Back to Think Tech, I'm Jay Fidel. This is Keeping the World Company. And today we have Carl Baker to keep us company. He's a senior advisor at the Spick Forum. And we appreciate him coming on the show. Today we're gonna talk about China. China is a moving target. And we have to keep track of all the changes and it seems to be more moving and more difficult to keep track. Welcome to the show, Carl. Good to be here, Jay. It's always a pleasure to talk to you about what's happening in the world. Yeah, well, we haven't covered the moves in China in a while, though China is definitely the 800 pounder all over Asia and maybe the world. But there are things happening in China that are different than the last time we covered it. And the press in China, as it is in Russia is not very independent. So we don't know if we're getting the whole story and that makes it even more interesting. So what is happening in China these days? There are things that are of some concern. How do you feel about that? Well, yeah, that's a pretty vague statement. And you say that we aren't sure that we understand what's happening and we are dependent on the media. And we're also dependent on the Western media which is always quite eager to find problems in China. And so what we see in the Western media today is that economic problems are everywhere. The real estate market is collapsing. The debt burden is becoming greater. Consumer spending is weak. And so all these things I think are sort of playing into a mindset in the West and specifically in the United States for us is that maybe China is going to go the way of Japan in the 90s. Maybe its moment is over that China is now at a turning point. The population is shrinking because of the one child policy that was in place. They're aging faster than probably anybody else in Asia. And that certainly will be the case in the next 20 years as the generation of the one child policy become middle aged. There's not this replacement generation to take over. So I think that in China, there are certainly economic concerns. But I think when you talk to people in China they're also concerned about what's happening with Xi Jinping sort of taking a strong one man leadership role that we've kind of lost the opportunity for succession. They're concerned that there's too much emphasis on the party that the party is trying to sustain itself at the expense of the country. You know, I think that there is some sentiment among the Chinese people that express that. Of course you don't see that in the Chinese media as you suggested at the top. That certainly the Chinese media is trying to portray everything is normal. Everything is fine. We have the global security initiative. We have the global development initiative. We have the global cultural initiative. China is becoming more powerful. China is developing a whole system of mechanisms that are outside of the Western dominated global institutions. And China is the emergent leader of the global South. So I think, you know, those are kind of the conflicting stories and they are all moving targets for us. Yeah. Well, let's look at these negative things. We don't know exactly whether they're hand-picked stories by a press that can't really get into China, you know, that has to deal on kind of hearsay reporting. But, you know, I'm just picking one out of the sky here. India seems to be emerging. It seems to be looking for China's launch, so to speak. It is active in these organizations. Modi is getting around. Modi is well-liked. And aside from, you know, suppression problems, oppression problems in China, Xi Jinping is looking pretty negative these days. You know, what he did, what he is doing in Hong Kong did not endear him to the world. The stories of the Uyghurs did not endear him to the world. The debt trap problems with the Belt Road Initiative did not endear him. And in fact, Italy dropped out of Belt Road. So he's losing momentum. Italy is an important leg in the journey once you get to Europe because it is just south of the Alps. And if you want to get to Spain, for example, which I understand was China's destination there, you have trouble getting to Spain if you can't cross Italy. You can't cross Italy. So, of course, India is doing its own Belt Road right now, which pulls the rug out from the Chinese Belt Road. And they're moving west with their own kind of infrastructure initiative from India to Europe. So the Chinese no longer have a monopoly on that idea. Of course, one thing you didn't mention is the health issue in China, but we should talk about that too. What about the health issue? Well, you know, I'm having problems with the reemergence of COVID and people really didn't like what happened. Oh, yeah, just the COVID-zero policy, certainly. And that certainly had an impact on the economy. And I think that's part of why they're having the economic problems. So, yeah, I think that certainly Xi Jinping has not endured himself to the west. But I think I would warn you that I don't know that that's translated into the global south. There's something very attractive about Xi Jinping to the African countries, to the Middle Eastern countries, where they see this as an alternative to the Western-dominated institutions. So you look at what happened at BRICS in South Africa, well, it certainly wasn't the success they were hoping for. They did add six members, you know, who come from South America, from the Middle East. They didn't include Indonesia, which I think would have been the big feather in the cap if they had managed to do that. But, you know, so they did expand, they did expand BRICS, and certainly that, again, you know, you've got the Chinese media pumping that as a success story while the west and what we see in the Western media, you know, there is sort of downplaying that aspect of it. You know, I think that, again, it's really, it really has to be careful that we understand when we explain the failure in Italy, and it was a failure. And, you know, you look at how the Belt Road Initiative has really sort of dried up as a source of soft power for the Chinese because they found out that there is problems with the debt-tract diplomacy that the West likes to call it. When really, you know, what I think what I see from the Chinese side is they've come to discover that there really is a problem with investing in Africa, that it's more difficult than just building stadiums and building, you know, easy, easy asks from dictators that you don't really get much out of that beyond a big, expensive building or a long road or a nice railroad that sort of deteriorates because they don't have the maintenance to maintain it. So, you know, so, I mean, we've, any number of empires have fallen trapped to that. You know, and I think that China is now realizing that the Belt and Road Initiative is another example of trying to overextend that infrastructure development as a way to success. You know, but the broader problem, again, in China, you know, is really this dilemma that they're facing, and it is the dilemma that Japan faced in the 90s, is how long can you sustain this export-driven economy without developing a strong consumer demand? And that gets back to your health problems, you know, and the health issues and the economic issues, is that, you know, they're having a very difficult time establishing that consumer economy. You know, if you look at the trade balance between the United States and China, you know, it's still way skewed to the Chinese side. What, 2022, or 2020, yeah, 2022, $154 billion into China and $537 billion out of China in the trade balance. You know, so it's a huge number in the trade, but it's all consumer products leaving China coming to the United States and also, of course, to the rest of the West. So, you know, so China is still really struggling with trying to get beyond infrastructure development as a source of GDP growth. And, you know, in many ways, Belt and Road was an extension of that, trying to export that infrastructure development as a way to continue GDP development. So, you know, so I think that that's really where the heart of China's problem is, is figuring out how to sustain a, or how to develop a sustainable economy. You know, I recall that part of the, you know, the fundamental politic of China is you can be the leader and you can have the power and as much as you want, as long as you make us happy and happy means economically successful and if we are not happy and economically successful, we're going to turn over the government one way or the other. And I think that formula is probably still in the DNA of the country. And here we have, although we may or may not believe the Western press about Xi's problems, we know at least he has some problems and they are felt by the men and women on the street of China. They're not completely oblivious to the things that are reported in the Western press. And maybe that concern you described about whether, you know, he has a succession or not, whether he's retreating or not, is undermining his ability to stay in office and undermining the government. What do you think? Bob, it's undermining the party. I think the real challenge in China isn't sustaining the government as it is sustaining the role of the party as the center of all policy. Because that's where Xi Jinping's power resides is within the party. The government is really an appendage of the party apparatus. So, you know, you have this government and you can switch ministers pretty much at will as long as you have adherence to the party as the central authority. And so I think that's the concern among the people in China is the party is too powerful and it does stifle any discussion and any opportunity to change things in China. So I think that the real problem for Xi Jinping is how do you continue to manipulate the party in such a way that people don't begin to resist the party guidance that is driving everything within the government? I have an answer for you. Historically, find a scapegoat. Find a distraction. Find somebody that something that people will rally around and forget about the fact that you may be declining in other areas. And one of those things would be turning up the jets on Taiwan, wouldn't it? Sure. I mean, and that's one of the fears is that Taiwan becomes an excuse for taking attention away from the economic problems and the social problems that go along with the lack of information and the lack of voice in government policies or in national policy. And I think that certainly that is something that the party has looked at. Now the question is, have they gone to the point where they feel that they have to have Taiwan to satisfy some abstract rejuvenation goal that the party has set? I think that's still sort of the open question is how committed are they to a takeover of China or a return in their terms, a return of Taiwan to the rightful sovereign owner of Taiwan that is mainland China or the party, the CCP? And I think that that is still an open question and I think there's concerns in the leadership in China that they can really do that, that they really have the capacity to do that. So you see these mixed signals of sending jets into Taiwan airspace and at the same time you have this attempt to create economic relations between the provinces on the East Coast with Taiwan. So you have these competing sort of initiatives that reflect that conflicted view of how they really have to deal with Taiwan. It only occurs to me now, talking with you Carl, that the longer they can keep the bubble machine working on threatening Taiwan, the better off they are. If they actually attack with a kinetic war, Taiwan, the benefit of the distraction changes and the people of China may not think it's a really wonderful idea to get into a war with the Chinese people in Taiwan. And so probably the best move is to keep the pot boiling over a long time. Well, it's the best strategy you mean for the party. Yeah. And I think that's right. I think that the leadership recognizes that, I mean, go back 10 years. And the discourse about Taiwan was we recognize the need to satisfy the people of Taiwan for whatever that's worth. There's been a recognition for some time that you have to have the people in Taiwan willing to accept that CCP leadership. And I think they understand they don't have that and they see what happens in Ukraine. They see that, I mean, if they just look at all the American failures in Iraq and Afghanistan trying to do not something completely dissimilar to that, then I think they recognize the risks associated with, as you say, this kinetic effort to actually take control of Taiwan. So I think that's why I think the U.S. Defense Department and thinkers of how to defend Taiwan have come to the realization that this prickly defense, a very strong, a very resilient sort of defense of the island called Taiwan is certainly a better strategy than trying to build some sort of a capability that would involve naval vessels and airplanes and all that. Yeah. Well, that really does take us to what the United States is doing to contain China. I guess that probably is the right word, contain China in that area generally, and whether it's working. I mean, the Quad sounds like a good idea. The, you know, Joe Biden's trip to Vietnam sounds like a good idea. It's not without, you know, negative implications also, but bottom line is the U.S. seems more active now. It's almost like Barack Obama's pivot is actually finally pivoting in terms of paying attention. Well, I mean, certainly what China has done both economically and militarily in, and militarily very broadly speaking, because a lot of what they've done in Southeast Asia is not militarily as much as it is, you know, militia, post-guard law enforcement in South China Sea, you know, euphemisms for what militaries normally do. You know, they've certainly gotten the attention of the United States and they've gotten the attention of their neighbors, and that's why I think why India, as you were saying, Vietnam, Philippines are all looking at the United States as a source of security in the context of an over-aggressive China in the South China Sea, and certainly Taiwan has, they've gotten the attention of the leadership in Taiwan that there is a risk of a military conflict with China, and so they've certainly started taking their own defense much more seriously than they had for the last couple of decades. Well, is our policy good? Is it working? Is it the smartest thing we can do right now? Well, actually, I think we could do better. I mean, I think we could do better, and by doing better what I think we could do is develop our own global narrative, because right now what we have is we have, as I mentioned earlier, you know, China has the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative, the Global Cultural Initiative, and you can disagree with the content of it, but when you're in the rest of the world, you look at the United States and what is their counter to these global initiatives? And the counter right now is a deterrence narrative and a containment narrative, as you suggest. And that isn't very attractive, I think, if you live in Southeast Asia or if you live in the Middle East or if you live in Africa. I think you would like to see a narrative by the United States that suggests how do you develop a counter to the economic benefits associated with working with China? What is the economic benefit of working with the United States, of collaborating with the United States when the United States is sort of taking a sort of Chinese kind of line of restricting trade, of eliminating or increasing tariffs and making it more difficult to do trade and develop economic relations with the United States? So I think that that's one of the things that we've always come up short of is the economic side of the relationships with the rest of the world. And we have the Indo-Pacific economic framework that the Biden administration has been working on and it offers some opportunities for clean energy transition for development of interconnectivity in the region. And in India, of course, Biden announced the corridor that you're talking about with India for development in that part of the world. And those are efforts, but they certainly pale in comparison with what we could do to develop a stronger economic policy that would look to the rest of the world like there are advantages to working with the United States both economically and then, of course, military is almost becomes a secondary benefit to them. What we have now is we have way too much emphasis, I think, on the military side of the relationships and because of that the Southeast Asians are some of the Southeast Asian countries, specifically Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia have been reluctant to sign on to a stronger relationship with the United States because they're worried about the balance they're trying to maintain with taking advantage of Chinese economic relationships and the U.S. military relationship. We have independent press that reports the problems in Congress all day long and these guys read the American press and they say, hmm, can we rely on this country? The politics are overwhelming and very threatening in the country and to anyone who wants to depend on the country. And finally, I would say that when you talk about the dichotomy between military strategies, military, call it military diplomacy. My term, military diplomacy versus trade diplomacy, soft power and all that. The difference in terms of government in this country is that if you give a trillion dollars to the military and say, here, do things that are military within the wheelhouse of the military then they can go out and do a lot of things without getting a lot of congressional approval. They just, you know, treated as part of their mission. But if you talk about trade policy and trade agreements, you need more help from Congress and Congress is in isolation mode. Congress isn't helping the administration on these things and Congress doesn't look so good to third parties who want to rely on it. So I think that's probably got to be a factor. Do you agree? I agree. I think a large part of the problem is the legislative branch in the United States is fixated on internal divisiveness and internal domestic political issues. And it certainly hurts our foreign policy. But I will say this, that one of the points of agreement in the United States today is that we need to do something about China. There's not necessarily agreement about what. But there certainly is agreement that China is a problem and we need to do something. Well, we send people over there and they talk nice. But I wonder your thoughts about these visits by the State Department and other agencies of the administration going over to China and trying to break bread. I think it doesn't go too far beyond that, actually. And saying hello, does that help? Well, I think it always helps to talk, I think. And so Gina Raimondo was there. She did what she had to do. I think she was trying to deliver a message that it isn't all competition. That we do have a trade relationship and it's a huge one. And we need to work through some of these issues. And I think that that's healthy. I think that sends a better signal to, again, to the rest of the world. Never mind the dynamic between the bilateral relationship. I think that by making the effort to engage in a dialogue, I think sends a better signal to the rest of the world that it isn't all about the competition, that it isn't all about containment. Because we use that word, but to the rest of the world, the containment strategy sounds very much like the old Cold War strategy. And of course, that's what the Chinese in their narrative use against the United States, that you guys are still living in the Cold War and we need to get beyond that. And I think that that's a legitimate challenge for the United States to think about, how do you get beyond this very narrow deterrence mindset that says we have to contain a military power China? What we really need to do is we need to do better than China. Not contain China, but we need to do better than China in our engagement with the rest of the world. And that's where we fail, and that's where our Congress has failed us. I think our legislative branch has not been very proactive in that area. So going back to your point, exactly. It's easy to just throw money at the military and then, yeah, everything looks like a nail and you've got a hammer in your hand. Yeah, one thing that strikes me from what you said is that if we send diplomats and fiscal managers and the like, trade managers over to China, we're extending something. We're extending an olive branch. We're extending a willingness to fork and gauge, improve just shoulder to shoulder, at least to some extent. And our people are going there. Secretary Carl, are they coming here? Is she coming here? I don't remember she ever coming to the United States. Wouldn't it be better if leaders actually went? Sure, sure. There's no doubt. I mean, you know, and we pretty much know that that's not going to happen with APEC this fall.  You know, and again, that's, you know, part of the Chinese strategy is they're not going to walk away from these Western institutions, but they're also going to build their own network. So you have, you know, you have the BRICS, you have the Shanghai Cooperation Organization that's continuing to expand its membership. You continue to have China work with Russia, you know, in maintaining a real economic relationship. And this is very much part of that Chinese strategy to capture the part of the world that is not willing to work with the United States, not, I shouldn't say not willing to work with the United States, but willing to find alternatives to the Western institutions. You know, and so I think we need to be very aware of that, that there is another set of mechanisms that continues to grow. And you need to find ways to compete with those institutions in a way that's meaningful for the rest of the world. We can't just say, well, too bad, China doesn't want to join these institutions, Russia is excluded from these institutions. We're going to move on and pretend that this is good enough, because I don't think it is, because the rest of the world, specifically Africa, the Middle East, you know, have looked at China as a way to move away from dependence and reliance on the United States and the West. And so I think that that's our real challenge when we look at China, is we need to do better than China. We shouldn't be thinking about China is competition and we have to defeat and contain China as much as we need to do better than China. Yeah, boy, do I agree with you about a thousand percent on that. The opportunity is there. We have the money, the resources, we have the talent to do it all, we have to honor is the political will to do it and that means Congress again. Anyway, so I'm thinking that people and the world in general has got to be getting tired of China's affinity with Putin because Putin is just showing himself over and over again to be a monster and a war criminal and a, you know, horribly negative element on the stage, whichever way the stage is going. Putin is a wise guy and a monster. And can China afford to get closer to him? Is this something that is going to deteriorate? Is she going to wake up one day and say, I'm spending too much time in political capital on dealing with that guy. I'm going to cool it with him. I'm not going to support him in any obvious way. What do you think? Well, no, I think China and I would never pretend that I speak for Xi Jinping. But I think that the Chinese leadership, I'll do it that way. I think the Chinese leadership see Putin as problematic, but Russia as an opportunity. In other words, you know, if you think about how you play Weichi or Japanese Go, you know, I mean, that's, let's think about Chinese strategy that way. And you see the opportunity to integrate those natural resources from Russia into a stronger economy in China. And then you say, yeah, Putin is a nuisance. We don't agree with his brutality. We don't necessarily like him, but we can tolerate him because Putin is going to die. I mean, that's just the fact that he's a human being. And so he's going to fade from the scene at some point. We don't necessarily care how. But Russia is something that China has always looked at. You know, I mean, when you look at the history of China, the hordes from Russia have always been competitors. And there's always been competition between China and Russia in Central Asia and that part of the world. So, you know, I think that China wants to see this whole this relationship with Russia as an opportunity, a long-term opportunity. And Putin is a short-term annoyance. I would characterize it that way. And I think that that's why she sort of tolerates Putin. He puts forth a show with Putin, but he doesn't get overly comfortable with Putin. Is there a dynamic? Is it more or is it less? As Putin gets, you know, more hard to take. Sure, it gets more and more difficult for China to maintain that long-term perspective, just like it would with anyone. But I think that that's the long-term strategy. And if you understand that, then if there was an opportunity to eliminate Putin from the scene, China would probably not resist and would probably take the opportunity to facilitate something. One other thing I wanted to ask you about Carl is that, you know, when I became personally, when I became aware of the emergence of China under Hu Jintao, I guess, the capitalization of China and capitalism, the Chinese capitalism emerging, I was very optimistic. I thought that we could have a great relationship with them.  And it dominated Chinese thought there for a while that it would stand up. Well, it is standing up. It has tremendous, you know, power and resources and success. And that's the basic narrative over the past 20 years. And then she comes in and he gets tough. He gets brutally tough. And he's pushing around all the neighbors and pushing around, you know, everybody that he can and including the people in China. And I say to myself, this isn't what we had hoped 20 years ago. When I visited China, which was almost 20 years ago, well, last time was 2008. I was optimistic, but I am not optimistic now because he's just a tough guy. And our relationship has deteriorated. And so my question to you, and at the same time, Carl, I personally and a lot of people like me would love to see a healthy, even affectionate relationship develop between the United States and China. And maybe I'm taking too much American propaganda here, but I feel that the thing standing in the way is this tough guy thing we have going on in China right now. Do you think that we could ever achieve that through soft power and a combination of containment and, you know, doing a better job, as you said? Do you think we could ever achieve that, really be friends with them, and together create a better world? Well, I mean, I think I agree with a lot of what you say, is that I think we've all been disappointed in all things that have turned out. And certainly a big part of the problem is what Xi Jinping has done with his role as the leader of the party. Yeah, I mean, I'm going to maintain my optimism that I think we can do better. And unfortunately, you know, it's probably going to take longer than we thought. I mean, I think in the 1980s and the 1990s, we all thought this was going to work well and that China was going to develop as a more democratic country and that we would have free flow of goods back and forth and everybody would benefit. So I appreciate that sentiment, but I think, you know, just as Xi Jinping sees Putin as a somewhat inconvenient partner at this point, I think we could see China the same way, that the people in China aren't happy with what's happening either. I think that we're going to have to see how that plays out domestically, how the Chinese deal with this problem. You know, historically, what's happened in China when you have the emperor that gets old and stops listening, you know, then you have a new emperor. You know, and so I think that we sort of need to look at Xi Jinping, just like Putin has an expiration date and as that expiration date comes, maybe there's some way for a renewed attempt at a better form of democracy in China because they're suffering from that same disease that all autocracies suffer from is the lack of information, the lack of responsiveness to the will of the people and if you believe in democracy and the rule of the people, then I think you have to have some optimism that China will eventually work its way past this Xi Jinping era and hopefully develop a kinder, gentler form of governance and a kinder and gentler form of relations with its neighbors and the rest of the world. Well, lips to God's ears, Carl. I mean, that's not easy to say right now because I think, you know, we haven't, and I don't think we've reached the bottom of the relationship yet. I think we still have a ways to go and there's going to have to be some cathartic event that sort of frees us up from this spiral and, you know, and as we mentioned, you know, hopefully that's not a war in Taiwan or it's not some catastrophic event or, you know, maybe it's sudden realization that we really do need to do something about climate change, that we really do need to do something about, you know, about the deterioration of the environment. But it almost seems like it's going to take some big cathartic event to make this happen. I totally agree. Well, such wisdom here on Sync Tech. Thank you so much, Carl. Really appreciate your thoughts on these things. Thank you. Thank you. Aloha.


We've come a long way in kidney cancers, just in the last couple of years, not just with understanding the different types, but even within that type, like clear cell medullary papillary, if it's angiogenic for it to be able to be spread or basically pathogenic. So we block the blood vessels because angiogenic uses blood vessels to help grow. Other kidney cell cancers are basically immunogenic, which means their mechanism is escaping the immune system. So if you can re-enable it with immune therapy, you can have success. I sit down with Dr. Pedro Barada, who is an amazing educator and an associate professor at Case Western, as well as the lead genitourinary specialist for medical oncology research at University Hospital's Seidman Center in Cleveland, Ohio. We talk about prostate, bladder, kidney stuff, and it's a very interesting episode and I personally have learned a lot from Pedro. So we hope you check it out on Target Cancer Podcast.


Hi everybody. I would like to talk to you about a new Xen feature called cache coloring that greatly improved determinism of real-time workloads when deployed on Xen. First, let me start by talking about why we are doing real-time and in the context of hypervisors. So hypervisors in embedded are used for consolidation of different workloads or splitting up a single unit into multiple separate components that needs to be isolated deploying them all on a single SOC. Now the level of the degrees of like isolation can be many and under, you know, under different aspects. So one aspect is security. So you don't want something running in one VM to be able to steal the data or get inside another virtual machine. Another dimension is reliability. We want an application running on one VM, even if it crashes, not to be able to affect the rest of the system. So, you know, it's often the case that not all software is made equal, something is more reliable, something is not reliable, is less reliable. When you put them together on a single SOC, you want to make sure that the less reliable software doesn't really affect the most reliable software. This, even without safety certification requirements, but in many environments, safety certifications are actually required, such as automotive, some environment in industrial aviation. They need safety certification, in which case one of the VM might be safety certified and definitely you cannot really afford the non-safety certified VM to affect the safety certified VM. So these are all dimensions of isolation, and I would like to add one more to the list, which is real-time isolation. So if you have one workload that has real-time requirements or latency requirements, that needs to work correctly without interference, no matter what you're running on the side. You could be running something like a much larger OS on the alongside on another VM, and definitely the larger OS should not be able to affect negatively to have any impact on your RTOS. So in this context, Xen, as always, had a pretty decent set of features, one of which is CPU pools. So Xen is able to configure a group of CPU cores called pools and you run different schedulers on different pools. In this example, we have a four-course SOC, creating two pools, the blue pool at the top and the orange pool at the bottom. And we are running the default scheduler, which is credit at the bottom, which is, you know, a data center scheduler made to run more VCPUs and physical CPUs available. And at the top, we are running the null scheduler that, you know, as the name suggests, is really doing nothing, nothing at all. So that's, in fact, the best possible scheduler for RTQ latency, because the scheduler really does doesn't interrupt VMs and really doesn't do any scheduling. You can do better than credit, so even if you have more virtual CPUs and physical CPUs, because there are others, other schedulers that come with Xen, such as RTDS, which is a real-time scheduler, should still allow you to run more virtual CPUs than physical CPUs on the platform, while still maintaining real-time performance and real-time, still providing real-time guarantees. That said, there is nothing really better than the null scheduler, because simply it's the best, does nothing. So if you want the minimum possible latency and assign fully a CPU core to a VM, the null scheduler does exactly that. I see a question about how do you change a scheduler. So it's very easy to do it from the boot time. You just pass these options, CAD equal null, and that allows you to change the scheduler used for all CPUs from the default, which is credit to null. So in fact, if you want to try real-time, that is the quickest and easiest way possible, just switch to null. Now, this is where things get interesting. So you would think that using the null scheduler is more than enough to get real-time. Unfortunately, things are more complicated than that. On most RMSOCs, including the reference board that I used for this presentation and demos that you see later, the Xaliens UltraScale Plus and PSUC, there is a share that you cash on the board, plus a private L1 cash for each core. The share that you cash is shared across all cores. What that means is one application running on one core, doing heavy memory operations, can affect the performance of another application running on a different core. So in this picture, for instance, something running on core 4, my heavy memory operation, like memcorp is in a loop, end up causing cache-line evictions. Therefore, when your real-time application running on core number one is running, it might actually end up even missing a deadline because of that. So we started the presentation saying that hypervisors should guarantee interference, free systems, right? Interference should be free from interference, even from a real-time point of view. But due to the L2 cache, unless we do something specific and special, there is no way to avoid L2 cache interference. This has nothing to do with hypervisors per se, by the way. This is just a property of the SOC. So it could happen exactly the same if you're running an application on Linux on one core and another application on the same Linux on a different core, just because a shared cache is present. So what's the solution? The solution is we want to really ideally split the cache lines, split the cache into separate subsets, and give each VM one subset. So the hypervisors should be able to split this cache, this L2 cache into subgroup and dedicate one group for each VM. That way, one VM cannot cause interference to the other VM. So this technology is called cache coloring, and let me provide a bit more detail. So the idea is really to understand and study the way memory addresses that end up being related to cache lines in L2, and then make it so that one VM end up always using the same set of cache lines, which are unique and different from all the others. And that is implemented by choosing carefully the memory to allocate to each VM. If we choose the memory in a way so that when the VM does actually memory accesses, end up always using the same set of cache lines that we chose, then the problem is solved. And, you know, on the Xilinx and PSOC, it ended up being one page every 16. So it means allocating for one VM page zero, page 16, and so on, skipping the one in the middle. Let me, I'll answer the other question at the end, which I'll keep forward for the moment on the presentation. So the way we implemented the cache coloring in Xen, first of all, we automatically detected the way size, which can be done via registers, or it can be also passed via common line option to override or making sure that you set the way size correctly. On the Xilinx and PSOC, the way size is 64K. Now, 64K is order 16. That means you have 16 bits of address to play with. 12 bits are dedicated for the offset within the page, right? We cannot really allocate memory at a finer granularity than a page. That means we have four bits left to specify the color. The color being the minimum set of cache line that we allocate to each VM. So if you look here at the slide, you see the color bit mask being 0XF000. This F, these four bits are the one decided the color. This is how memory address end up being either one color or the other. Because there are four bits, that means there are 16 possible colors. We call them by numbers. So on the Xilinx Ultra Scale Plus and PSOC, the colors go from 0 to 15. And again, the memory allocation is page 0, no, no, no, no, page 16, and so forward. The next thing we did is we created, we wrote a new memory allocator. So the traditional memory allocator is called Badi on Zen. And what we did is added a new memory allocator that is colored. So understand colors. What it does is keep pages on list, one list for each color. So as we have, again, on Xilinx and PSOC, we have 16 lists, one for each color, page ordered by address on each list. So basically you ask, please give me a page from color number three. And you pick the page, the highest, the topmost page on the list for color three. The color, the color allocator can be used for both Zen memory as well as pure tool machine memory. When I say Zen memory, I mean the memory used by the hypervisor itself. Okay. Now, if you're interested in trying this out, this is the right time to pay attention. So on the slide, you see the configuration needed to get cache colony working. The way size here on the first line is an optional command line parameter for Zen to specify the way size. Again, optional because under normal circumstances, it can be automatically detected. The next two parameters are really fundamental. Zen colors specify the colors to be used for Zen allocations themselves. So for Zen memory, that's going to be used by the hypervisor only. The hypervisor does not use much memory at all. So one color is more than enough. Dom zero colors specify the colors to be used for Dom zero memory allocation. Now, I think this is the right time to stop for a second and explain how colors and memory allocation interact. So on acceleration PSOC, each color roughly correspond to 256 megabyte of RAM. That means if you specify Zen colors equal zero, you're giving up to 256 megabyte of RAM for Zen memory, which is way more than enough. And when you specify Dom zero colors from one to six for Dom zero, it means you have up to one gigabyte and 256 megabyte for Dom zero. This does not automatically mean that you are allocating one gigabyte and 256 megabyte to Dom zero because you still have a separate parameter, the good old Dom zero mem parameter to specify the memory for Dom zero. The reason why we kept it separate is to have maximum flexibility. This way, for instance, you can decide to not use all the memory possibly available from these colors and because we want to reuse this color in another VM. For instance, you could even create a VM that partially shares Dom zero colors and partially does not share Dom zero colors. And the reason for sharing colors with Dom zero could be to set up a ring in memory for communication to exchange data and so on.  And you really are the maximum possible flexibility in setting up the system. Now, of course, if you choose color from one to six for Dom zero, that covers megabyte. But then you ask Dom zero to be allocated to gigabyte of memory. That is not going to work, right? That is going to be a failure, an error message, and you have to try again configuring the system. Dom zero less Dom use and other Dom use. So Dom zero less Dom use are other virtual machines that are started directly at boot by XAMP. So they are booted in parallel to Dom zero and without Dom zero having to do anything at all. These Dom zero less Dom use have their own configuration, which is specified on the device tree. So like all the other parameters for these Dom zero is Dom use, we added one option in the device tree to specify the colors is a bit mask. So in this case, color 0x80 means actually color number seven. So that is to specify color seven for these Dom zero less VM, which you see later in the demo setup is the one doing actually latency measurements. Finally, we have one option for regular Dom use. So these are the ones that you start normally after Dom zero is fully booted from the command line with the Excel tool. And you do Excel create to start these VMs. There is one more option called colors to specify the ranges and the list of colors that you'd like to dedicate for these Dom use. All right. I want to show you a bunch of benchmarks and results that really show you and highlight the value of this technology. The benchmark will run on the Xalynx and PSOC. The VM to measure, to take measurements, is a little Bermetal application. A Bermetal application is just an app running in kernel space written in C with a few libraries that are for drivers for accessing the UART. But basically, it's not even our ANOS. ANOS is smaller than a unique kernel. It's really very tiny. And that makes a great testing or environment because it's very controlled. We are also using a Bermetal application for causing stress on the system. So mem copies and so on. The color configuration is here on the slide. So we chose two colors, for example, because we had to spare, but actually one is more than enough. We chose four and seven for the motor control Dom U, eight and 11 for the first stress Dom U, 12 and 15 for the other stress Dom U. And then we also had a Linux VM doing stress as well. But let's jump to the results. Yeah. First, something very important. So as you try to reproduce these numbers, at first attempt, you might see something slightly different. And that could very well be because you end up using the L1 cache all the time instead of the L2 cache. Now, this is critical. So these applications that we use for tests tend to be very small. As we said, Bermetal application maybe. So they end up maybe fitting entirely into the L1 cache. And if so, the L1 cache is going to mask the interference effect on the L2 cache. To actually be able to measure the L2 cache interference, you need to make sure your L1 is not really masking your interference effects. And one way to do that is a bit rough, but it works is to issue cache cleaning operation at the right time during the cycle of the benchmark. All right. So the first set of results are related to motor control execution time. So we're running an example routine, as example routine to control a motor, and we are measuring the time it takes to run this routine. The first slide here is showing the results without interference. So it's really here just as a reference. The column on the left is the Bermetal application alone. The second column is Xen without cache coloring. So the Bermetal application running as a DOMU on Xen. And the column on the right is the Bermetal application running as a DOMU on Xen with cache coloring enabled. Lower is better because it's the time it takes to run the operation. And it's in nanosecond. And it's in nanosecond. The leftmost column, the one of the Bermetal application alone, is actually quite large. And that's because there is a bit more variance on the results compared to the Bermetal application on Xen. So strangely enough, without interference, it's better on Xen than alone. This is a bit strange, but it can happen sometimes with virtualization. But I think really the important message from this slide, the takeaway message is they are all below 2000 or 2050 nanoseconds. Now, let's add interference. We add interference. We see that the Bermetal application goes above 6000 nanosecond. So it gets far worse. The Bermetal application running on Xen without cache coloring also get worse close to 8000 nanoseconds. While the Bermetal application running on Xen alone, with cache coloring enabled, so not alone, with another VM doing interference, it's still the same value, still below 2000 nanoseconds. So this is, I'll take the opportunity to explain how we added interference. So in the case of the Bermetal application, we are running another thread on a separate processor doing interference. In the case of Xen, we are starting a different DOMU, a different VM, running the Bermetal application doing interference. So we can add one more. This is with two threads doing, two VMs doing interference, so two processors being used to do main copies. The Bermetal application still get worse. The Bermetal application running on Xen without cache coloring, which is the second column, get close to 10,000 nanoseconds. So again, get worse. But the Bermetal application running on Xen with cache coloring enabled, it's still fine. So the effect is minimal, still around 2000 nanoseconds. We can increase interference yet again by adding one more process doing main copies. And we can see the Bermetal application get worse. The Bermetal application running on Xen without cache coloring gets close to 12,000 nanoseconds while the Bermetal application running on Xen with cache coloring enabled is still below 2000 nanoseconds. So we have a summary slide here where you can see the same result you have just seen just on the same slide. So the first two columns are Xen without cache coloring and Xen with cache coloring. Without interference. And then the second two columns are Xen without cache coloring with interference. Final column is Xen with cache coloring and with interference. So here you can really see on a single diagram how Xen without cache coloring goes from below 2000 nanoseconds to close to 8000 nanoseconds. And Xen with cache coloring enabled is basically stable. There's a minimal, minimal effect. The second benchmark that we run in my interest you even more is about interrupt latency. In the sense of the difference between the time when the interrupt service routine runs and the time the interrupt was expected to fire. The timer that we used is a timer in programmable logic but you should be able to reproduce these results on any of the timers on the Xilinx and PSOC including the TTC timer and the Arch Timer. So these are as before the results without interference. The Bermetal application alone is below 500 slightly below 500 nanoseconds. The Bermetal application on Xen is around 2500 nanoseconds. The column in the middle is Xen without cache coloring. The coloring on the right is Xen with cache coloring. The reason why without interference the interrupt latency is higher on Xen that's because on ARM the interrupts get delivered first to the iPervisor and then the iPervisor injects a corresponding virtual interrupt into the virtual machine. So the code path is longer on when running with Xen or any other iPervisors so the RQ latency is going to be a bit higher. Again the takeaway here though is not really the little difference but that they're really below 3000 nanoseconds around 2500 and you see a muzzle jump when we increase when we add interference. So adding interference causes Xen without cache coloring to go above 10 000 nanoseconds and then with cache coloring as usual as before to stay the same to stay at 3000 nanoseconds. So the effect it's really small really minimal. Note that the Bermetal application also jumps forward significantly in proportion to its 500 nanoseconds of interference but in absolute number it's lower than with an iPervisor. So we added one more thread causing interference doing mem copies and again Xen without cache coloring goes to close to 15 000 nanoseconds Xen with cache coloring is still at 3000. And yet again we add one more source of interference and the Bermetal actually I don't have the number for the Bermetal application but the the number for Xen without cache coloring go a bit higher again and the Xen with cache coloring is extremely stable. So this is just a diagram as before to see all the results on a single diagram. As you can see the Bermetal application get a bit higher Xen with cache coloring is basically stable as 3000 and Xen without cache coloring is really suffering from interference and the latency really gets higher. So in conclusion Xen with cache coloring offer much lower execution times for your motor control routine under stress. It also offers much lower IQ latency under stress and even more importantly it offers a much improved determinism on the results. And in fact the results have far far lower variance compared to Xen without cache coloring. So Xen cache coloring is effective to reduce cache interference and I think it does enable deployment of highly sensitive real-time workloads on Xen. Now what I want to show you is ah well status. I have before before showing you a demo I'm going to give you a quick update on the latest status of cache coloring. All the patches are public and online as exiling Xentry. The latest branch is released 2021 and has all the cache coloring patches. Make sure to enable cache coloring in the k-config of the hypervisor if you want to use it. The up streaming has yet to start but it should be started soon. The other limitation that we currently have is there is a missing component in Linux. Today Linux expects to be mapped one-to-one which is not the case when Linux is running Linux expect to be mapped one-to-one when it's running as DOM zero on Xen on ARM. It's not the case when you enable cache coloring. As a consequence PV drivers don't quite work correctly. So this is one of the things we're going to solve we're going to solve in the remaining months of the year. So by the end of the year we're aiming at fixing this issue. But today if you're doing a static partitioning setup so all resources directly assigned it will work just fine. So only if you use PV drivers like PV network or PV block you can run into issues. Okay so let me show you the demo setup. There is Xen running and I assign color zero to Xen. Color one to six to DOM zero. DOM zero is just a normal Yocto Linux build. The Bermetal Latency Measurement application is just a tiny application built with Exiling SDKs. Exiling SDK comes with a way to build these tiny Bermetal apps in C that runs in kernel space. And I've wrote one that measures latency based on the TTC timer. And also there is another Bermetal application that we're going to start by hand from DOM zero to cause memory stress. The Bermetal memory stress application has basically no output, no console, nothing. Just doing mem copies. The Bermetal Latency Measurement application the one on the right the blue one has the TTC timer directly assigned and the second UART directly assigned. So that you can see the output. On the screen I just copy pasted the interrupt service routine just to give you an idea on how the latency is measured in the system when the interrupt fires. And I also copy pasted the interference main loop as you can see is actually quite trivial. All right it's time for the demo so let me share my screen. It's going to take some time. So here I am booting first the system without cache coloring enabled. So while the system setups I can also show you the configuration for later when I'm going to boot the system with cache coloring enabled. So this is a U-boot boot script that I'm using to add the configuration parameters of boot. And as you can see here I gave one gigabyte and 200 megabyte to the zero one virtual CPU. I chose an out scheduler. I also set up VW-5 which is a very important parameter if you want to minimize latency. I specified way size equal 64k also it should be automatically detected so it's not really necessary and then color zero for Xen and color one to six for DOM zero. Here this is the configuration for your DOM zero less DOM U and as I mentioned on the slide I gave color seven to the DOM zero less DOM U. See if the system is starting. There's TFDTP in the binaries. So here Xen is starting then DOM zero. In parallel in meanwhile the DOM zero less VM is already started and you can see it's taking measurements in nanoseconds. This is my second UART. I'm going to go back to the first UART. DOM zero has finished booting. If I look there is one VM running without a name because this is the DOM zero less VM. It does 128 megabyte of RAM. I'm going to start now the additional VM causing interference and the colors really here don't matter because I compiled out the colors coloring support but this is what you're going to see later when I do it with cache coloring enabled.  So here it's jumping four from 4300 to 10,000 then 16,000 and it's basically staying at 15,000 nanoseconds. So there is a very significant jump in interaplatency. Now I'm going to reboot the system by making it boot then with cache coloring enabled and it's going to take some time for the reboot so bear with me but what you'll see is that there is no effect close to no effect of the interaplatency when cache coloring is enabled. The board is running here on my desk at home by the way. If you hear the fan noise that's what it is. I'm ticketing all the binaries as really not the fastest way to boot but it's extremely convenient for development and testing very easy to replace the binaries as you need. All right now I'm going to scroll up and show you that DOM 0 boot is sorry then a boot is going to print all the interesting configuration including the way size, the color bits in the address, the maximum number of colors, the size of each color in table memory. The color chosen for Xen is a bit mask so that's color 0. The colors chosen for DOM 0 which are 1 to 6. The colors chosen for the DOM 0 less DOM U here. Yes so here the interaplatency well it's already lower actually than before 2,900 nanoseconds but most importantly we're going to start as before the stress VM we should see that there are VMs running now and as you can see it's pretty I mean there is barely no jump in latency. All right I'm going to stop sharing now and take any questions that you might have. So yes so the first question is about whether there is any benefit into segmenting the cache. Yes there is definitely a benefit as you saw from the benchmarks and it really see it really shows when there is interference so this is very important actually. If you don't have any interference in the system actually not only there is no difference but it's better to allocate the memory continuously so the more continuous the allocation is the better are the caching effects. So if you have a system that you know there is no interference you do the measurement and you are surprised that cache coloring is slightly worse that's not surprising that's normal so cache coloring the purpose of cache coloring is to prevent interference effect. So yeah so you need to have a source of interference in a separate VM to really see the benefits of this technology. The slides are definitely available for download and they're going to be available I already provided them to the Linux Foundation so you you'll be able to download them on and as soon as the talk sends. Are there any other questions or observation on this technology or the benchmarks? I know there was a lot of data on the screen so if you want to go back to one of the slides just ask well Xen so Xen is the name of the iProvisor that was chosen to base its work on. Technically the full name is Xen project but in the community we typically refer to the iProvisor as simply Xen and the name goes back to 15-20 years now so you know when I say Xen cache coloring what that really means is the cache coloring feature for the Xen iProvisor. Any other questions on the slides the benchmarks or anything? I saw one so yes Xen so we colored Xen too so the so hi Yan so yes so the Xen itself it's colored so the text of the Xen iProvisor it gets relocated in a color fashion so that the colors are respected. Otherwise yes you're completely right without coloring then you will end up with the issue of by any I mean using any of the iProvisor services you might end up trying to cause interference that way that is prevented and ensured by colorings and itself and was actually quite difficult to be honest with the maybe the most interesting and challenging part of the project to achieve because it involves that you can imagine copying the Xen text into you know striped fashion and creating a contiguous mapping of it is very technical. So the Bermetala high allister so if you're referring to the to the RQ latency so that's normal ah you mean the the one for not the other one right you mean the I take you mean the test the the routine I bet you mean this right so yes it's surprising that Bermetala alone is lower than Bermetala Xen without interference however this is the data and the university on Modena guides that run this benchmark were extremely thorough and they run thousands of iterations this is not the first time I see results like that where running something on Xen is faster than running it Bermetal is not that Xen is magical it's just that when you enable virtualization you enable some characteristic of the micro architecture that end up speeding something up so it's surprising yes I agree but the other things that is surprising is look at the variance so the variance goes from 1700 to 2100 is a huge variance on the results while on Xen the variance is minimal that is surprising too that's cash coloring affect cash locality yes it does affect the cash and it does affect performance that's normal in so of course normally when you have a Bermetal application running natively the old cash is available to you if you use cash coloring you effectively limit the size of the cash for the given application so you're really going from a much higher cash size to as much smaller cash size so it does affect performance and so here on this result is not actually visible because it's well it's it's in fact faster but if you run a more complex or a larger benchmark you should see a bit of a slowdown this is what I was saying before right if you run a benchmark without interference you should expect the cash coloring will be slightly slower if cash coloring is faster it's surprising right it should be slower without interference it's when you add interference they're really cash coloring make a difference because it prevents interference from having an effect yeah it's it's surprising so I as a reference this is the second of the third time that I saw that something running on an hypervisor is faster than not running it on an hypervisor and it will it happened on x862 in the past so seeing it with my own eyes so it's it's rare but it can happen all right I hope you enjoy this presentation so if you are interested in in more first of all yes download the slides you make them available immediately after the presentation and stay tuned on ZenDevelop when we are going to post the cash coloring patches soon probably in the next month or two you can already try them out and I'll show you again the link actually is later and you can test it yourself at home and you should definitely be able to reproduce these results yourself that's the link with all the patches so that's it and thank you all for joining


Now we present Herbert Marshall as the man called X, the Friday night feature on NBC's five-show festival of comedy, music, mystery and drama. Brought to you by RCA Victor, world leader in radio, first in recorded music, first in television. By Chesterfield, always milder, better tasting, cooler smoking, plus no unpleasant aftertaste. And by the makers of Anasin for fast relief from pain of headache, Neuritis, Neurogia. Herbert Marshall as the man called X. Wherever there is mystery, intrigue, romance in all the strange and dangerous places of the world, there you will find the man called X. It's Frankie Carle at the keyboard, playing one of a medley of hits from his new RCA Victor album, Cocktail Time. In this exciting new album, you'll find 16 of Irving Berlin's Best, a selection of songs that are among the greatest hits of the last 30 years. Ask for your album copy of Frankie Carle's Cocktail Time at your record dealers. Listen to it. You'll hear the smooth, danceable Carle flavor as he ripples through such romantic melodies as Deeper's The Ocean, Say It Isn't So, All Alone, and many more Irving Berlin favorites. Yes here, Frankie Carle's Cocktail Time, a brand new album release by RCA Victor. Blazing rays of the equatorial sun, a new nation has been born. The fledgling Republic of Indonesia, proud and strong, the young nation faces its future with confidence and hope. A confidence and hope shared by the man who leaves the government building at Padang, Sumatra. Not a chance, Chief. I just got word of it here in Singapore. He was Jim Martin, all right? That's right, and this time it was out and out murder, no accident. Yes. Chief, do you remember the Daryl Mercader? Perhaps. Well, they're at it again, being very patriotic about it. They want all foreigners driven out of Indonesia, and they want all of her oil to be nationalized. That nationalizing of oil gag makes a fine excuse to overthrow a government that's working with the Western democracies. That's right. They're taking all the risk and only asking for a royalty if they manage to tap a new field. That's why the Daryl Mercader will do anything to stop those wealths from coming in. I've already got my tickets, Chief. For Padang, Sumatra. That looks like oil derrick rigging you're unloading. Ain't sewing machine parts, Mac. You must be Brad Kelly. What makes you think so? They told me up at the office that I'd find you down here loading equipment for the test bill of our keen. Who are you, Mac? My name's Ken Thurston. That don't mean nothing to me. What's your racket? Come on, spill it. I want to know what you can tell me about Jim Martin's murder. Oh, I get it. A company snoop. Well, you better steer clear, Mac. Why?  That's why. His outfit's paying me to drill a test well up at our keen. I got trouble enough without trying to play copper.  All I care about is my job. I know I'm going to get for bringing in a well, you savvy? Sure. Just like it was back in 39, isn't it, Kelly? 39? The year the Russian oil fields at Baku were being modernized. What does that mean? They hired some outside help to do the job. One of them was an American oil super. By the name of Brad Kelly, remember? Oh, here we go again. Hello, Mr. Thurston. All right, Pagon. How much do you want? Exactly $163.29. How'd you know I wanted money? What else? Please, Mr. X, besides you owe it to me. I'm what? Sure. It was pretty expensive for me to follow you here from Singapore, and I couldn't charge at the airplane for penis, you understand? What airplane? Why, the one that's going to fly us to Mr. Kelly's oil well near Ahin, Natch. The man who wants me to fly him to the oil fields at Ahin. That's right, Mr. Ohn. What's the reason for flying up there? You always ask your passengers leading questions. That's rugged country. The natives are pretty rugged, too. Traveling up there can be dangerous for a man. But not for a woman, eh? Thurston, I'll do almost anything to make a dollar. What makes you think I wouldn't? Might be a good answer for Zell Schmidt, but not for the man called X. Ah. Pagon didn't waste much time, did he, Federica? Talks pretty freely for ten bucks. Was it worth it to you? Yes. I like to know all about the people I'm flying. Just, uh, idle curiosity. No. The Daryl Mercator. What's their connection with you? None. So far. That's the way I want to keep it. Hmm? You're not satisfied? Should I be?  Okay, Federica. Let's go. Here we are, gentlemen, in the Ahin oil field. Somebody beat us up here. That red plane on the strip? Sure. It belongs to that oilman who is the boss around here. Brad Kelly? That's the Joker, yeah. Him and me are the oldest and dearest of friends. No wonder it didn't cost him anything to learn that I was a man called X. Are you kidding? It cost him exactly ten bucks. Oh? That's what I thought. Looks like ten dollars is Pagon's standard fee for treason, Ken. Treason? Now, what kind of talk is that? I was only trying to see that nothing happens to this oil well. I was only trying to... Yeah! Yeah. Yeah. Looks like you got here a little late, Pagon. It's already happened. Look at that rigging. Look at it. Now, that 24-hour shutdown.  I believe you are forgetting something that is more important, Mr. Kelly. Yeah, Songo? Like what? The fact that three men were killed in the Nitroglyphine explosion.  With their own blasted carelessness. Was it Mr. Kelly? Or was it the Darul Mercader? Now, look, Songo, for the last time I'm telling you to knock off that guff about the Darul Mercader. I don't want to hear it anymore. You get me? Knock it off. You're afraid of some truth in it? Thurston, what the devil are you doing here? We didn't settle anything about Jim Martin's murder at our last meeting, Kelly. Maybe that's the way I want it. What I said before still goes. Stay clear of me. Kelly's blowing our steam again, Songo. So it would appear, Frederica. But someday he will not find his safety valve in words. And then will come the explosion. But we forget our manners. I do not believe this gentleman, and I have met... My name's Ken Thurston. My name's Sunga Tabaran, Mr. Thurston. Allow me to welcome you to our kitchen. Thanks, Mr. Tabaran. Sunga's an oil geologist, Ken. Oh, working for Kelly? The Indonesian government has assigned me to aid companies such as this in whatever way that I can. Must be a pretty rugged assignment. What with Kelly and the explosions, the Darul Mercader? Oh, you overheard that. What makes you think they might be behind this nitro explosion? It was so predicted, Mr. Thurston. By Negara. Negara? Yes. A girl who gives dance plays with wayang. But perhaps you are not familiar with wayang. Yeah, they are puppets, aren't they? Used in shadow plays to tell stories about the past. And about the future, Mr. Thurston. The more superstitious of my people believe that anything the puppets say will come true, even if my people themselves must help bring that truth to realization. You mean they really believe that nonsense? Negara's wayang made two predictions at her shadow dance last night. Both came true today. What were they, Sunga? They said that smoke and fire would cover the great iron tower and stop its beating heart. The nitro explosion. And the other prediction? That a great bird of the skies would land here today carrying with it a devil god. A devil god who would be known by the symbol X. Hey, I don't get it, Mr. X. What's all this yackity-yack about devil gods and dances and daryl marqueras? What's all that got to do with drilling oil wells? That's what we had to find out, Pagan. But why munk you around with all this mishmash if you want to know who's throwing gringes into the oil wells? Just ask me. You've got it all figured out. Sure. It's that Sunga Tabarak. Very interesting. It's got to be him. Why? That's besides the point. Anyways, if it's not him, it's that Kelly Joker or that gorgeous geranium Frederica. That's a cinch. I don't know if I could ever get along without you, Pagan. Thank you. But someday I'd like to have a try. Here's our tent. Let's go in. Well... What's so well about...where? I did you welcome in the name of the holy triad of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. Well, thanks, baby. Are we...hmm? You must be Negara. That is so great one. High Priestess of the Wayang.  What makes you think we're here for that reason, Negara? It has been so predicted by the Wayang, great one. And whatever is said by the Wayang come to pass. Have they told you who these selfish interests are? It is to be told tonight that a shadow play in the jungle to the north. Be there, and you will see until for yourself. Until then, great one. Sure, baby. Good... Bye.  Hey, Mr. X. I doubt it. But here... I'm just caught. Hey, what do you know? It's a Charlie McCarthy. It's a Wayang. A shadow puppet that tells the future. It is?  That's right. Then what is it doing with that? With that? Oh, oh, Mr. X. Yep. The hilt of a dagger-pagan. Sticking out of his chest. We will continue with the man called X in just a moment. And now here's Ben Crosby with a word about vacations. Oh, Ken, when you mentioned vacations, it brings a tear to my eye and a lump in my throat. Poor Uncle Herbert. Well, what happened to your Uncle Herbert? Uncle Herbert loves to fish. So on his vacation, he hide himself off all alone to a secluded spot way back in the woods. Poor Uncle Herbert. He forgot his fishing pole? He forgot his chest to feel. So friends, take a tip from me, whether you're packing to take off for the weekend or for that long-anticipated vacation. Pack a couple of cartons of those milder chest to feel. When you take off on a trip like that, you like to go where you want and do what you want. So take along the cigarette that gives you what you want. Chesterfield. Chesterfield gives you its famous ABCs. Always milder, better tasting, cooler smoking. Plus, no unpleasant aftertaste. Yep. The country's first and only cigarette taste panel reported of all brands tested. Only Chesterfield leaves no unpleasant aftertaste. Vacation time, anytime. Take Chesterfield with you. Now act two of the man called X starring Herbert Marshall with Leon Balasco as Pagan Zelschmitz. Invaldex believes that the Daryl Merkeda, a subversive organization, is planning to overthrow the Indonesian government under the smokescreen of a cry for nationalization of oil. He's in the wild northern country of Akin, where the success or failure of a test well being drilled by American interests might determine the success or failure of the Daryl Merkeda's plans. What kind of a sucker are you anyway, Songa? There's no oil here. If you can sell Kelly on the idea of drilling further north on my land, we can all get rich. I'm afraid, my dear Federica, that the welfare of Indonesia is a bit more important in my estimation than your personal gain. Okay, okay. Wave a flag if you want to. But nobody gets anything if you don't hit oil here and you're not going to. You sound pretty sure of that, Federica. I am sure. Kelly's drilled way below the limit of the other wells on Sumatra. And if that's not enough, ask Songa what the test-boring show. What do they show? Actually, very little upon which to base an opinion, Mr. Thurston. We must drill for many more weeks before anything definite can be known. By that time, my options will be up. I've got to start drilling on that land before then. Or I can't hold the leases. Sounds like Songa was right. You're more interested in making a dollar than in what happens to Indonesia. Sure I am. Why not? Nobody gives you anything for nothing in this world. Maybe we shouldn't expect it, Federica. All right, Ken.  Let Songa wave his flag. Won't do you or Indonesia any good. You'll never strike oil here. I still want to know why you're so sure. Two words, Ken. Darul Makeda. I don't get it, Mr. X. The oil well isn't working after the explosion. So why do we have to visit it at this time of night? It's a perfect time for the Darul Makeda to make a move. Easy now. We're almost there. See? The joint's empty. Any bets? What did that come from? Somebody working in the rigging. Oh, that's crazy. What could anyone be doing out here in this dark? They could be loosening the drill. So it'll fall down the bore. They could? It'll be weeks, maybe months of seeking for it before they could drill again. Plenty of time to start it. And finish the revolution. Come on. You can come out from behind that barrel now. What? Boy, look at that knife in his hand.  I didn't shoot him. You didn't? But what? Thanks, Megara. Megara? I had a presentment with the Darul Makeda night strike tonight. Looks like you were right. Good going. Hey, what gives with this cookie? She don't talk screwy like she did before.  But she's the one who brought the puppets to the tent. The one dressed like you. You were the knife stuck in him. No, it was not I who brought the wiring there. I found it when I came to the tent to talk with you. Huh? It puzzled me because it's apparent we're both fighting the same enemy. The Darul Makeda. Then you know they're trying to destroy this well. Of course. Just as they're attempting to destroy all Indonesia. We'll have to discuss it some other time. Your friends heard the shots. Yeah. When they got it. Where? I'll let you know. In the meantime. Be on guard. Boy with a luscious lollipop, huh? And plenty handy with that gun. I wonder. Are you kidding?  Just like that. What if she missed Pagan? Huh? She might have been shooting at me. I suppose you're waiting for me to thank you for last night, Thurston, huh? The rig is operating again, Kelly. That satisfies me. Good thing, too. I'd hate to hang for as long as it's going to take me to thank any stooge the company's put on my tail. Just stay out of my hair while I'm at this job. Ungrateful, Cust, isn't he? Well... He's not alone. You won't get any thanks from me, either. I didn't think so. Oh, why not? If that drill had fallen, the company might have given up this well. Then you'd have had a chance to sell them on drilling your property. Why should I go to those lengths when I've gotten inside track? Sunga Tabaran? You made another test boring today. From the look on his face, it wasn't too encouraging. Is that right, Sunga? What's right, Fritilly? The test boring. No good, was it? No. No, I'm afraid that it was not. No trace of oil bearing sand or shale? None, Mr. Thurston. I am almost convinced I should recommend another site for a test well. And little Frederica's got just the land for it, hasn't she, darling? I hate to disappoint you, Frederica, but the answer is no. What? There is much more promising land, geologically, to the northeast of our king. What kind of dirty double-cross is that? After what you promised me? I promise you nothing, Frederica. Don't give me that. If there's another test well, it's going to be on my land. Kind of a theoretical argument right now, isn't it, Frederica?  Give it a minute. What's going on at the well? The drilling has stopped. That excitement! Ken, that must mean that... That's right, Frederica. The wells come in. They've hit oil. You know something, Mr. X? I'm getting tired of wandering around this oil well in the middle of the night. Why are we wasting time here now? Because Brad Kelly is not in his tent. So what? So I want to see what he's doing in the tomb house. Hey, that's right. There's a light burning inside there. I wonder what's going on. Let's go in and find out. Oh, they're like that. The joint's empty. Kelly's not here. Take another look, Pagan, behind the desk. Behind the... But who would want to bump off Kelly? That Darryl Marquetta outside? Would you like to answer that, Sunga? Sunga? I do not mind, Mr. Thurston. Hey, reporting the thing at me. Tell me, how much did you learn during that telephone call you made? Enough. You're not an official representative of the Indonesian Republic. And you've got your own leases on oil lands northeast of Akin. They're rather complete, but hardly incriminating dossier. I wonder if the Darryl Makayla would agree with you. What do you mean? You were being paid to stir up revolution in Indonesia. What you were really after was to steer the test world to your own property, to cash in both ways. I don't think your bosses would like that kind of double-cross. I'll spare you the trouble of telling them. By locking you in this two-house, when the burning oil from the well strikes it, you'll be in no condition to talk to anyone.  But that well is not on fire. You're quite true, Mr. Zelsmit. But 15 seconds after I leave here, it will be. Good night, my friend. Mr. Rex, he means it. I'm going to burn in here. Burn to little pieces. It's no good we couldn't break down the door with a crowbar if we had a crowbar. Maybe we won't need one. Stand back. I think I did it. Come on, let's try it. Try what?  I fired at the lock. Come on. Mr. Rex, you did it. You saved me. That no-good sangha didn't get away with a thing. Didn't he pay gone? Mr. Zelsmit? Sure. It's just like I told you, Ms. Dawn. He shoved me away from the tool house and run inside saying he still had work to do. Poor Mr. X. Poor Mr. X is right. That tool house is a cinder. It looks like your friend lost all the way around, including his life. Don't say things like that. There's no other way to say it. Look at those flames. They did a fire. It's going out. Yeah, you're right. It is going out. Oh, it's gone. But what happened? There's the answer, Zelsmit. Coming toward us in the fire suit. He's taking off the helmet now. Huh? It's him. Mr. Zershin. So that's the reason he went back into the tool house. To get the suit and the carbon-tech equipment. Ha, you bet. Yeah. Well, well. Looks like we cleaned up another one, eh, Mr. X? Oh, no. Not quite pay gone. Huh? But the well's okay again. Yeah, but there's still sangha to baron. Oh, that's right. I'm not so sure you had to worry about him, Ken. What do you mean? I ran into the native girl, Negara, just before this shindig started. She brought something for you. Here. You mean anything to you? Hey, it's another one of those puppet things. Yeah, a wayang. Dressed just like sungha was the last time we saw him. That's right. It is. It could be his twin brother, except that it hasn't got a... hasn't got a... Mr. X. That's right, pay gone. It hasn't got a head. Our star, Mr. Herbert Marshall, will return in just a moment. If you suffer from the pains of headache, neuritis, or neuralgia, you should discover what many thousands have known for years, that Anderson brings incredibly fast, effective relief. Anderson is like a doctor's prescription, that is, Anderson contains not just one, but a combination of medically proven, active ingredients in easy-to-take tablet form. Probably at some time you've received an envelope containing Anderson tablets from your physician or dentist. Thousands of people have been introduced to Anderson this way. Try Anderson yourself the next time you suffer from the pains of a headache, neuritis, or neuralgia. You'll be delighted at how quickly relief can come. Anderson is spelled A-N-A-C-I-N. Your druggist has Anderson in handy boxes of 12 and 30 tablets, and economical family size bottles of 50 and 100 for your medicine cabinet. Ask for Anderson today. Now here again is our star, Mr. Herbert Marshall. Thanks for being with us. And my thanks to DJ Thompson, Piggy Weber, Will Wright, Gerald Moore, and Hans Konried. Next week, Ken gets an invitation to Leon in France. An invitation to a murder. That's right. And helpful as always will be correction. Leon Balaske will be there, of course, as Pagon Zelschmidt. Hello, Leon. So join us, won't you, when next I return, as the man called X. Good night. The man called X, starring Herbert Marshall, is the Friday Night Feature on NBC's five-show festival of comedy, music, mystery, and drama. Brought to you by RCA Victor, world leader in radio, first in recorded music, first in television. And by Chesterfield, always milder, better tasting, cooler smoking, plus no unpleasant aftertaste. And by the makers of Anderson for class relief from pain of headache, Neuritis, Neuralgia. The man called X is a J. Richard Kennedy production with music by Milton Charles. Tonight's story was written by Sidney Marshall. All characters and incidents on this program are fictitious, and any resemblance to actual characters or incidents is purely coincidental. Be sure to hear the magnificent Montague with Monty Woolley, formerly heard on Friday, now brought to you as a Saturday Night Feature of NBC's All-Star Festival. And until next week, this is Jack Latham saying, good night for the man called X. Next, join Roy Shield. Sunday it's The Symphony on NBC.


because the life expectancy is going up all the time. The downside is the pension scheme for the government pension is going higher and higher. So whether there is still a government pension when you retire, at the moment it's now, you've got to be 67, used to be 65. The governments have not gotten enough money and we have an ageing population. So they're going to keep pushing it. So when you retire, it will be 80. So do you want to start putting money away now for 60 years time? The reason why I do believe in pensions is because time is one of the biggest assets for money. Because so many people are hitting retirement age, not able to retire, having to continue working, nothing in savings. I think the average mean savings at retirement age is probably around 50,000 pounds in the UK. Now don't quote me on that number. It's about 75,000 pounds. Can you live off 75,000 pounds in your bank account for the next, now you said 30 years of your life? That's why I do encourage people to think long term.


With the noise and speculation surrounding Karl Kuzma and the Los Angeles Lakers opening trade scenarios for him. In this video I'm going to propose a few trades that I believe can benefit the Lakers and their future going forward into the playoffs as they need a little bit more depth to win an NBA championship and advance far in the playoffs. Karl Kuzma has been playing okay but he isn't that third option I think the Lakers are looking for which is why they're looking at trades for him. In saying that he's the guy that if he plays like last season could definitely be a third option so it's going to be interesting to see if he stays on this roster going into the playoffs or if he gets traded and in this video we're going to look at some trade proposals so if you have any in your own head let me know what trade proposals you think would benefit the Lakers in a trade for Karl Kuzma or do you think it would be more beneficial to keep Karl Kuzma and let the wave ride with him. They don't have a big three they have a dynamic duo and heading into the playoffs will that be good enough to win an NBA championship when you have teams like the Los Angeles Clippers who they have to face off against the Devin Nuggets which have a much better team in terms of depth overall not their star players but in terms of their depth they have a much depth heavy roster same with a lot of other teams in the league so there's one player that could be traded from the Los Angeles Lakers that the Lakers are now listening to office four and that is Karl Kuzma. Karl Kuzma is a decent player he's a guy that we expected to be a little bit better than the way he's playing at the moment but he has suffered from injuries this season only allowing him to play 26 games and only starting one game he's only averaging 23 minutes per game averaging 10 field goal attempts 12 points three and a half rebounds less than one assist half a steal half a block and 1.5 turnovers in other words he isn't really having the best season he's shooting 35 percent from 3 42 percent from the field and he isn't a third option on a team we have seen him come back from injury and play well he obviously had that really good half against the Los Angeles Clippers where the Lakers would end up going on to lose but as a whole is he the guy that you want to take in as your third option heading into the NBA playoffs and of course the NBA finals if they can make it there in my opinion probably not but he's also a guy that we saw last year average 18.7 points per game on 30 percent from 3 which he can improve on this season and 45 percent from the field on 15 shot attempts per game if he can average 18.7 points alongside Davis and LeBron then yeah he can definitely be that third option but Kuzma has been a little bit disappointing this season so it's getting interesting as to whether the Lakers will keep him or trade him and this is my view in this video we're going to look at some trade targets for the Los Angeles Lakers if they were to trade Carl Kuzma who could they actually acquire and secondly I'm going to give you my thoughts on if the Lakers should trade Kuzma or not but firstly I want to hear your thoughts before I get into my thoughts let me know down below in the comment section do you think Carl Kuzma should be traded or do you think he should be kept and why do you think that if you enjoy these types of videos please be sure to hit that like button let's see if you can reach a thousand likes for the next video it takes one second of your time and I greatly appreciate it if you're new around here and you haven't hit that subscribe button hit that subscribe button as well so you get NBA videos every single week and please if you're subscribed and you don't have the notification button on please hit that notification button so you get updated every time I post with that said I hope you guys are enjoying the last few videos that I posted on the channel I've tried to start off the year 2020 on a bang so let me know if you're enjoying them and without further ado let's get on to the video the last game against the Detroit Pistons we saw guys like Cadwell Pope Avery Bradley and even LeBron James and Javel McGee have some scary incidents now obviously most of those guys will be fine but let's say one of those guys does get injured and they lose a little bit of depth at the center position they seem to be okay Javel and Dwight Howe would seem fine and it's unclear if DeMarcus Kuzma will return but at the center position they seem pretty good not to mention they have the greatest power forward and center in the game in Anthony Davis but then you look at Avery Bradley and Cadwell Pope both of those guys had little scary incidents which obviously if they go injured in the future it's going to be hard to replace them at shooting guard they obviously have Danny Green but apart from that they have Troy Daniels who's a good shooter but you wouldn't want to go with Troy Daniels as your shooting guard and then when you go to small forward it gets even worse yeah you've got LeBron James but apart from LeBron you're really struggling you've got Jared Dudley but he's somebody you don't want to play unless you really have to and of course you have Karl Kuzma basically what I'm getting at is the depth on this team isn't that good you have guys that can play their roles but if they don't play their roles and they have an off night it's hard to win other teams like the Clippers have a little bit more depth and they can go to their bench with Lou Will and Montrez Harrell and the Nuggets have their depth the Utah Jazz even have some more depth as well and looking at their point guard position they have Rajam Rondo who looks really old at the moment and you can tell he's lost a lot of speed and agility Avery Bradley who's playing okay but he's also a guy that is a little bit unreliable on the offensive end he's a great defender but he won't give you a 20 point performance unless he does have a really good game and then you've got Alex Caruso who's a spar but he is in the starting point guard for the playoffs and Quinn Cook who hasn't really played many minutes so in my opinion the Lakers are looking to get a point guard which they have stated they're going after Darren Colson but who are some other guys that they can get in return. Dennis Schroeder is one he's had an okay start to the Oklahoma City Thunder he obviously is playing behind Chris Paul now and Shay Gilgis Alexander but honestly did the Oklahoma City Thunder really want to give up Dennis Schroeder when they're already in the playoff race at the moment and he's in the contention to win sixth man of the year in OKC. Secondly if a trade were to happen this would be something that I think would happen towards the end of the trade deadline when the Lakers have a bit more time to see if Kuzma is the right option and the Oklahoma City Thunder have a little bit more time to see how far they can really make it this season because whilst they may want to keep Dennis Schroeder and contend in the playoffs having a young Cora Shay Gilgis Alexander and Carl Kuzma alongside Darius Basely could be something they can rebuild with in the future because at this point they are a good team but they're probably not good enough to actually advance far in the playoffs but they have surprised a lot of people this season but if they did want to get a point guard that can play in the playoffs I'm sure Dennis Schroeder wouldn't be the hardest target to get considering Carl Kuzma is on a very small contract it's obviously what they'll be able to trade for with a guy like Intavius Cadwell Pope or Avery Bradley as well considering it's hard to trade a guy when he's on such a small contract the only problem is Cadwell Pope has a no trade clause and it's pretty unlikely that he'll waive it so that basically leaves Avery Bradley Avery Bradley on a $5 million contract Carl Kuzma on a $1.9 million contract it evens out to around $7 million and the Lakers would have some exception to where they can get a player for around $10 million or they can throw in more players to make a deal work which may be just enough to get them Dennis Schroeder who's on a $15 million contract but at the same time they probably wouldn't want to give up Avery Bradley Carl Kuzma and another player in order to make the salaries work out for Dennis Schroeder so Dennis Schroeder in my opinion would be unlikely to head to the Los Angeles Lakers one of the best trades I think that the Lakers could go after is a trade with the Detroit Pistons Carl Kuzma would actually be perfect on the Detroit Pistons to help rebuild this team they've got Sekou Dumboya who's 19 years old and looks like a very promising player Luke Kinnard who's only 23 years old and is a decent shooter and since they're looking to trade Andre Drummond and potentially Blake Griffin too they can probably get some future pigs and Carl Kuzma can help rebuild the Pistons as for the Lakers they're looking for a point guard so get Derek Rose on a $7 million contract who's actually having a very very good season and then if they can also throw in Mark Heath Morris who's only on a $3.2 million deal Mark Heath Morris would be a very good player for this team as well Mark Heath Morris would be able to replace Carl Kuzma at the power forward in small forward positions Derek Rose can replace Avery Bradley as you still have Contavius, Cadewell Pope, Danny Green, Rajan Rondo and all these other players Derek Rose would be the best point guard on the team apart from obviously LeBron and then you have an even better offensive point guard than Rajan Rondo, Alex Caruso and Queen Cook as Derek Rose is averaging around 17 points six assists two rebounds on 48% from the field 32% from three 87% free throw shooter he's playing really well this year we have seen LeBron and Rose play together before in Cleveland it wasn't the best fit but on this Lakers team it is a completely different roster so I would say that the way Derek Rose is playing now it would be exciting to watch Derek Rose on this Lakers team alongside Mark Heath Morris who could be a great player in the playoffs because then you've got Derek Rose, Danny Green, LeBron James, Anthony Davis, Dwight Howard, Mark Heath Morris, Javal McGee, Queen Cook, Alex Caruso and you can go into the playoffs with an even better roster than I think they currently have now at number three a trade with the Memphis Grizzlies to acquire Jay Crowder and Andre Gadala now this is a very interesting scenario and hear me out they can trade Avery Bradley, Carl Kuzma and possibly somebody else for Jay Crowder and Andre Gadala yes the Lakers may have to receive a first round pick or some other team gets involved to where the Lakers can receive something else like maybe more bench depth because at the moment I think they're giving too much up if they give up Bradley, Kuzma and some other piece to make the salaries work but if they can pull a trade off Andre Gadala is a multi-dimensional player who can play the shooting guard small forward and even at times the power forward just because he's such a good defender and Jay Crowder is a pretty good three and D guy a little bit like Mark Heath Morris now whilst the Lakers are potentially giving up more than they can take they know that they're getting some great veteran guys who know what it takes to get to the playoffs and win NBA championships well at least Andre Gadala but this is the way they're going to get Andre Gadala they make a trade for Jay Crowder throwing Avery Bradley, Carl Kuzma and another piece to make the contracts work and then they agree to a trade whereby the Memphis Grizzlies waves Andre Gadala and Andre Gadala agrees to sign with the Los Angeles Lakers because at the moment he's on a $17 million contract which means the Lakers are not able to get him but if they can agree that they're going to get Jay Crowder and then if Memphis buys out Andre Gadala they pay his contract the Lakers can get him in free agency then you have a good trade but I don't know if the Lakers would be willing to do that if they don't get any other players either because Carl Kuzma is still a very young potential talent who can definitely fit alongside Jarmaran, Jaren Jackson Jr, Dylan Brooks and Brandon Clarke and that would be a very nice rebuilding piece for the Memphis Grizzlies but the Lakers may want a little bit more in return either way they'd be getting some good veteran guys who they know would be very competitive and help them in the playoffs lastly the Lakers are looking at DJ Augustine as a trade target from the Orlando Magic DJ Augustine is on around the same contract as Derek Rose $7 million per season and he would be a guy that they could definitely acquire currently he's averaging 10.5 points per game nearly five assists two and a half rebounds shooting 39% from the field and 33% from three he's played pretty well for the Orlando Magic so far on 26 minutes per game and I think the Lakers could definitely acquire him based on his contract but would you trade Carl Kuzma for DJ Augustine probably not but considering the Orlando Magic just lost Jonathan Isaac on a knee injury that will keep him out for two months he was a great defensive player averaging 12 points and 6.9 rebounds the Orlando Magic are looking to replace him with a similar guy and that could be Carl Kuzma but at the same time the Orlando Magic would probably have to give up a little bit more than just DJ Augustine in a trade for Carl Kuzma and that means maybe they give up some of their bench guys but at the same time most of their depth revolves around getting guys on massive contracts Evan Fornie is on a $17 million contract Alfred Camino is on $9 million the Lakers cannot afford these guys which is why I think the trade with Detroit for Derrick Rose and Marquise Morris could be very beneficial for them but at the end of the day who knows where Carl Kuzma will be traded to and if he'll even be traded at all I want to hear you what you think down below in the comment section of number one the trades that I propose and if Carl Kuzma would be able to help this team in the playoffs in a tight situation as the third option with that said if you enjoy the video please be sure to leave a like let's see if we reach a thousand likes for the next video subscribe to show you for NBA content every single week and don't forget to hit the notification button it's me the boy and smith I am out peace