HBCU Digest Radio, welcome back. This is our presidential series, Conversations with Distinguished Leaders from Historically Black Colleges and Universities throughout our great nation. Today, we are privileged to be joined by Dr. Alfred Anthony Pincard, the Distinguished President of Wilberforce University, who is here today to talk about the Wilberforce Unite campaign. This is an ambitious and aggressive $2 million campaign over the next several weeks that the university will use to gravitate and attract support to the most distinguished Wilberforce University. So Dr. Pincard, a pleasure to have you on today. Thank you very much for this invitation. So $2 million over the course of what? 60 plus days now, are we below the 60? 60 days, yes. It's a very aggressive campaign as you indicated. We have a 90 day challenge and we also have a goal that will take us through December 31st. But this first 90 day challenge, we did it for a couple of reasons. The goal is intentionally modest, given the fact that over the last couple of years, we've not done a campaign and we're looking at this as an annual campaign and not a capital campaign. But we wanted to give some discipline and some rigor to our fundraising here at the university. And so we've established the Wilberforce 2000, 2056 Future Focus Campaign and it is online as Wilberforce Unite. The byline of course is when we become, we a little bit becomes a lot. We're also like, we also are in the process of establishing a culture of philanthropy here, Jared. And also establishing a sustainable fundraising and institutional advancement infrastructure for sustainable fundraising. And again, as I indicated earlier, to bring a discipline and a rigor to our fundraising efforts here. This is also an opportunity for us to take the appetite of our constituent groups with regard to their fundraising capacity and interest. So there are a number of things that are sort of embedded in the reason why we've announced the campaign. Typically as you know, an annual campaign would not require this kind of attention. But because over the last, as I indicated several years, we've not done a campaign, an annual campaign here of sorts. We wanted to give this a lot of attention so that we can begin, as I said earlier, to establish this cultural philanthropy. This is not a one time deal. This is an opportunity for us to fundraise these efforts every year, annually, to sustain the university and the work that we're doing here. And you've had some early buy-in from the executives, certainly from the Board of Trustees. You have announced a couple of weeks ago a gift from the Board Chair. And I think of the accompanying gift from his corporation, the Denny's Corporation. And you've had some other contributions. Talk about those efforts to try to cultivate that new culture of philanthropy. And how does the campaign build largely off the lead of those executives? Well, you know, we are in a particularly interesting and favorable space in higher education, as you know, I'm sorry, in the HBCU space particularly. And so gaining the buy-in from our Board Chair and Board of Trustees and other executive partners was not a difficult accomplishment, but it was essential. And so Wilberforce Unique Position as the first HBCU of its kind, private founded by people of African descent, four people of African descent, we find that everybody has a collective sort of loyalty and allegiance to that reality. And so Wilberforce, we've found that we've just not asked in any sustainable way in the past. And now that we have begun to ask, we see that people are very interested in supporting Wilberforce to make sure that Wilberforce can sustain another 163 years of existence. And so this has been exciting in that regard. And this is, and we recognize that over the last several years, much of the news about Wilberforce has not been particularly flattering. It has been, we've had our challenges. I mean, I'd be disingenuous if I suggested that we have not. And that has been the prevailing narrative about Wilberforce in higher education, that this is an institution that's small and that's really struggling. And so when we mounted this campaign, we were doing it in a way that would help us to understand how are we viewed? What is the collective intention and interest among people to support Wilberforce? What do we need to do to tell a more compelling narrative about the work that we're doing presently at the university? And so that's what we're finding. We're finding that people are willing to help us and of course we've engaged professionals to help us get in front of high net worth individuals so that we can tell this story and tell the story in a way that will invite investment. So there's an impression in recent months, probably because of being in college, that the mold of HBCU fundraising and fundraising is being able to gross a lot in a little bit of time. Do you think that that's an opportunity for Wilberforce? Or does it present a challenge in some ways because Bennett was so unique and how much money it raised and how it did it and how national it went? Is that something you look to duplicate or is that something you look to say, we can scale that or do what we need to do to accomplish our objective? I think it's an opportunity. We view it as an opportunity. I think what it says to me and I think many of my colleagues will suggest, will say that it suggests that there is a well a wellspring of goodwill out there for HBCUs that despite what we may have been hearing or in fact experiencing over the last several years, that there are people who are willing to step up and to give resources to these institutions if in fact we craft a very compelling narrative around our accomplishments and around what the work that we plan to do and the work that we're engaging in. Every HBCU has a compelling institutional saga. Everyone does and it all and every HBCU has a very loyal constituent group and the challenge however is crafting an institutional narrative as I said earlier that invites investment. Bennett was able to do that and they were able to do that very successfully. In fact, from all accounts, they exceeded the goal that they originally set and we think that it will before we can do the same. But of course, and this has been something that has been noted among professional fundraisers for several years now, people are no longer interested in giving to an institution to keep it alive. People are interested in investing in what they feel is something that is moving forward in a sustainable way that where leadership and the individuals that are part of an institution have outlined a plan that they are rigorous in terms of adhering to that plan, that there are metrics that they use in order to determine their success and there's institutional scorecards and ways to look regularly and methodically at how an institution is doing such that if I invest in you, I feel good that my money is going to be put to good use. And I think that that's the message that we want to give about what's happening here at Wobble Force and as we go out, we're asking people to invest in the work that we're doing here and I think that that's an opportunity and I think that Bennett sort of paved the way and the work that they did, the successful work that they did indicated that it can be done if one institution can do it, others can do it as well. So we look at it as an opportunity. That putting the funding to good use is critical because I think a lot of folks kind of orbit the stereotype of what happens to the money when I give it and you guys have laid out a list of priorities for the funding to attend to faculty, enhancing faculty, enhancing facilities or providing student scholarships. But one of the things that's hard to see is financial stability for the institution for folks who are listening who don't know what that means and don't know what it connects to in terms of university administration and good standing. Can you talk a little bit about that area? Absolutely. We have outlined the work that we have done here. We have outlined what we call six institutional value drivers, Jared, that frame and guide of the work that we're doing here at Wobble Force and these value drivers, operational efficiency, academic excellence, fiscal responsibility, student engagement, image enhancement, civility and kindness. These are the value drivers that again, frame our work. Every day we are speaking to, the hazing to assessing our performance against these value drivers. And we recognize, particularly for HPC and particularly for small special mission institutions like at Wobble Force, that the first thing that people will ask about is how is the money being spent, but more specifically how, how, what are the internal controls? How accountable are the individuals there who are responsible for the funding? Much of this has to do with long histories of mistrust that are sort of endemic to our communities, quite frankly. I mean, that's another conversation in terms of how in many ways we are mistrustful of one another. But nevertheless, I think that it is important to say to people that we have outlined, again, these value drivers, we've been very specific in terms of where this money is going, that internal controls, accountability, responsibility around our finances is something that we take very, very seriously. In the fullness of time, people will have to come to believe that. I'm a new president here at Wobble Force. I've been here a little over a year. I understand that there is some skepticism, but I have to tell you, Jared, that if I were to be paralyzed by that skepticism, I wouldn't get any work done. And so what me and my team are committed to doing is to give the message of what we are doing here with around fiscal responsibility and accountability and to simply do the work, simply let the work speak for itself consistently, regularly, again, with rigor and discipline as we move forward with this campaign. Excellent. So tell us, how can we give, where can we give? And if there are goals or financial benchmarks you've met, you know, to encourage folks to match that, double that up, we've gotten a huge folks listening. Please tell us all the ways we can make those contributions. You are a wonderful host and I appreciate your, that wonderful segue into, you can go to the website, www.wobbleforceuniversity.edu or www.wobbleforceunite.com. It pulls up the website and you can, and there's a link and it says donate here and you can click that link and you can actually donate. You can also see where we are in terms of what we've raised thus far. Now, we were candid with you as we're listening to our consultant, our fundraising consultant. We, this is, I had some good news today and some challenging news. The good news was that we have raised more money in this short period of time than we have in our immediate past. So in terms of trending, that's a good thing as you know, if you look at trend data. So that means in this small period that we've launched this campaign, the money that we've raised has been, this has been the most money that we've raised. However, if we look at the benchmarks where we would like to be ideally at this point given the $2 million goal that we have by the end of June, we still have some work to do. But we wanna be transparent and so if you go to that link, you will see the amount of money that's been raised to date. And so that's encouraging for people, particularly our students and our faculty and our alums. We have a segmented on all of those groups. They all have goals. We're working with students that are very excited about this, faculty as well, alums. And so we've gotten the family, the Wilberford family, the community really sort of galvanized around this effort and so people are very excited about it. We still have a ways to go, but and we are very, very hopeful, very strongly hopeful that we will reach our goal of $2 million by the end of June.


Okay, so we've been focusing in on the credit card. We've got our two bank feeds set up the credit card and the checking account We entered the information for the credit card So we might as well kind of finish it out round it out where we left off is this beginning balance issue So when we entered the data from the credit card, it looks much the same as the checking account Except that when we pay for things with a credit card instead of decreasing the checking account We have an increase to the credit card account and then we're going to pay off the credit card account with Money that's transferred from the checking account now when we first put the credit card in place We have that same kind of issue if I go to the balance sheet as we do with the checking account Meaning if I didn't just start the credit card from this point in time Then I might have a beginning balance that's rolling forward from a prior period and I just want to enter like that Beginning balance. I have to enter the beginning balance to be back In balance and then I can move forward from there I would call that like the first kind of a bank reconciliation kind of situation We'll have a similar situation with the checking account with the first bank reconciliation It's usually more complex or could be with the checking account if you're using the bank feeds Not if you're not constructing your books with the bank feeds, especially if you're writing checks For example, it's likely that you're gonna have outstanding checks and deposits that you might have to deal with on the checking account side whereas with the credit card people often don't even do the bank reconciliation in part because You're basically constructing your books from the bank or the financial institution with regards to the credit card So for example, if I go back on over to my flu chart Remember that when we talked about the checking account We talked about the vendor side where at the end of the day cash usually goes down or a credit card goes up however We're paying for it for goods and services that we're purchasing and many small businesses whether they're using a credit card or whether They're using the bank can set this side of the system up Not only on a cash-based system, but on one where they're reliant on the bank feeds They pay for everything with an electronic transfer or with the credit card and that means utility bills phone bills, you know whatever monthly supplies and Then they wait till that clears the bank and record it with the use of the bank with the information from the bank instead of Recording it as the transaction happens and that works quite well with those kind of electronic transfers Obviously if you're using a credit card, then it works quite well the same way You're gonna pay everything electronically So you might just wait till it clears the financial institution and record the transactions from the financial institution credit card feeds bank feeds I But on the checking account on the customer side of things we saw that the deposits are not so easy Sometimes depending on the industry because you might have to have a cash register situation Where you can't just wait till something clears the bank or you might have to invoice which has an accrual component on the vendor side As the business gets larger then you might have to enter accounts payable Which kind of messes things up with regards to the bank feeds, but with the credit cards We don't have any deposit side really because all we're using the credit card for are the vendor cycle types of things for the payments And then we're gonna pay off the credit card Therefore many small businesses most will will just use the bank feeds to record everything and that means the bank Reconciliation is very easy like you could still do the bank reconciliation but There's not gonna be a difference between What's on your books and the credit card and what's on the financial institution statement at any given time Because it's not like you're entering the data and then verifying it to the financial institution You're entering the data from the financial institution So that means that you can kind of not even do the Reconciliations in that case because if this balance ties out you should be good But I still recommend doing them because if this balance ever doesn't tie out then you're gonna be like well What do I do now? I will the answer to that is you reconcile. That's how you figure out what the difference is So you could run into situations where you were somehow you got two transactions that were imported from the credit card So you doubled up or you missed some transactions for whatever reasons possibly there was a shut down on the bank feed data For whatever reason you're gonna have to figure that out. How do you figure that out? Well, that's the bank reconciliation or credit card reconciliation. So if you're if you're Reconciling everything is tying out. You might as well do the reconciliation because it'll be really easy to do and it'll give you that double Verification and help you verify and with this beginning balance issue It'll kind of demonstrate that beginning balance problem So I'm gonna imagine like this is our credit card statement, which is I set up just like a bank statement, right? So it's gonna have a beginning balance. Here's where the problem is. We had a beginning balance That that we didn't put that on the book So that's gonna be a difference and then all we had for the first month I think was this one payment that was in place and no other charges So this is gonna be the activity. This is the ending balance. The point is the ending balance Doesn't match what we have on our books as of this point in time So I'm gonna go back on over and say, okay, we've got to fix that I'm gonna go to the reconciled just so we can kind of see that reconciliations are Down on the accounting on the left-hand side. You might have to


All right, so I am going to turn it back to Dr. Clive for strategy number three. Well, I'm going to start with just commenting on a question and a couple of comments that I noticed as Mia was sharing. And one of the things that happens is any one activity and I'm going to call it an activity isn't strategic by itself. The concept here is multiple repetitions in so many different ways. And when we consider whatever it was that you might have tried. The issue was did you keep it in isolation, or did you take it into context. And it is a con sometimes in isolation it doesn't have enough meaning. Sometimes in isolation it doesn't seem real. Why am I doing this, even young children will ask why am I doing this. And sometimes they are not receptive. I have a lot of children who have. I want to say, because second French was my second language. It's a language that we had in our schools starting in kindergarten and growing up and then added languages after that I'm a fan and a student of language I want to just live long enough to add some more languages. It sounds like a strange geeky goal. But when I think about what I needed to do in drill and practice. The longer it stayed isolated, the less interesting it was to me as a young child. But if I could take it to a song to drawing to labeling to retelling to again back to using language, tying it to this third idea. The idea that it isn't about drudgery. I'm not talking about drudgery at all. I'm talking about in isolation without application doesn't make it memorable doesn't make it owned by the child and doesn't make it encouraged participation. So I was a child who didn't like to talk. I know that sounds funny right now. I was the quietest one in the classroom. And therefore when we did some talking activities in English or French and then in New Mexico and Spanish, the kinds of things that we were working with didn't allow me to apply it. The strongest application for memory trace with young children is also the idea of drawing labeling retelling, not just again one and done or not just here's what your center has in it. So the strategy is to use language and talk to draw to label to retell. Now young children will come to us with a drawing and some scribbles. And as drawing and scribbles they say, I wrote a letter to grandma. We're not talking about it being a letter to grandma in a negative sense. We're not talking about it being a letter to grandma in a challenging sense. You didn't write the capital. You didn't write that letter you didn't do this. This idea wonderful read it to me. So inviting them in from any one of these opportunities to take it further is critically important to be the companion to what we've been talking about learning and isolation, taking it to talk, repeatable long term memory, because in the long run. If we have word work, reading and writing, they strengthen and reinforce all learning. Someone said, there was an old cartoon that said, I taught him one child talking to another about their dog. I taught him that word. But I don't hear him using it. I said I taught him. I didn't say he learned it. I hope you can envision the cartoon I'm talking about. But the idea is even children recognize that when they take it to meaningful context. Then it strengthens and reinforces their own efficacy, their own agency, their own motivation. So all of these words are about coming back to long term memory. So children make up stories about letters, because they might have heard a song, they'll make up their own version of the song, and you'll laugh and giggle and not say, No, you didn't sing it right.  We're trying to honor the approximation. As children hone and develop their skills that go to long term memory. So talk, drawing, labeling, retelling, long term memory often doesn't get considered in early learning. It's just the Tuesday letter of the week, the Friday color of the week, we've got to build more depth and repetition and reinforcement and experience and joy into everything we're doing. So I give three examples from the classroom as we pull this together. But the idea that even though my examples may not have been the one that fit for you. To allow children talk while they draw is something I'm going to suggest you revisit in any language. So when I think about the idea of some children approach letters as drawing, many young children do, then they refine the form of the letter making. If they're talking about it while they're drawing, they actually are building language in their head to go to long term memory to be memorable. I think I started with one point related to this I know I did, but I'm coming back to it. Talk in the classroom, while labeling and drawing and writing is critically helpful to the child's own building of a memory trace. We do acting and drama from the very beginning acting it out. And by the way on apps, and then other devices, seeing playful characters acting it out is a form of role playing with children, and then technology. I've been a big fan and part of implementing cat technology, since I had an, oh I hate to say it 19. Well this almost sounds weird because of the year 1984. When we started the implementation of the California technology project, and so much of that technology was four pieces of software. Exploring language. Now look at where we are. This is an opportunity. This is learning together. This is growing together, and the student generated formats. My granddaughter told me how to change my wallpaper on my phone the other day to the color I wanted from the color I had. So technology they're growing up with. I want to think about digital native versus digital, not native, but I'm thinking in terms of how much it has changed in the years I've been teaching since we first started in technology. It's a tool, it's not the learning. It's a tool, and we need powerful tools. So our goal is to use language in all form. And to me technology is a language. Go to what I did when I was learning basic, we won't go there, but language in all forms drama reading drawing writing. I don't read slides to you, but these words are just too important to use them as language in all forms for our learning and technology uses language in a way that has grown so beautifully. That's what we're talking about. So our final set of seesaw lessons that we want to share with you come from our ELA blockboards collection. Blockboards encourage students to use language in all forms like Dr. Klein was just talking about. So they ask a guiding question that students explore in multi dimensional way so by writing through drawing with movement by acting it out cross-curricularly at home and at school which sparks connections in the brains and reinforces learning. So we're going to take a closer look at how a blockboard supports early literacy development by using that language that talking that drawing that labeling and that retelling that is what Dr. Klein was talking about. So I'm going to just pop right in to a kindergarten block board called how can I tell a familiar story. So like with all of the other lessons that we shared, our block board also starts with an instructional video where Dr. Klein talks about teaching students in Turtle, his friend, how to retell a familiar story. So I'm just going to play just a quick snippet of this. Well, great job. Sorry about that. Everyone, now that the wolf has run away, let's have the three pigs pack up to leave their mother's home. Oh, hey, Turtle. You directing a movie? Oh, yeah. I'm directing the three little pigs. And I just filmed the scene where the wolf runs away and leaves them alone forever. Awesome. So you just filmed the last part of the story. You must be finished. Oh, well, actually no. I'm about to start filming the beginning now. Please take your seat over there. I need to focus. Wait, wait, wait. You're just filming the beginning now? But I just heard you say the wolf ran away and leaves them alone forever. Uh-huh. Doesn't that happen at the end of the story? The beginning is important, but the whole story is important, Rainbow Bear. So that's just a little snippet of that instructional video that kicks off this lesson after students watch that, then they can click that arrow there. I'm going to just take them back to that homepage. And here on the homepage, students are going to be completing several activities over the course of multiple days. That allows them to practice retelling a familiar story. Let's take a look at this activity here where students have the opportunity to act it out. So Dr. Klein was talking about acting out in drama. So they have a video here that they're going to watch of a person using toys, retelling a story. The toys are their characters, and then they're going to go to this follow-up activity. They get to find three toys or objects to help them retell the story of the three little pigs. And they're going to line those up, and they're going to use that camera feature. There's that technology within Seesaw to retell that story. So there are multiple activities that they go through over the course of multiple days. They do have the access to that draft feature. So someone had asked that question again. So they can complete one activity. They can click draft. They can save that activity in Seesaw, and they can come back to that activity. And then when they're done over the course of several days, and they'll click that green check mark to submit that activity. But they're going to be drawing, they're going to be writing, they're going to be reading, and they're going to be using language in all forms, just like Dr. Klein mentioned. And this lesson does have a reflection activity, which students use to kind of reflect and self-assess on how they did. So we do have three blockboard lessons that we will be sharing with you. And as we said before, we'll share the links to all of these resources at the end of the session in one handy dandy participant handout so you don't have to look several places for it, and it will also be included in the follow-up email. Thank you.


Fatigue of a muscle happens when that muscle can't sustain its expected power output. So for whatever reason, the muscle is attempting to contract, but the contraction is not as strong as you would hope or you would expect it to be. There are two categories of fatigue, and it's important to distinguish between them. There is central fatigue and peripheral fatigue, peripheral, peripheral. Central fatigue is basically the feeling of being tired. Central fatigue comes from the central nervous system, so it's a message from the central nervous system, and it isn't an objective thing we can quantify. It's actually a subjective feeling. It's the, oh, really? I really have to run one more mile? Please no, I'm tired. That's central fatigue. Central fatigue usually comes first, and the hypothesis is that central fatigue precedes peripheral fatigue because it's protective.  I'm feeling kind of weary over here. Why don't we call it good before we start doing some damage? Peripheral fatigue is basically any decrease in power output that happens from the synapse or the neuromuscular junction on. So anywhere from here, this is my little skeletal muscle, from here on, this would be a possible cause of peripheral fatigue, so let me give you some examples. For example, decreased acetylcholine. Why would that cause fatigue? For whatever reason, you're firing, firing, firing, firing your somatic motor neuron, and the somatic motor neuron doesn't have time to replenish its acetylcholine reserves. You could actually run out of acetylcholine and therefore not be able to fire your muscle as effectively. This is probably not a factor in most situations. It might be a factor in super, super intense workouts, but in most situations it isn't. Probably the characteristic that does play a role most often is decreased energy supplies. That says energy, of course it does. And it's not just energy in the form of ATP, it's energy, it's basically the supplies needed to make ATP. And thinking back on your Bio 1 Glory days, you remember that we need glucose and we need oxygen in order to produce ATP. The glucose in muscles and skeletal muscles and in your body, glucose is stored in the form of glycogen. And glycogen is basically an animal version of starch in plants.  And glycogen is our version of this. Glycogen is how we store our glucose so that we can use it when we need it. Glycogen is stored in your liver and it's also stored in your skeletal muscles. It's the primary source of glucose during exercise or working out. If you don't have enough glycogen to produce sugar or produce your ATP, then that can lead to fatigue. This is actually the best hypothesis for what really is happening when muscles go through physiological fatigue. Oxygen is also an issue, though. And we know that we're going to talk about different kinds of muscle cells in the next piece and they use oxygen differently. And that oxygen is, if you don't have that, you're super limited in how much work your muscles can do.  And one of the things that they think might be a player is when we break down our ATP into ADP plus P, they think that the P, of course, they think that the P actually binds with calcium and then removes, like, makes the calcium unable to do, to play its role in the muscle contraction itself.  Those phosphates combine with the calcium and make that calcium unable to do its job of helping facilitate the muscle contraction itself. There's also an argument that maybe potassium is playing a role. And we know that in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, they serve as sodium channels, but potassium can also get through those things. And if the muscle fiber is stimulated over and over again, then sodium is going to get in, but also a little bit of potassium over time is going to get out. And you can imagine that that is going to change the membrane potential of the skeletal muscle cell. And if you change the membrane potential, you get more difficult to fire. Did you follow that? Of course. So potassium in the extracellular fluid, that's an argument that might be a case. They also think, and this one probably makes sense to you and you would have thought of this on your own, they also think that an increase in lactic acid might change the pH. Lactic acid is kind of a controversial subject and our understanding of lactic acid is changing a lot right now. And so they're not quite sure about this one, but it's something that we often think about. These things are physiological. This is more psychological. Although it's physiological in the sense that they do think there is a protective function in this like, dude, really, why do you want me to climb that hill yet again? That seems really crazy. In lecture, we will watch a video of Shawn Welch and Wendy Ingram in the 1997 Hawaii Iron Man. And we will try to figure out are those ladies experiencing central muscle fatigue or peripheral muscle fatigue?  Okay, so the next thing we're going to talk about are the different kinds of myofibers and it relates to this because these characteristics, these qualities are different in different kinds of muscle cells.


We have seen three distinct ways of describing regular languages finitely and these are either we can use a DFA to describe a regular language or we can use an NFA to describe the same language as well as we could have used an NFA with epsilon transitions in general to describe the same language and all these three are finite ways of describing in general what are infinite sense. Now, today we will find yet another way of describing the same class of languages that is regular languages and this will be done through something which are known as regular expressions. So, first of all I will define what are regular expressions now we say a regular expression R and I will tell you what this R is inductively, but first of all we fix an alphabet. So, let us say this is sigma over an alphabet sigma. So, we are now describing regular expressions over an alphabet sigma is defined as follows. First of all we have a base case we say pi epsilon and a regular expressions where a is a symbol over a is a symbol in the alphabet sigma. Now, certain notational remark as we will see every regular expression denotes a set of strings. So, this as a regular expression although we are writing the same symbol a and here also we are writing a this is a symbol in the alphabet whereas, this is a regular expression over the alphabet sigma and to distinguish these two uses of the same symbol a we put an underline here and typically in textbooks this will be written in bold. So, you see this underline bold phi bold epsilon and bold a are regular expressions what they mean what they denote that I will explain a little later. Then let me first let me tell you what are these expressions syntactically second our second rule is if R 1 and R 2 are regular expressions then. So, R we can put R 1 regular expression in a bracket this is the first or let me write it as a or without anything. So, that we do not get confused the other will be.  So, basically by saying this what we are ruling out is an infinite string as a regular expression. So, one point is all regular expressions are finite strings and they will look like they can be constructed in this manner using these rules. So, let me just give you an example first we can see suppose our alphabet is 0 1. Then this clearly is a regular expression because 0 is a symbol in sigma and therefore, this is a regular expression and another regular expression is this and now what I could have done is for example, I could have put a plus in between this is again a regular expression by this rule because two regular expressions in between if I put a plus sign then that means it is a regular expression and then since this whole thing is a regular expression therefore, this is also a regular expression. This is one simple example of making use of these rules to obtain a regular expression. Now syntactically these are the kinds of things these are the expressions which we call regular expression. Now, one point which we have to keep in mind this was an example and the point is every regular expression over sigma denotes a language and let us use this notation that if R is a regular expression then L R is the language denoted. Now, let me describe for the regular expressions what are the languages denoted by regular expressions and we will again to it inductively. So, let me write for the first this is the base case. So, we write denotes the empty language fine. Now, what does it mean see we said we can if we use this notation in other words I can write that if our sigma was the alphabet. So, what we are saying is L of the regular expression the language denoted by this is now clearly phi is a subset of sigma star and therefore, it is a language over sigma and this regular expression denotes that language which is the empty language. Similarly, denotes the language in other words. So, what is this this regular expression denotes the language which has one string and that is the empty string. Again this is a language which has just one element and that element is the symbol which was used to obtain the regular expression. So, that is similarly a law this completes the base case rule one and now for the other cases of course, this one just means you know brackets are used for convenience. So, we can simply say R 1 the same language as. So, R 1 is a regular expression if you put a you know brackets around it the language denoted does not change. Now, I can say R 1 plus R 2 denotes this is a non trivial case what we are saying is that if I take two regular expressions R 1 and R 2 put a plus in between then this expression denotes the union of the two languages denoted by the two arguments here.  This was our old concatenation of two languages all I am saying the regular expression R 1 R 2 denotes the concatenation of the two languages L R 1 and L R 2. That means everything here any string in this language denoted by this expression there is a way of breaking it up. So, that the first part is in the language of R 1 second one is in the language of R 2 and then finally, this again denotes the language L R 1 star. I should remind ourselves what this star was star was the cliny closure or simply closure and just to remember what if I have a language L then L star is what this is defined in this manner first of all I use the notion L 0 is epsilon language which has only the string epsilon L 1 is of course, the language L itself L n plus 1 is L concatenated with L n now I am giving it recursively what it is and then L star is simply the union of all these L i's and intuitively when do I have a string in L star if I can break up that string in a number of as if we can see a string as a concatenation of several strings each of which is in the language L then such a thing is such string will be in L star. So, if this is our definition this is our understanding of the sets denoted by these expressions for this simple case can we figure out what is the language denoted. So, let us use our definition here and we will do it the same way as we did here will go in from inside to out the 0 this denotes the language with just the string 0 1 denotes the language 1 we have we are just applying these basic cases now 0 plus 1 what it will denote it will denote the union of the 2 denoted languages. So, what is the union of these 2 clearly just the set which has 2 elements 1 is 0 the other is 1 and what is therefore, 0 plus 1 star this is simply this is our old familiar set of all binary strings set of all finite binary strings and this is the regular expression before we proceed we should realize one thing that it is possible to have several different regular expressions denoting the same language. For example, if you think a little bit you will see that this regular expression also denotes this same language that is the set of all finite binary strings though this looks very as an expression it looks very different from this one, but it is also denoting the same set of strings. Let me now give you a number of examples so that our idea about this regular expressions and what they denote that is clear before give I give you the some example more example we had already seen two very simple examples. There is a way of writing these things writing regular expressions so that we do not have to put too many brackets and that is as we use in normal arithmetic for example, if you say 2 plus 3 star 5 everybody will say that this means 17 and not 2 plus 3 5 into 5 25 why what is our actually we to see this if we put brackets and we could have put like this and then another bracket, but that is not necessary because we use the convention that this operator this binary operation has higher precedence over the other one which is plus. So, let me just see this therefore that this has the highest precedence and concatenation precedence of concatenation namely this one is higher than that of which is of course union. Now using that notion of precedence this I could have written as you see it is clear that this star it immediately binds to the one which is immediate namely this. Similarly, this star immediately binds to this one and not this whole thing and therefore it is 0 star concatenated with 1 star and then we are taking the star I should mention this this operator is called either closure or cleaning is a one of the founders in this area who was a logician done a lot of work to base the foundations of theory of computing. Now we will give the examples I have written a number of examples and you can see each one of them the each one of them is well formed using those rules of construction of regular expressions that is clear and also I am using the precedence which I explained that closure has the highest precedence followed by concatenation followed by plus. So, let us understand each of these expressions and what they denoting the sets they denote. So, alphabet here is binary 0 and 1 and this is saying if you see what it is saying that you can have any number of 0s followed by 1 followed by any number of 0s. This is what it is saying 0 star means 0 or more number of 0s clearly this means what this means to the set of all binary strings which has exactly one occurrence of 1 1 occurs the symbol 1 occurs in the string exactly once no more no less such a thing such a string may have only 1 and nothing else and that is allowed because you see this goes to epsilon or you know you take the epsilon this is set of all 0s 0 or more number of 0s in particular epsilon is there in this language here also epsilon is there concatenate epsilon 1 epsilon get 1. So, just a single 1 will do on the other hand if I take something like 0 0 0 1 0 0 clearly this can be this will be in the language 0 star and this also will be in 0 star and therefore, it is and it is not too difficult to see that this is precisely all those binary strings x as exactly 1 1 what about this now again you see remember this is our old friend which denoted the set of all binary strings finite binary string any string over alphabet 0 1. So, you are saying take any string over alphabet 0 1 concatenate it with 1 and follow it by the another string. So, what you are guaranteeing you are guaranteeing that the strings denoted by the set will have at least 1 1 it cannot have only 0s why because of course, you can produce only 0s through this or through this, but then we are concatenating this and this and this. So, one occurrence of 1 has to be there and why at least 1 1 you see they can be other ones also coming out of this coming out of this. So, therefore, this regular expression denotes the set of all finite binary strings in which there is at least 1 1 what about this now actually regular expressions are very easy ways of describing that something happens in a string. So, let us look at this it is slight generalization of the old thing what we are seeing is that any string in this in the language denoted by this regular expression it is clear that it must have the substring 0 0 1 why because how do you get a string in this language denoted by the regular expression by taking a string from this language taking a string from this language and putting 0 0 1 in between. So, 0 0 1 must occur and if we have any string the other way what I am trying to say is that any binary string which has an occurrence 1 or more occurrences, but at least 1 occurrence of 0 0 1 such a string will be in the language denoted by this regular expression because such a string is of the form x 0 0 1 followed by y this part is y x we can imagine we can think of x coming out of this part y coming out of this part and then we are concatenating these three. So, both ways it is true that the language generated by denoted by this regular expression every string in that language will have 0 0 1 and any string in which 0 0 1 is a substring will be in the language denoted by this. So, I can write in this way is the set of such that x has 0 0 1 occurring as a substring all right. Now, this is also not too difficult to see what the language denoted you see what is this is saying I take this particular part of the expression will denote a language which is precisely 0 or 1. So, basically either 0 or 1 so basically either this denotes the language with two strings which are the two bits and then you are concatenating with this. So, when you concatenate what you are going to get you are going to get 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 these four strings you will get and now you are taking the closure what would it mean that any string in which which can be broken up in this this this or this any ways that is you know something like I can say 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 right this would this string surely would come from the closure of this language which is the concatenation of just these simple one bits and in effect what is this saying doing therefore it is denoting all strings all binary strings which has even number of symbols right because you know you can see that is happening. So, this is all strings with even number of symbols all binary strings with even number of symbols and final example here is what this is any string this denotes any binary string similarly this denotes any binary string. Now what we are saying this part is saying what a string which comes out which is denoted by this regular expression is in the language denoted by this regular expression must begin with 0 and end with 0 and similarly this one must begin with 1 or end with 1. And then we are saying or it can be a single 0 or it can be a single 1. So, in effect what we are saying is that all that I can compress in a simple sentence that it is the set of all binary strings where the first and the last bit is same if the first bit is 0 the last bit also has to be 0 if the first bit is 1 last bit also has to be 1 and of course a single bit string which is 0 or 1 that satisfies that same property because that bit is both the first and the last. So, I can say it this way that this denotes the language the first the last bit can we generate epsilon can epsilon come out of this not really because the smallest thing that this can denote is 0 0 the smallest thing this can denote is 1 1 this is of course 0 and 1. Now makes sense because when you talk of the first and the last bit they should exist and therefore this is correct way of denoting this language through this regular expression. Then our next examples are from an alphabet which is a b c. So, let us take this the first one what is it saying by now you know this just means any string over a and b. Similarly I have one more such thing component. So, any string over a and b concatenated with a c followed by any string over a and b concatenated with 3 c this and then the then you can repeat any number of times 0 or more times. So, do you see that language denoted by this is the set of all strings over a b c where the number of c is even the total number of c is in the string will be even and by the way 0 is an even number and that is allowed. So, a string which does not have any c in it can also be in this language because we are taking the star of this whole thing. So, in particular it can generate it can it does have epsilon and epsilon you add with that to this you will give you you will get a string with no c's at all. Our final example here is possibly a little more advanced and you see whereas it is very easy through regular languages to see talk of strings which has some this substring or that substring right. For example, if I wanted a set of all binary strings which either have 0 0 1 or 1 1 as the set of a substring what I would have done I would have simply done 0 plus 1 star plus 1 star this will generate a string with 0 0 1 as a substring of course, I should also take care of 1 1 substring. So, that is this and I put a plus in between and of course, I should do all this. So, that we are not confused and this expression you can clearly see denotes the set of all binary strings where each of which either has 1 0 either has 0 0 1 occurring as a substring or 1 1 occurring as a substring. So, these kinds of things are very very easy to do it, but how do I specify through my device of regular like regular expressions. The set of all strings in over a a b c let me write it say of all strings over a b c which is a set of all strings over a b c which is a set of all strings the substring a c does not occur does not occur. So, what I said little while back was that when I want to talk of strings in which some substring or number of substrings occur that is easy, but what about this and contrast this with the d f a situation in case of d f a if I had a d f a which accepts all strings in which a c occurs as a substring in that d f a all I needed to do was to switch the final states accepting states with non accepting or non final states and that would give me this language the set of all strings in which a c does not occur as a substring. I can actually write a regular expression for this and in fact this is that regular expression can we understand this. So, of course such a such a such a string in which a c does not occur can begin with any number of strings no problem and then what we have what we are seeing is that I will have 0 or more strings from this language. Now, you see in this language what is happening if you have to get a c you know that you can get out of here any number of c is including 0, but then that has to be preceded by a b and. So, therefore, b followed by 0 0 or more c is again b followed by 0 or more c is in between anywhere you put a is, but you see when you put a is can come only a single a can come only after one of these of course you can put another a because in closure you can take any copies any number of copies of this, but notice it is not very difficult to see that the symbol c if it occurs it has to have b in front here in this part and therefore, set of strings generated or the language denoted by this regular expression does not have a c occurring. Now, we are going to prove something very important which is that regular expressions you take this infinitely regular expressions that is possible over an alphabet sigma with all these each one of these regular expressions because we know each one of these denotes a language. So, if you take this sum total of all languages which can be denoted through these regular expressions over an alphabet the class of languages that you get is precisely the class of regular language in other words what I am saying is that this is the class of regular languages just a picture to keep our ideas clear. So, you know each one here each element here is a regular language L 1 L 2 right each L is a regular language by this what I mean is for each one there is a regular expression which denotes this language that is one part and the second part is that if you take the set of all regular expressions over this alphabet sigma then these are now I am thinking the class of all regular expression each one again denoting a language each one of them is also regular. In other words the language denoted by the set of all regular expressions and the regular languages the class of all regular languages these two things are precisely one and the same and I will prove this. This as you can see requires two proofs direct way of showing this fact and the first one I need to show is that given any regular expression let us say r a large is a regular language and the second part will be a regular language the other way around given any regular language say L there is a regular expression say r such that the language denoted by the regular expression r is same as the regular language that you are given L today let me show you this part and we can take this part next lecture how do I show this the given any regular expression the language denoted is a regular language we follow the same inductive rules that we had for forming regular expression. So, as you will see you see that I had the base cases where sigma is the alphabet phi epsilon and a where a is in sigma these are regular expression. So, it is trivial to give for each one of these regular expressions some d f a or n f a to accept this, but for our purpose it will be simpler the proof will become simpler when I use n f a's with epsilon transition and what more in my construction what we are going to do is that as we use the inductive rules will keep forming n f a's, but these n f a's will and these n f a's will be n f a's with epsilon transitions which is because every n f a with epsilon transition we had proved last time that every n f a with epsilon transitions also accepts only regular languages. So, the n f a's that will define will have n f a's used in the proof of exactly one it is just easy for our purpose because you know this way we will be able to compose put together different n f a's of this kind and it will be very clear what they do. So, let me sigma is the alphabet and what is such an n f a for this for the set denoted by this regular expression that is of course trivial. Now, this is an n f a which accepts the language denoted by this regular expression it is clear to see, but point I want to make is as we are as we will do this please make sure that we keep this in mind that every such n f a will have exactly one final state and there will be no transition out of that final state. What about this one well that is also easy easy to see that this n f a accepts only this language and there is no transition out of this final state and similarly a is a simple and there is only one transition and that is on a.   So, let me draw a diagram so this is an n f a m 1 there is and remember that there is exactly one final state with no transition going out of it that is inductively I will assume so what is the point I am saying that this n f a accepts the same language which is denoted by the regular expression r 1. And similarly I have an m 2 inductively I can assume such that l m 2 is a law and I want to this is easy right this I want to get that n f a which will accept the union of these two languages and that is fairly easy to see how we can do it I will put a new initial state have epsilon transitions to the two old initial states and these will no longer be marked as final these two final states because I need to have only one final state and no transition going out of it this will do this is the new machine I obtain using these two and similarly you can see what is going to be for r 1 r 2 for the r 1 r 2 case I had the two this is the n f a which would accept the language denoted by r 1 and let us say this is the n f a case 2 n f a for r 1 n f a for and clearly if I just do this do not do not mark it as final state but have an epsilon transition from here and this is it. So why look at this I mean the argument for that will be similar so consider this combined this new n f a which is the first one n f a now for any string to go from here to here it has to first go from here to here and that means that string must be one in the language of r 1 the language denoted by r 1 and then it has to go the second part of the string will take this combined n f a from this state to this state and that can be done only through so this particular n f a just this part was accepting all strings which are in the language l r 1 this l r 2 and combined machine will accept a string if it takes the machine from here to the only final accepting state and that means it has to use a l r 1 string and then an l r 2 string. So therefore this n f a is the n f a for r 1 r 2 provided this is for r 1 and this is for r 2 and then we put this epsilon transition from here to here we change this final state to non-final state and there is again you notice our invariant that this machine also has exactly one final state and there is no transition out of it because r 2 machine also did not have any transition going out of it more interesting is the case of closure. So let me write that here suppose I have a regular expression r and the this is the corresponding n f a for r the language denoted by r and from this I would like to create or define an n f a for r star and I claim the this will be the n f a so I put a new state which is my initial state I put a new state which is the final state new final state. So this original n f a final state is now marked as non-final however I put an epsilon transition from this state to the old initial state and this transition is epsilon here I have an epsilon and there is one transition from this state to I claim this is the machine which will accept this language and it is not too difficult to see why because what is a string x in l r 1 and this is a string x in l r 1 and this is r star x such a string x can be thought of as x 1, x 2, x k where each x i is in the language denoted by r. So you see on such a string our machine what it is going to do it will first of all first of all it will take this transition to come here and then on x 1 it can reach this state and now it will use an epsilon to come back here then on using x 2 it can reach again this state on epsilon it will come here and so on and finally after x k it will it can take this transition. So therefore x 1 through x k this string can take this n f a from its initial state to one of the final I mean the only final state that is that it has also notice this language contains epsilon and this machine of course has epsilon because there is this transition which is there from the initial state to final state and you can also prove the other way round that suppose there is a string which can take the machine from this initial state to the final state then it is again not difficult by the similar argument that that string has to be in this language. Now one thing I should point out that you may be you might have been tempted not to put this state in state have an epsilon going from here to here. This epsilon has to be there because you know concatenation of strings in the language so that means from the final state there should be a transition back to the initial state but if you put an epsilon transition from here to here then that will not be correct and you can check that out. So what I am saying is that it will it would have been wrong not to have added this initial state new initial state and instead working with the whole initial state keep putting this epsilon transition and to take care of the epsilon that can be there or that has to be there in L R star if you attempted to add an epsilon from here to here that construction would have been wrong you can try to figure out why. In the next lecture we will do the second part what I am trying to say is that using this part what we have done inductively I have shown the for each of the base case I have an NFA which accepts the same language and inductively if I have two expressions R 1 R 2 and the corresponding NFS for them then I can combine these NFS to do for example R 1 R 2 or R 1 plus R 2 or for the NFA for R R star so this part of the proof is taken care of now in the next lecture we will take care of.


So we are the California Historic Group, it's a World War II living history re-enactment group that's been around since the 80s, it's a non-profit. We're kind of headquartered in Southern California, but we have members that go all the way up into, you know, Northern California. We as a unit are doing garrison troops for, at the time it was a 100-ligit military reservation, right, it wasn't a fort yet, and a lot of divisions came through here and trained, we thought it was best to do garrison troops that would have been stationed here. That's why there's no patches. We could not find any of the guys that were on patches that were stationed here. But I was, I was in RTC in college and I was just in the computer lab one day and I was poking around at World War II stuff and it's like, yeah, World War II, there's tanks, that's rad! So that, that was kind of how I, I do, and that was, that was 20 years ago. We've got guys that do all the major belligerents, American, British, German, Russian, and we'll do displays like this and public events and then we'll do private tactical events where we actually shoot each other with lengths. So we've had, you know, a hundred on a hundred with tanks and we did those actually camp Roberts. So we would stay in the barracks and we'd go to Tango Uniform and we would do full armored warfare on on camp Roberts. We're as excited as you are and vice versa which, which is, it's, it's fine, it's nice. I'm supporting the 328 medical hospital range this weekend. I'm a reenactor and when we were driving by I saw the tents in the vehicles and I was like, I got to stop. But right now I'm with 71st Pennsylvania Civil War unit and I've done some reenacting with the Great War Society down in Southern California. So in real life I'm actually a stagehand. So I worked backstage in theaters, rock and roll concerts, things like that. This particular setup would be 1942-43 somewhere in that era. So cartridge belt, this is a first aid pouch. I also have a bayonet. This is the longer version. This is one of those details where I said that changed throughout the war. It got shorter later on because this is the length they use in World War I but they changed the exterior, the sheath or the holster. I also have my canteen over here. This would have been your standard issue M1 Garand or Garand. It's a semi-automatic. It would hold an eight-round clip and it was loaded from, you'd put the, you'd put the magazine or the clip right on top there. You'd use the blade of your hand to hold the charging handle back. You'd push the rounds down in there. Based on the manufacturing year, it was sometime in 1944 that this one was made. It's like anybody else's hobby. You spend, you know, your time and effort and passion for it. Accumulating all this stuff and, you know, it just, it never ends.  I want stuff that's later in the war. I want stuff that's earlier in the war. It just, it never ends. But yeah, it's all my own hard-earned money going to something I love.


Welcome to Drinks Man Easy. Today, we're making the Tootsie Roll Shot. Yeah, I can't do that dance. That would hurt my knees.  True dat. To build the Tootsie Roll Shot, you start with half an ounce of vodka, a third of an ounce of creme de coco, and a third of an ounce of amaretto. Cap that off into a shaker tin full of ice and give it a quick shake. Strain to the shot glass of your choice. And there you have the Tootsie Roll Shot. Tootsie Roll, give my shot.  No.  That's pretty good. If you enjoyed this video, please be sure to like, subscribe, and click on the bell icon so you'll be notified anytime we make a new video.


Oh god. There is no professional way to start this video. Hi guys, it's me, Erin, back again. I promised, I promised on March 2nd I would reveal the winners of the raffle for YouTube. I would like to apologize in advance. The sound you're hearing coming from behind the camera would be hail and rain and sleet, which I'm gonna have to go out and walk through after making this video. So that's gonna be really fun. My apologies that I am not in my original studio and I do not look as professional as I did last time featuring my Sonic shirt, but you know that's what it, that's what happens when you work and deal with mental illness. Not every day can be your best. So all that aside, I promised that I would reveal the winners of the raffle today. Now there are a lot of you involved and I'm very grateful for everyone who has shown their support, already gone and bought shirts. Everybody who entered the raffle, there were close to a hundred people in it and I'm so happy. What you know, he used a random number generator, so if you didn't blame Google, not me, it's, I promise I just typed in a random number generator and I used that and I got five people. I think I should be able to pronounce everybody's name. If I don't pronounce it correctly, feel free to just destroy me in the comments. Just yell at me, put the correct phonetic saying and I'll, I'll feel really bad about it. I'll make sure not to do it again. But all right, winner number one, somebody who just put amber in the box. Obviously I'll be emailing everyone, so you will know which amber you are. We have Anya Orneles, which I probably didn't pronounce wrong. Anya, you can, you can roast me in the, in the comments, I understand. We have Hannah Hernandez, which I don't think I destroyed. Sam with two M's, Oronda, which again, I'll say Sam Oronda, because I'm a mess. And then somebody who wanted to go by DNSJDV. And those are the letters in the correct order. So you guys are, are winners. Congratulations. I'm gonna be emailing you from my Psych2Go account and we can talk about where to send things and shirts and all that jazz. You'll, you'll get an email from me. So if you didn't win a shirt, if you still really want to get something and you didn't win the raffle, I'm really sorry. There were a lot of people involved, but the bonfire link is still live. I just looked at it. It said that you can still order shirts are up to five more days. I think that's a bit different than what I said in the video and I apologize if I was mistaken. But five more days. We got, we got five more days to get as much as you want, to get whatever you want, and to raise money for both Psych2Go and Charity. And we're still working on deciding on a charity and I will definitely let you guys know what charity we ultimately decide on in the closing video when I get all gushy and I thank you guys again for all the hard work that you do and how wonderful of a community that you are. So I think that's all for now. Congratulations to our winners. If you didn't win, I hope you have a wonderful day as well. I hope you find random money on the street or in your back pocket. I hope you get a really nice meal tonight. I hope that your favorite movie comes on TV so you don't have to get up and or search for it online. I just hope you all have a really good day. Alright. And I'll talk to you guys soon. Thanks.


Check it, check it, check it, it's a unique hustle, it's your boy, E-C-E-O.  Hey man, you know my favorite guys here, man, hey man, hey, what's going on, Trostin? Oh man, not too much.  And I always tell you that, you know what I mean, like, how do you find the energy, man? I ain't got nothing to do with my life, yeah, yeah, yeah, I done everything, yeah, everything I ever wanted to be in life, I grew up and became it. Yeah. So yeah, now I don't know what to do. So when I see you, and you just up in the morning early, and bam, you off to the races, you come on and people in the comments be like, man, it's better than watching TV when I watch Trostin. Yeah. Well, I'm up early because I got to get my daughter to school and my son keep wrecking his cars. Wow. Yeah, yeah, so I can't lay around and be in bed and then my wife, she go to work early. For sure. Yeah. So yeah, I don't want to be left in the bed like Al Bundy, you know, with my hand and my britches lonely. Yeah. Yeah, I jump up and get in the car and yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Well, you know me, man. I'm always watching what's going on. It was a, at this time I had already said I was going to ask you about Alec Baldwin, two people shot on the set. Yeah. They were doing a movie. Two people got shot. The gun poser had blanks in it, but it ended up having real bullets in it. Yasta P said this wouldn't have happened if he would have been on that movie set to him because in the hood they practice gun safety. Yeah, that's a murder they go get away with. We don't know what Hollywood do. We know Hollywood do some, some strange things. Yeah. And yeah, that was, you know, that was an execution. Wow. You can't make me believe that was an accident. No, it wouldn't.  What the... It doesn't happen, but maybe years ago one time... Bruce Lee? Bruce Lee? Was it his son? Brandon Lee. Yeah, yeah.  So did.  Yeah, yeah, yeah. So now they lying.  And yeah, they put them in a movie so they can, yeah, they'll tell us anything. Yeah, I believe it might have been, was it one or two? I know one of them got shot. I don't know. Did both of them die? I think... I think one of them did. One of them died. One of them died. Could have been two. Both of them got shot. Yeah, I tried not to pay attention to white folks' news. Yeah. Why not? Because paying attention to what white folks do distract you from what niggas need to be doing. Whoa, that's a good one. I like that. Yeah, yeah, two white folks dying, 40 niggas died, but we worried about the two niggas accidentally shot. No, I got a 12-year-old kid accidentally shot himself and he got a limp. So now I don't cry with white folk. Okay. Yeah, when the Sandy Hook school shooting happened, I didn't cry with them. Oh, the trench coat. I mean... Yeah, yeah.  I don't cry with them. Yeah. And like I said, I think it was earlier, I heard that what, they got Fatty Wop, they locked him up. Yeah, he got a hundred keys. They had him with a hundred? A hundred keys, a cocaine, fentanyl, and haram. Dang. Say, listen, if I were him, I'd tell. How he got all that? Shit, a nigga came out. Yeah, a nigga, yeah, a nigga.  So yeah. Yeah, so he was the one that run it. Yeah, that's what the more African-proper motherfuckers say. No, you know he was a puppet. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, yeah, yeah. He had a big name, so they penned it. He the only name they mentioned it. That's the only one. Yeah, yeah. And it had to be more, it's always more too. And always more.  For real?  Yeah, yeah. But now, man, he might as well just tell on somebody. Telling is cool now. Is it cool? Hell yeah. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Not having loyalty, being dishonorable. Those are the new good traits of street guys. So yeah, man, tell. Yeah. Freddie White, if you can hear this, and tell on whoever you need to tell on and get back home to them kids, we'll still listen to your music. Yeah, yeah, yeah, we'll still listen to your music. Man, so it was a few cases, man. Where I looked at some things that were going on in the new NBA young boy. He's home now.  He has a house, man. They got him in Utah somewhere. He didn't come. He did not come back to his hometown. He wasn't going back down to Mississippi, Louisiana. Say listen. What do you mean he came? That's an approvation. Say listen.  I'm mad, then a motherfucker. What? That NBA young boy is free. I'm starting to petition to have him locked back up. What? Why? He's a danger to society. The boy got herpes. It's well known the boy got herpes. And he promote gun violence to black children. And he tried to be gangster, right?  All of us had to go do years. We had to go do seven, nine months and 23 hour lockdown. Yeah. Man, we had to fight Mexicans. We had to fight niggas. Man, and we wanted to be there on some of us. How is it these niggas can talk so much about killing but can't do years in jail? Wow. Yeah. I thought that's what made you who you are, nigga. That's when you got destroyed. Being able to jail, nigga.  Talk about all this killing in 979 songs. But you can't do time. You talk, killer talk, but you can't do this killer's time. Yeah. All his fans. We need him free. Well, y'all quit talking by killing people then. Because you niggas don't know what this come with. Yeah. He need to do by seven years. Pusha's didn't need to do by 12 years. Goyal need to get by 15 years. Who else in trouble? They need to put all the rappers away for at least eight to 15 years. And when them boys come home, they're going to be some of the best well-behaved, mountable, respectful citizens that our community could have.    He got an arch in his back that he can't get rid of. Say the nigga got some, he got some feminine sex appeal now.  Say that nigga got a, hey, he got a foot twist to the side like them girls. Take the picture. What Ply saying that song? He walk around the corner like he bow-legged when he been in the corner. That's how he stand and dance now. Yeah, like them bow-legged whole walk around the corner. That boy done been fucking. They done got him. They done got him. Yeah, yeah, somebody, they might not got him, but they, yeah, they got him.  Yeah, they took, yeah, yeah. Somebody got somebody. Y'all see him. Just check him out. He ain't gangsta no more. No, no, he real cool now. That's what I'm talking about. Wherever they send him, that's where they need to send all rappers. We need dancing rappers back. That nigga been dancing ever since he came home, man. Yeah, yeah, yeah. He been a dancing mother. He the new MC Hammer. Oh, in modern day time. Yeah, Bobby Smurder is the new MC Hammer. Boy, say, ain't he the new Elvis Presley? Don't nobody shake their hips like that, but Bobby? Say, you need to get him on her. I need to get him on there, man. He a wild boy. They need to put him in the Vogue magazine. Oh, that's the... Yeah, yeah, that'll take him to another level. Ugly and black as he is, he getting out with them poses in the Vogue magazine. They'll pick him up around the world. He'll be the new Grace Jones. I believe you. I believe you. Are you hitting it on the nail today, man? Yeah, man, I'll say, I'll say, I'll say, somebody got that boy.  He ain't dropped no new rap song. None. This nigga, yeah, this nigga, he really want to be... He want to be an Instagram model. I think that's what the boy want to be. I think they gave him a lot of money when he came home. I seen the Migos flew up and gave him back. Man. They gave him a potload of money when he came home. Yeah, they... Because they say he took some time for the other boy. Yeah, he didn't tell nobody, but they don't know what that boy had to do while he was in there. No, they don't know that. Yeah, yeah, for him to be behaving, how he behaving, or whatever correctional facility he came from, I recommend everybody go there. Whatever jailhouse they had Bobby Schmurder locked up in, they need to send go, yeah, yo, there. NBA young boy need to go there. Poo shiesty. Poo shiesty. And that's my doll. Yeah, they need to send a little poo up there, and a whole bunch more of them other motherfuckers. Them niggas that... Them Chicago boy... Yeah, they tell... They all need to go there and come out dancing, and we'll feel more safer.  Yeah, he chilling.  He ain't doing it like he was before he left. He was talking about with the hot nigga, and he was chewing with the hot nigga, like when I shot nigga. He was dancing in that video. Oh, but it was... Not like he or not, huh? He had a straight back then, and his shoulders was broad, and his feet was shoulder-width apart. Now he got an arch in his back. Yeah, your boy got an arch in his back now. Yeah, you know how when that girl in doggy staff position... I already know what you're talking about. Yeah, and she got that arch in her back, and she stretched out like a cat.  Yeah, that's how he is now. Wow. Niggas have stretched them out. So, I... Now, I was watching some... Really, when it got back to me, you had called a warden, is what it was being told me.  No, I'm just telling you, when it got back to me, did you call a warden on a boy? Was it Cripp Max Potten or something? Yeah, baby... Baby... Baby... OG Baby Snapped. Baby Snapped. Fifty-five street Cripp. They say he represents fifty-five street, fifty-seven street, fifty-eight street, rolling fifty Cripp. They say he a bad motherfucker. But what happened? How did he... He ended up... Did he threaten you? What happened? Well, I lied and said he threatened me. Yeah, yeah, I didn't say... I didn't lie on the whole. Okay, so... Did he... Did you... He had a cellphone or something. Yeah, he had a cellphone.  It yeah, yeah, I'm not you can't make me believe a guard with bringer in made a cell phone So snuck it through his ass and so how did you end up getting sideways with him? What what happened? Well, I was getting into it with I was picking on a five five crib Yeah, I was picking on him. Yeah, he heard my feelings online. Yeah, I was fond of him and he didn't know I liked him Okay, yeah, yeah, I thought he was like the says like the Cookie Monster on Sesame Street So I was fond of the boy. I thought he was a nice retarded boy Like radio Yeah, I thought he was like radio.  I didn't yeah. Yeah, I'm thank you. I'm thanking he like radio Oh, and they just letting him play crib. Yeah, I didn't know he was a real mother for a crib. Yeah, yeah Yeah, yeah, and today's time you couldn't make me believe Human could talk like that Yeah, he talked real different. Yeah, a human. I could you can make me believe it I didn't know I didn't know humans could rewrite a brain Yeah, yeah, yeah, I didn't know humans could rewrite a brain to make a two or five Yeah, I'm going to the stove. I'm going five the stove.   Yeah. Yeah, I'm a weather came Nobody whoop me online. That's why I like to stay online with the argue nigga whoop me offline. Yeah Yeah, yeah, yeah, that's why I like to fight online cuz nigga can't whoop me online. No, I've seen you take a many of my Yeah, yeah, so so I'm whooping him online. I don't know OG baby snaps got a phone in prison. I don't know this nigga can see me on YouTube He watching me on YouTube.  He didn't call me Charleston. He give me a name.   Yeah, you can't pick on me like I'm you Yeah, no, you get a nigga. I'm mad the motherfucker. You trying to talk to me like I'm you so, uh Yeah, I'm thinking how can I get these niggas?  They they shoot people. I call the police. Yeah. Yeah Yeah, I'm way more bad than them because they'll stop shooting if you call the police. Oh for sure.  Yeah, I already I seen that I got people telling me all this personal information in a circle Yeah, they telling me everything about the boy.  I can't read. Yeah. Yeah, boy. I can't read well So his mama didn't stay with him. They sent him home.  Yeah. Yeah, but I don't want to be homeless But listen, so let me stay on track.      That's it Yeah, no, he got to look at the fence if he can look back home. He ain't doing time.    So I don't know this is baby snaps in the thing, right?  I know that's you what you can't fool me. I know your voice baby snaps So that's how I knew it with baby snaps to somebody say I know that that's baby snap Oh gee, baby snap. I say boy. Look at these motherfuckers.   I want to put niggas in jail I want to put the gangster niggas in jail because boy, they seem to get together when they get to jail Some of the best things that ever happened to a black man is jail Yeah, he'd be the best man. He can be in jail. Yeah, he go to get in his push up Yeah, he learned how to eat right so the muscles can sit right. Yeah He started writing letters home Thinking about the wrong heat undone because he needs this bitch to send him some money So he started apologizing for things he should have been apologizing for so he can get that hundred dollars for the month Then he started calling mama Talking to mama a little bit more now the kids can get a hold of him kids can't get a hold of when he free No, can't nobody find this nigga when he free Now he telling the kids how to do good in school Now he telling his little brother now. He won't try to put the family together Then he pick up that Quran There it is then he grabbed that Bible you can't beat him every Sunday getting baptized at the Christian service You can't miss him every Friday with the Jew more Asalaamu alaykum. Yeah, he doing his five prayers a day.  They ain't touch that Quran They ain't been calling mama as much. They don't sit and talk to mama the things they were saying in the letter They ain't saying in person. Mm-hmm. They ain't doing nothing that they said they was gonna do They got all these plans that all these million our dream and all them niggas flop So here you are you got baby snaps in there with a cell phone He should be trying to get his life together.    Hey, I know how to get them niggas Yeah, these niggas keep ignoring the fact That I'm a community activist. Yeah, well documented a youth advocate law-abiding citizen Nigga, I don't play by street rules.  I Pay taxes I'm an election judge during the election. I'm the last nigga to turn the votes in in Tarran County I'm nominated to be a Elected official or precinct chair. I Teach at college universities Why would I let a nigga in prison trick me? Why would I let a nigga in the streets? Trick me to play by the rules. They losing by I Get it. Why would I play by the rules? They losing by ain't no nigga one by them rules that they play by Nigga, I'm over here playing by the rules where you win If you play by these rules you win Because these rules is defined as right not wrong So you niggas doing wrong Speaking against a nigga that's living right Say listen department of corrections and I'm gonna do it publicly Because I want to show people that it's okay to report crimes.  That's real. So I put another one.    We fur got together We knew it was she did me like that one time.   I Want I'm just documented. I studied law. I work on laws I'm gonna keep beating these niggas because they can't thank past their emotions. Wow, that's Charleston white man That's good stuff man. Say man. Yeah. Yeah So grip Mac is that one of the reasons why he? Called and told That boy Adam 22. Yeah, don't put him on the show. Well, you can interview anybody but not that custer Well, this what this what they don't want to admit did nobody show that nigga how to trademark his name till I said somebody trade Marking his name. Oh, so they done his name was open to be trademarked when I looked into it His name was open to be copy written when I looked into it after your show They got on it they got right on it notice now. He got a shirt with his little big head big head on it now He didn't have that before I started telling him he got the he getting millions of views He only charging two hundred dollars for interviews You get millions on some of the biggest platform in the world nigga. You're charging two hundred dollars I checked him about that name went up to a thousand Told him what he's supposed to be doing.  No way else.  He didn't know game related not gang related game applied means elevation Proper instructions motivate people.  I would really I would drop in game You know dropping something down on the ground for the hungry ham But I insulted him because he insulted me so I was being petty. Yeah, I was being wrong Yeah, yeah, I didn't have a good heart and a right heart when I was doing it. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, I know your retard Yeah, yeah.  Why wouldn't nobody else tell this guy about these opportunities?   I got people like her son Campbell info miles or say cheese TV Vlad TV They give me game behind the scene. Yeah, so it ain't for me to keep it to myself mm-hmm It ain't for me to keep it to myself But that was a that was a lot that was a good pass You put out the right way because like I said and they ain't I don't give you talk to them to the right way Like I said, okay, if you tell them right to him right now calm say try my name He's not gonna do it.  I won't get it.   I but I had two thousand dollars I got a thousand before the interview even jumped off and before we even push play to start the record I got another thousand right there. Wow Wow, but Dope interview I've been watching it.  Uh, but yeah, man, uh, just captivating and mesmerizing with truth Yeah, uh unadulterated Unapologetic truth. Yeah, I that's been the whole game for me whenever whenever I see y'all know already You can't deny that this guy is talented and what he's saying is going to help People from generations from now. Yeah, people people are going to see this and it can evoke change I already know that yeah, but if you can't understand that like I told you before Some people not gonna see it because they on a day and on a level to understand and let me just say this I'm not trying to help black people.     Yeah, I wanted to listen to a He said he said at first you say he didn't mean it, but he did mean it Let's listen to my spirit. Listen. Listen. My spirit showed me That's the one person And krim back has been understanding about me interviewing multiple rappers that are clearly uh people that don't get along with I agree.  Why who is this person?  I'm gonna set him up. I didn't come here. I'm gonna set it right there No, I said it's on camera.  So let me let me show you they reached out to me multiple times before this even happened My spirit says somebody in that place attached it at a set you up for something I hadn't had beef with california yet. No, okay, you see I'm saying So they so far from the south, they don't know about the spirit of the man He's they say like it. They don't know nothing about the spirit of the man Let alone in spirit and in truth Man, that's why I think I can't be touched nigga. I'm walking by spirit You you see what I'm saying? So my spirit showed me so I said no So when I've done the Vlad tv interview when they said I couldn't no matter of fact That's when they said I couldn't come to la I done the I come on now So I started to stop through the end. I said, no, I did the niggas did they killed biggie out here Wow, yeah, they did they used the muslims in the police to kill biggie out here. They set niggas up california is known for that So nigga, I ain't a fool But one thing I know about niggas in california They left a state And spread it out through the country and made a impression upon children. Okay, they didn't impress the men When they went back to california They ain't been bad since they made the ball as bad Ain't no niggas out of california been bad and ran nothing around here When the men realized what Crippin blood was they ran them niggas out and tried to deal with the boys that were left behind Falling them niggas.      But what they won't tell us is ramon washington got away from the crips because he didn't like guns So the crips killed them But they honor him But they don't tell us he did like guns And he started moving more toward black liberation in the black panther party Ideologies he wasn't subscribed to no motherfucking white boy street names That's ultimately ran by meskens So when that niggas said that I already know what the spirit of california has They don't have the spirit of us niggas down south california forgot Every niggas that started a gang in california Come from down near here from the south mississippi texas louis anna tooky william ramon washington All of those children who started sets up there Are children from the south The niggas that picked up gangbanging they ain't from down here. That's why they so goddamn weak They can't chop wood. They can't fish. They can't do nothing. They jump on women.   I don't know man I don't talk down on black women. I don't talk down on women period I talked to a punk-ass niggas sitting on the internet watching listening to somebody and they motherfucking feelings And then got the nerve to say what you would do to somebody for talking Yeah, he he definitely he was very keen to say Uh, I set him up and that and that was the reason I wanted to you know talk about and address it because that's a serious statement to say You know the way he said it. I I said it man. Didn't you hear The tone of his voice. Yeah, I heard it. He was real He meant that I set him up see but what happened When when you make that statement You're in the you're in the heat of what you feel all his facial expression and everything you've seen it He's in the heat of what he feels Once the feeling go so that's this is why you shouldn't rely on your feelings once the feeling leave That initial feeling has other feelings. That's attached to it Whether you admit it whether you process it or not You have to hear shame in the new video I I got here. Yeah, you do shame now. I'm watching watch this. That's what's so They shamed now. Oh niggas was just talking. Do you feel me? Play it back. Play it back. Play it back. Play it back. Play it back. Now this is the second video where they they come together after they got the backlash after they got the backlash After we made the video after we made the boss talk video. Here you come. Now watch the here you go Do you want to speak on it? You're gonna speak on it. I brought the the the thing is is First of all niggas was just talking. Oh, he sounds so humble referring to it. I don't care.    The white boy man That's some I I'm gonna say this because I gotta say this when I seen the way uh, atom 22 It isn't an atom 22. No jump. No jump will say He reminded me of uh, jerry hella on straight out of compton I'm telling when I was watching him because jerry hella after they made that diss song on that movie straight out of compton. He was like We gotta do something. How did they do this because he was trying to he wanted to try to make sure he keep the control See see over the situation with those guys because that's what jerry hella was doing He was trying to keep that control. He he was embarrassed for for them even being because they called him out Like you when you were speaking you said, uh You said that's the the boss. They have to go to their boss And and I could feel it in his spirit when he said that when you said that He felt some type of way because he was being exposed for really what was happening.   We came now man So when I see them niggas on there And they come back and double down on their words.  I had niggas.  I stand on everything.  I want to be wrong Man, well, you should know niggas sometimes I want to be wrong.  Wow Yeah, um went went when I listened to him because I was like dang man when I seen it Only when I knew it because you had went live. I said, oh dang. What's going on?    That's the thing to do Why you think they got all niggas babies? Even bruce jenna come be a niggas get him a niggas.      Well, he he said we Looked up that he was a krip something I never looked that up.  Okay Yeah, come to california. You want me to book my own killing? You want me to pay for my own flight?    I don't think yeah The question he had asked because I was like man really he was like, uh, so Well, he thought he felt like he was like it's some nasty, you know guys out here in la That's what he said. Well, no, no, no. He said something about uh If if if I think if I would come with the sheriff them with ad them then uh It's nasty niggas everywhere. That's what I said See that see that listen they really think they really think that california is the badest place Have you ever seen a california niggas come down here and be bad? No, sir. They're not You ain't never I ain't never known for a california niggas to run a prison. No, world No When I hear about california niggas when them niggas get past arizona in the feds They ain't tough in dc When them california niggas in the feds and they on that east coast they ain't tough When they gotta be somewhere in new york philadelphia dealing with them chicago niggas them niggas ain't tough They only tough close to california were the base of creeping bloods off But if they get away from that base You start to see them niggas with them small legs and them big chests and them big arms them niggas really can't fight They ain't swung no axe You what what big black boxer y'all know come up out of cali Name one. They ain't got no history of known boxers like philly dc texas. They don't got that no Them niggas ain't now homie. So they want us to believe from the movie colors. That's how they got us hollywood helped them niggas They was aided by hollywood man So they didn't do this on their own They didn't just show up in our city and say we did now niggas. They was aided by hollywood Because hollywood got the script from them niggas even broke back mound Wow, yeah, them two Crip niggas in the mound together.  So they went up in the mountains and done it That's charlston white. Yeah. Yeah No, I'm saying I'm just saying but it's just crazy like I said when I when I looked at the way uh the way my guy man, uh Ad he was trying to hold it down for him after that he said I like, uh, you know He he said he did a title say I like racist white boys.  Yeah, I love And I'm like What is he Homing into these things for uh, well could they love white people? They love california is a liberal state Well, what is liberalism?  It's okay We go come out together.  Wow. So They think it's okay to lay in bed with a white person In harmony you ain't never seen a blue bird in a red bird flying together Nature don't do it So why these niggas trying to force us to do it? The real white boy don't do it The real black boy don't do it So why they trying to force us to do it? Wow I'ma I'ma I'ma ask you this question about uh, it's one more thing.  No, no, there's no way in the world We sitting at the table with the white boy and he get to be treated like us He when he came talking we listened I couldn't adam couldn't be in the room with us. He couldn't never talk.      Where they do that at?    I'm so sorry.     I had to get chosen back in there the niggas podcast Yeah, the niggas podcast. That's why I brag about raping the white girl.    I am i'm trying to divide the world against california not just texas oklahoma Mississippi alabama i'm trying to divide black people against the crypts in the blood and if that's california So be it but it's against the crypts in the bloods. I ain't saying nothing about oakland.   They talked that crypt for the died.   That's what they do. Yeah.   That's why that dash is there a nigga. How you done lived your legacy You left these Actions behind For people to speak on when they great actions you speak on them When a man dies and he's left the world with great actions, we speak on his great action. We give him holidays So how is it that we can speak when they great? But not when they fail When they shamed Because he died a dope fiend. Yeah, because he was killed by his own set I wonder why nobody talks about the fact that nipsey hustle was killed He was a rolling 60 killed by a rolling 60 In the presence and in the hood of rolling 60s Nobody speaks about that. Why wouldn't the people be mad at rolling 60s? Why don't nobody shame the 60s? Wow Why don't nobody talk about the fact that this man had made it out of the ghetto?     Uh to say nan and aniboo to the kripp and blood niggas in texas because I'm the only nigger in texas They got to go to the funeral. I got to go with the rolling 60s.  You had to be from california to have a ticket.  Hold on.   So that's what made me want to go So I also wanted to go to tell these local kripp and blood niggas You niggas ain't connected like me in california y'all can't go and I went with the sick We I wouldn't even have tickets. We stormed our way in We parked next down to Bentley trucks before niggas man.  Yeah to a certain degree uh So after the funeral I got left in the nape in the rolling 60s neighborhood at the main house Before I realized I was there by myself kind of like the movie training day. Mm-hmm. I'm hearing guys say say who who occur Oh, man, that's that skull partner. He from texas See what's up with him?  I'm left here in these niggas neighborhood home uh My behavior and where I conducted myself, you know left an impression upon them I don't know nobody I don't know nobody But I'm fearless And and and and I'm and I'm looking and observing and paying attention. So they befriended me Uh In and and we became pretty close. So I know they feel some kind of way about the things that I say But they're not on this journey with me See a lot of people get left behind Man, I haven't been around the world twice in one year and in knowledge In knowledge So what I speak on I speak on what's against us And when as a as a black man who worked with children as a youth advocate When I look out into american society The greatest problem we face in this country is gangs That's our number one enemy Our number two enemy is fatherless homes. Wow. That's our number two enemy I think a lot of times like I say when I when I hear people criticize or talk They don't do their research properly on who you really are They look at the most of them are gravitating to you for the truth But there's a lot to Charleston white when it's a lot to unpack when you're looking at the whole You know movement the whole evolution you got to be real you got to be in in tune to be able to see it, man They they're not ready for that.       This one right here boy. Hey, I every time you don't miss with Charleston Yeah, you know you can't miss with it man and everything that you do man Like I said Everybody needs to stop and tune in because it's some truth that can evolve It can it can you can get something from it. Yeah, see you see a lot of people talking You can't get in front.  Hey man. Oh, hey, man We go we go leave with leave you with that right there man. Appreciate you for coming on the show We love you man. Oh man anytime on check it man. It's been another great segment of boss talk 101