Hello everyone, this is Zamit. I am a PhD researcher in the Causic Group of CableU1. In this video, I will be presenting our work of FSC22, entitled 1-2-3-FORC, Counter-Mode Variants Based on a Generalized WorkCypher. It is a joint work with Elena Andriva, Damian Vizar and Bart Pranil. The overview of this presentation is as follows. I will first briefly define and discuss about FORC cipher and its generalization multi-FORC cipher as MFC. Then we will do a recap of encryption modes, specifically counter-mode, as we all know that counter-mode is used in many applications, ranging from random number generation AAD schemes to network security protocols like TLS or IPsec. Clearly, then it is a good target of research for further improvements in terms of both security and efficiency. I will then define the generalization of counter-mode, dubbed as GCTR, and will drive you through our exhaustive study of all possible simple GCTR variants. This includes existing counter-like variants or counter-like modes, like counter-intweak, counter-dollar or the traditional counter-mode itself. Later, we will see an implication of this study. In particular, we will revisit the twicable and ciphering scheme called THCTR, and we will see the impact of power study on the claim security of THCTR. I will then conclude the presentation with describing some use cases of GCTR in practice and some open problems or possible directions for future research. Let's start. So, yeah, FORC cipher is a twicable cipher that takes an input block M, like T and key K as input, and returns to output blocks C0 and C1 from the same space as the input M as output. FORC cipher was introduced in ASIC 2019 by Andrew Ideal and was also a second-round candidate of this list with competition. The security of FORC cipher is defined by its indistinguishability from a pair of random permutations under chosen separate text attack. This notion is dubbed as PRTFP and the adversarial advantage it informally defines here. Now, a multi-fork cipher can be seen as a generalization of FORC cipher in terms of the number of outputs. So, instead of returning two output blocks, a multi-fork cipher will return as many output blocks where S is an external parameter that corresponds to the number of branches of multi-fork cipher. Similarly, the security of a multi-fork cipher is analogously defined by its indistinguishability from an S-tuple of random permutations under chosen separate text attack. And the notion is dubbed as PRTFP with an informal adversarial advantage defined as here. Let us now talk about counter-mode and its generalization in the CTR. The traditional counter-mode was introduced more than 40 kits ago. It is a block-cipher based mode of operation and is also part of NAIS standards for block-cipher encryption modes. Counter-mode has quite many properties that makes it important or better choice over other standards like CBC mode, for example, in certain settings. So, to exemplify, let us have a look at the table. If you see in this table, you will find that counter-mode can provide many additional properties like full parallelizability support or primitive inverse-free encryption properties like pre-processing support or padding-free encryption and many more. This makes counter-mode a really good choice for encryption. However, I would like to point this out that although it provides so many good properties, it can only provide birthday security, which if put in a simple words, means that for a block-cipher like AS128, one can only get a security of 64 bits. That is quite low and also that too only in a non-respecting setting. That means when the non-input of the counter-mode is unique every time. But 64 bit is not enough nowadays in many applications and forcing or ensuring non-repetition is also not difficult in devices that are mobile or cheap or not well maintained. For example, IoT devices, small IoT devices. So, the first question that comes in mind is can we come up with or some counter-like modes that provide all these desired properties of counter but also add more in terms of both security and efficiency? When an existing work of Patty and Suryan from Crypto16 gives partial answer to this question by providing a counter-like mode called counter-intweak that is based on a tweakable block-cipher and improves the security of counter in some cases. But in this work, we target to fully answer this question by defining a generic counter-mode based on multi-fork cipher and then performing an exhaustive analysis to filter out best counter-like modes that excellent both security and efficiency. So, in this slide, I'll define GCTR and simplify it to make it easier to understand or to compare it with counter-mode. So, in this slide, as you can see, GCTR can clearly be seen as a generalization of counter-mode where the key stream is generated using a framework called TCTR, tweakable CTR framework that takes two sequences. One is the tweak sequence and the other is the input sequence as input and gives a key stream V as output. This key stream, just like counter-mode, is then absorbed with the message to generate ciphertext. So, if you zoom into the TCTR framework, this is how the TCTR framework will look like. It consists of multiple multi-fork cipher calls and the input to the TCTR framework, which is two sequences of inputs X and inputs TCTR are separated and block by block are used here for each multi-fork cipher call as their input and tweak argument. And are used to generate the corresponding outputs, which are concatenated to generate the final key stream. So, going back to the main GCTR mode, we can simplify the mode like this. As you can see here, it takes tweak sequence T and X, gives a key stream V, exerts with message M and gives ciphertext C. If you put in a box, a message goes inside and ciphertext comes out. Here are the additional inputs and additional outputs. So, if there is a nonce used that goes with the input and if there is internal randomness that is used to generate the ciphertext or to randomize the ciphertext, let's say, then that randomness is also required to be put as output. So, we have R here as the output. So, clearly these functions T, the tweak function and the function for X as the input function, fX and fT are, in the simple cases, will be generated using the remaining arguments, the remaining inputs like N or the internal randomness R or some counter J. We now define some rules to define these functions fX and fT efficiently. We call them efficient JT R variance. And these rules are basically just by saying that out of these three inputs, as you can see, N, R and J, these fT or fX can only be either a concatenation of any of these two arguments or an XOR of them, any of two arguments or a copy of either of those three arguments or just a constant function, could be zero or any constant, which is independent of these three variables. And the second rule is that if fT already has one of these three inputs, fX is not allowed to have the same because that makes no sense to not add anything in terms of security and either in efficiency. So, these two simple rules are good to filter out simple JT R variance or say efficient JT R variance. And if one calculate them, we can see easily that there are 36 possible variants that follows these two rules. I would also like to note that these 36 variants, the simple JT R variance also include the traditional counter mode, the counter dollar mode and also the counter tweak mode from the work of parents. Let us now recall the security notion called knife security for encryption schemes that follow the syntax of non-send IV based encryption. This notion was introduced by Perrin and Sury in 2016 and is the same notion that has been used for the analysis of counter and tweak mode. Informally, this notion says that an encryption scheme, a knife encryption scheme, that is a non-send IV based encryption scheme is knife secure if it is indistinguishable from a random function, where the random function's output is variable and depends on the input message length. Here in the knife, as you can see, knife stands for non-respecting setting and IV stands for non-sreusing. So, to comment them, we use the bracket abbreviation. In this work, we have performed an exhaustive security analysis of all 36 simple JT R variance under the knife security notion. We have performed a security analysis using the TCTR abstraction, the TCTR framework abstraction. And since the TCTR framework is a generic framework that does not specify or say anything about the particular variant, the proof is also generic and a compact. So, in a generic and compact proof, we try to analyze all 36 modes. Our proof is based on Perrin's as coefficient technique and our results in a summary shows, as you can see here, shows that 18 out of 36 modes are insecure under knife security notion. The remaining 18 are at least but they secure with bounds better than counter mode. So, when I say better than counter mode, their bounds has a term that grows slower or are limitedly controlled by the adversary than the original counter mode. And this original counter mode is not included in these 18 secure variants because counter mode does not provide security in non-seriesing settings. So, when I say 18 secure modes, they are secure under both non-suspecting and non-missusing setting with different degradations, different security degradations. And out of these 18 secure variants, there are three that are beyond but they secure. That means they provide security beyond the but they bound. They are namely just your one, three, and seven. So, for the following few slides, let me get a bit more technical or so to say more formal to build up the stage for our found results. And don't worry after describing the formal results, I will briefly also explain what they actually mean in practice. So, you can see here, the first expression here follows the adversarial advantage, an adversary that is trying to break the nice security of GCTR variant, let's call it GCTRZ where Z is the name of the variant, the number of the variant. And for that adversary, we are trying to upper bound this adversarial advantage of breaking the nice security of that variant. And the advantage is upper bounded by two terms. The first is a term that refers to the pseudo random two cable multi fork permutation security of the underline multi fork cipher. And additional degradation that comes from the mode, the GCTR mode itself. So, this degree doesn't vary variant by variant. So, now in this small table below, you can see the beyond but they bound security variants with their corresponding functions fd, like how the tweaks are defined for the underline GCTR framework, function fx. The input sequence are defined for the underline GCTR framework. The degradation when x is one, that is when nonce is always unique, that is nonce respecting setting. For example, applications where nonce is defined as the state, which is maintained and ensured as unique every time or nonce is somehow ensured to be unique. And the last column is for cases where nonce is misused or reused or forced to be reused and the degradation corresponds to the security of the corresponding variant and the nonce misuse setting. Clearly, the security in the nonce respecting setting is better than nonce misuse setting for energy variants or to put it in the other way, the adverse advantage of breaking the security of energy variant is lower in nonce respecting setting than in nonce misuse setting. But more concretely, if you see here, if you see here, the highlighted column shows that when nonce is misused, even when nonce is misused, GCTR3 can provide security which is higher than birthday bound. The bound shows that the security is in birthday of n plus t and if t is quite large or non-zero, let's say, then the security could be beyond birthday in n. And on the other hand when the nonce is respected by that, that is the nonce is unique every time, GCTR7 gives information theoretic security for generally counter mode which means that GCTR7 has no additional degradation than whatever that comes from underline primitives PRDMFV security. Additionally, if you see to the last row in this slide that GCTR20 person who knows counter mode can easily see that this is just a counter mode when s is equal to 1, that is when the underline multifoxypher is associated with s equal to 1, that is kind of a tweakable block cipher which tweak fix to gamma, gamma could be any constant, let's fix it to 0 then we get counter mode and counter mode is insecure in a nonce misuse setting but gives you a birthday security in non-suspecting setting. And clearly the other variants are better than counter mode, although they give just birthday security, they have bounds that are not as they don't grow as fast as counter mode. This plot shows the adversarial advantage as functions of the number of block values made by the adversary or the number of maximum nonce repetitions used by the adversary. You can see this plot as visualization of the data that I showed before in tables. So the first plot here, the plot a basically shows that when the setting is not suspecting to 1, that is when the adversary is not allowed to repeat the nonce, the GTR7 has no additional degradation as you can see here the GTR7 a curve is a straight line parallel to x-axis, never meets the x-axis. So whatever number of block-wise adversary makes it can never get any high advantage. However for this counter mode and GTR3 this is not the case and there are an upper bound on number of queries after which the adversary can break the scheme. But we can note that for the GTR3 this number of queries this number of block queries is very high and that explains that in non-suspecting setting the GTR3 gives you higher security than this counter mode and to be concrete it's a beyond further security even up to full and bit security depending on the tweak size. If you see plot B where we said x to not equal to 1 to be something larger than 1 that is when the nonce can be misused this is a moderate case where the nonce is misused through sigma many times where sigma is the number of block queries. Then you can see even if nonce is misused for one more time like x is equal to 2 the security degradation the additional degradation for the GTR7 is high and in GTR7 security comes down to butane n you can see here and that's the same case for GTR3 as well when the tweak size is up to n bits but for larger tweaks we can still get higher security with GTR3 The last plot C here shows the advantage as a function of maximum number of nonce repetitions used by the adversary and you can see for a higher number of nonce repetitions the security gets faster and even with that the GTR3 with higher tweak with larger tweak size we get a better security degradation security diggers slower than the other variants. So to summarize we can say that GTR7 is the best GTR variant best simple GTR variant in terms of security for nonce respecting setting despite of whatever the tweak size is and also for nonce misuse setting but when the tweak size is either upper bounded by n or if it's beyond n then the number of maximum nonce repetitions allowed for the adversary is upper bounded by this term here where sigma is the number of blockwise, the number of multiphox hyperquies and the q is the number of message squares made by the adversary and otherwise GTR3 is the best GTR variant in terms of security I would also like to point out that GTR3 when instantiated with s equal to 1 that is the underline MFC instantiated with a tweakable block cipher reduces to counter in tweak mode however our generic proof provides security bound that improves upon the original counter in tweak bound and in particular it improves the original bound from being in order of sigma squared to an order of q sigma which says that counter in tweak provides stronger security guarantees than what has been cleaned in original paper more concretely it says when average message length is longer counter in tweak can provide higher security guarantee let us now look at an implication of this work also to say an observation as a consequence of this GTR work and the generic security analysis to applications that use a counter like component inside to achieve something good in the particular we target this encycling scheme called tweakable SCTR which claims to be beyond but they won't secure TSPRP scheme however after a careful look we realize that it uses a counter like component that looks like the GTR4 variant from the 36 simple variants that has been analyzed in our work and GTR4 as we know has only been shown but they won't secure we investigated this inconsistency and realized that TSPRP security claims are incorrect more specifically the bottleneck of the security degradation is the GTR4 like component that is used internally by TSPRP we also provide a but they won't attack to invalidate the current pound of SCTR and point to the exact flaw the exact Peltkit analysis in the security proof of SCTR energy fix to this gap could be replacing the GTR4 like component by GTR3 or GTR7 to get the beyond but they won't secure it as I described earlier that security was not only concerned and security and efficiency both were together targeted with MMC in mind MMC itself due to its expanding nature will bring speed up to the Cypher evaluation and hence could also bring speed up to the whole mode evaluation in this slide we provide the efficiency comparison of the GTR mode with the other counter-alike modes like counter mode itself or the counter in tweak mode for the CTR we instantiated it as equal to 2 because the only MMC instantiation is fork cipher with 2 outputs and the fork cipher we instantiate with fork skinny and you can see in this plot that for the y-axis where the number of rounds required are shown to process the number of quiet bytes on x-axis the CTR mode performs quite better than the other 2 where the other 2 counter and counter tweak mode are instantiated with fork skinny and more specifically the red line shows that the CTR mode requires fewer number of rounds to process a particular number of quiet bytes than the other 2 and in numbers the CTR provides at least 20% of speed up than the other 2 I would like to point out that this speed up of 20% or in general the speed up is not specific to a CTR variant it's the same for all CTR variants because they all follow the same CTR framework so to summarize in this work we have presented a generic counter mode over the section of multi fork cipher that provides all desirable properties of counter mode but with some extra that in terms of both security and efficiency to enumerate in terms of security we get security against nonce misusing adversaries or a security bounce beyond the birthday barrier or sometimes full and with security and in terms of efficiency particular to gcdr instantiated with mfc s equal to 2 fork cipher with fork skinny we get efficiency gain of at least 20% when compared with counter or counter and tweak mode instantiated with 2 gable block cipher skinny let us now talk about some use cases of generic counter mode in practice there are various ways the generic counter mode can be used and two of important of them are as follows the first one is when an application requires only encryption and announced misuse suggestions is desirable there to exemplify consider microcontrollers that are embedded with two random number generators but with constrained ramps and they want to stream sensor data and they have this possibility of nonce repetition and there we need an encryption scheme that can provide nonce misuse resistance so gcdr can fit there and gcdr can also be used as building blocks to large cryptosystems as we already saw in example of the encyphering scheme tscdr and also there are aad schemes that are based on either the composition paradigm of encrypt then mac or the synthetic ivy setting like scd that uses an encryption scheme inside so gcdr can be a useful component there that provides beyond background security I would also like to point out that as we know gcdr gives better security and efficiency when compared with counter mode but it requires slightly larger bandwidth and that is because of processing both nonce and ivy but in applications where the counter like mode is used as a building block and the ivy part is sometimes generated internally using the input we call it a synthetic ivy this extra bandwidth and randomness cost of gcdr can be avoided easily and we can get the security and efficiency advantage of gcdr without paying this cost of extra bandwidth I would now like to point out some possible future such directions and open problems that are raised and are left open by this research work the first one would be to design new secure and efficient fog ciphers and multifog ciphers with branches at least two this could be considered as a good opportunity in crypto community after seeing the versatile structure or nature of multifog cipher as it can be used to improve security and efficiency both in certain symmetric modes and that being said the second possible direction could be designing novel multifog cipher based modes that are not limited to the use cases of encryption or authentication encryption but can also be used in various other security settings there are certain preliminary results that shows that multifog ciphers can be good to be used in max or used for randomness instruction as well as for some privacy preserving applications with such good open problems being stated we are at the end of this presentation thank you for listening to this video of our work may the fork be with you all bye


On the other hand, acid concentration is the ratio of solute to solvent, which is usually going to be acid or base to water. When the ratio of solute to solvent is high, we have a concentrated solution. When the ratio is low, we have a dilute solution. So in the first case here, you can see this is a concentrated solution. We're not worried here about whether there's a lot of molecules or ions. That's not relevant to our discussion. What we can see is there's lots of ions. So there's high solute to solvent. Lots of ions. In this case, because we have lots of them there, despite the fact that we have no molecules and therefore we would describe this as a strong acid, we would also describe it as concentrated because there's lots of ions in this solution. On the other hand, the one on the right is dilute. And it's dilute because there's few ions to water. Again, it must still be a strong acid because there are still no molecules. So both of these solutions are strong acids. They're both fully ionized. There's no molecules at all ions. But in the one on the left, we have lots of ions to a certain volume of water. And in the same volume of water on the right, there are much less ions. So this is dilute. These terms of strength and concentration are very important when we're describing solutions of acids and bases, particularly because we would describe concentrations in terms of their molarity. So we could talk about a one molar solution being a much more concentrated solution than a 0.01 molar solution. Of course, there are other differences that tell us about whether or not those are strong or weak. And we're going to continue to look at them as we progress through this module. Thanks for watching.


This study investigates the therapeutic effects of black soldier fly larvae, BSFL, and their fermented form, in conjunction with a strain of lactobacillus plantarum KCCM12757P, on chronic colitis-induced mirine models. The results show that he high underscore LP, the fermented BSFL, significantly reduced disease activity index, inflammatory cytokines, an improved intestinal barrier function, gut microbial communities, and gene expression in the NF Kappa B signaling pathway. Therefore, he high underscore LP can be used as a dietary supplement and pet food to alleviate colitis. This article was authored by Suk Jun Sun, RM Han, Mi Jong Sung, and others.


Wow, today has been a crazy, crazy day. This is why I always say subscribe to the channel and turn your notifications on because you won't miss anything. And some days can be a lot. And you know what's funny?  Wonder who the Raven's gonna bring in next. Look at that, Raven's done answered our question. But also in that same video, I was just letting y'all know again that I really, really appreciate y'all. And that can be some days where we only put out one video a day, but they can be some days where we put out four or five videos a day because stuff gets crazy. We were just saying that in the previous video and then boom, look at this. We on video number four today alone. So my apologies for overwhelming y'all's subscription boxes. My apologies for all the videos, but we already in crazy season.  Anyway, we done done enough talking. Calvin Noy, who while we were in the middle of recording the video for Melvin Gordon, for the Raven signing Melvin Gordon and shout out to Jeff's Rebick because he said something that made a lot of sense because I was wondering like, why are they signing Melvin Gordon into the contract that they signed them to a one year 3.1 million dollar deal, even though it's worth up to 3.1 million dollars. So it's gonna be a lot of incentives in there, but still, why are they signing him to that? And I was like, oh, does this mean they're gonna trade JK Dobbins's? Gus Edwards, what's going on? But then Jeff's Rebick said something that made a lot of sense. He said, well, JK Dobbins haven't missed significant time over the past two years. It makes sense for them to bring in a Melvin Gordon, bringing a veteran running back. But at the same time, I was like, still, I don't get it. I don't understand it, but still anyway, moving on. The Ravens, they've been looking for some help at age at outside linebacker at the past rush department. They've been looking for just some nice insurance policy and whatnot, because there's so much unknown there at that position right now. There's a lot of unknown. Adolfo Aue, we waiting on him to break out. David Ajaubos, a lot of unknown with him as far as being an NFL past rusher. We know what he did in college, but as in the NFL is another story. So we gotta see what happens with him. We still got Tyus Bowser. So this will be his first year where he should be starting off. His first year over the past couple of years where he's starting off completely healthy. Cause you know, last year it took him a little bit. So a lot of unknowns there. We got some rookies too. You got Trenton Simpson. Well, Patrick Queen, that's one, you know, but he's not really a past rusher. He's an inside linebacker, off ball linebacker. Yeah. Appreciate y'all teaching me what that means. But yeah, man. So it's a lot of question marks there. So the Ravens, they were gonna bring in Dwayne Smoot for a visit to help at that edge position. But the Jaguar say, no, no, no, no, no, no Ravens. No, that's our guy. So the Ravens, as they normally do, always got a backup plan. Always looking at other options, just in case. And this is a big model of mine. Hey, stay ready so you ain't gotta get ready. Ravens were trying to get ready. And the Jaguar said, no, we about to get our player back. So the Ravens said, okay, that's cool. Enjoy him. So we are gonna go to veteran route and they are gonna bring in Kyle Vernoi, who I think when I was recording a video, I think the notification came across my screen that they were actually signing him, but they're not signing him yet, at least. He's scheduled to visit with the Baltimore Ravens today. Today. Now just looking at Kyle Vernoi, I forgot. This whole time I was thinking, all right, he done played for the Patriots. And I remember he signed to the Dolphins. That seemed like that was last year when he signed with the Dolphins, but that was 2020. That was a long time ago. Well, two years ago. I mean, three years ago, I had thought he was signed with the Dolphins last year, but see, man, these Ravens, boy, they'd be messing up my mind, messing up my memory and all, but anyway, I had really, I have completely forgot that he played for the Lions originally. That was his first team was a Detroit Lions. I forgot, man. So, but looking throughout his career, once he got started being productive, he didn't really stop because he had drafted in 2014 for the Lions. He didn't have any sacks in 2014, but 2015 he had one sack, 2016 none, 2016. That's when he went to the Patriots. So he played for the Lions for three years and had one sack in those three years. But then in 2016, he played for the Patriots. Oh, he played for them. He played for both the Lions and the Patriots in 2016. And he had one sack, but in 2017, see, this is where he really started. Just so, forget all the other stuff. 2017, where he really got started. 2017, he had five and a half sacks, had 73 tackles, five and a half sacks. 2018, he had 92 tackles and three and a half sacks. 2019, hey, look, these players that the Ravens been bringing in, 2019 was their best years. It really was. When they were gonna bring in Dwayne Smoot, we looked at his 2019 and that was the best season he ever had. Now we look at Kyle Vernoi. 2019 was our best season he ever had. Coincidence that it lines up with Lamar Jackson MVP season and these dudes getting ready to visit with the team that Lamar plays for. I don't think so. But anyway, 2019, he had 56 tackles and six and a half sacks. His highest number of sacks in his career. 2020, where he played for Miami, again, I thought it was last year, but anyway, he had 69 tackles and six sacks. 2021, 66 tackles and five sacks. 2022, last year, 46 tackles and five sacks.  And again, that's just like with Dwayne Smoot. That's fine. That's production. That's production. Same way with Kyle Vernoi, but he's somebody he could rush to pass a little bit, but they also say that he could drive back as well. So he could do a little bit of the Tyus Bowser roll where you can do a bit of both. And you know what the Ravens, it's all about the more you can do, the more you can do.  Expect about five, five and a half sacks from him every year. That's what you expect. That's what he been getting. That's what he been doing. That's what he's gonna expect. But I would not be mad at that move. It's obviously not the sexiest move in the world. It wouldn't be the sexiest move in the world, but it is somebody that can play. So it ain't all about the sexy moves all the time. It's about those that could come in and play. And Kyle Vernoi, somebody that's been around for a while, since what, 2014? So he been around for a while. So he obviously, he obviously knows something because had he not known much or not even been that good, then he would have been out of there a long time ago. So shout out to Kyle Vernoi. We're gonna see. We're gonna see what this visit leads to, if anything. I do think that in my opinion, I think that the Ravens are, if they like him, they gonna sign him like that. I think it's gonna be quick. Training camp around the corner and the guy that you wanted to bring in for a visit before, he ended up getting signed before you even had him in on a visit. I think if Ravens really like Kyle Vernoi, this thing is gonna be a no brainer for them. So maybe even, it's two o'clock now, when I'm recording this, it just turned two o'clock. Literally it was 1.59 when I was looking at it, but now it's turned two o'clock. So I could see this happening by the end of the day. And by the latest, I say probably tomorrow, maybe Sunday, but probably even tomorrow. Cause again, Ravens gotta get on this thing. Training camp for the veterans, it's next week. Today is the 21st. So the veterans report on the 25th, I wanna say. And the 25th is Tuesday. So yeah, they're gonna have a full house next week. Oh, but then a lot of y'all gonna be able to get to go to training camp too. So cool, man. This is exciting times, busy times with exciting times, but I appreciate y'all being part of all the business. I appreciate y'all being part of all the craziness. I appreciate y'all dealing with my craziness. And I appreciate y'all listening to all these thoughts that are in this head.  So you know, it's a lot of thoughts that are in there. So we love to express them. We love to talk about them. Love to get them out. And I really appreciate y'all taking the time every single day of being willing to listen. So until next, whatever happens next, whatever the Ravens decide to do next, cause they don't wanna give nobody a break today. They just, this is what they always do though. You know what Ravens will be quiet for? Why they be quiet for a long time? It'll be a hush-hush, it'll be one, two, three, two, nothing. Then boom, boom, boom, boom, boom. Every single time, we always talk about this. Ravens don't just take it easy. When they make a move, they make a move in and make another move and another one and another one. It's like, oh, relax. Well, don't relax, do your thing Ravens, but. So yeah, but that's why we love them, right? Cause they, yeah, they're very busy. So Team Keep It Clean, I love y'all. Thank y'all for just everything. And on that note, like, the Ravens probably won't let Calvanoia get when it comes to being in the building if they really like them. I'm out.


Welcome back to Pro Tip and today I'm going to talk about how to level up your animation game while you're having an actual animation job and this is going to be a pro tip just because it is about when you're professional what do you do you have your day job how do you progress how do you level up how do you get to that next level in your career in terms of your animation skills and this is based on a question that I got on my youtube channel one of my clips it's a great question and let's dive into that now I say this though but first hi my name is JD and I do animation lectures like these I do animation analysis clips I do acting analysis clips I do feedback I do product reviews I do reviews I do a bunch of stuff this is the beginning pitch for my channel browse around you like it subscribe it's awesome and if not maybe I'll convince you later but that's that's gonna get a sneak in that pitch in there now disclaimer what I'm about to say now only worked for me so I'm not going to presume who you are obviously I don't know it is all very subjective but these are the things that helped me this is what has helped me in my career and maybe you can pick one or two or everything out of no so this is not generally speaking this is just what has helped me and hopefully it helps you so subjective thoughts ahead and the first thing that I want to mention that has helped me tremendously is teaching so what can you do to level up your game teach now I know without common complications like where do you teach do you have the experience to teach I totally get it and I have substitutes for that later well let me explain to you why teaching has helped me there's nothing like having to break down your own process and being able to explain it to someone else that has been the biggest driver for me because as you work you do things sometimes by instinct or you're used to it it's a workflow it's just something you just do because it works for you and you never had to explain to someone why why does it work for you what are the steps that you're taking to make this work so when you teach you have to look at your own workflow you have to break it all down and you have to distill it into an explanation you know a lecture in text form in visual form or with examples where you examine yourself and you make it digestible for someone else and so by re-examining what you're doing it's almost like you're going over your own process reaffirming it and maybe realizing oh maybe I shouldn't do that and be sure it'll better so it forces you to tweaking your workflow as well so it's kind of like a back and forth that's super beneficial but breaking things down is so helpful in understanding the steps what do I do and what comes first and what comes next because when you show something to a student and they go well why do you do this you can't tell them I don't know that's just how I do it it works for me that's just not good enough why does it work and how do you do it and are there any other ways and that's a great way by teaching because you can't just always teach your ways sure you can say this is how I do it this is how and they can try to follow that but you will notice quickly that when you have a classroom full of I don't know full maybe five students 10 15 20 21 like right now not everybody works the same way not everybody learns the same way others have you know technical limitations they don't have the same tools that you have add-ons or physical things like in terms of tablets or whatever so you are forced in finding ways to teach your workflow but adapted to different personalities different ways of working like for me I don't do steps because of the work that I had at ILM you just didn't do steps because of live action plates and how it's smooth and you got stuff pop around it doesn't quite work so for me I just never really did steps but a ton of students do so I still had to learn about it I still had to practice it at home so I could help them and teach them and talk about the best practices about that workflow so it's really there's so much where you learn more to help other people so that is immediately going to level up your game and as you teach other students you get to see their work obviously and the biggest factor with that is that it humbles you and it motivates you because some students they it's it takes a long time for them to get to the next level and that already is going to force you to find other ways to teach so whatever you said after a couple weeks still doesn't work got to find another way to make it click doesn't always work but again forces you to re-examine your workflow whatever method you're teaching and then finding other ways to teach that and once it clicks and you see that progressions holy crap that's really good and sometimes you get students there are off the back right off the start really good already and then you're going damn you're gonna take my job away like this is going to be this is really humbling I need to do better I need to work faster I need to be more efficient I need to do it blah blah blah blah so it's they're such a back and forth of this is cool you can show them what lies ahead what the gear is going to be that motivates them that inspires them and then you see their work and you go wow this is really good I gotta level up as well this is constant back and forth of learning and inspiration which is so cool when you teach that being said totally understand you might not be able to get into one of those online schools to teach for whatever reason financially your portfolio your experience I don't know I mean brick and mortar school is tricky now with the pandemic and everything so being on site somewhere went out the window potentially so what do you do you don't have to be a quote unquote teacher meant that whatever you can still provide knowledge online you can still critique other people's work you go to forums and check things out you can offer help bunch of people post a link to in their shots and ask for critiques you can go there that could be your outlet of providing help and your information you can go on social media right you can go on twitter instagram you can post your own clips dissect them there and do a thread like this is how I did things this is what works for me and so on so the current online social media whatever infrastructure you're exposed to you like facebook groups whatever you want to do is a great outlet a to teach but also to critique or youtube you can do that me doing my friday lectures and especially my thursday academic analysis tips which I will always plug it has really helped me level up again because I have developed a critical eye when I watch something like I take notes as much for myself as for the channel obviously I like to help people but selfishly this is all for me too I watch something and I go that's a cool acting choice and goes into my memory I put it on my blog where I have my whole list of things same thing when I do lectures I go okay I know how to do this but they're really know how to do this and then by researching and practicing and preparing this whole thing for the channel it's like a revision for myself like I relearn it again and you don't have to use youtube you can go on instagram reels you can go on tiktok there are many ways where people teach so there are many many outlets where you don't have to be in an official school you can teach other ways online so teaching absolutely recommended it's the best thing that has happened to me I love it it's also a ton of fun on top of that it's not just like the dry learning it's so much fun to teach talk to the students and have that back and forth it's so great now that's one thing the other thing that has helped me which is tricky because it's it involves a lot of time is to animate at home so or where we are I know like wherever you go somewhere trying to make so when you look at your job and this is why this is a pro tip because you're professional you have your whatever nine to six nine to seven whatever your schedule is that is your block you can't really touch maybe over lunch so what do you do you have the morning you have the evening and this is why it's tough because you got to take time away from something time away from sleep which I don't recommend but maybe some of your hobbies stuff that you like to do don't take time away from your family but there might be a day or two where you go listen today got to work sorry and someone has to help out and rebalance you know the family work or house chores or whatever it is or maybe it's just weekends I don't know but that's the tough part is finding the time in your busy day to do this so you just have to be okay with sacrificing something maybe like to play video games you got to start that for a couple weeks right there's always something that will suffer but you got to just look at and balance what is worth taking away time wise and putting that into animating but animating at home is really great just because for me what I do is I animate stuff that I don't do at work so island used to be all fairly photo real sometimes you got rangoes you got a space jam too but it's mostly realistic a lot of camera work I mean I still like to do that when I do my own stuff but what I do is I try to do something style wise that's different than what I do at work same thing with teaching so I work I used to work in photo real but all my teaching has always been cartoony even a creature work even though it's set up as being photo real you know kind of like you do a horse trot a horse cycle like just kind of emulating reference features not a huge fan because most of the students when you ask them they want to work at feature companies or tv shows or anything cartoony I try to tweak the silence so that even the creature work is cartoony based so if even was always work realistically but teach and learn and do everything at home cartoony to have that balance and that has always been a huge help because you don't come home and do your own thing where it's the same thing again and I'm not sure if that's going to help you level up maybe if you're stuck at work doing the same shots all the time so maybe you're typecast with certain thing and you want to level up within your work and do other shots then maybe practicing at home other things and then showing that your soups and leads say hey I can do this as well might be a good way to then get other shots and then level up so you don't have to do something that's a different style but I will definitely help you see other things and just be more versatile but if you're stuck with a certain style at work and you want to do more at work then that's what I recommend and again it takes time but you got to animate at home do something to show to someone hey I can do this as well because they don't know like if you assume they know but they don't but since you're in a topic of work let's continue with this so either you animate at home it's one thing but at work you can also ask for other shots you can push yourself and ask hey can I do this safely of course you don't want to go crazy and ask for something then you get it and then you can't deliver and that's not good for you so look at what the shots you're doing right now which shots you would like to do and are any of these shots available in the sequence then ask your lead in soup hey is there is there room for me to do this can I try out one of these and then that way you can also level up so you're not passively waiting for someone to give you something new to show what you can do you are actively asking can I do this I can show you that I can and then you level up that way and again if you're not given the chance to do this do shots at home and then you can show them they can see oh yeah he or she can actually do this let's give them something else so for me it was mostly VFX cameras and vehicles and creatures and digital and stuff like that and then we have Space Jam 2 and I did those cartoony tests and people were I mean this was why I was told I'm not saying like yeah this is normal but I was told that when they saw this they said oh that's really cool who knew JD could do this and that's just a reminder of but they don't know if you don't tell them if you don't show them they don't know it's not like they want to hold you back maybe there's someone there watch out politics there but if they haven't seen what you can do how would they know that they can give you those shots again as for those you can prove yourself or work at home and show them what you can do and that's not just with your lead in your soups on the show let your managers know let them know these are my goals I want to become a lead in couple years whatever or tomorrow whatever or a supervisor or something else in your field because again if they don't know how can they help you so tell people what your plan is what you would like to do and hopefully you'll get a response where they say listen you got to work on this this and this first before you get to that level actually years ago remember sending out all the soups hey I would like to be a lead I would like to be on that next level and learn all this and do that and then I got a couple soups riding back okay well you need to do this first this is what's asked of you blah blah blah blah and it was great I got a list and they knew what I wanted to do and actually not not long after that props to Scott Penza who is the amazing animator that I am he gave me a chance to be a lead on Transformers 2 it was great it was really difficult show and I learned a ton and again this is only because I ask and people heard it's like okay well let me help you and then you have that back and forth and feedback and then you can level up again if you don't know tell them just don't assume that people know what you can do what you want there has to be a communication something else that helps out work is that you don't just want to do your shots don't be in that bubble of oh this is my turnover these are the shots that's all I'm gonna do work for the team so start creating libraries and cycles and just do more where the team can benefit from this hey they're gonna see your team player you might get other work that you haven't done before to expand on this to help the team it's just try to look beyond the confines of your shot and look overall what's the need of the sequence what's the need of the show what is the need of the team and then expand your skills in whatever areas you can do maybe gotta learn something else and by providing help to someone else just like we're teaching you will level up because you're gonna do something new something else that will help other people that's going to be the motivator in all this so don't be stuck in that bubble totally understand that you are at the beginning to pretend you just got the job you want to prove yourself you get your shots you want to do a good job there but as time goes by take those blinders off and then look at what's out there how else you can contribute to the show and help out the team and lastly if that doesn't work you might be stuck at work where there's just no way to level up they're just not different shows that will work for you or you just never get those shots that you like or it's just a smaller company and you can't level up because there are only so many spots or it's a massive big company and there's so many people in line waiting for the next career opportunity where you just can't level up that way can totally happen tough things then and you gotta switch jobs there are lots of people that switch jobs all the time and switching jobs not that I have a huge experience like barely an experience for this but by switching jobs a you get a new network of people you will learn new tools there are new workflows you have to adapt to a new pipeline so there's so much you will learn by switching things around for sure I've noticed this is because I switched from ILM to Warner's and it's with feature to TV totally new I'm learning stuff every day it's great and I imagine you this all the time maybe every two years or so obviously you will level up a lot but then the tricky thing is can you do this if you're single and you got the financial means and I don't have to work visa type thing that's one thing but you got a family you can't constantly always move kids in school so it's it's a tough one but it has definitely helped me because after a while I've noticed that I have stagnated I wanted to do more things and I wanted to do different types of shots but then you have to look at it it's just not what the company provided and I love what I was doing but I want to go a step further and it's not the fault of the company it's not the company's portfolio it's not what they do so then you have to look at okay where else do they do something so for me what I started to do is I started to work on my demo reel in earnest and actually started taking notes and then so I don't know what you're gonna see this but it's basically notes and notes and notes and notes and notes these are a the shots that I started so I have a bit of a diary thing of it's going to be for my lectures and for my courses where I wrote down like my process and what I went through but then after that I have these two then it's just lists lists of shots and shots ideas so that's what I had to do I made that list I started working in earnest on a reel I was determined I'm gonna do something else different style cartoony and switch companies if I can because again I'm older I'm also more expensive it's not easy to kind of switch around after a certain time when I started the shots put them online I marked on LinkedIn open to work that was a big change it was kind of bittersweet because I mean I love ILM and then the moment you put this on like I'm gonna leave it's it's sad but it's something you had to do but the moment you did this I got approached by a bunch of people were like hey I didn't know you've been there for quite some time open to what so that kind of got the whole ball rolling interviewing a bunch of companies and they got an email from Warners they saw what they told me they saw my academic analysis clips they liked my thoughts and like the thinking about acting and stuff like that they checked on LinkedIn saw the status open got an email and within about two weeks that was it contacted we talked about we have you know negotiations about salary and a contract and that was that and then I switched super helpful that it was remote and it still is so that was a massive factor and everything just aligned and then now I'm off to new adventures scary of course because it's different company different people different type of work I love it though it's like there's so much that I'm learning it's the team is great but it's going to be different and it's going to be for a couple years I mean it's going to be done I can't say when it's done and then after that I gotta look at well what's next can I stay there so next project do I need to switch so I did pull myself out of the comfort or the this security quote unquote it's always super secure but I've been extremely lucky like 17 and a half years at one company but it is going to be now a different world that I willingly put myself into so scary nervous but how it goes you gotta change things up and if you could do this on a more frequent basis just look at how much I'm learning right now you will level up a ton but again it comes like after a while at work you make friends these are your work friends you've known these you know in my case save over 17 years so it's a tough thing to constantly change as well so I'm not saying that's like an easy thing to do or that's like super recommended and again this is very subjective and it all depends on your situation but there you go so longer clip as I'm seeing here but this is what has helped me so teaching doing stuff at home helping out doing different styles and then at the end if that doesn't work switching companies it's kind of like it's you have to kind of look at what can you do and how far can you escalate the situation into leaving a company if that's a big deal for you I don't know that's my list let me know in the comments I'm super curious I would love to hear from people if any of the professionals are watching my channel what you have done like what was your way it would be great to get kind of a thread in the comments of oh yeah but I also did this and this has helped me and like maybe learning a different software that's going to be like a whole other thing that's going to be helpful like what did you do I would love to hear thoughts from anybody out there that's working currently how did they level up or maybe if you are at that stage where you can't level up maybe you've heard all of this and you say I can't do any of this because of ABC what else can I do so then maybe I can do a part two I don't know so maybe I can help you with that so comment let me know I'm very very curious because again it's very subjective depending on the city or the company the city the country everything so let me know other than that again it's getting kind of long so I'm going to stop thank you for watching to the very end thank you so much subscribe my usual pitch at the end so maybe this was helpful you don't want to miss any more future uploads I don't know and of course get a pitch for my workshop if you feel like those tips are helpful then you feel like maybe I can help you work you on your shots in your spare time while you work at a company and you want to level up my workshops are open you know the pitch you can sign up at any time link in the description with all the information I would love to help you if possible and so let me know I don't sign ups are always open let me know and that's kind of that I'm leaving it at that again it's kind of longer clip thank you for watching hope it's helpful and hopefully I'll see you in my next clip


Ooh, music. That's so nice. Oh, it's proving back. I can see Cretaceous coasts, jungles filled with flora and fauna of prehistoric ages. Okay. Oh, well that didn't look very prehistoric. I didn't.   How are you? Let's go! Selling the dinosaur class and press research to get a new dinosaur. Some are already unlocked. Now, I played this two years ago as the chicken that just sniffed everything. How did I do it? I knew big sniff. It do big sniff. Sniff, sniff. Oh! Yeah! Shush, wipe!  Hello! But same time, though. I kind of want to try being one of these big carnivores. This guy looks cool. Ooh, let's be celiophysus. Research is already complete. Let's go! Hello, mother- Hello there. Fine dinosaur. What are you doing? Why are you doing claws like that? Yes, but this game's weird. Oh my god, the best running cycle you will ever see. I'm a youtuber.  Oh, oh my god.  No, I go get more. Oh, no. Oh, no, they're attacking to the run friend run Did he kill him? But I oh They're taking me to that car. Oh sense ready. No friends gonna die. Oh wait. No, he's not friends gonna win friends gonna win That's cool Oh something just plopped into the distance. Yes more food. Thank you buddy. Oh, it's like a grow though. I will protect you Oh, he's gonna say oh Thank you Easy come easy go friend. Are you back? Why did it go over something go dark? Oh, I know what I need there we go night vision beautiful. Oh god The food for the game. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah dinosaur.  Oh big bird. Ah, I am a murderous machine Just look at them go it's amazing. Oh But it was just like walking with dinosaurs. Oh, no Oh, no, I'm in the mud pit. Well, I'll break your soles coming over. I want to see a kick more things Did it do too much damage? Oh it did. Oh, I got him. Oh, whoa when you can turn on a dime. What I mean What could you do? Oh the the battle music run I'm big sniff I've got a texture for rock. I have a literal moving massive rocks. I really need to use the toilet. Where is it?  I must run Was it put?  Maybe I can actually have textures. I want a I want No, you don't by the way. Oh my god. Oh my god. He's gone I mean, we've got to say I've all dinosaur survival simulators I've played the aisle path of Titan piece of Bermuda prior extinction Is the best look at the memes.  Let's let's copy and paste this, right? Then go away. Who said that then go away Can't take a little bit of criticism Look something different Are these sponges and sticks? Why is my oxygen going up when I'm under the water? How does this work? I'll hit you mr. Quetz Come on.  Oh, it's a little bit on the floor Little bit on the floor kill his friend Oh god I forgot you could sit in the air. I forgot you go It just increases in pitch Stop The voices. Oh, he's trying it. Oh bless him. He's trying to kill me. He's trying.  You know what? I can't think of a better way You know the island you're collecting things you're growing to unlock, you know the next growth stage this I'm just harassing people Wait, did I just dive first? How'd I die? Hello little triceratops thing That seems normal another little bird here.  Hey Hey No, don't tell me the shush stinky ground dinos. We chicken nugget. We are chicken nugget. That's right. Hey I researched it.  You smaller. What did you just call me?  It's so fat, but it looks so happy his eyes like Yes, I got happy music now. Although since you're playing through one headphone It's over there somewhere. Oh, I love to go by speaker.  I do two swipes What do I sound like actually Oh, but angry Hello, tiny. Well, you'll die. I what I can't find my territory die. What do I do? What I do? Die to run it on right. You should be dead now. Yes. Are you dead? Yes.  Oh, he's put up a fight going.  Actually, I don't think it will The other guys just running away and not even like putting up a fight.  Oh No, the king's dead long lived king. I'm back.  I don't use oh my god, don't use me as a shield But he's sorry top seed come with me. Why why do you want me to come with you? Plus I can already tell that like he's trying to get me to be with the t-rex Is he really like follow me? I'll take it to the t-rex. Is that all he's gonna do? Oh, there you go. That's more like it Yes He's dead. He tried to fool me.  You see then I got stuck in the sand And the desperate rex tried its best to get its revenge. Ha ha can't get me t-rex It was like, I am so sorry. I'm so sorry Yes, that's the that's the guy who's like, oh follow me. That was like you enemy The geese have risen. Oh, look at him. Oh the t-rex is trying it That's when they realized they had killed the wrong turkey stale stinky Oh, he's not even doing anything to me What was the roadblocks man? Sticky tiny arms Time to make a break for it make a break for it. Here we go I've lured him. Ha ha ha Yes, he's like could you get him? Stop chicken We did it. We fooled him. Ha ha. Oh, he's still after me. Okay. All they do is basically Just wait for him to run out of thirst That's it He would tell the carnivores to try and kill me, but each one would fail No, I got him Is he does he keep on trying to recruit all you the dinosaurs to tag me?  Hold on. He's he's got his carnival friends and he's trying to hatch a plan We need to circle him.  So funny. He's like trying to find the verge of plan. It's hilarious. Me and you buddy Do you have time to talk about our important safety? So you get for attacking me from above. Oh, hello skid sir. No


Hi everyone, Joe for jasby's casebreaks.com here coming at you with 2023-24 Upridek series 2 hockey 4 box pick your team number one four boxes from a fresh case and if you bought at least two teams you'll get one entry One entry to get the Chicago Blackhawks We'll take all the entries randomize them name on top gets Chicago Blackhawks and you've heard of the the one million dollar bounty That's out there Not from us But you know who Dave and Dave and Adams has that one million dollar bounty going on and asked to get the money from them When we pull that one-of-one young guns of Connor Bedard Pretty nice stuff. All right, so I'll just be happy with just a few young guns of him in four boxes Few one would be nice. So if you follow the instructions that means Sort by your first names here that means if you buy at least two you get an entry So Craig you got an entry Curtis you got an entry Darren with an entry Daring with an I dare and with an e Gets an entry two teams one entry two teams one entry two teams one within tree Garrett gets two teams one entry Jeremy gets two teams one entry John gets 10 teams that's five entries Matt wood gets two teams one entry Michael this Michael P only got one team this Michael P got six teams There's three entries right there for you, but basically by an even number of teams and half of them become entries So right here Right Bruins number one that's Michael many okay. All right, so 15 entries Name on top after 15 get the blackhawks in this four-box break after eight one two three four five six seven and good luck everybody eighth and final time Darren K Darren with an eye After eight eight the hard way you're gonna get the blackhawks in this four-box break now. We're ready to go here Let's print and rip Got a little Celtics trailblazers on in the background Celtics up 103 87 with 618 left in the game Basketball season winding down hockey season winding down All right, so we've got four three stacks of four. It's a four-box break. All right. I lost my dice I got a die right here. We'll go one two three four five six on the dice roll Six one two three four five six. We'll do that stack right there this stack These we will all save for some other time So we'll put some squigglies right there. They may get mixed up together, but But you'll know that they're at least from the same case. That's the important part mostly looking for young guns I guess now featuring what so it's it's pretty I guess you're right. They never really had It was just young gun cards and they weren't Was no possibility of a one-on-one, but Now there is now what else do we what else are we looking for here? That kind of stuff Wens Conor Baddard coming back I think a while ago he got hit and the broke his jaw. I want to say I don't follow hockey super closely, but I think I saw that So he has to Sounds like sounds very painful Maybe a lot of headaches Oh, no Did the mechanic quote you that price first Duncan? And then it doubled Oh, I see Well that would have been worse. I think oh, so this is something like you looked at.  I kind of like that parallel Yeah, yeah, that's right Curtis. You don't need uh, you don't need a job to play hockey. Oh Garrett.  We have a We have this thing here That upper deck sent us I'm sure they know what they're talking about Those are your key rookies for that draft class right there. So I'm looking for Conor Baddard Leo Carlson ducks Logan Cooley coyotes coyotes adam fantilly for the bluejack and Luke Hughes for the duck Luke Hughes Like like Quinn Hughes Luke Hughes Is that part of the Hughes family Garrett and Jack Hughes Part of the Hughes family. Wow We'll do a left-right randomizer on these guys And any related card deep root Conor mcdavid He's the youngest any plays with his brother jack so So give me I mean Well, is he supposed to be good? I guess I feel like the Hughes brothers are good And there's Lucas Cundada I'm not calling out the now. There's so many cards in here. I can't call it but every name in this card I will highlight You know cars that I need to highlight but If I do this if I If I call out Every card in series two my voice will be done by tomorrow So I have to be judicious With the names that I say There's Tristan Lino young guns I mean basically It's a young gun ton, right? I'll mention all the young guns guys. There's Elliot disnoyers For the flyers young guns canvas For the flyers that where did my list go? Curtis it's been a while since you've been around jaspies Been watching a lot of hockey lately I know all the names now Most most of the names Some of the names More names than before David passion act And there's Damien Giroux Young guns For the wild that's going to be a wild one for Darren K Flyers That is John Jackson Ducks John Jackson This is a canadian that'll be for Michael Piekera Young guns Joe Teasdale That is another Canadian for Michael Joe, uh, John Beecher Bruins that'll be for Michael Manny And Kevin Kerinsky I think for the Chicago Blackhawks Darren K won that one He saw he's kind of hit the wall this year. Quinn's gonna know that was right. I don't know if he'll reach that level He should come here to Quinn because they're both defensemen. All right, got it All right learning You know Every day we're we're learning something Whenever you're learning something That's a good thing And there's Luke Evangelista. That is Dazzlers. I think these are a little bit more short printed at least they were In years past young guns Damien Hunt All right, this game is over Don't need to see the rest of the Celtics Timberwolves game Why don't we put Islanders at Kings out the LA Kings on the background. This should be a third period Kings up one nothing Sixteen fifty left in the third period. That was close All right, next What's going on with uh, oh, yeah the kachuk brothers as well Good family history there Is there a Badaard brothers? Connor Badaard or mcdavid ever brother or Brandon. Hello. Welcome. I've been meaning to try to go to indian wells every year and I end up forgetting I try to do spring training this year But believe it or not My game was rained out. It's not rained out. They've they called it after a few innings There's young guns hardy. Heyman a catel For the caps. I'll be for michael p Oh nice. That must have been fun There's luke hues right there That's what he's about young guns nicks swainy For the wild that'll be for darin. There's jack eichel for the golden knights I thought those those would be Numbered but they're not these are not Freddy friem That's Freddy friem's walk-up music in the background And we're doing those left right randomizers And there's macky samo kevich young guns panthers michael p last spot mojo day with the cup Shea Theodore what would you do with a day with a cup ladies and gentlemen talk to me here There's john ludwig Young guns penguins michael All right, there's our first Conner bedard and it's a dazzlers conner bedard dazzling For darin k in the chicago blackhawks What does this go for ladies and gentlemen someone someone give Uh, some non-hockey collectors an idea. Here's connor zerry young guns for calgary. That'll be for kurtis Kurtz would have no idea what do it's such a huge trophy. Yeah, I wouldn't know what to do either I've been getting into to to some golf lately kurtis. I might take it for a round of golf put it in the In a seat next to me in the golf cart So with pudding Yeah, maybe or beer with a long straw I might put a little bowtie on it and some googly eyes According to vegas ladies and gentlemen stanley cup champion odds panthers plus 1200 abs plus 900 Oilers are your favorites at plus 750 But those are the teams right around it Where are the la kings at plus 2500? la kings all right next box We got uh for the kraken tie card This I don't know Cartier is what I would say There was a kraken last year. Oh, that's maddie baneers That was that was the last year key rookie So I'll predict canvas Uh, I would dare not chip A actual golf ball at the cub. I would fear I would Accidentally just bladed and then just dammit put a dent in the cup But maybe that that would be part of the charm You got matt murray young guns for the dallas stars that's gonna go to craig But maybe I could use like practice golf balls that are that are a lot softer Probably pop one in there might take me a few tries, but Probably pop one in the cup Walker duer for caligree. That's going to be for kurtis Has it there's often awesome math uses been Going going off the season But like actually damaged There's rafael levoi for the oilers edmonton. That's going to go to craig Here's a cool call field for the multi all canadiens Uh, it's going to go to michael piekara Dropped many times fell in a let me in the lake I feel like it's constructed pretty well. I feel like it's not going to get too much water damage But I would fear dropping it There's kevin karinshki For chicago Khorchinsky, it's close enough Darren k with chicago. Let's see if we can find his teammate We got william defer Upper deck canvas young guns for the islanders john jackson It's layers they can just separate and fix but what about the bowl of the cup? Except if I put a dent in the bowl of the cup What happens there like those Lakersy kingsy uniforms And then we've got young guns a meal andre for the flyers john And there's these fun little portraits here conor bedard for darin k and the blackhawks Tiny hammer easy fix All right, all right Well, we have a silver smith in the house ladies and gentlemen. Thank you Curtis All right. Yeah, then I'll chip actual golf balls into it if I had a day with the cup We'll do golfer influencer trick shot videos with the stanley cup Yeah, right right into the bowl of the of the cup In fact, you said if they if they can make these repairs so easy I'll drill a hole on the side in the bowl of the thing trip a golf ball in there and and attach some tubes In there to make some sort of rub goldberg machine.  Beast. Yeah, perfect boom Curtis, uh, do you remember the story of? Well, no, I'll tell you the story. You're you might remember it So during our jaspy's christmas party not so long last year jason jaspy noted hockey fan You know, we were in conversation will come up to me and be and be like Be like um Yo, joe Did you hear about the stanley cup that survived a car fire? He's I was like the stanley cup survived a car fire. He's like, yeah Stanley cup survived a car fire. I was like How have I not heard this what happened? Why was it in the car? Isn't it usually in a case? I was like, no, it's just in the car I was like, why would it just be laying in the car the player have it? It's like a player Yeah, did a hockey player have it? He's like, no, no, no, it was just in a good where was it going? Where was it being transported? Turns out we we were talking about too completed. I was thinking about the stanley cup Jason jaspy was talking about the stanley cup that survived the fire in the cup holder of the this one woman's uh, suv I don't know how the suv caught on fire, but the the uh the water bottle the mug survived That's providing Here's a clear version of the young guns for walker door Calgary. It's for Curtis so That that was a hilarious moment that exchange went on for um about five solid mitts No joking on either side. There's a pavel mint mintuyakov For anaheim that's for john. It's not is it one? No, we're looking for leo carlson for anaheim But that's this is for john and the ducks Anyway, how much money would I have I enacted any of the million dollar ideas that I have? Uh, I would have point zero zero zero zero zero two million dollars If I enacted any of the ideas I have Oh, but he's also a solid ducks rookie. There you go Thank you, Garrett. Um They are they are the new Well, this the company stanley has been around a while And I guess they got into the The water bottle game What up? Why am I blanking on so stanley make like power tools Is it that stanley? Or is it stanley the the No, it's a different stanley Stanley with the I don't know which stanley cup is surviving fires stanley 1913 anyway But yeah, it's it's uh, it's a yeti competitive a competitor But not stanley the power tool company or is it the same company? It doesn't look like it. All right, there's Our tours silvus young guns That'll go to michael in vancouver at sydney crossby has a different foil on it Looks a special I'll go to michael jackson lakom young guns Ducks john with the ducks Got some dazzlers ready kachuk Ottawa senators that's going to go to curtis And we've got a montipolo young guns nicolas going to ottawa That will be for curtis bobby mcmahon young guns for toronto. That's going to go to garret We've got vornikov Demetri vornikov young guns for the caps. That's going to be for michael and that Is that? We'll have another four box break loaded up Get your teams before they're gone and we'll do a left-right randomizer for those two teams right there let's uh, let's Get some new dice And a new list right there. Let's get grab everybody's names one through Nope, not one through 30 seconds. We just need to use left-right randomizers losing my mind Hey, thanks garret. Wish there was more But uh, thanks for getting in i'm going to post the next one in a second hockey fan So just wait up three into five eight times left-right randomizer one two three four five six seven And eight So those right side cards will get them. Thanks everybody That was four box pick your team number one the first third of a fresh case Not too many connor bedards in here not to spend too many of the The other key rookies at least according to upper deck But I feel like we pulled some decent a decent group of young guns there So check it out. Check out some more on jaspyscasebreaks.com the more hockey we can move hockey fans The more hockey we'll get and post so let's keep grinding away at that. Thanks everyone. Have a great one. I'm joe I'll see you next time for the next break


So, so far today I think magnetism wise we did not discuss too much, we have introduced the topic magnetism where the origin of the magnetism coming or magnetic moment coming into the molecule. It is the molecule unpaired electron that is responsible, number of unpaired electron should technically give you the clear cut idea what is the magnetic moment going to be, there is some more to it. Of course, in reality we know that it is orbital angular momentum and the spin only values that should give you that should combine, but you do not need to combine because it is somewhat restricted, still somewhat allowed that is where when it is allowed then you have a better value or the higher value for magnetic moment right. And when that spin only plus orbital angular momentum is coming into picture that is what we have introduced, but we will be discussing from here on in the next class ok. Now, we will we have two more topic, one is this magnetism the next one will be bioenorganic, two classes we should be able to finish yeah. Oh yes that is a good question sure it I think if I am getting I think in the beginning I did not get your point at the end what I get is.  If it is only one type of molecule one center then that is of no problem, but the moment you have let us say cluster ok. One thing is attached via another thing through another thing then things are more complicated. So, that is what that is where I would like to take you to at the end of the magnetism. So, they can two magnet can communicate through a mediator one spin up another spin up is it going to be magnetic moment going to be addition of these two can they talk with each other and reverse inverse. Let us say this is up in between these two magnet there is something which is communicating between the two can that communicator influence the total magnetic behavior. So, there is magnetic communication that is actually the basis for you know more fun in this area. We will not discuss a lot of case maybe one or two case we will discuss and then leave ok. So, I think is that the type of queries you are having or maybe I have taken you to a different reaction. Some something related initially I could not hear you, but at the end I think I heard you correctly ok. Now, hopefully the next part will not be that long another 20 minutes or so, or 30 minutes maximum depends on how you how you see the third tutorial which is on coordination compounds you have the print out the question no problem I have that question here ok. Alright, tutorial if you want to go I have no problem, but I think it is important little I will try to get it done very quickly. Tutorial questions were uploaded in the model and nowadays all of you are having smartphone. So, if you have Wi-Fi connection you could have downloaded earlier ok do not come to my office to download it no ok. Just take a one of you should have been able to download it. If you are really dying I you could have asked me I could have send you or give you a print out ok. Anyway that does not matter too much it is in there if you like I can give you the print out the next time which going to pay for it ok we can we can give it IIT can pay for it of course, you are paying IIT right no problem. So, first question crystalline silver oxide is diamagnetic explain question number 1 ok. So, sometime you have to be little bit it causes some some not all of the question either in the exam or in tutorial are going to be straight forward there is something more into it. So, silver oxide you just calculate you figure out what is the silver oxidation state do it plus 2 what is the electronic configuration ok time up silver oxidation state is plus 2. So, it is a d 9 electronic configuration d 9 on electronic configuration means 1 unpaired electron ok. So, it should be paramagnetic diamagnetic means to spin right or unless paired spin how it is this is where I was saying it is a trick question. So, it is a it is a mixture of sorry yeah that is what it is. So, that is where it is a trick question. So, it is a mixture of ag 2 O and ag 2 O 3.  You want to do not worry I will I will give you I will upload since I have made the slide I will upload ok no need to I mean if you bothered if you are bothered to take the picture and take it it is a public domain thing why why should I not upload it ok. No need to just think little bit silver 1 please if you want to get it done quickly either you answer quickly or I give you the answer and go I will upload the slide ok. Now, silver 1 is going to be detain configuration that is diamagnetic this is silver 1 2 of the silver 1 1 is oxide another over here this is silver 3 plus oxide is always minus 2 6 minus. So, it has to be silver 3 plus silver 3 plus means what 1 d 8 configuration right. So, d 8 configuration can be can be diamagnetic ok d 8 going to be square planar because silver is in high oxidation state it is a. So, this is where sometime the problem comes either the high oxidation state. So, it is the combination of both the ligand should be strong field or metal should be high oxidation state or the combination of higher oxidation state and strong field ligand then you are going to get that ok sorry oxidation state ag 2 O plus 1 silver is in plus 1 oxide is oxide all oxide water all oxide metal any oxide you see is minus 2 water if you split H plus H plus oxide 2 minus right. Now, that is fine. So, there the geometry as you can see over here silver is linear and silver 3 which are in grain here it is going to be square planar square planar oxide oxide silver is in the middle ok. Now, that is you know that is some question which is directly I think these questions are something we have given earlier also same questions for the tutorial. Now, work out the hybridization and geometry for the following complexes using the balance bond approach. First one is ok the second one is why is that fantastic. So, nickel is in 0 oxidation state and then therefore, you I think this is may not be feasible 4 of them sp 3 hybridization 4 of the ligand sp 3 hybridization it is going to be tetrahedral nickel tetra cyanide it is going to be strong field ligand and thereby the pairing will occur by balance bond approach. We are going to discuss it by balance bond approach and you know that pairing will occur the elect the hybridization will be then d sp 2 that is going to be the square planar. Of course, you can explain it better by crystal field theory, but that is ok. Now, I think I will skip this this is the summary what is given here. Yes that that that is where over here O S O 4 electronic configuration is going to be 4 F 14 5 D 6 6 S 2 this is what it is little bit difficult over here to do it by V V T. Anyway if you do it by ionic approach osmium 7 plus it is going to be 4 F 14 osmium sorry oxygen osmium is going to be 8 plus 6 plus 2 8. So, 4 F 14 total it is going to be D 3 S. Hybridization and it is going to be tetrahedral we do not call it D 4 or anything it is going to be D 3 S 3 of D and 1 of S D 3 S that is going to be tetrahedral by covalent approach similarly you can look at and you can tell that it is going to be D 3 S as well. It is little bit on a borderline explanation it is it is see I mean these are these are little bit older approach V V T approach. So, the explanation is going to be little bit screwed at some point, but this is ok you can kind of make sense for both of them ok. Now this is most of them are clear cut tetrahedral square planer tetrahedral square planer linear tetrahedral tetrahedral linear is that silver ammonium where another molecule will be coordinating. Anyway this is you should be able to find out by whatever you have done earlier. Tetrahedral place should not be a problem square planer are the one where you have the stronger ligand ok if it is a D 8 configuration that is where the square planer comes into picture, but the real reason that balance bond theory wise explanation was simply given it is a strong field ligand and thereby it should be paired up and shown that is what you have learned in the balance bond approach, but by crystal field approach we have shown how things are going in terms of electron distribution, how orbitals are splitted and thereby why we are saying that D 8 is going to be the square planer one. Now while the most able chloride of zirconium is zirconium tetrachloride that of palladium is palladium chloride PDCL 2 yes it is also called relativistic effect. What is that anyone wants to answer? No it is it is more of a D orbital see what we have seen so far it is there are let me tell you there are these are palladium is going to be down the periodic table. So, you have already seen this z effective because those orbitals the higher orbitals which ever getting involved they are not neutralizing the positive charge effectively. So, as we were discussing in the very early class first class or so, z effective is going to be very very strong. The moment z effective is going to be strong they will be pulling out pulling in those D orbitals which are going to participate into the plus 4 oxidation state up to plus 2 is ok, plus 4 another 2 electron release although technically possible since z effective is very high it is going to not allow those electron last 2 electrons to get oxidized to palladium something like plus 4 relatively speaking. So, those due to the high z effective you are not going to participate very strongly or those plus 4 oxidation state achieving becomes difficult. This is what it is called relativistic theory or relativistic effect or so, called inert fair effect. As you go down in the periodic table the participation of the electrons becomes less and less. I mean if from first row to second row if you go there you do not see much effect as you go down below further it becomes more prominent right. So, therefore, although higher oxidation state is technically feasible, but practically it becomes difficult to access those removing those electrons last third electron, fourth electron becomes extremely difficult because z effective is higher this is going to pull in very tightly. These are becoming more of a core like the electrons become more of a core I mean why it is difficult it is it become part of the core. So, much attracted it does not want to leave those or the atom is not going to leave those. Next question question number 4 when high pressure is applied what type of electronic configuration is favored for a d 5 transition? When high pressure is applied what type of electronic configuration is favored for a d 5 transition metal complex? It is you are going to put high pressure you are going to take out the electron from those let us say dz square orbital which is shown in there and thereby you are going to kind of pair up the electron. So, because it leads to low electron density between the metal and the ligand that is along the bond axis you are going to end up pairing. So, you will get the low spin complex not clear. When high pressure is applied I will tell you it is not clear to me as well let me see what type of electronic configuration is favored for a d 5 transition metal complex. So, d 5 you are going to have two configuration right t 2 g t 2 g 3 e g 2 and another configuration is going to be t 2 g 5 e g 0 right. Now, I think it is it is you are going to apply more field means you are going to split between the t 2 g and e g e g level. If you are pulling out you are going to separate out the t 2 g versus e g still not clear I am getting more confused I will I will I will bring it back ok leave it I think pulling. So, base it is clear that you pull out then you decrease the electron density along the axis t h can can you explain low electron density between the metal and the ligand that is along the bond axis what exactly is happening repulsion between what ligand and metal ligand and metal ok ok ok ok ok. So, when you are compressing wait wait wait wait I am not clearing it when you are compressing between these two then repulsion force to be much more yeah. Then repulsion for any because it is only thing less than right ok fine I will I think it is still not clear unless I am 100 percent clear I will not ok fine it is it is interesting yeah. I think you are saying exactly what he is trying to say, but explaining explaining becomes little bit difficult let me let me digest it little bit better I will come back ok. Now, provide reasons for the fact that a number of tetrahedral cobalt 2 complex are stable whereas, the corresponding nickel 2 complexes are not anyone provide reasons for the fact that a number of tetrahedral cobalt 2 plus complexes are stable and whereas, corresponding nickel 2 complexes are not nickel 2 is what d 8 d 8 tetrahedral square planar more or tetrahedral versus octahedral even if you are considering and cobalt 2 plus tetrahedral and octahedral you are considering what you see that is what you have to see. So, d 7 tetrahedral C F S E and d 7 octahedral C F S E. So, what you see overall is d 7 tetrahedral complex is greater C F S E is greater than the d 8 tetrahedral complex. Calculate the d 7 C F S E for tetrahedral field what is the d 7 C F S E minus 12 d T right d 7 C F S E tetrahedral d 7 yeah tetrahedral is high spin always high spin minus 12 right 12 d Q what is for d 8 minus 8 minus 8 12 and 4 over there right. 12 which one is more stable d 7 is more stable. So, d 7 is going to be cobalt 2 plus d 7 is going to be tetrahedral you know I am asking you to compare tetrahedral versus tetrahedral tetrahedral for d 7 tetrahedral for d 8 octahedral for d 7 octahedral for d 8 you see the answer is within that ok. So, C F S E of d 8 octahedral d 8 octahedral will be just do the octahedral simple octahedral ok. So, it is going to be minus 1.2 or 12 delta Q or d Q and what is for d d 7 minus no minus 1.2 or 12 delta Q or d Q and what is for d 0.8 or 8 d Q d 7 calculate that is what I was saying maximum cases calculate the C F S E of both the geometry d 7 what is the geometry d 8 what is the geometry what is the splitting or sorry what is the stabilization energy this you should be able to do it in your dream. Now, the statements here is correct C F S E for d 7 is more for tetrahedral case you have find out and C F S E for d 8 octahedral is more C F S E of d 8 octahedral complex is greater than d 7 octahedral you calculate you will find. So, for this d 8 it is going to be minus 12 d Q or minus 1.2 delta 0 for d 7 it is going to be minus 8 d Q or 0.8 delta 0 or delta octahedral right the fact is here. So, the answer is correct the experimental fact is also given over here which you can corroborate fine provide reasons for the fact that a number of tetrahedral cobalt complex are stable whereas corresponding nickel 2 complexes are not that is the answer of course, this is clearly shows that cobalt 2 plus preferred tetrahedral nickel 2 plus are not preferring tetrahedral I am not saying what it is. So, answer is ok. Now, using the crystal field stabilization energy as criteria indicates whether you expect the following spinels to be normal or inverse. Now, calculate calculate and figure it out another 10 minutes you should be done calculate quickly see this is what I was really trying to tell you that you should be able to calculate the C F S E really quick write down calculate C F S E for F E 3 plus what we have asked you to for normal and inverse spinel you do not have to worry about tetrahedral you just think about octahedral F E 3 plus and F E 2 plus octahedral and it is going to be high spin high spin octahedral case you just calculate should I calculate no I can calculate F E 3 plus is D 5 system high spin D 5 system is 0 D T 2 G 3 E G 2. So, there is 0 C F S E high spin iron 2 plus that is D 6 D 6 means high spin T 2 G 4 E G 2 F E 2 plus having minus 4 D K 2. As a stabilization energy F E 3 plus having 0 stabilization energy. So, higher oxidation state is having less stabilization lower oxidation state is having higher stabilization you are going to get an inverse spinel I guess I was discussing in the class as well. Now, CO 3 O 4 is a little tricky case because CO 3 is less stable stable stable stable low spin high charge and iron cobalt D 6 iron is low spin because high charge even with wheat ligand this is a tricky case. CO 3 plus has a similar structure with D 7 and D 6 configuration this is going to be a normal spinel D 7 D 7 is what? D 7 is what? CO 2 cobalt D 6 CO 2 plus is D 7 iron cobalt D 7 is CO 2 plus. If you CO 2 plus with oxide it is not going to be the low spin it is going to be the high spin. CO 2 plus lower oxidation state oxide is not that of a great ligand. So, it is going to be the high spin CO 2 plus high spin D 7. So, it is going to be minus 8 D Q ok. How about CO 3 plus? CO 3 plus it is going to be D 6 D 6 it is going to be minus 4 D Q if it is high spin 3 T 2 G 4 E G 2 T 2 G 4 E G 2 if it is high spin D 6. Now, the problem is that is minus 4 D Q technically speaking it should be inverse spinel higher oxidation state is having lower stability compared to the lower oxidation state. But, CO 3 plus this is an exception you have to kind of remember, but we will try in the exam we will try to give not such example ok. CO 3 plus being high oxidation state and even with the lower oxygen lower you know even with the you know weaker filled ligand such as oxide we still are going to get these are normal spinel ok. Next few more question left by showing the details determine the CFSE for the following complex these are the very simple question. CFSE for Fe 2 plus Fe 2 plus is D 6. CL is a weak filled ligand iron is 2 plus low oxidation state. So, it is going to be the high spin D 6 high spin T 2 G 4 E G 2 T 2 G 3 E G 2 cancels out minus 4 D Q all of you got it or should I wait a little bit 30 seconds. The titanium titanium is going to be sorry not tungsten my bad ok tungsten. Tungsten is going to be carbonyl is going to be strong filled ligand almost the strongest you can get out there. So, it is going to give you low spin for sure T 2 G 6 E G 0. Yeah it is usually we when we count we just count for D until these like D 6 that is why we are counting because that was atomic orbital you have to take into the atomic orbital into the more of a complex orbital or molecular orbital. We never so far we never talk about D 2 S you know atomic orbital wise it is correct D 4 S 2 D 4, but in reality when you are doing anything with the hybridization or anything with specially with the complexation you have to say it is a it is a it is a mixing orbital mixing is happening yeah you have to say it is a D 6. So, T 2 G 6 E G 0 ok. Now explain what is meant by the term synergic bonding this is the textbook question synergic bonding I think you have studied for your exam before it is the it is the pi bonding between the between the ligand sorry sigma bonding between the ligand this ligand orbital and the metal orbital and pi back bonding between the metal orbital and the anti-bonding orbital of the carbon monoxide ok. It is written in the way I think you have studied before synergic bonding it is the ligand donates metal gives back. So, it is I am teaching that is what I was trying to say you tomorrow you will give me money that is the synergic bonding right once you become trillion year I am sure some of you billion year or whatever ok. Now the chromium 2 plus ion in CRF 2 is surrounded by 6 fluoride ions chromium 2 plus this is this is this is a clear cut depth I mean statement is given it in CRF 2 you are saying, but it is surrounded by 6 ligand ok. It is surrounded by 6 fluoride of these 4 are at a distance of 2 angstrom 4 are shorter and the other 2 are at a distance of 2.43 angstrom explain this observation ok. So, chromium 2 plus is surrounded by 6 fluoride ions in an octahedral environment it is surrounded by 6 fluoride ion chromium 2 plus is what d 4 scandium titanium vanadium chromium d 4 S 2. So, 2 plus is going to be d 4 now it is going to be T 2 G 3 E G 1 right. So, the unsymmetrical distribution of electrons in E G orbital that is what we were trying to show right. E G orbital whenever you are having unsymmetrical feeling then there is a possibility of further splitting of the E G orbital. E G orbital can be splitted this observation suggest that E G electrons in d G 2 orbital because the 2 of them are longer 4 4 are shorter 2 are longer little bit longer. 2 longer means that direction it is getting stabilized. The ligands are getting longer that means, ligands are not coming close I think now I can explain little bit that question. Anyway, ligands are further and therefore, Z it is going to be Z out right slightly Z out and you are going to get d Z square orbital stabilized ligand are far at the Z direction. Therefore, d Z 2 orbital is going to be stabilized slightly lower in energy and the electron since it is stabilized electron is going to go there because you it wants to achieve the stabilized state ok move on that is it.


The 40th Chief of Staff of the Army, General James McEnville, recently made a visit to Camp Humphreys. During his visit, he toured the installation to meet with soldiers and their leaders. The soldiers in Korea need to know that we are extremely proud of them. They're doing something very, very important. They're serving here in the peninsula. And the fact that they are here is really making a difference. It's making a difference in Korea and quite frankly, it's making a difference in the world. Physical therapists are treating like professional athletes. Yeah, I think our people, what they want to do is they want to be part of something bigger themselves. They want to have an impact and you can make a huge impact on the world by serving in Korea. It's a very strategic place. You have an opportunity to serve with some great partners and you get to learn the culture of Korea while you're here. I am Specialist Daniel Yadin, AFN Humphreys.


Hi, I'm Ruth Spooner. And hi, I'm Eric Bradley. We serve as information fluency coordinators for the Private Actomic Library Network of Indiana, or Poundee, which means that we facilitate collaboration among the reference instruction and outreach librarians of Poundee. We do this through interactive workshops, developing tools for best practice and user research. We're here today to talk to you about the consortium user needs assessment study that we did with 10 of the 24 schools in Poundee. Together with our project team, we created a collaborative toolkit to structure and support the study. You can learn more about our toolkit by reading our poster shown here on my screen. But we wanted to pretend that this was a normal year and that we were standing in an exhibit hall, drinking bad coffee and chatting with you about our project. So we thought we'd go ahead and answer our most frequently asked question. Over there on the right, you can see a picture of us. People ask us, are those matching cardigans? Well, yeah, they are. We started our user research a few years ago by conducting usability testing on Poundee's discovery layer software. Based on the advice of an expert usability researcher, thanks Arnold, we made our testing process as uniform as possible and decided the best way to do this was with a uniform, AKA matching cardigans. Sadly, by the time we started our information needs assessment study, Land's End had sold out of our original baby blue cardigans, so the other members of our team had to settle for darker blue ones. The cardigans are all blue because color theory tells us that blue is a color that inspires people to trust you. Besides talking about our cardigans, we'd be glad to answer any questions you may have about our project. Please reach out to us at infocoordinatorsatpoundee.edu. Thanks for stopping by. See ya.