-forming malware and escalations in ransomware attacks necessitate vigilant responses. And we're super pleased today to be joined by Dave Martin who's a global chief security officer at ADP. Dave, welcome, good to see you. Thanks for having me today. Yeah, it's our pleasure. Okay, let's get right into it. This is a great topic. I mean, ADP, we're talking about people's money. I mean, it doesn't get more personal and sensitive than that, maybe healthcare, but money's right there in the priority list. But maybe you could start by telling us a bit about your role at the company, how you fit into the organization with your colleagues like the CIO, the CDO, maybe describe that a bit if you would. Yeah, absolutely. So we're somewhat unusual in both structure and we, one of the ways is we're a, I have a very converged organization. So my responsibility extends from both the physical protection of kind of buildings, our associates, travel safety through fraud that we see in attempted enough products all the way through to a more traditional chief security officer in the cyber space. And the other thing that's a little bit unusual is rather than reporting into a technology organization, I actually report into our chief administrative officer. So my peers in that organization are legal compliance. So it's a great position to be in the organization. And I've had various different reports during my career. And there's always a lot of debate in with my peers about where's the best place to report. And I think I always come back to, it's not really where you report, it's about those relationships that you mentioned. So how do you actually collaborate and work with the chief data officer, the CIO, kind of the head of product, the product organization and how do you use that to create this, kind of very dynamic Andrew Falls to defend the threats we face today? Yeah, now, so let's just want to clarify for the audience. So when you talk about that converged structure, oftentimes, if I understand what your point is, that the network team might be responsible for some of the physical security or the network security, that's all under sort of one roof in your organization. Is that correct? So a lot of the controls and operations, something like firewalls is out in the CIO organization, but the core responsibility and accountability, whether it's protecting the buildings, the data centers, the data in our applications, the kind of the back office of all the services that we use to deliver value to our clients and kind of the same things that everyone has, the ERP environments, all of that, the protecting those environments rolls up to 19 from an accountability government perspective. Got it, so I mean, as I was saying up front, I mean, the acceleration, we all talk about that acceleration, that compression, the force march to digital and that solar winds hack, it was like a stuck net moment to me because it signaled almost this new level of ex-escalation by cyber criminals and that had to send a shock wave through your community. I wonder if you could talk about it at a high level, how did that impact the way that CISOs think about cyber attacks or did it? Well, I think we're very used to watching the outside world kind of adversaries don't stand sale, our businesses don't stand still, so we're constantly happening to evolve. So it's just another call to action, how do we think about what we just saw and then how do we kind of realign the controls that we have and then how do we think about our program going forward that we need to address? Yeah, so we've seen, when we talk to other CISOs, your colleagues, they tell us we've made a big sort of budget allocation toward endpoint security, cloud, identity access management and obviously focus on a flatter network and of course ransomware. How have you shifted priorities as a result of the last, the pandemic, 19 months? Yeah, definitely seeing that shift in the necessity of working from home and thinking about what tools that we need to get to our associates to really make them successful and then also keep the integrity of our data and the availability of our services in that new model. And so we've made that shift in technology and controls reinforced a lot of things that we already had. One thing thinking about that supply chain change that we saw out of SolarWinds is thinking about ransomware defense prior to that was very much around aligning the defenses within and the perimeter of the network within the cloud environments. And now we're really thinking about where do I outside that environment? Where do I exchange files from? What connectivity do I have with partners and suppliers? What services do they provide to support us as an enterprise? And what's gonna happen if they're not there at a minimum, but then what happens if they have some kind of attack that can actually drive some of this malware and spread into the network or via some of those file transfer? Make sure we really sure it up the controls in that area but the response is a key part of that. How am I gonna react when I hear from even a client we're a very customer service focused company we want to do whatever we can to help and the instinct of one of our frontline associates hey send me that Excel file, I'll take care of it. So now yeah, we still wanna help that client through but we wanna think through a little bit more before we start sharing an office file back and forth between two environments one of which we know to be vulnerable. Right, that's interesting what you're saying about the change and just focus on the perimeter to the threats within, without, et cetera. Because you don't even need a high school degree or diploma to be a ransomware attacker these days you could go on the dark web and if you're a bad person you can hire ransomware as a service if you have access to a server or credentials you can do bad things and hopefully you'll end up in handcuffs but that's a legitimate threat today which is relatively new in the way in which people are escalating whether it's crypto ransoms, et cetera really do necessitate new thinking around ransomware so I wonder if you could talk a little bit more about the layered approach that you might take the air gapping be interested to understand where Commvault fits into the portfolio if you will. Sure, and really it's thinking about this in depth you're not going to be able to protect or recover everything so really understand first of all that what is most important to be able to maintain service what data do you need to protect and have available armed with that now you can go through the rest of the cybersecurity framework that may think you're doing the best for prevention for detection and response in that area and then kind of really interesting when we get to the recovery phase both from a Commvault perspective and in many attacks where we really want to focus on prevention but ultimately we're likely to see a scenario even in some small part of our environment where some kind of attack is effective and now we're back at that recovery step and we don't want that to be the first time we're testing those backgrounds we don't want to be the first time that we figure out that those backups have been on the network the whole time and they can't be used for recovery so partnering with everyone in the environment it takes a village to defend against this kind of threat getting everyone engaged the experts in each of these fields to make sure that we're thinking they understand this threat and how real it is and what their role is going to be in setting up that protection and defense and then come that dark day that we all hope will never happen when do you need them? What do you need them to be doing so that you can get back to a restoration and effective operation point as soon as possible? Yeah, I hope for the best plan for the worst so a big part of that is education and of course the backup corpus is an obvious target because everything's in there but before we get into sort of the best practice around that I wanted to ask you about your response because one of the things that we've seen is that responses increasingly have to be stealthy so that you don't necessarily alert the attackers that you know that they're inside is that sort of a new trend and how do you approach that? Yeah, I mean it's always a balance depending on the type of data and the type of attack as to how you can violent and sweat and obviously you have to be able to protect the environment protect the integrity of the data and then also balance against kind of tipping off the attacker which can potentially make things worse so always a conversation depending on the different threat type that you're going to have to go through and it really helps to have some of those conversations up front to have tabletops not just at a technical level and make sure you're walking through the steps of response to make it as seamless and quick and effective as possible but also having that conversation with leadership team and even the board around the kind of decisions they're going to have to make and make sure that wherever possible use scenarios to figure out what are some of those actions that are likely to be taken and also empower some teams it's really important to be able to act autonomously and quickly you don't want to be at 2 a.m. kind of looking for for the CEO or kind of the executive team to get them out there to make a decision some of these decisions need to be made very quickly and very effectively and you can only do that with empowered up front and sometimes even automated processes to do them. Dave, describe what you mean by tabletops I presume you're talking about top-down view versus sort of being in the weeds but add some color to that please. Yeah, definitely it literally is kind of getting everyone around the table and at ADP at least once per year we actually get the full executive team together and challenge them with a scenario making sure that they're working through the problem they know what each of their roles are at the table and lucky to have a fantastic leadership team we're actually very practiced we've done this often enough now that they really pull apart really hard problems and think about what their decision is going to need to make so come that dark day if it ever does they're not kind of challenged by their never thought they don't they've understand the technical background why they're being asked to make the decision they're the limitations of what their response is making. So a lot of people in process goes into this always the case but let's talk a little bit about the tech I mentioned the backup corpus is an obvious target before what are some of the best tech practices in terms of protecting whether it's that backup corpus, other data, air gaps maybe you could give us some guidance on that front. Sure, we're not going to be able to protect everything so focus on those favorite children is the best advice up front to think about the critical components that enable you to bring things up easy to go focus on that critical data and that most important app that everyone in the company understands but all of that and cannot even start if you don't have the foundation the network's not up and running the authentication is not up and running so it's good to go focus some elements and practice that technical tabletop setting how do you go through recovering an active directory forest back to a known trusted state because that's one of the foundations you're going to need to build anything else back up. On the backup side is make sure that you don't use the same credentials that your backup administrators use every day make sure there's only the smallest number of people have access to be able to control the backups. If at all possible and in Commvault and many backup solutions now make sure they're using a second factor of authentication to be able to get into those systems and also make sure that some of the backups that you have are kind of offline, air-gapped, can be touched and then also think about the duration you talk about the attack is being very smart in the term and they know how enterprises prepare and respond so think about the how long you're retaining and where you're retaining some of the backups not just incrementals to be able to fully restore a system basically from them at all from their side. And you're using Commvault software to manage some of this capability, is that right? I'm sure you have a bevy of tooling. Yeah, we have a wide range of tooling but yeah, there's certainly a Commvault one. And somebody said, a consultant said to me the other day you know Dave, I'm thinking about advising my clients that their air-gap process should be air-gapped in other words, they should have a sort of a separate remote removed from the mainstream process just for extra protection. And I was like, okay, that's kind of interesting but at the same time then do they have the knowledge to get back to a low RPO state? What do you think about that approach? So the challenges of any kind of recovery and control design is like making sure that you're not making things overly complex and introducing other issues and also other exposures if you're moving out of your normal control environment where you have a 24 by 7, 365 set of monitoring the more creative you get, you perhaps are in danger of kind of having control erosion and visibility being lagged to that other state. But it is really important to think about even at the communication level is in this kind of attack you may not be able to rely on email kind of teams or the common services you have. So how are you actually going to communicate with this village it's going to take to recover to be able to work through the process? So that's definitely an area that I would advocate for having offline capabilities to be able to have people react, gather, respond, plan and control the recovery even though the main enterprise may not be currently functioning. I wonder if I could pick your brain on another topic which is zero trust prior to the pandemic. A lot of times people would roll their eyes like it's a buzzword but it's kind of become a mandate and people are now talking about eliminating credentials to talking about converging identity access management and governance and privilege access management. I mean, what are some of the sea changes you see around so-called zero trust? Yeah, I think kind of zero trust has become that kind of call to action buzzword that these concepts that are embodied in a zero trust journey are ones that have been around for forever and least privilege. And it's how we think about, you can't go buy a product that I'm just implemented zero trust. How do you think strategically about where you take your starting point and then go on this journey to kind of increase the various tools that start to limit improve the segmentation not only from a network standpoint, from a service standpoint to an identity standpoint and make sure you're embracing concepts like persona so that you start to break up the, you may not get to zero trust anytime soon but you're able to get less and less trust in that model and to think about it in many different worlds. Think about your product access if you're a service provider company like we are as well as kind of the internal employee context. So there's many elements, it's a complex journey. It's not something you're gonna buy if the shell can go implement but it's one that you're gonna have to, again, partner with those other stakeholders that you have because there's user experience and client experience components in this journey. Some of which are actually quite positive. You mentioned passwordless as one of those components of the journey. Certainly something that actually is a better user experience and also can offer a better security and freedom from the traditional passwords that comes a lot to hate. Dave, I know you're tight on time but I got two more questions for you. One is, what is the CISO's number one challenge? Wow, it's getting in a slate. No, it really is. Just staying current with that business environment, that threat environment and the available tool sets and making sure that we're constantly working with those partners that we keep describing to chart that course to the future so that we're, this is a race that doesn't have a finish line. The marathon gets a little bit longer every year and it can bring my peers on and making them understand that it's easy to get fatigued and say, I thought we were done when we finished this initiative. It's just keeping everyone's energy up and focus on a very long time. One A in that question, if I may, is many organizations lack the talent to be able to do that. You may not. You may have a firmer, but the industry as a whole really lacks the skills and the talent and really, that's why they're looking to automation. How acute do you see that talent shortage? It's definitely there and I think it's important to realize that kind of the back to that village concept, everybody has a play here. So what as a smaller available talent for me at the security industry is, we've really got to be that call to action. We've got to explain why this is important. We've got to be the consultants that have lead brew. What changes are we going to need to make to be successful? It's tempting to say, oh, they'll never do that. You know, like we've got to do it ourselves. We will never be successful and just being the security team that tries to do everything. It's bringing everyone along to the journey. And part of that is just going to be this constant socialization and education of what they need to do, why it's so important. And then you really will build great partnership. My last question is kind of been keeping a list of Dave's best practice. So obviously the layered approach, you want to get to that NIST framework. There's a lot of education involved. You got to partner with your colleagues, the tabletops, executive visibility. So everybody knows what their role is, kind of the do your job. You've got to build zero trust. You can't just buy zero trust off the shelf. And so that is my kind of quick list. Am I missing anything? I think that's pretty good. And then just in that partnership, this is a tiring, kind of hard thing to do and kind of just bringing everyone along. They can help you do so much, especially if you explain to them how it's going to make their product better. How it's going to make their client experience better. How it's going to make for the CIO, the internal associated experience better that this isn't just about adding friction into an already challenging environment. You know, like frontline healthcare workers, the SecOps pros, heroes, day to day, you don't necessarily hear a lot about the work they're doing, but Dave, we really appreciate you coming on and sharing some of the best practices. And thank you for the great work that you guys are doing out there and best of luck. Thanks for the exchange, it's been a pleasure. All right, and thank you for watching everybody. This is Dave Vellante for theCUBE. Keep it right there.