Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we discussed the following question which says, How many envelopes can be made out of a sheet of paper, 220 cm by 100 cm? If each envelope requires a piece of paper of size, 11 cm by 20 cm. So we are given a sheet of paper measuring 220 cm by 100 cm and we are given that one envelope requires a piece of paper of size 11 cm by 20 cm. So we have to find out the number of envelopes made out of the given sheet of paper which measures 220 cm by 100 cm. Before finding the solution for this question, let's recall the formula to calculate the area of a rectangle. This is equal to L into B where this L is the length of the rectangle and B is the breadth of the rectangle. This is the key idea that we use in this question. Now let's see the solution for this question. First of all we will find out the area of the given sheet of paper. This would be equal to 220 cm multiplied by 100 cm. That is this is equal to 22000. That is 22000 cm square is the area of the given sheet of paper. The next we have the area of the piece of paper required for one envelope is equal to 11 cm multiplied by 20 cm. And so this is equal to 220 cm square. So area of the piece of paper required for one envelope is equal to 220 cm square and the area of the given sheet of paper is 22000 cm square. So the required number of envelopes is equal to the area of the given sheet of paper which is 22000 upon the area of the piece of paper required for one envelope that is 220 cm square. So 22000 over 220 is the required number of envelopes. Now the 0 cancels with the 0 and 2200 times 2200 so this is equal to 100. Thus we have the required number of envelopes is equal to 100. 100 is our final answer. This completes the session. Hope you have understood the solution of this question.


Boom What's up money geeks Mr. V here welcome to another video guys so into this video we are going to talk about take a symbol and I owe Neo there's been so major development and this talk took a beating so I'm gonna make sure that we cover that here on the channel You guys know I'm a big fan of neo I own the stock So I try to keep you guys updated for this or you guys that own this stock But before we get started guys we are new to the channel We took about how to earn money how to save money how to invest and build wealth So that's something that interests you go ahead and hit that subscribe button and your notification belt So you don't miss out on new content So guys if you looked at today neo took a massive beating in the market and you're probably wondering why that's the case So last week neo had their endings called and we predicted or we kind of talked about What was gonna happen what we anticipate that was gonna happen? Neo came out swinging in all three major categories the number of deliveries that beat that Revenue that beat that earnings per share that beat that so not by a lot though I mean for obvious reasons they took about a cheap Chattages they talk about expanding their swap stations They took about expanding to Europe. No way bringing more cars And so they didn't really cross their endings per se But if you got up Monday morning You notice that neo was taken up beating and the reason is because neo actually had an issue So let me just kind of switch here into the news so you can actually see The news that would put out there. So there was a car that neos car that crashed and killed a prominent Business entrepreneur in in China. So again, obviously we've seen this story several times Remember when there was some issues or people complained that it was an accident with Tesla Guess what happened the stock took a beating people just respond to those kind of news Negatively so they go and sell because they think in the price of the stock is gonna pull back So again more of the news here this in this front This is the only good news that I see that we can also benefit from that a big Canadian pension fund Hikes its position in neo So again, when you see bad news like this, that's price of the stock drops People jump in smart people buy the dip why people that are not very good at investing sell So when you're selling you're selling to somebody somebody's buying Who do you think is buying when you're selling it? Do you think somebody wants to be jumping into the fire? No, they're buying because they knew I didn't know exactly how Important that is so when you sell somebody's buying they're buying the dip They're gonna turn around As the thing popped just sell it again and make profit or hold it for the long run So again, that's the reason why neo stock actually took that beating So if we take a look here at neo you can see here. This is like six months I switched to one day notice that the thing just all day pulled back And it's still sitting under that 38 or $39 price point sitting on that 39 So 5.83 percent Down for the day. So again, this is no Like magic news. I would anticipate something like this happening if there is any major incident again, like I said, we've seen that we With Tesla when Tesla had an issue People really started selling heart. So I want to make sure that we cover this here on the channel This is not gonna be a long video But for those of you that are on and hold neo long-term, this is not to me personally This is not risen enough for you to panic as a matter of fact when you see dips like this This is where you take advantage of actually going in and even buying more of the stock So again guys, this is no big reason for us to panic because neo has been doing some great stuff As you can see like I mentioned they talked about their innings that came out good the expansion into Europe Again their deliveries have been spot on. I think the ES8 this model right here This is the one that is selling the most based on the numbers from their from their endings call and then the EC EC6 that's doing pretty good as well. And then ET7 again This is the one that's coming to compete in my personal opinion with the model Y from Tesla So neo is a stock to hold to do not panic Unless you kind of like we're in the swing trade mode or whatever This shouldn't be any reason for you to panic and and sell like most people are doing so it's bad news But again, that's the way you get opportunities in the market is from different angles So yeah, somebody died was so sad that they lost their life But if it presents an opportunity for you to trade you should take advantage of the trade and and make the most out of it So that's why I wanted to cover this video guys because again news like this gives you opportunity Make sure that you take advantage of it Don't panic again in my personal opinion and when we look at the numbers I think neo is still poised this thing is still cooking you would see these up and downs and again I have a lot of people sending me messages and asking me like hey, what about neo? I bought neo 40 and now it's down to 30 if you bought neo as good for you guys I keep talking here in the channel if you bought neo for a long term Don't even look at it find some place and sit you if you panic and sell this you're gonna regret You can ask people that did the same thing with Tesla When Tesla was like a hundred and fifty or even 200 It kept going back and forth and people like sold and then today sit back and you're regretting So for a long-term investor, you have to stomach this up and down That's how the market works if you were string trading and then I'll say cut your losses and move on to the next trade But if you are if you are a long-term trader and you bought neo do not panic It's my friend if you have money when you see dips like this load up because that's an opportunity when this thing bounces back You're gonna be sitting pretty good So that's what when I just let you guys know again, let me know in the comment section what you think about this Are you a panic seller or you holding or you buying the dip again? Let me know in the comment section if you're new to the channel We talk about how to earn money how to save money how to invest and build wealth So that's something that interests you go ahead and hit that subscribe button any notification belt So you don't miss out on your content also guys if you're looking to get started with investing We both has their promotion where if you sign up and deposit five dollars You get free stocks links in the description and as always guys do your due diligence. Don't be a green savage. Stay motivated


In an exciting economic growth story, there has never been a more important time to be discussing Africa's next chapter. In the next five years, countries such as Ethiopia, Mozambique, Tanzania, Ghana will be among the 10 fastest growing economies in the world. And while the global demand for commodities is rising, the story is no longer just about resources. Our continent today has more middle-income households than India, and two-thirds of our billion people are under the age of 23. This demographic dividend and an emerging middle class are contributing to greater economic diversification and a trillion-dollar market opportunity in consumer goods and services. These trends are fostering Pan-Africa champions from small entrepreneurs to Dengote Group and Oando of Nigeria, Equity Bank, SafariCom of Kenya, to NASPERS, Sassel, MTN of South Africa. Our region has witnessed an explosion of homegrown business achievers. In addition, foreign investors, multinationals, whether from India, Europe, the US, China, are increasingly looking to the continent for growth as a major component of their global expansion strategies. This foreign direct investment to the continent is driving an important shift from traditional aid assistance to that of innovative new partnerships for development between public and private sectors. A great example of this has been the forum's new vision for agriculture initiative launched last year in Dar es Salaam, which has seen multinational business, local business, agencies such as USAID, partner with the Tanzania government and smallholder farmers to catalyze investment and unlock Tanzania's agriculture potential. Despite Africa's good news story, challenges remain. Leaders are facing increasingly complex global risks, including prolonged global financial market instability, commodity price volatility, particularly around food and fuel, and the very real effects of climate change. Domestic challenges include the need to foster better regional integration, catalyze investment into much-needed, large-scale infrastructure, and address our energy deficit. And while many are moving into the higher-income strata, millions still remain below the poverty line with inadequate access to healthcare, education, housing, and food. Critically, government and business together have a responsibility to ensure that Africa's future wealth creation translates into widespread inclusive development, particularly as it relates to empowering our youth. Ultimately, the success of Africa's next chapter will depend on the commitment of its leaders and partners, including the 900 of you gathered here today, to promote strong social structures, stable political institutions, and an environment that supports our many diverse communities. At this critical juncture, our interactions over the next few days will explore in depth the opportunities, risks, and challenges facing the continent. And I am confident that this summit will be a useful platform for turning vision into action. On this note, Professor Schwab, I will ask you to introduce our six esteemed co-chairs and introduce our president, President Zuma, and officially start the 21st World Economic Forum on Africa. Thank you. Thank you very much, Kassrin. Welcome, Mr. President. We are delighted to be back here after a very successful meeting. I have to thank you again, President Kikwete, in Tanzania last year. Actually, it's our 21st meeting, and it shows the partnership and the strong ties we have established with Africa. I have to thank not only our host country, but I have to thank particularly also you, the participants. If I look around here, I see so many friends who have been engaged into what we are doing with a lot of passion. And if the World Economic Forum is successful, it is particularly your engagement. What makes this meeting different is that it is not just based on sessions and networking and some fun. It's mainly based on the many task forces which are year-long task forces which try to be true catalysts for innovation. I would like to thank here particularly also our foundation board member, who is the heart of Africa, inside the foundation board, Kofi Annan. Ladies and gentlemen, we are starting with a session which is entitled Africa's Role in the New Reality. And I want to have a real discussion. First on the New Reality, everybody speaks about the world has changed. If I look back, by the way, when we were here, 2009, the last time, the mood was not the best one just following the economic crisis. Now we are back. There's a lot of optimism. Everybody speaks about the new opportunities. Everybody speaks about the new world. But what is this new reality? So in the first round of the discussions, we will look at the new reality. Not only, let's say, that we have a new geopolitical, geoeconomic context with, by the way, South Africa playing a major role, and not only in the G20. I would like to congratulate you, Mr. President, because South Africa just some weeks ago became member of the BRIC, and it's now the BRICs. And you may recall, you may recall, practically in every session in the concluding remarks I made, I said, I cannot understand why South Africa is not part of those very group of promising emerging markets, the BRIC markets. Now you are congratulations. And of course, when we speak about the new realities, we should not forget what has happened in North Africa. And I would say it's also a power shift. It's not just a geopolitical and geoeconomic power shift. It's a shift of power. It's an intergenerational power shift, the young generation becoming much more powerful. And how to tap into this resource? Because I feel it is what we can tap in is impatient idealism. I think there's a lot of idealism in this new generation. They want to be engaged. They want to be in the control of their own destiny, but they have to feel empowered. And they are very impatient, particularly impatient as far as bureaucracy, as far as corruption is concerned. And finally, I think there is also a new reality. The new reality is that we move from a fractionism which we have to a new form of cooperation between business, society, and of course governments. The World Economic Forum always incorporated this notion of being a multi-stakeholder community, global community, or regional community. I think it's a fact that those countries in the world perform best which have a common objective towards which business, political leaders, and civil society leaders work in tandem in a community. And I think what you're doing, Mr. President, in the vision 2025 reflects this idea of integrating everybody behind a great vision. But let me stop here. We will run this discussion in a hopefully very lively way without statements based on notes. And before I ask my first question, which will be what is the new context? And then having a second question, what is Africa's role in this new context? I would like to present to you the members of the panel. And of course, we have the great honor and pleasure to have the President of South Africa with us. Please give him a special greeting. And, son, I would like to introduce Peter Prabac, who is the chairman of the Board of Nestle, and here I should also emphasize that he is, since many years, a member of the Foundation Board of the World Economic Forum. A special welcome to Tim Flynn, a strategic partner of the World Economic Forum, chairman of KPMG International, Mr. Empo Magwana, the chairman of SCOM Holdings, one of the leading companies of South Africa, Governor Mohole, who is the governor of the central bank of the bank of Botswana, Radshiv Shah, who is the administrator of the U.S. agency for international development, U.S. aid. And I should mention here, he is a young global leader of the World Economic Forum, belonging to this distinguished group of people with extraordinary achievements at the age of below 40. We always want to give a young dimension to what we are doing. And finally, Mr. Tinubu, also a young global leader who is a group chief executive of Oando coming from Nigeria. Now, my question to you, first, Mr. President, what is the new context? How do you see the next new context of the world? And by the way, I have asked each panelist not to be longer since three minutes, but I think you have a presidential exception. Well, thank you very much, Professor. Thank you very much indeed. Well, I think the new context is that the world has developed, has become a global village, perhaps more realizable today than any other time that people used to talk about. You have something that happened not long time ago, the thing that you say when we met here, we were worried about the financial crisis, which I think indicated how much the world is changing. Firstly, the developed world, where the problem began, the fact that the developing world, the emerging economies were in fact the ones that stopped the deepening of the crisis, which was a new thing, because in the past if was anything leading to recession would have happened in the old world and the old world would fix it. But this time around, the emerging world were the ones that were able to stop it, and even now reports indicate that Europe in particular and North America are going to take a bit of time to recover, and their development is very slow. And yet the emerging economies are in fact moving faster. They are becoming dominant by their sheer size. I think that indicates the changing world. The very emergence of new groupings, as you are referring to them right now, which include among others the BRICS and EPSA, indicates the new voices that we can no longer ignore today, unlike before. And therefore the manner in which the North and the South are related today is totally different. We are talking about Africa, which is being seen as an emerging region developing very fast with a billion people coming into the situation. A continent that, in the recent past, was a continent that came from a colonial past with a lot of difficulties, changes that are taking place in Africa, democratic processes that are taking place, and indeed the manner in which the countries in the continent are handling their economy. And therefore in the context of the changing world that the voices come from everywhere. In the past it's not just like in the past where the voices have come from the developed world, and therefore the developing world is beginning to say we need to be part, we need to play part in the decision making of the world. That is why a very big debate about the need to change the multilateral institutions, particularly UN, which is quite critical, as well as the financial institutions. Now of course the manner in which we relate is changing and being different. The question, of course, is to ask what role or where is Africa here? I believe it is necessary now and very important that we need as a continent to develop very urgently the kind of partnerships with the world that are different from what they used to be in the past, the growth that must include Africa and the manner in which Africa relates to investors and how much we should have the relationship that benefits Africa more than it used to be in the past so that Africa becomes part of the process. Africa in itself has identified some of the critical issues it needs to do, particularly the infrastructure that must bring about connectivity in the continent so that we can be part of the world but also be able to interact among ourselves and therefore we need to identify very specific kind of things that we need to do together. I think the NEPAD was one of the critical things that began to indicate how Africa must relate to the world so that instead of going there to ask for aid, but we must discuss how do we do partnership. We must no longer be the continent that produces raw material and send it away. How do we benefit it? How do we utilize our wealth to benefit the African countries themselves? So Africa, as imaging with a very big kind of market put together, developing in its own way, how do we relate it to others? And I think we need to position ourselves from that point of view. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. President. So the way is from cooperation to integration, even as far as Africa is concerned. Peter, what do you see as the new context? I would say that I see this world turned around. If you think about the advanced economies, which are basically today in an enormous depth problem, which is a result of course of private and public in-depthness over the last couple of years, as a result of over-promising from the political sector in view of older generation, when you see those politicians today taking basically more and more state intervention, the private sector in defense vis-à-vis a flood of over-regulations which are coming on top of them, and then you compare that with the emerging world, where you have a private sector-driven economic growth, which is, as President Zuma was saying, the one which helped us out of it. Isn't that interesting that those who have been preaching that the private sector should be at the source of growth are today coming backwards and going backwards, state intervention, stimulus, and so on?  So I mean, this is quite a change. Now as I don't have the privilege of a president, let me jump over to the second part of it to stay within the three minutes. The second thing which is for me stunning is the food security issue, and it's only now coming through. The reality is that we have forecasted this already two, three years ago. It's more than 30 years of stable food prices. We are now moving into a period, and long-term period, where food security is going to be in the forehead of our political and strategic thinking. And the reason for that is our very, very bad water management that we have, and a global context. And the nexus that we've established by now between the food security, energy security, and the combining part, which is water. Those are perhaps two issues which I would say is a new reality. I just would add that, Peter, you are leading a special effort in this respect, and we hope to integrate during this meeting South Africa as much as possible into this very substantial effort to address this nexus you just mentioned. Now the next, Mr. Makwana, from an African point of view, what is for you the new context? Thank you very much. I think that what is clear, as has already been stated by the President, is the fact that there's consensus around Africa as a meaningful growth opportunity with opportunities that can be harvested at scale. You know, we used to, over the past, deal with Africa as a developmental case. Africa now is a sizable market, which has already been indicated of currently estimated at GDP size of $1 trillion, estimated to have potential to grow to $2.4 trillion by 2025. And also what is emerging is that in the continent there's 100 million people that are evolving out of the low income segment into the middle income group, and therefore, again, corroborating the fact that there's a sizable market. That sizable market is also estimated to, between now and 2020, to have the capacity to spend up to $1.4 trillion in terms of consumer spending power. The second thing that is clear is that we've learned throughout the world painful lessons that confirm that leadership is paramount, especially in terms of presiding over institutions that are strong, that are robust, and that indeed you need strong regulatory frameworks to sustain as most South African, most African markets have done so on the bedrock of strong regulatory frameworks. Lastly, we have a huge challenge on the continent, that out of a population of 1 billion people, a mere 30% of Africans across the continent have access to energy. And therefore, moving forward, we're going to have to, very quickly, if the opportunities that we're seeing exist are to be leveraged and harvested significantly, we're going to very quickly need to ensure that we invest significantly in infrastructure that ensures that you create that framework of integrated development. Rachef, from your perspective, I mean, you have a global perspective being the administrator of US aid. Is Africa still one of your priorities, or how do you see it? Well, for the Obama administration, from the development perspective, Africa is our top priority. And President Obama has crafted and asked for a new approach to development in Africa that I think speaks to the realities that we've heard from others, including yourself, Klaus and President Zuma. First, it's one that recognizes that growth is the underpinning of success, and that we've seen 4.5% continent-wide growth rate for the past decade, and we're optimistic that that can be even higher in the future as it lays the groundwork for sustained economic development. We've also seen a real improvement in governance. And the quest for accountable governance, for democratic governance, the optimism around the dramatic political transitions that we're seeing in Northern Africa are all part of a movement around accountability and governance that really do underpin our new approach to development. In fact, President Obama invited 140 new champions to the White House and met with them for a few hours, and these were young entrepreneurs, change agents, social entrepreneurs, people that had taken the quest for change into their own hands and built new innovative partnerships and strategies that achieved real results and encouraged them to continue on their way because this continent just has so much promise to stand taller and stronger on the global stage. For our part as an administration, we're trying to prioritize the global agricultural challenge. And through a new partnership that we call Feed the Future, we've targeted 20 countries, countries that have met their own conditions for increasing their commitment to agriculture, to nutrition, to addressing food security. We aspire to reach 18 million people and help them move out of poverty and hunger. Even a half million of them are children who today go to bed at night hungry and therefore suffer from stunting and a lack of effective brain development. But what's so different about this is what we're seeing at the World Economic Forum, that before it would have just been public sector entities and NGOs coming together to tackle this problem. Now, it's driven by a new commercial reality with companies that are represented here in this room holding hands with President Kekwete and so many other leaders around this continent to really make this a public-private partnership that generates real results. And that's for us the new reality for a development strategy for Africa. It's one that prioritizes these new partnerships, channels the energy of young and new champions and entrepreneurs, and seeks to produce real clear results that we can report back to the rest of the world and demonstrate that this kind of tangible progress is not only realistic, but is necessary and achievable. Chubwe, what is for you the new reality? The new reality for me is effectively a new dawn for the continent, one in which there's economic prosperity as a result of several factors. I'd like to say peace, peace as something which was not a big factor in Africa, it was regarded as a continent of conflict, so from Liberia to Sierra Leone to Mozambique, Angola, it was always wars. That's all I had when I was growing up. And eventually, over the last 20, 30 years, you've seen peace occur as a result of a lot of eminent work that has been done by political leaders across the continent. And that peace, to a certain extent, was replaced by what I would call responsible political leadership because we saw people coming to power where they were being in power was actually less important than providing a good, much should I say, environment for the citizens they represented. So you had countries reforming politically, and according to the reform, they enabled, they created systems that enabled transparency to occur, effectively creating systems like liberalisation, privatisation to enable the countries become a good destination for investment. That investment was not really one that was totally driven by foreign investment. It also saw the creation of a substantial amount of local entrepreneurs, all at different levels, medium, small, large, and you saw the fact that jobs were created and when the economic crash occurred in the rest of the world, all of a sudden this culmination of 30 years of effort, if you ask me, was shown up in the fact that the continent started working as one should. Now, we must say that the challenges, still challenges across the world, I mean the challenges in Côte d'Ivoire, for example, from the peace perspective because I remember starting in your business 15 years ago, and when Nigeria wouldn't get its act together, we used to go to Côte d'Ivoire next door to buy oil to supply to Nigeria that produced oil, and we've seen the reverse occur where as political stability has kicked in and we're called responsible governance in Nigeria, then Côte d'Ivoire slipped into the crisis, thus causing what we see as strife, and without, once there's strife, there cannot be economic prosperity, there cannot be jobs created, there cannot be any attempt to improve healthcare or improve schooling, everything grants to a halt. Effectively, I see that as a new dawn for Africa and that's what I think will drive the future as we proceed along over the next couple of years. We heard the opinions of the panel concerning the new reality. I would like to stay with the new reality for a moment. There's one issue, Mr. President, you mentioned the new geopolitical reality with the emerging countries playing a much bigger role on the global scene, but there's also another aspect. It is the changes in the supply chains and the shifts which we see in who is the most important exporter and importer if we look at Africa. And here, of course, we see the rise of China. If I'm not mistaken, it has become the biggest client of Africa. Is anybody in the panel who would like to speak about this point? Mr. President? Well, if we were to talk about China, of course, I don't think China is becoming the big exporter to Africa only, I think to the globe, generally. I think even the United States is absorbing a lot of Chinese exports, but if we were to talk about, of course, Africa, Africa, as you know, has a particular history, a history that it has related historically with the old world. And that relationship was very peculiar in its way because it was almost, in a sense, dominated by the colonial kind of approach. And whatever was being done, that issue was always there. It's a former colony.  I think with the coming into being of China, seeking to have the relations, it comes from a different kind of angle, doesn't have that psychological problem. So it is saying, let us do business. What is critical, I think, that Africa must do? Africa must say, how do we interact with China in a manner that will benefit Africa so that it doesn't benefit one side only? This is what we, for an example, take into consideration if we take South Africa as becoming a member of BRICS, that the issues that we could not discuss at that level between China or India or Russia, we can now discuss those issues differently as partners to say, if for an example you are coming to Africa, what is there for Africa? There is something which is there for China, but what is there for Africa? Instead of just looking at China coming in and on its own terms and perhaps using the resources it has, we are now having a possibility in a platform where we could say African feelings about the relations in, whether you talk about South-South or China or India is very specific. We need beneficiation. We need the relationship, the trade that must benefit us as well. I think that's a new way of dealing with things in China. We are very much aware of the interaction, the size of China. Question is, how do we utilize the size of China to benefit ourselves as the African continent? That's why I was saying earlier, we need to take a position that is clearly understood by us, how do we do trade with China? How do we utilize our huge friend to benefit us as well as us benefiting them as well? So I think we need to have a different approach helped by the old experience and South Africa for an example has signed a comprehensive agreement with China which go into a lot of details because you will appreciate that people here including the trade unions have been complaining that these cheap goods that come to South Africa, they undermine the textile industry, et cetera. We are saying because of our relationship with China today, we are in a better position to debate those matters with China and say what best would benefit both countries. So we are looking at it from the African point of view differently that our relationship with China with the brisk countries or IBSA must benefit Africa as well. And coming back to your former point, of course, 1 billion people negotiating with 1.3 billion people provides you with more weight compared to each individual country dealing with such a large entity as China is. And Rache, if you had a point, and I come back just to help the panelists to prepare themselves, two of the issues if we also feel they belong to the new reality is the high volatility we see in the financial markets. And we have here a governor of a central bank, we have someone from the financial community so I may address this issue afterwards to you. Is it part of the new reality that we have this enormous volatility and we have to live with it? And of course, Peter, the volatility or speculation which we see in the commodity markets and you are particularly exposed with some of African products like cacao and coffee. So I may ask you a question later. But first Rache. I just wanted to add on the new partnerships and as it pertains to potential programs and projects with China and any other new partner that nearly every panelist talked about the importance of partnership in addressing the challenges that we collectively face. And the new partnerships have some common characteristics that define best practice. They are African-owned, African-led, it's African leaders and institutions that define the strategies and lead the implementation. They enable local entrepreneurs so that we unlock creativity and innovation in a broader group of people than we have traditionally done. They bring the public sector and the private sector together and perhaps most importantly they set clear goals and report on very specific results. For USAID and the U.S. government a model partnership for us is the President's Malaria Initiative. We have seen in 15 African countries where this program is working a 30 percent reduction in the number of kids under the age of five who die because we efficiently distribute with a handful of African partners in local communities, bed nets and better malaria treatments and other types of preventative strategies. But that kind of accountability and reporting on the accountability really does have to be a part of all partnerships with all countries and I think there are great opportunities to look at some of the larger Chinese investments and the projects that touch on development and explore how we can do a better job of making those transparent and accountable. Thank you. Let me switch to volatility because it's so important that the future for entrepreneurs and business leaders is predictable. Now we have this enormous volatility in the financial markets. Governor, will this stay with us? What do you mean? Is it part of the new reality? Thank you. First and foremost before I deal with the volatility in the financial and capital markets I'd like to suggest that the new reality so far as Africa is concerned has several dimensions. I will confine myself to only three, globalization, the shifting demographics and of course the rapidly changing technological developments. The three are interrelated as you will hear in the next few seconds as I unpack the three. We will have witnessed all of us, 2008, 2009 financial crisis which culminated in the economic crisis. We were all able to monitor and receive developments almost real time and this is a function of rapidly changing technological developments. Secondly, in your best interests we saw President Obama in his presidential elections make maximum use of technology and we also were able to follow it up almost minute by minute. Something that we are currently witnessing is the social turmoil as it were in the Middle East and in North Africa. We are able to empathize, we are able to see what's happening on a minute by minute basis and to me it requires us, all of us in the globe, in this particular case we are looking at Africa, to respond in a particular way. Now it goes without saying that all of us but primarily leadership have to constantly adapt to this changing dynamics. They have to do so with maximum speed while at the same time they are compassionate, they are accountable, they are transparent in pursuit of integrity. In the process obviously all of us are working towards sustainable, inclusive economic growth. What do I mean by inclusive? Inclusive of women in my best interest, inclusive of the youth, inclusive of civil society last but not least inclusive of the physically challenged. Now let me turn to the volatility in the financial and capital markets. I want to believe that we are now beginning to witness an element of stability so far as the financial and capital markets are concerned. And to me credit goes to the establishment of the G20 with its substructures, the financial stability board, because now their monitoring developments are forcing us, those that have anything to do with financial sectors, to keep our eyes open and our ears open to what isn't happening in the world and to confine ourselves to new regulatory and supervisory structures that are now coming into play. We were hearing earlier and commanded South Africa for belonging to the BRICS. I have no doubt in my mind that the BRICS would also like one to do likewise. As a matter of fact the BRICS were able to fare relatively well during the financial crisis and therefore I see no reason why we in Africa now that we are represented through South Africa in the BRICS should not continue to fare well and build on the sustainability that we are able to achieve at the time when the dominant financial and capital markets of the United States, Europe and others elsewhere had to submit to the reverberations of the financial and economic crisis. Thank you. Governor, I knew that you have something very special to say. That's the reason why I turn to you only now. Now, Tim, do you want to comment on the financial crisis? Volatility. Volatility. Volatility. Yeah, I could. In terms of volatility and commodities, I think it's good for Africa, so I'm probably a bit contrarian there. I say this because we're a net exporter of commodities, we don't import commodities. So if agricultural goods, which is probably 40 percent of our GDP, is driven by issues of food security from the developed world, then it's a transfer of wealth into Africa. If mineral wealth, which are natural resources, are driven by high prices, 90 percent of the gold is in Africa, 80 percent of platinum is here, 10 percent of the world's oil resources are in the continent. It's a good plus for the continent. It means we receive a transfer of wealth from the developed world and we move from 3 percent to 4 percent of global GDP to a sizeable maybe 7 percent, 6 percent over the next 20 years. And the dream, of course, is to have a couple of African countries to be in the top 20 economies by 2020 was what was hoped, but hopefully commodity prices may make us achieve that. If that happens, the real issue would now be this transfer of wealth. But we have the responsible policies of governance to enable us to reverse that transfer of wealth into infrastructure, because it's infrastructure that helps you create an enabling environment. Of course, I assume transparency, good governors are given by this point in time, because you've already seen a political shift from an African perspective towards good governors. In the middle of this commodity boom, which we experienced, which everybody assumed to be the reason for the increase in the wealth of the nations, I mean, accounted for probably about 25 percent, but most African nations reformed themselves when they actually made the most money they have done in the last 30 years. That's a very strange concept in Africa, and that's proof of the fact that there's something here to stay. Now, assuming you have the reforms haven't been sustained, there's a transfer, commodity prices volatility supports our economies, and the money's invested in infrastructure. We will be at a destination, because we have a very large middle class, as we all know, 60 percent of our population is under the age of 21, and it's growing. Probably the fastest growing middle class in the world exists on this continent. So effectively, it basically means that there will be industries that can be created for local environment, because, indeed, you made a point regarding China, what is Africa going to get out of China? I think the challenge, as well, too, is that we probably will end up exporting the jobs by simply exporting the raw materials without creating the infrastructure to transfer those raw materials to finished goods, and accordingly keep the jobs in Africa as opposed to exporting those jobs a second time around. Tim, let's, if you wait one second, since we are now with commodities, Peter, what is your feeling? This part of senior reality, this enormous volatility and constant rise, I would rather say it's not only volatility, it's rise of commodity prices. Yeah, I mean, let me talk about the agricultural one, which I know best. I think we have to clearly differentiate between the fundamentals, between the temporary impacts, and then the irritating, like I call them. Now, the fundamentals are very clear. Fundamentalist, we have a growing population from 6.5 to 9 billion. That means every single second, two people more to be nourished, and 0.2 hectares of arable land less due to urbanization and to erosion. So that's a fact, which has an enormous impact. Secondly, which has been mentioned several times here, the growing middle class. The middle class means that people want to eat a little bit more than just a bowl of rice. And that was the 1 billion Africans, it was the 1.3 billion of Chinese, and the 1.2.5 billion of Indian is just experiencing. For the first time, they have the possibility not only to have maize or rice, they also want to have a little bit of meat. And this has an enormous impact on agriculture because you need 10 times as much plant if you get the calorie from a meat set. So that's another factor. Third one is that the agricultural productivity over the last couple of years has been declining and is growing less than population growth, which was not the case in the 20 years before. And the last one is a political decision, which is the unfortunate decision about biofuels. Because don't forget, today already 15% of all maize production in the world goes into biofuel, 21.4% of all sugar goes into biofuel, 45% of all rap seed goes into biofuel. And if we would just make one simple political decision, no food for fuel, we would have immediately a reverse impact on the prices of agricultural material. Those are the fundamentals. Now add to those fundamentals some temporary aspects, which we can and cannot influence. One is, yes, there were some floods, yes, there were some droughts. But they are normally, they're happening, some types are happening every 10 years, they were happening. The other things are, of course, worse and civil uproot, like, for example, the case in Ivory Coast very clearly had an enormous impact on the cocoa prices, coffee prices. Those are temporary things which are coming and going. And the last one is what I call the irritating. And this is speculation. You see, speculation irritates because what it does, it increases the volatility of the raw material prices. But when we believe that by regulating speculation, we will change the fundamentals, this is too short-sighted. And I think that's a very important message for the G20. Because what I hear is that mainly the thought is that if we can regulate speculation, we will have peace and there will be no fluctuation, forget about it. The fundamentals are very clearly here. In order to get the fundamentals right, there would be one fundamental political decision, no food for fuel. That's a simple said. Mr. President, a message for the G20, because it will be very much on the agenda of the G20, as we know. Tim, coming back to the financial situation, financial volatility, as a part of the new reality. Let me first start by putting it in the context of the new reality and some thoughts around that. I was recently at a meeting of our young leaders and we had an outside presenter come talk. And he started off his presentation with a quote from Lenin. And the quote was, sometimes decades past and nothing happened, sometimes week past and decades happened. And if you think of the volume of change, the velocity and speed of change that happened around the world today, and look at all the shocks the system has absorbed, not in the last year, but just go through the last three or four months since our meeting in Devils. So all those shocks, the velocity of change, the speed of things are happening, are causing risk and great opportunity and great challenges and a lot of complexity. So we're in a world of high velocity of change, high deal complexity, high deal risk and opportunity. Now, the financial markets, I agree with the governor, that they have stabilized. If you look at all those shocks that have taken place in the last three or four months, the markets have held up pretty well. And yes, we have some challenges with the sovereign debt issues. We have challenges with developed country deficits over spending. And those things have to be brought back into balance. But I'm optimistic that they will. I think the regulatory reforms will help. I think business leaders assessing interesting risk better will help. I think having a better handle on complex financial instruments and understanding the risks that go with those, both in the financial sector world and from Main Street, will help. So close, I think that we are in a world of velocity, change, and with that comes volatility, not just for the financial sector, but for the world that we're in. And you see the transformation right before us of markets, the transformation of companies, the transformation of governments, societies and of people's lives. And we need to make sure that we understand the risk, look at the opportunities and move forward. And I'll just throw one other topic out that I think is part of the new reality, that I think developing countries and developed countries need to help find a solution because there's a great co-dependency from developing countries and developed countries today, and that's unemployment, in particular youth unemployment. Here in Africa, some 25 percent. In parts of European countries, higher than 40 percent. And in the developed countries as well, a challenge for us. And if we can't create the growth so we can share the economic wealth, we can share the prosperity of these great opportunities, then we're going to see a lot more volatility, I believe, in the long term. Mr. President, if I take up what was just mentioned, this increased volatility, the complexities, the interconnectivity, which creates the volatility, as you just said, it creates enormous entrepreneurial opportunities also, for those who think in entrepreneurial ways and take risks. Now, for the political system, isn't it overloading the political system, particularly as far as global governance is concerned, and don't we risk that the system which we have in place cannot cope anymore with those global challenges? Would you like to respond to this maybe provocative question? Well, I take it that if you take the matters that have been raised, for an example, the growth of the population that undermines, in a sense, what is to be offered to the population, and I think the other speaker said that you have, for an example, where we take food out of it, we make fewer, we also have the globalized world, where in the manner in which we take decisions, with regard to the interests of specific countries, could be specific business, I think what I hear is a need to harmonize our decisions politically as well as economically. I think the contributions are saying you can no longer continue having certain decisions that are taken by certain people in business because of business interests, overlooking other realities, but also you can no longer take political decisions that overlook what is happening in other areas of life, but also the need to look globally, to globalize our thinking better rather than to, at one point, to talk about globalization, but at another point emphasize our national interests when we are faced with specific challenges. In bricks, there are mama rings already with regard to the role played by the dollar. People are beginning to question, should we have one currency that determines the world? Is that the way to go, or should we begin to look at other possibilities? I think that tells you how much we need to agree and harmonize what we do politically and economically. Also to look at the interests of the developing world and the developed world. Some of these issues that I'm saying you lack a very important harmonization of the interests and therefore the decisions that we take, I think is to some degree exposed by the debate with the climate change. We cannot arrive at a final binding agreement. What holds that back? Are the interests that different regions, different countries have? I think the debate is calling for harmonization of our decisions, political and economically, so that we can therefore look at society moving in a particular direction, that we can no longer say because we either occupy particular positions and therefore could take particular decisions. Let me just give you the current example. Here the security council takes a decision, a resolution, with regard to the airspace in Libya. But powerful countries take advantage of that. They go beyond that. They conduct bombardment. Now weaker countries say, but what are you doing? They are being abused in a sense. Now this is where we fail to harmonize the interests. We want peace, want peaceful solutions of the problems. Those who are powerful are saying we can force peace, we can force the resolutions of the problems. That's what I'm talking about harmonizing our own decisions, our own resolutions with the interests of the globe, taking the interests of the globe to a certain level in a common kind of understanding and have common interests. And therefore I'm saying the contribution is calling upon that the multilateral institutions that exist today must think differently, and therefore the representation in them where the decisions are taken must change. I think that talks to that challenge. What you're saying, Mr. President, is that we have to act much more as global trustees and not what Gordon Brown calls in his last book to look for national solutions confronting global problems. And we haven't developed, let's say, community feelings, a global community feeling yet, which we need in order to really manage our common destiny. But let me turn now to the second part of our discussion. After having defined, to a certain extent, the context, let's see how can Africa, what are your concrete ideas, proposals, recommendations to make sure that Africa in this new context is prospering and really concentrates, focuses on the opportunities which are provided with this new context. And, Governor, I think you start now. I don't mind beginning. I believe that, and it's not the only step to take, I believe that we as Africa need to strengthen initiative towards diversifying our economies. You will know that many of the African countries relying on a particular sector. Now, diversification, for instance, doesn't necessarily mean that you ignore the benefits of the dominant sector. It also means that, since beggars can be choosers, you also have to diversify within that sector by way of beneficiation. Because if we ignore beneficiation in the way that we have been ignoring it, it goes without saying that we may not be in a position to attract foreign direct investment in the same way that the biggies such as South Africa and Nigeria, to mention just two countries, are able to somehow, they are able to mount effective road shows to attract foreign direct investment. And it's for a good reason. South Africa, for instance, has an admirable infrastructure. If I was an investor, I think I would look to South Africa more than I would look to other countries. It also has the market. So if we are not able to succeed, as much as we would like to be able to succeed in diversifying our economies, we should look to South Africa to diversify into our economies. Instead of if a mountain road shows to further countries such as the United States of America, the Far East, and so on and so forth, because those entities have already established outfits in South Africa. The second thing that I want to believe we can do rather successfully is to build on the success that I believe we are able to achieve during the financial crisis and economic recession. And that is build robust financial sectors. I did make reference to the G20 and its Financial Stability Board. South Africa, for instance, is there. All of Africa, other than South Africa, is not represented. But we can use, we can make maximum use of South Africa's representation of the continent in the financial services board. Similarly, I believe that we need to ensure that we avoid paying lip service to want to be represented where it matters in international fora. Yesterday at one of the gatherings, I referred to the said removal of Egypt from the chairmanship of the International Monetary and Financial Committee. That's a very serious committee, so far as the business of the International Monetary Fund is concerned. That was the first time that Africa was represented at that helm. And we lost out because somehow economically in Africa, and in this particular case in Egypt, we were not satisfying all interested parties. And therefore, as soon as there was political turmoil in Egypt and the change of regime, we had to lose out as Africa. So we should not just want to be represented, we have to live up to expectations such that we are not removed as quickly and swiftly as we did before we even got to know what the contribution of Africa can be to such a key organ as the International Monetary and Financial Committee. By the way, I think I'm speaking to the converted when I say that that's where major decisions are made. By the time Governors of Central Banks and Ministers of Finance congregate in Washington, DC, or wherever for the annual meetings, we are working on the path of the decisions that have already been made, not just by the IMFC, but also by the World Banks Development Committee. So I thought I should just comment that there's a lot that we can do, to prepare ourselves infrastructurally so that we are not shaken very easily and removed from such important structures as the IMFC. Tim, your recommendations. Just a couple of high-level ones. I think one, the whole issue of intercontinental trade across Africa countries and how they work closer together, take down bearers and allow movement of goods and services across the continent, I think is one opportunity for improving the economy and accelerating some of the growth. I think clearly addressing the unemployment issue in youth through innovation and driving entrepreneurship and really focusing that, having the proper capital support in place, having the proper governance in place and in regulatory reforms to make it easier to do business in Africa and create business, start business are really important things for them to focus and look at. And then finally recognize the role that Africa will have on the global stage. We've talked about the BRICs becoming BRICA, adding Africa to that, the G20 and the key issues and live up to that responsibility and have a strong voice. Those are some things I think in the new reality that create tremendous opportunity for Africa. Empo Marquana. I think that the first thing that we need to move swiftly into is to ensure that the average leader on the continent sees the same things on the horizon as far as what is our value proposition to ourselves and to the rest of the world. Secondly, I think that we need to be constantly dealing with a very urgent matter. This urgent matter is that out of the 54 states on the continent, only 20 states are responsible for 99% of the electricity and energy that is generated and consumed on the continent. And even within those 20, there's huge disparities in terms of energy installed versus size of population and therefore access to a megawatt per kilowatt hour. For instance, the largest population on the continent has about 10,000 megawatts of energy installed on their grid. A medium-sized country on the continent like South Africa with 49 million people has up to 41,000 megawatts installed. So that is something that needs to happen urgently because if we are to sustain this opportunity, this $2.4 trillion opportunity in the next decade or so, we need to ensure that it is based on solid investment in infrastructure. Thirdly, I think that the business schools and other institutions of higher learning on the continent need to converge very quickly and ensure that we have a shared body of knowledge in terms of a repository of data that all of us can tap into so that we see these problems through the eyes of the same facts and data. In my view, gone are the days when you get to be deemed to be a leader based on how hard you can bang on the boardroom table. The best leaders amongst us must be those that lead us with informed facts, figures, and data. Empor, I may come back to one of the points, energy. We released yesterday a report, as you may have seen, and I heard there was a discussion yesterday, which was very, I would say, controversial, particularly after what has happened in Japan. It's a future of nuclear energy in Africa. Do you want to express yourself about this issue? Certainly, controversial indeed, Professor Shor, but from where we sit, we have an integrated resources plan in our country that was approved by our government in March, and it continues to aspire to a situation where we do nuclear at scale. But we are not blind to the experiences in Japan. In fact, in our own organization, ESCOM at the moment is the only nuclear operator of scale on the continent. We are busy with studies that ensure that we learn from the Japanese experience so that when we do roll out future additions to capacity in terms of nuclear, that they are such informed. Let me also quickly say that as both ESCOM and country, we are very clear that we need to read our country and ourselves, ESCOM, of the adage of being coal junkies. At the moment, our energy mix is 85% coal, and it is aspiration that you will scale it down considerably by up to 42% of the next number of years, up to 2030. And so we envisage a much more broader energy mix that ensures that we're able to fulfill as the president has already indicated, our climate change commitments and continue to be the leader that we should be in terms of a better future that is both developmental but also cleaner as we move forward. What you are saying also implicating is that when we have this discussion on the nuclear issue, we tend to forget that the nuclear plants in Japan are 40 years old and today technology has made quite some leaps so we cannot compare here necessarily what has happened with let's say the danger level of new installations. There's a robust community of nuclear operators housed under the World Association of Nuclear Operators. Every year we go through technical reviews and South African reviews always feature among the top three in terms of best standards. I always say to colleagues that we are saved by the fact that most of our staff don't speak French because we will be finding lots of South Africans at our river and the other large French utilities. They speak with high admiration of the standards of South African nuclear and so we intend to maintain those. Congratulations. Now, Peter, what are your recommendations? Well, I would say first of all, Africa should continue to believe in its own strengths and I think it has been moving away from a donor-led development where they were looking outside how much aid I'm going to get in order to develop myself to a recipient-led development and I think this has proven to be much more efficient than the donor aid thing. So I think this is the first recommendation, continue in this way and not backwards. We made the study of the 35 fastest growing African states and interesting enough, the foreign aid diminished over the last five years from 3.2% to 2.5% of GDP. The 15 slowest growing the legards of the African states they increased foreign aid in the same period from 6% to 9% which is a clear indication that just relying on foreign aid is not going to be the future of Africa. That's one thing. The second thing is I think Africa has to assure that it is capable to receive investments. We all understand that the president was pointing it out very clearly that Africa needs infrastructure. But I was saying just in a session before, to build the railway from the east to the west and just to build it with foreign workers and then afterwards not to have the engineers, the engineers who can really keep the thing going, it's not a good investment. It's only a good investment when with the infrastructure comes a transfer of know-how, of technology, it comes towards the local workforce. So it's extremely important that the educational preparation in Africa continues to be stressed and continues to be developed as fast as possible. I think for example the German apprenticeship could be a good example in order to assure that you don't have only university degrees that you also have good mechanics to electricians and things like that. So that would be the other one. And the last one is we should never forget that the extreme poverty is everywhere in the world, including in Africa. It is concentrated in the rural population. 80% of extreme poverty in the world is in the rural area, not in the cities. Therefore, the rural development becomes extremely important and to the rural development belongs such simple things like for example property rights be half in Africa still and inherent gender inequality which itself reflects very strongly at the farm level. For example, that women don't have the same rights for property than men and things like this. So I think I would put a lot of emphasis in order to have a stronger rural development plan. Chuban? Yeah, well for me, I think that the social, political, economic, quiet revolution we've seen that has caused us to say that without a doubt there's a new dawn for the continent as we're experiencing needs to be sustained because so often it's good to pat ourselves on the back and say we've done a good job when we've only just simply started the beginning of the marathon. I think clearly it's so easy to slip back into conflict like we've seen in Kodoba and even in nations like Egypt, Morocco who technically have substantially more GDP per capita than the rest of Africa, they've been able to slip into social strife as a result of a failure to ensure that there's social participation. In other words, the economy, the prosperity spreads across all sides and that deals with extreme poverty on one end all the way to the middle and to the top. I think that's critical. There's no doubt that also as the emergence of the economic success as we sit, saving is also very important, particularly for the rainy day. Commodity prices are only interesting when they're fluctuating higher, that's when the western world gets interested. When they're fluctuating at sub-zero levels or very close, like we've experienced, we've seen oil at $10 a barrel where economies couldn't even pay their basic salaries. It's happened in the last 20 years and it will happen, gold is at its highest, it will reverse and we need to be ready for when that happens and the only way of doing that is by ensuring there's an enabling environment which has been created by an investment in this good times into infrastructure to ensure that jobs can be created. We often talk about the creation of jobs but jobs don't really get created. They get, it's a direct result of doing things properly. What we call in our business as key performance indicators, if you invest at the right time, when prices are high, review, improve the quality of the workforce, for example, then the jobs will be created because as a direct result of the actions you've taken, there will be prosperity and that's where it comes in. Finally, I think that there's no doubt that investment in other social amenities like healthcare and education is critical. I mean, one of the big factors that we're, I think we're facing a death of in Africa today is the import of skilled labor. We've seen at managerial level a lot of technocrats and very well trained indigenous Africans. We call them repatriates where we come from. We hire a good chunk of Nigerians and other Africans who've done very well in the international commission. They come back to run the businesses which we're expanding on. Our government has done the same thing. We have ex-World Bank vice presidents, ex-World Bank managers, ex-ADB people in very serious positions in our government today and the difference is clear in the mentality as we save for the future. For example, they sponsored recent legislation to ensure that any amount of money over and above the budgeted amount will not result in deficit spending but will be saved in the sovereign world fund for the future, for example. But I think that once we've achieved that at the higher levels of society, in terms of simple quality technical capacity, I'm not looking for PhDs or anything. We've done badly in terms of investing in skills and as you rightly said earlier on, the railways will be built but the question is will the skills be transferred? So that's a big aspect because we're seeing a lot of projects where, for example, in West Africa, a lot of Indian engineers are coming in, substantial numbers because there's just a lack of technical capacity to ensure the things. So education and certainly health as a population as a prosperity continues with my contributions. Thank you. Thank you, Dr. Scherfer. Well, one concept that we haven't talked as much about on the panel that we believe is very much a part of the immediate and medium term future is the role of technology. And if you think about over the past 10 or 15 years, many of the biggest developmental gains in Africa have been tied to specific inventions of new technologies and new business models. I think the most powerful breakthrough has been the mobile phone and the businesses that promulgated that across the continent in a very deep and profound way. That then lays the platform for mobile banking systems, for health systems that communicate via mobile text messaging to communities throughout rural Sub-Saharan Africa. In the same way, we can look across so many of the different areas that the development partners and communities have focused on. A microbicide that empowers women to protect themselves as they are now inventing here in South Africa has the potential to turn the tide on HIV in a way that almost no other intervention would. A new vaccine from malaria could literally eliminate or even eradicate that disease and is perhaps only a few years off. New agricultural technologies can improve performance in low rainfall settings. And again, with partnerships, global partnerships that bring private inventors to the table, we're not that far from having those big breakthroughs. And so there's a way to envision the future here that unlocks a lot of the power of that technology to literally bend the curve of progress in all of these different sectors. And that's something we're pushing ourselves to think much more about at USAID. Before the president, Tsuma, has the last word. I just would like to thank you for having taken on the co-chairmanship of this session. And we will have a panel with the co-chairs on Friday at the end of this meeting again. And we have heard many proposals, many ideas. We have defined the new context. But what we will discuss in our final session on Friday is the how. We will concentrate on the how during the sessions over the next 36 hours. And then I would like to have you back and to report from your side, how do we do it really? But now, President Tsuma. Well, thank you very much. Well, I think very useful points have been made as suggestions. Of course, as you started by asking what is the world like and where Africa is. And I think we're focusing on the African continent. Clearly, Africa has shifted to a large extent in terms of the leadership that you have in Africa today and the focus on specific issues. I think today you can no longer talk about the old Africa. Talk about the new Africa that is looking at these issues very seriously. It is clear that we need, from the African point of view, to really find our position. How do we relate to the world? And we have talked a lot about it in the course of the discussions. But I think we need also to say how do we interact among ourselves in the continent? There's a very little intra-Africa trade which is important in the changing world itself. That's the emphasis that has been identified by the leaders in the continent of focusing on the infrastructure so that you create the inter-trade, the interconnection, which is lacking. It has its own reasons because those are historic reasons. But I think there's a realization that we need to do so. Africa decided to develop in terms of regions and these regions that are gradually strengthening themselves will be having a summit here in South Africa very shortly, where in Sadaq, Qamasa, and East African community will be meeting in an attempt to broaden our economic activities. And I'm sure we needed to see similar kind of activities in other regions so that we're in a better position to face the changed world. I think some of the issues that have been raised are very important, the issue of peace and stability, which Africa has focused on quite strongly. I'm sure we wish that if only we were assisted on this question by countries outside of Africa to help us to establish more peace and stability instead of participating in provoking some trouble somewhere. I think it is very important that they stability. But of course one of the critical issues that I think has been touched again on the discussions is a question of skills and education in the continent. Because even if we talk about creating jobs, if you have a greater population that is not skilled, then you remain with a bigger problem. That's why in terms of South Africa, we have emphasized and identified education as an apex priority in the country. We have also identified rural development as a critical priority so that we can then address the question of the rural areas which are always lagging behind. I believe that the African continent has to look at its agenda for an example when we go to the AU summit. What are the issues that we discuss in the AU summit? Do we come to make generally the country statements or do we come to look at the economic challenges that face the continent and begin to say what are our expects thinking? The African expects on economic issues for an example. What are the proposals that they're putting forward? What is it that we can do? There should be more activities economically, I think, in the continent than there have been. We talk for an example of the lack of skills in the continent. The reality is that they're quite a good percentage of the African intelligentsia that is all over the world because in the continent there are no conditions for them to work. We have not done things in a sense that it could attract them back to the continent. So I think that's what we also need to do so that we are able to relate to the global changes. If we say Africa is one of the first growing regions and it has the billion people, I think we should think differently than we've been thinking. Firstly, as I said, the manner in which we interact among ourselves, but also how to interact with the world. But we should be assisted from that point of view. We should develop a common approach to the problems of the continent. I think we could go very far if we have a common approach as the continent of Africa. But I've taken the discussions to be very useful. I think there's been very useful contributions that have been made. I think that we have noted some of the issues that have been made. Certainly, we will be taking part in my colleagues here who are sitting here. Presidents and prime ministers. And deputy prime ministers who are here. Should I mention the countries? From Gabon, Tanzania. Our good neighbor, Zimbabwe. So I'm sure they've been listening and I'm sure we are participating also in other sessions. Certainly, the fact that you have this kind of interaction in the continent of Africa is very useful. But what it gives us an opportunity to interact on the issues and the thinking that the world is having and how we should be looking at things. Thank you very much for the good session. Thank you. We will have the honor to listen to the participating presidents, prime ministers in other sessions. But I would also recognize with great pleasure your participation. I think this dialogue which we have here is very important. But it doesn't integrate only politicians and business leaders. I think it's very important today to integrate all stakeholders of global society. And so it's one group of stakeholders which is particularly dear to myself and my wife, I should say. Social entrepreneurs. So drivers in many villages and so on of social innovation and change. And it has become a tradition at the opening sessions of our regional summits to honor the best role models of social entrepreneurship. And I may ask Hilde to present to us the social entrepreneurs of the year from Africa. President Zuma, distinguished heads of state and heads of governments, ladies and gentlemen, dear friends, I'm delighted to present the winners of the Social Entrepreneur Award for Africa 2011 at this 21st World Economic Forum on Africa. During this meeting, we have heard and we will still hear much about entrepreneurship as a key for Africa's next chapter of growth. We will also hear about the needs to address critical social challenges faced by the continent. Social entrepreneurs are individuals who do both. They create enterprises which confront pressing social problems with an innovative pragmatic approach. They use business methods, but without looking for personal gain to ensure their long-term financial sustainability. Their primary goal is to maximize benefits for society and the environment. Since the creation of this award in 2005, we have seen worldwide a steady increase of applications by outstanding people who work in all sectors of development, be it in health, education, technology, the environment. We are delighted to include these individuals in our network, but above all in the activities of the World Economic Forum and give them a platform like this one at our regional meetings throughout the world. Out of more than 100 applications from across the continent, we have now three winners to present to you today. Our first distinguished social entrepreneur is Olivia Van Royen. She's founder and executive director of the Cuiasa Fund. She is the winner of the Social Entrepreneur Award in South Africa in 2010. Nearly 1.1 billion people around the world live in deficient homes. When Olivia Van Royen started the Cuiasa Fund in 1999, she understood the importance of improving the quality of housing for the poor. Decent housing helps develop closely-knit communities where children can attend school regularly and where crime decreases. The Cuiasa Microfinance Fund was especially created for housing projects and provides services to families who own land titles but have not had access to loans or banking services. Since the year 2000, Cuiasa has granted over 10,000 loans and improved nearly 52,000 houses. Olivia, please come up on stage. Aleki Dondo is founder and managing director of Juhidi Kilimo in Kenya. In Sub-Saharan Africa, 60 to 75% of people are employed in agriculture. Most of them are small-scale subsistence farmers with little access to bank loans or technical training. Juhidi Kilimo provides financing to over 7,500 small-holder farmers, roughly half of which are women. Prior to dispersing the loan, Juhidi provides for over six months of training in financial literacy and in animal husbandry. The average income of its clients doubles or triples as a result of their loan. Aleki Dondo is considered a pioneer of microfinance in Sub-Saharan Africa. He realized that bringing people out of poverty must go beyond income creation. It must help families safeguard against unexpected risks as well. So his organization offers borrowers also insurance on their loans so that they and their family cannot be further indebted. Aleki, would you please come up? Juliana Rotitz created the organization Ushahidi. Juliana was in Western Kenya in 2008 when the election violence broke out. She found it near impossible to get accurate and timely information about the violence. It was then that Ushahidi was born. In the meantime, its reach is worldwide. Ushahidi is a global technology platform that aggregates data from text messages, Twitter, and other means. It then visually maps the data for others to use. Ushahidi is active in many ways. It has verified election results across Brazil. It tracks teacher absenteeism in Uganda. It has facilitated market efficiency through mapping prices and production of goods across six countries in Africa. And it has helped eight workers in Haiti and Japan reach those affected by the natural disasters. Ushahidi shows that new technologies when used in an innovative way can strengthen democracy and economic development. Juliana, please. Please join me in thanking these wonderful individuals for everything they do for humanity. We will take a group photo now with the social entrepreneurs of the year. I should mention, Hilda, there is a full social entrepreneur of the year who African could not join us and whom we will honor next year on the occasion of the opening of the World Economic Forum in Africa 2012. So again, great thanks to the panelists, to you, particularly President Zuma, and I should add congratulations to the social entrepreneurs. And please join us all for a group photo.


Welcome to the hands-on about PC-ROP. For this hands-on, we will try to hide a call to the latest linking API in a PC-ROP region. The different steps to achieve this, we will create a C file with the code we want to protect. Here it's a simple call to the AsserHL GPIO toggle pin. Then we will modify the linker script to ensure that we put all this code in a specific region of the flash. Then we will modify the compilation option to ensure that in this portion of code we only have execute on no-data access. Step after, activate the PC-ROP. We will do this thanks STM32Q programmer. Then we will check the protection with connection with Q programmer for example. And then we will remove the PC-ROP with STM32Q programmer. And that's it. So I propose now we switch to Q video. So the first step will be to create a project for this NL476ergy. Okay, I create a new STM32 project in the board selector. 476, I want a NL1, PC-ROP, LED. By default, I initialize the peripheral. So we've got our pinout by default. What interests us? Either LED that we will use. Nothing else, frankly speaking, except the type of gig link. Now let's create the code we want to protect. So I will create a new source file. Let's call it LEDblinking.c With a G, it will be better. Finish. Then we will put here what we want to protect. So first I need to include the main.h with some definition on access to the HL. I will put also a variable. So you remember PC-ROP only protect, yeah, execute only region. So any data that I will put here will be in the SRAM or somewhere else, but not in the flash. So it won't be protected. So let's define our secret LEDblinking function. No arguments. What we will do here? We increment one counter. And after, I will do. Okay, if you don't remember what is the name of HL, or you want to do some completion with the STM32Q video, you can press control space. Then you can have the toggle pin. Exactly the same here. I remember it was led to, but not sure about syntax. This one will be the correct one. Space and the pin. Okay, so here we write what we want to protect. It will be this code. Or I will say this one on this code. Because this one is outside of the region that we will protect. But just a tiny one. So I have it. Now I just need to call this function from my main. So if I go in the main.c, I've got the main. Here the wild one loop. And I will just add the code to my secret LEDblinking. Put some HL LED. Okay. So I think the code is okay now. The next step was to modify the linker script we are using to put the execute code that is here at a specific location. But sorry, before modifying the script, what I want to do is to modify the compiler option for this file. Here properties. So it's already configured. But I would say it should be in resources, CC build settings. Then you've got optimization. Here you need to select this option. Assumes loading data from a flash is slower than fetching instruction. That's true. This wording is not really in line with what the purpose of this. But you have to do this. Apply and close. As you can see there is something modified here for this one. So now I modify the linker script. So for the linker script, first I have to declare a new region. And it will be the region that we will protect it. Let's call it PCROP for example. But you can call it as you want. It was the execute only region. Then, okay, we will locate it at... What could I do? Okay. 16k here. And here for the region, okay. Sorry. Okay, let's do it that way, for example. And define a length of 16k should be enough. Okay, so now we've got the region where we can put the code we want to protect. So to do that here, we will define a new section. So it's the PCROP. PCROP region. So first we should align it as it's done here. Oh, sorry. I just copy and paste. Little lady with such kind of syntax. Then what I want to put there is everything which is coming from the linker. Okay, I want to put here only the execute code. That's mean to text. Sorry. Let blanking, okay. So it should be exactly the same name because it's an object file that is corresponding to this one. And then I choose alignment also after to ensure everything is fine. I close this. And then I will put all this stuff in the PCROP region. So exactly this name. Okay. So here I really do the basics just to put all the execute code at this location. Okay, let's check this. So remember the PCROP region start is 8800. Let's compile. Okay, just a warning because I don't create either file associated. But it's just a warning. I propose to debug this stuff by default. It should be okay. We connect. Download successful. Now we can start debugging. So first things, let's see if it's functional or not. I run the code. If we check on the board, that is blanking. Now I propose to put a breakpoint just on the lead blinking function. So it was on the lead blinking. See if I put a breakpoint here. So it stopped and you can see the location of the code. So we are in my future PCROP region. So perfect. Everything is ready. We can activate the PCROP protection. So I propose we stop this debugging. We will use the STM32Q programmer to activate this and thanks the option byte. Okay. So here the debugging link is closed. I propose we launch Q programmer. So it's still blinking. Now I see my number. If I connect, it will stop blinking because the code is out. And I can check the option byte. So here you've got the different option bytes. We're interested in the PCROP protection on the bank one. Because here we have only one bank activated or single bank configuration. And now let's define our region. So we want to say 8 and 8,000. So here we just have to put 1000. And we just put it one until this one. Okay. So here it will be protected. So on that say we can't access anymore. Okay. I forget nothing. Let's apply it. As you can see on the play, the lens seems not blinking anymore. If I reset it, it started. Okay. So now we have activated the protection. And I propose that we connect again with the Q programmer and try to dump. So I was with the code. So if I disconnect, if I reconnect, I could see the memory here. So we can still see the beginning of the application. So what is not secure. And let's check if we can see the code at this location now. As you can see, you only see the same pattern. So you don't see any code anymore. Okay. We have seen when we break before with QBDE that at this location we were able to see the code. Okay. So what we can do, we can also try to connect with QBDE without flashing. So if I disconnect this one, come back to my QBDE. Now I want to debug my main program. I've got the region PCROP. So I can flash this region. I can modify it for the moment. So what I will do, I will modify the debugging configuration. So here I will do it. Debugging configuration for my PCROP at the startup. As you can see, I download and I load the temple. So what I will do, I will prevent the download because it's already flashed. Okay. And apply. And now if I launch the debug. So it was working. If I remove, I want to remove this break point first. I launch. And if I check my targets, ledges blinking. Fine. Now let's put a break point here. Stop. You can see this code is protected from. So it's possible to stop here. In fact, we stop at one address because we just reached this address. But if you look at the disassembly code, move A0. And in fact, this one is just a pattern you've seen together. It's not really the instructions that are executed because if you try to execute this, it's not at all a toggle pin or a code to the toggle pin. It's really just this strange pattern, which is an assembly here. Okay. So our protection is effective. So now go with protected this circuit led blinking. Fine. So the protection is active. Now let's learn how to remove this protection. And to do this, it will be thanks option bite. I first close the debugging. Terminate and removed. Okay. And I come back with my Q programmer. So here, I connect again. As you can see, we have all the code here, the code protected. And let's go back in the option bite. First, there is this PC Rope RDP. If I do a regression of RDP without this one set, the PC Rope region will be kept. The rest of the flash will be erased, but not the PC Rope. Here, we want to remove the PC Rope. So I will select it and I will activate this flag. Okay. Now I need to do a readout protection transition from the RDP level 1 to RDP level 0. But I'm in RDP level 0. So first I have to switch to RDP level 1. Doing this, that's me. As soon as you have a debugging access to the target, the flash is locked. So your code is not running with debugging. But here it's not the purpose. This will be seen in the readout chapter. So now I do a new transition to RDP level 0. Doing this, there will be a mass eras of the flash and also it will remove the PC Rope region. So it takes a while because it's eras of the flash. You can see that the option bite of the PC Rope has been reset. And if I look in the flash content, everything has been erased. If I check also the protected region, everything has been erased. So now you can go on with your board. I think we have seen what I want to show you in this hands-on. And I hope this clarifies for you the usage of PC Rope. Please have a look in the application note I put in reference in the theory before. And you've got all the details about Lingerscript because it's not an easy topic frankly speaking.