Hello everybody. Welcome to an MA translation and MA linguistics taster lesson. My name is Nana Satoros-Berg. I'm head of School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics. I'm also chair of Center for Translation Studies. And today I'm going to provide you a 10-minute taster lesson on MA translation. A very simple question. What is translation? So when you start studying with us, I will ask you this question. Because many people think, oh, what is translation? It's so simple to answer. This is a very easy answer, you know, easy question to answer. But actually, in the fact, it's not so easy. When you study translation studies, when we talk about what translation studies is or what translation is, we'll start talking about Roman Jakobson. And Roman Jakobson, he was a scholar of linguistics, and he made a kind of definition of what translation is. He divided translation into three categories. One, interlingual translation. Two, interlingual translation. And three, intersemiotic translation. First one, intra-lingual translation. What does it mean? Let's think about in the context of Japanese, because I'm from Japan, and my native language is Japanese. So in the Japanese context, when we talk about intra-lingual translation, for example, it's translation from standard Japanese, like Tokyo Direct is considered as standard Japanese, to translate it into let's say Osaka dialect. So those two languages are both Japanese, but considered as a very different type of Japanese. And so you could translate from Tokyo Direct into Osaka Direct. This is a kind of interlingual translation. Second one is interlingual translation. This is normally widely considered as translation. Like this is translating from English into Chinese or translating from Arabic into English. And the third one, intersemiotic translation. So you would translate the different medium into different medium. What does it mean? For example, you translate from a novel into film. And this is the intersemiotic translation. So if you are interested in this Roman Jacobson's definition of translation, please have a look at this paper. Of course, this paper was written in 1959. Translation Studies scholars developed definition or notion of translation more, you know, widely beyond these, but this is the starting point when we talk about translation studies. So next one, very simple translation practice, because I don't know what kind of languages you can speak, but I believe you can read English. That's why I decided to bring this practice today. So there is a photo here. And you can see maybe there are two elephants and standing on the floor. Right, you can see that. So can you please translate this photo into a text? You can describe anyways, but you see this photo as original. And then you need to translate this photo into a text to describe what you see. Yum. Because I cannot talk to the audience. So could you please translate this photo into Chinese? Into English, please, because I don't understand Chinese. Elephant. Yes. In the other one. Sentence, please, could you make a sentence to describe this photo? This is there are two elephants and one small. Okay, thank you very much. I think it's a correct answer. Okay, so in the classroom, I asked this question to like 20 students. And normally all students answer differently. Okay, and let's see the examples of answers. One big elephant and one small elephant, a purple lego animal and the pink lego animal, brother elephant and sister elephant, father elephant is protecting his daughter while she's asleep, lovely lego in someone's living room. So no, no, no, no. These are all translations of this photo. Yum, do you think there is any wrong answer? Any, any wrong answer? They're all acceptable, I think. Exactly. They're all correct. But they are looking at this photo from a different perspective. They interpret, they understand this photo differently. Why? Because they have a different perspective. They have a different views of what they are interested in through this photo is different. Right. So what I want to say here is that if there are 10 translators, there are 10 kinds of translations. It means it doesn't mean so that means that there is no superior, great translation in this world. So if you want to translate something, there are various ways of translating the original. How you want to translate is up to you in principle. But this is where you can learn theories, methodologies, and various types of practice to make your own best translation. I've got only 10 minutes, so my practice must be very short. So the final slide, if you come to Suwa Seme Translation Program, you can learn and discuss theory, methods, and the practice of translation beyond Western-oriented discourse, okay? As a practical translation, we offer Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Arabic, Turkish, Suwahili, and Persian. We don't offer any sort of Western language pair. It's all beyond Western languages. And you can learn any aspects of practical translation, including language and culture and technology. So if you want to be a translator, it is very important to learn how to use, for example, machine translation. And so you can learn all these kinds of practical translations if you come to our MA translation program. And together with extremely multi-lingual and the multi-cultural staff and students, you can learn MA translation. It is extremely important for you to be in the location like Suwa's, because in London, you know, people speak more than 400 languages in London. And at Suwa's, we offer more than 20 languages. And most of staff are at least bilingual, but many staff can speak four to ten languages. It's a fantastic place to learn MA translation. I'm going to stop here, because I tend to speak too much always. And I know this was too short, but if you're interested in our MA translation program, please get in touch with me. Also, we have this Center for Translation Studies. So if you Google Center for Translation Studies, you can see our activities. Thank you very much. Dan, I was a bit too fast to speak, but... That was fantastic, Nana. Thank you so much. Thank you, Dan. A really interesting insight into translation here at Suwa's. I particularly enjoy using the Lego elephants, and that's a fantastic question to ask. It's a really good way for us to think about translation. Thank you. So I will just say as well that if anyone, as a reminder, if you do have any questions, please do feel free to use the question answer box, and we'll make sure that we get those answered for you during the session. And just to add as well, we've been joined by a student ambassador. So if you have any questions that are about the more student perspective of studying at Suwa's, we can look at answering those for you as well. I now invite Yan to share his screen and his slides and to talk to you further. Thank you very much, Dan. Let me share my screen with you all. Hello. Welcome to Suwa's, and welcome to our Suwa's postgraduate master's session at the School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics. My name is Yan Zhang. I'm a senior lecturer in linguistics and languages of China. I also work as program convener for MA linguistics and MA in linguistics and in intensive language. So what I have prepared for you today first is some very general introduction about Suwa's, especially about our School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics. And because of the time constraint, I'll be rather quick. So this is our school with the tradition, with this range of languages, and with our UK's oldest linguistics department, as well as both me and Anna are working as well. And also we have our, we pride ourselves with our endangered language archive, and we have students and staff from many different countries. And we have expertise in some of the world's key regions in terms of language. So this is School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics. There are these small details. And also I want to add that our MA in linguistics program is also a pathway which is called language documentation description, arguably the only one available in this country. Yeah. But if we want some descriptions about our department and about what we do, it's a bunch of linguists working at Suwa's. Usually we would come up with this first description is that we explore linguistic diversity through the study of language. But today I have prepared a special menu for you, because I've been working all day. In fact, I wanted to think about some specific topics that I want to provide to you.  So I want to talk about how we explore linguistic diversity through the study of semantics. I have here a special module in mind for those of you who have studied semantics before and how we make a difference at Suwa's. And for those of you who have never studied semantics or even linguistics, it doesn't matter because we'll start from scratch and we'll teach you how to deal with the study of meaning in different languages. So here I'm referring to this special module on semantics which starts without assuming too much knowledge about the discipline. And then you also have another module to start with that is called Minion Interpretation for Term 1. And this one is in fact for Term 2 that I'm teaching. But we'll quickly go through the basics of formal semantics in our module for the first three or four weeks. And then we move on to look at a range of topics. So let me give you this outline so that I hope I can impress you with the uniqueness of our syllabus. So for example, the first four weeks will be related to painting students with the basics of modern semantics. That is about sentential semantics, sense and reference, reference and denotation, proposition truth, etc. And then we deal with the basic logics and the representation and interpretation issues. And then we talk about semantic type theory, lambda abstraction, reduction, and generalized quantifier theory. So left column constitute the warmup. I should say that is what you, some of you may have already studied in your bachelor time. And then we move on to something more unique of our own that I've been developing these years. Week five will be devoted to the study of index codes. You know that if we have dealt with axis and index codes, you know that there's a pragmatic parameter that is usually talked about in textbooks. But here we want to introduce the semantic dimension, which is done more regress and which nicely complements with the content of the past four weeks. How we introduce index codes into the study of formal meaning. And then in week six, I treat the varieties of NP interpretation, which is not usually covered in detail in any textbooks. How do we interpret notions such as deafness, definiteness, indefiniteness, attributiveness, uniqueness, specificity and non-specificity, generics, etc. And we pay more attention to encouraging students, inviting them to look at their own language, look at the language they are studying in intensity, to see how these semantic notions can be manifested in these different languages and what are their uniqueness and how way in return can incorporate them into our theorization and into our more generic discussion into our, what I would like to call semantic botany studies. That is, you look at various types of meaning and you try to give them proper treatments. And then week seven is devoted to the study of literal meaning itself, because I want to identify a lot of gaps in the literal meaning and that can lead us to play into the recent debate about contextualism versus semantic minimalism. So later today, I will provide some more slides about this content because I think this part is more accessible. And then in week eight, that's my favorite topic is about conditionals and contractuals. We treat conditionals as one interesting meeting point where in which many complicated semantic notions can be drawn and can be implemented to the study of this sophisticated phenomenon of conditionals. And we look at conditionals worldwide, that is, in what other languages and how these conditionals can have different biases. And in this sense, then contractuals may even more interesting. And week nine is about plurals. And we know that plural is always a thorny issue in semantics. And then finally, we look at semantics and primantics for the line, which is the treatment of presupposition, which posts a vast literature that nobody can claim to have read fully. So this is the outline, and I hope that you find it interesting. But then I can quickly talk for another five minutes about this special topic that we treat in week seven, that is called literal meaning and next picture. We probably all know what literal meaning is, but then it mainly refers to a sentence meaning. So the meaning of a sentence according to the modern semantic point of view is this truth conditions. And we would like to open up this question, the recent question, the debate is whether truth value can be established at the sentence level or not. If it cannot, then we can't claim that we are being full fledged literal meaning and sentence level. If that is the case, then we want to access contextual information. We want, we need expertise from mathematics in order to sort out the full fledged literal meaning. That in fact, can be a medical claim because it seems to endanger the foundation of modern semantics. Of course, that means that semantics can never be autonomous. It cannot stand alone because you can't even establish truth values at the level of sentence. So this leads to interesting claims. We can look at a range of cases, like the index codes we have already mentioned, in ways that sentential meaning can be incomplete and how they exhibit themselves in different languages. So we look at some examples. It'll be interesting. Examples like we talk, it is raining, I had Christmas turkey, I learned syntax. Examples like these can seem to be quite self-contained in terms of syntax. They're complete. There's nothing wrong with meaning, nothing wrong with grammar. They can't be more complete in the sense. But in fact, from semantic point of view and from the point of view of establishing truth values, we'll say that all of them are semantically undetermined. They're incomplete. Because when you say, we thought, I want to ask, and where? It is raining. Well, you probably mean it is raining here and now, but then I may be telling you this sentence over my mobile phone. Then you'll have to get it as it is raining over there. That's where the person is making the phone call, probably from London, while the receiver is somewhere in Tokyo, for example. And I had Christmas turkey. But when? Last year or this year? In fact, this year, I couldn't add Christmas turkey. Well, I learned syntax. Again, where does it make a difference? Did you learn it at MIT or not? Well, all these can be interesting. And you may start to get the feeling that every sentence can be undetermined in this way or that. And that gives rise to a particular claim called indexicalism. Those people claim that wherever you have a sentence that is undetermined in meaning, you can always posit some hidden indexical somewhere. So the sentence will appear to be a bit, I want to say, protest in the sense that you don't realize how many indices can be introduced in a simple sentence. So when you're talking about examples like your coffee is too strong, but strong for what? But he is not strong enough. Well, it depends on who is drinking it, right? He is too talkative. For what occasion? You are so nice. Well, to what extent? It tastes all the same compared to what? You can go on with all these ordinary examples. He submitted his proposal to the head. The head of what? The mayor agreed to give a talk of which city the parents decided to make the visit to the school? Well, the parents of whom? So you may start realizing that even nouns have hidden indices. And there are metonymic expressions, for example, the three wishes. Then implicitly, you are referring to the Shakespearean play, Macbeth. So all these, I give you some titles that are introduced by Jason Stanley and Zodan Sabo some time ago. And what people pose as treatments are, as I've said, hidden in indices. So sentences would look something like this. You are seeing the indices here, in parentheses. And then other people mention a whole array of other sentences. And unfortunately, they're all from English. So that invites us to look at many, many other languages, especially at souls. We love doing that. So for example, like the ones I'm showing now, right, and we find some proper place to plug in some indices or not. If you can't find any proper places, then it is hard to sort out the correct logical form for these sentences. So here are the examples which have been proposed in such a way in the hope that it will provide counter examples to semantic indexicalism, constantly at others. He ran to the cliff and jumped. Did he jump down or he's just jumping at the cliff? Sarah has a temperature, but everyone has a temperature. That's not what is meant. So what is meant here is Sarah has an unusually high temperature. It's the only person that can think. Well, what do you mean? Everyone can think, right? So this who can think has a special connotation. And the rest as well. So we have then the introduction of a new school of thought related to these examples for themselves, medical contextualism. They think that little meaning should be freely enriched. You can never plug in any indices at definite places because they are not to be found. You don't know where to plug in. And enrichment is everywhere. It is online. So this gives us contribution, controversies. And this invites us from an empirical point of view to look at a wide range of cases in many, many other examples. In many, many other languages. How do we fair, right? Then we look at examples in Burma, in Chinese, in Burmese, for example. So this is what I would usually lead our students in investigating, following these debates, but trying to look beyond English. So it started with concerns with language use and capability in verbal communication that can carry us further than the debates in the philosophy of language. So what next? What we propose to do is to look at still another theory in mathematics, which is called expenditure theory in relevance theoretic mathematics. We want it to step further. We want to identify research gaps. So we attempt to introduce a more rigorous formal characterization of explicature. But this is not an end in itself. The end is always to study a variety of data in a variety of languages. And we study the explicating process. How the undetermined sentence meaning is fleshed out? What is the process? To what extent they are linguistically guided, structurally can use to infer that the sentence is to be interpreted in this way or in other ways. And here, looking at different languages will always give us many, many happy surprises, because you don't really know this language and this special structure that can provide proper guidelines to how you enrich the sentence. So native speakers will never get any other possible but unnatural interpretations. So usually we provide a lot of references, but students are invited to take a look at some carefully chosen, selected and hopefully up-to-date ones on which they base their assignment questions. Then they design their own question and then they write up their own assignments. And then we have discussions and dialogues afterwards. So here is a list of some simple questions I give to our students, but then they are also welcome to design their own questions. And sometimes, again, they surprise me with their wonderful thoughts. So I finish at this point with my presentation so that we can leave you enough time for questions. And I wish to leave you my email address and you are always welcome to write to me for more questions. And I will always be happy to arrange talk-back discussions that I have been doing these years so that if you are interested in our program but would like to have some more clever teachings, please let me know and I can accommodate your time. I wish to make a further announcement is that our translation program is going to hold a promotion day event with the date and the time given here. So if you are interested, then please wait for our further announcements. Thank you very much. And I stopped here so that you can ask questions. Thank you, Dan. Thank you, Jan. That was fantastic. A great insight there. And I've just posted both of your email addresses, Jan and Anna, into the chat. So if anyone does want to take you both up on that opportunity, please do feel free to find those email address contacts just there. Now we do have just over 10 minutes available of time left at the end. There have been one or two questions that have come in so far, which we've answered during the session. But if there is anything else you would like to ask now, for Jan or for Anna to respond to live, then please do feel free to send them into us. And while anyone thinks about doing that, I was wondering if you'd both be able just to give us a bit of an insight into the dissertation topics that students sometimes consider and sometimes they write about and do their research in for both of the courses. Would that be okay? Who'd like to start? Anna, please. Thank you. Thank you, Dan, and thank you, Jan. So if students take a translation program, they can choose either a translation project or a translation research project. Majority of students choose a translation project. That means students can choose what they want to translate and they can translate from English to any other languages that we offer or vice versa. And if it's research dissertation, they have to use theories and methodologies and to discuss around translation and its issues. So it's a proper research dissertation. If students want to, you know, pursue PhDs, then we normally recommend students to choose research dissertation rather than translation project. It's simple, but I think this explains everything. Yes. Jan, over to you. Thank you very much, Anna. So for MA linguistics dissertations, we welcome any topics so long as that falls within the expertise of me and my colleagues. But then we would usually advise our students to follow some ideas that they get from attending some particular modules that they're accepted with. So that can make an easier start. But otherwise, and Anna has already told us everything. Fantastic. So some great opportunities that are available there and thinking about potentially those who are interested in going on to do further things with their master's courses. We mentioned PhD study and PhD research, I should say. Can you think of any other opportunities that this might open students up to? So actually, SOAS produces many literary translators. And even when I talk about only Japanese into English, I know six, seven professional literary translators who publish many translations. And so I tend to have students who are interested in literary translations, but also there are many students who are interested in subtitles and translating games and so on. And you know, there are many game companies and some students get the position there, game companies and so on. Yes. Over to you, Jan. Thanks. I would say that having a MA degree is an important asset for anyone who would like to do work like language teaching. And many times if you have an MA degree, you'll be at a better position in getting yourself employed because many schools would now like their applicants to have higher qualifications. And certainly, I am also aware that many of our students are doing other works like working for companies, but then with very good background in command language and knowing the rationale of how language works, they can be more welcome. And also there are students who do professional copy editing for publishers. And these days, they can get a lot of work online because there are people who would like to have a lot of work or assistance, even on a one-to-one basis. I mean, polishing writings for others, that is quite acceptable, especially for those non-latest speakers. Thank you very much. Fantastic. Thank you both. We have had a question that's just come through asking about the deadline to apply for the MA translation. Do we have that data hand? I think it's the end of June. Am I right, Yam? It's normally the end of June. Yeah, it's normally the end of June. But then for last year, because of this special situation, our deadline was lifted until the end of July, if I was ever right. In general, it's the end of June. Yeah, I think for most talkmasters programs across the school, 30th of June is the main deadline there, but just wanted to double-check we didn't have any specific ones for translation. And we'll also just share in a moment's time a link to the how to apply for a master's page. So I'll pop that into the chat in just a second, and that's got some more information about deadlines and other information that you might need to know on there. And before we wrap up, I'll just give one more call for any final questions to come through. And while anyone is welcome to submit those, do either of you have any advice for someone who might be considering different master's courses at the moment and sort of how to make their application stand out as possible? I think, oh, yes, it's my microphone. I think for me what matters is passion. If you really like to translate, or if you're passionate about talking about translation, then please do apply. And you have opportunity to write a statement letter. I think that is very important point for me, because if you have a passion, if you're committed, you can learn how to translate. And that's all matters. That's my advice. Me too. I think that what we are looking for is really a strong, interesting commitment in the study of languages and linguistics, and that will have to be stated in the statement. Right. If someone doesn't mention linguistics at all, then we'll have to write back and ask, are you sure that you want to do this degree or not? Yes. We can write back. Yes, yes. Fantastic. Thank you, Bate. And our final questions come through asking about whether anyone be able to access the recording of this session. So just to confirm the recordings will, I believe, be uploaded. And there should be some information about that. I think they'll be added into a playlist onto our YouTube channel. So just keep an eye on the website and on there. If you don't see them in just over a week or so, then feel free to get in touch and we can make sure that we make the recording available to you. But that will be that. So that does bring us to the end of the session. If either of you have any parting comments, feel free now. Sure. If you have any questions, just beautifully do email me. You are always welcome. And so nice getting to see you all and thank you for coming. And hope we can be in communication more about languages, translation, and linguistics. Yes. Fantastic. Thank you, Jan. Thank you, Nana. Thank you to all of us. Thank you for your great work. See you then. See you. See you soon. Cheers, everyone. Goodbye. Take care. Bye.


Hi everybody. Welcome to the North Dakota State University spring fever garden forums where we connect you the gardener with the researchers at NDSU. My name is Tom Calve. I'm an extension horticulturist in the Department of Plant Sciences and tonight I'm joined with Bob Birch, a web technology specialist in the Department of Aeroculture Communications. This is the third of our four forums this spring and tonight our theme is going to be trees and shrubs and just as a note all the handouts for tonight's forum are posted now on the spring fever website. The format that we use tonight will be the one we always use. We start with a 20 to 25 minute presentation followed by about 10 to 15 minutes of your questions and we do invite your participation in the forums and as Bob described if you have a question just click on that purple tab in the lower right hand corner and that will open up a chat box typing your question hit the enter key and that question will come to me and then I'll do my best to get as many questions as possible answered. Okay let's get started. Are you doing a good job taking care of your trees in your yard? Here to tell us the dos and don'ts of tree care is Joe's Lesnick and Extension Forester. Joe welcome to the forum. Okay well thank you Tom and as we get this going I want to say welcome to everybody. How many folks do we have tonight? Over 500. Over 500. Well that's great. Okay well when we first talked about this program tonight my part of it this was the title I came up with tree maintenance spring and summer which could go on for hours and I have to say I didn't really like that title a whole lot it just wasn't it was too much so I came up with this one we're going to go trees month by month this is more of the things you need to do on a regular basis throughout the course of the year. So what we're seeing right now March and April that we are in April I called it March earlier today and I was corrected as we're seeing winter injury on conifers this is a ponderosa pine tree actually in my own yard about a month ago about a month ago and you notice there's kind of orange golden tips on some of those needles as we look a little closer you can see them a little more clearly they actually tended to be on the south side of the tree I've seen other trees where they are on the south side I've seen other trees where they're all the way around golden tips like this golden branches there's a not branches excuse me needles and there's a close-up winter injury is a very broad category there's lots of different things that can cause winter injury the extreme cold the the sun the wind it can get dry it can get cold it can get warm again varying temperatures here's an Austrian pine on the end issue of campus from several years ago you know this one I think it's pretty clear there was an area that was protected by the deep snow whereas above that it wasn't protected looking a little closer we can see well a few weeks later about three or four weeks later than that first picture hey new growth is starting to occur and that's good well new growth is starting to occur on some of the branches but not others those others in the black with the black arrows those are dead those buds died they they didn't survive so I have to say that tree is no longer there it just wasn't hard enough or something killed it some type of winter injury sometimes winter injury it hits other conifers as well spruce trees junipers in the example here arbor vitae it can be along a sidewalk where who knows maybe that sidewalk where the junipers were or the arbor vitae that was cleared of snow and those were exposed maybe there was a little bit of salt that was used there it's hard to say regardless there's not a whole lot that can be done about winter injury other than sitting wait hate to say it but that's really about all we can do at this point see what happens hope for the best the other thing that I see a lot at this time of the year is damage from rabbits voles mice sometimes deer and they really love fruit trees I have to say I'm not a big fan of rabbits I have an ongoing battle against them this was outside of my old church several years ago in west fargo the church spent a lot of money on these trees and the rabbits I think these might have been jack rabbits did a number on them it was very sad to see because this basically those trees were done they were girdled all the way around when they lose the bark like that yeah prune here if you want any kind of tree to come back everything above that is going to die there might there will probably be sprouts coming out about there on this example sometimes it's prune it's girdled all the way to the ground so pruning won't do anything you could start over you could plant a new tree but so it's going to need protection in the future so if it's a grafted tree let's say you've got your your honeycrisp apple grafted onto a rootstock like dolgo crab apple which is very hardy is it going to come back as the dolgo crab apple it really depends where the graft was if the graft is in that living tissue below below that dead area then the graft the desired graft might come back okay you might get your honeycrisp back there's no guarantee but if it's whoops sorry but if it's above that point um it's not going to come back you're just going to get suckers from the root system so again nowhere the graft is and I should have put in a photo of a graft a graft union look up graft union google it that should show you what a graft will look like here's some damage on arborvite the deer love our love arborvite this was in north moorhead I think 97 uh boy those trees really took it hard are these trees going to survive maybe actually they were there a couple years later so they did survive but boy were they stressed that's a lot of needles to lose so okay after the damage from rabbits and rodents maybe you were fortunate enough to put on tree wrap or other type of protection time to take that off okay this is an apple tree in my own yard I put I put pipe on that stem I put pipe on some of the lower branches and it seems to work okay I'm probably going to need to do this every winter for the next several years because that tree is still small diameter and the rabbits really like it here's an example from newtown north dakota several years ago boy they left that tree wrap on too long it was really causing some damage to that tree I think the tree survived it recovered although the rock mulch is a little tough on the tree but this is a case where they should have taken that tree wrap off a lot earlier I think they left this on year round and at the bottom of the stem you can see that there's some mold growing so we want to try to avoid that so remove the tree wrap and any other protection you have okay and finish pruning people say isn't it too late to prune well it's a little late but you know what you can go out there and do it now and just get it done next week or two that'd be good we do have a publication basic guidelines for pruning trees and shrubs if you look that up there there's a link right there I don't think they'll be able to access the link on the powerpoint but if you looked up ndsu extension h 10 36 that would get you to the document so that was it march and april how about may you know in may it's time to plant trees that's when the soil conservation districts are going can you plant trees right now well actually yeah anytime you can dig and you're not hitting frost you can plant trees tree roots will grow anytime the soil temperatures above 40 degrees so I just want to emphasize as far as planting goes location location location just like wise investment there are good locations and bad locations this was a bad location to put an elm tree right under the power line try to avoid that if you can look overhead look around see what's nearby we don't want to cause conflicts with infrastructure in the foreground of this photo there are a couple new trees planted I'm pretty sure those are crab apples or plums something that's fairly short the other thing here's another example uh this was from south fargo from last year boy is that hard for fighting awfully close and I'm not talking the one in the foreground talking that that straight spire in the back corner of the house and the one beyond that we'll take another look here here's another angle that straight spire on the right side of the screen yeah it's against the siding it's into the roof it had to go around the roof uh the one on the side the bigger one closer in the foreground that's up against the siding too one thing we rarely do is look to see what is the mature size of the tree and that's kind of important because this can happen there are a lot of different cultivars of our of arborvite some are bigger than others juniper is the same thing some are more columnar some are more broad spreading so it's going to vary from tree to tree look look that up when you're planting trees keep that in mind it's a location location location and we do have a planting publication look up f1785 tree planting in north dakota that'll give you some uh broad tips more than just green side up that's one of our our favorite tips green side up goes beyond that a little more actually goes a lot more than that um one of the questions I get starting this time of year I got two of them today it's about needle cast disease and needle cast is a disease on spruce trees usually we see it more in the eastern part of the state and oh I didn't put the publication up for this one uh one thing about needle cast is it's it can be controlled by fungicides and the first application usually happens towards the end of May about the same time that spruce trees uh their needles are about half elongated so keep that in mind uh towards the end of May usually that's around the end of May uh roughly around uh Memorial Day in June now it's warm now we've got our trees planted what happens in June in June I start to get phone calls and emails lots of them several every day uh regarding what's wrong with my tree and there's a lot of things that can go wrong with trees there are a lot of insect pests that show up there are some uh disease pests fungal diseases and this is when they're most often observed and quite frankly I can go on for hours just on pests so I'll I'll just say observe and note what's going on and another thing I will say defoliation or other leaf damage is not a problem if there's less than about 30 loss this is very interesting to me that you know trees are a little redundant they have more tissue than they really need uh that's not if it's not a bad thing but they kind of uh are playing for loss that is they expect insects to come along they expect wind storms to happen they expect diseases and they can handle a bit of defoliation so if there's a little bit of damage on the the leaves quite frankly it's it's not not anything to worry about just keep an eye on that keep that in mind so that's June and July uh sorry staying in June all right in June uh there's a second application of fungicide that's needed to prevent needle cast and usually that's about three to four weeks later than the than that may application it depends on which product you're using so make sure you follow the label directions but this is another thing that often needs to be done in June water and fertilizer don't overdo it one of the questions we often get is how much fertilizer do my trees need what's the best fertilizer and you know what uh my my smart alec answer and i apologize for being a smart alec is the best fertilizer is water um generally our soils are fine in north dakota generally our soils have plenty of nutrients the most limiting factor of trees is water because of the tendency we have to get drives to get into drought that being said don't overwater either uh trees need water but they don't need it every day or twice a day or three times a day once a week is sometimes even too much uh what i recommend now a newer tree first month yeah maybe once a week a second month maybe once every other week after that i i tend to just cut back on watering i i like to be hard on trees i like that to make them forage on their site live on their site without a whole lot of help from me because they're going to be there a lot longer than i am okay uh summer you can actually prune in the summer uh we do recommend avoiding these different species because of insect and disease problems for elm trees we're trying to avoid creating wounds on elm trees in the summer because wounded elm trees attract bark beetles and bark beetles are what carry dutch elm disease so we're trying to avoid that if you can and sometimes you got to do what you got to do um honey locus trees there's a fun fungal problem with those oak trees uh the issue there is a problem called oak wilt which we haven't really found in north dakota yet but it can be a problem so we try to avoid mooning oak trees in the summer and then the bottom group apples hawthorns juneberries anything in the rose family these are the species that can get fire blight fire blight is actually a bacterial problem uh but we try to avoid wounding these in the summer if we can if there's storm damage obviously you do what you got to do all right so moving on to july happy fourth of july happy independence day keep your eye out on pests um my calls start to taper off at this point and i will say we recommend not fertilizing from roughly july fourth onward uh well maybe by mid september you could start again why do we recommend this because actually it's all about winter i think winter in july well uh what we're thinking here is that if trees are growing so fast into the fall they're they're fully healthy a lot of vegetative tissue a lot of tender tissue they don't harden up for winter so our recommendation is to stop fertilizing once you get into july and related to that in august cut way back on watering i again it's the same thing we don't want trees to go into winter uh well sorry we don't want the them to go into fall too vigorous and growing the way that trees respond to drought is very similar to the way uh physiologically they start to kick in for winter hardiness the two mechanisms are related so we recommend cutting way back on watering you know um we planted a tree for my mother-in-law years ago an autumn blaze maple uh for better or worse it's a good tree it's a bad tree for better or worse she wanted an autumn blaze so we planted it for her and it never would color up for her and i finally realized they had a sprinkler system in their yard they were watering constantly so that tree was growing and growing and growing late into the fall it never really hardened up like it should never really colored up either uh since then years ago my mother-in-law since left us my wife and i live in that house now and let me tell you we cut back on watering we turn off the the sprinkler system in august and now the autumn blaze does color up it's still a little late but it does color up and it hardens up for winter that's really the most important thing so oh there it is why why do i recommend this it's because of the drought drought stress response so that's august wow the year is going fast uh september please i want to start singing calendar girl no calendar tree no okay in september we start watering again around mid month start fertilizing again around mid month if that's something you want to do again our soils are usually pretty darn good and they don't need fertilizer fall planting can you plant trees in the fall yes absolutely actually can plant trees year-round well sorry you can plant trees all summer long let me rephrase that sorry um but fall is a good time to plant as well and among other things this is a rough recommendation of when you want to have your trees in the ground by timeline and this is ideal i got the ideal highlighted there in the figure title the reason first of all we have this this figure here is it's all about soil temperature we want to get the trees in the ground about a month before the soil temperature drops to 40 degrees Fahrenheit now obviously i can't predict that you can't predict nobody can predict that but there's a lot of information available from the north dakota ag weather network the end on system okay and from that data we're able to pull out what time does the soil temperature on average get to 40 degrees and it's one month after each of these dates about four weeks after each of these dates so ideally up in the northwest part of the state you'd want to have trees in by mid september um you know on the southeast you got till october first there's actually quite a broad gap there quite a span of time so this is ideal if you happen to get something in in the northwest on september 17th is the tree doomed to fail no no this is an average uh this is an estimate everything's an estimate uh so this is just a recommendation you can go beyond that absolutely um and best wishes hope it works okay so that's fall planting as we get into october uh one of the things we we've started to water again one of the things that we try to do is actually water conifers in before winter arrives and give them a good thorough soaking uh don't drown them but make sure that they're they're fully hydrated going into winter one of the causes of winter injury can be the trees are kind of dry and uh they get a nice warm day in the middle of winter and they go to do photosynthesis and they lose moisture from their leaves their needles but they can't replace it because the ground is frozen so we try to get them going into winter uh a little more hydrated is it a perfect solution no but it certainly helps certainly does help so that's what we're trying to avoid okay oh and then get to october we also want to protect the trees from rabbits and deer so that's time to you know we we got to keep this in mind we usually don't think about it in october but that's when we have to start doing this that tree that i had the pipes on earlier in its life i had a fence around it because i just didn't want the rabbits to hit it or the deer and so far so good knock on wood uh we'll see my wife bought me that tree okay that's that tree now rake up and destroy diseased leaves you know it's very interesting a lot of the foliar diseases of trees the the way that fungus will over winter is in the dead leaves that are on the ground so if we can get rid of those this is a good time to do that we can get rid of those diseased leaves then that might reduce the the problems the following year so fall cleanup this is a good thing to do and come november time to start pruning again uh it's interesting you you look at the the cities in north dakota when do they start pruning they start pruning on november 1st now maybe november 15th but they're trying to avoid again things like spreading dutch elm disease attracting elm bark beetles but winter is a great time to prune and with that i think kind of flew through that but be happy to take your questions and joe has a quick ear we welcome we welcome people's questions here's one joe uh let's best for winter protection tree wrap or that white drain tile or should he use both i don't think you need both uh either one will work well whatever fits your your budget whatever fits your situation the point is keep the uh keep the bark covered so that the rabbits or voles or mice or whatever can't get to it i've seen plastic pike do a great job except where that scene was split you know uh because that's where the rabbits could get in there because the pipe wasn't big enough i've seen similar things with that tree wrap so either will work just fine just make sure that you got good coverage can somebody compost diseased leaves yes you can uh boy good composting though you need to get the the temperature that compost up really hot uh bacteria and probably fungi will be killed at about 160 degrees fahrenheit and that's pretty hot so you need to get that up to a really high temperature okay question about uh vol damage on plums mm it was a pipe stolen toka plums were curled by voles will the trees sucker and if they do will the suckers be the same as a desired plume cultivar well the tree will likely sucker but the other question is where they grafted uh it's it's hard to say because usually trees like that are grafted however sometimes trees are on their own roots you really have to check your your own tree that apple tree of mine that i've got so well protected it's actually not grafted it's a what is it it's a frostbite apple that was uh propagated on its own root system so it's not grafted well that's a different situation you'll have to check your plum chances are it is grafted in which case it would probably and chances are it was grafted above where the damage was so um chances are the suckers will be a wild type plum or not the desired you have to see where the suckers come from below the graft or above the graft right right joe how long can evergreen stand in water uh evergreens are generally has a great question for this time here evergreens are generally not flood tolerant uh they really have a hard time with flooding however right now if they're dormant doesn't matter if they're dormant they can withstand the flooding there's still a lot of evergreens within that flood plain of the red river right now even since the 97 flood in the 2005 flood and the 2010 flood and uh and all those if the trees dormant they should be fine if they are flooded it doesn't take much you know maybe a week to at the most before they start to feel it really bad uh there's in minot where they had that flood in 2011 uh or in vismarck in 2011 as well um those areas that were flooded have hardly any conifers left they were mostly killed show uh how low would you keep the top of the fruit trees prune for the best and easiest harvesting i would defer that question to tom how low would you go tom well for the best harvesting i keep it nine feet so i can go to get on the ladder but actually i think about 12 to no more than 15 feet okay is good ballpark okay you're good uh joe how about uh somebody is a fan of that yellow paint that you use on as uh on the pruning sites those happy faces yes is that recommended joe is that tree really smiling or is or is it sad that it was done you know uh my guess is that that was latex paint i don't know for sure i don't know who who painted that i know it was 2003 or earlier and it was touched up in the last 15 years as well um no actually we don't recommend latex paint or or other pruning uh wound treatments there is a if you if you look at the research there's very little research that supports their use um if you prune at the proper time of year you make proper pruning cuts uh you're going to minimize you're going to minimize uh chances where insects and diseases will get in and rot will start in that tree that tree that example that's a cottonwood tree the south side of i-94 at um oh mile marker 222 roughly uh there's a rest area there and i've been taking photos there every year since 2003 and that uh that wound is healing over but it's all rotten behind it or starting to rot behind it so no i don't recommend that okay joe you talked about how evergreens uh struggle under flooded conditions can you give some general comments about deciduous trees including fruit trees and how they're flooding and maybe is there a publication you could recommend oh sure yeah there it's a little more variable with deciduous trees actually fruit trees uh are some of the more sensitive to flooding uh i want to say more than about four weeks of flooding and they're they're really stressed uh something like a green ash or an american linden or box elder that's uh adapted to that type of habitat you know they can they can take the flooding and be less stressed at that time uh we do have an extension publication on helping flooded trees and hopefully we can get a link to that uh publication for you of course google will have that yes just google that you can find it and we'll get uh recommendations on shade trees todd our next speaker will be great for this joe are you making a maple syrup this spring how did we get that quick wow does that have to do with anything i wish i was making maple syrup this spring this would have been a great spring the way with that melt with snow was slow where we had cold nights uh below freezing warm days above freezing i bet there was a good maple flow this year uh sugar maple trees generally don't do well in north dakota where they do okay uh box elder trees which are native and are a maple actually have nearly as much sugar as a sugar maple so if you're making maple if you're making box elder maple syrup i would imagine this was a great year for it so do you recommend people tapping their maple trees for maple syrup joe you're not going to get maple syrup any other way unless you go buy it at the store uh on the tree you feel about that you know people sometimes wonder are you hurting the tree you know you are you're creating a wound you're drilling into it the sap that's coming out of it the liquid is well it's sugar water essentially and you are taking some sugar some stored energy from the tree so there are recommendations on how big a tree to tap how many taps per tree um you know you don't want to overstress the tree but again trees are a bit redundant and they can take a little bit of damage so people have been tapping the same trees for years uh if you do it right it's not going to hurt the tree okay joe um this person in stark billings county has pine needles that show gray on the needles is this caused by high salt water that's a good question uh i would need to know more about the situation specifically is it just showed up this time of year or is it their year round one thing i have seen with salt salty water that's used in irrigation is um you know if the oh maybe the needles turned a little brown the tips will turn the tips will burn and that burn will be worse on older needles you know there's a uh this year's growth last year's growth two years ago growth and those older needles will have a lot more of the needle tips burned than the newer needles if it's salt damage i saw that on ponderosa pine some people i guess could be gray i've seen it more as brown but i think uh sometimes color is uh more of the the eye of the beholder right so anybody can take a photo of that a digital photo of that incident to joe and he can give you his expert analysis um joe how recent is the latest nbsu spruce needle cast publication and is there a new one coming wow who asked that question i don't know someone just wants to give you a hard time i think i know who asked that question uh well jim good guess uh the publication is a few years old we're still working on getting the new the updated version of that out it's about five years old um we hope to get that new one out within the next month or two great uh joe there's a lot of worry about needle cast being uh displayed here uh can it be stopped and the tree recover oh boy that's it's hard it's hard to say yes um it can be controlled uh the tree it can be controlled to the point where the tree will be healthy there are two different types of needle cast there's one called rhizospora and there's one called stigmina and it seems like stigmina is actually the more common one now and it's actually the tougher one tougher to control uh it it's yeah it takes a lot more uh it takes a lot more fungicide applications to keep it under control not only more in any given year but more years in a row and it can keep the uh it seems like those fungicide applications can keep the disease under control but it's nearly impossible to totally eradicate it okay joe um what sort of fungicide would be good to paint on an apple tree after pruning i personally don't recommend any but i don't know maybe you do tom you know i i agree with your earlier statement that there's no need for wound dressings and no orchard would use a wound dressing on a pruning wound um okay we're gonna just we're gonna shut this down just a couple minutes how to prevent brown spots on apple leaves sounds like scab disease sounds like apple scab potentially um black rot or a frog eye leaf spot this is that's an encounter there's oh boy um there is a series of fungicide applications that could be applied early in the growing season and it's pretty intense and i think there's a total of four of them again i'll defer to you you're the the apple okay wow this is what joe mentioned first for scab disease makes a big difference as far as raking underneath the tree because most scab disease comes from beneath the tree beneath the tree canopy so you can make a huge difference just by raking or nothing else mowing underneath the tree um to get to for sanitation purposes and then like joe indicated uh sprays if you want to you can use a series of sprays the key time to start spraying is as soon as you see bud break and let's say a spray every uh seven to ten days you want to spray before rain so that the fungicide provides a shield of protection against the infection um cap tan mangle zeb or sulfur is often used i just think three spray and also don't forget about pruning like joe mentioned pruning makes a huge difference as far as getting more air flow and sunlight in the canopy that makes a huge difference as far as minimizing foliar diseases um okay i think we're gonna shut it down right there i see uh some questions that maybe todd our next speaker can address and we'll do it then so let's take a five minute break and we're gonna move on to learn about some recommended trees thank you joe thank you


Since we have understood that what does cultural competence mean, now it is important to see that why cultural competence matter. Cultural competence encourages the acknowledgement and acceptance of differences in appearance, behavior and culture. In a society where diversity is the imperative, the ability to acknowledge and address differences across various cultural parameters helps to bridge gaps in understanding towards better connectedness. The more we understand the needs of the clients through cultural competence, the better we can bridge those gaps between a therapist or an assessment taker and a client. Because these individual differences create a huge gap, a chaos and on the basis of understanding the needs of the client, the problem is very complex. So when we develop professional competence and we come to a page and understand the problems of the client, we develop a better connectedness in which we can do better assessments. The following are the compelling reasons for the importance of cultural competence. In some diverse cultures, the individuals from minority groups can be a significant number of potential clients. Let's say if we talk about the Pakistani setting, then in our country, there is not much acceptance that there are minority groups or vulnerable populations, what can happen? In our country, a minority group could be possibly the patients with diagnosis of HIV AIDS. And we do not accept those patients as a community. Similarly, a community of a constitution is not our open acceptance. Similarly, if we talk about the individuals from a cultural background or religious background, then in Pakistan, we see certain communities in a very minor or very low number. But if we choose a specific variable for an assessment related to the community, and then we have to reach out to those individuals, then cultural competence matters a lot. How do you perceive HIV as an issue, as a disease? Do you consider it a contingent thing? Do you take it in some way? Do you regard its patients in some way? Do you devalue them? If an individual himself pauses these points of view and then assesses them, then maybe the cultural bias is reflecting in his assessment. Then understanding and accepting a client's cultural background may expand the treatment opportunities. When we understand that, okay, this person belongs to a certain community and she or he is facing certain problems, then maybe we can extend our knowledge in a better way. Cultural competence is increasingly a requirement of funding and accreditation bodies to improve the standards for the culturally and linguistically appropriate services. Like, for instance, it's a World Health Organization that is developing policies and vision 2030 after COVID. Now, it will be for the whole world. For the whole world, when we are developing a rehabilitation plan for COVID, and we do not select the country from South Asia, so I don't think so any other person who is living outside the Pakistan would be able to present the picture which is going on in Pakistan. So, you know, culturally relevant person is important to be the part of making any policy or any other decision making. Improvement in cultural competence may contribute to the improved client retention. If you have competence, you can retain that client for a longer period of time until he is rehabilitated, until his work is being done, rather than being able to establish a rapport and break it in between. Then enhancing the sensitivity and capacity to treat clients from other cultures improve a psychologist's ability to treat all the clients. Now, there is an individual in such a setting where all kinds of clients are coming from different cultures. In Pakistan, we undermine that concept of cultural diversity, but in western countries, we see a lot of ethnic minorities there and the importance of that increases even more. When we talk about Pakistan, there are a lot of sub-cultures within here but we have not yet understood them. And we feel that we are all the same people, but because of the race, because of the particular geographical area you belong to, we carry different cultures. When we talk about practice, these cultures matter a lot there. Then the empathy and the trust that a person needs to practice to move towards cultural competence are an extension of the qualities that makes a good psychologist. Now here, without talking about the cultural competence, keeping empathy, keeping a diverse approach, being competent, this is also a basic and important quality for a good psychologist without which an individual cannot become a good psychologist. So, if we sum up all these, the quality which emerges as a title is cultural competence which is very much important to be a good psychologist. It is very important to have cultural competence in a good psychologist.