Yes All right, hello everyone and welcome to our last session before lunch Please join me welcoming on state Ignacio and talking about how everyone everyone can do data science in Python Hi, everyone. Thanks for being here My name is Ignacio Lola, and I'm going to talk a bit about how to do Data science in Python and what data science is for me So a quick overview summary of what we are going to do I'm going to talk why I'm what I do. So why I'm here actually talking about this a Bit of an overview of about what data sense means for me What is the let's say flavor of data science that I'm going to be talking about? And then we will do a quick overview of of the data science Cycle in with with some examples in Python data acquisition cleaning processing and Also using that data to predict some stuff So that's me with a bit less of fossil hair And who I am I'm not a software developer by training. I study physics actually So I'm more of a from the I came from them maths Background or point-of-view. I done some research in systems biology complex systems always very interested in in How things work between each other and things like that That drives my attention to big and small data not so so long time ago And I start coding in Python around Three years ago You need to to have in mind that my all my previous coding experience was doing Fortran 77 during university and I'm not kidding and it was not so long ago Probably they are still teaching Fortran 77 in physics. I'm sure and yes 77 not even Fortran 90 I become obviously in love with Python very easily and I Become also engaged in the startup world doing a lot of data science and and those kind of things I'm also a huge advocate of pragmatism and simplicity And you will see that in everything that I'm talking about today That's why this talk is also pretty much a beginner's talk into data science because I believe that With very little tools you can do a lot actually you cannot solve everything. That's for sure There are still Problems and things that will need Very clever people to work on there for a lot of time But most of the stuff actually can be solved quite quickly by by most of us now on Contrary to to say in the time big advocate of pragmatism I'm I've done for the very first time all these slides in in Python notebook because well I thought you know, it's a Python conference I should give it a go and do all my slides shows in Python It makes sense it took me forever But I'm actually so it was not very pragmatic But I'm actually quite proud of the result even if it doesn't look as good as if you know, I will try To use PowerPoint or whatever. I'm also one more thing I'm also the the demand stand between you and the food from lunch So I will try to be a bit fast and and do this a bit fun Because yeah, I'm looking forward to food. I will have to roll the introduction early today about it. I Also work at import.io This is relevant because of some of the stuff that I will be talking about and also because of the vision of the data That I have and the kind of data science that I do And what is import.io? It's import.io is a platform that have two two different things It has on one hand a set of tools free tools for people to use and get data from the web So to do web scraping without having to code it just have a UI and and you can interact with it We know really a lot of technical Knowledge and get data from the web even doing crawlers or things like that and it's also on the other hand an Enterprise platform for for just getting data. So we use our own tool and other things and we just Generate very big data sets that that we sell I've been working in particular for a couple of years as a data scientist and more recently as the head of data operations So so heading basically the data services that put those data sets together and deliver those to to customers Now let's go into the the topic What what we talk when we talk about data science There is a lot about there's a lot of hype around data science Which obviously came with good things and bad things When you have hype there is some good things about it. There is a lot of jobs around it So it's easy to find a data science job You can get very well-paid to do it to do it, but also there is some bad connotations on it. So Usually a lot of roles are ill-defined. So you can find unless you can find with the same TAC things that are really really different And the expectations sometimes can be actually quite not fair to to to what it is To define what I mean with data science I'm going actually to just talk about it to just talk about what is the cycle of data science for me as it could be the cycle of development and We will just see it on the go what I mean with data science and I'm going to start that introduction cycling around this this this nice picture This is called the heroes journey, which I took from Wikipedia problem And I'm not even sure if the context of this image was like talking about movies or books or whatever but it's a very nice It's a very nice metaphor for I think For most agile development cycles and I'm very very good one for for data science That thing that is called the the call to adventure in in that diagram is what I call the point to solve for the business questions Everything needs to start with that All pieces of work that we do in the science need to start with a business Question with a problem that you need to solve Otherwise, you're just doing things for the sake of it and I will be coming back to this thing probably two or three times over the over the presentation because Kind of obsessed me because I see a lot of times the opposite So yeah, here is where where myself the pragmatic is coming That's always the starting point Then that threshold between the known and unknown is when we start actually collecting data and cleaning data to try to Solve that problem all those questions we need then to do exploratory data analysis, which is usually what? Drive fast to some kind of revelation where we can actually start to having some insights and knowing what we can do what we cannot do and so on in the in the framework of the of the business that we that we are working on Then it comes the algorithm and machine learning. So trying to use that the staff to make some predictions The last things but not the less importance is at the end We need to answer those questions that we try to solve or to do a kind of MVP and we need to remember This is a cycle when you usually Arrive to your first model is just the first step into making it better It's just the first step into actually solving that issue. You might then realize that You have learned something, but you have learned that that model is not the kind of Correct model that you need to use or that you need to to change the kind of data You were that you were doing as far as you have learned something from the first iteration of the cycle You're going in the right direction I also want to mention that When when we talk about data science, especially in in tech talks like this Most of the time we just focus on on on the machine learning and the algorithms Which is fine because it's a lot of fun and and if you're talking with people that came from mathematical backgrounds or from a Programming they will get really deep into this kind of stuff because we find it fun Myself included we find fun to to be playing with with Google's deep dream code or to do a stuff like that now Actually most of the time that we Do data science or something similar we are not playing with those kind of stuff and we are doing many other things like data cleaning or Or exploratory data analysis usually takes much longer than than playing with algorithms or or tweaking them And not everybody talks about those kind of stuff and usually a lot of the pitfalls are there so Not going to read all of these things, but I think it's a it's a very nice List of sentences that I agree with most of them and and I will just highlight a few things that date is never clean Yeah, most of the time tasks will not require deep learning or things like that Most of the tax actually cool cool be done with very easy tricks and and we will we will see that Yeah, this is basically a lot of the things I believe I didn't write this I quote there the person who wrote this but It's very pragmatic. I like it a lot. I think it's there's a lot of truth of truth is about about data science there So let's go inside that cycle and let's see some examples and let's try to do some stuff and see how how that goes This is a cycle which basically is you get data you process data that yes the data and then you use it and that's like a mantra We need to be a bit careful with that mantra because if you go deep into it You can just you know you can try you can you can be biased by yourself biased by The data that you have and then because I have this kind of data I'm going to predict these kind of things because that's what I can do or By us by oh, I really like to do a neural network right now. So I'm going to do that those kind of things happen and happen all the time and Actually, what you should be biased or is through the business to say and okay I'm trying to solve this issue and trying to predict this thing. So what what what data do I need for that? What is the kind of algorithm or model that I need to make that prediction and that's that's the right approach Sometimes you might end up Using yeah, the data that you have and doing that cool neural network Other times you might be doing a very simple regression or or yes just drafting some KPIs, but that's fine The goal the goal always is actually to have fun an action after what you have done Your goal is that when you have finished your work Something is going to change something is going to change in your business or something is going to change in How people use your product or or in how you see your product or whatever But there needs to be an action if it's just like knowledge for the sake of it. Something is going wrong and And you need to fix it So let's going to get in data This is a very important part I'm not going to stop a lot on it But it's a very important part because we can also be biased in In getting data and not a lot of people talk about this, but we can get data from you know Or internal data store which could be a my sequel Database and getting data then might means doing a sequel command or a series of sequel commands I'm putting that into maybe your Python code or or or a file that you then are going to process and make predictions on now This is very important because usually when then you are going into the machine learning and doing cool stuff with the data You don't think again about how did you get the data? And if you have done an a mistake or if or if there is some kind of bias in how you get the data You already have to be you will be conditioned for the whole Rest of the cycle This is the very first step of the funnel So you need to be sure that you're doing it right or that if you are doing something that is Where you have questions you at least have written down those question marks So so you know where to go in the future if you need to If you need to to review this As I was telling we can get data from what can be internal sources like like yeah the database where you have data around your Web page or around your customers or something like that You can get also external sources which for me and obviously I'm biased here because I work on on on this can be things like like Web data data you get from crawling or or things like that The next step is to to process that data and what I'm Talking about for processing data. I'm meaning digest data digest data So we get from that data that you got from a sequel query Let's say or or whatever that is into the actual Nd array that you are going to use in Python to to make a prediction or to make a plot That's when the data is ready and there are steps in between where things can go wrong or where things just can't take time to To make so we are going to do a very simple example I this is a web page called call a speaker Pedia which I find by pure coincidence some time ago and it's basically like a Wikipedia or or at least of Speakers work around the world for kind of topics you can find. I don't know Obama there or or things like that and how much they Cost if you want to put them in your conference Basically, this was for me a surprise because I didn't know people charged to speak in places But apparently some people do that So I crawl the whole site and I make a database of Of this the stuff just to make some analysis and some quick fun stuff or or or insights into how that strange world of people who Of people who receive money for speaking work I've done that within portfolio, but I'm not going to go into how I crawl those the site It's pretty easy and if someone is interested I can I can show it to you Probably take like 10 minutes or so to to set it up I'm using them pandas to to See the data and also to to clean it a little bit As you can see here, I'm just consuming the CSB that was let's say my in the output of my crawling It was actually and we got around more than 70,000 speakers and we got a lot of information I'm just plotting here some some of the ones sorry showing here some of the one that we have like We have the speaker name the fee. We have the location tags stuff There is a lot of things to to to clean here, which is very common in in getting data from the web And in some cases you can just do the cleaning while you extract data It's the same when you are calling a database or when you are crawling if I use the right regex, let's say I could have turned ahead those fees into Number that will be read as a float here and not as a string because I have the case but I've done it very Plain and naive just to showcase how these kind of things happen and we need to deal with them Same thing happened for for tweeters where we have that Inside in safe at least or many other things. I'm actually putting only a few columns here, but I have many others So I'm showing here how how can we clean for example the fee data? Because if we are going to do something simple the first the very first thing that I would like to see is, you know, how much people Charge for speaking and how many people actually charge and things like that So I can suit I can replace very easily the case for zeros in a string and then Reload the say the that that call of the data frame as a float And we have then this ready to be to be used to be consumed That's what I'm calling basically process the data getting it ready for that getting it ready for for using it Wow There's a lot of things to do to do in using data before going into making predictions with it And a good example is a data set that we just saw One thing that is called that thing that is called exploratory data analysis is basically knowing okay I have that data set. I thought that was cool We need to make now something out of it We need to know where we can start and I'm breaking my rule here I know I have no no business context or question in this problem. Okay, this is just for fun I'm just I just don't love that thing and I'm for fun. I don't really have on an objective In so far this we will see other examples later where where I have that objective and are more like more real-world examples This is not the case, but the exploratory data analysis point is very similar You need to see what what your data look like? And if I see what if I can if I want to see what my data look like in the previous example Well, I can I can print the the average the median and the most of the fees of that data set and we see Very easily here. Well, we have an average fee of more than what is that? 20,000 sorry, $12,000 But the median and the most is zero which is already telling us okay a lot of people actually charge zero So that average is probably meaningless on that on that sense if we do a box plot We actually see that we actually see that we see that but we see something else the box plot is not even a box is just a line Because there is so many things close to zero and we see that that's also because we have like three outliers here Three outliers that are I don't know like a really crazy number So crazy that I can think probably maybe it's not true Maybe it's you know, I don't know how a speaker a pedia works But we can go back to the source and think again, and this is why we need to think about this kind of stuff Well, maybe if a speaker PD is actually like a Wikipedia and people can edit things that might be not true I might be something putting something crazy because that's what ten millions or whatever, you know That that might be or even if it's true. It's It's changing a lot anything that I do in my data set I have 70,000 people here and just those three guys is going to change all my numbers So I might want to to exclude those liars in any further analysis And One more thing to comment here. I really love box plots I think they are like one of the most important things important plots that you can think about them probably If I can choose only a few plots to work for the rest of my life It will be like only three or four and I think I can do it with those probably Scatter plot a box plot line plot and an Instagram and who needs something else I don't know journalists to Plot pie charts, but really not people who is doing like actual stuff Now after saying this probably tomorrow, I'm going to use something else and see that is super important but That's that's that's what I think We can go deeper into this and say, okay, let's actually see the histogram but avoiding those Crazy guys to see how actually is this this is distributed This division is something that we will that we will expect ahead And if we again do the same thing of calculating the median the mean and the mode We see that the average is much lower, but we still see the same because there's a lot of people charging Zero, there's a lot of people also in the speaker pedia who is actually not charging They are just there because you know, it's a list where you see people by location and people by Topics and things like that So what make even more sense to do is is something like this where I'm seeing how many people Do not charge anything and how many people is charging and what is the average for those people? Which is around $20,000 for for a talk But we see that only like one between four people in a speaker pedia do that Now it's I'm this this This is getting me back to my previous point of knowing always which are your data sources And how you are biased from the very beginning because the right Conclusion here is 25% of the speakers in a speaker pedia charge an average of $20,000 It's not that 25% of the speakers charge at all because not most of The speakers at all don't charge. It's just that you are not on a speaker pedia. I'm not And that's a very important point It's kind of obvious in this case and maybe it's not so obvious when you are working with your database on how But it's actually the same and you need to to have it clear Other things that we can do we can do here and we are not going to do but we could do stuff like repeat this kind of analysis for a speaker topic and see how different topics have Charge different maybe or have a different ratio between people who charge and people who don't charge That's something very easy. We have a column already for the topic We can do I don't know we can do location versus fee how how fee correlate with the location of the speaker All those kind of crazy stuff Very interesting. Basically when we do exploratory data analysis, we always want to do that that kind of thing of Knowing what is our median? What is our mean? What is our mode? What are the percentiles? Plotting the data to see how it actually looks like which of the wires that we have and also Which variables correlate or can correlate with with others? I'm not going to speak a lot about correlation, but I'm going to Give you at least one comic about it Which I think it's kind of important This we can do a whole talk just about this but I think I think the the comic plot it makes the point even better So okay, we were using data This is that was an example of a very quick and dirty exploratory data analysis and other things before we're going into predictions is KPIs K performing the cater so what are the right? What are the the metrics of the thing that you're trying to solve or or the thing that you are measuring? Because sometimes just Monitoring the right metrics can save your business and very simple things can can have a huge impact So we shouldn't be afraid of going sometimes for for simple tools to do simple jobs every tool has is right for for one job and We shouldn't be afraid of things like Excel, you know Yes, the the fact that we can consume data in pandas and do really cool stuff. That doesn't mean that sometimes I don't know Excel is not the right tool I'm saying this because actually is how most of the people consume data CSB is is how most of the people consume data and how most most of the people is also going to read your data So a lot of times the output of an of an analysis or the output of a report or whatever It's going to be on the end of CSB and it's important that we know also how to not how to work with those tools It's not so difficult, but How to make both use of them there is even a whole book Written by John Foreman called I think simple data, which is just about how to the data science only in Excel And it's a lot of stuff about modeling and machine learning only in Excel When I'm talking about Excel here, I'm talking just about something that can Give you a graphic interface for viewing and editing at CSB not really about Microsoft Excel Even if I choose that picture because I think it's kind of amazing Okay, let's go now into making actually predictions is to doing some machine learning and modeling I'm going to do super simple stuff here, but going to use different examples and and some different whole bunch of different algorithms First of all when we go to this this step is when we separate the data into what is called a train set and a test set and And This means a whole world this mean everything into data science because this is the basics of what of why you will be able to In theory proof why why your predictions are correct? This means that All the data that we were preparing before we are going to split it into two two pieces and one piece is going to be used to train our Algorithm train or machine learning model And the other one is the one that we will use only to test the results So it's the only is the one that we are going to test in the model and then see oh If we were right or not Because we we know the answers for the for that one so we can see what is the answer so for algorithm? And if that matches and we can have some kind of of accuracy into our predictions It's very it's very easy to get biased by this it's very easy also to Your data set not being specific enough you have Samples said that it's actually not good enough for the brain that you try to solve But then you divide it you train your model you test it with your test set and sign you say wow I have 90 percent accuracy and when you suddenly go into a real data set outside your Very big big data set the accuracy is completely wrong that happened a lot of that happened a lot of time It's a very big problem So we need to be doing this all the time is With train set and test set is what it's going to tell us how good the algorithm is but it's not like a magic thing It's still biased by how was your first data set and where do you get it and how did you get it? After doing that we have basically only one question to answer from my Very simplistic approach, which is do I want to predict a category or do I want to predict a number? If I want to predict a category I'm in a class if in a classification problem if I want to predict a number This is just a regression So there are only basically two things to do and being simplistic and taking edge cases aside, but we can put almost everything in those two buckets and are very very differentiate and they Depends on what is the output it's going to be a number or it's going to be a category Let's start with the with the regressions because I think is what is What what everybody has done everybody in in high school has used least squares Unless the squares is a machine learning algorithm that will make predictions with some data for where some Yeah, it will predict other points for for the data using some some trains data that we have There are others Things like lasso or things like support a support vector regression for example We will send example But this square feet is basically a machine learning algorithm on any other regressions that we do are basically going to be the same or the same in In in the theory the only thing that that will change most of the times is how we are defining the distance between the dots and our Perfect line or curve to that to to to those dots How do you define this this distance if it's this thing or that thing or? Any other crazy thing is what will change between having a very simple Algorithm here or having a more complex one But on the end we are basically doing this maybe we are doing this for 20 dimensions and not for two And you know we have may maybe a lot of a whole a whole bunch of other problems But on the nth is this what we are doing And I'm going to do another example here The data that I'm going to use now here is more business oriented is hard drives Is hard drives prices that I also scraped from the internet so I have for a whole CSV with like features for hard drives on On prices and I can I can basically Do very easily a linear regression which is I think it's least squares this thing that I'm doing here after dividing Into test and train set my my my data I can see basically more or less. What is the the variance score for that? For for that linear regression See how it looks like And we come very easily using very easily using Skill learn Doing more complex more complex Regressions support vector machine is just two lines. It's just two lines to train two lines to to to print a score I'm probably again 20 lines to to make a plot But on the nth is is very easy to do and we can get Some some results we see that the results here are not much better than the results that were from a list of squares Are just like 5% improvement or something like that which might might mean a whole world in a in in business context, but It's actually not a lot Very quickly some classification issues Let's try to do as an example let's try to Put our heads into how people is using a platform for example and here again I'm doing a real a real world problem. I'm just I'm trying to get To know better the users of import IO the the free tool the free platform Plotting and and dividing how they use our product. So I'm going to be looking into how much people Is using the platform how many volume do they do of queries? And how often do they do that usage or that volume of queries and I can try to divide that in in clusters That can just tell me something that I didn't know about that data set and and hopefully make me do better decisions in the future We again load some stuff from a skill earn We load the data with pandas. We do a quick A quick model with using means it with this one one way to do clusters one algorithm to do clusters We plot it. I Don't know like how it looks like because we have like bands of stuff So it basically the only clustering that it has done is in one of the axes which Kind of not not sounds right So I'd say let's do Cummins if you if you Google for clusters most of the people do Cummins So let's let's try it and we find basically the same thing and the issue here Which is very obvious for anybody who has done some Some clustering before or even some my children before but not for for the real beginner is that you cannot be doing this This is this is absolutely wrong You cannot be working with an axe that go from zero to I don't know what and one that go from zero to one That's it's never gonna work especially in clustering So we need to clean the data I'm not going to do it But we just basically need to normalize the two variables that we were trying to plot and then we just repeat the same thing we have now to access to go from zero to one and We actually have some kind of clustering that makes more sense visually But also when I go to the data because if I now use this stuff to see okay Which which which user is this and I see it with real examples I see that it makes a lot of sense and one of these users can be I don't know the user who use Python and has connected an application with with our API and is doing millions of queries versus the guy who is Using the UI to do crawling without knowing even what crawling is and making that prediction might be very valuable because you can implement that into your I Don't know your your help this system and the customer support guy that you have working in your company can know in a Heath when a ticket support coming if that guy is actually a very technical guy or is a less technical guy Or is doing this kind of user or of that kind of usage and that will improve the experience For the user and the support that they get and also the life or your friends at the support desk Last thing that I'm talking about very briefly we're running out of time. It's a webpage classificator. I think Decision 3 which is another way to classify things In this case the context is I'm trying to do I'm trying to basically know which kind of website is a website Just by looking up very simple attributes of that website and which type of website of website I mean classifying the content the content so trying to know, okay this is an e-commerce website or this is a map or this is a Job application board or this is a Events data things like that For that very easy again with a skill earning just two three lines to to make a decision tree And also to plot it we plot this thing here and again I'm doing a very naive mistake here, which is when you see something like this a decision tree is supposed to be simple to Simple to read and simple to to interpret simple to know what it's telling you when you see something as big as this Is because you are doing something very wrong You are overfitting your whole data set into a lot of very small conditions that will drop into this huge List of categories and decisions to then make the classification of categories we can very easily change that just by by Doing a lot of things actually but the most simple one You can just say no the maximum the maximum number of leaf nodes that I want is this and then you got a much simpler Decision tree which you can read and try to see if it makes sense Which you can make a prediction very easily also in only one line with your test data and see actually how it how it Works out and that's it the recap always know what problem are we trying to solve? Clean your data and get it ready to use beware of very common Problems like overfitting. I try to make an example of that or normalization of your data I try also to make an example of that And always try to have an output which is something actionable something You say, okay, we finished this analysis and now we need to change this in our business now We need to change this in how we do support with our people or in how we are doing this in our product Or in how we are dealing with this data if there is no that kind of action Basically the whole thing has failed and you need to learn from that cycle and go again into the loop and make it better So that was it Just telling you that we are hiring a lot at import IO So there's a lot of different positions DevOps front-end QA even Python With with very with a lot of data connotations in the role So anyone anyone that want to talk about that or about Data science or a Python or about web scraping I will be here for for the next few days and I will be very happy to engage in any conversation Thanks for your attention Do we have any questions? I've just seen that you jumped over the abyss in the adventurous cycle The abyss like that death and the rebirth Is there something in data science too like that in the hero cycle in the beginning? Oh in the cycle Sorry, what was the question on the cycle even they cannot hear you very well You didn't reference the abyss the rebirth at all the what? The rebirth and the abyss like the death of a friend Huh you're referring you're referring about this The very bottom oh Sorry, I know now what you mean. Yeah, I didn't refer about that But I think that's that's precisely the moment I have I have actually worse for all the things there So I have the metaphor very well on my head and and the abyss basically is That moment of realization where you know what kind of plan are you really trying to solve from a mathematical point of view? So what algorithm is going to work because when we are doing just Exploratory data analysis or when we are doing the data cleaning We might not even knowing at that moment for a complex problem We might not knowing at that problem and we are going to do a regression of a classification We might not and even less what kind of algorithm is better for that Classification problem or for that regression. That's the point of the revelation Basically when you think you have an idea of how to solve that and then you just need to apply it which is much easier And what is your experience with SK learn as as when you were a beginner And do I have to know? Trying around with different parameters the parameters until I get a result or Do I don't have to know the internals of of the algorithms? It's it's very easy to use a skill arm basically in the Documentation in documentation page there is even a tutorial of how to approach it from the sense like Depending what kind of friend do you have what do you need to what algorithm? Do you need to use which is like great map into how to do machine learning with it? And once you know what algorithm you're going to use which is usually just a few lines of code to to put in there and knowing which right parameters are going you need to use it's If we are objective, it's a very hard problem And it's basically the whole thing around this is how do you feed those parameters? but from a Simplistic point of view is not so much you can just use Basically some defaults or something's almost a random you can basically do a loop and an iterate through different parameters and see how it looks like you always need to have an an output from your model which is either a plot or a Prediction or even better The two of them so you can see okay. I put these parameters. This is my out my output Do I like it or not? Let's change the parameters till we fit something that we think it makes sense That will be a simplistic approach into how to Change parameters and and fit in the right things using a skill arm Thanks. All right. Do we have one last question? No Thank you. Thank you chef for good talk and let's all head out for the a pretty fabulous lunch. Thank you very much


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In this module, we're going to lay down a basic understanding of what we mean by this term analytics or data analytics. Let's first take a look at some of the definitions that are out there, so as to give us an intuition for what we're talking about. Wikipedia has a straightforward definition. Analytics is the discovery, interpretation and communication of meaningful patterns in data. The business dictionary expands upon this. Analytics often involves studying past historical data to research potential trends to analyze the effects of certain decisions or events or to evaluate the performance of a given tool or scenario. The goal of analytics is to improve the business by gaining knowledge which can be used to make improvements or changes. Or finally, a definition from David Goud, who defines us how an entity, i.e. a business, arrives at the most optimal or realistic decision from a variety of available options based on existing data. Analytics then can be understood quite simply as using data to answer questions. It is the process of analyzing and studying data in order to derive insight from which we can make decisions and take actions that lead to effective outcomes. On a more general level, we can understand analytics as simply the information processing activity that takes place within all organisms, individuals and organizations. Whereby we take in information, process it and create a response that enables the development of the organization within its environment. The central aspect here is that of information. Information is understood on a technical level as a measurement of uncertainty. If we take a binary digit that can have two states, one or zero, before I'm given any information, I am uncertain about the state of this system. It could be one or it could be zero. However, when you give me that piece of information, I can check to see what state it's in and in so doing reduce the uncertainty about its value. Indeed, information is not just about uncertainty, but by extension it is the capacity for an organization to grow and develop over time. This is due to the fact that by reducing the uncertainty, we increase the certainty that our actions will be successful. When we reduce the uncertainty, we can increase the efficiency with which we allocate resources and can thus develop faster. A simple example of this could be seen in finance when we're trying to hedge our bets. If we know that a certain outcome or set of outcomes will not occur, then we do not need to hedge against them and spread our resources. Instead, we can concentrate the allocation of our capital to a specific set of outcomes and thus increase our returns. This is important because it's a general condition. The more information we have, the less we have to expend resources in uncertain conditions and the more the organization can invest in those options that will lead to growth. When I walk into a train station that I've never been into before, I will have to expend a considerable amount of time finding where to buy a ticket, what time the train leaves, which platform, where the platform is etc. But the next time I enter the train station, I will have all this information from past experience. I will walk straight to the ticket machine and then straight to the train, thus conserving time and energy. Less time and resources expended mean they're available for me to invest in other options. The same is true for technology. If I have a motion sensor in my house, it can know when there's no one there and switch the lighting and heating off so as to have more resources to allocate in the future. So this is why we're interested in analytics, because it's the central part of the information processing system within an organization and can enable it to develop and grow more effectively. Analytics is all about finding patterns in data, which is exactly what humans do all day every day. However, our aim here is to automate this process of pattern discovery so that it can be scaled to large organizations. When we use the term analytics, we're typically talking about the systematic computation of data within an organization. We take data and use computers to search through it to answer a question that is in some way of importance to the success of the organization. If we can figure out how to formulate the problem into computer codes, then we can harness the true power of computation, which is to iterate very rapidly on simple rules. By iterating very rapidly on simple rules that are combined into high-level algorithms, a computer can analyze much more data much faster than a human can. As a result, we can begin to approach the amount of data analytics that is required for enabling a large organization to operate successfully in a complex environment, which is the end objective. So data analytics is the information processing unit of an organization that uses data, computation, and mathematical modeling to generate actionable insight. It all starts with data, unlike a more theoretical approach that might start with logical reasoning and theoretical frameworks for deducing information. In contrast, analytics is always grounded in data. We sample a state space, taking in data about the system or environments, and data modeling is used to organize and structure it into a form that can be processed by the system. This may be called descriptive analytics, which is the simplest form involving the gathering and description of data. Most analytics is of this form, simply sampling data and presenting it to the organization for them to make decisions with. Descriptive analytics, in the form of pie charts and bar charts in presentations, have been a staple of business intelligence for decades now. A step up from this is predictive analytics, which tries to apply rules to the data to process it into forecasts about what will happen in the future. Beyond this, prescriptive analytics involves using that insight to make recommendations and suggest courses of actions for the organization to take. All data analytics exists within the context of the broader business intelligence of the organization. This typically involves people asking the questions to start with and those people making the decisions at the end of the day. As such, if we want effective overall outcomes, we have to think about the system as a whole, the people and the technology. You don't just need the right data, models and technology, you also need the right people asking the right questions. If you ask the wrong question in the first place, it doesn't matter how good your answer is, it will lead you in the wrong direction. You need human intelligence and you need that working with the analytical capabilities of the organization. It's only then that you can really hope to achieve sustained success. At the end of the day, this is all about the success of the organization and that is dependent upon the whole system of human intelligence and analytical computational processes working together.


Hello and welcome to this session. In this session we will discuss a question which says that final equation or equations of the plane or planes A part parallel to x axis such that the y-intercept is equal to minus 4 and the z-intercept is equal to 3 v part parallel to the plane 6 x minus 9 y plus 8 u z plus 20 is equal to 0 units from the origin. Now before starting the solution of this question we should know some results. First is the equation of a plane which cuts off intercepts a, b and c respectively y and z is given as over b plus z over c is equal to 1. Secondly the equation plus b y plus c z plus t is equal to 0 is given as a x plus b y plus c z plus k is equal to 0 where k is any arbitrary constant.  Now these results will work out as a key idea for solving out this question. And now we will start with the solution. Now we will start with the a part in which we have to find the equation of the plane parallel to x axis such that y intercept is equal to minus 4 is equal to so given the plane to x axis is equal to minus 4 and z intercept is equal to 3. Does not contain the idea that is equation of the plane in the intercept form where the required equation over a material this equation will not contain x term as the plane is parallel to y over b that is the y intercept and y intercept here is minus 4 z over c that is 3 is equal to 1 which parallel plus and 12 is equal to 1 which parallel plus 4 z is equal to r equation of the plane equal to minus 4 and z intercept is equal to and the b part we have to find the equation are equations of the planes this result which is given in the key idea and the b part the equation 8 y plus 18 z plus 20 is equal to 0 which is given as 8 y plus 18 z is equal to 0 where k is any arbitrary constant like this the equation number 1 also given that the plane which is given by equation number 1 is whose coordinates are 0 0 the equation of the plane which is given by equation number 1 is given as key idea we have that is 6 into 0 into 0 that is minus 8 square plus c is equal to now this implies mod of k is equal to 4 which further implies minus 8 y plus 18 z plus 18 square is equal to 8 y plus 18 z is equal to 0 required equations of the planes stop the given equation and that's all for this session thank you for watching


Well, good morning and good afternoon to those watching online and welcome Welcome to this event entitled Libya General Elections 2021 discussion series with Libyan leaders This event is in both English and Arabic on the event page Please choose the player which works best for you And this is being live streamed and recorded. I Am Michael Yaffe. I'm the vice president for the Middle East North Africa Center here at the United States Institute of Peace And for those of you who have been here to US IP before welcome back And for those of you who are new to US IP welcome and permit me to say just a few brief words about the Institute US IP was created by an act of Congress in 1984 to serve as an independent non-partisan institution dedicated to peace building Particularly with the prevention the mitigation and resolution of violent conflict We conduct research convening and working conflict zones around the world with a field presence of 16 in 16 countries and US IP has been working in Libya since 2012 Where we conduct research for informing policymakers and practitioners about conflict related issues and help build a local peace infrastructure By strengthening the capacity of key stakeholders like women and youth and institutions like the Ministry of Justice US IP recently began a project with funding from the US State Department to increase election security By working with the Ministry of Interior to strengthen the police's ability to partner and problem solve with local communities In light of the upcoming election set to begin next month Today's event is a timely conversation with Fidel Lameen founder and lead member of the Afaa Awata political party This event is the second in a series of moderated discussions US IP is hosting to provide a neutral platform for Libyans seeking to play a critical role Including high office in a future permanent government These are not just any elections They will provide Libyans with an opportunity to have their say in the representation Including the first elected president of Libya And elections of course are just the beginning of the journey to set Libyan a path to deal with real issues of governance and sovereignty issues like The presence of mercenaries in the country farm meddling Institutional disunity minority inclusion transitional justice and other and other questions that need to be decided by a representative government In the spirit of fostering dialogue the leaders we host will have several minutes to give opening remarks After which I will ask them questions in order to explicate their positions and their views. I Will try to ask the same questions of all speakers in this discussion series So people here can hear and compare their unique responses After I finish asking questions, I will then turn to the audience members for their questions To the audience here it in person at US IP headquarters welcome And I encourage you to please raise your hands to pose questions to mr. Lumine when we get to that portion of the program To those watching online You can send questions through Twitter at hashtag Libya elections US IP We will try to get to as many questions as possible Now I am pleased to introduce mr. Fada Lameen Mr. Lameen is the founder and lead member of the Faka Walton This is a new political party with an agenda aimed at building the Libyan Democratic straight state Through empowerment of youth and women as a critical element of peace built as a peaceful and prosper prosperous Libya It is he is the former director general of the national election and social development board Which is an official institution of the Libyan prime minister prime ministry? He now serves as senior technical advisor to the board He was also a coordinator of the independent group of the UN led Oshkarat Libyan political dialogue and the any architects of the Libyan political agreement that currently that the current government of Libya Trans that have for life with the transition under UN Security Council resolutions Mr. Lumine led a diverse Libyan team to develop the groundbreaking project Libya peace and prosperity a 15-year integrated economic plan to develop the country He chairs the national dialogue preparatory commission in Libya to foster inter Libya dialogue He worked as a member of the team assigned by the prime minister to review and implement government economic policy And previously mr. Lumine mr. Lumine worked in Washington DC in various capacities Including as a non-resident fellow of the Atlantic Council Sharing his expertise on democratic transitions countering violent extremism and regional economic integration And with that, let me turn the floor over to mr. Lumine, and we look forward to your opening remarks. Thank you Thank you very much Much appreciated. Thank you to the US IP. Thank you for the invite and for Making this platform available for us to to interact Regarding Libya and also to Highlight how important the situation in Libya is not just to Libyans, but also to the To the international community, I think we are looking at Libya right now from a very different Perspective, it's not Libya the oil rich country, which is not that rich anyway as many people think it is but Libya is very important from the geopolitical point of view to the region and to the Globally as we see shifts in the international Global world order as we may call it so Libya is a very important piece of this this puzzle that We have to make sure that it's stable secure and prosperous in order to help its own people our people and also to To be able to be a center for stability for the for the region and at the global level so I do thank you for Making this form available. I think it's it's a great opportunity for for us To think across border lines about what we share and the concerns Elections as everybody talks about elections elections are usually tools means to to Not to change government but to enable people to participate publicly and and the Affairs of their own country and decide their leaders, but sometimes they become a transitional goal in themselves once you tried so many Difficult ways in order to bring Legitimacy and stability But you fail Then you have to to Make the transition Not through dialogue, but only but to to to move forward to give the general public inability to to determine Their destiny and the way forward and I think in normal circumstances elections and and transitions they don't Usually jive well because elections usually there is a winner and a loser and post-conflict has you know, you want to try to find Some kind of a common ground But sometimes as an in the case of Libya since 2011 we have seen that we have went through processes of the First TNC the transitional council when it appoints two Prime Ministers executive bodies in 2011 and 2012 early late 2011 early 2012 then that led to an election that election provided Registrative body a hyper body and and and and more for Executive in a sense it has mixed powers also that also resulted in in some kind of of a government that came out of of that That body there and GNC at that time and that GNC You know provided the two prior to Prime Ministers one in 2012 one in 2013 the end of 2013 early 2014 when the first Prime Minister After the election was was sacked that led to a war Then the international community came and and and we engaged in in the ashrat agreement to stop the the conflict the civil war and The UN process appointed through dialogue Prime Minister of Mr. Saraj came to be The the dialogue was supposed to create a government of National Accord But once the Libyan sign that agreement They end up not abiding by it so the agreement and fail in implementation That failure led to continuous division so became a government, but it's not of a national accord It's not of a national sort of accord the division would to kind of to government continue to be What I'm trying to say why are we here for election? That after a while the conflict continue led to several scrumptious here and there led to the 2019 invasion of of Tripoli With the presence of of foreign troops mercenaries the conflict got worst from Libyan Libyan Conflict to an international Nationalized conflict with the Russians the mercenary the Turks the mercenaries from different countries That was devastating conflict That also led nowhere but Devastation and loss of lives the United Nation also stepped in to create a Process that's called the Geneva process this Geneva process was supposed to develop a road map it Developed the road map part of the road map to come with a government of national unity One of its tasks to to To lead to an election To create the needed legitimacy as all the bodies in Libya that are right now in conflict none of them has any kind of Real legitimacy they're all expired body in terms of the one that were elected at one time or another others they created their own presence through sheer force or or via other Influential processes within the region be it regional or tribal The conflict the armed conflict stops G&G and you was developed it is struggling to become Government of national unity so that national didn't work the unity did not work and And that speaks to the importance of the road map that we have right now, which is a Process that's supposed to lead to a national election this case. It was important for us to have a government that is Elected by the Libyan people That's the only option that was left after all options national options UN processes options all of these things fail in many ways There was a lot of international interference as well regional international interference that also had its its impact and casted its shadows on the Libyan situation In this case In my view what we have I've been for a while Advocating is what I called a reset. We need a total reset of the scene. There are so many bodies are sitting there None wants to leave Except the other leave at the same time so either they all leave or they all stay so it's all or nothing and Who would be the best judge to decide on this except the Libyan people? I think we have tried in the last ten years so many different ways of finding a way out of this conflict finding You know a light at the end of the tunnel processes by Libyan themselves processes by Libyan institutions and and also processes through the United Nations Mediation unfortunately Those processes did not succeed I think The only processes we have not tried yet is to have the Libyan people Decide directly one man one vote And one woman one vote one person one vote one citizen one vote for them to decide their own future We should not be fearful of of the Libyan choice We should not undermine it. We should give it a chance because I think it will create the need legitimacy That will carry us The election is not a is not a goal in itself at the end of the day. We still need to evolve and and go through that transition in order to have a constitution in order to have a Reconciliation and all the process build the state, but election is is is a very important stop you know for For us to create the legitimacy that is needed In order for the Libyans to recognize And decide what their leaders are about at the same time for the international community To to understand that there is an elected legitimate Libyan leadership that they can deal with and That will lead eventually with the power that was installed To this elected Executive body and is this later body for them to call for the secession of the international intervention at the same time for for the mercenaries and other Forces to to leave leave the country and to create the needed process to move forward Libyans We've been suffering through Three difficult things number one There is a continuous a state of fear among the stakeholders in Libya That fear have generated some some of this fear is is genuine some fear this fear is Imaginary, but nonetheless it's a there is an atmosphere of fear who will take what who will do what to the other Who will take revenge who will try to cast away the other? forces the lack of of of Comfort the other thing is is is a lack of confidence. There is no confidence Among the Libyan that fear will lead to the absence of confidence and we have to work on that I remember the as Khirat agreement and the In the preamble of the agreement Measures of building cover confidence measures where stated very well, unfortunately or never implemented The third thing is lack of the common platform Since these two are the the driving forces In in the interaction in Libya it created It never gave the opportunity for the For the stakeholders to think about what it what's what's common. What do they have in common? so building in Bridges and and and common ground that will lead to To think in that sense those who are fearful or opposing to election Because of of the fear of the future they would love to have the status quo as long as possible Because they fear a feel that they have some presence some influence as long as change come They don't have any guarantees. They don't see themselves in the future as they should because of the two First thing fear and lack of confidence that led to lack of common Platform that can lead them together to the future that's feeling of exclusionary feeling that continues to to evolve that also led to each party which stakeholder is Seeking help and support from an international Or foreign forces or entities and became clientile processes where Where everybody is somehow hooked to regional or international Interest at the same time and that complicated the situation Libya is is is is very important and I think Even the international players all over The world I think Libya is essential Geographical location the Mediterranean issues being in North Africa being part of the Middle East somehow being the gateway to Africa these are very important elements and And the international You know the countries that are Engaged in Libya, I will love them to have an economic competition rather than Having Libya as as a battleground I think we will be welcoming them You know bringing their investment bringing their expertise partnering with the with the Libyan people Libya can Include all these opportunities so I Would I would call for those who are afraid of the election not to be fearful of the will of the Libyan people I think We should have that kind of trust or respect that they will make the right decision But at the same time you want to make sure that everybody gets a chance to be engaged in this process I'm totally against preconditions that will exclude People from the process we need as much Wider ownership of the election process We need to get everybody get a fair chance at a shot at this process and let the Libyan people through election be the judge Preconditions will lead to narrowing the the field and deciding on the behalf of the people who should be and who should not and this is somehow It's undermining the rights of the European people to decide who they want Let's have a process. Let's have a clean process as much as possible It's not going to be the the the best and the cleanest the ideal, but You know we should not let Perfect be the enemy of the of the good. Thank you Great, thank you for those very rich opening remarks. It's a lot to build on and number of questions come to my mind right away, but But let's talk. Let's stick with elections for the moment and Since you raised some several Issues there including that there are some who are fearful of elections have a stake in The current status quo But so what is your overall assessment whether or not elections will actually happen on time scheduled for next month? for the presidential elections and then Parliamentary elections to happen soon thereafter. So how do you see it? Do you think it's definitely going to happen? I? Think it's we are beyond the point of if it's going to happen or not the question is how in terms of timeline In terms of the processes themselves People who oppose the elections spend so much time and effort some of them are a genuine concern some of them are hyped Execuses Mainly I Would love to have seen those who have serious concerns Address these concerns have a conversation and try to mitigate these concerns and fears instead of Making them as Big as possible hype them to the level to the point then come to the to the point You said therefore there should be no election. This is not the way things work. We We we have problems. We solve problems. We have concerns. We deal with concerns We have issues we work through our issues And I think that's the way it should be and I think the sooner they realize that is The only thing that can unite the Libyan people or any people in the is when they look To the future not look to the their current divisions the future can unite people you cannot change the past You can work through the present to develop a better future. So it will happen We have to work through the process the United Nations Should have been more engaged in Libya in terms of the mission in Libya in mediating Mitigating this these issues and difficulty and they have done some and I think they could have done more but also it falls into the shoulders of the of the Libyan people to to work with themselves and being positive in in in working through the process at the end of the day we want to save a country that is Continuing to to suffer greatly for the last 10 years Great, thanks. So my understanding is that the registration process for the election is still being finalized But that said let me be forthright and ask you if it does become finalized Are you will you be running for president of the country? Will you want to be the first elected president of Libya? well, I'm To me The goal is is not who should be empowered the goal is to make sure that ultimately We get where we need to be So getting the Libyans to cast their votes to to make choices to have as many choices as as possible Not to narrow their their field to the point that becomes To create apathy toward election and I think that we can do that very easily because this guy's not this guy's this No, no this notice. So who do you want? Oh? Choose me. It doesn't work though or soon nobody lets us stay. I mean I I heard one gentleman at one time said the best System for Libya is a fragmented system. I don't know what is fragmented system means if you need to state Or you don't need a state fragmented system where everybody have a little bit of influence and power Fragmently and there is no state. It doesn't work this way I'm I'm thinking about it. I'm looking at it as this possibility and I think It's not to Get to power and what are you gonna do with it once you get there? And I think there are a lot of things that we we need to to consider The first day in office Would you just say hey what are we gonna do next or do you have a plan? There are too many things. We have to work on the reconciliation process. We have to put the house in order We have to look at the economic situation. We have to look at the dire economic Status in Libya, it's not as as good as so many people think we have to think about these mercenaries We have to think about our relations with so these too many countries and You know sort these things out We have to bring the basic services that make the stable economic Social we have to think about the education that is collapsing We have to think about health care and health system is is undermined The basic services also It's not about just pumping money into people's hands I think it's because that can raise inflation and devalue the Libyan currency so Anybody who can tackle and think and has a good team that tackle should be should consider it I'm still considering and Somebody can do it better than me. I'll vote for them Well, let's let's screw down this line though. Let's say that you do run and you do become elected You would be the first president of elected president of Libya which carries a lot of Importance to that a lot of significance Could you just give us some sense of your kind of philosophy of leadership? And and vision that comes with that. How would you lead? I? Think anybody who would takes over and in this kind of circumstances They have to they have to have a deep understanding of the of the status of of the Libyan situation Not just the economic side and not just the political fragmentation not just the the the presence of so many forum forces in Libya Libya has became a point of place of conflict They have to understand the the the level of Importance and complexity of the geopolitical place in Libya. You have six neighbors You try to calm three three others will be unhappy you get to five the six one will be by the time we get to the six year the the the first one will be having issues So it's not easy and and the the goal is to build a state Not not a regime not a system only building a state means Inspiring the people creating citizenship Providing the basic services making sure that people have have the level of of of You know Good living which is they have to have a good economic system good Health system good educational system good services. So they become at least Capable of participating in a at a higher level if you think of your basic needs all the time Which is how that's how Libya was for the last 50 years I think people become very apathetic into a process and they became dependent And then you need a smaller state Government you don't need a big government you have to empower younger people and women and and and to to Become pioneers in and not in the work of government, but to in the old Ernie areas of life economic development They have to have the chances there to to build their own careers The government should be a supporting factor not an employer having almost Over two billion million people working for the government to Libya is is is crazy And and people do that because they don't have an opportunity to work anywhere else and government unfortunately all these government they create Companies so government owned companies and institution their their own so that instead of Providing the assistance for the private citizens So the conglomerates to work on on their own and develop the economic side by themselves so Government owned companies. It's it's ridiculous in me because to me. I think in a sense that What you do is is you create that continuous state of dependency on the state so and that will make it difficult for the citizens to to to be able to have an oversight or The government to be accountable to the state what makes people accountable and the government accounting to the people is when people pay taxes and And the government becomes an employee of the Libyan people not the other way around So that kind of dynamics need to change We have to create a common A sense of purpose common platform We have to evolve slowly, but maturely as a Libyan people Everybody should be involved. We have to carry everybody Carrying few and living the others the others will make sure that you are not going to go anywhere So it's it's a monumental task honestly and it has to be done by Bringing people together you have to have them. You might disagree with them, but you have to have them at the table Exclusionary processes will never work If I could continue along this theme you talk about Fragmentation as a concern and unity a process you just talked about I was wondering if you could talk about this issue of How do you how do you do you as a leader bring unity what are the symbols that you would want to Bring forth to to create this greater unity. How would you deal with Tribes which have been felt marginalized Particularly in the south how do you bring unity from east and west? How do you also deal with the issue of a government which has tended to be centralized and triply and yet allow for power to be Decentralized into the into provinces so a lot of different balancing acts and so this issue of how basically do you? Unify the Libyan people Well, I you know what I I always think of Libya when when you see it from the outside and You you have We have a doctor here. We have so many superficial wounds They are not deep, but there are many so they bleed the body is bleeding all over the place But these this bleeding is not is not it's not very deep But when somebody has you know keeps scratching himself or herself Harshly I think You have to treat that There are so many issues, but at the same time those issues are not very deep rooted issues I am from half from the east half from the west. I was born in Benghazi I live in Tripoli my father from the west my mom from the east to me. There's no east and west, you know Others who don't understand that when when there is there may be some regional, you know difference in terms of traditions and cultures and The way that people think about things and that's enriching that shouldn't be something that we have to dwell on in a negative way I think The failure in creating a Libyan identity for the last 50 years I think that was something that it has to be addressed What unites Libya? They are Libyans and and and that sense for a long time we have we had a regime not a state in a sense that The regime is identified with with the people with with individuals Libyan system evolved from Federalized system under the king to Central system afterwards to the system that I don't know how to prescribe it, but a regime controls the state the absence of this created so much fragmentation and Bringing those people together you have to you have to unite them about a citizenship to a state to a country that they they They belong to and they They want to build and they see a future for themselves and their kids and their grandkids We want to stay well at unified Libya for the next for the next Hundreds of years not for every five fifty years or hundred years. We have to you know Rebuild again or Find ways to deconstruct and and rebuild each time that's not how you build countries that That's not how we build society So there are many things what should be the the system That people should Enjoy living with That we should we should consider it. We should consider the federal system. There is nothing wrong with the federal system probably a federal system in Libya will not be a three typical Regions as historical as they used to be because each region has its own Configuration within itself the triple Italian region it has a four or five region though The eastern region has at least four regions within itself The south the same unfortunately the south has been neglected Continuously for a long time most of the people in the south moved to Tripoli now Tripoli is a city The capital should host no more than a million million and a half now. It has almost three million people Because lack of service left good security in the in the south The south is is is is a very very important region We have to stabilize The presence of Libyans of citizens in the south we have to provide opportunity Because that's how you you you create there are so many opportunity that you can we can develop in the southern part of Libya There has to be an investment there has always been Promises of investment of billion of dinars and and so on but never Developed never came to fruition Promises don't solve problems actions do and I think Libya needs needs needs more people and and and and it has to accommodate Working people from other countries. We have to think about how this can be brought Needs and need help in that sense and and this has to be done through a Legal system and and a system that will provide us the opportunity to to take the best brains and take the best possible Help that we can get We have to make sure that we have Clear arrangement and agreement for our security with the neighbors, especially in the south the threat of of terrorism the threat of illegal immigration in terms of Human trafficking is is is very big issue. It's a it's a shameful Thing that we have in Libya right now and it should be addressed very seriously You you touched on a number of points and questions in answering questions That I wanted to ask but I'm very keen in making sure we're keeping with time here But let me just finish with this issue of unity and you raise this issue of the past and the history Libya And so it raises the question of transitional justice This notion of how do you deal with what has occurred in the past without Relitigating it and there are those that basically say there should be a general amnesty For those who committed human right violations And then there are those who say no there should be some type of process where victims can Address their abusers. How do you view this issue of dealing with the past and transitional justice? Well, I think it's very it's very important. It's very it's very delicate at the same time I think you are between one to that administer justice as much as as you can and and also in terms of building a state the state cannot be built via revenge and Vengeance no matter what happened. I've been you know, I opposed Gaddafi for four years and years and I Wasn't happy at all. I deplored the way he was he His life was ended and and I think we have to Be cognizant if we are calling for a better Behavior we should be the first to to apply that There is a difference between Addressing issues related to transitional justice And at the same time being very cognizant of the importance at the end of the day of the greater goal of building a state That's why Tools like the isolation law that was Implemented in 2012 that was a very bad idea and I think we've seen the impact of that in Syria and in Iraq The you have to balance between making sure that what happened never happened again and Making sure that you don't become subject You don't become Hostage to the to to these processes that will blind you to the point that you don't see what you're trying to To to build in the future because otherwise you become so entrenched and so much in the chains of of The moment of the present or the past which is worse even than the present Balancing these things are very important the responsibility of statesmen is to build the state Responsibility of the institutions is to provide justice to the individuals at the same time You know there are ways of reconciliation that should be should be used and We are not going to reinvent the wheel at the same time if individuals feel that they can address their concerns and their Their grievances three through the legal system They should have the right to do so Number one for for those who Have committed these acts they have to understand that they are They are responsible but at the same time More important at the level of the state level and the future level is is to make sure that Whoever thinks about something like this in the future. They will understand that will be consequences for those It's a preventative measure that we have to think about We encourage people to to forgive and forget for the benefit of their Of their children and grandchildren because as I said vindictiveness is not going to help anybody We encourage the state at the same time to provide some measure that mitigates some of the of these issues So they can be funds for that for for this kind of Of things but at the same time We have to have a legal system that is functioning that can look at these things and provide we don't have it so we we cannot put the The the current Carriage in front of the horse as I say we have to make sure that the We have our of priority set in an order which is to build a state to have a legal system to have a System that can provide justice at the same time So people sometimes they have to be a little bit patient. It's nothing is instantaneous as we think Who sits the priority? What should be now justice or now? Reconciliation these are very important questions now building a state or now just carrying a war so whoever is going to win first These are the sitting this kind of tones and priority is the one of the responsibility of The leadership and and you have to convince people of that Being mindful of the time here I have a whole bunch of other questions, but I want to open the question to the people in the audience first I'll take one question from the people here, and then I'll Kind of ask a question from people who have asked questions online So please Thank you very much. Mr. Lameen for your excellent insights and thanks for US IP a quick question While we all agree that the elections is the best thing coming up in Libya To get Libya moving forward I am quite concerned about the imperfections or the challenges that are ahead And I wanted to get your perspective on how are we going to manage some of those at least in a broader picture? We are dealing with a constitutional basis that has yet to be Finally defined it does impact, you know, how the system of governors may be especially that we're conducting both a presidential and a parliamentarian election Do we have some framework that we think is going to be able to deliver that? We have the concern of the threat and security of participation and ensuring that these are transparent elections Do we have a good sense of Are we going to be able to manage that especially in light of the fact that this is only a few weeks ago from now? and then generally we we we have potential Breakouts from an imperfect election. So even though we want to make it happen We don't want it to become the recipe for potential division or potential war in the future. How do we grapple with all these? Thank you Thank you. Um, I think it's a These are the questions. These are the issues that we should have a conversation about Instead of targeting the whole idea of election and make sure that will never happen because if you kill the idea You don't have to deal with the with the difficulties that That comes with it. So people usually they go for the easy thing kill the damn thing so get rid of it and and because we do have we don't so we can go home and and and and Watch TV or play cards Of course, that's not the case these are issues these are serious issues and and as far as the The constitutional base, I think there are constitutional base I disagree with people who keep talking about it not defining it. What is the constitutional base? It's an election law. We have elections before so we are not starting from scratch. This is This election law that we have in 2012. We have to amend it a little bit in 2014 Can it carry us it carried us out in a couple of times and get us some result for all these people who? Institution that they believe that they are legitimate and they continue to cling to legitimacy after they expired Well, we can we can we can use this and we amend it there was there has been a pathway By the HR and the state council to come together and do that they have been coming together and failing to do that I questioned their sincerity most of the time and getting serious about Going away being resetted That's a it is there is a conflict of interest inherited in this process So I think we do have enough to start with The election the election law that was passed by the HR It's it's a good start. I'm not saying it's perfect probably they need to vote in it to make sure that it's it's voted on and and Made sure that it it will be you know protected from many Litigation legal litigation as many as possible. It doesn't mean that there will no be be no legal litigations It should be and and it's okay. It should be addressed at that level It's not going to be a perfect election. I have never seen a perfect election. I think people in the United States that have seen election and Bush versus Al Gore before we've seen the one recently Of course, there is that we have a there is an election in in in Iraq. That's not a perfect election There are militias there. There are so many I have to shabi and others. I mean they came from war There is Iran. There is all these guys, but there was an election election is it's it brings you closer It sets you one step further into a process of stabilization. So we have to see it this way It's not the the ultimate goal. Whoever sits in will will never let's make sure people who complain about there is no Constitution in Libya. We have seen a Constitution that is Molded by in such a way probably will be trapped so much in Tunisia. We've seen the civil you know Servant who became president To cover the whole process and suspended the Constitution so there is no Full guarantee of anything. I think We have to work through the difficulty. We have to have conversation negotiation Dialogue name it what do you want to name it? But we have to bring all the people as I said who have concerns to discuss this concerns to have them Invest in this process to see that they can be part of the future of this process To to make sure that they feel they will not be targeted by the outcome of this process. These are things that are not going to be Guaranteed via constitutional process or Or just a law. I think these are human interactions. They have to take a place. I Think we have enough To do difficulties. Yes impossible. No, we have to also to think about what what if election doesn't happen I think I can guarantee you division war and all the other element of a bad agent bad outcome. So sometimes you take the That whatever is least it has the least worst consequences if I can say that thank you So I want to turn to some the to an online question that we received we received a number of questions just for your Knowledge and to acknowledge that about the election itself the questions range from what happens if someone doesn't accept the outcome of the election You know to what happens if Saif Gaddafi wins the election if Haftar wins the election Well, you know asking all sorts of questions about what how do you see the consequences of all that? But I'm gonna I think you answered some of these questions just now But so I want to turn to another set of questions. We got which concerns more foreign affairs And these range from the questions of how do you expedite the withdrawal of foreign fighters? What is the plan to address? Russians expanding presence in Libya And Russia look role as a kingmaker You know how does foreign mercenaries Complicate the peace process in Libya. What are the plans again for the removal? What is needed from the United States to support Libya stabilization and strengthening? Libya what can be what can the Europeans do? What can Libby's immediate neighbors do so there's a bunch of questions here really about foreign affairs? So if you could try to address all those And one swoop that'd be great. Thank you sure Thanks. I think Let's start with the With who can have the credibility to call For the withdrawal of these mercenaries and foreign troops in Libya, of course There is a mix of troops and and mercenary Libya. I believe and I think Only a legitimate Directly elected the president can do that has the legitimacy Because he has the voice of the Libyan people Everybody else we've seen right now as as the different stakeholders Everybody each one has a stake in one side or another one side has a close relationship with the With the Russians and and and the other mercenary the others had has a close relationship with the Turks and the other side Russia claims that she they came in via the HR's Mandate The the Turks come came through the GNU G&A Request so each one has a claim and we cannot We can argue this forever and and it will not work And everybody wants to stay in the absence of breakthrough I think the status quo will continue and to to to continue to get worse not better And in that sense elections very very important and to in order to address the whole issue of forum presence in Libya And I think it has a voice it will be a process. It's not going to be overnight There would have to be a negotiation. Of course those forces are not going to withdraw because you asked him to withdraw You have to provide a lot of I don't want to call it in sentence, but things to that extent the carrot and the stick at the same time Probably Libyan people If things get worse, I think probably will will will defend their own homeland if they need to There is no doubt about it, but We don't want it to get to that point. I think there will be a lot of Ways and opportunities for the for the elected leadership to to negotiate and and and do have Offer we need we need cooperation from all sides Libya can offer an opportunity to to all sides to to participate and become a partner instead of An adversary in terms of the internationals I think I I like and I appreciate the fact that the United Nations United States has been consistent In its message regarding the election, I think they have seen the the the the outcome of the processes in the last ten years or so and The issue of Libyan stability is is is very very very important Not just to Libya, but to the region. We've seen the impact when Libya got into engulfed into a conflict and and chaos arms From Libya Reached so many different countries. You cannot imagine, you know in years And and very far away in the last few years So the consistent message is a stable Libya And we have to give the people a chance to to decide for their own leadership And we need an elected leader that can You know Lead the country and lead the process towards stability somebody that the world can't deal with Who has the the voice of the of the Libyan people and it's I think it's very important for the other countries? I think there are interests in Libya Libya is a neighbor Libya is an influencer Libya is influenced These should be should not fear from an elected process Dealing with a legitimate elected leader. It's much better than the dealing with a bunch of of self-interested groups who are somehow hooked to Other foreign actors in one way or another they sometimes they talk on their own behalf sometimes talking on behalf of somebody else This fragmentation is not effective and it doesn't It's not helpful for the neighbors. It's not helpful for our for for Africa. It's not helpful for the Mediterranean as we see Opportunity I think we can we can do better with with partnership instead of conflicting interests in Libya Great, well, thank you That hour went by really quickly I have to admit and we didn't get a chance to come to all the questions I would have liked to ask and I'm sure from our members of our audience as well I hope that you can talk with them as we come to the end of this program And I'm sure there are more questions from people who are watching and sending them online But we are at the end of this hour and I want to thank you so much for this Opportunity to hear your views You were very comprehensive in addressing a whole bunch of issues as well So you answered I think a lot of questions along the way too. So on behalf of USIP again, thank you so much And thank you to Robert Barron to Nate Wilson to Ezra who helped put this together to our interpreter Nabil These are all very useful and I have mentioned this is a series of discussions that we're having with Libyan leaders, so I hope people will tune in for the next time we may come together with another leader and again Thank you. We wish you all the best Appreciate it and I enjoyed it and thanks for for your For hosting it and and thanks for the audience who came and participated and for all those who address the questions I'm sorry if I didn't get the chance to address the other question. I hope my answers to To some questions dealt with some of their concerns. Thanks very much. Thank you. Thank you


For most of your assignments, you're expected to use scholarly sources, also called academic or peer reviewed. But how can you tell if your source is scholarly? Here are five tips to help. First, scholarly sources of academic authors. The author or authors will always have their names listed. These authors are nearly always professional researchers who work at a university or research institute. Your source will have information about which university they work at and how to get in touch with them about their research. Tip two, scholarly sources report on original research conducted by the authors. This research often takes the form of a study and the authors report the results and findings or propose new theories. Tip three, scholarly articles have fairly standard and recognizable structures. They normally start with an abstract or summary at the beginning. There's an introduction that puts the research into the context of other research on the topic. Then there are descriptions of the methods used in the study, the results, a discussion of the results, their implications and importance, and then a list of references. Not all scholarly articles have this structure, but it's very common. Tip four, scholarly sources always contain a great many references to other scholarly sources. Academic research builds on what other researchers have already done, so all scholarly sources acknowledge how other people's work has influenced their thinking, just like you're supposed to do in your papers. The authors mention these scholarly sources in the text and list them at the end in a bibliography or a list of references. Tip five, search for your sources using the Laurier Library databases, which are specialized search tools for scholarly sources. Nearly all the databases have an option to limit your results to peer reviewed or scholarly journals, either before or after you search. Picking this option will ensure that your results are scholarly nearly all the time, but it's not perfect. Some sources that aren't scholarly still slip in, so make sure you use the other four tips to evaluate what you find. One type of source that looks scholarly but isn't is a dissertation. These have the characteristics of scholarly sources, but are papers for a university degree and aren't published. Check with your instructor to see if they'll accept dissertations as scholarly sources. Review articles are also tricky. They aren't scholarly sources because they only discuss someone else's research. They aren't original research on their own. If one looks good, find and use the book discussed in the review instead. Those are five tips for deciding whether your source is scholarly. If you have any questions, ask us at library.wlu.ca.


Preparations were underway today for the annual fishing has no boundaries event for 28 years, the program has provided an opportunity to those who may not get a chance to go fishing. About 20 boats and pontoons will take 75 participants out on Lake Bemidji for a day and a half of fishing. Besides getting out on the lake, breakfast, lunch and dinner will also be served. For the volunteers, once they're hooked, they keep coming back. Looking at the clients when they come in off the lake with their fish, they are so excited and to tell you about what their day of fishing was. I mean that just, that kills my heart because that's what brought me back. Fishing has no boundaries says they are still in need for volunteers for the event. If you're interested in helping, you can go stop by the giant tent in Paul Bunyan Park tomorrow morning beginning at 8am. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.