this algebraic geometry video will be about toric varieties which give an easy way to construct several examples of projective varieties. So we'll start with an example of how to construct affine varieties from cones. I will do the two-dimensional case as an example. Let's take the ring generated by x x minus one y y minus one. So this is a coordinate ring of k star times k star where this is the variety of non-zero points in k. Well, strictly speaking, the non-zero points in k don't form an algebraic set, but we can think of them as being the points on our hyperbola or something like that. So it's convenient to think of them as being the non-zero elements of k. And I'm going to draw a picture of this ring by drawing a point for each monomial.  And of course, down here we get y to the minus one x minus one and so on. So each point of the square lattice corresponds to some monomial of this ring. And now I can define subrings just by drawing cones like this. So here is an orange cone and I'm going to take the subring generated by all monomials in this orange cone and it's pretty obvious what that is. This is just going to be the polynomial k x y. So that wasn't a very exciting example. Let's try another one. Suppose I take this green cone, then this is going to be all polynomials in x and x y to the minus one. Well, this is just isomorphic to k x z where z is equal to x y to the minus one. So again, this cone just gives us a polynomial ring in two variables. Now let's try this cone here. Well, it looks at the first site as if this is going to give us yet another example but something different happens because you see if we take these points they correspond to x y to the minus one and x minus one y to the minus one. If we take these two monomials here they do not generate all points in the cone. They don't generate the monomial y's. So here we're now getting the ring k x y to the minus one y to the minus one x minus one y to the minus one. And let's try and identify this as an abstract ring. Well, let's write this as k. Let's call this element a, this element b and this element c. Well, there must be some relations between a, b and c. In fact, you can easily see that b squared is equal to ac. So we should quotient out by the ideal generated by b squared minus ac. And the set of points in three space where b squared equals ac, it's quite easy to sketch. It just forms a sort of double cone with a singularity at the origin. So whenever you take a subring given by a cone the subring has the following properties. First of all, it's an algebra over k. Secondly, it has no nil postant elements. Which is obvious because it's just a subring of this ring here. Thirdly, it's sometimes finitely generated. Well, it turns out it's finitely generated if the cone is rational, meaning in the two dimensional case that its edges pass through a rational point. If you take a cone with an irrational edge it's not too difficult to see it. In fact, it's not finitely generated. It still gives you an algebra but it's not a finitely generated algebra. So it doesn't correspond to an affine variety. So if it's finitely generated then what we get is the coordinate ring of an affine variety. And it's easy to see what the affine variety is in these simple cases. In this case, this orange cone corresponds to the variety a squared. In this green case, it again corresponds to a squared even though it looks smaller. And in this case, it corresponds to a cone, a double cone, whatever. Even though this right angle quadrant looks superficially like this right angle quadrant. So we get a map from rational coat but we get an affine variety associated to every rational cone. Now let's look at what happens to varieties associated with various cones. So suppose I take two cones. Let me take orange cone and a bigger red cone. And we can ask what is the relation between the corresponding varieties? Well, obviously we get a map from the orange ring to the red ring. In fact, it's a subring of the red ring. Well, we now run into a rather annoying problem which is that if you've got a map from a coordinate ring to another coordinate ring, the map between corresponding varieties goes in the opposite direction. So we get a map from the red variety to the orange variety. And this is kind of annoying because we've got a map from the orange cone to the red cone. But instead we get a map from the red variety to the orange variety, which is the wrong way round and very annoying and confusing. So we can get round this as by using duality. So if we take a lattice z squared, we can take it's dual lattice. Well, the dual of z squared of course looked rather like z squared. And now, if we take any cone in z squared such as this cone here, we can now look at the dual cone, which consists of all points in the dual of z squared that are positive on this cone here. So the dual cone of this will now look something like this. And now, if a cone is contained in another cone, the dual cone, the first one will actually be bigger than the dual cone of the second. So by taking duals, we sort of reverse direction of morphisms. So the idea is instead of associating a variety to a cone, we associate a variety by taking the ring associated with its dual cone. So what we're doing is for each cone in z squared, look at the dual cone and take the corresponding ring. So, and if we call this cone C, so this gives a variety of the cone C. So let's just see what happens in a couple of cases. So suppose we take a cone to be a sort of degenerate cone. So I'm just going to take a cone to consist of a single line. And we can ask what is the dual cone? Well, the dual cone is now the dual of this line, which is in fact an entire half plane. And the coordinate ring of this will be the ring K X X, the minus one Y, which corresponds to the non-zero elements of K times K. So a single line corresponds to the variety K star times K. On the other hand, if we take a quadrant like this, then the dual of this quadrant will again be the same quadrant. And this just corresponds to the ring K X Y, which corresponds to an affine plane. So the quadrant corresponds to the plane K times K. Now you can see that K star times K is a sub variety of K times K. And at the same time, the cone is a sub cone of this blue cone here. So by taking associating varieties to dual cones, we get the same relation between cones as between varieties, which makes it a lot easier to figure out what's going on. Well, now, instead of looking at just one or two cones, we can look at several cones. So what we can do now is take several cones like this. Let me first do a one-dimensional case. So I'm just going to take one-dimensional case and I'm going to take some cones. So I'm going to take a red cone, which is just going to be a line, and a blue cone, which I'll take with the opposite line, and I will take the intersection, which is a green cone and just corresponds to a point. And now I should look at the dual cones and see what's going on. So the dual of the red cone is pretty obvious. It's just this line here and the dual of the blue cone is again just this. And the dual of the green cone now becomes the whole line. And we can work out what the varieties are corresponding to this. So the red cone K of X just corresponds to an affine line. The blue cone again is another affine line. But now the green cone corresponds to KXX minus one. Which is a one minus point. And now what I'm going to do is I'm going to take these three varieties. So I've got two copies of a one and a one, and they both contain a copy of a one minus naught. And now I'm going to glue them together. So the picture is I've got a red variety here, which is a copy of a one. And I've got a blue variety here, which is another copy of a one. So this is an a one and this is another a one. And they're glued together along this green sub variety, which is a copy of a one minus the origin. Well, what do we get? Well, it's not very difficult to figure out what you get. What you get by doing this is just a copy of the projective line P one. So in other words, we can picture P one as being the union of two copies of a one glued along a copy of a one minus a point by drawing this picture here. So, so this green one is the a one minus point. And this red one is corresponds to the a one and this blue one corresponds to a one. Well, of course, in one dimension, that's not terribly exciting. In two dimensions, you have a lot more room to do things. So let's see what we get. Well, first of all, let's try the most obvious thing we can do and just take four quadrants. I'm going to take a green quadrant, a red quadrant, blue quadrant and some other color quadrant. Let me take a purple quadrant. So what we end up with is four varieties, each isomorphic to a two. There's a two there, there's a two there. And we're gluing them along these various sub varieties. So what does this correspond to? Well, this one corresponds to an a two minus a copy of a one. This is essentially just a one times a one minus the origin. Well, what are we getting? Well, it's not too difficult to see. This picture is really a product of two copies of the picture we had on the previous piece of paper. And so if you take all these copies of a two and glue them together, what we get is not p two as you might guess, but p one times p one. So this is a picture of the projective line times the projective line as it's called the varieties we get like this sometimes called Toric varieties. So p one times p one as a Toric variety is drawn like this. Well, how do you get p two? Well, we can get the projected plane p two like this. So I'm going to take a copy of p one here. And then I'm going to take another, sorry, this isn't a copy of p one, it's a copy of a two. And then I'm going to take this red cone here. And what does this correspond to? Well, we take a quick look at what it's dual cone is. So the dual cone of this red cone will essentially be this thing here, which as we saw earlier is just a polynomial ring in two variables and corresponds to a two. So, so this cone here gives us a copy of a two. And finally, we can take a blue cone here, which of course gives us yet another copy of a two. So we now have three copies of a two and they glued on these two. Three p two because p two is a copy of three copies of the affine line glued along copies of a one. Well, we can do other things. For example, we can take the following cone let's take the cone here, cone here, cone here, cone here, and the cone here. So this has got by gluing together five copies of a two along something or other. So what's this? Well, you can go and figure it out for yourself. Well, we can do even more exotic things. For example, suppose I take a cone that looks like this and then I take another cone that looks something like this and then I take another cone that looks something like this and I take another cone looking something like this. As you can see, what I can do is I can take an infinite sequence of cones and I can glue together a lot of copies of two dimensional affine space according to this infinite sequence of cones. And the question is what projective variety do I get from that? And the answer is I don't get a project variety. Variety is too big to be projected. In fact, it's not quasi compact and all projective varieties or open subsets of them are always quasi compact. So what this gives is an abstract variety. Listen, if I have a finite number of rational cones then I get a projective variety, but it's not all that difficult to check this. So the sort of varieties you get like this are called Toric varieties. The reason is that they all contain a torus as a dense sub-variety. So first of all, I'll explain why that is so. And then I explain why a torus is called a torus. So if I take any collection of cones like this, we notice I can just look at this single point here and the single point will sort of be contained in all these. So the variety of this point will map to whatever abstract variety I've got here. Now the variety of a point, to get the variety of a point we take it as dual cone, which is just the whole space. And the whole space corresponds to the ring KXX the minus one Y, Y to the minus one, at least in two dimensions. And this thing is the coordinate ring of a torus. So I'd now better explain why this is called a torus. So in algebraic topology, we know what a torus is. It's something that looks like this. So it's S1 times S1. And more generally, the product of any number of copies of S1 is also called a torus. Well, let's try doing this in algebraic geometry. So we can form S1 over the reals. So S1 over the reals is going to be the set of points with X squared plus Y squared equals one. So what happens over the complex numbers? Well, over the complex numbers, this looks like X plus IY times X minus IY equals one. And by changing variable, we can just say Z1 times Z2 equals one. This is just a hyperbola, which over the complex numbers is more of the complex numbers with the origin removed. Just map. Z1 can be any non-zero complex number. So in other words, we can think of the non-zero complex numbers as being a sort of analog of the circle S1 over the reals. So the circle over the reals corresponds to the non-zero complex numbers over the complex numbers. So more generally over the complex numbers, we can call the product of any number of copies of C star a torus in the same way that the product of any number of copies of S1 over the reals is called a torus. In the theory of algebraic groups, a torus of this form, a product of copies of the non-zero complex numbers plays the same role that an ordinary torus plays in the theory of compactly groups, which is another reason for calling these both toruses. So that's what a toric variety is. It's something you can write down amazingly complicated toric varieties just by drawing pictures of several cones in dimensional space. And they all have a torus like this as some sort of dense subset.


Hey guys, it's Monica. Thank you so much for joining me in this video And I'm going to share with you a couple of things that I got that I absolutely love look at this Lippie, I think this is so cool. And I got the most amazing mirror OMG is this It's it's really awesome. Anyways, I'm gonna tell you all about that before I do that I want to share a couple of clips that I took when Jay and I went on a recent trip up to Old Orchard Beach, Maine And I'm gonna close that now because we went camping to Old Orchard Beach, Maine And we took a day trip to Portland, Maine Jane I decided we were gonna do this like sort of a fall Getaway right was little like fall weekend getaway and we're super excited. So we've been camping up here at Bailey's I'm gonna superimpose some of the photos that we've taken the first few days But it's been like really nice yesterday the beach went to this little beach was pretty well Not at all crowded and it did fog in but one thing that we've been doing is dreaming of our bikes, right honey Yeah, I can't wait to get them. They come in this week It's supposed to be real nice the beginning of the week But I think we're supposed to get some rain off and on Thursday and Friday which will stink But oh well So Jay's going to get us a parking pass So that we can go hey, Elizabeth.  It's just gorgeous. So Jay's like saying You can't pay for one hour. You gotta pay for two hours. So he goes. Oh cities have gotten greedy, right honey? Is that what you said? cities have gotten greedy So we're at Is this Fort Williams? Yep. Fort Williams Park in Portland, Maine, and there's a beautiful lighthouse We're gonna go to So just got stopped by someone said love your hat because you could be in a Maine What did she say I could be a cover on a Maine magazine or something? Should I actually got my hat in Maine? So one of the things that we really had so hope that we would get When we went on this little weekend trip and it was just a quick weekend trip. It wasn't like it was a big camping trip we just went up to the weekend and It's close to home so we could do it But one of the things that we really wanted to have was our e-bikes and I've mentioned e-bikes before Jay and I had committed To trying to get back into a fitness routine and we were actually avid bikers. We love to pedal bike We had mountain bikes. We bike the trails up in Acadia We just absolutely loved that whole thing anyways Various reasons Jay has some hip issues. I was having a hard time getting on the big mountain bike I needed something with a little bit of a lower step through for my comfort zone so we pursued e-bikes and we had narrowed it down to a brand for several reasons and For us most importantly was five-year warranty local service. We're not handy. We needed local service and We also felt really good when we went in the shop and we talked to the gentleman the owner of the shop Ultimately where we bought our bikes and Portsmouth. We absolutely felt comfortable So we ordered our e-bikes and we had so hope they would come in we're crossing our fingers We had no idea when we ordered e-bikes how incredibly popular e-bikes were we had no clue so We're just looking at Something to do that would be fun. See I'm totally blessed because I Am married to a man that I enjoy having and spending time with I enjoy having him in my life I enjoy spending time with him We we respect each other enough that we give it the space needed. He has his hobbies I have mine, but we have a lot of togetherness and I'm so so and I know I'm so fortunate to have that in my life And when we've we just celebrated our anniversary and our e-bikes was part of our anniversary gift to each other part of our Christmas gift to each other, but it's a joint thing that we both enjoy So we didn't get the e-bikes in time, but we did finally get them. So I'm gonna close the photo I had I was a little really intimidated Jane. I went to the beach and you know We go to the beach a lot right because we live near the beach So and we left a camp at the beach so Anyways, we decided we're gonna go up and I was just gonna practice because the e-bikes a lot heavier than a regular bike It moves a little bit different and I was just really intimidated so we went up to the beach and This is a couple of shots of us some lady came by took this picture of Jay and I on our bikes And then we we pedaled all over the place took a couple of stops and it was it didn't take Me long to feel comfortable now. I'm not 100% there where I would say yeah, I'm gonna go into a ton of traffic But and there was traffic We did have the dodge cars and all that but it was off-season. So the traffic was not nearly as bad but the point is that we've really committed to trying to get our health back and lose weight, you know, stay healthy stuff like that. We have a family wedding coming up the mid-october-ish and I'm the mother of the groom, you know, I really want to feel good and look good when I dance with my son It's gonna be a special day, you know, even though my dad is not physically gonna Be there with us he he's always with us and I would have loved it had he been able to join us, you know But anyways, it's a special gonna be a special wedding And I want to look as good as I can and feel as good as I can and so does Jay His son is flying out my daughter-in-law Tamra is coming out and They're they're gonna come out for that weekend. So it's gonna be really an awesome awesome wedding and Yeah, so we're hoping that the e-bikes gets us in that exercise mode So we can do it and feel better but anyways, I Received I'm gonna show this mirror to you. This mirror is the nuts now. I know that I am not using this correctly because I don't have You can see this. This is a mirror up here a mirror here and mirror here I'm gonna insert the photos of me when I took this out of the box This was actually gifted to me complimentary from good Jane's skin care and they have a whole skincare line This is by Octoly and this is basically This is kiss my lash and kiss my lash now I don't have false lashes on but I want to wear false lashes for the wedding and I was like thinking oh My gosh, how am I gonna do that? Right? How am I gonna put false eyelashes on and see and then I saw this It was the coolest thing because when you look in you can see your eye and then if you look up you can see Underneath your eyelashes and if you look down you get to see your eye lid so straight on and you look up right you get to see underneath here and Then down I'm gonna I'm gonna close the video that someone had done because I don't have the false lashes to show you But this is the coolest thing even when you just apply and I'm sure this is not what they intended But even when you're just applying Your own your your own, you know your own eye shadow and all that it's so super easy I love this mirror. This actually came with me camping. It is lightweight. This is very flexible You can position it to your height if you're sitting down But I'm telling you guys this is the coolest thing like I'm looking down And I can see my entire eyelid and if I was putting on a false eyelash I would be able to see the line Exactly, and then I look up and I could see how it looked that way and if I look up I'm seeing the underneath of my lash line So this is kish the kiss my lash Kiss a my lash it retails for about twenty nine dollars. This is from good at James skin care I'm gonna link all the information below. This was actually I'm part of the Octoly right and I had requested it and I was like I don't have false eyelashes So I ordered false eyelashes. I just don't have them yet, but I'm gonna film when I do this because I Think personally unless you are a pro This I am I'm like tickle pink because I'm amazed at how much of my upper Lid you can see when I look down in when I was applying my Eyeshadow, I was looking down and I was able to blend My eyeshadow so much better. I absolutely love it. I just think it's amazing So anyways that is from good Jane skin care via the Octoly network said to me totally Complementary so I could take a look at it so I could share it with you in exchange for the review and Even though I don't have the false eyelashes on I think this is awesome. The other thing that I got is I got Seven lippies and and this is I'm gonna I'm gonna open this up I'm gonna enclose this photo too because the colors show so much better But this is like a whole line of lip oils and right now I have number one on right In nothing else. I love it. I like eyeliner. I have a little bit of lip liner I'm putting my little mirror up here because that's how it was actually applying earlier I have a little bit of lip liner on This is the coolest the coolest thing so anyways, this is laryn's I'm saying that right and they've got you know, I mean you can see they're they've got a full line of skin care But they put together this lip comfort oil set. It's high shimmer It has a little a burst of color. It is really cool. You can wear it alone. I have a totally alone This is nothing on but lip liner or you can wear it as a top or if you have your favorite color But these colors are really pretty. So this one is Sort of very clear. I don't know if you can even I don't think it's even gonna pick it up And then I have the next one That is so oh my gosh that is so pretty and That particular one is in number three right, this is number three. They're all numbered and Number four, they're all pretty pretty colors This one is really pretty too. I thought this was nice Number four, you can see they're they're not there. They look like they're dark, but oh my gosh, they're not and number five I love these really pretty number five is a little bit more Pinky, I don't know if you can see that was a little bit more pinky Quest I'm layering because I am just such a layer person anyway. So that's number five and then I have This is number six Kind of more orangey looking in the in the application But when you put it on again just a tinge of color, I love this I just think this is so cool even number number seven and number eight. It's number seven Yeah, this is number seven When you get up to the darker ones, I mean really beautiful beautiful shades just a tinge of color and Number eight, I know I'm not doing I'm not doing this justice at all, but I just wanted to know these are This was also said to me from the Octolene network in exchange for review And this is Clarence and I this is high. This is what they're gonna say about it available in high intensity shades. I Think the shades are beautiful and I am not a dark lippy girl, right? But because they're shimmers and I am definitely a shimmer girl. I love wearing gloss. I Love all of that. It kind of it kind of reminds me of when I was a lot younger Especially, you know when I was away way younger. I sometimes I just wear lip gloss, you know, and I would love lip gloss So anyways, are you nostalgic it says where we are and this is from the early 2000s when you're a little 20 this is like From this goes back like 20 years ago. They're saying when lips were all glittery and glossy Like real glossy, which I agree. Well, good news. They say introducing our new lip oil shimmer in sparkly shades With all of the good Clarence skin care and benefits. This is awesome. Think of your favorite high school lip glosses And the looks you got You're gonna get it. So I think I just think this is Isn't it cute? I love it. I love it and they're all numbered. So, you know, which number it is I have had a blast a blast with these. I've worn these this one actually went on my bike ride I had this on my bike ride and I really like the idea that you could have a little bit of a Gloss or a glimmer or glittery or whatever and a tiny bit of color, but not like Boom-boom in my opinion. So and that's cool. I really like these So I am super thankful that I had an opportunity to actually review these for you again This was gifted to me complimentary in exchange for review highly recommend these I think if you see them grab them, you will love them. They they don't feel sticky on And you know what they last I'm looking at myself at the mirror now when I look at this cool mirror Gosh, it amazes me what I can see on my lips in this mirror So one other thing I wanted to add before I end this is I know I talked about the Peter Thomas Roth The instant firm I fix and I know you cannot get this. I have not been able to get this but a Couple of you have asked me that you've all seen a difference when I use it I don't have it on now. This is gonna be something I'm gonna use for my son's wedding Or when I'm going somewhere where I really want to have my No bags. I mean I have bags, but they're not super super bad But I put this on my mother. I think I mentioned it So I'm just gonna show you a photo where one side of her face is done. I remember this 94 She would kill me if she saw that I put this picture in but I'm gonna do it anyways Don't tell on me, but this stuff Worked amazing on her. So I'm just gonna tell you if you see it Grab it. It doesn't dry you out.  So this stuff is really awesome. I Think that's really all I wanted to share some of our weekend away Talk a little bit about the e-bikes and then of course some of the products that I have received now the Peter Thomas Roth I Roth I bought I did not receive that at all. So this is a purchase of mine and Money went well well spent if you have bags if you have a special occasion Yeah, I think this is be great.  You did a really great job on your your eyeshadows I don't usually do a picture of my eyeshadows. I did a really great job on my eyeshadows I'm like, I look at that and I go holding me actual So I really like that and then of course the all the lip choppers that I got from Clarence I think those are those are amazing. So I'm hoping in my next video to share a little bit more with you about our bikes and And I was even thinking I was going to probably do an e-bike review But more importantly for me, I have to burn the calories I know what goes in has to come out and so Biking to me has been always a fun thing that I've really enjoyed. So I'm hoping I'm hoping that This spurs me on again, you know, we've all gone through some really Rotten times so it's time for things to get better It really is So thanks so much for watching. I know this might have been long a little bit rambling But I had a lot I wanted to share with you Especially when we went up to Bailey's up to Old Orchard Beach and did Portland I love that whole area and then of course that ride on the beach was super super special So you guys have a wonderful week. Take care. I will see you in my next video. Bye. Bye


My name is Srinandran and I'm a manufacturing system technology online host through NVIDIA. And it was a really good experience actually for the first time I've been through NVIDIA and being in the online host. And there was a very good actually manufacturing systems technology. For the first time I got to know a lot of things about manufacturing. Work from that we have mentors through there to guide us and a group to discuss among the people among the students going through the same course or different course and talk to them and get to know about different things. And in the process of time there is a lot in the field of improvisation that we have to do. The interface is also a bit old school so there's a need to improve. That's all. Thank you.


Well, good afternoon. First of all, two good pieces of news. I'm the last speaker and I don't see Dr. Beasley. My old colleague is here. He'll tell you I'm usually finished well ahead of my time so I appreciate you sticking around to listen to what I might have to say. I have it on good authority that after the Georgia Auburn football game this year coach Malzahn called Brenda Ortiz and said put the guy on from Georgia last. So I think that's how that happened.  Hopefully updating. I know you haven't had a weed scientist full time in a while at Auburn. So I'm going to update you on some things that we're seeing over at Georgia. I spend from March to October. I probably spend almost every day out in the field either rating plots or spraying plots or going to look at problems. So I want to present some of the things that we basically my talk every year is based on what I've seen the past year and how we might be able to change or prevent some of those things that went on last year. Get my glasses on here. All right. First thing if you don't take away anything from today, this would be the this would be the one thing to remember. And if we talk about pigweed or whatever species of weed we might be, we have got to start clean the number one problem that I typically go see when I go look at a specific problem, especially as it relates to a herbicide failure will be that we did not do an adequate job of controlling the weeds either before planting or or at planting at the time of planting. And if we don't do a good job there, we will not do a good job the rest of the season. So if you whatever it takes, whether it's herbicides, tillage, cover crops, whatever it might be, we have got to start clean. And if you get to the field and you've got pigweed like this, you're going to have to park to park the planter and spray park the sprayer and go get some other piece of equipment to help you deal with this problem. So that's probably the most important thing. And the number one problem we typically see not only in corn fields, but in any row crop. And by the way, I am not going to cover wheat. That's not one of my responsibilities at Georgia. So if you have a burning question and we come see me afterwards and I'll make sure that you get in touch with my colleague, I'll give you his home phone number and he'd be glad to talk to you. I would too, right John? All right. So here's just another example. This came, this was an interesting, this is actually one of our big corn growers. He called me on a Saturday morning at seven o'clock in the morning and said, I got a big problem. I sprayed this, I sprayed warren herbicide and I'm not controlling my pigweed. And I said, well, calm down. Let's talk about what you did. And in this case, you can see we went down to look at the field. This happened to be on soybeans, but you can see those plants were rather large, right? And so there's no way that a residual herbicide would have controlled those plants. They were already developed. He did not do an adequate job of controlling those plants at the time of planting. And then he had to deal with that problem most of the year. All right. Here's another, I know my colleague is in here, Austin, but this is a little quiz for you that go look at fields. If you look at these pictures, one of these is a strong arm and one of those is an nematode problem. And hopefully you would agree with me they both look a lot alike. One of the things that I do every spring, if you think about when we plant corn in the spring in the southeast, we do plant early, but generally it's not very favorable a lot of times. It's cold and wet and we have all these different kind of problems. So one of the things people call me about all the time is they have strong arm carryover from their peanut in the field corn. And I would argue that we don't see that particularly under irrigation. Well, if you're wondering, the one on the left is strong arm, the one on the right is sting nematode. That sting nematode came from one of my field plots this year. But the point I want to make is if you're a grower or you're a consultant and you're going to look at a crop early in the spring, don't always assume that that problem is going to be herbicides because I've been doing extension work for almost 22 or 23 years now. And most of the time it's not a herbicide. It's some other problem. And so herbicides can cause injury. But in a lot of cases, it's some other other thing going on. Here's another problem that we have in Georgia, especially as we grow a lot of cotton in Georgia, you all have a lot of cotton. Typically, we'll have cotton fields next to corn fields. Typically, we're going to plant cotton a little bit later. So when we're getting ready to plant cotton, we're putting out a burn down. We got corn nearby. We get drift problems. In this case, there's valor drift. And so that's been a question we've had to deal with. How does corn respond to drift? And so one of the things I did last year was I actually sprayed some corn with various rates of valor to see how the corn would respond. And I don't I don't like to show a lot of data anymore in my talks. I'd rather tell you what I think. But in this particular case, the only rate that really caused the problem was the full rate. So that tells me that if I go look at a field of corn that's damaged potentially by valor, unless you took a direct hit, it's probably not going to be a major issue. Alright, so let's talk a little bit more about control programs and some things that consider. First, again, if you're a grower here or consultant, I want to remind you that we probably need to start paying a little closer attention to the hybrid management guides that are published by the big companies, especially pioneer and decal. If you're weren't aware, you forgot, they do both companies screen their hybrids for tolerances to certain herbicides. And occasionally we get caught. We fall asleep. The hybrids are always changing. And so it's hard to keep up. I don't I don't keep up with them like I should. I'd keep these guides in my truck.  Is it susceptible to any herbicides? I can pull out these charts and I can make a better decision. But we need to pay closer attention as we keep changing hybrids as hybrids get better and we go to new ones. Let's make sure that there's not any problems with those hybrids before we make an application of herbicide, not after. And then we find out at some point, though, that hybrid was a little bit more sensitive to say, metolic or some other herbicide. And those are readily available. You can get those from off the web right now or from your seed salesman. All right, as far as the control programs that we're currently using in our state and I'm going to assume that some level is going on here in Alabama, you can basically boil it down to five things. Of course, we're using a lot of roundup, obviously on roundup ready corn, but we're seeing other things being used things like steadfast Q or Liberty or Caprino from Bear or Halux GT from Singenta. And these are about most growers are going to be probably using one of these. And generally, what we have seen in our research is that I find no major differences in any of the programs that we evaluate. There may be some slight differences here and there, but generally not enough for me to get up here in front of you and say, Hey, this, this program is always better than that program because that's not going to happen. And rarely do we see yield differences between these programs and a slight difference in weed control rarely results in a big difference in yield. So you may be using one of these and I'll just share with you again, I prefer to show you how things are working. These are next series of slides will be some pictures from the field from some of our field research programs that demonstrate the effectiveness of the various programs. Again, depending upon your needs, your rotations, those kind of things, we can talk a little bit more specific. But again, just trying to give you a highlight of the things that are working for us and the programs that we would be recommending to, in general, most situations. You know, and you can see in this slide, we just, this is Roundup Ready Corn, various treatments are roundup, very effective, really no difference in control. The difference between the middle slide and the one on the end is the middle slide is an all post program where the one on the right would be the one that I would recommend in most situations would be an atrazine followed by a roundup and atrazine if you were using Roundup Ready Corn and most growers are. And then we most or many, I don't want to say most, many of the hybrids, especially those that come from pioneer have multiple resistance. You have glyphosate as well as Liberty or Glufosinate. And that gives us another option to choose if we need to depending upon the weed species there that are there. And this is just an example of a Liberty based program. Again, not a whole lot of pigweed in this particular test, a lot of grass, a little bit of pigweed, but it did a good job. Alright, and then occasionally and maybe more so now than in the past few years we start getting calls about, hey, I don't want to use Roundup. Maybe I don't want to use Liberty. What can I do with some other chemistries?  We had numerous products that we would use. And one of the ones that we're using a fair amount in Georgia is Steadfast Q, which is basically an upgrade of the old accent or a retool of the old basis gold, if you will. And so that can be used in those situations where we don't want to use or a grower chooses not to use glyphosate or Glufosinate. Alright, so one of the issues that has come up in the last couple of years, again, if you think back before Roundup Ready, one of the biggest concerns that we had, as I mentioned earlier, was hybrid tolerance to herbicides. And if you think back a few years ago, before Roundup, we were using a lot of accent, for example, and we knew that there were some hybrid issues around the use of that. And then in the last several years, we've seen a change in the formulations of some of those older materials, and they now include a crop safeener. And so the issue came, this came up two years ago in Georgia in a big way, where we had DuPont walking around saying that we could use Steadfast Q on any corn hybrid, and we had no data on the tolerance of hybrids, especially if they were susceptible. And so one of the things we did, again, I don't want to bore you with a lot of data, but we basically took two sensitive corn hybrids, in this case 6208 and 6469, which are both decalb hybrids, and they are rated by the company to be sensitive to those herbicides, and so we sprayed them with the one and two X-rate of some products, and we didn't see any problems with the exception of Caprino. So in the end, we feel confident that if a grower wants to use Steadfast Q on a hybrid, that they shouldn't have any problems. All right, now let's spend a few minutes talking about Atrazine. Atrazine was first registered in 1959, so it's been around for a long time. It remains the backbone of weed control in corn for two reasons. Number one, it's very cheap. There's no other product on the market generally that's going to be that cheap, and then number two, it's effective. You can see here in this particular picture, I don't advise you to spray pigweed that are four to nine inches tall. I would prefer that you spray them smaller than that, but in this case, I happen to apply two quarts of Atrazine, and you can see the kind of control we've got of Palmer M-Ranth, and we miss Texas millet, but that's not a surprise. And so we still rely a lot on Atrazine. There's no reason not to use Atrazine. In fact, I encourage all our growers to use Atrazine for many reasons. However, and I don't know if anybody started looking here, Andy, at this point, but you will have two new young weed scientists coming on board here in the next few months. Maybe something they would be interested in doing. We have discovered Atrazine resistance in Georgia. You can see here, I don't know how good it shows up in the back, but here's five pounds of Atrazine on that pigweed that failed to control it. So that's caused a little bit of heartburn. We originally were thinking that it was restricted to regions where primarily the corn was growing for dairy production, and there was a certain rotation that was being followed, but we have since found it in a couple of locations that are non-dairy. And here's where we're at right now. We have a few more samples growing in the greenhouse. We found Atrazine resistant Palmer in these three counties at this point in time. So we'll keep looking and see where it goes and go from there. So maybe I've scared you if we lose Atrazine that would be a problem. However, the good news is if we were to lose Atrazine today for whatever reason, I think we could still do a very reasonable job of controlling weeds in corn. The only downside is would be cost. All the newer products that are out there are going to cost significantly more money than a current Atrazine based program would be. And so that's the problem, especially now that we're talking about corn that's below five dollars or maybe lower. I haven't checked it today. And so that's going to be a problem cost-wise, but efficacy-wise. We can do a good job controlling most of the weed problems that we have without Atrazine if we had to. I would prefer to have it, but if we don't have it for whatever reason, we can still do it. In this case, there's just various treatments here. This is all Camprino based program with different prees out. In this case, another herbicide that's available to us now is an impact. Again, different prees followed by posts. And then another one is Callisto. And we're already using Callisto in Halux GT. So again, even though we might have Atrazine resistance, I'm not that worried about it other than from the economic side, which for growers is a big deal. All right, so another issue that's come up recently, and we're slightly different in Georgia than I think you are in Alabama. About 75 to 80 percent of our corn is irrigated. We have a fair population of growers that are trying to really push the yields above 250, and in some cases 300 or better. And so one of the questions that has come up during all this is that in that kind of environment, if you're trying to grow high yield corn, where you're trying to manage all your stresses, whether it's insects, disease, fertility, new moisture, whatever it might be, since you're managing all those, what effect does herbicides or what effect do herbicides have or not have in that environment? Because now if you think on a lower yield level where you're not managing stresses as well, all those are kind of mixed together, you really don't know for sure what's causing what in terms of potential yield losses. So I was actually challenged by one of our highest yield growers with this question, you know, are we causing, you know, if he's trying to make 300 plus bushel, if I spray a herbicide over the top, am I causing a yield penalty? And I told him, I said, well I haven't been growing 300, I have never been able to grow 300 bushel corn. I don't know, let me come down to your farm and we'll do it on your farm. And that's what we're doing right now. So the good news is, after a couple of years again, I don't want to bore you with a lot of data, but this is just a series of treatments that we put out in this particular field. Various treatments, you'll see there's no statistical difference there, so that's good news that in a high yield environment where we're controlling stresses, we're not seeing any problems with our typical treatments that we would apply. And we'll continue to do this work. You can see these yields are high and in fact in this in the field that this was in, that made that entire field made well over 300 bushels. The other thing we're looking at is timing and one of the reasons I've been doing this is again is to try to make sure we're doing a better job controlling weeds. We also looked at some timings, basically looking at roundup and atrazine spraying at different times and watching what happens. Again, no statistical difference here, but as we go later in the life cycle of the crop, it's more likely that we could have some potential problems. And I would argue that when we're talking about corn, we need to be done spraying herbicides in that v2 to say v5 stage. If we're going past that point, maybe something happened, the weather was bad, whatever it might be. But if we push that application timing into a period of growth when that corn is growing reproductive, we could potentially have some problems there. So I've been trying to encourage our guys to go earlier than later. You know, what's one of the things you hear all the time from a grower when you talk about weeds is I wanted to wait till everyone in the field comes up before I spray. Well, if you do that, you've done a lot of different things in terms of potential yield. So we're encouraging our people to be done by the v5 stage if we can. All right. Anybody, any fields like this in Alabama? I would argue people that ask me all the time, my colleague and I have sort of gotten known for for working on pigweed, I would I would argue that I can control pigweed with pivot, Andrew, almost all the time without any problem. I cannot control morning glory full season. As you can see here, this is from a growers field in Tatnall County, Georgia, which is in East Georgia. He did a lot of things that he was supposed to do, but yet he had a major problem with morning glory. And to me, this is our number one challenge, is how do we manage morning glory. We do not have a herbicide that we can put out in February and March that's going to last all the way till July and August when we're picking our corn. And that's the problem. We get the crop tries down, sunlight gets to the soil, we get reemergence of morning glory and if you are delayed in any reason, you wind up with fields like this at harvest time that cannot be managed very well. So if you're dealing with morning glory, what are some of the things that we can do? My first response would be even in it even if we have atrazine resistance in Palmer, we're still going to need it for morning glory because it's very effective on morning glory atrazine. So try to use as much atrazine as possible and legally, how can we do that? We can use the maximum amount of atrazine that can be used depends upon how you use it. We can use the most atrazine if we use a pre and post application. In this case a court pre followed by a court and a half post. Some of you might remember many moons ago we used to use over four pounds of atrazine on corn, but for environmental reasons those labels were changed and we can't use that much legally anymore. Other things that consider would be tank mixes with whatever you might be doing, things like 2-4-D or clarity or aim. I'm going to mention enlist corn in a minute which is 2-4-D enhanced tolerant corn. I'll mention more about that in a minute. Using liberty versus glyphosate for example, liberty is a much better product than glyphosate on morning glory. Split applications of round up using harvest aids like aim we have seen a significant amount of aim go out in our corn at harvest time for late season morning glory and then early harvest if you have the ability to dry the corn. A couple new things we'll go into just briefly in case you read them.  If you pick up a magazine you're likely to see a logo on one of these and it's kind of funny every time I talk to some of my grower friends you know they'll see these advertisements and they'll wonder why we're not recommending it or what's going on with this particular product and I can assure you and I know this will happen when your your new team of weed scientists gets on board at Auburn is that they will be evaluating these products and making decisions on whether they're going to be a fit for your state or not. In this case there'll be two products. They basically contain the same thing with a little bit of exception. FMC will be marketing a product called Anthem and then another product called Anthem ATZ whenever you see ATZ in the herbicide name that means that formulation has atrazine in it already. And basically this would be you these would be used however you might be using dual or a warn or other residual herbicides. So we will add that into our recommendations this year. You can see in this particular slide we've got an anthem based program it's very effective. Is it any better than what we're already doing? I would say no. There's generally most of the new things that we're looking at are not significantly better. They may offer another mode of action or something like that but not a significant improvement in what we're currently doing. A couple other ones you're going to see in magazines I was looking at a few the other day and I saw advertisements for almost all of these. And again when growers see these they see the they see a farmer generally they'll see a grower standing in a field of corn that's clean in thinking that all their dreams will become true with these herbicides. And so there may or may not be an issue with them in the southeast. I'll give you an example if you look at Corvus and Balanceflex these are two products we will likely never recommended Georgia because our soils are too light for those herbicides. And I don't want to stick my neck out and have to go look at a lot of complaints where they have been. You got Dow Agro Science promoting a couple of pre-mixes like full-time and keystone necks. They are pre-mixes of Atrazine and another product called a C. Declore. Basically they're very similar to Bicep if you had been using Bicep in the past with a little bit of difference. And then Syngenta has a new product called Acuron it's actually a four-way mix of herbicides. And again looks good in our tests but it's not significantly better than what we're doing other than in the case of Acuron that's got a different mode of action in there that we're using right now a whole lot. All right. Now I want to mention just a couple more slides. There's a lot of buzz in the weed science community and the farming community about the release and you heard the guy from Monsanto talk about the Extend. If you weren't familiar with that he was talking about Dicamba, Dicamba resistant cotton and soybeans. But there's also two 4D resistant crops coming. Dow Agro Sciences will be marketing that package. And in fact that's the that's the only thing that's registered right now. None of the Dicamba technologies are registered today. However, the enlist herbicide corn and the enlist herbicide soybeans which are corn and soybeans with resistance to two 4D they are available or they will be available for the Midwest. They will not be available for the Southeast. Right now that those products are going to be launched in the Midwest for obvious reasons. That's where they grow all the beans and corn and at some point we will see this technology in the Southeast. But right for 2015 we're not going to see it. But in this case everyone talks about beans and cotton but there will be a corn available that has enhanced tolerance to two 4D. If you're growing corn you already know we can use two 4D on corn but we can't we're restricted in the amount that we can use and when we can apply it. This particular technology would enable us to use it have a lot more flexibility and when we could use it and that might help us with weeds like morning glory. So I want you to be on the lookout for it again. Don't go crazy thinking about it right now because it's not going to happen for us for at least another year maybe more than that. Again we don't grow a whole lot of corn in the Southeast so we don't rate very high in the grand scheme of things although it's important to all of us in the room. All right this would be my last slide again. I kind of like to show people things that happen to try to prevent them from happening again. Again this was the same grower he was having a bad day he called me about seven o'clock in the morning frantically describing his problem. In this case you can kind of see what happened. I don't know how it is in Alabama for sure but I'm sure most growers want to put everything in the spray tank that they can to try to avoid going over a field more than once. That's a very common question with not a lot of good answers to what would potentially happen. So in this case you can look at this tank mix and you can kind of see what happened and so again I want to caution you as you if you do tank mixes you need to be a little cautious and really in the end result in this one he failed to pre-slurry the dry in water before he mixed it in the tank and so when he put a large amount of dry into the tank he had this precipitate caused a major problem. In our recommendations this year and anywhere we've got dry we'll be highlighting pre-mix in water before mixing into the tank because that was a big problem with cleanup for sure. I'm going to stop there. I told you I promised you and hopefully you finished early I probably did I hope and then I would be glad to try to answer any questions again. If you have something specific about small grains talk to me afterwards I'll try to get you in touch with my colleague that handles the wheat in our state and he does quite a bit of research on resistant ryegrass so if you're having some trouble with ryegrass he might be able to help you. If not again I appreciate your time for sticking around. Okay thank you.


Mr. Speaker, this bill with this speaker has met the approval of members of the House, so I move the resolution with this speaker, so I move that it moves. Since the time, since the time, go ahead, Prime Minister. Really? It's a speaker. It's a speaker. Honestly? You look over at me, Mr. Speaker. Member for Microsoft? Yes. You will stand when the speaker acknowledges you. I thought you acknowledged me. Mr. Speaker. Yes. Yes, Mr. Speaker. Mr. Member for Microsoft? Yes, sir. Yes, Mr. Speaker. In this honorable House, you will stand when the speaker acknowledges you. Speaker, I'm asking. Member for Microsoft? I looked at you, and I put my mic on, Mr. Speaker. Member for Microsoft? Mr. Speaker?  I am not going to sit down, Mr. Speaker. If you are not going to sit down, member. Come here and represent the people from Microsoft and the people of this country. That's not right, Mr. Speaker. We're coming to this House to borrow 40 million US dollars, and you want to close the debate just like that? Member. Can I have my speaker up? Relax, relax. Come on. Mr. Speaker. Mr. Speaker. Even if, even if Mr. Speaker, the member for Microsoft, continues to want to disrespect this one of ours. I think, Mr. Speaker, that in the interest of the people hearing the misinformation that he was utter, and the fact that I have not needed to respond, Mr. Speaker, I beg you to, even if his life came on after mine, I beg you to allow him to continue. Because there's nothing he can say there that I cannot. But, Mr. Speaker, this disrespect is only right, Mr. Speaker. It has happened to every speaker in his own house. The member from Microsoft has disrespected every speaker in his own house.  So, Mr. Speaker, in this regard, are you? Members. Members. Let's get something straight. The chair, it's not honorable, Jeremy, I don't know about the chair. Whoever sits in the chair runs the business of the house. Everyone in this house knows how we operate. You turn on your light and you catch this speaker's eye. There is, I looked all around. I looked again. I can confirm that I looked modern on modern two occasions. I looked around. Nobody turned on their light. And there was sufficient time to turn on the light. And then there is a cat and mouse. The Prime Minister turns on his light and you turn on your light. And then we're not going to play this game. I'm not going to accept it. I don't know which other speaker accepted it. This speaker is not going to accept it. And in an attempt to be fed, we have to take the business of this house seriously. It cannot be cat and mouse. We have young people looking at the proceedings happening in this house. And we have to take the business of this house, of this honorable house seriously. And I'm not going to tolerate. And nobody is going to say in this house when I sit in this chair that they're not going to take their seat and that you're going to proceed. This is not going to happen under my watch. Whatever action has to happen to ensure that this house is running away, that it's cordial. I'm going to make sure that this house is running away. That's cordial. I'm not going to accept this from anybody. Absolutely anybody. Not a member of the opposition. Not a member of this government. And this is a position that I'm going to stand by. This cat and mouse and childish game, we cannot continue like that in this house. This house. Member. Member. Member. Member. I'm sorry, Mr. Speaker. Okay.  And if you don't see that in four years of it, then you can go here. And I think also the people that still push up. But they have to speak up. I don't need the people to speak up. What's happening this week? Come on. Thank you very much, Mr. Speaker. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. All right, but Prime Minister.  You don't know what to do next week? What if you do not die like that? Mr. Speaker, since the member from Microsoft, since the member from Microsoft. Member, you're not going to disturb. You're not going to disturb this honorable house. You're not going to disturb this honorable house. You disturbed the democracy in the country. You've disturbed the democracy. You're not going to disturb this honorable house. You've disturbed the democracy in the country. I hope we can live with that. Mr. Speaker, I want to make it clear for the record, Mr. Speaker, that I yielded to the member for Mikusal. I said that even if he did not put his mic on, even if mine was on before him, for the interest of me being able to respond to the misinformation that he will utter, Mr. Speaker, I yielded. I want the record to show that I yielded for the member for Mikusal. But as usual, seeking sympathy, he refused to speak, Mr. Speaker. Mr. Speaker, I ask that members support this resolution, Mr. Speaker, this resolution to borrow for the 2.7 million U.S. dollars from the Cairo Benefitment Bank for recovery and resilience building policy based loan. I thank you, Mr. Speaker.


Welcome to the Fiji Symposium 2019 in Cairo, Egypt. We're very pleased to be joining the studio today with Mr. Luis Lava Martínez, who's the Director General of Regulatory Development for the National Banking and Securities Commission for Mexico. Luis, welcome to the studio. Thank you. Thank you very much for your invitation. Now, let's talk a little bit about the new Fintech law, which I believe has been passed in Mexico. What are the main features of this legislation and how will it enable the goals of digital financial inclusion? First of all, it's a law that is unique in its type. It brings together to the regulatory perimeter different phenomena. The first one is e-wallets, e-payments. Also, it regulates crowdfunding in three types of crowdfunding, peer-to-peer equity and royalties, which is a very unique specific type of crowdfunding in Mexico. Also, it regulates the sandbox, one sandbox for regulated entities and another sandbox for non-regulated entities. It also establishes the regulatory framework for APIs for the complete system. And also establishes all powers for authorizing, for sanctioning, and for regulating this whole sector as a whole. Also, it brings to the regulatory perimeter when financial entities deal in virtual assets. So, it's a very holistic approach towards the Fintech phenomenon. As we see it, this law, it's unique because of its approach. But it also states the road ahead for Fintech in Mexico. Years ago, we started seeing that there were emerging platforms, but they didn't have the right ecosystem, not only for existence, but for going ahead. So, this law, it's general in nature, it's a principle-based law. And it's an attempt to regulate now, but also to establish the foundations for what it's to come in the future. In this sense, we see that the law can establish very good foundations for financial inclusion through e-wallets, which could be a first step in the latter for financial inclusion, for example. Or, inclusively, in terms of completion of making a complement to the market, in terms of lending in the lending market, in terms of crowdfunding and the potential of attending certain people that do not have nowadays a credit from a bank, for example.  I wanted to find out what are the main takeaways that you hope you'll get from this? Oh, many, many, many. I believe that there are many things that come together across and intersect with what we are doing, for example, in terms of cybersecurity. You don't only need to develop a good product in terms of the customer experience, but it is needed also to have a robust framework of security around it, because it's a matter of if you trust what you are trying to develop. There's a good discussion outside in that matter, and that's one thing I take away to Mexico. You touched upon it, but what is the link really between the fintech sector and digital financial services in Mexico? You have links all around, all across the value chain. For example, in terms of the onboarding of clients, fintech has new solutions that traditional entities don't have, for example. That's the first thing. In terms of the products, there are certain products that are competing directly with traditional products, and there are products that are complementary. In the back, there are also new technologies that fintech are bringing that banks, for example, or that other incumbents are trying to get also in their processes. You have lots of points of contact between fintech and the financial sector as such. Finally, a question that I've been asking a lot of people have been sitting in that chair is, what do you think it will take for the world's poorest people to prefer digital financial services over cash? Will digital financial services be enough for this to happen, do you think? That's a good question, because it's a multifactorial aspect. First of all, you have to think in the client. It is a matter of the customer experience.  The first thing is, it has to be available. It has to be low cost. It has to be well received by you. It has to have little fractions. It has to be easy to use. That's just one part of it. The other big part of it is, you need a cultural change, because you can have a very good way to pay you through a self, but if in my culture I prefer to have the money in my pocket, then it's going to take time to teach people that it is best, that it is cheaper for them to make this type of payments, for example. It's not just a matter of having a good product and all the things that need that product to run correctly, but it is also a matter of cultural change. And do you think that change will come? Yes, yes, yes. When you start making things, thinking, with a technological point of view, the growth is exponential. It is marvelous how people nowadays are lipped with the cell phone in their hands. In Mexico, for example, there is a statistic that people see that there are cell phones like six hours per day, for example. There are people that prefer to go to the dentist than to go to an office, to a bank office. So the mind is changing. There's another set in the mind, and hopefully it's not a matter of many, many years ago to break this through. And the younger generation, of course, will be hopefully driving that change. And in terms of regulation, what's regulatory atmosphere, what regulatory landscape do you think will promote this? There are at least two ways to promote it. The first thing is to create good environments for this. And what I mean is to create an ecosystem that is certain for everyone, that the payment is going to flow correctly, that my money is going to be there, that I'm not going to get intruded. So you have to build trust around the system. And the second thing is that there are other mechanisms in terms of policy to push people towards using digital fines. For example, you can have tax discounts, you can have certain discounts or certain ways to push public towards paying them, for example, their wages, making the systems and government programs to flow through digital channels. So they're also not just in the ecosystem, but the government using that ecosystem. That's a very good start. What role can governments play to enhance the usage of digital financial services at the national level? The obvious one is that the government should go digital. That's the first thing. Go digital in all aspects. For onboarding people to national registries, from onboarding people to programs of assistance programs, and to do their payments through digital channels. That's the very first thing. And Mexico is making substantial advances, GOB, MX, GOB, MX as well, I understand, is definitely making inroads in that direction, isn't it? Correct. We have APIs for government information. And so it is a quite change in parroting. And the other thing is to establish by policy certain measures in order to make cheaper the transaction scouts for going digital. Well, thank you very much for joining us in the studio, Luis. Thanks for those valuable insights, and hopefully we'll catch up with you against some stage in the future. Of course. Thank you for your invitation. Great. Cheers. Great to be here.


Hello everyone, welcome back to Dentistry and more. Now we are moving on to question paper discussion. So these question papers are listed on a chapter wise basis. These are Kuhas question papers that is Kerala University of Health Science. So from 2014 to the latest question papers and last 2020. So by now we finished most of the topics in public health industry. So I suggest you to read most of the chapters then come for this video otherwise you will not get many answers. So first complete your preparation then come for this question papers. So this is the last step just before you are going to your university exam. So this should be the last step as a finishing of your preparation. So we will start with the first chapter that is introduction to dentistry. So most commonly two questions are asked from this chapter that is functions of DCI and Indian Dental Association. So DCI and Indian Dental Association we know DCI you write about a little bit of history how it is formed after the dentist act and can write about the composition then about the functions of DCI. That is pretty much enough to get the three marks or five marks it is asked only as a short note. The second question is Indian Dental Association or IDA. So similarly you can write about its history then its composition its function sometimes questions will be there about the dentist act of India but it is very rarely asked dentist act of India you need to write about very briefly about the five chapters where you can elaborately write about the second chapter that is dental council of India. The second chapter is about public health. So the question is primary health care and the principles of primary health care. So you need to write the definition it has two marks so always see the marks distribution the six marks is for the principles of primary health care. So there are four principles or you know that equitable distribution community participation all those four principles you need to write. Then describe the chemical plaque control it actually this question is not to be here this is coming under epidemiology of periodontal disease. Anyway plaque control we have mechanical plaque control and chemical plaque control you need to list out all the methods and write or elaborate to get eight marks. Always you need to think of the marks when you are writing if it is very short answer short essay or long essay you need to build up the content according to the marks. After that we have epitomological triad we know epitomological triad agent host and environmental factors you can elaborate with example of any disease. Then public health and describe detail about the changing concept of public health. So we learnt concepts of public health and concepts of health. So it is always a confusing one. First we know biomedical, ecological, psychosocial and holistic concept whereas the public health is different we have disease control phase, social engineering phase, health for all phase. So health is about a person and public health is about a group of people. So don't get confused. So here also there is a definition it has two marks so this will be around six marks. So always think about the parts of a question don't just jump into one side of the question. So you might be knowing in detail about the changing concept of public health but if you are not addressing this part you might lose two or three marks. So always make sure you address all parts of the question. Now we have few short notes here primary health center natural history of disease germ theory. So we have learnt in detail about concept of causation. So natural history of disease and germ theory comes in concept of causation you need to write elaborate it with examples. Changing concepts of health care this is a very confusing one. So we learnt about health and public health but the health care is a different one the concepts of health care are comprehensive health care concept the primary health care concept and the concept which was started in board committee. So all those concepts are coming under health care so this is health care how the health is provided this is public health and one is health. So these three are always get confused health care how the government or how the state is providing health to the public through comprehensive health care or basic health services or primary health care so it all comes under health care delivery system this question is actually coming under health care delivery system. So don't get confused health care is different health is different and public health is different. Now we are moving to dental public health. So here we have the definition of dental public health then the dental public health problems in India. So we studied about in detail dental public health problems the tobacco problem the cancer problem so all those you need to write and discuss about the national health program which is associated with dental public health that is the national tobacco control program cancer control program so all those you need to write and don't forget about the definition. Now we have short notes that is difference between public health industry and clinical industry we know that the various steps and characteristics of public health method how it is done we know the 6 to 8 steps are there characteristics of public health methods we have learnt it in the short note series then duties of public health dentists it is a little bit tricky question duties of public health dentists. So you already know how a public health dentistry works. So public health dentists duties are to control the disease of a public clinical dentists control the disease of a person so as a public health dentist he needs to educate the people he needs to put forward some programs some plans so that it controls the diseases so you need to think of a group of people rather than an individual so the same thing a little bit modified version you can write here duties of a public health dentist the same problems the same dental problems which affects a person you can think of a group of people and write accordingly then tools of dental public health also we learnt the five tools of dental public health the preventive dentistry epidemiology all those things. Now we are into the chapter water water the most common question is defined portable water portable water is a water which is free of microorganisms germs and which is palatable drinkable water and see this is various methods of purification of water that is we have small scale and large scale don't jump into the filtration method you need to write about the small scale and large scale in large scale you can write in detail about the filtration methods and all so small scale we know what are the small scale boiling the potassium permanganate and the chlorine tablets all those things and the large scale we have learned in detail with those so slow sand and rapids and filtration so read the question paper and read the question in detail give one or two minutes okay it won't be a loss for you because sometimes you might end up writing the wrong answer or end up writing an answer which is not required for that particular question so always read the question properly various methods of purification of water so next in short essays the same question has been repeated the safe and wholesome water is nothing but portable water so safe and wholesome is nothing but portable water and the methods of purification of water at community level so here it is asked at a community level that is large scale here it was asking small scale and large scale okay then you need to write about rapids and filtration so you need to write the definition you need to write about the methods and in detail about the rapids and filtration you can draw a flow chart or a diagram then the small scale purification of water okay small scale is completely different on a household how you purify water is being asked and the next question is also define portable water purification of rapids and filters and add a note on back washing okay then steps in water purification and rapids and filtration in short notes the expected questions chlorination rapids and filtration the white layer sorry the vital air and breakpoint chlorination vital air has many names schmutz take biological air is ugly layer so any name you can expect breakpoint chlorination the video we have studied you need to draw a picture and you need to write about the 0.5 milligram per liter free residual chlorine should be there and the amount to reach a saturation level okay and waste management so in waste management the composting we know anaerobic that is a Bangalore method of composting you need to draw a picture you need to write about the specifications and the Bangalore method see here the same question being asked as a short essay and short note so you need to write different content or the content should be elaborate for the short essay because this carries 8 marks and this has five or three marks okay so that is Bangalore method again composting so composting can write the aerobic and anaerobic here you can compress your content because it has only three or five marks and write about incineration the types of incineration and methods of solid waste disposal the same question you can write for a long essay 14 mark question but here it is asked just for three marks so you need to compress your content and write it only the major names and specifications is required and categories of biomedical waste all those 10 categories you need to write and little bit about the color coding now we are moving on to the main chapter that is general epidemiology so the common questions are always classify and define epidemiology then sometimes it will be experimental sometimes it will be analytical and sometimes it will be cohort study again experimental again the randomized control trial or this experimental is nothing but the randomized control trial in experimental we can have non-triantamized also okay again okay so next question is define epidemiology discuss the host agent and environmental factors affecting dental carries this is we studied in epidemiology of dental carries that triangle or the triangle where the agent host and environmental factors all those things which is associated with dental carries and also you can write about the tetrad tetrad of dental carries so in short notes as we expect the prevalence incidence bias and vital air again see the vital air it is actually from what a purification not supposed to be here anyway prevalence incidence you need to write about the types of prevalence how we calculate the numerator the denominator all those things we learned in tools of epidemiology and bias so this is a three mark of five mark questions you know a lot of content but compress it and write for the required marks next we are in epidemiology etiology of prevention of dental carries okay so this is same question epidemiological at a note on time factor this is you need to write about the tetrad of dental carries and you can mention about Stephens curve also Stephens curve and the next question is same question agent and dental carries and again we have time factor same question been repeatedly asked 15 17 and 19 so it might come in 2021 so next question is prevention so prevention of dental carries so we learned individual community and professional level primary level secondary level and tertiary level though that big chart hope you remember that chart how we studied so that things you need to elaborate then we have learned carogram and snider test it's a carries activity test and this is that pie chart where five colors are mentioned and checking the color of green sector now the epidemiology etiology and prevention of periodontalysis here it is a plaque control so we earlierly seen the chemical plaque control here the plaque control methods and also that table how it is prevented at individual community and professional level and short essays it is about the role of toothbrush you need to write about the toothbrush detail ad specification types of toothbrush and also some of the toothbrush techniques and here it is a mechanical plaque control again the toothbrush various types interdental aids and all those things and describe the mechanical plaque control and chemical plaque control so as expected question short notes the dental flows irrigators see changing concepts of health care so it is what we discussed that competency health care basic health services and primary health care it is actually coming in health care delivery system and again clinic chemical plaque control and chloroxidine so next question is about oral cancer so various smokeless and smoking forms of tobacco we have learned it in the oral cancer epidemiology chapter and also the regulatory approach of prevention of oral cancer so this question you need to write about the codpa act how the codpa act is being implemented and how it is helping to prevent the use of tobacco then it is a very important chapter that is health education and promotion that is commonly asked health education its principles barriers and audio visual aids okay so this has been repeatedly asked again sometimes it will be propaganda and sometimes it will be individual group and mass approach and sometimes the principles of health education and here it is a very interesting question that is prepare a television talk for improving oral health of school children so you need to first write this is a applied level question you need to write about the problems a school children might be having such as dental carees so mostly you need to address dental carees and to in order to control dental carees we need to educate them regarding the brushing techniques importance of brushing and how to brush and how to control the consumption of sugars and all those things you can incorporate this is a applied level question you know all the content but only thing is you need to properly manage it and write it so you need to list out the problems they have and how to control it in the form of a talk so you don't need to write a talk it's just like this is what you are going to talk about then you can write as a answer okay this is just a applied level question and again the health education health education discuss various methods of communication again propaganda so the same question means repeatedly asked in short as say the audiovisual aids again barriers in communication and mass media in nutrition and health so it is a very easy one because you need to write about nutrition sometimes it will be nutrition and the epidemiological studies in relation to diet and dental care is we have learned the wife home studies took a sugar study and hope would have study all those studies you need to write about the duration and the outcome okay and the year of starting and the sugar substitute those xylitol so all those things see it is a long essay so the marks are four plus six plus four so you need to think of those marks and don't write well elaborately distribute it properly and write the important content then short essay also again say classification of nutrients and role of trace elements in dental care is okay so we learned it role of trace elements some are carries promoting like selenium and some are prevention like fluoride and the role of diet in dental care is so you can write in detail about role of diet and also the sugar substitutes now we have school health programs so one question asked was the aims and objectives of school dental health program so you can write about the elements of school dental health program then about the objectives then the most commonly asked incremental dental care and comprehensive dental care so this you need to highlight okay then blanket referral how the student is been blanketed by giving a card from parent to class teacher to dentist okay so that is about school oral health program then the most important chapter fluorides in chlorides mostly expected as one is defluoridation and nalgonda technique then what a fluid okay the question is different methods of water fluoridation okay so there are two types of fluoridation one is systemic and other one is topical right so here the question is not about systemic fluoridation okay not about systemic fluoridation the question is about water fluoridation so if the question is systemic fluoridation we can write right school water fluoridation community water fluoridation salt fluoridation milk fluoridation all those things but the question is just water fluoridation so we have three methods of water fluoridation that is dry feeder solution feeder and saturator system solution and saturated system okay so these three are the methods of water fluoridation so you don't get confused the other one is systemic fluoridation this is just water fluoridation again defluoridation and nalgonda technique defluoridation nalgonda technique now we have systemic fluorides and right in detail about systemic fluorides so you need to write about the mechanism also so systemic is all fluoridation the communities all to milk all those are systemic fluoridation then about tender fluorosis and deans fluorosis index so you need to write the definition and deans fluorosis index those categories now we have in fluorosis that std and cld write about the acute antonic fluorosity fluoride toxicity then we have topical fluorides the apf nuts and stechnic fluoride varnish all we have learned now we are into the short knots like pit and fisher sealants all those things the steps the generation the material the classification and also prevent eurus registration also we can write prevent eurus registration then we have the air so in a traumatic restorative treatment the first question was just a traumatic restorative treatment and the next one is just advantages okay so don't just write the advantage person who is putting this question expect you that you write most of the content not just advantages some students might write just advantages of ART you need to write about little bit of introduction its instruments its principles and advantages so always try to incorporate more sub content okay rather than writing a single content elaborately you need to write more content the sub bedding sub bedding introduction the instruments then the methodology then the principles then indication contraindication just one or two lines is sufficient but bring or include more sub beddings so that is a way of writing exam you will get more marks when you include more sub more content more sub beddings in your answer so it will give you more marks there rather than writing a single content in one page over one and a half pages and now we have survey procedures so it is very repeatedly asked question survey the common thing is defined survey steps of survey okay so defined survey and steps of survey so the six steps will be knowing six steps and sometimes about the path finder survey and index age groups the w cho index age groups those five uh 12 15 35 to 44 65 to 44 that and the path finder survey the national path finder survey and pilot survey and various steps so you need to write in detail because it is commonly asked long question and sometimes uh the steps in conducting epidemiological survey is nothing but the steps of survey and also in short essay also the same question is asked so this is what I am saying the same questions will be asked as a short essay and a long essay so you have the same content but you need to compress it for the short essay because you don't have time to write for a long essay because the short essay has just eight marks okay so don't write a lot of content which will waste you a lot of time so always compress the content then write for eight marks because it is commonly asked as a long essay that is 14 mark essay so your preparation or study preparation also will be for 14 marks so the same question is asked here for eight marks see the same question okay so this is 14 mark question and this is eight mark question so you need to write the same content for eight marks but removing a lot of unwanted things there is no unwanted things in an answer but you can just compress it okay in a way that you include most of the things that is age groups you can write about the age groups and the most important striking feature of each age group then the steps okay if it is steps write all the steps don't remove any steps and compress write all the steps and the content of each step you can compress can write one line or two line so likewise you can compress this answer if you are not compressing it you might lose your time to write the other answers so you need to think of timing always you need to divide the time you have two essays four short essays and 10 short notes okay so you need to divide the time and always think about the marks okay don't write whatever you know you write for the questions marks if it is asked for three marks and you know about the topic for 15 or 14 marks don't write the entire thing just write for three marks so in short notes it is path find a survey index age group and the most important thing is sampling the probability sampling and non-probability here it is asked just sampling methods you need to write probability and non-probability don't write the entire thing list out the main things and write the most striking feature of each one okay so you can write the sampling methods for 14 marks but this is asked just for five marks so compress the 14 marks to five marks just include most most important factors and also training and calibration of examiner we already learned it how the training and calibration is done and why using capacity statistics during the pilot study and all now we have planning and evaluation so planning and evaluation so planning is not asked here only evaluation the steps so you can write about the steps of evaluation or the types of evaluation and planning sometimes planning will be asked or planning might be asked as a long essay like contact a plan for a school to reduce a dental caries or conduct or a plan a program for a city to reduce dental caries so such plans you need to write the each step of the plan then elaborate okay so how I explained you in that chapter you can elaborate and write about so this is just evaluation can write about formative summative evaluation and the other details now the indices indices are very important in our practical sessions so most commonly asked so always there will be definition of index ideal properties the ideal characteristics of index that will be there so the most important things are Russell index CP ITN index then oral hygiene or HAI index or sometimes Dean Dean's flow roses index already asked we have seen in one of the question paper so HAI DMFT Russell's index and Dean's flow roses index so always when question asked you need to write definition and ideal requisites if classification is asked you can write that also short notes DMFT and ideal requisites so healthcare delivery system so the we have seen the concepts of healthcare the primary health center all those things are coming in this chapter also and the principles of primary healthcare so everything so so this is dental healthcare delivery system actually we were learning the healthcare delivery system okay the common healthcare delivery system so the problem is as I mentioned in that video the at a grass root level or a primary level we don't have much dental healthcare system because the primary health centers are under recubed less than 20 percentage of the primary health centers as a dentist so you need to write that also but you need to list out all the things as how it is in our country then you can write about the healthcare delivery systems in respect to the dental sector so the three types of health health system that is primary level secondary level and social level of rural health system is what asked here now we have very important chapter that is a dental manpower so auxiliaries auxiliaries we have operating non-operating auxiliaries so anything which can be asked as a sub question that is dental therapist or dental hygienist or a school dental nurse or expanded function auxiliary or even a levels of supervision so in our country we have only we know dental hygienist and lab technician okay these two we have lab technician and dental hygienist is what available in our country so dental manpower also is very important so always study define classify then about a sub topic in each that is operating or non-operating then comes the finance that is the most toughest chapter in public health industry so it is mechanism of payment you can list out all the mechanism from the payment direct fee for service still the public health programs are including Indian scenario so don't mention in detail about anything so this is mostly listing out all the things and you can write one or two lines the user mechanism HMO prepared groups the capitation plans the delta dental plans blue cross blue shield medicare medicaid indian system what is is present in india the esa plan cghs plan and all those things you can mention and beginning you can mention about the fiscal dual and co insurance all those things so if it is asked as a short note can write about the health maintenance organization the insurable risk insurable risk that five principles and how do we manage the health insurance people manage to overcome this like pre authorization giving expenditure limit so when an a risk is ensured there are certain criterias it should be beyond the control of individual all those things you need to write in insurable risk and how the insurance people that is health insurance people overcoming this then the capitation fee the 90th percentile when you write 90th percentile always draw that graph and mark that 90 percentile okay value and post payment plans that is also known as budget payment plans then finance in dental health service so in india we have just payment direct payment that is fee for service and then we have few insurance schemes like cghs then the esa plan or railway employees very very minor health insurance schemes mostly the direct fee for service third party arrangement is completely absent in india it is mostly we studied about the united states now the research methodology the biostatistics and all so this is a confusing question what is research and explain the steps in research methodology this is nothing but the survey okay this just write the survey steps actually research methodology has little more different steps but if you don't know the research methodology steps is nothing but survey survey is nothing but the research survey is a descriptive methodology to collect data but ultimately in research also we are doing the same so various methods of presentation of data so those pie chart bar diagram bar graph and the sampling techniques methods of collection of data we learned and the methods of presentation of data so in biostatistics most commonly asked again the presentation of data or the normal curve measures of central tendency dispersion or again the sampling okay now there is infection control and regarding the dental office that is place and locality that we have learned in our short notes how do we select the equipment for dental practice place and locality of dental practice all those things we learned in our short note series and regarding the ethics so ethics is most commonly asked short note autonomy confidentiality ethical principle or types of consent and what are the unethical practices at the end of the chapter we learned how the unethical practices and what are the fines for it and health organization most commonly asked world health organization or WHO then we have again the maintenance of records types of examination that comes in service after type 1 2 3 and 4 it is complete examination limited so way and screening then public private partnership it is PPP the how the health programs are implemented in a public private partnership so not all the fund is provided by the government the fund will be collected from the public also and group practice it comes in our finance okay so that's all about the question paper discussion so we were seeing the public health industry question papers of kala university of health sense for the year 2014 to 2020 I think 70 to 80 percentage of the questions every year will be the repeated ones of previous years so don't always think of 50 percentage you need to aim 80 or 70 to 80 percentage so you come for this revision only after studying most of the topics otherwise it won't be much helpful and keep this revision as your last stage of preparation just before the exam okay so once you have gone through most of the topics then you need to see this video to understand the pattern of question and how to write the answers so it's not about studying a lot of topics it is it depends mostly on how you transfer the content to the paper so it is basically a memory based exam so you need to score 50 percentage so always think about that rather than studying a lot of content so whenever you're studying a topic think about how you're going to write the same topic to a paper so always frame the content in your mind when you get the question paper and never write the extra content or write the under content like don't write a lot of content for eight mark question and don't write a compressed content for a 14 marks so always see the question in detail what are the divisions of question and then you need to write the definition and if there is any subsection of the question always address most of the content that is the subheadings of a question so that will give you more marks so I want to tell you about the time factor so you have three hours to write 16 question so always think about where to put more time that for long essays and short essays but you don't miss any short notes because writing short notes will give you easy marks so if you don't write two short notes and you are utilizing the time for a long essay that will be a big mistake because writing a lot of content for a long essay will not give you any additional marks you might get 9 10 11 out of 14 but at the same time if you are putting those extra minutes into those short notes you will definitely get three or four marks even if you don't know answer so three or four marks for two short questions might sometimes it might be the deciding factor so anyway so always think about the exam pattern and study so even though this public health industry is a tough subject a dry subject not so student friendly subject scoring a 60 70 marks it's not very tough one so you can easily score it only thing you need to structure your answers in a systematic way so include more subjectings and include more flow charts make it more make it a more presentable so the answer should be in a flow chart or any other diagrammatic way rather than bulking up the pages with big big paragraphs so always innovate your answers so those little tricks will give you more marks so I wish you good luck with your public health industry exam thank you so much